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Pressure-relief valves are found in virtually every hydraulic system, and they assist in a variety of functions, from keeping system pressures safely below a desired upper limit to maintaining a set pressure in part of a circuit. Types include relief, reducing, sequence, counterbalance, and unloading. All of these are normally closed valves, except for reducing valves, which are normally open. For most of these valves, a restriction is necessary to produce the required pressure control. One exception is the externally piloted unloading valve, which depends on an external signal for its actuation.
Types of pressure relief valves :
sub plate –pressure relief valve – up to 400 bar pressure
Line mounted –pressure relief valve – up to 400 bar pressure
Catriage –pressure relief valve – up to 600 bar pressure
PCM – pressure control model.
Pressure reducing valve
A hydraulic valve properly directs the flow of a liquid medium, usually oil, through your hydraulic system. The direction of the oil flow is determined by the position of a spool. A hydraulic system can only function - as per requirements - by using valves. Thus, you should always look for the correct type of hydraulic valve to serve your intended purpose.
Hydraulic valves are available in a variety of sizes. The size required is determined by the maximum flow of the hydraulic system through the valve and the maximum pressure in the hydraulic system. Hydraulic valves are available with different mountings: e.g. mounting in pipe lines, threaded connection as cartridges, sub plate mounting, etc
Mobile valves are the ideal solution for all mobile applications in order to ensure the supply to all consumers.
Standard d.c vavles are mostly used for hydraulic machines and power packs.
Monoblock directional control valve
Sectional directional control valve
HAND LEVER OPERATED D.C. VALVE
Sub plate mounted D.C valve ( cetop3, cetop5, cetop8 )
Threaded body D.C valve ( ¼ ‘’ to ½ ‘’ b.s.p)
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in hydraulics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.
These are Solenoid Operated Directional Valves of high pressure, high flow and low pressure drop, the features of which can be materialized by employing a powerful wet type solenoid and the rational flow channel design.
Types of valves :
Sol. Operated Directional Valves
Sol. Controlled Pilot Operated Directional Valves
D.C. powered solenoid valves
A.C. powered solenoid valves
The fluid flow rate in a hydraulic system is controlled by flow control valve. Control of flow in a hydraulic system is critical because the rate of movement of fluid-powered machines or actuators depends on the rate of flow of pressurized fluid.
The basic function of the flow control valve is to reduce the volume of oil supplied in different places in a hydraulic circuit. Is a device used for adjusting or manipulating the flow rate of a liquid in a pipeline. The valve contains a flow passage or a port whose flow area can be varied. The role of the valve in a hydraulic circuit is very important and its very location is critical to optimum system performance.
An important application of this valve in hydraulic systems is: controlling the flow rate to cylinders and motors to adjust their speeds. Any flow decrease it means a speed decrease at the actuator.
Also builds added resistance to the circuit, increasing pressure, resulting in a partial bypassing of fluid over the relief valve or a de-stroking pressure of a compensated pump. This reduces flow downstream of the valve.
These valves are non-adjustable (fixed) or adjustable.
Type of valves:
Line mounted flow control valve ( ¼ ‘’, 3/8’’, ½’’, ¾’’ B.S.P)
Pressure compensated flow control valve ( up to 32 LPM / 315 bar )
Modular type throttle cum check valve
Flow divider valve ( 5 to 100 LPM / 315 bar )
hese type check valves allow free flow from port A to port B and give leak-proof closure in opposite direction. Available as inline mounting or Sub-plate mounting as per standard design.
These modular valves are available with the pilot operated check valve facility on either 'A' or 'B' ports. The hydraulic opening operation for free flow in reverse direction is achieved by means of internal pilot pressure available from the other working port.
These cartridge valves are suitable for mounting in manifold cavities machined as per size. By selecting suitable cartridge and cover, it is possible to achieve functions like Check valve Directional control valve, Unloading valve, Throttle valve etc. These valves offer fast response, have very low internal leakage and can handle very large flow rates.
Types of check valves:
Line mounted check valve ( NRV)
Sub plate mounted check valve
Piloted operated check vavle
Sub plate mounted pilot operated check valve
Modular type pilot operated check valve
Line mounted pilot operated check valve
Cartridge check valves ( 350 bar / up to 600 lpm )
Counter balance valve
Prefill valve ( 300 bar – high Lpm ) | <urn:uuid:1f26664c-805c-4159-9f4f-9c801f50799e> | {
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It is normal for most individuals to lose up to 50-100 strands of hair every day. This is not cause for alarm since new hair will grow right back over a few months. Hair normally grows and sheds in cycles, with each new hair growing and living only for a few years and then shedding off, only to be replaced by a brand new hair from the same hair root.
However, when you start loosing more than 100 strands daily or if your scalp shows obvious thinning, it is time to figure out the cause and take some remedial action. The most common causes of hair fall include:
- Male and female pattern hair loss. This kind of hair fall is driven by genetics and hormones. Males typically loose hair from the front and the crown. Females maintain the frontal hairline but notice hair loss from the top of the head. Early treatment with oral and topical medicines can put a brake on this progressive process. With some newer techniques, a few younger, lucky patients may even notice some regrowth.
- Telogen effluvium. This is sudden, diffuse hair loss and can happen due to many different reasons. Medically speaking, hair is not very important to the body and any sudden trauma, illness or deficiency within the body, causes the hair cycle to be shut down. The hair does not fall immediately but only after several weeks or months after this stress. Luckily this kind of hair fall is reversible with minimum treatment. Be prepared to be a “patient” patient, since several months of treatment is required to allow the hair to gradually grow up from the hair roots situated deep within the skin.
- Anagen effluvium. This is caused by damage to hair roots by anti-cancer medicines, toxic chemicals, and some drugs. This condition is automatically reversed once the cause is removed.
- Alopecia areata. This is caused by a faulty immune system, which, for unknown reasons, attacks the body's own hair roots. This abnormal immune response can be reversed and regrowth of normal hair can be achieved. Treatment options will vary from patient to patient and may involve applications of creams, injections, lasers, lights and sometimes stronger immune modulators.
Don't be afraid to shampoo regularly. Shampoos do not cause hair fall. Avoid tight braids, vigorous combing or vigorous toweling on wet hair. Do not be misled by unscientific advertisements of shampoos, lotions, gadgets etc. Instead, seek proper medical advice. Of course, always maintain a healthy lifestyle and a good, well balanced healthy diet.
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert
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Soy wax candles have many advantages: an extended burn time, no unsightly black soot, and a reputation as a desirable, naturally-derived product. It’s no surprise that soy candles make up more than half of the candles on the market today.
soy wax is natural
Derived from the soybean, soy wax is a hydrogenated vegetable oil that turns to a solid at room temperature. After they are harvested, the beans are cleaned, cracked, dehulled, and rolled into flakes. Soy wax contains nothing artificial, which makes it a better alternative to old-fashioned paraffin wax, which is made from petroleum oil and produces harmful by-products when burned or melted. Soy wax is non-toxic making it better both for the environment and your health!
Soy Wax is Environmentally Friendly
Since soy wax is made from soybeans, it is friendly to the environment because soybeans are a renewable resource. Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum, which is not a renewable resource. This is especially important if you are pregnant, have kids, or have pets, because it’s the safest option health-wise. You want to avoid wax blends or candles that don’t state the exact breakdown of ingredients.
Soy Wax Burns Cleaner
Because soy wax is made of all natural materials, it is thought that it delivers a cleaner burn that petroleum derived paraffin wax. It’s common to hear people complain of headaches when paraffin candles burn, but in general, this isn’t due to the scent of the wax but rather the chemicals it releases into the air. | <urn:uuid:f30664e7-04aa-425d-bd07-8bef6f29801f> | {
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Lake Victoria is more like a vast inland sea than a lake. It covers an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq miles), the size of Ireland, comparatively. Of this, 51% is in Tanzania, 43% in Uganda, and only 6% in Kenya. It is the largest fresh water body in Africa and the second only to Lake Superior on the Canada-US border. Separated from the Serengeti National Park by only a few km of land, L. Victoria lies between the Eastern and the Western arms of the Great Rift Valley at 1,133m (3720ft) a.s.l. It is 337km (209miles) long and 240km (149miles) wide.
Lake Victoria was known to the Africans in Tanzania as Nyanza and to the Arabs as Ukerewe after an island in the lake of that name. An English explorer, John Hanning Speke, renamed it after his Queen, ‘VICTORIA’. To the Victorian Britain, obsessed with exploration, “L. Victoria contained geographical secrets after the discovery of America”. This secret inspired a number of grueling excursions by many armchair geographers such as Diogenes (a Greek merchant), Ptolemy, Dr. David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, John Speke, and other more, to Africa to the finding and affirmation that L. Victoria was indeed the source of River Nile. The Lake is 750,000 million years old and the Nile is the longest river in Africa, 6700km (4164miles).
For centuries, River Nile has provided Egypt’s lifeblood, water. River Nile, despite it having no rain in the drier months each year, it continued pouring water through its eastern Sahara, one of the world’s driest desert areas, into the Mediterranean Sea.
Lake Victoria’s fishing industries and the agricultural land around its shores has made the area, one of the major pivots in the economy of Tanzania. Although fishing is a traditional mainstay of the region, cotton and coffee, are increasing the importance of the area, especially in Mwanza Region.. Telecommunications and transportation is also a growing industry and has encouraged growth in the region, which has made it one of the most populated areas in the country. Trade with neighboring Uganda to the north- east and Kenya to the north means that the ports on L. Victoria are bustling with growth and economic activities. The commercial fishing industry in L. Victoria has at least 10 fishing factories in Tanzania, filleting Nile perch for transport by plane to European destinations.
For visitors, the lake offers spectacular trips to the jewel Rubondo National Park and other scenic islands of rocks, in addition to the boat- and canoe- fishing of varieties of fresh water tropical fish, many of which are exported to aquariums all over the world. Its shores are peaceful and pristine, and offer a quite alternative to the constant and bustle of a safari itinerary! Participation in various cultural programmes on offer, around the area gives another aromatic experience. Bird watching around the lake in the wet season is by far rated a sight! | <urn:uuid:6cf1b98a-844c-4381-ae39-b03c75c90338> | {
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Vioxx is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Vioxx is also called rofecoxib, and it is manufactured and developed by Merck, and is used to treat a few different painful medical conditions such as:
- Menstrual Pain
- Acute Joint Pain
The FDA approved Vioxx in 1999 as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. Vioxx reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme within the body that causes swelling and inflammation.
At first, Vioxx was a preferred choice over other NSAIDs because it didn’t cause gastro intestinal side effects. Unfortunately, as Vioxx use began spreading, it was found that it caused other more serious side effects, including:
- Heart Attack
- Sudden Cardiac Death
- Abdominal Pain
- Blood in Vomit
- Flu-like Symptoms
- Yellowing of Skin or Eyes
Vioxx is a dangerous drug, and after an increasing number of reports showing that consumers were suffering from the above side effects, Merck pulled Vioxx off the shelves in 2004. | <urn:uuid:a23c3092-a3e8-4039-8943-f90b40284958> | {
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Online phishing (pronounced like the word fishing) is a way to trick computer users into revealing personal or financial information through an e‑mail message or website. A common online phishing scam starts with an e‑mail message that looks like an official notice from a trusted source, such as a bank, credit card company, or reputable online merchant. In the e‑mail message, recipients are directed to a fraudulent website where they are asked to provide personal information, such as an account number or password. This information is then usually used for identity theft.
Bing uses Microsoft SmartScreen's list of reported phishing sites to warn users that a page they are navigating to, from Bing’s search results, could be dangerous. In addition, the webmaster of the site receives a notification in the form of a Phishing Alert in Bing Webmaster Tools.
|If you're seeing warnings on results from your site in Bing (and Yahoo! for that matter) and you haven't signed up for the Bing Webmaster Tools and verified ownership yet, please sign up to get additional information about the harmful elements we discovered on you site. Bing Webmaster Tools is the only place that allows you to submit a re-evaluation request once you have cleaned your site.|
IF MY SITE HAS A PHISHING WARNING, WHAT SHOULD I DO?
If your site generates a phishing warning, please follow these steps:
- Within your site, review the areas where you ask for personal information and then review its usage
- Once you are sure that your site is clean, login to Bing Webmaster Tools and navigate to the Phishing tool, located under Security.
- In the Phishing tool, click Request a Review to start the review process.
HOW DO I CHECK MY WEBSITE MANUALLY?
You can check websites manually from Internet Explorer by clicking the Tools button , pointing to Safety, and then choosing Check this website. | <urn:uuid:eba1a7b6-92d3-4f9e-bdb2-8ae4098cc2be> | {
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World Class Universities and Companies, USA has it all
Public Universities / State Universities
Public universities in the US, also often called state universities, receive some level of public-sector funding, via the state government. You may also find them alluded to as public or state colleges or schools, though both “college” and “school” are also used when referring to a single department or faculty within the university, such as the Law School or College of Engineering.
State universities are often (but not always) part of a state university system. This is a collection of public universities which operate separately, in different locations of the state, but with some shared management and administration. An example is the State University System of New York (SUNY), one of the largest state university systems, which comprises more than 60 campuses spread across the state of New York.
As state universities are supported by public funding, they usually charge lower tuition fees than private universities – though the actual amount students pay can vary vastly, especially once financial aid is considered. You’ll find two bands of fees listed: a lower rate for “resident” or “in-state” students (students from within the same state), and a higher rate for “non-resident” or “out-of-state” applicants. International students either pay the same fees as out-of-state students, or a separate international rate.
Also referred to as junior colleges, community colleges are also supported by state funding. They typically offer the chance to complete an associate’s degree, an undergraduate-level qualification which takes two years to complete. For this reason, community colleges are also often called “two-year colleges”, while other types of university in the US may be referred to as “four-year colleges”.
An associate’s degree can be beneficial and career-boosting in its own right, and can often also be used as the foundation for a bachelor’s degree, by completing a further two years’ study at another US university or college.
Community colleges tend to be on the smaller side, and their tuition fees are typically much lower than those at other types of university in the US. Like public universities, they’re sometimes grouped into state “systems”. The largest of these is the California Community Colleges System (CCCS), which governs more than 100 community colleges across the state.
Private non-profit US universities
While the majority of students in the US attend public universities and colleges, private universities account for a significant proportion of enrolments – and many of the country’s most elite and globally famed institutions. This includes the likes of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Stanford, Caltech, Columbia, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and many more.
While private universities do tend to dominate at the top of national (and international) rankings tables, it’s worth pointing out that they don’t have a complete monopoly. Leading public universities in the US, such as the University of Michigan and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) are held in equal esteem and are just as competitive when it comes to gaining admission.
Overall, fees at private universities tend to be higher than those at public universities and colleges. However, the initial “sticker price” is often significantly lower once financial aid is factored in, and the most prestigious institutions tend to also have the largest budgets available for providing scholarships and other funding.
Liberal arts colleges
A type of university which is especially prevalent and popular in the US, liberal arts colleges focus on teaching undergraduate-level courses in the liberal arts and sciences (although some also offer graduate-level programs and more vocational subjects such as medicine, business administration or law). They tend to be fairly small in terms of both overall enrolments and class sizes, and allow students to choose a subject to specialize in (a “major”), while also taking courses in a range of other fields.
Historically, liberal arts colleges have been known for their strong focus on teaching, individual student development, and the more academic (as opposed to vocational) side of higher education. The majority are run privately (as non-profits), though there are a few examples of public universities which are essentially liberal arts colleges, such as the University of Mary Washington, in the state of Virginia.
For-profit US universities and colleges
While most of the best-known universities in the US are classified as either “public” or “non-profit” organizations, the past few decades have seen a growth in the number of for-profit private universities and colleges. Unlike other types of university, for-profits operate as business ventures, aiming to make money for their shareholders as well as providing a good education for their students.
The trend towards more for-profit universities has generated significant controversy, with critics calling for stricter regulations to ensure students and families are ensured a good return on their investment. In the past few years, a stream of negative publicity has been followed by a decline in enrolments at for-profit universities, but they continue to play a significant role in the US higher education sector.
While the US remains the world’s most popular destination for international students, it’s also among the most expensive choices. But while the headline costs of studying in the US may be daunting, often involving a string of five-digit numbers, it’s worth checking all the facts on fees and funding options before you make up your mind.
In HSBC’s 2014 report on the costs of studying abroad in different locations, the US emerged as the third most-expensive option overall, behind Australia and Singapore. HSBC put the average annual cost of study in the US – including tuition fees and living expenses – at US$36,564. Multiply by four for most undergraduate courses and by two for most master’s degrees, and for the majority of prospective students, attending university in the US may seem about as realistic as crashing at the White House while you look for a place to live.
Costs of study at different types of US university
Anyone familiar with the basic rules of averages will have realized that the HSBC estimate is likely to include significant variation in either direction – and this is true. At the very top-tier US universities (the majority of which are private non-profits), fees and living costs are likely to add up to around US$60,000 per year, but it’s also possible to study in the US at a much lower outlay.
Those seeking a more affordable option may find lower tuition fees at US universities within the public sector. These are typically run as state university systems – collections of colleges within a state, which share some administrative aspects while operating as separate institutions. Public universities in the US have two tuition fee rates: one for state residents and one for everyone else. The second (more expensive) category applies equally to applicants from other US states and from other countries.
According to student support organization College Board, published tuition fees for 2014/15 at state colleges are an average of US$9,139 for state residents, and $22,958 for everyone else. This compares to an average of $31,231 at private non-profit colleges. The cheapest options of all, however, are public-sector two-year colleges – also known as community, technical or city colleges – where average fees for 2014/15 are just $3,347.
Admittedly, you can’t complete a full degree at a two-year college, but you can gain an associate’s degree. This counts as the first half of a bachelor’s degree, which can then be completed by transferring to a university for an additional two or three years.
Better research to options can lead to the suitable institutions as per individual’s need.
When you first arrive on campus, you need a place to live before getting permanent accommodation.
Many schools will provide temporary housing for international students who arrive before the semester begins. Ask the foreign student advisor or housing office for information about temporary housing.
Another option if you know a student at the school is to ask them to let you stay with them for a few days. New graduate students can often find someone in their department with room for a temporary guest. Most major cities have a Council for International Visitors or similar organization to help incoming international visitors. Hostels are a good place to stay for a few days while you look for a permanent place to live. They provide dormitory style accommodations, sometimes with bunk beds in large rooms. Payments must be made in advance.
Permanent Accommodations include renting an apartment, renting a house, or buying a house. Most international students cannot afford to buy a house. But, most university students in the US live on or near campus. Students who live off-campus generally find a place less than a mile or two away. . If the school offers on-campus accommodations for international students, you should seriously consider living on-campus, at least for the first year. Since this is probably your first trip to the United States and your first time living alone, on-campus housing will help soften the transition to life in the United States. Later, when you are more familiar with the neighborhood, you can consider moving off-campus.
Research Your Options
The first step to studying in the United States is researching your options to find a college or university that best fits your needs. Applicant shouldn’t try to match themselves to the school, but rather find the school that matches them and their priorities and long-term goals
Remember that no official ranking system exists for colleges and universities in the United States. The best college or university is the one that is best for you and meets your requirements—academic, financial, and personal.
Finance Your Studies
Invest in yourself! The cost of living and studying varies across the United States. With the right amount of planning and research, pursuing a U.S. higher education can be made affordable with high returns on your investment.Start your financial planning as early as possible. Each year international students receive significant amounts of financial assistance for their studies. However, competition is high. Applications for financial aid go together with applications for admission.
Complete your application
Applying for U.S. study is a task that takes time and concentration as each application is different and involves collecting recommendations, writing essays, and routing the results of required standard examinations. During this phase its very important to keep track of the application deadline.
Applicant will need to arrange an interview at the local US embassy, following the US visa requirements below:
You must remain enrolled full time. Go to class and maintain passing grades. If you are having difficulty in your classes, notify your international advisor. If you are unable to complete your program by the date listed on your Form I-20, your international advisor can help you request a program extension.
Your passport should be valid for at least 6-months in the future. Your country’s consulate or embassy can help you extend your passport if needed. Carry a copy of your passport with you along with your I-94 card for identification purposes.
Always notify your international advisor or office if you make changes to your address, study plans, or visa status.
F1 visa students are not allowed to work off-campus. However, you may have some on-campus work or curricular practical training options if you qualify. Check with your international advisor to see if this is a possibility for you. If you choose to work without proper authorization, your visa will be revoked and you will be forced to leave the United States.
You have 60 days upon completion of your program to leave the United States under your F1 visa. To remain in the US, you will need to re-enroll in a higher program, transfer to another school to receive a new I-20 form, or apply to change your visa status. Your international advisor can give you more information regarding your options.
Practical Training on an F-1 Visa
An F-1 student is generally entitled up to one year of post-completion practical training. Authorization for this type of practical training may be granted for a maximum of 12 months and starts once you have graduated or completed your course of study.
Always notify your international advisor or office if you make changes to your address, study plans, or visa status.
The students should speak to the international students department of your university to get the necessary forms to apply. They will inform you of the different practical training options available to you. Find out about your practical training options when you start to study so you can adequately prepare for the future. | <urn:uuid:d0f51190-9e33-4cc3-9bb9-b1c9dd3a917d> | {
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The treatment of a brain tumors depends on the tumor’s type, size and location. Other important factors include the patient’s general state of health, their age and how widespread the cancer is. Treatments that may be offered include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these.
Surgery is the most common approach to treating primary tumors, which are tumors that have originated in the brain tissue. Before surgery begins, the patient is given general anaesthesia. A section of the skull is removed to provide access to the brain in a procedure called craniotomy and the tumor is then cut away and removed. The piece of removed skull is replaced and the scalp is stitched back up and bandaged.
Sometimes, this form of surgery is not possible if the tumor is buried deep within the brain tissue and difficult to remove without damaging surrounding tissue. In these cases, radiosurgery using high-energy radiation directed at the tumor may be used instead.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
For primary malignant tumors, surgery is usually followed up with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to help prevent the tumor growing back. In some cases of benign primary tumor that are difficult to access, these treatments may be used instead of surgery to shrink the tumor. Radiotherapy involves high energy radiation being focused on the tumor, but at a lower intensity and over a longer period than in radiosurgery. Chemotherapy involves the use of anticancer agents to kill cancer cells and may be given in tablet form, intravenously or in as an implant.
Radiotherapy may be delivered either externally or internally. External radiotherapy uses a large machine to direct radiation at the tumor over a course of daily treatments lasting days or weeks. Internal radiotherapy or brachytherapy involves the placement of a small radioactive implant near to the cancer site.
Chemotherapy may be given during and after radiation therapy with or without surgery. Carmustine and temozolomide are two examples of chemotherapy drugs currently used in the treatment of high-grade brain tumours. Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal upset, anemia, susceptibility to infection, hair loss, appetite loss, mouth ulcers and weakness.
For secondary brain tumors or cancers that have spread to the brain from cancer in other parts of the body, treatment aims to relieve symptoms and prolong life, since the cancer cannot be cured. Treatment may involve corticosteroid pills to reduce pressure within the brain, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to shrink or control the tumor, anti-epileptic medication to prevent seizures, pain relievers and anti-nausea drugs.
Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc | <urn:uuid:336f752d-a660-4ea5-92db-d6ca944a14a9> | {
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Learn about the expansions of the commerce power under modern-day Commerce Clause doctrine, including Congress’s power to regulate channels, instrumentalities, and activities with substantial effects on interstate commerce.
Welcome to the video on the modern doctrine of Commerce Power!
I. The years following the New Deal
In the years following the New Deal, there was an ideological shift on the Supreme Court away from the direct effect and stream of commerce theories of Commerce Power and toward the substantial effects doctrine that forms the basis of Commerce Clause jurisprudence. In this era it becomes clear that under the Commerce Clause Congress may (1) regulate any activity that has a substantial effect on... | <urn:uuid:2641c797-5db6-4d50-a385-28cfbb0445a1> | {
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I beg the privilege, in the interests of that exactitude of technical terminology without which no study can become scientific, of creating an English word, phaneron, to denote whatever is entirely open to assured observation, in all the entirety of its being, even if this observation be not quite as direct as that of a percept is. An external reality is not a phaneron because it is not entirely open to observation. The phaneron resembles rather what many English philosophers call an idea.
When I say a phaneron is open to observation, I use the word “observation” in a pretty broad sense. Whatever, whether in a purposive or cognitive sense, we mean, or rather, when this is any distinction, what we think we mean is a phaneron, although it may be vague and is usually general, so that it cannot react upon us as a percept does, is a phaneron.
Again, that which is observed, as a percept is absent, must be objectified, while mere tones of consciousness are phanerons. But though subject and object are not discriminated in these feelings, yet it is that element of them which becomes developed into the immediate object which is the phaneron. | <urn:uuid:31150596-46c4-4f93-89e5-5c9982032d55> | {
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Washington UniversityGary W. Kronk
1995 Aug. 3
C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)(Orbit on IAUC 6198)
- Green issued IAUC 6191 on July 26, which gave the first orbit computation (listed as
highly uncertain). Based on 57 positions obtained on July 24-26, it indicated the comet would pass
perihelion in early 1997!
- Brian Marsden (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) issued IAUC 6194 on August 1.
It gave a parabolic orbit based on 208 positions obtained during the period of July 24 to August 1. This
new orbit, which is still considered "somewhat uncertain", had a perihelion date of April 1, 1997, and a
perihelion distance of 0.9 AU.
- McNaught's prediscovery image was announced on IAUC 6198 and enabled Marsden to
compute a very precise orbit. This new orbit indicated the general correctness of the orbit on IAUC 6194,
except that the comet is moving in a long-period ellipse. It currently has an orbital period of about 4000
years, but the original orbit may have had a period of about 3200 years. Marsden comments that comet
Hale-Bopp "is not on its first pass from the Oort Cloud."
- Marsden wrote on IAUC 6202, "Taking the situation at face value, one can note that comet
C/1995 O1 is in many respects similar to the great comet C/1811 F1 (early absolute brightness,
perihelion distance, orbital inclination, 3000-year revolution period, placement beyond the sun at
perihelion) and may perform as spectacularly." | <urn:uuid:5263df0e-036e-423f-9c5b-60dae8d07bb6> | {
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The quality of hay fed to a beef heifer into early February will determine the vigor of her calf to be born next spring -- and whether she can rebreed to calve the next year.
University of Missouri Extension beef nutritionist Justin Sexten is concerned about the calf crop for the next two years because of drought last summer.
Too many beef females are going into winter without protective layers of fat that help carry them through until spring grass.
A ration rich in nutrients allows cows to maintain body condition, keep the fat layer and develop a calf. Normally hay does that, but "unfortunately, much forage harvested last season does not meet base requirements," Sexten said.
Herd owners judge the amount and what kind of feed that will be needed from body condition scores of cows.
By rule of thumb, a heifer should calve at 85 percent of her mature body weight, but growing heifers need more and better feed than mature cows.
With normal summer and fall grass growth, heifers are grass fat by winter. Not this year. "During July and August, when no grass grew, heifers mined condition off their back," Sexten said.
Now heifers must not only be fed to support normal body and calf growth during winter but also to replace lost fat.
Lost fat concerns Sexten. That energy source affects vigor of the calf at birth. Also adequate body fat adds quality and quantity to milk the heifer provides her newborn calf.
Nutrition in the first 24 hours determines if a calf thrives, Sexten said. Spring-born calves come into a cold world and need the rich energy and antibodies provided by colostrum, the first milk, to survive.
If a heifer loses her calf, a $2,000 replacement heifer becomes worth $900 in salvage value.
A heifer in poor body condition after calving likely will not rebreed to calve the second year. That happens often, causing huge losses for beef herd owners.
Stink bug concern
Illinois residents need to take steps to prepare for the invasion of the brown marmorated stink bug.
The BMSB is on the Most "Unwanted" Invasive Pests list created by the Illinois Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey Program.
With their piercing mouthparts, these insects are capable of damaging a multitude of crops, such as apples, pears, soybeans and landscape ornamentals. "BMSB are capable of causing economic losses to soybean and corn producers," University of Illinois Extension entomologist Mike Gray said.
The combination of low populations of BMSB and highly managed crop systems in Illinois have kept economic injury levels low up to now, according to Kelly Estes, state survey coordinator of the Illinois Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. But recent tracking by the U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that BMSB spread substantially during this last growing season. The drought may have reduced the impact of fungal disease on the insects, with the warm weather causing them to develop faster. The warm fall has allowed two generations to be produced during one growing season, resulting in a greater number of overwintering insects.
As well as damaging crops, the invasive pests seek shelter in homes during the winter.
BMSB has been identified in 38 states. It has the characteristic stink bug shield shape and is as wide as it is long. It has distinctive black and white banding on the antennae and alternating dark/light banding on the edge of the wings.
-- Compiled by Herald-Whig Staff Writer Deborah Gertz Husar | <urn:uuid:84918650-baa5-4cb8-b6a4-ec0e032b1d43> | {
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- Mondays are linked to increases in stress, suicides, and even heart attacks.
- The stress and health risks observed on Mondays are mostly explained by weekend changes in our sleep cycles.
- Disrupted sleep cycles cause hormone changes that result in fatigue, stress, and impaired organ function.
Against otherwise near universal antipathy, perhaps Mondays only saving grace is being the most common day for federal holidays.
Unpopularity is only the beginning of Monday's problems, however. Monday, for example, is associated with the highest levels of emotional stress, the lowest rates of work productivity, and higher rates of suicides for both men and women (1). And these adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes are paralleled with remarkable precision by increases in negative physical health outcomes such as workplace accidents and even strokes and heart attacks (2). Arguably the most infamous and dangerous Monday of all is the "spring forward" Monday following the March daylight saving time weekend. Studies indicate that a 6% to 8% increase in fatal car accidents—translating to two to three dozen excess deaths each year—occur on this grim Monday (3).
Why is Monday such a recurring wrecking ball on our physical and emotional health and what can we do to prevent it? In the case of the daylight saving effect, there is a near annual exercise by congress to solve this problem by canceling daylight saving entirely (e.g., 4). However, because of the varied and arguably negative effects of such legislation in areas such as the northeastern U.S. (where the absence of daylight saving would increase daytime darkness), this effort rarely gains traction. And even if the daylight saving ritual did become a memory, we would still bear the other negative Monday consequences. For this reason, a broader and more practical solution is clearly necessary.
To understand the solution, it is first necessary to explain the surprising power of sleep deprivation and circadian dysfunction. Subjectively, most people underestimate the effects of changing their sleep patterns on their health and function. Although laboratory studies, for example, indicate that even one to two hours of reduced sleep produces measurable cognitive impairment, hormone disruption, accelerated biological aging, and even adverse patterns of geneactivation, most of these changes are invisible to our conscious awareness. Only when the effects reach a threshold of high intensity—such as jet lag or episodes of insomnia—do we typically notice them. In the case of jet lag, most adults are familiar with the combination of fatigue, mental slowing, and increased negative affect that results from traveling across multiple time zones, as well as the days of recovery often needed to restore normal feelings and function. Jet lag is an example of the circadian disruption that occurs when our sleep-wake cycle becomes misaligned with the 24-hour schedule with which our body is accustomed. And the cognitive, emotional, and physical side effects of jet lag are caused by a complex collection of hormones whose careful regulation has gone awry.
Although jet lag and the painful symptoms of circadian dysfunction that result from multiple time zone changes are rare events for most Americans, tens of millions unintentionally induce an only slightly less severe case of "social jet lag" or "weekend jet lag" on themselves every week. Shown in the table below, the typical person in the U.S. follows a markedly different sleep schedule from Monday to Friday than from Friday to Sunday. In many cases, this change in sleep-wake cycle is as much as several hours.
Following a week of regular school or work hours, for example, a person may take advantage of their obligation-free Saturday to both stay up later on Friday night and sleep in on Saturday morning. A similar pattern may be followed on Saturday night and Sunday morning. In this mere 48 hours, the sleep-wake alteration markedly shifts the person's internal clock and hormone cycles. For example, cortisol (our primary stress hormone) levels that typically rise one to two hours before the person rises for school or work (early a.m. cortisol helps us wake up in the morning but typically declines after this cyclic peak) shift to occur a couple of hours later due to their later waking time. Similarly, melatonin levels—normally peaking in the evening hours before the person is retiring before their school/workday—now start later across the weekend to align with their later bedtime. And many other hormones partly regulated by circadian mechanisms such as estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, and other appetite hormones all scramble to catch up. These hormone cycles have profound effects not only on our feelings of well-being but even on the function of our internal organs. Therefore, when we're out of alignment with our natural sleep schedules, we become vulnerable to a host of negative physical and psychological consequences.
Then comes Monday. Following 48-hours of a late-shifted sleep-wake cycle, our cortisol levels are now peaking during our commute to work and across the morning instead of before waking up. Increased stress and negative affect are the subjective result. The delayed melatonin release in the evenings caused by the weekend means it will be harder to fall asleep Monday night. Waking up much earlier on Monday than on Saturday and Sunday has probably also induced insulin and leptin resistance, affecting mood, cognitive function, appetite, and blood glucose control (sure enough, blood glucose tends to be worse on Mondays; (5)). The effects of this hormone dysregulation are so strong as to even reduce the ability of our hearts to respond to stress, increasing our risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks.
The most effective and practical solution to our culture of Monday maladies is to minimize changes in our sleep-wake cycle between weekdays and weekends. If the physical and psychological harms associated with Mondays are the result of hormone disruptions caused by weekend changes in our circadian cycle, the natural remedy is to reduce the degree of these circadian changes. This solution is firmly grounded in science. For example, studies show that the degree of impairment in heart rate variability caused by social/weekend jetlag are directly related to the size of the difference in sleep-wake cycles during the week versus weekend and, critically, are absent among those who follow the same sleep-wake cycle across all days of the week (6). Put simply, people who practice a consistent sleep-wake pattern across the week feel and function as well on Mondays as on other days of the week.
Is it worth getting off the sleep-wake cycle roller coaster to enjoy consistently better physical and emotional health? Unfortunately, this isn't a question science can answer for you. The demands of work and school, coupled with weekend temptations, make this a difficult choice for many Americans. At least, however, sleep and circadian research does clarify for us that Monday misery is a choice. | <urn:uuid:9740fad5-a20f-41d0-b838-56eb360146fa> | {
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Lincoln’s Climate Action Plan
Climate Action Lincoln, a subcommittee of the Green Energy Committee,
is charged with developing a Climate Action Plan
What is a Climate Action Plan?
Climate Action Plans set goals and develop actions to mitigate emissions, adapt to environmental changes, and increase resilience. They address these interconnected issues of the climate crisis:
Electrification with renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Furthering environmental justice and supporting vulnerable populations
Safeguarding public health
Creating sustainable and resilient infrastructure
Protecting and regenerating ecological systems, including back yards, forests, open space, farms and wetlands.
How will a Climate Action Plan help Lincoln reduce emissions?
A Climate Action Plan will coordinate and recommend municipal, commercial, and residential actions necessary for Lincoln to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2050, as outlined in the Act Creating a Next Generation Roadmap for Massachusetts Climate Policy. It will address many sectors in Lincoln, including the built environment, transportation, energy production, waste, water, and land use.
What are the next steps?
Town-wide participation is critical to developing a Climate Action Plan that sets concrete goals to achieve results. In Lincoln, residential behavior will be crucial to the success of a plan as the Town has a very small amount of commercial and municipal properties.
The year-long, collaborative process of developing a plan will include:
Visioning: Engagement of all residents and stakeholders in town
Data: Energy use, GHG emissions, carbon storage
Analysis: Vulnerable populations, housing, infrastructure, transportation
Goals: Align with state and federal goals; interpret for residents
Implementation: Timelines, accountable parties, measurement
Financial implications: for the Town budget.
The Town is applying for a grant for technical assistance and expects to embark on the process of developing the Plan this fall. Be on the lookout for updates on LincolnTalk, the Lincoln Squirrel, or use Climate Action Lincoln’s email firstname.lastname@example.org. We are looking forward to working together and hearing your ideas.
Climate Action Lincoln members:
Sue Klem, Roy Harvey, Emily Haslett, Staci Montori, Lynne Smith
Jennifer Curtin, Assistant Director of Planning and Land Use | <urn:uuid:7c487274-766c-44aa-a8a6-3d705ab29423> | {
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In January 1649 the commons resolved: ‘that the commons of England, in Parliament assembled, do declare, that the people are, under God, the original of all just power’ and indeed that the commons ‘being chosen by, and representing the people, have the supreme power in this Nation’ and again ‘that whatever is enacted or declared for law, by the commons, in Parliament assembled, hath the force of law; and all the people of this Nation are concluded thereby although the consent and concurrence of King, or house of peers be not therein to. The primacy of law-making in the United Kingdom has been held with the legislature and in particular Parliament for over 460 years. It is founded in the twin doctrines of Parliamentary supremacy and separation of powers. Although today there are many scholars and other authorities which have questioned the clear distinction in the roles of the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, and their roles in law making with regards to their primacy and function; despite all the criticisms, changes and amendments, it can be argued that the Parliament still bears the primary responsibility to make laws with the contribution of the other arms of Government.
If you can spare a few dollars for the creators of this website to continue their research to bring you more great content, any amount, no matter how great or small, would be greatly appreciated. | <urn:uuid:b7e02b4a-9dff-478d-8061-081351512caa> | {
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
How does Roger Chillingworth's appearance change and how does Hester interpret the...
1 Answer | add yours
Throughout the novel, Hawthrone develops his description of Chillingworth from an older, weathered man to a twisted, almost demonic cariacature. Here is a quote after his change:
"But the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man ... had altogether vanished, and been succeeded by a eager, searching, almost fierce, yet carefully guarded look. It seemed to be his wish and purpose to mask this expression with a smile, but the latter played him false, and flickered over his visage so derisively that the spectator could see his blackness all the better for it. Ever and anon, too, there came a glare of red light out of his eyes, as if the old man's soul were on fire and kept on smouldering duskily within his breast..."
Hester sees his twisted features and the determined glint in his eye and immediately believes it is evil, even the devil, shining through on his visage. She understands at this point the length to which he will go to punish the man he believes to have wronged him by committing adultery with Hester.
Posted by sullymonster on September 30, 2007 at 9:32 AM (Answer #1)
Related QuestionsSee all »
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:6a430ab6-5ec4-4f9f-ad27-38d9a95b393d> | {
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We are more connected, in ways, than ever before. With our smartphones and social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, we can connect with people with an ease that was not available to previous generations. Ironically though, we don’t seem to be any happier as a society. In fact, there is evidence that rates for anxiety, depression, and suicide have gone up in America. This is especially true for teens and young adults. As discussed in my previous blog, relationships are the key to our happiness. Thus, despite our ability to connect with one another through screens, it doesn’t appear that this is resulting in increases to societal happiness. So, we must ask: Is social media causing greater social isolation?
Is Social Media Causing Greater Social Isolation?
A recent study published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine, also discussed in this CNN article, found that the more young adults used social media, the more they tended to rate themselves as feeling socially isolated. This was a correlational study. So, the researchers couldn’t prove that social media use was actually causing these young adults to feel more socially isolated. It could very well be the case that people who feel more socially isolated are drawn to using social media to “fill the void,” so to speak. It’s likely that the relationship is bi-directional. Thus, people who feel isolated are more drawn to social media and, as they use it more, they feel more isolated.
The Takeaway Regarding Social Media and Social Isolation?
The world is complicated. It’s not correct to vilify social media. There are plenty of benefits to it, and just about all of us experience these on a daily basis. Still, we evolved to relate to one another in-person. Thus, to truly meet our psychological need for connection, we need to have in-person relationships. If some of our connections are through our screens, this can still be okay. But if our social media time begins to displace our in-person relationships, then we will likely pay a price in the form of increased anxiety, depression, stress, and feelings of social isolation. Ideally, our social media use facilitates greater in-person relationships.
There’s an old saying that too much of a good thing isn’t good. For instance, drinking water is a healthy thing to do, but drinking too much can literally kill us. I believe that our social media use falls in this category. It’s fine in small doses. But if we spend too much time with social media, we are displacing the in-person connections that are the true source of most of our happiness. We must never lose sight of this reality. | <urn:uuid:a08d923c-e1b5-4d66-be53-d36c70b5901d> | {
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Written by Rumi’s Garden
11 Facts You Didn’t Know About the Ashtiname Signed with Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ Handprint
Rumi’s Garden -By the Grace of God – recently received the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ which is a beautiful and important of a covenant!
Ashtiname is a Persian means “Book of Peace”. This is a word often designated to treaties and covenants. We have obtained the document directly from the Museum of St. Catherine’s Monastery – whom in turn are the caretakers of it. At Rumi’s Garden, we strongly feel that this blessed covenant is the most profound message against the oppression faced by minorities in Muslim lands.
The Ashtiname is available for purchase at http://www.RumisGarden.co.uk. It has been printed on high quality canvas and it measures 57 x 112 cm – the same size as the original document.
What is the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ?
The Ashtiname is an agreement that the Prophet ﷺ personally made with the Christians of St. Catherine’s Monastery in Egypt in 4 Hijri (approximately 625 CE). Evidence shows that the original document was written by Sayidna Ali and signed and sealed with our Beloved’s ﷺ blessed palm print.
According to the monks’ of St. Catherine’s Monastery and their well kept history, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ visited them and had deep relationships and discussions with the Sinai fathers.
Several certified historical copies of the Ashtiname are displayed in the library of St. Catherine’s Monastery to this day, some of which were witnessed by the judges of Islam to affirm historical authenticity.
The monks claim that during the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–17, the original document was seized from the monastery by Ottoman soldiers and taken to Sultan Selim I’s palace in Istanbul for safekeeping. A copy was then made to compensate for its loss at the monastery.
The Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is a fascinating oath that he took on behalf of all Muslims. It is a covenant of extreme importance and it gives Muslims very strong directives on how to take care of our non-Muslim brothers and sisters on a personal, social and political level. In the Prophet’s ﷺ own words, he says:
“This is a letter which was issued by Muhammad, Ibn Abdullah, the Messenger, the Prophet, the Faithful, who is sent to all the people as a trust on the part of God to all His creatures, that they may have no plea against God hereafter. Verily God is Omnipotent, the Wise. This letter is directed to the embracers of Islam, as a covenant given to the followers of Jesus the Nazarene in the East and West, the far and near, the Arabs and foreigners, the known and the unknown.
This letter contains the oath given unto them, and he who disobeys that which is therein will be considered a disbeliever and a transgressor to that whereunto he is commanded. He will be regarded as one who has corrupted the oath of God, disbelieved His Testament, rejected His Authority, despised His Religion, and made himself deserving of His Curse, whether he is a Sultan or any other believer of Islam.”
So what is this oath that our Beloved Prophet ﷺ has made which can have repercussions on our own personal afterlife? What is this oath, that if we break it, can lead us to disbelief in God, Islam and The Messenger of God ﷺ?
The following 11 points are a breakdown of the oath that we as Muslims are all bound by, according to the blessed Ashtiname.
Purchase a copy from http://www.RumisGarden.co.uk
11 Point Breakdown of the Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
As Muslims, we must protect the wellbeing of Christian monks, devotees and pilgrims. This applies to their physical health, their properties and their morals whether they be in the mountains or valleys, dens of plains or in their houses of worship. The Prophet swears by his own very Self, his Friends, and his Assistants, that the Christians are his subjects and under his Protection.
The Prophet ﷺ insists that Christians should absolutely not be disturbed. From their income, they should not give anything except what they are willing to give. They should not be offended, coerced or compelled. Their judges should not be removed or stopped from accomplishing their work, nor should monks or hermits be disturbed from exercising their religion.
Plundering the Christians is forbidden. Their churches must not be destroyed or spoiled nor can their houses of worship be plundered. Muslims are not allowed to take what is belongs to the Christians and bring the stolen goods to the houses of Islam. The Prophet says: ‘And he who takes away anything therefrom, will be one who has corrupted the oath of God, and, in truth, disobeyed His Messenger.’
The Jizya tax is forbidden to be placed on judges, monks, and those whose vocation is the worship of God. Nothing is to be taken from them whether it be a tax, fine or an unjust right. The Prophet ﷺ says: ‘Verily I shall keep their compact, wherever they may be, in the sea or on the land, in the East or West, in the North or South, for they are under My Protection and the testament of My Safety, against all things which they abhor.’
For those who devote themselves to God, no taxes or tithes should be taken and no one should interfere with their affairs or take action against them. Rather, when crops grow, a provision of wheat should be given to them without anyone saying ‘this is too much’, or imposing payment.
No one should impose on the Christians exile and they shouldn’t be forced to carry arms and go to war. It is the Muslims who must fight for them.
Muslims must not dispute or argue with Christians, but must deal with them according to the verse in the Holy Quran: ‘Do not dispute or argue with the People of the Book but in that which is best’ [29:46]. They should live well and protected from everything which may offend them, wherever they may be and in any place they may dwell.
If any Christian woman is married to a Muslim, the marriage should not occur unless it has her full consent. As a Christian wife, she must not be stopped from going to her church for prayer.
Christian churches must be honored and Christians must not be stopped from building churches or repairing convents.
The Prophet ends the covenant by stating: ‘It is positively incumbent upon every one of the followers of Islam not to contradict or disobey this oath until the Day of Resurrection and the end of the world.’
Besides the handprint of our Beloved Prophet, the covenant lists the witnesses of the signing which includes Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafah, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Abu al-Darda, Abu Hurayrah, Abd Allah ibn Masud, Abbas ibn Abd, al-Muttalib, Harith ibn Thabit, Abd al-‘Azim ibn Hasan, Fudayl ibn ‘Abbas, al-Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwam, Talhah ibn ‘Abd Allah, Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh, Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubadah, Thabit ibn Nafis, Zayd ibn Thabit, Abu Hanifah ibn ‘Ubayyah, Hashim ibn Ubayyah, Mu‘azzam ibn Qurashi, Abd Allah ibn ‘Amr ibn al-‘As and Amir ibn Yasin.
Authenticity of The Ashtiname of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
Authenticity was historically given to the covenant by Caliph al-Mu‘izz (953-974 CE), Caliph al-‘Aziz (975-996 CE), Caliph al-Hakim (996-1021 CE), Caliph al-Zahir (1024 CE), Vizier al-Afdal ibn Badr al-Jamali (1094-1121 CE), Caliph al-Hafiz (1134 CE), as well as by the Decree of Shirkuh (1169 CE). It was authenticated by the Ayyubids Caliphs (1195, 1199, 1201/02, and 1210/11 CE), by the Mamluk Decrees (1259, 1260, 1272, 1268/69, 1280 and 1516 CE), and by all the Ottoman Sultans from 1519 all the way to 1904.
Furthermore, the covenant was a primary source document that was reviewed by the Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks. It was verified often by the Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki, Hanbali and Ismaili schools of Islamic jurisprudence. The Monastery of St. Catherine’s has a collection of nearly 2,000 fatwas regarding the Ashtiname, from various scholars ranging from the years of 975 to 1888 CE.
A few concluding thoughts…
At the Eve of Ramadan of May 2018 – when most of us are preparing for a month of devotion and inner work – in Surabaya (Indonesia), a wave of suicide bombings occurred against Christians. The attack included two church blasts, killing 13 people and injuring many more. A third attack was foiled, and this saved many lives. What is most disturbing is that the attacks were done by families, including children and teenagers. ISIS claimed these attacks.
How contradictory to the spirit of Islam are these actions against our brothers and sisters of other faiths? What about the atrocities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and Egypt against minorities who have lived in these areas for hundreds – if not thousands – of years?
While we should not overlook that more Muslims have been killed by Christians than Christians by Muslims throughout history, we need to understand that murder is not the way of our Beloved Prophet ﷺ. Indeed, it puts us out of the fold of Islam for God calls us to the Abode of Peace. The Bible too, in the Sermon on the Mount states: ‘Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.’
Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1955). The Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai: A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts and Scrolls Microfilmed at the Library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Indonesia Suffers Its Worst Terrorist Attack in a Decade. Here’s What to Know About the Latest Wave of Violence
Haddad, Anton F., trans. The Oath of the Prophet Mohammed to the Followers of the Nazarene. New York: Board of Counsel, 1902; H-Bahai: Lansing, MI: 2004.
Pococke, Richard. ‘Chapter XIV: The Patent of Mahomet, which he granted to the Monks of Mount Sinai; and to Christians in General.’ Description of the East. Vol. 1. London, 1743. pp. 268–70.
Manaphis, K.A., ed. (1990). Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of Saint Catherine. Athens. pp. 14, 360–1, 374.
Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Kettering, OH: Angelico Press / Sophia Perennis, 2013.
Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. | <urn:uuid:afbe1402-bf39-4cad-bfba-671b7dd287fb> | {
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In mainstream podcasts about difficult subject as politics, economy, religion, nature of consciousness, properties of reality and the universe, and many other scientific subject, it often strikes me how frequently people use a certain type of logical fallacy called “Argument from authority”. *1 It seems that over time, same as before, this tendency is not decreasing - regardless of our current level of progress or technical advance.
This logical fallacy goes like this:
- A is an authority on a particular topic
- A says something about that topic
- A is probably correct
But lately it is being used in another very common form:
- A is an authority on a particular topic S
- B talks about unknown U
- B finds relation between U and what A mentioned about U
- B uses A as an authority, therefore you should trust B about U
If I would say something like:
“Scientists had preferred to bow to authority rather than believe the evidence of their own eyes.”
I need to supply evidence that will confirm or strengthen the above claim.
But if I say insted:
"Robert Matthews said 'Scientists had preferred to bow to authority
rather than believe the evidence of their own eyes'." *2
You can notice how the meaning of the sentence has shifted, as now it seems to have more credibility, and I do not need to support my claim with additional evidence.
The above technique has been used frequently, and there are multiple reasons for that.
First and foremost, there is practical reason for this. If one would need to supply evidence for every sentence one says, one would need to write an entire dissertation for even the simplest, smallest subject one is trying to address. We have advanced with knowledge so much because we do not reinvent things all the time from beginning, but because we rally on previous knowledge so that we can continue from that point onward. In order to contract the subject, therefore, the author needs to relate to previous knowledge and authority in order to bridge the gap of knowledge, which should be at the time of writing or speaking already known to the targeted public (if you addressing a public of theoretic physicists, you expect that they know who Einstein was and what his theories were). Also, please not that referencing is not same as usage of “argument from authority” although it can be easily mistaken.
On the other hand, there is the insecurity or credibility reason. As we humans like to fix and hold someone dearly to what he said, not giving him a chance to change his mind, whatever he says can be used against him. So, the best option to deflect that threat is to relate to someone who is well known established authority. The fact that the author could be dead is even more valuable, as it will diminish the ability of people to conduct future checks , except from what’s already been written in existing documents.
For example, imagine that we are talking about consciousness and its nature. As at this point, we do not have enough knowledge, or we have not advanced enough technically, in order to find any solid evidence, and most of our talk is in the domain of pure speculation. At this point, one person can claim that every particle in this universe has consciousness. Although this may be true, we do not have enough evidence to support this claim. We can decide to reject this idea, argue about the validity of the idea, or just leave it open as a possible premise. In the case that someone else openly rejects this claim as foolishness, as it can be perceived as an open attack on the personality of the author, and the author may choose the strategy of defence. By using an “Argument from authority” at this moment, the source of the idea can try to make his argument stronger by referencing a well-known authority and what that authority said about the same subject. For this instance, let’s take Richard Feynman, a well-known theoretical physicist who once used the construction “atoms with consciousness” in his poem. *3 In order to “prove” his claim, the person can use Feynman and what he wrote in order to support his argument. At this point, depending on how well this side knows the source of the citation, the other side can decide to back off.
Who is right here?
We know that currently our level of knowledge about consciousness is quite low, so we can safely conclude that in known human history we have never had more knowledge supported by evidence about consciousness than we have now. Although knowledge can be lost, like in the case of “How to build the Pyramids”, for instance, the only thing that matters is preserved research along with reproducible results.
Therefore, although Mr. Feynman was a great authority on many subjects regarding Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics, we can conclude that his reference about matter and consciousness was purely speculative and poetic. Furthermore, poems can hardly have scientific value as they usually lack evidence, do not conform to standard scientific rules, and what is written there is only limited by the author’s imagination.
It is worth mentioning that very broad abstractions can say that if atoms are parts that create consciousness and therefore necessary for the existence of consciousness, we can say that they have, in some sense, consciousness on their own.
So, who is right and who is wrong then?
Really no one is right, and also no one is wrong.
A hypothesis/claim has to be left “open” until we gain enough knowledge either to prove or disprove it, but that claim cannot be used for further citation or as a source of evidence until proven valid or invalid.
The main point is that we can brainstorm, discuss and debate about uncharted territories, but it is pointless to argue. However this can be quite difficult, especially when someone is claiming that an electric current contains “Unicorns on a bicycle that move by playing harmonicas” instead of something that is more suitable to our belief system or scientific evidence.
History is full of scientists with bold claims that were ridiculed at the beginning, but their theories were proven to be right years later. Just in the recent history of science, there is the case of Fleischmann–Pons famous cold fusion experiment *4, which has turned into a witch hunt within the scientific community just because people who needed to reproduce the experiment were doing it wrong. That single event ruined the careers of two brilliant scientists. That case, along with many other similar events, is a reason why people are so cautious nowadays about announcing their discoveries.
It would be nice if we had enough strength so we could stand behind our inventions on our own, but probably “arguments from authority” are here to stay with us, for better or worse, at least for some time.
Notes & References:
1. Argument from authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority | <urn:uuid:abb65626-458f-4d72-8969-0dc05b4e82c5> | {
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The term “smart grid” is getting a lot of use these days, with related stimulus funding reaching into the billions of dollars and the popular press promising Jetsons-like advances; it has been predicted to enable our control of home appliances from our office desktops and allow us to supply electricity back to the grid and to use our plug-in electric vehicles. What this sometimes hyperbolic coverage overlooks, however, are the many small tweaks that will add up to big reliability improvements for the larger transmission system, with fewer and shorter outages and irregularities, in a process that will be more evolutionary than revolutionary.
Popular attention has centered on smart meters, the devices serving as the communications nexus connecting utilities and customers in smart-grid planners’ schemes. It’s understandable the media would gravitate toward a device with which consumers are already familiar, but this approach overlooks the plethora of behind-the-scenes advances required to give these new meters their intelligence and ensure their ongoing functionality.
“So many people are focused on the meter,” said Katherine Hamilton, president of the Washington, D.C.-based GridWise Alliance, a smart grid advocacy organization with a membership made up of utilities, universities, equipment manufacturers and information technology companies. “There’s been a lot of hype that a smart meter is going to enable customers to make decisions, and that’s not right. A smart meter is just a piece of equipment.”
Between that meter and the central generating plant that powers it will be a new generation of sensors and controllers designed to not just report on current operating conditions but, also, to predict and react to those conditions. Consider, for example, a device called a “phasor measurement unit” (PMU). In either stand-alone designs or incorporated into electrical relays or digital-fault recorders, PMUs measure the magnitude and phase angle of the sine waves making up electric current. A radio connection to a global positioning system satellite enables accurate timestamping of all readings. When this synchronization is implemented, units may be called “synchrophasors.”
Basic PMU technology has been around for almost 20 years, and the major interconnections making up the North American grid now have about 200 in place, according to Tyrone Foster, senior marketing manager for the calibration unit of Everett, Wash.-based Fluke Corp. Cost has been a factor limiting wider adoption, but it is dropping along with the general electronics market and as more manufacturers enter the field.
PMUs take measurements 30 times per second, aiding efforts of interconnection operators to isolate potential problems before they can cascade into disasters, such as the August 2003 blackout. This contrasts with the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems now overseeing the grid, which make their observations at the outdated rate of once every four seconds.
“That’s equivalent to driving down the road and only opening your eyes every four seconds,” Foster said. “We really need real-time monitoring.”
However, even the currently deployed PMUs lack networking capabilities, a detriment developers are seeking to correct, in one of the many less-publicized efforts to make transmission operations smarter. Included in last year’s stimulus legislation is funding for 850 more PMUs, all networked, enabling simultaneous real-time measurement of line conditions from multiple points across the nation’s major interchanges. This deployment also will help make connections with intermittent resources—such as wind turbines and solar-power systems—more secure, helping system operators understand power irregularities as these renewable generators ramp up and down.
To reach this goal, though, engineers have yet another hurdle to jump—developing a calibration system to ensure these rapid-fire, interconnected devices are all measuring the same thing at the same time. Fluke is combining a $1.4 million stimulus grant with $390,000 of its own funding to develop a methodology for just such a system. But, Foster noted, this is just one of a number of advances needed to help PMUs react to—or, even, predict—-events, not just to monitor them. This hoped-for sophistication will require analytical software and special servers to hold all the data PMUs will be generating.
All this new technology will, of course, require a work force trained to understand a digitally driven transmission and distribution system. With this need in mind, the U.S. Dept. of Energy has announced it will be providing $100 million in training grants, which teams of utilities and educational institutions will use to create required curricula. And, Hamilton added, savvy electrical contractors can take advantage of the opportunity to upgrade their companies’ capabilities in preparation for opportunities that may not even have been identified yet.
“The utilities don’t even know all the job skills that will be needed,” she said. “I think it poses a great opportunity for the electrical contracting stakeholder group—some of those folks who understand digital technology are going to have a leg up.”
ROSS is a freelance writer located in Brewster, Mass. He can be reached at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:e4ebea75-1d89-48d1-9496-adfe0b8fa414> | {
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by Chenzi Xu (Harvard University)
The global financial crisis of 2008 was not unique. It had a precedent in the London banking crisis of 1866. Just as in 2008, the crisis began in the core financial market and spread to the periphery, the same happened in 1866.
The 1866 crisis has only been studied as a purely British event, but my research presents new evidence that it was a global financial crisis on the scale of 2008’s. The cities around the world that depended on British banks that happened to fail in London suffered immediate losses in exports activity. These losses took decades to recover, with the hysteresis persisting until the twentieth century.
In May 1866, Overend and Gurney, a bank’s bank and one of the most prestigious financial entities in London, declared bankruptcy. A panic erupted and almost 20% of banks headquartered in London failed. Crucially, these banks had been established in the mid-nineteenth century to globalise financial markets and trade, and they operated in cities around the world.
Figure 1 shows the concentration of British banking, and the degree to which the banking crisis in London affected them. Red denotes greater losses in British financing, and the size of the circles denotes the amount of lending before the crisis.
I study the impacts of the failures of British banks in London on trade activity around the world, outside of the UK, at hundreds of ports. At the extreme, losing access to all British credit caused exports to drop 80% in the year following the crisis. The aggregate global loss in trade was 17%, which is comparable to the levels seen in the latest crisis. Given that the mid-late 19th century was otherwise a period of great expansion and growth, the counterfactual without this crisis would have been even more spectacular.
The historical context also makes it possible to study the long-run effects, and I find that countries suffering the largest drops in the supply of British credit did not recover their exports to previous partners for several decades. These persistent effects suggest that losing access to financial markets can cause substantial hysteresis.
These long-term consequences of financial market instability have yet to be established for recent crises simply because not enough time has passed. But early evidence suggests that international trade has not rebounded, even ten years after the financial crisis. | <urn:uuid:3d556f30-3d92-4763-a2f0-3996f772579e> | {
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Not sure if this is the right place to put this (sorry, first post here) Suppose I determine that the position angle (PA) of a galaxy, in one band - observed by SDSS - is -85.4 ± 8.9°, and is 84.7 ± 10.9° in another. Assuming - for now - that the errors have a Gaussian distribution, and that the "±" numbers are 1σ, how do I go about determining if the two (band) PAs are the same "within 1σ"? (Actually it's more like the binary "are the data consistent with the hypothesis that ...?") PA is nice an linear, and - modulo something subtle and potentially interesting (either an SDSS systematic or weak gravitational lensing, say) - the PAs will be distributed evenly over the interval (-90, 90), a distribution which wraps around (i.e. -90 = 90). Suppose I determine that the axis ratio of a galaxy ("ab"), in one band is 0.73±0.05, and 0.82±0.04 in another. And I want to ask a similar question. In this case, ab isn't distributed evenly over (0, 1) - at least I don't think it is - and certainly doesn't 'wrap around'. Does that make the calculations needed to answer the question different? (again, assume no systematics). Next: effective radius (re), 11.6±0.4 and 9.2±0.4 say (unit? pixels, but it doesn't matter, does it?). In this case, the question becomes a lot more complicated, does it not? I mean, re carries with it the value of n, the Sérsic profile index (or some other model), which is not - necessarily - the same for both bands. And the distribution is far from linear, isn't it? What is needed to do the calculations in cases like this? | <urn:uuid:5e223e57-edee-41b3-a0fb-df6bffbd73ce> | {
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Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Business plans can help decision makers see how specific projects relate to the organization's strategic plan.
It also needs to be written in formal format and style. You have to remember that a business plan is something that you may have to present to your business partners, financial firms and banks. So if you can, refrain from using slang in any part of your plan.
The business goals may be defined both for non-profit or for-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit, as well as government agency business plans tend to focus on the "organizational mission" which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively—although non-profits may also focus on optimizing revenue.
Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.
free business plan
business plan for student
business plan letter | <urn:uuid:30bb71ab-fa8a-4cff-a3b9-b1d52b4348b2> | {
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‘Elicit’ or ‘illicit’?
Although elicit and illicit are both pronounced and spelled similarly, they have different meanings and origins. Both words ultimately derive from Latin: illicit comes from the verb licere meaning ‘allowed’, and elicit comes from the verb elicere meaning ‘entice or deceive’.
Illicit is an adjective, with two meanings. The first is ‘not allowed by laws or rules’, as in:
The UN estimated that the illicit drug trade is worth billions every year.
The second is ‘going against moral standards; unaccepted or not approved of by society’, as in:
Suspecting that his wife was having an illicit affair, he warned her to stop.
Elicit is a verb, with two meanings. The first is ‘to manage to get information from someone’ as in:
The hearing elicited some revealing testimony from the chairman’s colleagues.
The second is ‘to cause or draw out a particular reaction’, as in:
Most of the humour is more miss than hit, though there are moments that elicit a chuckle.
You can read more about elicit and illicit on the OxfordWords blog.
Back to Usage.
You may also be interested in: | <urn:uuid:60042622-cfca-4f2d-bab5-87a4fb1fc12e> | {
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As people become more and more aware of mental health disorders and how these can affect their lives and the lives of their family and friends, many words that used to be limited to mental health offices are making their way into common language. While talking about mental health and creating awareness is important, this “common language” explosion of psychological terms can be a bit misleading, especially when people use the terms to mean something other than what the actual diagnosis means. When people seek out counseling in Highlands Ranch, they often come in wondering if they have common mental health disorders based on what they have seen in popular media or gleaned from friends. In a previous post, we’ve covered the differences between “depressed” and “Depression.” This blog will review some of the most common terms that have “escaped” from the mental health field and made their way into everyday language, as well as how these words are different from the actual disorders they are similar to.
Anxiety. Everyone should feel anxious at some point. When a police officer pulls your car over, when you’re waiting in the dentist’s office for that big root canal, or when you’re interviewing for a competitive position, a little worry, stress, or heightened response is normal. Many experience anxiety, but for those with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, the anxiety is more than a racing heartbeat before a big event. It’s feeling like that big event is constantly happening, no matter where you are, and feeling even higher levels of anxiety that make it hard to work or think.
OCD. From the formal Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD has crept into popular language to mean anyone who likes things overly tidy or whose standards don’t quite match those of others. For example, ask most teenagers about their parents’ opinions on cleaning, and you might hear some surprising answers. One teen laments “my mom has OCD—she expects me to wash the dishes every single day!” Similarly, some people will consider one little quirk or habit, say counting sidewalk cracks on long boring walks, to be “OCD.” While any of these little quirks could be part of the actual disorder, people who have OCD for real do more than just irk others for a minute or two; they spend hours and hours each day performing often senseless behaviors to reduce obsessive and awful thoughts.
ADD/ADHD. Losing your stride during a 12-hour movie marathon is not ADHD. Struggling to focus when you are reading a difficult and boring text is not ADHD. Fidgeting now and again is not ADHD. While all of these would also be things that a person with ADHD would show, remember that those who actually have this problem struggle to attend and focus on information all the time , including things they love, and often report feeling driven, scattered, and may struggle with processing speed, working memory, or other tasks.
As a rule, if your problem isn’t affecting you on a daily or near-daily basis, and if it isn’t causing disruption in your normal life, it isn’t usually a problem. We can’t perform 100% all the time, and variation is normal. For those who do struggle with these and other mental health issues, however, there is no variation: anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, and problems focusing are nonstop, disruptive, and debilitating at times. If this sounds like you, seek counseling in Littleton to find an effective diagnosis and treatment—your problems can get better! If you realize your occasional challenges are nowhere near “disorder” status, consider your language use to ensure we do not take away the power of these words as actual diagnoses. | <urn:uuid:572a5f8a-01cc-40e6-b8c3-d8c07a3aa7c4> | {
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Once you've written down your transition with a fact or detail, you should include an explanation to go with the fact (more
than one explanation is OK).
example: They (dolphins) must come to the surface of the water to breathe and get oxygen from the air. However, unlike
mammals, fish can take oxygen from the water.
In this example, the author explains that because the dolphin has lungs it needs to come to the surface to breathe. This
explains the fact that dolphins have lungs.
The second sentence explains even further that dolphins aren't fish because they can't breathe in the water. | <urn:uuid:f35bb569-a34c-4d7b-8173-c309e01cb6e7> | {
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Is it a pimple or cold sore? Getting a spot on or near the lips, inside the nostril, or even on the chin can get people searching the internet to find out the answer!
Since both types of blemish affect the face it is quite easy to confuse a spot with a cold sore or the other way around.
However to treat either of them appropriately, find out below how to tell what that red spot that has just appeared actually is!
What is a Pimple?
A spot or zit is another name for a pimple. As mentioned, small lesions that develop on the skin and might even feel inflamed or painful, are known as pimples, a type of acne, and look quite similar to the early stages of a cold sore when they appear around the lips. The cause of pimples is a bacterial infection or excess oil in the facial oil glands, which inflame the glands and as a result they get filled with pus.
Identifying the symptoms of pimples is one way people can determine which they are actually suffering from. One of the best ways people can telling the difference, is to recall if there was any forewarning sign before the lesion occurred.
In the case of spots, these pus-filled bumps can occur simply out of the blue. Pimples can be present anywhere on the body and usually are more likely on the T zone of the face and are associated with oily skin as well as acne prone skin.
What is a Cold Sore?
Those trying to figure out if they really have a cold sore or whether it is just a pimple after all, should know that these are a manifestation of a viral skin condition that occurs because of the herpes simplex virus type-1 infection. Due to being similar to zits when they first appear, i.e. existing in the form red lesions, there is often confusion about this. While pimples are not infectious and cannot be passed from one individual to another, the the herpes simplex virus can be passed from one person to the other from oral contact. This can be from a kiss, or the use of infected personal items like a towel or a utensil. The image on the left is from the NHS website in the UK, which has some very helpful information about cold sores
The signs and symptoms that are experienced before a cold sore appears are often the best way of telling the difference as people will feel a burning and tingling feeling, which might even be painful. Other tell-tale signs are painful, spontaneous rupturing and the fact that these sores mostly occur on or around the lips.
Treatments are widely available and can vary from a machine that will zap the cold sore to simple creams or gels to apply.
How to Treat a Cold Sore vs Pimple
One people have determined which they have, they can begin treating it accordingly. Cold sores might not go away on their own therefore medications need to be used to treat the condition, while zits generally vanish on their own. Treating zits can normally be done without any medical help and there are many creams, drying products, vitamin supplements and natural remedies that can be used to treat them. Find out more about treating a pimples on lips in this article.
As similar as these two types of blemish might be in appearance, there are still a lot of differences between these two skin conditions. The only way to treat either of them is to find out what the lesion actually is. While spots can be a nuisance, cold sores on the other hand can turn painfully severe in certain cases and visiting the doctor might become necessary to relieve pain and reduce the symptoms. Therefore, to treat either, people need to be certain which skin condition they are suffering from. | <urn:uuid:867cafbf-7bd5-405a-a8ba-f84f817a4676> | {
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Canada: Pass legislation to prevent the sexual exploitation of women & girls
Sudan: Change the law – allow victims of sexual violence to access justice
Kenya: Ensure justice for 16-year-old Liz & all victims of sexual violence
Global: End Child Marriage
United Nations: Listen to survivors – don’t jeopardize efforts to prevent sex trafficking
Egypt: Enforce FGM law & properly investigate Soheir al-Batea’s death
Afghanistan: Protect women & girls from violence. Don’t sign new law rolling back women’s rights.
Latest column: Stop the minimum age of marriage for girls in Egypt from being reduced to as low as 9 years old
Violence against women and girls is major public health and human rights issue that has for too long been denied the attention and concern of international organizations, national governments, traditional human rights groups and the press. Only recently have governments and the international community acknowledged the prevalence and scope of violence against women and girls. Meanwhile, hundreds of millions of girls and women around the globe continue to endure debilitating and often fatal human rights abuses.
Sexual Violence: According to the World Health Organization, between 12 percent and 25 percent of women around the world have experienced sexual violence at some time in their lives. In the United States, data compiled by the National Victim Center in 1995 indicate that over 700,000 women are raped or sexually assaulted annually. The laws of many countries around the world, such as India, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, have explicit exemptions for marital rape. Additionally, laws in countries such as Uruguay and Ethiopia allow rapists to escape punishment if they marry their victims. Further, armed conflict situations and civil wars in approximately 100 countries around the world have seen the increasing use of rape as a weapon of warfare. Women civilians and refugees, specifically targeted by armed forces, are subject to mass rape, forced pregnancy, and sexual slavery.
Domestic Violence: According to the World Health Organization, results of large-scale studies conducted in various developing and industrialized countries indicate that between 16 and 52 percent of women reported having been assaulted by an intimate partner. In the United States, 28 percent of women reported at least one episode of physical violence from their partner. In Nicaragua, 52 percent of women aged 15 - 49 in the city of Leon reported having been physically abused by a partner at least once. Many cultures condone or legally sanction domestic violence. In Northern Nigeria, for example, Section 55 of the Penal Code allows a husband to discipline his wife so long as the action does not amount to the “infliction of grievous hurt.”
Trafficking in Women and Girls: According to the United Nations Population Fund, an estimated 4 million women and girls around the world are bought and sold either into marriage, prostitution or slavery. Trafficking is an international multi-billion dollar industry. Traffickers operating across international borders procure their victims in many ways. Some women and girls are abducted; some are deceived by offers of legitimate work in another country; some are sold by their own poverty-stricken parents or are themselves driven by poverty into the lure of traffickers who profit from their desperation. These women and girls suffer unspeakable human rights violations as commodities of the trade in human beings.
Honor Killings: The United Nations Populations Fund estimates that as many as 5,000 women and girls are murdered by family members each year in so-called “honor killings” around the world. According to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions, “honor killings” have been reported in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Pakistan, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda and the United Kingdom. These crimes are socially sanctioned in many countries (and in some countries legally sanctioned as well) and the killers are treated with lenience because defense of the “family honor” is considered a mitigating or exculpating factor.
Female Genital Mutilation: The World Health Organization estimates that more than 100 million girls and women around the world have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM), a traditional practice that involves either the partial or total removal of the clitoris (clitoridectomy), the removal of the entire clitoris and the cutting of the labia minora (excision), or the removal of all external genitalia and the stitching together of the two sides of the vulva, leaving only a very small vaginal opening (infibulation). FGM is commonly practiced in various countries in the Middle East and Africa, though it has also been documented in Asia, the United States and Europe. At least 2 million girls every year, 6,000 per day, are at risk of undergoing FGM.
Acid Burning: In some countries, women and girls are attacked with acid as a result of family disputes or rejected sex or marriage proposals. An increasing number of such acid burnings have been reported in Bangladesh, Nigeria and Cambodia. Those who survive are permanently disfigured and/or blinded. Perpetrators of such attacks frequently escape punishment.
Dowry Death: The United Nations Children’s Fund estimates that as many as 17 women were murdered per day when their families failed to make dowry payments to the families of their husbands in India in 1997. In a report presented to the Beijing + 5 Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Government of India indicated a 15.2 percent rise in dowry deaths in 1999.
These are only a few examples of violence that are committed against women and girls every day in countries around the world. Although the manifestation of violence may vary according to the economic, social and cultural context in which it occurs, it is a universal phenomenon that is prevalent in every segment of every society, regardless of ethnicity, race, culture, age, class or country. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that violence is a greater cause of death among women aged 15 to 44 than cancer, malaria and traffic accidents combined.
This bimonthly column written by Equality Now is devoted to issues of violence against women and girls around the world. Each column will feature a particular form of violence and will include recommendations for taking action. By presenting a global overview of gender-based violence, we hope to raise awareness of not only the pervasiveness of violence in all communities and societies, but also of the urgency of the problem. Through awareness and activism, we can eliminate violence against women and girls around the world.
Equality Now is an international human rights organization dedicated to the protection and promotion of the human rights of women and girls around the world. Issues of concern to Equality Now include trafficking in women, rape, domestic violence, denial of reproductive rights and other forms of discrimination and violence against women. Equality Now campaigns against these violations through its Women’s Action Network, which consists of 20,000 groups and individuals in more than 100 countries around the world. Taking advantage of various action techniques such as letter-writing and fax campaigns, video witnessing, media events and other public information activities, Equality Now mobilizes action on behalf of individual women whose rights are bring violated and promotes women’s rights at local, national and international levels.
For more information on the work of Equality Now or to join the Women’s Action Network visit www.equalitynow.org | <urn:uuid:88f0127a-d933-44e2-8c09-fcc11a17dbd9> | {
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One of the great things about “multiculturalism” and globalism is that for the first time, many of us have had the opportunity to experience cultures which are different to the one we were born into. We get to enjoy a variety of cuisine – Italian, Indian, Korean, Thai, Chilean, Ethiopian etc etc, as well as to experience different music, art and traditional folklore amongst other things. There is, however, a difference between sharing and experiencing each others cultural heritages and what is known as “cultural appropriation”.
Cultural appropriation is basically the adoption of some specific forms of a culture – music, dress, dance, language, art, foods, folklore, social behaviour, religious iconography -by a different cultural group with the cultural form assimilated by the later group. This adoption and assimilation is usually done without permission and sees the cultural artefact removed from their original indigenous cultural context, stripped of its history and cultural meaning and often take on a meaning devoid of the original cultural expression. In many cases, the artefact is misrepresented, commodified and even sexualised. As such it becomes an expression of colonialism, Orientalism, racism and “othering”.
Cultural appropriation reflects, in most instances an imbalance of power – often between a colonising and imperialist force and those being colonised and oppressed or exploited. This imbalance of power relations and structures under capitalism is why cultural appropriation matters.
Recently, an Israeli dance company engaged in just such cultural appropriation with their production of “Israeli dabke”. Dabke is a traditional Arab folk dance, which is common in Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries. The world “dabke” means “stomping the ground” and is said to originate from the communal compacting of dirt floors in traditional Arabic houses.
In the promotional material around his production of “Israeli dabke”, Zvi Gotheiner of ZviDance states:
“As a child and teenager growing up in a Kibbutz in northern Israel, Friday nights were folk dance nights, This tradition continues today. One of the most beloved of these dances is a Debka, albeit an Israeli rendition of the Arab Dabke. The Israeli Debka and the Arab Dabke are linked historically. During the first decades of the 20th Century, Jews migrated from Europe to Palestine in large waves. The leaders and intellectuals of this movement made a deliberate effort to create an authentic Israeli culture that differed from the old world image of European Judaism. No longer the meek, the victim, the wanderer, these Jews were viral, masculine, and rooted to the land. Although forever in territorial conflict with their neighbors, the Israelis borrowed elements from Arabic culture that captured the sound, color, taste and rhythm of the Levant. Dabke is a case in point”.
While Gotheiner’s promotional material accurately reflect the appropriation of Palestinian culture by early Zionists, it also whitewashes the settler-colonial nature of Zionist immigration to Palestine. During the British mandate period, while many Zionist settler-colonialists adopted Palestinian dress, food and dance, they also were active in displacing Palestinians and ethnically cleansing them from their homeland. During the Nakba in 1948, when more than 750,000 Palestinians were ethnically cleansed and more than 500 Palestinian villages destroyed by Zionist forces, this cultural appropriation and erasing of Palestinian culture took on new dimensions. As hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were being ethnically cleansed from their land, Zionist militias such as the Haganah and later the newly formed Israeli military, either systematically “collected” and/or destroyed tens of thousands of volumes of priceless works of Palestinian literature, including poetry, fiction and works of history. Today, these volumes are designated “absentee property” and held within Israeli libraries and universities.
In the decades since the creation of the Israeli state, Palestinians have witnessed the Zionist cultural appropriation of both their dress, cuisine and folklore. Traditional Palestinian and Arabic food, such as olive oil, falafel and maftoul, have become “Israeli”, with such items being promoted and sold internationally as such. In all such cases Israeli cultural appropriation of Palestinian cultural artefacts has involved the whitewashing of Zionist settler-colonialism, occupation, war crimes and oppression of the Palestinian people.
In response to ZviDances latest cultural appropriation of Dabke, Palestinian dancers in New York have made a video explaining how Gotheiner’s production whitewashes Israeli apartheid and occupation. While recognising that “culture is fluid”, the Palestinian dancers point out that “so long as there is inequality, there can be no cultural exchange” stating:
“While you [ZviDance], and other Israelis have appropriated Dabke for your own purposes, and no one restricts your free cultural expression, Palestinians have been arrested for dancing Dabke by the Israeli military. Their right to free expression is limited by the Israeli military occupation that governs their lives”.
They go onto note: “We all know that under Israeli law, Israelis and Palestinians do not have equal rights. Like it or not, by appropriating dabke, and labeling it Israeli, you further the power imbalance”. | <urn:uuid:9ff7cf0d-c19b-45b8-8252-66d2e01bab47> | {
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• stupendous •
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: 1. Enormous, huge, humongous. 2. Outstanding, marvelous, stunningly wonderful.
Notes: The great 20th century linguist Noam Chomsky often emphasized the importance of allowing oneself to be surprised. Curiosity is critical to everything and today's word is a surprising curiosity, coming from a root that produced words meaning both "idiotic" and "wonderful" (See History for details). Allow it to surprise you, how this came about. The adverb, of course, is stupendously and the noun, stupendousness, though it is passing rare in use.
In Play: The basic meaning of this word is "huge", though "stunning" lurks beneath the surface of both senses, "The Sears building in Chicago remains a stupendous architectural achievement." This doesn't imply anything wonderful, just surprisingly large. And, of course, size is relative: "Esther's southern cousin, Maybelle, has a stupendous beehive hairdo that threatens every ceiling fan she walks under."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from Late Latin stupendus "stunning", the gerundive of Latin stupere "to be stunned". Stun is a semantically ambivalent creature in English, so it should come as no surprise that the Latin correlate was, too. Both words refer to a state of senselessness, as to stun fish, but both also allow the cause of the stunning to be something marvelous rather than insidious. Latin stupidus comes from the literal meaning, the mental condition resulting from a blow to the head. Today's Good Word is a result of the figurative meaning.
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources! | <urn:uuid:fb539260-78b3-4ce2-8a47-d61168574d98> | {
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I cannot stress enough how important it is to keep your guitar tuned. There a few things in the world more “nails on a chalkboard” cringe than an out of tune guitar. All of those dissonant notes being strummed at the same time, yuck!
It is doubly important if you plan to sing while you play. Having even slightly out of tune strings will make it hard to find the right notes. Even worse, it will train you to sing the wrong notes, a very hard habit to break.
Enough with the why, let’s get to the how.
There are 6 strings on a standard guitar and therefore 6 strings to tune. There are sooooo many different ways to tune a guitar but for the majority of applications, you will be using standard tuning.
From the thickest string down to the thinnest, the notes for standard tuning are
E, A, D, G, B, e.
(Yes, the little e is on purpose, it indicates the higher note)
You can use any number of mnemonic devices to help you remember this. Some examples include:
Try to think of one of your own and let us know in the comments what you came up with.
Now that we know what notes we have to tune to, let’s move onto how to do it.
At one end of the guitar, you have the little windy things that the strings are attached to. These are called machine heads, or aptly named tuners. Spinning them in one direction will increase the tension on the string while going in the other direction will loosen the string. If your guitar is set up correctly hopefully that direction matches for each machine head.
The looser the string is the deeper the note will be conversely tightening the string will raise the pitch of the note that the string plays when plucked.
This is the easiest way to tune any instrument. There will be some sort of indicator that shows how far away from the desired note you are while plucking the string. If you are below the note then increase the tension on the string by winding the machine head and vice-versa. Repeat with every string until all of them are at the desired tuning.
Sometimes while using an electronic tuner you can tune to the correct note but in the wrong octave (the note is too low or high). You can figure this out if a string is much floppier than the others or feels very tight like it’s about to break.
There are many options for electronic tuners. Some can cost close to $1000 but a free app on your phone or a cheap clip-on tuner will do the job for a beginner. It is a good idea to use a tuner that can also play the note so you can hear if it’s right as well to train your ear and avoid the aforementioned problem of tuning to the wrong octave.
Training your ear is one of the most difficult things to learn as a musician and many don’t even bother. It’s unlikely you won’t have your phone on you to use a tuner. However, using your ear to tune a guitar is a great skill and a step in the right direction to improve your overall musicianship.
Provided that your thickest string is already tuned to E you can tune the rest of the guitar to standard. If it isn’t, and you aren’t playing with others, you can still tune the guitar to itself.
Going from the lowest note to the highest the 5th fret on most strings will be the same note as the one below it. The only time this doesn’t apply is between the G and B strings. For this, you use the 4th fret instead of the 5th. As shown in this diagram.
So if the E string is in tune it should play an A Note when fretted at the 5th position. You can then play the A string and see if the notes match. If not you should wind the machine head on the A string until the two notes are the same. If you find this confusing check out the video below.
I recommend using a combination of electronic tuning and tuning by ear. Tuning by ear will be very hard to begin with but you will be surprised how quickly you pick it up if you do it often. If you found this helpful check out our other beginner lessons.
If you're still shopping for your first guitar take a look at our favorite electric guitar starter kits. | <urn:uuid:98acd9a6-6ab9-4112-8e9f-a2b7fe022cdf> | {
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Cybera's network connection between Calgary and Edmonton is now 7,000 times faster than average internet speeds in Canada, thanks to a new network link installed between the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary. The connection capacity between these two organizations is now 250 Gbps, doubling what was previously achieved. This new infrastructure will make it possible to scale up to speeds of terabits-per-second and beyond, a vital achievement for research into the growing fields of big data and the Internet of Things.
The upgraded connection is through CyberaNet, Alberta’s Research and Education Network. It connects to the national high-speed CANARIE network, which in turn links to over 100 research networks around the world. The new link, which was funded by CANARIE and Cybera, will also help staff and students at post-secondary and K-12 institutions across the province to collaborate more effectively using shared services and computing resources.
"This link is the next step in reaching speeds of terabits-per-second, which is what universities will require in the next 10 years to keep up with growing big data demands," says Jean-Francois Amiot, Network and Operations Director at Cybera.
"CANARIE is excited to support joint projects with our regional network partners, such as Cybera, that enable Canadians to participate in data-intensive national and global research and innovation projects," says Mark Wolff, Chief Technology Officer at CANARIE.
Such projects include the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the world’s biggest telescope which, when completed, will transmit 10 times the globe’s total internet traffic every day. The University of Calgary is creating part of the digital infrastructure needed to address the SKA’s data-intensive needs.
Expanding the research network will also be crucial for other research projects at the Universities, such as those focusing on the Internet of Things. This technological revolution is expected to link 50 billion devices to the internet by 2020, which will require a much more capable network infrastructure.
Amiot also notes that, unlike many commercial network providers, Cybera has rules in place to limit the amount of congestion on its network, giving users a reliably fast connection to move big data.
For more information on CyberaNet, visit the company’s network information page.
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The U.S.G.S. recently reported that an earthquake struck the Washington, D.C. area with a preliminary magnitude of 5.8 (later updated to 5.9). Initial reports of damage are minor however the National Cathedral’s central tower sustained some damage. “It looks like three of the pinnacles have broken off the central tower,” spokesman Richard Weinberg said of the tower, the highest point in Washington, D.C.
Update: The Cathedral has sustained some substantial damage due to the earthquake, and experts are currently assessing the structural and aesthetic damage. For a video of the Cathedral damage, or to help join the efforts of preserving the Cathedral click here.
Update: You can also see the effects of the earthquake on a building in Virginia here.
Felt in Philadelphia, North Carolina, Boston, New York City, Martha’s Vineyard, and even Wheeling, West Virginia, the tremor raises questions of the importance of seismic considerations particularly in New York City.
Although earthquakes are not something a typical New Yorker would have cross their mind in comparison to other parts of the world such as Japan (8.9 magnitude in 2011) and Chile (8.8 magnitude in 2010), the overal size and density of NYC puts it at a high risk for extensive damage.
More photographs of the Washington National Cathedral and discussion regarding seismic considerations following the break.
“The issue with earthquakes in this region is that they tend to be shallow and close to the surface,” explains Leonardo Seeber, a coauthor of a 2008 report by leading seismologists associated with Columbia University regarding earthquakes in NYC area. “That means objects at the surface are closer to the source. And that means even small earthquakes can be damaging.”
The area has seen an increase in discussions about earthquakes that have included the adoption of new codes for the city, along with retrofitting buildings such as the Port Authority, and debates about nearby Indian Point nuclear power plan 30-miles north of the Bronx.
Seismic construction considerations are a must in countries such as Japan and Chile. An ongoing challenge, Japan is continually designing for and sensitive to its earthquake prone location, which is reflected in their earthquake engineering and architecture research can be viewed here. A video was taken from the inside of the Sendai Mediatheque, sharing a first hand experience of Japan’s 8.9 earthquake. The interior was heavily damaged, however the structure appears to hold up quite well. Chile’s 8.8 magnitude earthquake in 2010 provided a look simultaneously at their impressive seismic design code, recognized as one of the best in the world, and some devastatingly bad construction resulting in the collapse of a 15-story residential building. | <urn:uuid:ad30767f-8098-4dac-8680-adf12068e799> | {
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Industrial design is an important part of the engineering process, as it helps create products that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Industrial designers take a product from concept to reality by balancing form, materials, and technology. They are responsible for creating the look and feel of products, as well as making sure they meet the needs of users.
Industrial design starts with understanding user needs and preferences.
Designers research trends in the industry and use this information to develop innovative ideas for products. They then create sketches or computer models to bring their ideas to life. Once a prototype is created, the designer will test it to make sure it meets the user’s needs. The designer may also suggest improvements or changes to enhance the product’s usability and appearance.
In addition to creating functional products, industrial designers also consider how their products will be used in everyday life. They must think about how people interact with a product and make sure that it is comfortable to use, easy to understand, and aesthetically pleasing. Industrial designers must also consider factors such as ergonomics, sustainability, and safety when designing a product.
Industrial design helps bridge the gap between art and engineering by combining creativity with practicality. It allows designers to create innovative products that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Industrial design plays an important role in helping companies develop successful products that meet customer needs.
We need industrial design because it enables us to create innovative products that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional while meeting customer needs at the same time. Industrial design is essential for bridging art with engineering, allowing us to make creative yet practical designs for modern-day products. | <urn:uuid:c1b62576-38b1-4887-a57f-7d3d02e88563> | {
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Tags: bombing civilians, emily wang, Haruyo Nihei, hiroshima, history, mari yamaguchi, Masahiko Yamabe, nagasaki, roger hollander, tokyo bombing, tokyo firebombing, wlaine kurtenback, world war II
1 comment so far
Roger’s note: governments and media parrot the lie that such barbarism was “necessary” in order to save lives (sic). I am sure Dante could find a special place in Hell for them. I just want to point out the murderous cycle of capitalist war profiteering. The same shareholders (of Dow Chemical, for example, the manufacturer of napalm gas) who finance and profit from the bloodbath fall in line to profit from the reconstruction. We see this today in Iraq, where during the initial stages of reconstruction of areas annihilated by US bombing, only US firms were allowed to bid for reconstruction contracts. As General Smedley Butler famously said, “War is a Racket.”
TOKYO (AP) – It was not Hiroshima or Nagasaki, but in many ways, including lives lost, it was just as horrific.
On March 10, 1945, U.S. B-29 bombers flew over Tokyo in the dead of night, dumping massive payloads of cluster bombs equipped with a then-recent invention: napalm. A fifth of Tokyo was left a smoldering expanse of charred bodies and rubble.
Today, a modest floral monument in a downtown park honors the spirits of the 105,400 confirmed dead, many interred in common graves.
It was the deadliest conventional air raid ever, worse than Nagasaki and on par with Hiroshima. But the attack, and similar ones that followed in more than 60 other Japanese cities, have received little attention, eclipsed by the atomic bombings and Japan’s postwar rush to rebuild.
Haruyo Nihei, just 8 when the bombs fell, was among many survivors who kept silent. A half-century passed before she even shared her experiences with her own son.
“Our parents would just say, ‘That’s a different era,'” Nihei said. “They wouldn’t talk about it. And I figured my own family wouldn’t understand.”
Now, as their numbers dwindle, survivors are determined to tell their stories while they still can.
Where earlier raids targeted aircraft factories and military facilities, the Tokyo firebombing was aimed largely at civilians, in places including Tokyo’s downtown area known as “shitamachi,” where people lived in traditional wood and paper homes at densities sometimes exceeding 100,000 people per square mile.
“There were plenty of small factories, but this area was chosen specifically because it was easy to burn,” says historian Masahiko Yamabe, who was born just months after the war’s end.
Another departure from earlier raids: the bombers flew low.
“It was as if we could reach out and touch the planes, they looked so big,” said Yoshitaka Kimura, whose family’s toy store in downtown Tokyo’s Asakusa was destroyed. “The bombs were raining down on us. Red, and black, that’s what I remember most.”
Nihei, now 78, was mesmerized as she watched from a railway embankment.
“It was a blazing firestorm. I saw a baby catch fire on its mother’s back, and she couldn’t put out the fire. I saw a horse being led by its owner. The horse balked and the cargo on its back caught fire, then its tail, and it burned alive, as the owner just stood there and burned with it,” she said.
Firefighter Isamu Kase was on duty at a train parts factory. He jumped onto a pump truck when the attack began, knowing the job was impossible.
“It was a hellish frenzy, absolutely horrible. People were just jumping into the canals to escape the inferno,” said Kase, 89. He said he survived because he didn’t jump in the water, but his burns were so severe he was in and out of hospital for 15 years.
Split-second choices like that determined who lived and who died.
Kimura, a 7-year-old, escaped the flames as he was blown into the entrance of a big department store while running toward the Sumida River, where tens of thousands of people died: burned, crushed, drowned or suffocated in the firestorm.
Masaharu Ohtake, then 13, fled his family’s noodle shop with a friend. Turned back by firefighters, they headed toward Tokyo Bay and again were ordered back. The boys crouched in a factory yard, waiting as flames consumed their neighborhood.
“We saw a fire truck heaped with a mountain of bones. It was hard to understand how so many bodies could be piled up like that,” said Ohtake.
After about two hours and 40 minutes, the B-29s left.
Survivors speak of the hush as dawn broke over a wasteland of corpses and debris, studded by chimneys of bathhouses and small factories. Police photographer Koyo Ishikawa captured the carnage of charred bodies piled like blackened mannequins, tiny ones lying beside them.
“It was as if the world had ended,” said Nihei, whose father sheltered her under his body, as others piled on top and were burned and suffocated. All her family survived.
Michiko Kiyo-oka, a 21-year-old government worker living in the Asakusa district, survived by hiding under a bridge.
“When I crawled out I was so cold, so I was warming myself near one of the piles that was still smoldering. I could see an arm. I could see nostrils. But I was numb to that by then,” she said. “The smell is one that will never leave me.”
FIGHTING TO BE REMEMBERED
From January 1944-August 1945, the U.S. dropped 157,000 tons of bombs on Japanese cities, according to the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. It estimated that 333,000 people were killed, including the 80,000 killed in the Aug. 6 Hiroshima atomic-bomb attack and 40,000 at Nagasaki three days later. Other estimates are significantly higher. Fifteen million of the 72 million Japanese were left homeless.
The bombing campaign set a military precedent for targeting civilian areas that persisted into the Korean and Vietnam wars and beyond. But the non-atomic attacks have been largely overlooked.
“Both governments, the press, media, radio, even novelists … decided the crucial story was the atomic bomb,” said Mark Selden, a Cornell University history professor. “This allowed them to avoid addressing some very important questions.”
Survivors of the Tokyo firebombing feel their pain has been forgotten, by history and by the government. After the war, only veterans and victims of the atomic bombings received special support.
“We civilians had no weapons and no strength to fight,” Kiyo-oka said. “We were attacked and got no compensation. I am very dissatisfied with how the government handled this.”
No specific government agency handles civilian survivors of firebombings or keeps their records, because there is no legal basis for that, said Manabu Oki at the Internal Affairs and Communications Ministry.
Yamabe, the historian, said authorities “are reluctant to acknowledge civilian suffering from the wartime leaders’ refusal to end the war earlier.”
“If they don’t disclose such data, it can’t be discussed. If the victims remain anonymous then there’s less pressure for compensation,” said Yamabe, a researcher at the privately funded Tokyo Air Raid and War Damages Resource Center, Japan’s main source of information about the firebombings.
Some survivors now refuse to be anonymous. Nihei often travels from the distant suburbs to the Tokyo Air Raid center to share her story with students and other visitors.
Years ago, Ohtake began walking the city to draw up guide maps of areas destroyed by the bombings – maps the resource center now uses.
“The United States went too far with the firebombing, but I don’t quite understand why the Japanese government and the rest of the Japanese don’t talk about this very much,” he said.
“We are not just statistics. I don’t think we’ll still be around for the 80th anniversary,” Ohtake said. “So the 70th anniversary is pretty much the last chance for us to speak up.”
Associated Press writer Emily Wang contributed.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 69 Years Later August 7, 2014Posted by rogerhollander in Asia, History, Japan, Nuclear weapons/power, War.
Tags: amy goodman, atomic bomb, denis moynihan, hiroshima, history, Kenzaburo Oe, nagasaki, nuclear war, radiation, roger hollander, world war II
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Roger’s note: Defenders of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings allege that they saved the lives of untold thousands of American and Japanese soldiers who would have died in an invasion of Japan. This, as a justification for the unleashing of atomic warfare and the massive civilian death and destruction, is highly questionable speculation. Credible historians have concluded that Japan was already defeated and that the bombings were unnecessary to achieve surrender. Some point to evidence that the bombings were a warning signal to the Soviet Union.
August 6, 1945 and not December 7, 1941 is truly the day that will go down in infamy.
“I hate war,” Koji Hosokawa told me as we stood next to the A-Bomb Dome in Hiroshima, Japan. The skeletal remains of the four-story building stand at the edge of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The building was one of the few left standing when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. on Aug. 6, 1945. Three days later, the U.S. dropped the second bomb on Nagasaki. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed—many instantly, and many more slowly from severe burns and what would come to be understood as radiation sickness.
The world watches in horror this summer as military conflicts rage, leaving destruction in their wake from Libya, to Gaza, to Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Ukraine. Never far from the dead and injured, nuclear-armed missiles stand by at the alert, waiting for the horrible moment when hubris, accident or inhumanity triggers the next nuclear attack. “I hate war,” Hosokawa reiterated. “War makes everyone crazy.”
Koji Hosokawa was 17 years old in 1945, and worked in the telephone exchange building, less than 2 miles from ground zero. “I miraculously survived,” he told me. His 13-year-old sister was not so fortunate: “She was … very close to the hypocenter, and she was exposed to the bomb there. And she was with a teacher and the students. In all, 228 people were there together with her.” They all died.
We walked through the park to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. There, on display, were the images of death: the shadows of victims burned into the walls of buildings, the pictures of the fiery chaos that followed the bombing, and of the victims of radiation. Almost seven decades later, Hosokawa’s eyes tear up in the recollection. “My biggest sorrow in my life is that my younger sister died in the atomic bomb,” he said.
The day before my meeting with Koji Hosokawa, I sat down in Tokyo to interview Kenzaburo Oe, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was 10 years old in 1945. “When Japan experienced the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, this was a greater catastrophe than anything we had ever known,” he told me. “The feeling of having to survive this, go beyond this and renew from this, was great.”
Now nearing 80, Kenzaburo Oe thinks deeply about the connection between the atomic bombings and the disaster at Fukushima, the nuclear power plant meltdown that began when Japan was struck by a devastating earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. The Nobel laureate told the French newspaper Le Monde: “Hiroshima must be engraved in our memories: It’s a catastrophe even more dramatic than natural disasters, because it’s man-made. To repeat it, by showing the same disregard for human life in nuclear power stations, is the worst betrayal of the memory of the victims of Hiroshima.”
After the Fukushima disaster, Oe said, “all Japanese people were feeling a great regret … the atmosphere in Japan here was almost the same as following the bombing of Hiroshima at the end of the war. Because of this atmosphere, the government [in 2011], with the agreement of the Japanese people, pledged to totally get rid of or decommission the more than 50 nuclear power plants here in Japan.”
A-bomb survivors like Koji Hosokawa, writers like Kenzaburo Oe, and hundreds of thousands of others, now elderly, have lived through the dawn of the nuclear age in 1945 and seen its potential for devastation recently, at Fukushima. Nuclear-weapon arsenals and nuclear power plants each pose separate, horrific risks to humanity, yet the two are connected, with the byproducts of some power plants usable as material for nuclear warheads. Whether from an act of war, or an act of terrorism from a so-called loose nuke in the hands of a non-state actor, or from an uncontrolled meltdown at a nuclear power plant, nuclear disasters are massively destructive. Yet they are completely preventable. We need a new way of thinking, a new effort to eliminate nuclear weapons and shift to safe, renewable energy, worldwide.
As we were leaving the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, Koji Hosokawa told me to stop. He looked me in the eye, and told me not to forget the victims: “People lived here. They lived here.”
Denis Moynihan contributed research to this column.
© 2014 Amy Goodman
Ten Chemical Weapons Attacks Washington Doesn’t Want You to Talk About September 5, 2013Posted by rogerhollander in Chemical Biological Weapons, History, Israel, Gaza & Middle East, Japan, Nuclear weapons/power, Occupy Wall Street Movement, Vietnam.
Tags: #occupy movement, agent orange, atomic bomb, chemical weapons, depleted uranium, gaza, hiroshima, history, Iraq war, israel attack, kurds, Middle East, nagasaki, napalm, roger hollander, saddam hussden, Syria, syria war, tear gas, Vietnam War, waco massacre, War Crimes, wesley messamore, white phosphorous
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Washington doesn’t merely lack the legal authority for a military intervention in Syria.
It lacks the moral authority. We’re talking about a government with a history of using chemical weapons against innocent people far more prolific and deadly than the mere accusations Assad faces from a trigger-happy Western military-industrial complex, bent on stifling further investigation before striking.
Here is a list of 10 chemical weapons attacks carried out by the U.S. government or its allies against civilians..
1. The U.S. Military Dumped 20 Million Gallons of Chemicals on Vietnam from 1962 – 1971
During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military sprayed 20 million gallons of chemicals, including the very toxic Agent Orange, on the forests and farmlands of Vietnam and neighboring countries, deliberately destroying food supplies, shattering the jungle ecology, and ravaging the lives of hundreds of thousands of innocent people. Vietnam estimates that as a result of the decade-long chemical attack, 400,000 people were killed or maimed, 500,000 babies have been born with birth defects, and 2 million have suffered from cancer or other illnesses. In 2012, the Red Cross estimated that one million people in Vietnam have disabilities or health problems related to Agent Orange.
White phosphorus is a horrific incendiary chemical weapon that melts human flesh right down to the bone.
In 2009, multiple human rights groups, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and International Red Cross reported that the Israeli government was attacking civilians in their own country with chemical weapons. An Amnesty International team claimed to find “indisputable evidence of the widespread use of white phosphorus” as a weapon in densely-populated civilian areas. The Israeli military denied the allegations at first, but eventually admitted they were true.
After the string of allegations by these NGOs, the Israeli military even hit a UN headquarters(!) in Gaza with a chemical attack. How do you think all this evidence compares to the case against Syria? Why didn’t Obama try to bomb Israel?
In 2004, journalists embedded with the U.S. military in Iraq began reporting the use of white phosphorus in Fallujah against Iraqi insurgents. First the military lied and said that it was only using white phosphorus to create smokescreens or illuminate targets. Then it admitted to using the volatile chemical as an incendiary weapon. At the time, Italian television broadcaster RAI aired a documentary entitled, “Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre,” including grim video footage and photographs, as well as eyewitness interviews with Fallujah residents and U.S. soldiers revealing how the U.S. government indiscriminately rained white chemical fire down on the Iraqi city and melted women and children to death.
CIA records now prove that Washington knew Saddam Hussein was using chemical weapons (including sarin, nerve gas, and mustard gas) in the Iran-Iraq War, yet continued to pour intelligence into the hands of the Iraqi military, informing Hussein of Iranian troop movements while knowing that he would be using the information to launch chemical attacks. At one point in early 1988, Washington warned Hussein of an Iranian troop movement that would have ended the war in a decisive defeat for the Iraqi government. By March an emboldened Hussein with new friends in Washington struck a Kurdish village occupied by Iranian troops with multiple chemical agents, killing as many as 5,000 people and injuring as many as 10,000 more, most of them civilians. Thousands more died in the following years from complications, diseases, and birth defects.
5. The Army Tested Chemicals on Residents of Poor, Black St. Louis Neighborhoods in The 1950s
In the early 1950s, the Army set up motorized blowers on top of residential high-rises in low-income, mostly black St. Louis neighborhoods, including areas where as much as 70% of the residents were children under 12. The government told residents that it was experimenting with a smokescreen to protect the city from Russian attacks, but it was actually pumping the air full of hundreds of pounds of finely powdered zinc cadmium sulfide. The government admits that there was a second ingredient in the chemical powder, but whether or not that ingredient was radioactive remains classified. Of course it does. Since the tests, an alarming number of the area’s residents have developed cancer. In 1955, Doris Spates was born in one of the buildings the Army used to fill the air with chemicals from 1953 – 1954. Her father died inexplicably that same year, she has seen four siblings die from cancer, and Doris herself is a survivor of cervical cancer.
The savage violence of the police against Occupy protesters in 2011 was well documented, and included the use of tear gas and other chemical irritants. Tear gas is prohibited for use against enemy soldiers in battle by the Chemical Weapons Convention. Can’t police give civilian protesters in Oakland, California the same courtesy and protection that international law requires for enemy soldiers on a battlefield?
7. The FBI Attacked Men, Women, and Children With Tear Gas in Waco in 1993
At the infamous Waco siege of a peaceful community of Seventh Day Adventists, the FBI pumped tear gas into buildings knowing that women, children, and babies were inside. The tear gas was highly flammable and ignited, engulfing the buildings in flames and killing 49 men and women, and 27 children, including babies and toddlers. Remember, attacking an armed enemy soldier on a battlefield with tear gas is a war crime. What kind of crime is attacking a baby with tear gas?
In Iraq, the U.S. military has littered the environment with thousands of tons of munitions made from depleted uranium, a toxic and radioactive nuclear waste product. As a result, more than half of babies born in Fallujah from 2007 – 2010 were born with birth defects. Some of these defects have never been seen before outside of textbooks with photos of babies born near nuclear tests in the Pacific. Cancer and infant mortality have also seen a dramatic rise in Iraq. According to Christopher Busby, the Scientific Secretary of the European Committee on Radiation Risk, “These are weapons which have absolutely destroyed the genetic integrity of the population of Iraq.” After authoring two of four reports published in 2012 on the health crisis in Iraq, Busby described Fallujah as having, “the highest rate of genetic damage in any population ever studied.”
9. The U.S. Military Killed Hundreds of Thousands of Japanese Civilians with Napalm from 1944 – 1945
Napalm is a sticky and highly flammable gel which has been used as a weapon of terror by the U.S. military. In 1980, the UN declared the use of napalm on swaths of civilian population a war crime. That’s exactly what the U.S. military did in World War II, dropping enough napalm in one bombing raid on Tokyo to burn 100,000 people to death, injure a million more, and leave a million without homes in the single deadliest air raid of World War II.
Although nuclear bombs may not be considered chemical weapons, I believe we can agree they belong to the same category. They certainly disperse an awful lot of deadly radioactive chemicals. They are every bit as horrifying as chemical weapons if not more, and by their very nature, suitable for only one purpose: wiping out an entire city full of civilians. It seems odd that the only regime to ever use one of these weapons of terror on other human beings has busied itself with the pretense of keeping the world safe from dangerous weapons in the hands of dangerous governments.
Hiroshima, Nagasaki and ‘Bomb Iran’ August 14, 2013Posted by rogerhollander in History, Iran, Japan, Nuclear weapons/power, War.
Tags: admiral leahy, andrew dilks, atomic bomb, big lie, bunker-buster bombs, carter w. clarke, chester nimitz, douglas mcarthur, dr. strangelove, harry truman, henry stinson, hiroshima, history, Iran, iran nuclear, israel, israel military, israel nuclear, james byrnes, japan surrender, manhattan project, marsha cohen, nagasaki, netanyahu, nuclear war, roger hollander, war, wwii history
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Roger’s note: this posting contains two somewhat related articles. The second article, presents the view that the nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was for geopolitical and not military reasons. I first read this interpretation back in the 1960s in a book by the so-called revisionist historian, Gar Alperovitz, “Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam.” Also, according to Wikipedia,
‘Alperovitz is the author of critically acclaimed books on the atomic bomb and atomic diplomacy and was named “Distinguished Finalist” for the Lionel Gelber Prize for The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth, (Knopf, 1995).’ I am no historian, but I find the “revisionist” argument to be quite persuasive.
Last week marked the 68th anniversary of the WWII destruction of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9) — the first and only deployment of nuclear weapons in human history. Within moments of the nuclear explosions that destroyed these cities, at
least 200,000 people lost their lives. Tens of thousands subsequently died from radiation poisoning within the next two weeks. The effects linger to this day.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has implied that this would the be fate of Israel if Iran was allowed to obtain nuclear weapon-making capabilities, including the ability to enrich high-grade uranium. To prevent this from happening, the economy of Iran must be crippled by sanctions and the fourth largest oil reserves in the world must be barred from global markets, as the oil fields in which they are situated deteriorate. Israel — the only state in the region that actually possesses nuclear weapons and has blocked all efforts to create a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone – should thus be armed with cutting-edge American weaponry. Finally, the US must not only stand behind its sole reliable Middle East ally, which could strike Iran at will, it should ideally also lead — not merely condone — a military assault against Iranian nuclear facilities.
Netanyahu invariably frames the threat posed by Iranian nuclear capability (a term that blurs distinctions between civilian and potential military applications of nuclear technology) as “Auschwitz” rather than “Hiroshima and Nagasaki”, even though the latter might be a more apt analogy. The potential for another Auschwitz is predicated on the image of an Israel that is unable — or unwilling to — defend itself, resulting in six million Jews going “like sheep to the slaughter.” But if Israel and/or the US were to attack Iran instead of the other way around, “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” would be the analogy to apply to Iran.
A country dropping bombs on any country that has not attacked first is an act of war, as the US was quick to point out when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor — and this includes so-called “surgical strikes”. In a July 19 letter about US options in Syria, Gen. Martin Dempsey, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reminded the Senate Armed Services Committee that “…the decision to use force is not one that any of us takes lightly. It is no less than an act of war” [emphasis added].
If the use of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during wartime remains morally and militarily questionable, one might think that there would be even less justification for a military strike on Iran, with whom neither Israel nor the US is at war. Of course, there are those who disagree: the US is engaged in a war on terror, Iran has been designated by the US as the chief state sponsor of terrorism since 1984 and so on. Therefore, the US is, or should be, at war with Iran.
“All options are on the table” is the operative mantra with regard to the US halting Iran’s acquisition of a nuclear weapon. But if bombs start dropping on Iran, what kind will they be? In fact, the 30,000 lb. Massive Ordnance Penetrators (MOPs) that could be employed against Iranian nuclear facilities are nuclear weapons, since they derive their capability of penetrating 200 feet of concrete in the earth from depleted uranium. Furthermore, some Israelis have darkly hinted that, were Israel to confront Iran alone, it would be more likely to reach into its unacknowledged nuclear armoury if that meant the difference between victory and defeat.
Given all this, comparing the damage that would be done by bombing Iran with the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not farfetched. It also reveals some troubling parallels. In the years prior to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in response to what the US regarded as Japanese expansionism, imposed economic sanctions on Japan in 1937. Just before the US entered the war, an embargo was placed on US exports of oil to Japan, upon which Japan was utterly dependent.
In 1945, it was already clear that Japan was preparing to surrender and that the outstanding issue at hand was the status of its emperor. There was neither a military nor political need to use atomic weapons to bring an end to the war. Numerous justifications for dropping atomic bombs on Japan were invoked, but nearly all of them were challenged or discredited within a few years after the war ended. Three are particularly noteworthy today, as we continue to face the prospect of war with Iran.
Saving lives: US Secretary of War Henry Stimson justified the decision to use atomic weapons as “the least abhorrent choice” since it would not only would save the lives of up to a million American soldiers who might perish in a ground assault on Japan, it would also spare the lives of hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians who were being killed in fire bombings. President Harry Truman also claimed that “thousands of lives would be saved” and “a quarter of a million of the flower of our young manhood was worth a couple of Japanese cities.” But as Andrew Dilks points out, “None of these statements were based on any evidence.”
Speaking in Warsaw, Poland on June 12 — two days before the Iranian election that he declared would “change nothing” with regard to Iran’s alleged quest to develop nuclear weaponry — Netanyahu used the opening of an Auschwitz memorial to make his case. “This is a regime that is building nuclear weapons with the expressed purpose to annihilate Israel’s six million Jews,” he said. “We will not allow this to happen. We will never allow another Holocaust.” About the Iranians who would perish after an Israeli attack, Netanyahu said nothing.
Justifying expenditures: The total estimated cost of the Manhattan Project, which developed the bombs dropped on Japan, was nearly $2 billion in 1945, the equivalent of slightly more than $30 billion today. Secretary of State James Byrnes pointed out to President Harry Truman, who was up for re-election in 1948, that he could expect to be berated by Republicans for spending such a large amount on weapons that were never used, according to MIT’s John Dower.
A recent report by the Congressional Research Service shows that Israel is the single largest recipient of US aid, receiving a cumulative $118 billion, most of it military aid. The Bush administration and the Israeli government had agreed to a 10-year, $30 billion military aid package in 2007, which assured Israel of funding through 2018. During his March 2013 visit to Israel, President Barack Obama, who had been criticized by the US pro-Israel lobby for being less concerned than previous American presidents about Israel’s well being and survival, pledged that the United States would continue to provide Israel with multi-year commitments of military aid subject to the approval of Congress. Not to be outdone, the otherwise tightfisted Congress not only approved the added assistance Obama had promised, it also increased it. An Iran that is not depicted as dangerous would jeopardize the generous military assistance Israel receives. What better way to demonstrate how badly needed those US taxpayer dollars are than to show them in action?
Technological research and development: One of the most puzzling questions about the decision to use nuclear weaponry against Japan is why, three days after the utter devastation wreaked on Hiroshima, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. It was unnecessary from a militarily perspective. Perhaps the answer exists in the fact that the Manhattan Project had produced different types of atomic bombs: the destructive power of the “Little Boy”, which fell on Hiroshima, came from uranium; the power of “Fat Man”, which exploded over Nagasaki, came from plutonium. What better way to “scientifically” compare their effectiveness at annihilation than by using both?
The award winning Israeli documentary, The Lab, which opens in the US this month, reveals that Israel has used Lebanon and Gaza as a testing ground for advances in weaponry. Jonathan Cook writes, “Attacks such as Operation Cast Lead of winter 2008-09 or last year’s Operation Pillar of Defence, the film argues, serve as little more than laboratory-style experiments to evaluate and refine the effectiveness of new military approaches, both strategies and weaponry.” Israeli military leaders have strongly hinted that in conducting air strikes against Syria, the Israeli Air Force is rehearsing for an attack on Iran, including the use of bunker-buster bombs.
The Pentagon, which reportedly has invested $500 million in developing and revamping MOP “bunker busters”, recently spent millions building a replica of Iran’s Fordow nuclear research facility in order to demonstrate to the Israelis that Iranian nuclear facilities can be destroyed when the time is right.
Gen. Dempsey arrived in Israel on Monday to meet with Israel’s Chief of Staff Benny Gantz and Israel’s political leaders. Members of Congress from both political parties are also visiting — Democrats last week, Republicans this week — on an AIPAC-sponsored “fact-finding” mission. No doubt they will hear yet again from Israeli leaders that the world cannot allow another Auschwitz.
The world cannot allow another Hiroshima and Nagasaki either.
Was Hiroshima Necessary? August 11, 2012Posted by rogerhollander in History, Nuclear weapons/power, War.
Tags: alperovitz, atomic bomb, churchill, eisenhower, fdr, hiroshima, history, japanese surrender, macarthur, nagasaki, nuclear, potsdam, roger hollander, stalin, togo, truman, world war II, yalta
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Roger’s note: The “official” justification for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is that it saved countless thousands of lives by avoiding a full-scale invasion of Japan to end the war. American soldiers heaved a sigh of relief when they saw the war was ended without further need for military action and the consequent loss of American lives. The following article debunks this view of history. From it one can only conclude that the bombing of these two civilian populated cities that had no strategic military value was an act of barbarism. From Hiroshima through to Vietnam through to today’s predator drone missiles, we see the logical extension of the American experiment, whose lofty an oft cited humanitarian and democratic goals are belied by its origins in the genocide of the First Nations’ peoples and the forced enslavement of Africans. And what do we see today? The astute leaders of both political parties of the first and only nation to use atomic weaponry, a nation with stockpiles of nuclear weapons that could blow up the entire planet several times over — we see this so-called leader ship leading us into the possible holocaust of nuclear war in the Middle East via the demonization of a country, Iran, which does not yet possess a single nuclear warhead. A deadly irony.
By Mark Weber
On August 6, 1945, the world dramatically entered the atomic age: without either warning or precedent, an American plane dropped a single nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion utterly destroyed more than four square miles of the city center. About 90,000 people were killed immediately; another 40,000 were injured, many of whom died in protracted agony from radiation sickness. Three days later, a second atomic strike on the city of Nagasaki killed some 37,000 people and injured another 43,000. Together the two bombs eventually killed an estimated 200,000 Japanese civilians.
Between the two bombings, Soviet Russia joined the United States in war against Japan. Under strong US prodding, Stalin broke his regime’s 1941 non-aggression treaty with Tokyo. On the same day that Nagasaki was destroyed, Soviet troops began pouring into Manchuria, overwhelming Japanese forces there. Although Soviet participation did little or nothing to change the military outcome of the war, Moscow benefitted enormously from joining the conflict.
In a broadcast from Tokyo the next day, August 10, the Japanese government announced its readiness to accept the joint American-British “unconditional surrender” declaration of Potsdam, “with the understanding that the said declaration does not compromise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.”
A day later came the American reply, which included these words: “From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the State shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.” Finally, on August 14, the Japanese formally accepted the provisions of the Potsdam declaration, and a “cease fire” was announced. On September 2, Japanese envoys signed the instrument of surrender aboard the US battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
A Beaten Country
Apart from the moral questions involved, were the atomic bombings militarily necessary? By any rational yardstick, they were not. Japan already had been defeated militarily by June 1945. Almost nothing was left of the once mighty Imperial Navy, and Japan’s air force had been all but totally destroyed. Against only token opposition, American war planes ranged at will over the country, and US bombers rained down devastation on her cities, steadily reducing them to rubble.
What was left of Japan’s factories and workshops struggled fitfully to turn out weapons and other goods from inadequate raw materials. (Oil supplies had not been available since April.) By July about a quarter of all the houses in Japan had been destroyed, and her transportation system was near collapse. Food had become so scarce that most Japanese were subsisting on a sub-starvation diet.
On the night of March 9-10, 1945, a wave of 300 American bombers struck Tokyo, killing 100,000 people. Dropping nearly 1,700 tons of bombs, the war planes ravaged much of the capital city, completely burning out 16 square miles and destroying a quarter of a million structures. A million residents were left homeless.
On May 23, eleven weeks later, came the greatest air raid of the Pacific War, when 520 giant B-29 “Superfortress” bombers unleashed 4,500 tons of incendiary bombs on the heart of the already battered Japanese capital. Generating gale-force winds, the exploding incendiaries obliterated Tokyo’s commercial center and railway yards, and consumed the Ginza entertainment district. Two days later, on May 25, a second strike of 502 “Superfortress” planes roared low over Tokyo, raining down some 4,000 tons of explosives. Together these two B-29 raids destroyed 56 square miles of the Japanese capital.
Even before the Hiroshima attack, American air force General Curtis LeMay boasted that American bombers were “driving them [Japanese] back to the stone age.” Henry H. (“Hap”) Arnold, commanding General of the Army air forces, declared in his 1949 memoirs: “It always appeared to us, atomic bomb or no atomic bomb, the Japanese were already on the verge of collapse.” This was confirmed by former Japanese prime minister Fumimaro Konoye, who said: “Fundamentally, the thing that brought about the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the B-29s.”
Japan Seeks Peace
Months before the end of the war, Japan’s leaders recognized that defeat was inevitable. In April 1945 a new government headed by Kantaro Suzuki took office with the mission of ending the war. When Germany capitulated in early May, the Japanese understood that the British and Americans would now direct the full fury of their awesome military power exclusively against them.
American officials, having long since broken Japan’s secret codes, knew from intercepted messages that the country’s leaders were seeking to end the war on terms as favorable as possible. Details of these efforts were known from decoded secret communications between the Foreign Ministry in Tokyo and Japanese diplomats abroad.
In his 1965 study, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (pp. 107, 108), historian Gar Alperovitz writes:
Although Japanese peace feelers had been sent out as early as September 1944 (and [China’s] Chiang Kai-shek had been approached regarding surrender possibilities in December 1944), the real effort to end the war began in the spring of 1945. This effort stressed the role of the Soviet Union …
In mid-April the [US] Joint Intelligence Committee reported that Japanese leaders were looking for a way to modify the surrender terms to end the war. The State Department was convinced the Emperor was actively seeking a way to stop the fighting.
A Secret Memorandum
It was only after the war that the American public learned about Japan’s efforts to bring the conflict to an end. Chicago Tribune reporter Walter Trohan, for example, was obliged by wartime censorship to withhold for seven months one of the most important stories of the war.
In an article that finally appeared August 19, 1945, on the front pages of the Chicago Tribune and the Washington Times-Herald, Trohan revealed that on January 20, 1945, two days prior to his departure for the Yalta meeting with Stalin and Churchill, President Roosevelt received a 40-page memorandum from General Douglas MacArthur outlining five separate surrender overtures from high-level Japanese officials. (The complete text of Trohan’s article is in the Winter 1985-86 Journal, pp. 508-512.)
This memo showed that the Japanese were offering surrender terms virtually identical to the ones ultimately accepted by the Americans at the formal surrender ceremony on September 2 — that is, complete surrender of everything but the person of the Emperor. Specifically, the terms of these peace overtures included:
- Complete surrender of all Japanese forces and arms, at home, on island possessions, and in occupied countries.
- Occupation of Japan and its possessions by Allied troops under American direction.
- Japanese relinquishment of all territory seized during the war, as well as Manchuria, Korea and Taiwan.
- Regulation of Japanese industry to halt production of any weapons and other tools of war.
- Release of all prisoners of war and internees.
- Surrender of designated war criminals.
Is this memorandum authentic? It was supposedly leaked to Trohan by Admiral William D. Leahy, presidential Chief of Staff. (See: M. Rothbard in A. Goddard, ed., Harry Elmer Barnes: Learned Crusader , pp. 327f.) Historian Harry Elmer Barnes has related (in “Hiroshima: Assault on a Beaten Foe,” National Review, May 10, 1958):
The authenticity of the Trohan article was never challenged by the White House or the State Department, and for very good reason. After General MacArthur returned from Korea in 1951, his neighbor in the Waldorf Towers, former President Herbert Hoover, took the Trohan article to General MacArthur and the latter confirmed its accuracy in every detail and without qualification.
In April and May 1945, Japan made three attempts through neutral Sweden and Portugal to bring the war to a peaceful end. On April 7, acting Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu met with Swedish ambassador Widon Bagge in Tokyo, asking him “to ascertain what peace terms the United States and Britain had in mind.” But he emphasized that unconditional surrender was unacceptable, and that “the Emperor must not be touched.” Bagge relayed the message to the United States, but Secretary of State Stettinius told the US Ambassador in Sweden to “show no interest or take any initiative in pursuit of the matter.” Similar Japanese peace signals through Portugal, on May 7, and again through Sweden, on the 10th, proved similarly fruitless.
By mid-June, six members of Japan’s Supreme War Council had secretly charged Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo with the task of approaching Soviet Russia’s leaders “with a view to terminating the war if possible by September.” On June 22 the Emperor called a meeting of the Supreme War Council, which included the Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister, and the leading military figures. “We have heard enough of this determination of yours to fight to the last soldiers,” said Emperor Hirohito. “We wish that you, leaders of Japan, will strive now to study the ways and the means to conclude the war. In doing so, try not to be bound by the decisions you have made in the past.”
By early July the US had intercepted messages from Togo to the Japanese ambassador in Moscow, Naotake Sato, showing that the Emperor himself was taking a personal hand in the peace effort, and had directed that the Soviet Union be asked to help end the war. US officials also knew that the key obstacle to ending the war was American insistence on “unconditional surrender,” a demand that precluded any negotiations. The Japanese were willing to accept nearly everything, except turning over their semi-divine Emperor. Heir of a 2,600-year-old dynasty, Hirohito was regarded by his people as a “living god” who personified the nation. (Until the August 15 radio broadcast of his surrender announcement, the Japanese people had never heard his voice.) Japanese particularly feared that the Americans would humiliate the Emperor, and even execute him as a war criminal.
On July 12, Hirohito summoned Fumimaro Konoye, who had served as prime minister in 1940-41. Explaining that “it will be necessary to terminate the war without delay,” the Emperor said that he wished Konoye to secure peace with the Americans and British through the Soviets. As Prince Konoye later recalled, the Emperor instructed him “to secure peace at any price, notwithstanding its severity.”
The next day, July 13, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo wired ambassador Naotake Sato in Moscow: “See [Soviet foreign minister] Molotov before his departure for Potsdam … Convey His Majesty’s strong desire to secure a termination of the war … Unconditional surrender is the only obstacle to peace …”
On July 17, another intercepted Japanese message revealed that although Japan’s leaders felt that the unconditional surrender formula involved an unacceptable dishonor, they were convinced that “the demands of the times” made Soviet mediation to terminate the war absolutely essential. Further diplomatic messages indicated that the only condition asked by the Japanese was preservation of “our form of government.” The only “difficult point,” a July 25 message disclosed, “is the … formality of unconditional surrender.”
Summarizing the messages between Togo and Sato, US naval intelligence said that Japan’s leaders, “though still balking at the term unconditional surrender,” recognized that the war was lost, and had reached the point where they have “no objection to the restoration of peace on the basis of the Atlantic Charter.” These messages, said Assistant Secretary of the Navy Lewis Strauss, “indeed stipulated only that the integrity of the Japanese Royal Family be preserved.”
Navy Secretary James Forrestal termed the intercepted messages “real evidence of a Japanese desire to get out of the war.” “With the interception of these messages,” notes historian Alperovitz (p. 177), “there could no longer be any real doubt as to the Japanese intentions; the maneuvers were overt and explicit and, most of all, official acts. Koichi Kido, Japan’s Lord Privy Seal and a close advisor to the Emperor, later affirmed: “Our decision to seek a way out of this war, was made in early June before any atomic bomb had been dropped and Russia had not entered the war. It was already our decision.”
In spite of this, on July 26 the leaders of the United States and Britain issued the Potsdam declaration, which included this grim ultimatum: “We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces and to provide proper and adequate assurance of good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.”
Commenting on this draconian either-or proclamation, British historian J.F.C. Fuller wrote: “Not a word was said about the Emperor, because it would be unacceptable to the propaganda-fed American masses.” (A Military History of the Western World , p. 675.)
America’s leaders understood Japan’s desperate position: the Japanese were willing to end the war on any terms, as long as the Emperor was not molested. If the US leadership had not insisted on unconditional surrender — that is, if they had made clear a willingness to permit the Emperor to remain in place — the Japanese very likely would have surrendered immediately, thus saving many thousands of lives.
The sad irony is that, as it actually turned out, the American leaders decided anyway to retain the Emperor as a symbol of authority and continuity. They realized, correctly, that Hirohito was useful as a figurehead prop for their own occupation authority in postwar Japan.
President Truman steadfastly defended his use of the atomic bomb, claiming that it “saved millions of lives” by bringing the war to a quick end. Justifying his decision, he went so far as to declare: “The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians.”
This was a preposterous statement. In fact, almost all of the victims were civilians, and the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (issued in 1946) stated in its official report: “Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets because of their concentration of activities and population.”
If the atomic bomb was dropped to impress the Japanese leaders with the immense destructive power of a new weapon, this could have been accomplished by deploying it on an isolated military base. It was not necessary to destroy a large city. And whatever the justification for the Hiroshima blast, it is much more difficult to defend the second bombing of Nagasaki.
All the same, most Americans accepted, and continue to accept, the official justifications for the bombings. Accustomed to crude propagandistic portrayals of the “Japs” as virtually subhuman beasts, most Americans in 1945 heartily welcomed any new weapon that would wipe out more of the detested Asians, and help avenge the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. For the young Americans who were fighting the Japanese in bitter combat, the attitude was “Thank God for the atom bomb.” Almost to a man, they were grateful for a weapon whose deployment seemed to end the war and thus allow them to return home.
After the July 1943 firestorm destruction of Hamburg, the mid-February 1945 holocaust of Dresden, and the fire-bombings of Tokyo and other Japanese cities, America’s leaders — as US Army General Leslie Groves later commented — “were generally inured to the mass killing of civilians.” For President Harry Truman, the killing of tens of thousands of Japanese civilians was simply not a consideration in his decision to use the atom bomb.
Amid the general clamor of enthusiasm, there were some who had grave misgivings. “We are the inheritors to the mantle of Genghis Khan,” wrote New York Times editorial writer Hanson Baldwin, “and of all those in history who have justified the use of utter ruthlessness in war.” Norman Thomas called Nagasaki “the greatest single atrocity of a very cruel war.” Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the President, was similarly appalled.
A leading voice of American Protestantism, Christian Century, strongly condemned the bombings. An editorial entitled “America’s Atomic Atrocity” in the issue of August 29, 1945, told readers:
The atomic bomb was used at a time when Japan’s navy was sunk, her air force virtually destroyed, her homeland surrounded, her supplies cut off, and our forces poised for the final stroke … Our leaders seem not to have weighed the moral considerations involved. No sooner was the bomb ready than it was rushed to the front and dropped on two helpless cities … The atomic bomb can fairly be said to have struck Christianity itself … The churches of America must dissociate themselves and their faith from this inhuman and reckless act of the American Government.
A leading American Catholic voice, Commonweal, took a similar view. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the magazine editorialized, “are names for American guilt and shame.”
Pope Pius XII likewise condemned the bombings, expressing a view in keeping with the traditional Roman Catholic position that “every act of war directed to the indiscriminate destruction of whole cities or vast areas with their inhabitants is a crime against God and man.” The Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano commented in its August 7, 1945, issue: “This war provides a catastrophic conclusion. Incredibly this destructive weapon remains as a temptation for posterity, which, we know by bitter experience, learns so little from history.”
Authoritative Voices of Dissent
American leaders who were in a position to know the facts did not believe, either at the time or later, that the atomic bombings were needed to end the war.
When he was informed in mid-July 1945 by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson of the decision to use the atomic bomb, General Dwight Eisenhower was deeply troubled. He disclosed his strong reservations about using the new weapon in his 1963 memoir, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (pp. 312-313):
During his [Stimson’s] recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of “face.”
“The Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing … I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon,” Eisenhower said in 1963.
Shortly after “V-J Day,” the end of the Pacific war, Brig. General Bonnie Fellers summed up in a memo for General MacArthur: “Neither the atomic bombing nor the entry of the Soviet Union into the war forced Japan’s unconditional surrender. She was defeated before either these events took place.”
Similarly, Admiral Leahy, Chief of Staff to presidents Roosevelt and Truman, later commented:
It is my opinion that the use of the barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan … The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons … My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children.
If the United States had been willing to wait, said Admiral Ernest King, US Chief of Naval Operations, “the effective naval blockade would, in the course of time, have starved the Japanese into submission through lack of oil, rice, medicines, and other essential materials.”
Leo Szilard, a Hungarian-born scientist who played a major role in the development of the atomic bomb, argued against its use. “Japan was essentially defeated,” he said, and “it would be wrong to attack its cities with atomic bombs as if atomic bombs were simply another military weapon.” In a 1960 magazine article, Szilard wrote: “If the Germans had dropped atomic bombs on cities instead of us, we would have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime, and we would have sentenced the Germans who were guilty of this crime to death at Nuremberg and hanged them.”
US Strategic Bombing Survey Verdict
After studying this matter in great detail, the United States Strategic Bombing Survey rejected the notion that Japan gave up because of the atomic bombings. In its authoritative 1946 report, the Survey concluded:
The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs did not defeat Japan, nor by the testimony of the enemy leaders who ended the war did they persuade Japan to accept unconditional surrender. The Emperor, the Lord Privy Seal, the Prime Minister, the Foreign Minister, and the Navy Minister had decided as early as May of 1945 that the war should be ended even if it meant acceptance of defeat on allied terms …
The mission of the Suzuki government, appointed 7 April 1945, was to make peace. An appearance of negotiating for terms less onerous than unconditional surrender was maintained in order to contain the military and bureaucratic elements still determined on a final Bushido defense, and perhaps even more importantly to obtain freedom to create peace with a minimum of personal danger and internal obstruction. It seems clear, however, that in extremis the peacemakers would have peace, and peace on any terms. This was the gist of advice given to Hirohito by the Jushin in February, the declared conclusion of Kido in April, the underlying reason for Koiso’s fall in April, the specific injunction of the Emperor to Suzuki on becoming premier which was known to all members of his cabinet …
Negotiations for Russia to intercede began the forepart of May 1945 in both Tokyo and Moscow. Konoye, the intended emissary to the Soviets, stated to the Survey that while ostensibly he was to negotiate, he received direct and secret instructions from the Emperor to secure peace at any price, notwithstanding its severity …
It seems clear … that air supremacy and its later exploitation over Japan proper was the major factor which determined the timing of Japan’s surrender and obviated any need for invasion.
Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey’s opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945 and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945 [the date of the planned American invasion], Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated.
In a 1986 study, historian and journalist Edwin P. Hoyt nailed the “great myth, perpetuated by well-meaning people throughout the world,” that “the atomic bomb caused the surrender of Japan.” In Japan’s War: The Great Pacific Conflict (p. 420), he explained:
The fact is that as far as the Japanese militarists were concerned, the atomic bomb was just another weapon. The two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were icing on the cake, and did not do as much damage as the firebombings of Japanese cities. The B-29 firebombing campaign had brought the destruction of 3,100,000 homes, leaving 15 million people homeless, and killing about a million of them. It was the ruthless firebombing, and Hirohito’s realization that if necessary the Allies would completely destroy Japan and kill every Japanese to achieve “unconditional surrender” that persuaded him to the decision to end the war. The atomic bomb is indeed a fearsome weapon, but it was not the cause of Japan’s surrender, even though the myth persists even to this day.
In a trenchant new book, The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb (Praeger, 1996), historian Dennis D. Wainstock concludes that the bombings were not only unnecessary, but were based on a vengeful policy that actually harmed American interests. He writes (pp. 124, 132):
… By April 1945, Japan’s leaders realized that the war was lost. Their main stumbling block to surrender was the United States’ insistence on unconditional surrender. They specifically needed to know whether the United States would allow Hirohito to remain on the throne. They feared that the United States would depose him, try him as a war criminal, or even execute him …
Unconditional surrender was a policy of revenge, and it hurt America’s national self-interest. It prolonged the war in both Europe and East Asia, and it helped to expand Soviet power in those areas.
General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of US Army forces in the Pacific, stated on numerous occasions before his death that the atomic bomb was completely unnecessary from a military point of view: “My staff was unanimous in believing that Japan was on the point of collapse and surrender.”
General Curtis LeMay, who had pioneered precision bombing of Germany and Japan (and who later headed the Strategic Air Command and served as Air Force chief of staff), put it most succinctly: “The atomic bomb had nothing to do with the end of the war.”
From The Journal of Historical Review, May-June 1997 (Vol. 16, No. 3), pages 4-11.]
Truman Lied, Hundreds of Thousands Died August 8, 2011Posted by rogerhollander in History, Nuclear weapons/power, Peace, War.
Tags: anti-war, atomic bomb, david swanson, eisenhower, harry truman, hiroshima, history, nagasaki, nuclear arms, nuclear war, nuclera nonproliferation, peace, roger hollander, world war II, world war two
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On August 6, 1945, President Harry S Truman announced: “Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese Army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT It had more than two thousand times the blast power of the British ‘Grand Slam’ which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare.”
When Truman lied to America that Hiroshima was a military base rather than a city full of civilians, people no doubt wanted to believe him. Who would want the shame of belonging to the nation that commits a whole new kind of atrocity? (Will naming lower Manhattan “ground zero” erase the guilt?) And when we learned the truth, we wanted and still want desperately to believe that war is peace, that violence is salvation, that our government dropped nuclear bombs in order to save lives, or at least to save American lives.
We tell each other that the bombs shortened the war and saved more lives than the some 200,000 they took away. And yet, weeks before the first bomb was dropped, on July 13, 1945, Japan sent a telegram to the Soviet Union expressing its desire to surrender and end the war. The United States had broken Japan’s codes and read the telegram. Truman referred in his diary to “the telegram from Jap Emperor asking for peace.” Truman had been informed through Swiss and Portuguese channels of Japanese peace overtures as early as three months before Hiroshima. Japan objected only to surrendering unconditionally and giving up its emperor, but the United States insisted on those terms until after the bombs fell, at which point it allowed Japan to keep its emperor.
Presidential advisor James Byrnes had told Truman that dropping the bombs would allow the United States to “dictate the terms of ending the war.” Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal wrote in his diary that Byrnes was “most anxious to get the Japanese affair over with before the Russians got in.” Truman wrote in his diary that the Soviets were preparing to march against Japan and “Fini Japs when that comes about.” Truman ordered the bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th and another type of bomb, a plutonium bomb, which the military also wanted to test and demonstrate, on Nagasaki on August 9th. Also on August 9th, the Soviets attacked the Japanese. During the next two weeks, the Soviets killed 84,000 Japanese while losing 12,000 of their own soldiers, and the United States continued bombing Japan with non-nuclear weapons. Then the Japanese surrendered.
The United States Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that,”… certainly prior to 31 December, 1945, and in all probability prior to 1 November, 1945, Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated.” One dissenter who had expressed this same view to the Secretary of War prior to the bombings was General Dwight Eisenhower. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy agreed: “The use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender.”
Whatever dropping the bombs might possibly have contributed to ending the war, it is curious that the approach of threatening to drop them, the approach used during a half-century of Cold War to follow, was never tried. An explanation may perhaps be found in Truman’s comments suggesting the motive of revenge:
“Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war, and against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international law of warfare.”
Truman could not, incidentally, have chosen Tokyo as a target — not because it was a city, but because we had already reduced it to rubble.
The nuclear catastrophes may have been, not the ending of a World War, but the theatrical opening of the Cold War, aimed at sending a message to the Soviets. Many low and high ranking officials in the US military, including commanders in chief, have been tempted to nuke more cities ever since, beginning with Truman threatening to nuke China in 1950. The myth developed, in fact, that Eisenhower’s enthusiasm for nuking China led to the rapid conclusion of the Korean War. Belief in that myth led President Richard Nixon, decades later, to imagine he could end the Vietnam War by pretending to be crazy enough to use nuclear bombs. Even more disturbingly, he actually was crazy enough. “The nuclear bomb, does that bother you? … I just want you to think big, Henry, for Christsakes,” Nixon said to Henry Kissinger in discussing options for Vietnam.
President George W. Bush oversaw the development of smaller nuclear weapons that might be used more readily, as well as much larger non-nuclear bombs, blurring the line between the two. President Barack Obama established in 2010 that the United States might strike first with nuclear weapons, but only against Iran or North Korea. The United States alleged, without evidence, that Iran was not complying with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), even though the clearest violation of that treaty is the United States’ own failure to work on disarmament and the United States’ Mutual Defense Agreement with the United Kingdom, by which the two countries share nuclear weapons in violation of Article 1 of the NPT, and even though the United States’ first strike nuclear weapons policy violates yet another treaty: the UN Charter.
Americans may never admit what was done in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but our country had been in some measure prepared for it. After Germany had invaded Poland, Britain and France had declared war on Germany. Britain in 1940 had broken an agreement with Germany not to bomb civilians, before Germany retaliated in the same manner against England — although Germany had itself bombed Guernica, Spain, in 1937, and Warsaw, Poland, in 1939, and Japan meanwhile was bombing civilians in China. Then, for years, Britain and Germany had bombed each other’s cities before the United States joined in, bombing German and Japanese cities in a spree of destruction unlike anything ever previously witnessed. When we were firebombing Japanese cities, Life magazine printed a photo of a Japanese person burning to death and commented “This is the only way.”
By the time of the Vietnam War, such images were highly controversial. By the time of the 2003 War on Iraq, such images were not shown, just as enemy bodies were no longer counted. That development, arguably a form of progress, still leaves us far from the day when atrocities will be displayed with the caption “There has to be another way.”
Combating evil is what peace activists do. It is not what wars do. And it is not, at least not obviously, what motivates the masters of war, those who plan the wars and bring them into being. But it is tempting to think so. It is very noble to make brave sacrifices, even the ultimate sacrifice of one’s life, in order to end evil. It is perhaps even noble to use other people’s children to vicariously put an end to evil, which is all that most war supporters do. It is righteous to become part of something bigger than oneself. It can be thrilling to revel in patriotism. It can be momentarily pleasurable I’m sure, if less righteous and noble, to indulge in hatred, racism, and other group prejudices. It’s nice to imagine that your group is superior to someone else’s. And the patriotism, racism, and other isms that divide you from the enemy can thrillingly unite you, for once, with all of your neighbors and compatriots across the now meaningless boundaries that usually hold sway.
If you are frustrated and angry, if you long to feel important, powerful, and dominating, if you crave the license to lash out in revenge either verbally or physically, you may cheer for a government that announces a vacation from morality and open permission to hate and to kill. You’ll notice that the most enthusiastic war supporters sometimes want nonviolent war opponents killed and tortured along with the vicious and dreaded enemy; the hatred is far more important than its object. If your religious beliefs tell you that war is good, then you’ve really gone big time. Now you’re part of God’s plan. You’ll live after death, and perhaps we’ll all be better off if you bring on the death of us all.
But simplistic beliefs in good and evil don’t match up well with the real world, no matter how many people share them unquestioningly. They do not make you a master of the universe. On the contrary, they place control of your fate in the hands of people cynically manipulating you with war lies.
And the hatred and bigotry don’t provide lasting satisfaction, but instead breed bitter resentment.
This is excerpted from “War Is A Lie”
How the US Hid Shocking Hiroshima Footage For Decades August 5, 2011Posted by rogerhollander in History, Nuclear weapons/power, War.
Tags: akira kurosawa, atomic bomb, daniel mcgovern, greg mitchell, harry truman, herbert sussan, hiroshima, history, japan, nagasaki, nuclear proliferation, nuclear warfare, nuclear weapons, roger hollander, world war II
coverup of nuclear footage from Hiroshima and Nagasaki affects us to this day.
In the weeks following the atomic attacks on Japan sixty-six years ago this
week, and then for decades afterward, the United States engaged in airtight
suppression of all film shot in Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombings. This
included vivid color footage shot by U.S. military crews and black-and-white
Japanese newsreel film.
The public did not see any of the newsreel footage for twenty-five years, and
the shocking US military film remained hidden for nearly four decades. While the
suppression of nuclear truths stretched over decades, Hiroshima sank into “a
kind of hole in human history,” as the writer Mary McCarthy observed. The United
States engaged in a costly and dangerous nuclear arms race. Thousands of nuclear
warheads remain in the world, often under loose control; the United States
retains its “first-strike” nuclear policy; and much of the world is partly or
largely dependent on nuclear power plants, which pose their own hazards.
Our nuclear entrapment continues to this day—you might call it “From
Hiroshima to Fukushima.”
The color US military footage would remain hidden until the early 1980s, and
has never been fully aired. It rests today at the National Archives in College
Park, Maryland, in the form of 90,000 feet of raw footage labeled #342 USAF.
When that footage finally emerged, I spoke with and corresponded with the man
at the center of this drama: Lt. Col. (Ret.) Daniel A. McGovern, who directed
the US military film-makers in 1946, managed the Japanese footage, and then kept
watch on all of the top-secret material for decades. I also interviewed one of
his key assistants, Herbert Sussan, and some of the Japanese survivors they
Now I’ve written a book and e-book about this, titled Atomic Cover-up:
Two US Soldiers, Hiroshima & Nagasaki, and The Greatest Movie Never
Made. You can view some of the suppressed footage here or below.
“I always had the sense,” Dan McGovern told me, “that people in the Atomic
Energy Commission were sorry we had dropped the bomb. The Air Force—it was also
sorry. I was told by people in the Pentagon that they didn’t want those [film]
images out because they showed effects on man, woman and child…. They didn’t
want the general public to know what their weapons had done—at a time they were
planning on more bomb tests. We didn’t want the material out because…we were
sorry for our sins.”
Sussan, meanwhile, struggled for years to get some of the American footage
aired on national TV, taking his request as high as President Truman, Robert F.
Kennedy and Edward R. Murrow, to no avail.
The Japanese Newsreel Footage
On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb over the center
of Hiroshima, killing at least 70,000 civilians instantly and perhaps 50,000
more in the days and months to follow. Three days later, it exploded another
atomic bomb over Nagasaki, slightly off target, killing 40,000 immediately and
dooming tens of thousands of others. Within days, Japan had surrendered, and the
US readied plans for occupying the defeated country—and documenting the first
But the Japanese also wanted to study it. Within days of the second atomic
attack, officials at the Tokyo-based newsreel company Nippon Eigasha discussed
shooting film in the two stricken cities. When the first rushes came back to
Toyko, Akira Iwasaki, the chief producer, felt “every frame burned into my
brain,” he later said.
At this point, the American public knew little about conditions in the atomic
cities beyond Japanese assertions that a mysterious affliction was attacking
many of those who survived the initial blasts (claims that were largely taken to
be propaganda). Newspaper photographs of victims were non-existent, or
censored. Life magazine would later observe that for years “the
world…knew only the physical facts of atomic destruction.”
Tens of thousands of American GIs occupied the two cities. Because of the
alleged absence of residual radiation, no one was urged to take precautions.
Then, on October 24, 1945, a Japanese cameraman in Nagasaki was ordered to
stop shooting by an American military policeman. His film, and then the rest of
the 26,000 feet of Nippon Eisasha footage, was confiscated by the US General
Headquarters (GHQ). An order soon arrived banning all further filming. It was at
this point that Lt. Daniel McGovern took charge.
Shooting the US Military Footage
In early September, 1945, less than a month after the two bombs fell, Lt.
McGovern—who as a member of Hollywood’s famed First Motion Picture Unit shot
some of the footage for William Wyler’s “Memphis Belle”—had become one of the
first Americans to arrive in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He was a director with the
US Strategic Bombing Survey, organized by the Army the previous November to
study the effects of the air campaign against Germany, and now Japan.
As he made plans to shoot the official American record, McGovern learned
about the seizure of the Japanese footage. He felt it would be a waste to not
take advantage of the newsreel footage, noting in a letter to his superiors that
“the conditions under which it was taken will not be duplicated, until another
atomic bomb is released under combat conditions.” McGovern proposed hiring some
of the Japanese crew to edit and “caption” the material, so it would have
“scientific value.” He took charge of this effort in early January 1946.
At the same time, McGovern was ordered by General Douglas MacArthur on
January 1, 1946, to document the results of the US air campaign in more than
twenty Japanese cities. His crew would shoot exclusively on color film,
Kodachrome and Technicolor, rarely used at the time even in Hollywood. McGovern
assembled a crew of eleven, including two civilians. Third in command was a
young lieutenant from New York named Herbert Sussan.
The unit left Tokyo in a specially outfitted train, and made it to Nagasaki.
“Nothing and no one had prepared me for the devastation I met there,” Sussan
later told me. “We were the only people with adequate ability and equipment to
make a record of this holocaust…I felt that if we did not capture this horror on
film, no one would ever really understand the dimensions of what had happened.
At that time people back home had not seen anything but black and white pictures
of blasted buildings or a mushroom cloud.”
Along with the rest of McGovern’s crew, Sussan documented the physical
effects of the bomb, including the ghostly shadows of vaporized civilians burned
into walls; and, most chillingly, dozens of people in hospitals who had survived
(at least momentarily) and were asked to display their burns, scars, and other
lingering effects for the camera as a warning to the world. At the Red Cross
Hospital in Hiroshima, a Japanese physician traced the hideous, bright red scars
that covered several of the patients—and then took off his white doctor’s shirt
and displayed his own burns and cuts.
After sticking a camera on a rail car and building their own tracks through
the ruins, the Americans filmed hair-raising tracking
shots that could have been lifted right from a Hollywood movie. Their chief
cameramen was a Japanese man, Harry Mimura, who in 1943 had shot Sanshiro
Sugata—the first feature film by a then-unknown Japanese director named
The Suppression Begins
While all this was going on,
the Japanese newsreel team was completing its work of editing and labeling all
their black and white footage into a rough cut of just under three hours. At
this point, several members of Japanese team took the courageous step of
ordering from the lab a duplicate of the footage they had shot before the
Americans took over the project—and hiding it in a ceiling at the lab. Then they
handed over their footage.
The following month, McGovern was abruptly ordered to return to the United
States. He hauled the 90,000 feet of color footage, on dozens of reels in huge
footlockers, to the Pentagon and turned it over to General Orvil Anderson.
Locked up and declared top secret, it did not see the light of day for more than
thirty years. McGovern would be charged with watching over it. Sussan would
become obsessed with finding it and getting it aired.
Fearful that his film might get “buried,” McGovern stayed on at the Pentagon
as an aide to Gen. Anderson, who was fascinated by the footage and had no qualms
about showing it to the American people. “He was that kind of man, he didn’t
give a damn what people thought,” McGovern told me. “He just wanted the story
Once they eyeballed the footage, however, most of the top brass didn’t want
it widely shown and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was also opposed,
according to McGovern. It nixed a Warner Brothers feature film project based on
the footage that Anderson had negotiated, while paying another studio about
$80,000 to help make four training films.
In a March 3, 1947, memo, Francis E. Rundell, a major in the Air Corps,
explained that the film would be classified “secret.” This was determined “after
study of subject material, especially concerning footage taken at Hiroshima and
The color footage was shipped to the Wright-Patterson base in Ohio. McGovern
went along after being told to put an I.D. number on the film “and not let
anyone touch it—and that’s the way it stayed,” as he put it. After cataloging
it, he placed it in a vault in the top secret area.
“Dan McGovern stayed with the film all the time,” Sussan later said. “He told
me they could not release the film [because] what it showed was too
Sussan wrote a letter to President Truman, suggesting that a film based on
the footage “would vividly and clearly reveal the implications and effects of
the weapons that confront us at this serious moment in our history.” A reply
from a Truman aide threw cold water on that idea, saying such a film would lack
“wide public appeal.” (He also censored the first Hollywood movie, an MGM epic,
about the bomb, a wild tale, as
I wrote here last week.)
McGovern, meanwhile, continued to “babysit” the film, now at Norton Air Force
base in California.
The Japanese Footage Emerges
At the same time, McGovern was looking after the Japanese footage. The
Japanese government repeatedly asked the US for the full footage of what was
known in that country as “the film of illusion,” to no avail.
Despite rising nuclear fears in the 1960s, before and after the Cuban missile
crisis, few in the United States challenged the consensus view that dropping the
bomb on two Japanese cities was necessary. The United States maintained its
“first-use” nuclear policy: under certain circumstances it would strike first
with the bomb and ask questions later. In other words, there was no real taboo
against using the bomb. This notion of acceptability had started with Hiroshima.
A firm line against using nuclear weapons had been drawn—in the sand. The United
States, in fact, had threatened to use nuclear weapons during the Cuban missile
crisis and on other occasions.
On September 12, 1967, the Air Force transferred the Japanese footage to the
National Archives Audio Visual Branch in Washington, with the film “not to be
released without approval of DOD (Department of Defense).”
Then, one morning in the summer of 1968, Erik Barnouw, author of landmark
histories of film and broadcasting, opened his mail to discover a clipping from
a Tokyo newspaper sent by a friend. It indicated that the US had finally shipped
to Japan a copy of black and white newsreel footage shot in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. The Japanese had negotiated with the State Department for its return.
From the Pentagon, Barnouw learned in 1968 that the original nitrate film had
been quietly turned over to the National Archives, so he went to take a
Attempting to create a subtle, quiet, even poetic, black and white film, he
and his associates cut it from 160 to sixteen minutes, with a montage of human
effects clustered near the end for impact. “Hiroshima-Nagasaki 1945” proved to
be a sketchy but quite moving document of the aftermath of the bombing, captured
in grainy but often startling black and white images: shadows of objects or
people burned into walls, ruins of schools, miles of razed landscape viewed from
the roof of a building.
In the weeks ahead, however, none of the (then) three TV networks expressed
interest in airing it. “Only NBC thought it might use the film,” Barnouw later
wrote, “if it could find a ‘news hook.’ We dared not speculate what kind of
event this might call for.” But then an article appeared
in Parade magazine, and an editorial in the Boston
Globe blasted the networks, saying that everyone in the country should see
This at last pushed public television into the void. What was then called
National Educational Television (NET) agreed to show the documentary on August
3, 1970, to coincide with the twenty-fifth anniversary of the dropping of the
The American Footage Comes Out
About a decade later, by pure chance, Herb Sussan would spark the
emergence of the American footage, ending its decades in the dark.
In the mid-1970s, Japanese antinuclear activists, led by a Tokyo teacher
named Tsutomu Iwakura, discovered that few pictures of the aftermath of the
atomic bombings existed in their country. Many had been seized by the US
military after the war, they learned, and taken out of Japan. The Japanese had
as little visual exposure to the true effects of the bomb as most Americans.
Activists managed to track down hundreds of pictures in archives and private
collections and published them in a popular book. In 1979 they mounted an
exhibit at the United Nations in New York.
There, by chance, Iwakura met Sussan, who told him about the US military
Iwakura made a few calls and found that the color footage, recently
declassified, might be at the National Archives. A trip to Washington, DC,
verified this. He found eighty reels of film. About one-fifth of the footage
covered the atomic cities. According to a shot list, reel #11010 included, for
example: “School, deaf and dumb, blast effect, damaged Commercial school
demolished School, engineering, demolished.School, Shirayama elementary,
demolished, blast effect Tenements, demolished.”
The film had been quietly declassified a few years earlier, but no one in the
outside world knew it. An archivist there told me at the time, “If no one knows
about the film to ask for it, it’s as closed as when it was classified.”
Eventually 200,000 Japanese citizens contributed half a million dollars and
Iwakura was able to buy the film. He then traveled around Japan filming
survivors who had posed for Sussan and McGovern in 1946. Iwakura quickly
completed a documentary called Prophecy and in late spring 1982
arranged for a New York premiere.
Later a small part of the McGovern/Sussan footage turned up for the first
time in an American film, one of the sensations of the New York Film Festival,
called Dark Circle. Its co-director, Chris Beaver, told me, “No wonder
the government didn’t want us to see it. I think they didn’t want Americans to
see themselves in that picture. It’s one thing to know about that and another
thing to see it.”
Despite this exposure, not a single story had yet appeared in an American
newspaper about the shooting of the footage, its suppression or release. And
Sussan was now ill with a form of lymphoma doctors had found in soldiers exposed
to radiation in atomic tests during the 1950s—or in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Still, the question of precisely why the footage remained secret for so long
lingered. But McGovern told me, “The main reason it was classified was because
of the horror, the devastation. The medical effects were pretty gory. The
attitude was: do not show any medical effects. Don’t make people sick.”
But who was behind this? “I always had the sense,” McGovern answered, “that
people in the AEC were sorry they had dropped the bomb. The Air Force—it was
also sorry. I was told by people in the Pentagon that they didn’t want those
images out because they showed effects on man, woman and child. But the AEC,
they were the ones that stopped it from coming out. They had power of God over
everybody. If it had anything to do with nukes, they had to see it. They were
the ones who destroyed a lot of film and pictures of the first US nuclear tests
after the war.”
As Dark Circle director Chris Beaver had said, “With the government
trying to sell the public on a new civil defense program and Reagan arguing that
a nuclear war is survivable, this footage could be awfully bad
In the summer of 1984, I made my own pilgrimage to the atomic cities, to walk
in the footsteps of Dan McGovern and Herb Sussan, and meet some of the people
they filmed in 1946. (The month-long grant was arranged by the current mayor of
Hiroshima, Tadatoshi Akiba. My new book has a lengthy
chapter describing what it’s like to be in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and to
intervieww survivors.) By then, the McGovern/ Sussan footage had turned up in
several new documentaries. On September 2, 1985, however, Herb Sussan passed
away. His final request to his children: Would they scatter his ashes at ground
zero in Hiroshima?
In the mid-1990s, researching Hiroshima in America, a book I would
write with Robert Jay Lifton, I discovered the deeper context for suppression of
the US Army film: it was part of a broad effort to suppress a wide range of
material related to the atomic bombings, including photographs, newspaper
reports on radiation effects, information about the decision to drop the bomb,
even a Hollywood movie.
Then, in 2003, as chief adviser to a documentary film, Original Child
Bomb, I urged director Carey Schonegevel to draw on the atomic footage as
much as possible. Original Child Bomb went on to debut at the 2004
Tribeca Film Festival, win the top Silverdocs award, and debut on the Sundance
cable channel. After sixty years at least a small portion of that footage
reached part of the American public in the unflinching and powerful form its
Americans who saw were finally able to fully judge for themselves what
McGovern and Sussan were trying to accomplish in shooting the film, why the
authorities felt they had to suppress it, and what impact their footage, if
widely aired, might have had on the nuclear arms race—and the nuclear
proliferation that plagues, and endangers, us today. But only small parts of the
movie have been used (see the video below), only a small number of Americans
have seen any of it. A major documentary on the footage, and the suppression,
should still be made.
Publisher and author of nine books
A Memorial Poem: Not for the Feint of Heart September 17, 2010Posted by rogerhollander in 9/11, Art, Literature and Culture, Genocide, Racism, War.
Tags: 9/11, africans, apartheid, attica, cambodia, chiapas, Chile, Colombia, disappeared, El Salvador, EMMANUEL ORTIZ, fallen timbers, genocide, guatemala, hiroshima, indigenous, iraq embargo, laos, moment of slience, nagasaki, nicaragua, Palestinians, pine ridge, poem, Poetry, political poem, roger hollander, sand creek, slavery, somalia, steve biko, torture, trail of tears, Vietnam War, wounded knee
1 comment so far
BEFORE I START THIS POEM
by Emmanuel Ortiz
Before I start this poem,
I’d like to ask you to join me in
a moment of silence
in honour of those who died
in the World Trade Centre
and the Pentagon
last September 11th.
I would also like to ask you
a moment of silence
for all of those who have been
harassed, imprisoned, disappeared,
tortured, raped, or killed
in retaliation for those strikes,
for the victims in both
Afghanistan and the U.S.
And if I could just add one more thing…
A full day of silence
for the tens of thousands of Palestinians
who have died at the hands of
U.S.-backed Israeli forces
over decades of occupation.
Six months of silence
for the million and-a-half Iraqi people,
mostly children, who have died of
malnourishment or starvation
as a result of an 11-year U.S. embargo
against the country.
Before I begin this poem:
two months of silence
for the Blacks under Apartheid
in South Africa,
where homeland security
made them aliens
in their own country.
Nine months of silence
for the dead in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, where death rained
down and peeled back
every layer of concrete, steel, earth and skin
and the survivors went on as if alive.
A year of silence
for the millions of dead
in Vietnam–a people, not a war-
for those who know a thing or two
about the scent of burning fuel,
their relatives’ bones buried in it,
their babies born of it.
A year of silence
for the dead in Cambodia and Laos,
victims of a secret war … ssssshhhhh ….
Say nothing .. we don’t want them to
learn that they are dead.
Two months of silence
for the decades of dead
in Colombia, whose names,
like the corpses they once represented,
have piled up and slipped off
Before I begin this poem,
An hour of silence
for El Salvador …
An afternoon of silence
for Nicaragua …
Two days of silence
for the Guatemaltecos …
None of whom ever knew
a moment of peace
45 seconds of silence
for the 45 dead
at Acteal, Chiapas
25 years of silence
for the hundred million Africans
who found their graves
far deeper in the ocean
than any building could
poke into the sky.
There will be no DNA testing
or dental records
to identify their remains.
And for those who were
strung and swung
from the heights of
in the south, the north,
the east, and the west…
100 years of silence…
For the hundreds of millions of
from this half of right here,
Whose land and lives were stolen,
In postcard-perfect plots
like Pine Ridge,
Sand Creek, Fallen Timbers,
or the Trail of Tears.
Names now reduced
to innocuous magnetic poetry
on the refrigerator
of our consciousness …
So you want a moment of silence?
And we are all left speechless
Our tongues snatched from our mouths
Our eyes stapled shut
A moment of silence
And the poets have all been laid to rest
The drums disintegrating into dust
Before I begin this poem,
You want a moment of silence
You mourn now as if the world will never be
And the rest of us hope to hell it won’t be.
Not like it always has been
Because this is not a 9-1-1 poem
This is a 9/10 poem,
It is a 9/9 poem,
A 9/8 poem,
A 9/7 poem
This is a 1492 poem.
This is a poem about
what causes poems like this
to be written
And if this is a 9/11 poem, then
This is a September 11th poem
for Chile, 1971
This is a September 12th poem
for Steven Biko in South Africa, 1977
This is a September 13th poem
for the brothers at Attica Prison,
New York, 1971.
This is a September 14th poem
for Somalia, 1992.
This is a poem
for every date that falls
to the ground in ashes
This is a poem for the 110 stories
that were never told
The 110 stories that history
chose not to write in textbooks
The 110 stories that CNN, BBC,
The New York Times,
and Newsweek ignored
This is a poem
for interrupting this program.
And still you want
a moment of silence
for your dead?
We could give you
lifetimes of empty:
The unmarked graves
The lost languages
The uprooted trees and histories
The dead stares on the faces
of nameless children
Before I start this poem
We could be silent forever
Or just long enough to hunger,
For the dust to bury us
And you would still ask us
For more of our silence.
If you want a moment of silence
Then stop the oil pumps
Turn off the engines and the televisions
Sink the cruise ships
Crash the stock markets
Unplug the marquee lights,
Delete the instant messages,
Derail the trains, the light rail transit
If you want a moment of silence,
put a brick through
the window of Taco Bell,
And pay the workers for wages lost
Tear down the liquor stores,
The townhouses, the White Houses,
the jailhouses, the Penthouses and
If you want a moment of silence,
Then take it
On Super Bowl Sunday,
The Fourth of July
During Dayton’s 13 hour sale
Or the next time your white guilt
fills the room where my beautiful
people have gathered
You want a moment of silence
Then take it
Before this poem begins.
Here, in the echo of my voice,
In the pause between goosesteps of the
In the space
between bodies in embrace,
Here is your silence.
But take it all
Don’t cut in line.
Let your silence begin
at the beginning of crime.
Tonight we will keep right on singing
For our dead.
EMMANUEL ORTIZ, 11 Sep 2002
Emmanuel Ortiz (born 1974) is a Chicano/Puerto Rican/Irish-American activist and spoken-word poet. He has worked with the Minnesota Alliance for the Indigenous Zapatistas (MAIZ) and Estación Libre and as a staff member of the Resource Centre of the Americas. Ortiz has performed his poetry at numerous readings, political rallies, activist conferences, and benefits. His works appeared in The Roots of Terror a reader published by Project South, as well as others. His readings of his poems have appeared on Pacifica Radio’s Democracy Now!. His controversial poem, Moment of Silence, circulated the internet a year after September 11th, 2001. | <urn:uuid:01c01457-3f63-4efb-b06c-cd22374acce7> | {
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Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Use and abuse of drugs and alcohol by teens is very common and can have serious consequences. In the 15-24 year age range, 50% of deaths (from accidents, homicides, suicides) involve alcohol or drug abuse. Drugs and alcohol also contribute to physical and sexual aggression such as assault or rape. Possible stages of teenage experience with alcohol and drugs include abstinence (non-use), experimentation, regular use (both recreational and compensatory for other problems), abuse, and dependency. Repeated and regular recreational use can lead to other problems like anxiety and depression. Some teenagers regularly use drugs or alcohol to compensate for anxiety, depression, or a lack of positive social skills. Teen use of tobacco and alcohol should not be minimized because they can be "gateway drugs" for other drugs (marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, and heroin). The combination of teenagers' curiosity, risk taking behavior, and social pressure make it very difficult to say no. This leads most teenagers to the questions: "Will it hurt to try one?"
A teenager with a family history of alcohol or drug abuse and a lack of pro-social skills can move rapidly from experimentation to patterns of serious abuse or dependency. Some other teenagers with no family history of abuse who experiment may also progress to abuse or dependency. Therefore, there is a good chance that "one" will hurt you. Teenagers with a family history of alcohol or drug abuse are particularly advised to abstain and not experiment. No one can predict for sure who will abuse or become dependent on drugs except to say the non-user never will.
Warning signs of teenage drug or alcohol abuse may include:
- a drop in school performance,
- a change in groups of friends,
- delinquent behavior, and
- deterioration in family relationships.
There may also be physical signs such as red eyes, a persistent cough, and change in eating and sleeping habits. Alcohol or drug dependency may include blackouts, withdrawal symptoms, and further problems in functioning at home, school, or work.
For additional information see the following Facts for Families:
#3 - Teens: Alcohol and Other Drugs
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About the Photo
Buildings such as the Viking Longhouse and Icelandic turf houses, and their religious buildings and boathouses too, all found a unique expression in medieval Scandinavian architecture. Boathouses were usually built back from the waterline, dug into the ground. Their purpose was to hold Viking Ships, in the times they were not sailing, especially during the winter. …
Icelandic Turf Houses. Long before environmentally-friendly construction became popular, people in Iceland were constructing turfhouses. In fact, earth-sheltered dwellings have been in use since at least the Iron Age. The Romans built with turf (grass) to create fortresses in the northern parts of their empire.
Houses around the world differs depending on the location, climate, and culture. Check out this compilation of beautiful traditional houses around the world which says a lot about our ancestors ingenuity. Turf House of Iceland. Icelandic Turf House provides a superior insulation for difficult climate. It has a large foundation made of flat .
The common Icelandic turf house would have a large foundation made of flat stones; upon this was built a wooden frame which would hold the load of the turf. The turf would then be fitted around the frame in blocks, often with a second layer, or in the more fashionable herringbone pattern.
Modern Icelandic Turf Houses by PK Arkitektar, Modern Small Design . the architects looked to Iceland’s long heritage of turf houses, whose grass roofs sloped down to ground level and merged .
Viking quotes from Icelandic sagas are a source of inspiration for people interested in Norse Viking culture and values. Here are my top 10 favorite saga quotes ≡ Menu
“Icelandic architects have not much used turf houses as models in their house drawings,” she says. “However, in some parts of the country, you can see architecture [and] buildings that clearly refer to the 19th-century type of turf houses, which we call the burstabaer.”
The buildings are white and made of stone, but they line up interconnectedly in the style of Iceland’s original turf houses, complete with slanting roofs of green. The school is an example of romantic nationalistic design, which was quite prominent in Iceland during the years 1920-1930, a short-lived architectural period which took .
VEGVISIR Icelandic Rune Pendant Protection Necklace Icelandic Sigil Viking Navigation Compass Talisman Good Voyage Pagan Gift For Travel See more. Vegvisir Viking Wikinger Icelandic Runes Asatru Compass Norse Sterling Silver Ring. Icelandic Runes, Vegvisir, Asatru, Oxidized Sterling Silver, Compass, Rings For Men, Boho, Earrings, Paganism. Viking Schutz Runen Helm von Ehrfurcht talisman .
History of turf houses. Icelanders used to live in turf houses from the age of settlement till mid-20th century. In the 1960s, the last people moved out of their turf house at Bustarfell, although in East Iceland one turf house is still used as a summerhouse.Building houses with turf was the traditional form of architecture in Iceland, used by both the rich and the poor. | <urn:uuid:8ce7d359-1b1d-436c-b275-24b2718d8412> | {
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Restless leg syndrome is something that troubles a lot of people. It makes the legs itch, and the only thing that relieves the itch is to move them. If that weren’t bad enough, the itching gets worse at night; therefore, sufferers of Restless Leg Syndrome can’t stop moving their legs around while trying to sleep.
Thankfully, recent research has found that there seem to be no pathological changes in the brains of people with Restless Leg Syndrome. That is, there is no loss or damage of brain cells, as is the case in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
As for the cause of Restless Leg Syndrome, it appears that cells in a section of the brain are simply not getting enough iron. These patients’ brains are lacking a specific receptor that transports iron. They get enough iron to keep the brain cells alive, but not enough to keep them functioning well, hence the itching sensation that gives the patient the urge to move his or her legs. Because it’s a matter of the receptor for iron malfunctioning, iron supplements are not the answer. While scientists are still working on developing a definitive treatment, there are medications your doctor can prescribe that may help ease the symptoms. | <urn:uuid:69c8a245-a374-40bf-bb31-67858a214f32> | {
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Hardiness Zones – Which One Are We In?
Q: I have seen several different Hardiness Zone maps for Georgia. Which one should I use to determine which plants will grow here?
A: You’re right – it’s confusing. Read below to get an overview but click here to find your personal Hardiness Zone by ZIP Code.
The zone map story actually begins in Germany, in the early 1800’s, where a geographer used lines, called isotherms, to delineate regions of equal temperatures in Europe.
The United States Department of Agriculture in 1960 mapped and divided the U.S. into ten zones based on a 10 degree difference in the average annual minimum temperature between each zone. 1960 US Hardiness Map
Zone 1 included parts of Alaska where their two growing seasons are divided into “winter and the Fourth of July” . Zone 10 encompassed areas in Florida where long pants are considered cold weather dress.
Georgia was divided into three parts, placing us in Zone 7 (north Georgia) Zone 8 (middle Georgia) and Zone 9(south Georgia).
The hardiness map was revised in 1990, dividing each original zone into two sub-zones, contrasting with each other by only a 5 degree difference in winter low temperatures. Most of the metro Atlanta area fell into Zone 7b, where low winter temperatures are between 5 and 10 degrees. 1990 GA Hardiness Zones
In 2003 the map was tentatively revised again (2003 USDA map), based on more current temperature data. It has 15 Zones. The revision was not met with much enthusiasm by gardeners across the country and has not been “officially” released by the USDA. 2003 GA map
Just to make things even more confusing, the National Arbor Day Foundation constructed its own Hardiness Zone map relying on the same data as the 2003 USDA map but dividing the country into only 10 Zones. 2006 Arbor Day Map
Go to the Arbor Day site to see a comparison of zones in their map to previous maps.
Want some MORE fun? Sunset magazine, which is well-respected on the West Coast, devised a map having 45 Zones. Most West Coast gardeners rely on this map rather than the USDA map. Sunset US Map and Sunset GA Map
HEAT ZONES Realizing the effect that heat and humidity have on plant hardiness, the American Horticultural Society divided the United States into twelve zones, divided by the average number of days each year that a given region experiences temperatures over 86 degrees.
The zones range from Zone 1 (less than one day above 86 degrees) to Zone 12 (more than 210 days). Fortunately, most of the Atlanta area is in Heat Zone 7, which is generally identical to our USDA Cold Hardiness Zone. AHS Heat Zone Map
Most plant labels include the zones in which the plant will prosper. If the information label on plant you are considering says it is hardy in Zone 7, it will usually survive our winter just fine.
HOW DO OTHER ATLANTA GARDENERS USE HARDINESS ZONE MAPS
Theresa Schrum: “I measure by the lowest winter temperatures recorded.”
Daryl Pulis: “The 1990 map seems to be pretty accurate for me in Cumming.” | <urn:uuid:c8c0e071-34b6-4303-bde8-e18f025e6fa2> | {
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Beards May Have Antibiotic Tendencies, Study Finds
Contrary to popular belief, a recent study of hospital workers found that those without facial hair are more likely to harbor dangerous bacteria than their more hirsute colleagues. Further research found that beards may actual have antibacterial properties.
Beards, for the most part, communicate masculinity. They’re the easiest way to appear more rugged and outdoorsy, and they may in fact help save your life in those situations. One knock against beards is that no one associates them with exceptional hygiene, and they’ve even been found to contain poop bacteria.
Read more: Yahoo Health News | <urn:uuid:12fdff12-b7e7-41ff-a7ae-8c868adf4b83> | {
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Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically termed, is a vision condition in which people can see close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred.
Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. Myopia affects nearly 30% of the U.S. population. While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. Even though the tendency to develop myopia may be inherited, its actual development may be affected by how a person uses his or her eyes. Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia.
Myopia is becoming more common among children. While there is no proven direct link, research suggests that children who spend more time indoors doing near-focused activities (such as computer work, video games, and reading) have higher rates of myopia than those who spend more time outdoors.
Myopia cannot be reversed; however, the goal of treatment is to keep it from getting worse. This can protect a child’s eye health in the future (reducing the risk of retinal detachments or other ocular disorders), despite still needing to wear glasses or contact lenses.
No Glasses...No Daytime Contacts....No Surgery....
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You simply wear the therapeutic lenses at night and take them out in the morning.
Safe. Non-surgical. Great for all ages.
Paragon CRT© is a specially designed therapeutic lens that
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the whole day.
Have you ever wanted the ability to see clearly without wearing glasses or contacts and without surgery?
Would you be interested in a contact lens worn while sleeping, and in the morning once you remove it, you can see clearly for all of your waking hours without glasses and contacts?
Paragon CRT® is a specially designed therapeutic contact lens that gently and temporarily reshapes the cornea while you sleep. Through intense research and clinical testing, Paragon CRT has been FDA approved as both safe and effective for patients of all ages when worn during sleeping hours. The result is great vision 24 hours a day - without lenses during waking hours and while they're in at night - with correction of myopia (nearsightedness) and myopia with astigmatism.
No more torn lenses, no more broken frames, no more discomfort from dry eyes. Paragon CRT puts an end to these hassles. Whether you're playing sports, working in a dusty or windy environment, or simply applying makeup, with Corneal Refractive Therapy nothing stands between you and excellent vision.
Dr. Rob Szeliga has trusted Paragon CRT and Corneal Refractive Therapy for his own eyes since 2002!
FDA regulations require practitioners to successfully complete the Paragon CRT Certification test before fitting Paragon CRT lenses for Corneal Refractive Therapy. Call Spring Hill Eyecare, PLLC today and ask Dr. Rob Szeliga if Corneal Refractive Therapy with Paragon CRT is right for you. Make life without glasses and daytime contacts a reality. Because the next time you close your eyes, you could open them to a whole new world.
For more information go to https://www.paragonvision.com/
Child-friendly daily disposable contact lenses proven to slow the progression of nearsightedness in children aged 8-12 at the initiation of treatment.
Kids lead active, jam-packed lives. But whether they’re playing pretend, riding bikes with their friends, or learning new things at school, myopia (nearsightedness) can make it harder for them to engage in the activities they love. And as they grow, their prescription may get stronger too.
Fortunately, your age-appropriate children may benefit from an innovative technology to help slow down the progression of their myopia: MiSight® 1 day contact lenses from CooperVision. MiSight 1 day contact lenses with ActivControl® Technology not only correct nearsightedness – they’re also the first soft contact lenses proven to slow the progression of myopia in children in children aged 8-12 at initiation of treatment. When wearing MiSight 1 day contact lenses, your age-appropriate child can experience clear vision, freedom from glasses and continue to enjoy the activities they love.
For more information go to https://coopervision.com/contact-lenses/misight-1-day
Spring Hill Eyecare, PLLC
5238 Main Street
Spring Hill, TN 37174
Call us at 931-489-1950 or use our contact form. | <urn:uuid:ce6dc64d-a7f8-4e61-9f30-8398bf7d4443> | {
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
[mass noun] The energy in a system arising from the relative positions and interactions of its parts.
- ‘Temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system - which contains both kinetic and potential energy.’
- ‘If all you know of this system is that its internal energy is E and its volume is V, then clearly there are many, many different states the system could be in.’
- ‘In still air, as internal energy is conducted from a warmer body to the surrounding air, the air near the object is warmed.’
- ‘Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-relation between heat, work and internal energy of a system.’
- ‘Atoms give up excess internal energy by giving off photons as electrons return to lower energy orbits.’
Are you looking for a word for a foolish person? We explore twelve interesting words to describe the dunderheads in your life.
Before you run for the hills, let’s run through a list of ‘run’ expressions that are running through our minds.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:928a499c-5d47-418b-8d7b-a544d7961574> | {
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Stream bed curvatures give origin to different types of fish holding places to form. The outside bends or greater curvatures receive the currents scouring actions. High flows cause a deepening of the riverbed channel. During low water conditions holes
and deep runs are present along with undercut stream banks. These quickly become favored fish holding places.
The inside or lesser curvature induces deposition of items carried by the currents. Here away from the main flow, food items settle. In addition, drifting insects are concentrated.
Current seams are found as junctures between swift and slow flows; furthermore, these seams can become favored lies that continually hold fish. Seams occur at both the great and the lesser stream curvatures. Seams are created by the shearing between fast currents and slower currents.
Islands generate additional current seams. Fish prefer the islands seams because of a bonus of terrestrial insects coming from the islands vegetation. An islands placement provides a sort of a wing foil with different current speeds on each side. The current seams occur on both upstream sides, along side, and downstream. The islands vegetation enhances its bank side cover. Stream braiding further enhances both the number of current seams and the bank side cover. The placement of an upstream riffle generates an open refrigerator door with insect emergence settling down back to the island. My favorite streams have lots of islands and channels because these structures enhance the number of fish producing lies.
A single island produces at least four different current seams along with two of them further enhanced by bank side cover and undercut banks.
Even small islands with limited cover enhance the streams habitat. Here, mini current shears, channels and undercutting provides pocket water lies.
Don’t overlook small side channels in a large river system. A pre-requisite for productive habitat is a prior history of stable flows. It takes some time for fish to relocate and if the minor channel has been recently de-watered.
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LoveTheOutdoors.com is owned and operated by Advameg, Inc. © 2019 Advameg, Inc. | <urn:uuid:839617f4-b244-401b-b7d2-90d5dfc3cd64> | {
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Any geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate, the so-called parallel postulate, doesn't hold. (One way to say the parallel postulate is: Given a straight line and a point A not on that line, there is only one exactly straight line through A that never intersects the original line.) The two most important types of non-Euclidean geometry are hyperbolic geometry and elliptical geometry. The different models of non-Euclidean geometry can have positive or negative curvature. The sign of curvature of a surface is indicated by drawing a straight line on the surface and then drawing another straight line perpendicular to it: both these lines are geodesics. If the two lines curve in the same direction, the surface has a positive curvature; if they curve in opposite directions, the surface has negative curvature. Elliptical (and spherical) geometry has positive curvature whereas hyperbolic geometry has negative curvature.
The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry had immense consequences. For more than 2,000 years, people had thought that Euclidean geometry was the only geometric system possible. Non-Euclidean geometry showed that there are other conceivable descriptions of space – a realization that transform mathematics into an altogether more abstract science. Thereafter, it was clear that in mathematics, one could start out with any set of self-consistent postulates and follow through their ramifications. The discovery of non-Euclidean geometry has been compared with Copernicus's theory and Einstein's relativity theory – the analogy being that each freed people from long-held models of thought. In fact, Einstein said about non-Euclidean geometry:
To this interpretation of geometry, I attach great importance, for should I have not been acquainted with it, I never would have been able to develop the theory of relativity.It's important to realize that both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry are consistent in that the assumptions on which they rest don't involve any contradictions. In response to a question as to which geometry is true, Henri Poincaré said: "One geometry cannot be more true than the other; it can only be more convenient." Which geometry is valid in the physical space in which we live? On a small scale, and for all practical purposes on Earth, Euclidean geometry works just fine. But on larger scales this is no longer true. Einstein's general theory of relativity uses non-Euclidean geometry as a description of spacetime. According to this idea, spacetime has a positive curvature near gravitating matter and the geometry is non-Euclidean. When a body revolves around another body, it appears to move in a curved path due to some force exerted by the central body, but it is actually moving along a geodesic, without any force acting on it. Whether all of spacetime contains enough matter to give itself an overall positive curvature is one of the many unanswered question in physics today, but it is generally accepted that the geometry of spacetime is more non-Euclidean than Euclidean. It is proposed that if spacetime does happen to have an overall positive curvature, then the universe will stop expanding after a fixed amount of time and then start to shrink resulting in a Big Crunch as opposed to the Big Bang that resulted in its creation. At the moment, astronomical observations seem to favor a universe that is "open" and has a hyperbolic geometry. Another consequence of non-Euclidean geometry is the possibility of the existence of a fourth dimension. Just as the surface of the sphere curves in the direction of the third dimension, i.e. perpendicular to its surface, it is believed that spacetime curves in the direction of the fourth dimension. Non-Euclidean geometry has applications in other areas of mathematics, including the theory of elliptic curves, which was important in the proof of Fermat's last theorem.
Related categories GEOMETRY
• SPACE AND TIME
• GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact | <urn:uuid:6b16149c-fcdb-43c7-aa20-e938bb504706> | {
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Interpretations of othello's character are often negative, focusing on his pride and jealousy as fatal flaws robert hapgood (1966) othello essay assignment. Everything you ever wanted to know about the characters in othello, written by experts just for you. Othello: othello, a moorish general in the service of venice in shakespeare's othello driven by jealousy that has been skillfully manipulated, othello takes the life of desdemona, his doting wife, and then his. Othello's character development a study of othello's character developement from a respectable general into a jealous murderer based on four major extracts. Othello is a character in shakespeare's othello (c1601-1604) the character's origin is traced to the tale, un capitano moro in gli hecatommithi by giovanni battista giraldi cinthiothere, he is simply referred to as the moor othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and moorish background in the service of the venetian. Othello - character analysis, free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature.
Get access to othello character analysis of othello essays only from anti essays listed results 1 - 30 get studying today and get the grades you want. A foil, or foil character, is a character in a story who acts in a drastically different way than the main protagonist in order to show the strong differences between the characters in othello, desdemona can be considered the foil of iago what are her qualities that create such a contrast to iago. Complete summary of william shakespeare's othello enotes plot summaries cover all the significant action of othello. Free term papers & essays - the irony of othello, m.
Directed by oliver parker with laurence fishburne, kenneth branagh, irène jacob, nathaniel parker the moorish general othello is manipulated into thinking that his new wife desdemona has been carrying on an affair with his lieutenant michael cassio when in reality it is all part of the scheme of a bitter ensign named iago. William shakespeare's stage play othello, moor of venice (or simply othello) is a tragedy in what a contrast the character of othello forms to that of iago: at the same time, the force of conception with. Othello and iago, the two main characters in shakespeare's 'othello,' are one of the most dynamic pairs in all of literature the ways in which.
Oedipus and othello: pride and the tragic hero course descriptions faculty resources sophocles and shakespeare both address this dilemma in their plays oedipus and othello through their oedipus and othello reveal the true character of the tragic hero and show the devastating. A detailed description of othello characters and their importance part of a free study guide from bookragscom.
Clue: othello character othello character is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 9 times there are related clues (shown below. Main character throughline othello — venetian general physics main character throughline othello endeavors to prove or disprove his wife's infidelity.
Othello's character flaws essay while the chaos that ensues at the end of the play is due to iago's malicious manipulation of characters, othello's individual downfall can be specifically attributed to his own weaknesses and character flaws. ''othello,'' a play about a moorish soldier who allows his insecurities to destroy his life, is one of william shakespeare's most popular. The character of othello - the character of othello shakespeare's othello is not simply a play which embodies the conflict between insider and outsider the paradigm of otherness presented in this play is more complicated than the conclusion, othello is different. Introduction othello, like all of shakespeare's plays, particularly the tragedies, is complex and subtly nuancedthrough its complexities and subtleties, shakespeare makes us care about the characters who people this story we understand their weaknesses and. Human emotions in the othello play print reference this published: 23rd march, 2015 last edited: according to hazitts who told about othello's and iago's characters, it has been said that tragedy purifies the affections by terror and pity.
William shakespeare have written many plays his most tragic play is othello othello is also the name of the main character in the play, he is quite hard to understand in order to have a better understanding of othello's character, examining his changes throughout the play, flaws and why he is considered a tragic. Othello the play's protagonist and hero othello is the highly respected general of the armies of venice, although he is not a native of venice but rather a moor, or north african. How do the other characters react to othello's skin color or to the fact that he is a moor the characters reaction towards othello is very dehumanizing for it inherits the concepts of animal description. How do the other characters react to othello's skin color or to the fact that he is a moor how does othello see himself discuss the importance of setting in the play. Extracts from this document introduction how and why does othello's character change during the course of the play how does shakespeare present this dramatically. Free essay: othello's character in the duration of the tragedy of othello, by the world's greatest writer, william shakespeare, is first shown as. | <urn:uuid:c586af12-f47c-4454-af11-a9566021c298> | {
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Studies & Degrees in Aboriginal Studies
Choose where you would like to study Aboriginal Studies:AustraliaThe United States
Aboriginal Studies is a discipline that is primarily concerned with the culture and history of indigenous people, including their language, arts, literature and traditions. Colleges and universities offering this course would usually include Aboriginal Studies as one of the disciplines belonging to the Department of Anthropology and/or Linguistics. Scholars of this field are all encouraged to look at different concepts from varying perspectives and to regard their own thoughts and experiences from a different point of view. Through this, the program seeks to understand the customs and traditions of indigenous people while keeping a close look on mainstream culture.
The word aboriginal means ‘the first’ and has been used in the past by the English and the Italians to pertain to the people living in a place originally before newcomers or invaders came. In a global basis, Australia can be said to be the home of the aboriginal people because of the fossils that have been found in New South Wales predate evidences of men living in Europe by twelve thousand years. The problem regarding aboriginal culture is that much has been lost not only through the passing of time but also through attempts of colonization and invasion as well. Globalization and societal adaptation also play important roles in the preservation of the culture of the indigenous people.
In the same way that students of folklore seek to record and preserve oral traditions, scholars of Aboriginal studies are tasked with understanding and recording the cultures of indigenous people or aborigines even as they change to accommodate mainstream customs and culture before they get forgotten entirely. Scholars of this particular discipline are usually equipped with logical and creative minds in able to maintain a critical focus on their areas of study.
Aboriginal Studies, like most courses, offer different concentration courses that students could choose from, depending on the aspect of the cultures they want to focus on. Language, tradition and art are several concentration courses a student can choose from. This interdisciplinary program has quite a lot in common with cultural studies in that scholars of Aboriginal Studies focus on the cultural practices of a certain group of people and the meanings that the said people attach to their practices. But while cultural studies focus mainly on the interrelation of economics, the process of production and society, Aboriginal Studies have more to do with the existence of a subculture within a mainstream one and how they interrelate, influence and adapt to each other.
Students of this particular discipline would be expected to spend a lot of time in the field for their research and studies, as with folklorists, since first-hand observations of particular cultures are recommended for accurate studies. Graduates of Aboriginal Studies can seek to continue their research in their respective colleges and universities as instructors or professors. Some may choose to stay in the field, writing their findings for journals and books; while still others may choose to work as policy analysts for project or program administrations. | <urn:uuid:7192ce72-df60-4dec-8fbf-0e49f7a4d42c> | {
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Raising a Reader Starts at Birth!
It’s never too early to get children excited about words, and what learning to read can mean. Our storytimes, picture book collections, videos and unique games give tots the building blocks to become readers for life.
From the time they are infants, children learn language and other important skills that will help them enter kindergarten ready to learn to read. Learning to read begins before children enter school.
Parents and care-givers are a child’s first and best teacher. You know more about your child than anyone else. Your child will learn best by doing things with you! If English is not your first language, speak to the child in the language you know best.
The best way to help children get ready to read are talking, singing, reading, writing, and playing together. It is easy to make these practices part of your everyday routine. Have fun with these activities so that your child wants to do them again and again!
Talking helps your child get ready to read. You can have a conversation about what is happening in your day. Ask your child questions and expand on what your child says. Take turns and give your child lots of time to make comments and express ideas.
Singing is a natural way to learn about language. Songs help children develop listening skills and pay attention to the rhymes and rhythms of spoken language. Songs break down words so that children can hear the individual syllables. This is an important pre-reading skill. You can clap along to the syllables in words.
Reading together is the single most important way to help your child get ready to read. Shared reading develops a love of reading and an appreciation of books. A child’s interest in reading is an important predictor of later reading achievement.
Playing helps children think symbolically and develop language skills. Dramatic play helps build narrative skills as children make up a story about what they are doing. Playing with your child can be a great way to prompt conversation.
Writing can include activities like scribbling with crayons and tracing letters in the sand with a stick. It builds fine motor skills. Writing things for your child, like writing their name on their artwork, teaches children about letters, a pre-reading skill called “letter knowledge”.
Early Learning resources include:
- Storytimes for five different age ranges (see calendar for dates and locations), developed using Every Child Ready to Read II early literacy curriculum and California Dept. of Education standards for Kindergarten Readiness.
- Extensive collections with high-quality picture books, nonfiction, and toddler books for little hands - take home up to 50 items with your library card!
- Toys and play areas to encourage dramatic play, exploration, and learning about the world.
- Early Literacy Calendars developed by our children's librarians to encourage daily use of the five practices of early literacy.
- The 1,000 Books Before Kindergarten program is a nationwide initiative encouraging parents and caregivers to read 1,000 books to their young learners before kindergarten.
- Stories to Go are themed bilingual kits with resources for childcare providers to host high-quality storytimes.
The Sonoma County Library offers a wide variety of opportunities for you to talk, play, read, write, and sing with us. Visit your local branch to explore!
Sonoma County Library Survey Work
In May and June 2019, Sonoma County Library staff distributed surveys to program participants to collect data and insights about how their early childhood literacy services and programs are supporting community needs. Sonoma County Library surveyed patrons using the Project Outcome Early Childhood Literacy Survey, which measures the impact of services designed to improve early literacy and learning skills to prepare children ages 0-5 to succeed in school. A total of 159 survey responses were collected.
Of the percentage of parents or caregivers surveyed who either agreed or strongly agreed that they benefited from the service or program:
- 95% learned something they can share with their children
- 91% intend to spend more time interacting with their children
- 93% felt more confident helping their children learn
- 95% were more aware of resources and services provided by the library
Click this link to review the full results of the 2019 Early Literacy Storytimes Survey. | <urn:uuid:9a6a030a-aaa0-4e0c-af97-7e9a8206f728> | {
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Libertarians and proponents of other individual-centered philosophies have all but surrendered the subject of childhood education (1-8th grades) to their intellectual opponents. This is largely because they are more willing to “opt out” of state schools and leave the intellectual development of children up to parents and families. Statists, on the other hand, have no qualms about investing resources (their own and others’) in molding and shaping future generations through compulsory childhood education. How is an individual-centered education different from a statist education? What are their competing values?
In the United States, two ideas currently dominate childhood education: what is called (derogatorily) the “factory model,” and the “child-centered” approach. The difference between the two, however, is in their method and not their purpose. Picture a typical classroom with rows of desks, bells announcing the end of periods, and a teacher lecturing at the chalkboard, and you have the factory model.
Child-centered theorists argue that the factory model stifles creativity, discourages working with others, and promotes excessive focus on competition and grades. Some, like Kirsten Olson (author of Wounded by School) and Parker J. Palmer, believe the factory model even emotionally and spiritually injures students.
So far, while it has made some inroads in individual classrooms and is the reigning paradigm in university education programs, the child-centered approach has yet to replace the factory model as the dominant educational method in public or private schools. The child-centered approach, however, remains—at its heart—about educating children for particular ends.
Its proponents are not fundamentally opposed to the public education system—they simply want to impose their own vision on that system. Many, like William Ayers (former Weather Underground leader and current professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago), seek to use public education and the child-centered approach as arms of their own political battles.
Neither “factory” nor child-centered methods challenge the fundamental purpose of public education, which is to remake the individual into an instrument of the state. As a Catholic school will work to instill Catholic values in its students, it should not come as any surprise that a state-run school will promote statist values, no matter what the method of education.
An individualist recognizes the inherent danger of an education program controlled by the state. Anyone who controls the state schools controls, to a large degree, what children will learn. Thanks to mandatory education laws, parents must surrender their children to these institutions, where they will be molded in any way the state sees fit. That is why countries like Germany have worked so hard to stamp out homeschooling. Any schooling that takes place outside state-approved parameters is a threat. Luckily, in the United States, we still have some options.
A child who is raised, or educated, to act as an individual must be instilled with the spirit of critical thinking, familial and self responsibility, the importance of private property, freedom of conscience, and contract theory, et al. It seems clear that education must return to the basics of a free society, since so much of that philosophy has been pushed to the margins, if it is taught at all. Always, the individual (as a social unit), with his or her accompanying rights and responsibilities, should be set at the center of childhood education.
Individual education does not mean indulging a child’s every whim. More often than not, it is important for the individual to learn what he or she cannot do, and that he or she will sometimes need to shoulder burdens or work for the well being of others. We are against servitude to the state—not against altruism, self-sacrifice, hard work, charity, or good will. Statists argue that if we are for the individual then we must be in favor of selfishness or indifference to the suffering of others. That is simply not the case, and in fact, education for the individual would reflect that reality.
Failure to promote individuality, critical thinking, and responsibility for oneself and others during a child’s formative years will guarantee that libertarianism and other individual-centered philosophies will remain in the minority. | <urn:uuid:364cbcb1-ec7d-4beb-af84-80946c087946> | {
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Herniated Disk And Back Pain
The disk at the back spinal column divides the skeletal structures. Disk does not compose blood vessels or nerves like other elements of the skeletal structure. Instead, disks are made up of fat, water, and tissues that connect to the skeletal structure and most likely to suffer being a herniated disk. During all hours of the day, the disks leak water, which is caused from forces of gravity. For instance, when we sit it is a gravity force in action, which one might think that it takes little effort to sit, but contrary to the notion, it is adding a lot of weight to the spine and disk.
The disk restores water that has leaked out during the day, yet the water is restored at slower paces. Fat and water is balanced in the disk, yet when it is not it causes a person to shrink height. Fat and water inside disks are thick, yet when a person starts aging, the substances begin to thin. When fat and water begins to thin, it can lead to osteoarthritis. Thinning water and fat of the disk is also the leading cause of back pain, especially at the lower region. Using ease cream may help with some of the pain.
Disks exterior are covered by “Annulus Fibrosis.” Sometimes the connective tissues lead to abnormal thickening, which scars the tissue. Usually injury follows, then infection, and moves to restrained oxygen intake. Surgery is often the result. The inner area of the disk is shielded by “Nucleus Pulposis.” The pulp makes up the hub of the disk, which is polished and soft. The disks make up the primary supporting force that regulates the spinal column, bones, muscles, etc.
When the disk is not protecting the spinal structures it is often dehydrated, pressured, or deformed. The disk has strength that combines with flexibility to withstand high loads of pressure, yet when that flexibility and strength is interrupted, it can result to herniated disk slips, or other injuries.
Slipped disks in medical terms are known as HNP. (Herniated Nucleus Pulposa) As outlined the intervertebral disks are ruptured, which interrupts the nucleus pulposa. In medical terms, slipped disks can include L4, L5, which is Lumbrosacral and C5-7, which is Cervical. L4 is a single area of the spinal column and disks, which defines the numerical disk ruptured.
Slipped disks are caused from accidents, trauma, strain of the back and neck, lifting heavy objects, disk degeneration, weak ligaments, and congenital deformity of the bones. Disk degeneration is outlined in this article.
Symptoms Of Disk Problems
Lumbrosacral will show apparent symptoms, such as acute lower back pain, which radiates to the buttocks and down to the leg. The person will feel weak, numb, or tingling that stretches to the leg and foot. Ambulation also causes pain.
If cervical disk problems are present, the patient will feel stiffness around the neck. As well, the symptoms will make the patient feel weak, numb, and he/she will feel tingling around the hands. Neck pain often generates pain, extending it to the arms and onto the hands, which cause weakness to the upper region of the body. The weakness often targets the triceps and biceps, which become atrophy. The lumbar is affected also, which the patient will find it difficult to straighten the back.
What Happens With A Slipped Disk
What happens when a disk is slipped and/or broken the annulus fibrosis reacts by pushing its substance into the hollow spacing between the spinal column. The spinal column is made up of nerves, which travel to various parts of the body, including the brain. These nerves are affected when the disk is slipped. Learn more about the Central Nerve System (CNS) to relate to slipped disks. First, understand how the joints and connective tissues can cause back pain. | <urn:uuid:94152d76-693e-473b-abd7-7c8ee47f3983> | {
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Today, the acknowledging of the entities around the world is one of the most important things mankind has to practice. It is very important to overcome how we feel among each other in the international world that connects each one of the humans on Earth. The connection of each one of us will determine the health of society that makes several impacts to nature itself. For example, to interact with at least one person will show you a different thought or feeling.
If you want to approach to the feelings of the other person for any sort of reason, you need a kind of posture and also you will need phrase you can use to communicate to the entity that you care on how their existence is in that exact portion of time. Depending on the relation you have with the entity, to ask someone how they feel will bring a lovely or perhaps a negative statement.
It is important because we, as humans, need to understand that we can count on other people in order to seek well and to build a better world for future generations.
The outsider´s perspective about your own culture could be one of the main reasons on why you want to know the conditions of their status. How they are feeling about something is one of the most important information every human can disclose. French speaking countries continue to be popular tourist destinations around the globe. They provide you with great art, architecture and more information that will grant you with lots of satisfaction.
Remember that the standard way to ask a person “how are you?” in French is “comment allez-vous?” but here bellow you will encounter different ways to ask this question and to even return the question.
“How are you” in French
The standard phrase used to ask someone how they are is “Comment allez-vous?” It is used at any situation, but it is most frequently used for formal events encountering strangers, elders or any formal situations. Pronounced as (kom-mohn tay-lay voo) it will literally translate to “How do you go?”
“Comment ça va?”
This less formal phrase will represent a more casual way to take the information needed from your friends and family. Yes, this phrase will be used only with people whom you are familiar with. “comment ça va?” pronounced as (koh-mohn sah vah) will literally mean “how does it go?”
Make it short with “ça va?”
This is a very informal way of wondering and asking to the individual “how are you?” pronounce the question as (sah vah) while its literal meaning will be “does it go?” and it is similar to ask in English “what’s up?”
Use “comment vas-tu?”
Similar to the formal and polite form of the question “comment vas-tu?” is used in casual events, among friends for example. The question is pronounced as (koh-mohn vah too) and its literal translation will be “how do you go?”
To respond the questions, here are some phrases you might want to know.
To make a positive response you might want to use the word “bien”. Pronounced as (bee-ehn) this term means “well” and it is very useful when you want to tell someone you are well and it is commonly used as part of the phrases: (Je vais bien) which is an extended response that means “I am doing well”, (Tres bien) that means “very well”, (Bien, merci) that means “well, thank you”, (tout va bien) that means “all good” and we also have the option (assez bien) which means “quite good.”
If the case is needed, to express a negative statement you may use “mal” (mahl) it is the direct antonym of the positive word bien, and it will be often used as a response on its own nature that will translate into “bad.” There is, of course, an extended version that turns it into a phrase “je vais mal” which means “I am bad” or “…Doing badly”
If you are somewhere in between good and bad you may use “comme-ci comme-ca” and it will be pronounced as (kum-see, kum-sah) which means “so-so” in English.
But after your response, you might want to return the question…
Return the question
Ask “Et vous?” to ask someone how they are just after you answered to their question on how you are. The translation of this question will literally be “and you?” and you may use it in any event or situation you are involved with but, especially can be used with strangers, elders or formal situations.
To ask a friend or any relative such as a family member, you are able to use “et toi” which is an informal way to ask someone “what about you?” in a more casual event. | <urn:uuid:56b8606a-edfc-46f1-a332-2ac41149b63e> | {
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A University of Alabama at Birmingham archaeologist has discovered a hidden world in Egypt.
Sarah Parcak, Ph.D., an Egyptologist and assistant professor of archaeology at UAB, used infra-red satellite imaging to discover 17 lost pyramids as well as more than 1,000 tombs and 3,100 ancient settlements.
Her discoveries will be revealed in the BBC documentary Egypt's Lost Cities, which airs on BBC One and BBC One HD on Monday, May 30, 2011 – in the United Kingdom. This will not be shown in the United States. The Discovery Channel will air its own version of Parcak’s story with new revelations later this summer.
Parcak’s research was funded by a grant from the BBC in hopes of exploring how satellite imagery can be used in conjunction with archaeology. For more than a year, Parcak’s team used a combination of NASA and commercial satellites that orbited 700 km above the earth to capture the images of Egyptian antiquities. She was able to uncover sites that had been invisible – including a world of houses, tombs and pyramids. Once the images were discovered via satellite, a team of French excavators confirmed what Parcak saw in the images from space.
"I couldn't believe we could locate so many sites all over Egypt,” she told the BBC. "To excavate a pyramid is the dream of every archaeologist."
Parcak worked with Zari Hawass, Ph.D., Egypt’s Minister of State for Antiquities, who was instrumental in her access to the excavation sites, she said.
At Tanis, the site made famous by the Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark, Parcak discovered an ancient network of streets and houses, which are completely invisible from the ground.
“This hints at the possibilities of discoveries to come,” she said. “I am excited for my generation and the generations to come. There is enough to be excavated for 50 generations to come.”
This is the first time Parcak has done a discovery on this a large a scale, she said. She also plans to partner with Hawass for training young Egyptians to do this work as well.
“It is important that we map out our ancient history before it’s gone,” she said.
Stay tuned for more details about the upcoming Discovery Channel special. | <urn:uuid:7dee46e2-b252-4a31-b7d0-76663b43953e> | {
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European Cranberrybush Viburnum
USDA Zones 4 to 8
Also sometimes called Guilder rose, this viburnum bears maplelike leaves and flat-topped clusters of white flowers in spring. The two- to three-inch-wide clusters are made up of two types of flowers: A ring of showy, white, 3/4-inch sterile flowers surround smaller white fertile flowers, which yield red berries in fall. The berries stay on the plants through winter to add extra color and interest to the landscape. Birds eat the fruit late in the season, and bird-sown seedlings will pop up elsewhere in the garden. The three-lobed leaves are dark green in summer and sometimes show good fall color; leaves may still be green when the drop off or they may turn red before dropping.
European cranberrybush viburnums usually are 8 to 12 feet tall, but can reach 15 feet. Plants spread from 10 to 15 feet and produce dense clumps of straight twigs that arch to create a rounded outline.
Give this species a spot in full sun to partial shade—flowering is best in full sun. These shrubs are easy to grow and thrive in a range of soils, from wet to moist and well-drained conditions. Prune immediately after flowering as necessary to shape the plant. Also remove up to one-third of the older stems from each clump annually to give new growth room to grow.
How to use it:
Use this adaptable viburnum in shrub borders, hedges, or mass plantings. Dwarf cultivars are especially useful because their smaller stature makes it easier to fit them into the landscape. | <urn:uuid:e53e42e9-be80-49f4-92da-40b649815657> | {
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Scientists have used satellite tracking and a crime-scene technique to discover an important feeding ground for green turtles in the Mediterranean. University of Exeter researchers measured “stable isotope ratios” – a chemical signature also used by forensic scientists – to discover which foraging grounds turtles had come from to breed in Cyprus.
They discovered that Lake Bardawil, on Egypt’s north coast, is now the most important foraging ground for turtles which breed at Alagadi in Cyprus.
The researchers believe few breeding females came from the Lake Bardawil feeding ground until 2010. It is likely that changes to the ecosystem have made this shallow saline lake a top foraging site.
“Our satellite tracking of turtles breeding in Cyprus has been going on for some years,” said senior author Professor Brendan Godley, director of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on the University of Exeter’s Penryn Campus in Cornwall.
“This meant we knew where many of the turtles went to forage for food, but our preliminary analysis using stable isotope ratios showed a major foraging area had been missed.
“A large proportion of turtles had isotope ratios that did not correspond to sites previously identified, and we tracked five of them. Five out of five went to Lake Bardawil.”
Green turtles swim hundreds of miles between feeding and breeding areas, and the research suggests 82 per of females show “extremely high” consistency in isotope ratios – meaning they keep going back to the same places.
In terms of stable isotope ratios, animals “are what they eat”, meaning tests can reveal where they have spent time.
“This research demonstrates how stable isotope analysis can help us learn more about the lives of species like green turtles,” said first author Dr Phil Bradshaw, also from the University of Exeter.
“Using a combination of this analysis and satellite tracking gives us more reliable data, and this can be used to measure the success of future conservation efforts.” | <urn:uuid:d3dacae2-31ab-4685-b2a0-40122f8c066c> | {
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Why horses when dogs/cats/other soft, furry creatures are less intimidating and familiar?
Horses are especially valuable in the therapy process due to their prey animal instincts. They are highly sensitive to their environment and responsive to human emotional cues. With this sensitivity to subtle changes, horses often respond to people differently based on the individual’s emotional state. This feedback provides exceptional insight into the client’s internal process and a valuable opportunity for skill building.
Another distinguishing quality of the horse is its impressive size and power, making them naturally intimidating to people. By interacting with these animals, clients are able to build confidence as they overcome fear and establish assertiveness. Many times, clients who have trouble relating to people are able to connect with the horses in ways that are profound and powerful. In the presence of these intuitive animals, people often become more present, mindful, and self-aware.
Equine Assisted Therapy is experiential in nature. Clients learn by directly working with a horse. The activities are chosen intentionally to reveal important insights and encourage certain skills. Clients are then given the opportunity to discuss feelings, behaviors, and patterns they noticed during the activity and how those elements may be apparent in other areas of their lives. Non-verbal communication, problem solving, boundary setting, leadership, confidence, and relationships are all common themes.
Therapy with horses has been used for a variety of mental health needs including eating disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, ADHD, grief and loss, and relationship problems. Individuals, couples, families, and teams can all benefit from this type of therapy. | <urn:uuid:5268b21c-af61-4e7f-ad00-47a0b68181cd> | {
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One of New Zealand's epic stands on the Gallipoli peninsula was in the heat of August 1915 at Chunuk Bair, one of the three high points on the Sari Bair range. These were the main objectives of the Anzacs' offensive of early August 1915 when they tried to break out of the stalemate with the Turks in the Anzac sector.
The New Zealand Infantry Brigade advanced up Chailak Dere and Sazli Beit Dere during the night of 6-7 August to capture Chunuk Bair. Earlier, their way had been opened by the New Zealand mounted rifles units and the Maori Contingent, which had captured key points (including Old No 3 Outpost and Table Top) guarding the valleys in daring night assaults.
The attack had fallen behind schedule and the New Zealanders were still a kilometre short of the summit when dawn broke on 7 August, sheltering at a position below Rhododendron Ridge that would become known as The Apex.
In a mid-morning attack the Auckland Battalion suffered heavy casualties to reach the Pinnacle, 200 m from the summit. When ordered to follow suit, the Wellington Battalion's commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone refused to sacrifice his men in a futile attempt, insisting that the attack be mounted that night.
In the pre-dawn darkness of 8 August the Wellington swiftly moved up Rhododendron Ridge on to the summit, which almost inexplicably had been abandoned by its Turkish defenders. When the sun rose, Malone and his men, assisted by some Auckland mounted riflemen and British troops who also reached the summit, engaged in a desperate struggle to hold off the Turks.
The Otago Battalion and Wellington Mounted Rifles relieved the Wellingtons during the night of 8-9 August only to endure a similar ordeal all through the long summer day. They, too, were relieved during the night of 9-10 August by two British battalions, which almost immediately succumbed to a massive counterattack launched by the Turkish commander, Mustafa Kemal.
The summit was lost, but the New Zealanders stemmed the Turkish flood down the seaward slopes of the hill. The Apex was held until the end of the campaign. | <urn:uuid:4439bc2b-de80-443a-bead-da571411d9b0> | {
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Call it the Shangri-La factor. In the popular imagination, pre-Communist Tibet was a fabled theocracy in which a beatific Dalai Lama smiled over a kingdom where no man raised a hand in violence as he spun his prayer wheel in search of nirvana. Then along came the Communist Chinese, who made short work of these placid people. Fifty years after the Chinese takeover of Tibet, the myth still persists and has even grown, thanks to the media and the increased interest of Westerners in Buddhism.
But contrary to the pop history version, the Tibetans did not simply let the Chinese roll over their country in 1951. For almost 20 years afterward they fought a long, bloody war of resistance that struck serious blows to Chairman Mao Tse-tung’s expansionist plans. Invisible to outsiders as it raged, this largely unknown struggle that no novelist could have dreamed up got support from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, which sponsored secret training camps and made arms and equipment drops to aid horse-mounted herdsmen against the bombers and artillery of the largest standing army on the planet.
By way of background, the story begins in the fall of 1951, when the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) marched into the ancient Tibetan capital at Lhasa, after forcing the Dalai Lama’s religious government to sign a ‘Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet.’ This thin fiction of an agreement was somewhat maintained in Lhasa, but in the outlying regions the Chinese occupation involved forced collectivization and the killing of tribal chiefs and lamas.
At that time influential Tibetan traders began to mobilize in a resistance movement that would later become Chushi Gandrug (Four Rivers, Six Mountains). Chushi Gandrug‘s organizer was a hard-fighting, hard-drinking 51-year-old trader named Gompo Tashi Andrugtsang. Uncoordinated and poorly armed as they were, Tibetans conducted a series of surprisingly successful raids and battles.
A widespread popular revolt finally broke out in February 1956, after the Chinese bombed ancient monasteries at Chatreng and Litang, killing thousands of monks and civilians massed there for protection. Given the growing military might of Tibet’s occupiers, Gompo Tashi and the meagerly equipped Chushi Gandrug knew they were going to need outside support. Consequently, the Dalai Lama’s elder brother, Gyalo Thondup, who had already been approached by the CIA, contacted the Americans. The Americans, he found, were quite intrigued with the prospect of supporting the Tibetans as part of a global anti-Communist campaign. If nothing else, their resistance would be one more way to create a ‘running sore for the reds,’ as one CIA man put it, even though at the top levels of the U.S. administration there was no pretense of commitment to Tibetan independence. Gompo Tashi’s guerrillas were excited at the prospect of American support. They knew little about the United States, but judging from the Communist propaganda they received, this faraway country was China’s greatest enemy.
Then one pitch-black night in the spring of 1957 six men from Gompo Tashi’s group found themselves spirited away by the CIA, whereupon they encountered with amazement their first airplane — for which the Tibetans had to invent a new word, namdu, or’sky boat’ — and saw their first white man. After an unimaginable flight in the unimaginable machine, six very bewildered Tibetans landed in Saipan for training, though most had no idea where on earth Saipan might be. Over the next five months the Tibetans were trained in modern weapons and guerrilla tactics. They were also trained in espionage and codes, and in the operation of the hand-cranked radio transmitter/receiver.
‘We only lived to kill Chinese,’ recalled one Tibetan veteran. ‘Our hopes were high.’ One of the trainees, Gyato Wangdu (who would later become the last commander of the Chushi Gandrug), asked CIA operations officer Roger McCarthy for ‘a portable nuclear weapon of some kind…that the trainees might employ to destroy Chinese by the hundreds.’ The CIA declined, but McCarthy noted that Wangdu ‘did take to demolition training with renewed enthusiasm’ and became quite taken with bazookas and mortars.
By fall of 1957, Tibetans who had never seen a sky boat were jumping out of one in the cold light of a full moon over Tibet. One of the first jumpers, Athar Norbu, remembered: ‘We could see the Tsangpo River below us gleaming in the dark. There were no clouds. It was a clear night. Happiness surged through me…[as] we went rattling out of the plane.’ In Lhasa, Athar Norbu and a fellow guerrilla made contact with Gompo Tashi. This ultrasecret project was code-named ‘ST Circus.’ The CIA was now in the fight.
In the summer of 1958, Gompo Tashi established new headquarters at Triguthang in southern Tibet, where thousands of men had gathered in a pan-Tibetan resistance force. In an effort to be more inclusive, they renamed their movement Tensung Dhanglang Magar (Voluntary Force for the Defense of Buddhism). Two CIA-trained Tibetans watched it all, radioing back to the United States. In July the CIA made its first arms drop into Tibet — mostly of untraceable old Lee-Enfield rifles. Agency veterans of ST Circus recalled the excitement and romance at receiving messages from their protégés 15,000 miles away in a near-mythical place few Americans could locate on a globe. Even CIA Director Allen Dulles, searching for Tibet on a world map, poked around near Hungary before one of his officers politely enlightened him. Quoting a fellow CIA officer, John Kenneth Knaus, a former CIA operations officer who worked with Tibetan resistance from 1959 to 1965, admitted, ‘There was something so special’ about Tibet — including the ‘Shangri-La factor.’ Beyond that, the CIA officers involved — self-dubbed ‘the Old Guys Tibetan Club’ — admit today with a chuckle that they felt fortunate to be involved in a ‘good operation’ rather than the 1961 Bay of Pigs debacle in Cuba.
Thrilled by the success of the two radio operators in central Tibet, the CIA built a top-secret facility at Camp Hale, Colo., former home of the U.S. Army’s 10th Mountain Division. The Tibetans loved Camp Hale’s 10,000-foot Rocky Mountain peaks, alpine air and dense forests — reminiscent of home — and called the camp Dhumra, or ‘the Garden.’ Life at Camp Hale was Spartan, the training rigid and thorough. When the Tibetans got on the plane for their return flight homeward, each team carried the same things — its personal weapons, wireless sets and a cyanide capsule strapped onto each man’s left wrist.
The Camp Hale Tibetans believed they were being trained to regain Tibetan independence. Interpreter Thinley Paljor recalled: ‘In our games room we had a picture of [Dwight D.] Eisenhower, signed by him, ‘To my fellow Tibetan friends, from Eisenhower.’ So we thought the president himself was giving us support.’ Some of their trainers came to feel that way as well, with unusually strong bonds formed between many CIA men and the Tibetans.
Back in Tibet the resistance’s furious campaign was paying off. Freedom fighters were effectively in control of significant chunks of the mountain kingdom. Encouraged, the agency made a second arms drop to Gompo Tashi’s men, then two more resupply drops in 1958.
In Lhasa, however, the delicate veneer of coexistence between Tibet’s young god king, His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, and the Communist occupiers was stripping away. Certain incidents had made obvious, even to the public, the Chinese plans for the Dalai Lama’s elimination, and a multitude of Lhasa’s populace surrounded his residence to protect him. How the Dalai Lama ever escaped through this throng is a mystery, but on March 17, 1959, resistance fighters smuggled him out of his residence, the Potala, and through guerrilla-held territory. They were joined by two CIA-trained Tibetans in escorting him to the Indian border.
Two days later, still unaware of the Dalai Lama’s escape, the Chinese lobbed shells toward his vacated palace, and at 2 a.m. on March 20 they began shelling the city. Enraged when they learned of the Dalai Lama’s escape, the Chinese executed Lhasa civilians in reprisal. Exact numbers are unknown, but the bodies were reportedly stacked like cordwood in the streets. The Chushi Gandrug forces in eastern Tibet were quickly outgunned, outnumbered and, thanks to aircraft and improved Chinese radio communications, relentlessly pursued by beefed-up PLA forces. In the face of such an onslaught, Gompo Tashi and what was left of his force joined the exodus of Tibetans streaming across the Himalayas, following their exiled leader. After the Dalai Lama’s flight to India, the number of Tibetan teams secretly flown into Camp Hale grew. Eventually, 259 Tibetans would be trained there.
Still, there were successes. Gompo Tashi later related to Roger McCarthy, CIA operations officer in charge of the Tibetan program at the time, details of a December 25 attack by 200 of his men: ‘The men attacked on the date set and fought the Chinese for 15 days, destroying more than 500 Chinese quarters and many vehicles….The Chinese Communist newspaper…reported that more than 550 Chinese soldiers had been killed ‘heroically’ in this battle. We lost 20 men and nine others wounded.’ Tashi added that 29 Tibetan volunteers leading 400 locals attacked another Chinese camp in the area. ‘That battle lasted 10 days,’ he recalled. ‘They inflicted heavy casualties on the Chinese….’ Then on January 24, 1959, ‘Another of our volunteer forces of 130 men attacked the Chinese in Tengchen and seized the fortress in Teng Dzong…. More than 4,000 people from the local area volunteered to join us….The destruction of the Chinese was systematic and about completed when unfortunately the skies cleared and the Chinese began bombing and machine-gunning us from their airplanes….We had not killed all of the Chinese but would have if we had better communications between our forces and if the weather had not cleared.’
Eighteen more guerrillas were dropped in September 1959 near Chagra Pembar, 200-plus miles northeast of Lhasa, to train a native force gathered in a tent city with their families and the livestock on which they depended. Eventually the force reached 35,000 Tibetans. This was a feudal culture whose tribes gathered in the same way they had for 1,000 years. Amid the bleating animals and the sea of blue smoke from cooking fires, at least two of the Tibetan teams radioed for more support.
The CIA made several arms drops soon afterward, this time providing M-1 Garand rifles, mortars, grenades, recoilless rifles and machine guns. Nor were they small drops. The first one consisted of 126 pallets of cargo, including 370 M-1 rifles with 192 rounds per rifle, four machine guns with 1,000 rounds each and two radio sets. A second similar drop came the next month, and a third 226-pallet drop during the next full moon provided 800 more rifles, 200 cases of ammo and 20 cases of grenades. On January 6, 1960, some 650 pallets landed with more arms, plus medicine and food. Clearly, after the Dalai Lama escaped, the agency was far less concerned about maintaining ‘plausible deniability’ regarding the arms support.
By now the massive, tumultuous Tibetan camp at Chagra Pembar was a real problem. Guerrillas cannot operate effectively with such encumbrances, and CIA coordinators tried frantically to convince the fighters to disperse into smaller units in order to operate more flexibly and present less of a target. Within a month, the inevitable happened. A veteran of Chagra Pembar, Dechen (surnames are not always used in Tibet) described the attack: ‘A Chinese plane came in the morning and dropped leaflets which told us to surrender and warned us not to listen to the ‘imperialist’ Americans. After that, every day, some fifteen jets came. They came in groups of five, in the morning, at midday and at 3 or 4 o’clock in the afternoon. Each jet carried fifteen to twenty bombs. We were in the high plains so there was nowhere to hide. The five jets made quick rounds and killed animals and men.’ Thousands of men, women and children were killed, both at Chagra Pembar and at another gathering site called Nira Tsogeng. Artillery barrages topped off the aerial bombings. Only five of the Chagra Pembar parachutists survived; the rest died in the Chinese attacks or were hunted down later.
This disaster was even worse when the Chinese bombed the large encampment at Nira Tsogeng, where the CIA had dropped 430 pallets of weapons and other supplies to 4,000 Tibetan fighters. Saddled with their dependents and some 30,000 animals, the surviving resistance fled across the desolate plain of Ladakh, where most died for lack of water.
Things got grimmer. In the spring of 1960, a seven-man team parachuted into Markam in eastern Tibet. Led by Yeshe Wangyal, son of a local chieftain, it hooked up with the force of Wangyal’s father, who had been killed some months before. The guerrillas landed on a light dusting of snow, considered a good omen by Tibetans. This time, however, the omen proved false. After arming the local resistance, they almost immediately came under attack and fought running battles against a steadily swelling PLA force until they were surrounded. The sole living survivor of that team today is a former medical student turned guerrilla named Bhusang, who remembered: ‘The whole mountainside was swarming with Chinese. We fought them nine times. During the battle, the Chinese shouted out to us, ‘Surrender! Surrender!’ We shouted back, ‘Eat sh-t!’…We really fought. It was intense, like a dream. It didn’t seem real. And then, at around 10 o’clock, I looked around and saw that two men from our team had taken their cyanide capsules. It was the end. I put the capsule in my mouth because later I might not have had time.’ Before he could bite down on the capsule, however, a blow from behind knocked him out cold. Bhusang spent the next 18 years in a Chinese prison, where he was tortured and starved until he revealed his training by the Americans and the identities of those taught with him.
The Tibetans’ resistance efforts under CIA auspices, however valiant, now seemed more and more pointless. Forty-nine men had been dropped into Tibet. Twelve survived, two of whom were in Chinese prisons. With the benefit of 40 years of hindsight, it is clear that the area of operations could not even feed its own population, much less an additional guerrilla force. Compounding the situation was the Tibetans’ independent spirit, which often valued pure guts over strategic planning. Against the advice of their CIA mentors, the Tibetans often insisted upon hurling full frontal attacks at the massive Chinese forces.
One of the biggest problems for the resistance was that the CIA could not provide tactical radio equipment, which would allow them to coordinate their forces. While the CIA feared the Tibetans would not observe proper communications security, there were other obstacles. The PRC 10 radios ate batteries by the dozen. Given the choice of being dropped batteries or weapons, Tibetans chose the latter.
The effort to sustain a large guerrilla force had been a painful failure. From a purely logistical standpoint, however, the drops into hostile Tibetan territory had been a brilliant success. ‘The earlier drops, perhaps the first 10 or 15, were very successful in that the morale of the Tibetan trainees and the Chushi Gandrug went sky high,’ McCarthy said in retrospect. ‘The next 20 or so gave the resistance much of what they needed to maintain their winning ways over the PLA; the drops to the Pembar area brought false hope, and thus I call them sadly futile.’
Given the nasty beating the resistance was now taking, the time had come to move its base out of reach of the Chinese. In the summer of 1960 the Tibetan operations base was relocated to Mustang province, a moonscapelike scrap of Nepalese real estate jutting into Tibet. From there the resistance planned, with CIA help, to send 2,100 fighters in groups of 300 into occupied Tibet. One of Gompo Tashi’s lieutenants, an ex-monk named Bapa Gen Yeshe, ran the operation, and he easily collected the first 300 guerrillas for Mustang. Rightfully nervous about such numbers while it secretly staged operations in Nepal without consent, the CIA demanded the highest level of security.
Security, however, was not the average Tibetan’s strong point; articles began to appear in the newspapers about the more than 2,000 Tibetans flocking into the camp — over three times the original number planned — to be fed, housed and kept occupied. Upset by the security breach, and heeding Eisenhower’s proscription against conducting provocative airdrops in the wake of the 1960 U-2 spy plane incident, the CIA withdrew support. That made for a horribly bitter winter situation in the Mustang camps. Some Tibetans froze to death. Others ate their shoes and animal hides to survive. Eventually, however, money was provided for food, and Tibetan hopes at Mustang remained high.
Spring of 1961 brought the Americans a new president and an apparent change of heart. John F. Kennedy’s administration, at least initially, continued to support Tibetan resistance. The CIA dropped more arms and a seven-man team to the camps in Nepal. It turned out to be one of the most auspicious decisions in CIA history. The Mustang guerrillas proceeded to make a series of smashing raids along the nearby Sinkiang-Tibet Highway running through southwestern Tibet toward Lhasa. Eventually, the Chinese gave up completely on using that important route and built another road farther from the Mustang border.
The real reward for the CIA, however, was an intelligence coup that occurred when 40 Tibetan horsemen overran a small Chinese convoy in what came to be called the ‘blue satchel raid.’ A veteran of the raid named Acho described what transpired: ‘The driver was shot in the eye, his brains splattered behind him and the truck came to a stop. The engine was still running. Then all of us fired at it. There was one woman, a very high-ranking officer, with a blue sack full of documents.’ When the CIA men in Washington opened it, they were stunned. The bloodstained, bullet-riddled cache of 1,500 documents contained the first hard evidence of the failure of Mao’s Great Leap Forward, famine, and discontent within the PLA. John Kenneth Knaus said: ‘The Tibetan Document Raid was one of the greatest intelligence hauls in the history of the agency….So that was of great help as far as getting or maintaining support for these kinds of operations was concerned.’ There were at least three important courier satchels captured, which provided insight into policy decisions, order-of-battle information, and proposals being made by China to India. The Tibetans were happy to know that the Americans were so pleased with the blue satchel’s contents, although Acho, in a 2001 interview said, ‘We still don’t know what was in that bag.’
The satchel was by no means the last of it. In 1962 a Tibetan spy team located deep inside Chinese territory photographed Chinese military sites, made maps and located potential parachute drop zones, at the same time helping to inform the United States about China’s missile programs and efforts to develop nuclear weapons. After repeated attempts, Tibetan operatives managed to plant sensors that gave Washington its earliest clues of China’s first nuclear test at Lop Nor, north of Tibet, in 1964.
Meanwhile, however, China’s collectivization of Tibet was taking a grisly toll. Newly built roads and airfields had allowed the PLA to bury the country in troops and equipment. Ancient monasteries and temples were systematically destroyed; tens of thousands of civilians, including monks and nuns, were killed, raped, scalded and imprisoned. Famine rumbled across the ‘roof of the world.’ Altogether 1.2 million Tibetans died, either at the hands of the soldiers or from the Chinese starvation strategy. ‘We should have committed ourselves earlier,’ McCarthy said, ‘before the Chinese got those roads and airstrips built, and before they established their lines of communications so thoroughly.’
By the mid-’60s things began to deteriorate for the Tibetans. Now aware of the Mustang camps, of which there were four, India and Nepal were nervous about the incursions. The CIA program also had its American detractors. Kennedy’s ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith, was, in his patrician manner, calling it ‘a particularly insane enterprise’ involving ‘dissident and deeply unhygienic tribesmen.’ The guerrillas were instructed to cease making armed incursions inside Tibet and to limit their operations to intelligence gathering. The Tibetans nodded and smiled, then continued raiding until the late 1960s. The CIA made its last arms drop in May 1965.
Meanwhile, trouble was brewing within the Tibetan organization, beginning with the death of the 64-year-old Gompo Tashi in September 1964, following surgery to remove 10 pieces of shrapnel acquired from years of fighting. The Dalai Lama’s brother, Gyalo Thondup, and camp organizer Lhamo Tsering replaced Gompo Tashi with Bapa Yeshe, a reliable fighter of the old school. More akin to a feudal tribal chief than a contemporary guerrilla commander, however, Yeshe and a like-minded group generally kept things stirred up among the resistance camps. Camp Hale vets said he misappropriated funds and supplies. In Mustang province he terrorized the locals and stole from farmers. The Nepalese protested to India, and of course the Indians protested to the Dalai Lama, while the Chinese happily kept up the political pressure on both Nepal and India for letting the Tibetans stay there at all.
Though he had his own followers, Bapa Yeshe was dismissed in 1968. Camp Hale Tibetans and CIA men say he proceeded to Kathmandu (where he remains today) and gave the Nepalese army minute details as to where the resistance camps were located and the names of their leaders.
There would be one more Mustang resistance leader. Gyato Wangdu, a steel-hard fighter and one of the original Saipan-trained Tibetans, would be the principal actor in the Chushi Gandrug‘s tragic closing act.
It was President Richard Nixon’s rapprochement with China that rang the death knell for the Tibetan resistance. John Kenneth Knaus, now an associate at the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University, wrote, ‘After their journey to Beijing Dr. [Henry] Kissinger told his chief [Nixon], ‘We are now in the extraordinary situation that, with the exception of the United Kingdom, the People’s Republic of China might well be closest to us in its global perceptions.” These global perceptions did not include the Tibetans.
When the order to close ST Circus came down, not a few CIA field officers were as angry and saddened as the Tibetans. While they still feel it was a great program and are proud of their part in it, they are regretful that they did not or could not do more. ‘It was more a case of not being straightforward with the Tibetans,’ McCarthy lamented, ‘and letting the State Department types have the trump cards, especially at critical junctures. Again, had we been able to go to Tibet’s aid in 1952, or even up to 1955, history would have been rewritten. By 1958 and 1959 we were again on the tail end of opportunity.’ Rather more bluntly than the other CIA officers involved in ST Circus, McCarthy concluded: ‘Generally speaking, I think the Agency looks at Tibet as having been one of the best operations that it has ever run. Well that’s fine, that’s very complimentary. But if you look at the final results, it’s a very sad commentary. If we look at what we did to Tibet as about the best that we could do, then I say that we failed miserably.’
The base in Mustang struggled on until 1974, when the Nepalese government, under tremendous Chinese pressure, sent troops to shut it down. The Mustang leaders refused to surrender. In an effort to prevent a Nepalese slaughter of his people, the Dalai Lama issued a taped message to be played in all the camps, ordering the Tibetans to lay down their arms. ‘The tape contained the Dalai Lama’s real voice,’ recalled Mustang soldier Ugyen Tashi. ‘So when we heard his message, I swear, some of the men even cried. Everyone heard the message with their own ears, so we had no choice but to give up. Then we turned in our weapons…all day and all night.’ Afterward, some Tibetans threw themselves into a river and were drowned. A CIA-trained senior Tibetan officer slit his own throat on the spot.
Yet one man did not comply — Gyato Wangdu, who with a few select warriors embarked on a hard-fighting run for India. But a month later they were ambushed by Nepalese forces at a place called Tinkers Pass. Seeing the end before him, Wangdu chose to ride straight into his attackers. And with that, it was over. The last fighter of the secret war at the top of the world went down in a deadly cross-fire, as much a casualty of politics half a world away as the guns of Tinkers Pass.
This article was written by Joe Bageant and originally published in the February 2004 issue of Military History. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to Military History magazine today! | <urn:uuid:b925df52-9a92-4299-8f7c-d035a1d9c95e> | {
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Helpful tips for writing a successful persuasive essay
Last updated: May 19, 2016
A persuasive essay uses reason to demonstrate that certain ideas are more valid than others in academic writing. The purpose of such an essay is to encourage readers to accept a particular viewpoint or act in a particular way. A persuasive essay must be based on sound logic and must contain factual evidence to support the argument.
How to write a persuasive essay
Take a stance. What do you think about the issue? What side will you take? Be aware of any prejudices you might have that could color your argument. What resolution will you suggest?
Know your audience. Determine if your audience will agree with your position and why they may not. You must be able to understand both sides of the issue in order to successfully argue your point of view.
Thoroughly research your topic. The point of a persuasive essay is to provide detailed and compelling evidence—you should be able to disprove the opposing argument. It will likely be necessary to undertake library-based research in order to accomplish this.
Think about the structure of your essay. Determine what evidence you will include and the order in which you will present it. Remember, it must be logical.
Support your argument. Use hard facts. You can gather these from your research, observations, or personal experiences. But be careful! In order to avoid plagiarism, you must cite your sources. You should always use verifiable statistics. It is important to be able to back up your argument with data. In order to further strengthen the argument in your persuasive essay, try using one or two direct quotes from experts on the topic. Finally, provide meaningful examples to enhance and clearly illustrate your argument.
How to organize your persuasive essay
The introduction.The introduction in your persuasive essay should grab the readers' attention and provide background information about your subject. It should end with a clear statement of your thesis.
The body. The body should consist of all the arguments that support your thesis. Each paragraph should focus on one particular point. Next, include one or two paragraphs to succinctly explain and refute the most compelling opposing argument.
The conclusion. The conclusion should restate the main argument and supporting points. After all, the point of a persuasive essay is to convert your readers to your point of view.
Take a breather
Take a day or two off. Let your essay sit and your mind rest. Then, read your persuasive essay with fresh eyes. Ask yourself if your essay is logical and convincing. Will your readers be persuaded by your argument? Did you provide enough evidence in the way of facts, statistics, quotes, and examples?
Want to learn more? Scribendi.com's ebook How to Write an Essay in Five Easy Steps will provide you with the knowledge and tools you need to confidently write essays.
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Safety is the main concern for people working in industrial area. is the electric energy in the capacitor. When voltage reduces on the capacitor, electric energy reduces. Namely, capacitor releases electric energy to electric source. Hence, capacitor is an energy storage element in circuit. In climate change, we are looking for changes so small, it is hiding in the noise. In any given year, we have a large variation of temperatures around the globe. The science is trying to detect a small change over a long period of time. Climate cycles can be as long as 60 years and as short as 1 year. To extract a change due to one particular source is almost impossible. You would have to exclude all other natural elements that could come from a very long cycle and also may be random in nature such as a volcanic erruption. There is no bigger industry on our planet than food and agriculture, with a consistent, loyal customer base of 7 billion. In fact, the World Bank estimates that food and agriculture comprise about 10% of the global GDP, meaning that, food and agriculture would be valued at about $8 trillion globally based on the projected global GDP of $88 trillion for 2019. teleportation is not very likely nor is faster than light travel. the biggest change in a century will be the rise of artificial intelligence. many people will spend most of their time in virtuality. the climate will be harsher. personal freedoms will be much less than today. the rich will be able to extend their lifespans for centuries. machines wil fight wars. Chapter 4 “The Nineteenth Century: Russian America, Reform and Regionalism” examines the reforms to the dysfunctional Siberian region of the Russian Empire carried out by the exiled Russian administrator Speranskii, who greatly modified the bureaucratic structure of Siberia – although the author seems to doubt about how much this impacted conditions on the ground and just how revolutionary these changes were. In addition it also briefly looks at the rise and decline of Russian America, that foray across the Pacific onto the American continent. It also relates political developments from below, with the formation of Siberian regionalist agitators, their concerns (they helped formulate the idea of Siberia as a colony of Russia), and how they hoped to reform Siberia. This Siberia also grew for the last time, with the Russian annexation of Amur from China, providing a large and (relatively) temperate region. Ridecell empowers new mobility operators, including OEMs, car rental companies, auto clubs, dealer groups, and private fleets to launch, expand, and maximize the utilization of their own ridesharing and carsharing services. The company provides an intelligent software platform that runs new mobility services such as carsharing, ridesharing, and autonomous fleet management. End-to-end integration and automation accelerate time to market, enabling Ridecell customers to launch mobility services quickly, operate efficiently, and scale revenues as business grows. The company powers new mobility offerings, including ReachNow, mobility service from the BMW Group, OMNI by Volkswagen, and GIG Carsharing service by AAA.
Designers need to explore various approaches and requirements to lighting design as codes and standards are becoming more energy-conscious. You may also consider taking on a part-time job to supplement your funding, either within the university or beyond – but be aware of any possible restrictions. If you are a full-time EU or EEA student (excluding students from Bulgaria and Romania), there are no restrictions on where or when you can work. If you are a full-time student from outside of the EU you will be limited to working up to 120 full days or 240 half days per year before you must apply for a work permit. Upon gaining paid work in Germany you should contact the German employment office to learn about the legal conditions. Constant pressure systems (CP-system), unloaded. Same basic configuration as ‘standard’ CP-system but the pump is unloaded to a low stand-by pressure when all valves are in neutral position. Not so fast response as standard CP but pump lifetime is prolonged. It was established as a Royal Air Force station in 1930, and opened in 1934. During World War II, RAF Bomber Command used the station for operational combat missions until 1945. The base saw an appalling death toll with the loss of over 200 Wellington, Stirling, and Lancaster aircraft, and more significantly, the loss of over 2,000 aircrew members. It was built in 1943 as an airfield with extra-long, heavy-duty runways and FIDO to receive damaged aircraft returning from raids in Europe. By the end of the Second World War 4,200 aircraft had made emergency landings at RAF Woodbridge. The sensor that works on principle of magnetic effect is called Hall Effect sensor. Magnetic field is the input and electrical signal is the output. External magnetic field is applied to activate Hall Effect sensor. All magnets have two important characteristics namely Flux density and polarity. Magnetic flux density is always present around the object. Therefore, the Hall Effect sensor output will be function of the flux density. The American Welding Society provides a body of knowledge about the welding profession. Their mission is to advance all aspects of welding starting with the technology, science and application of the various processes. They create the best practices and help develop the different ways of doing the job. If you are looking for historical information about the profession, this is where to go. For example, a common design approach in restrooms is to put wall-wash lights in the ceiling along the walls above sinks and toilets. In a recent project, 4-in.-wide LED strip fixtures were recessed in the acoustic tile ceiling along the walls. The owner was not happy with the lighting in the restroom because he could see the wobbly, uneven tile work on the walls. The solution was to move the lights away from the walls to the next T-bar. In this case, it wasn’t technically the lighting that was the problem, but the tile contractor’s work. It’s something to consider if there is intricate tile work in restrooms or on other walls. | <urn:uuid:f54c8194-ebd7-4fad-a7ec-9be94d699897> | {
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( – promoted by navajo)
The policies of the United States regarding American Indians have generally been based on two interlocked approaches: ideological and theological. During the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, Indian affairs were guided by an ideology based on the concept of private property and a theology based on Christianity. Thus the formation of Indian policies required no actual understanding of American Indians.
Multimillionaire steel baron Andrew Carnegie cheerfully pronounced that “Individualism, Private Property, the Law of Accumulation of Wealth, and the Law of Competition” were the very height of human achievement. Politicians and Indian reformers simply sought to apply these to the Indian tribes with no real understanding of tribal cultures. Privatizing Indian land through the Allotment Act of 1887 was done through adherence to this ideology. It was felt that this would force Indians into the modern world and enable them and their children to have a future. The more practical realized that this would simply separate the Indians from their land and allow large corporate interests to prosper.
By the 1920s it was obvious to the most casual observer that there were major economic, social, and health problems on the reservations. America’s prosperity was not reaching Indian people. The poverty on the reservations was undeniable to any who had even a casual relationship with them. The Secretary of the Interior thus authorized an economic and social study of Indian conditions. Lewis Meriam led the study for the Institute for Government Research, a privately endowed foundation. To conduct the research, Meriam put together a team of social scientists, including some Native Americans.
In 1928, Meriam’s study entitled The Problem of Indian Administration (more commonly called the Meriam Report) was published. This was the most comprehensive study of Indian reservations ever done. The report strongly repudiated the philosophy of Indian policy which had prevailed since 1871.
While there were, and still are, many people who feel that poverty is a condition which Indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states:
“Several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the Indians have been of a type which, if long continued, would tend to pauperize any race.”
Beginning in 1871, Indian policy in the United States had been guided by the ideology of private property, that only through private property could Indians (and all other people) prosper and that economic development should be based on small, privately owned family farms. According to the report:
“It almost seems as if the government assumed that some magic in individual ownership of property would in itself prove an educational civilizing factor, but unfortunately this policy has for the most part operated in the opposite direction”
The report also states:
“In justice to the Indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which a trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living. In some instances the land originally set apart for the Indians was of little value for agricultural operations other than grazing”
The Meriam Report recognized the economic potential of Indian arts and crafts. The report recommended that the Indian Office coordinate the marketing of Indian arts and crafts so that genuineness, quality, and fair prices can be maintained. Indian arts and crafts were seen as a way of improving the social and economic conditions on the reservations.
The report also recommended that tribes be incorporated and that the tribal councils be given some decision-making powers.
The goals of Indian education during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were to convert Indian children to Christianity, to give them Christian names, particularly surnames, so that the inheritance of property could be easily traced, to provide them with the concept of greed, and to train them as laborers and household workers. Education was often carried out through boarding schools in which Indian children were forcibly removed from their homes and the influences of their cultures. With the Meriam Report the non-Indian public is made aware of kidnapping, child labor, emotional and physical abuse, and lack of health care in Bureau of Indian Affairs schools. While the report draws attention to abuses, the assimilationist po¬licies of Indian education continues for another 40 years.
The report is particu¬larly critical of the boarding schools:
“The survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the Indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate.”
While Indian education has often assumed that Indians are to be trained for manual labor, the report states:
“The Indian Service should encourage promising Indian youths to continue their education beyond the boarding schools and to fit themselves for professional, scientific, and technical callings. Not only should the educational facilities of the boarding schools provide definitely for fitting them for college entrance, but the Service should aid them in meeting the costs.”
With regard to religion, the report urges the continuation of cooperation with Christian missionaries, but cautions:
“The missionaries need to have a better understanding of the Indian point of view of the Indian’s religion and ethics, in order to start from what is good in them as a foundation. Too frequently, they have made the mistake of attempting to destroy the existing structure and to substitute something else without apparently realizing that much in the old has its place in the new.”
With regard to Indian health, the report simply stated:
“The health of the Indians compared with that of the general population is bad.”
According to the report, the general death rate and the infant mortality rate were high. Tuberculosis and trachoma (a disease that produces blindness) were very prevalent. With regard to the health care services provided to Indians by the government, the report states:
“The hospitals, sanatoria, and sanatorium schools maintained by the Service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design”
According to the report, the government run health care institutions do not provide adequate care for their patients.
Overall, the Meriam Report set the stage for a new era in Indian policy, an era in which policy could be based on actual data rather than ideological or theological fantasies. | <urn:uuid:0010e932-c3ed-4ec7-8691-4c5e6d627e63> | {
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- Why you should use a strong password.
- People need to use strong passwords to protect their personal and financial information from unauthorized access. Strong passwords are typically longer and more complex than weak passwords, making them more difficult for hackers to guess or crack. They are also less likely to be found in a list of commonly used passwords, which are often used by hackers in their attempts to gain access to an account. By using a strong password, you can reduce the risk of your account being compromised and your personal information being stolen. Additionally, many websites and online services now require users to have strong passwords, as they have become more aware of the importance of password security. | <urn:uuid:9533d837-2b3d-4e94-9c0d-c69bcc112b1f> | {
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Staff at a popular zoo in Guanxi, China, have been accused of animal cruelty and trying to swindle visitors, after it was revealed that they had glued a basket to the carapace of a large tortoise so superstitious people could throw coins in it.
Throwing coins at specific objects, from temple bells and statues to airplane engines before a flight, is believed to bring good luck, but this superstition sometimes crosses certain boundaries. Case in point, this African spurred tortoise at Nanning Zoo, in the provincial capital of Guangxi, that had a straw basket glued to its carapace for people to throw coins into. Photos of the animal crawling around in its enclosure with the basket sticking up went viral on Chinese social media and attracted criticism both from animal lovers and those who saw the gimmick as a way to swindle zoo visitors.
The shocking photos were posted on Weibo, China’s version of Twitter, by a user named “Tea-tia” who said they were taken during the National Day holiday. He criticized the zoo for using the animal to swindle money out of visitors, and urged police, the media and the National Forestry Bureau to investigate.
“I don’t know why the zoo would use this method to exhibit precious animals,” Tea-tia said.
A spokesperson for Nanning Zoo told Pear Video that management was investigating the unfortunate incident, but had yet to release a statement. | <urn:uuid:4fbaedcd-bf59-4a48-9339-4369c13976b6> | {
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Weve all had those days where we simply dont have a moment to breathe. After you drop the kids off at school you have to pick up the dry cleaning and get to work yourself. In addition to picking the kids up from school, you also have to run to the store and get dinner on the table. Life can be exhausting and stressful and it could affect you more than you realize!
Effects of Stress on the Body
Stress is a natural reaction and it is something you cant always control. Deep breathing exercises can help you to calm down in a stressful situation, but your body will still react. For many people, stress incites feelings of anxiety and worry it could also speed up your heart rate and breathing.
In addition to these physical symptoms, stress could also affect you in ways that you cannot see. Extended periods of stress, for example, can lead to cognitive problems such as memory loss and difficulty concentrating. These things, in the long run, could add to your stress which makes it a never-ending cycle.
Anxiety and Brain Health
With stress, many people also experience anxiety and increased worry. I remember a specific time when I was supposed to pick up my son from soccer practice but I had misplaced my keys. I spent ten minutes rushing frantically around the house looking for them only to find that, in my hurry, I had knocked them off the kitchen table and under the chair.
When we become stressed, it sometimes feels like everything seems to fall apart. You lose your keys, forget important things at work and waste an inordinate amount of time worrying about things we just cant control. With our brains running a mile a minute, its no wonder we get a little forgetful and frazzled.
We all know that stress can make you a little crazy but scientists have discovered that stress actually changes the way your brain processes and stores information.
Research recently published in the Journal of Neuroscience suggests that periods of stress induce significant changes in the brain that can be linked to both emotion and memory this may explain why we feel overly emotional and forgetful when we are stressed. Stress impacts two important parts of the brain: the amygdala and the hippocampus.
The amygdala is part of the limbic system and it is responsible for processing emotions. The hippocampus is also part of the limbic system and plays a significant role in long-term memory. During periods of chronic stress, the electric signals to the hippocampus weaken while those to the amygdala become stronger this results in weakened memory and intensified emotion.
This is often seen to be the case in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Think about it when you realize youve forgotten an important file at work you are more likely to think about how anxious you are to complete the project, overlooking the fact that it isnt even due until the end of the week.
The brain is an amazing organ but incredibly difficult to understand. It is important to realize, however, the things which have an effect on your mental ability and productivity. Stress can be very damaging to your memory and can intensify your emotions, making stressful situations seem even worse. If you realize this tendency of the brain, however, you will be better able to manage stressful situations much more quickly. | <urn:uuid:0d78ec6f-ffc0-479b-9478-0d581e3de1e9> | {
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Table of Contents
The primary difference between a purifier and a clarifier centrifuge is that a purifier separates one liquid from another liquid and solids simultaneously. Therefore, a purifier is a three-phase separator. A clarifier centrifuge separates a liquid from solids, which is also known as two-phase separation.
This illustrated article explains the technical differences between these two types of disc-stack centrifuges.
A purifier is a disc-stack centrifuge that separates one liquid from another liquid and solid particles (if any). A purifier centrifuge can continuously separate two liquid phases and one solid phase.
The illustration below shows the bowl cross-section of a purifier centrifuge. The incoming process fluid enters the disc stack through the hole in the distributor. The corresponding holes on the bowl discs line up and create a vertical passage for the process liquid.
As it passes through the discs, the centrifugal force causes the solids to move towards the bowl periphery. The solids being the heaviest, accumulate in the sludge space at the outer edge of the bowl.
These separated solids are intermittently ejected from the bowl by the self-cleaning operation of the bowl. In manual cleaning centrifuges, the operator must manually remove the sludge from the bowl.
The dense phase (water) also moves radially outward from the bowl rotation axis. The water collects in the water space, as shown in the diagram.
The incoming separated water displaces and pushes this accumulated water over the top disc into the water chamber at the top of the bowl assembly. The water gets pressurized by the water-paring disc and escapes the bowl through the heavy phase outlet.
The separated light phase (oil) moves towards the center of the rotating bowl. It rises through the oil passage on the distributor. The oil then enters the light phase chamber inside the top disc. The paring disc pump expels the separated oil under pressure from the bowl.
In most purifier centrifuge applications, the light phase is the predominant phase, and the heavy phase is a much smaller proportion of the process fluid. The following are some real-world purifier centrifuge applications.
A clarifier centrifuge separates a liquid phase from the solids in the fluid. In other words, it is a liquid-solid separation device. Therefore a clarifier continuously separates the solids from liquid-carrying solids.
The diagram below shows the cross-section of a clarifier centrifuge bowl.
The process fluid enters the bowl through the distributor to the underside of the distributor. A blind disc (without holes) is assembled at the bottom of the disc stack.
This closure prevents the fluid from entering the disc stack through the bottom holes or fluid passage mentioned above.
The incoming liquid enters the disc stack from the outside. As the fluid passes through the disc stack, the heavier solids move outward due to the centrifugal force.
Also, in a clarifier centrifuge, the gravity disc is replaced by a sealing ring (clarifier disc), closing the passage of water to the water chamber in the bowl top. This closure of the heavy phase pathway essentially blocks one fluid passage from the bowl.
All the processed fluid moves towards the only exit in the bowl. The liquid passes through the disc stack into the fluid passage between the distributor’s ribs. The fluid then enters the light-phase chamber inside the top disc.
The centripetal pump (paring disc) converts the liquid’s rotational energy into pressure, and the pressurized fluid exits the bowl through the light phase pathway.
Clarification applications involved the separation of solids from one liquid phase. Clarifier centrifuges are used in all of these applications.
As mentioned above, two essential components are required to convert a purifier to a clarifier centrifuge. The first and most crucial part is a clarifier disc or a sealing ring.
A standard purifier has a gravity disc installed in it, which regulates the bowl’s oil-water interface location. A seal ring, which is a gravity disc with the smallest opening, replaces the gravity disc.
The second component that needs to be replaced is the bottom bowl disc in the disc stack. A blind disc replaces the bottom disc. This replacement closes out the rising fluid pathway through the disc stack.
It is important to note that though it is possible to convert all purifiers to a clarifier, switching a clarifier to a purifier centrifuge is not always possible.
This inability to modify is because some centrifuges designed as clarifiers do not have a water chamber. They may also lack the water-paring disc pump and not have a provision to install a gravity disc.
Other disc-centrifuge articles of interest......
Disc Centrifuge Backpressure - Comprehensive Guide
9 Steps to Selecting & Buying the Right Industrial Centrifuge
Centrifuge RCF and RPM | Difference & RCF Calculation
Disadvantages of a Disc-Stack Centrifuge | Illustrated Guide
Difference Between Decanter & Disc Centrifuge | Technical Comparison
A clarifier is a simplified version of a purifier centrifuge. This difference between the centrifuge configurations reflects in the operation of either design.
Firstly, a clarifier does not require sealing liquid due to the absence of the gravity ring. Since the heavy phase outlet is closed out by the sealing ring, the incoming process liquid fills the bowl and can only exit the bowl through the light phase outlet.
In a purifier, sealing liquid is needed before feeding the process fluid to the bowl. This liquid is also known as the priming fluid and typically consists of the fluid's heavy phase.
The priming liquid prevents the incoming process fluid from escaping the bowl through the heavy phase outlet.
Secondly, back-pressure on the light phase outlet is essential for the operation of a purifier. The back pressure stabilizes the liquid column within the bowl and helps keep the paring disc pump immersed in the light phase. Backpressure is not essential to the operation of a clarifier centrifuge.
Thirdly, selecting the correct gravity ring is crucial for effectively separating the two phases in a purifier centrifuge. A clarifier does not have a gravity ring, so problems associated with an incorrect gravity disc do not apply to clarifiers.
Fourthly, liquid seal breaking is a common occurrence in purifier centrifuges. When the heavy phase or sealing liquid is not present in the bowl or escapes the bowl during operation, the light phase exits the bowl through the heavy phase outlet.
This issue is known as a “liquid seal break” condition. Since there is no sealing liquid in a clarifier, this problem does not occur in clarifiers.
A concentrator centrifuge is a purifier centrifuge specially configured to separate fluids with a large proportion of the heavy phase (water) from a smaller percentage of the light liquid (oil).
It is also a three-phase centrifuge, which implies it simultaneously separates the solid particles as well.
An example of a concentrator application is separating water-based machining fluid from tramp oil and metal fines. In this case, the coolant is mainly water and is the majority phase that the user wants to separate from the tramp oil.
Another example of a concentrator centrifuge application is the separation of oil from water-based parts washer fluids.
A purifier centrifuge with minor modifications is known as a concentrator. The main change is the position of the holes in the distributor and disc stack.
The holes in a concentrator disc stack are moved radially inward towards the axis of rotation. This change allows for a more settling area for the coolant, which is the desired fluid.
The following is a list of concentrator centrifuges and their processing capacities available from Dolphin Centrifuge.
|Concentrator Model||Capacity on Water De-Oiling Applications|
|Alfa Laval WSPX 303||3~5 GPM|
|Alfa Laval WSPX-207||8 ~ 12 GPM|
|Alfa Laval WSPX-307||15~22 GPM|
|Alfa Laval WSPX-213||35~45 GPM|
In summary, a clarifier centrifuge is a simplified version of a purifier centrifuge. The clarifier version is modified to separate the liquid from solids, whereas the purifier centrifuge can separate the primary liquid from another liquid and solids.
by Sanjay Prabhu MSME
Engineering Manager, Dolphin Centrifuge | <urn:uuid:eab1ec19-2390-4450-a166-78912801b83e> | {
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Sagrada Família, Detail of Architecture & Structure of the Nave Columns & Vaulting
Detail of Architecture & Structure of the Nave Columns & Vaulting
Central Nave and Side Naves
The church has a basilical ground plan and five naves, the central one rising to a height of 45 m and the side ones to 29 m. The central nave and side naves are supported by a system of columns which is completely new in the history of architecture. In the eyes of the observer, the interior looks like a forest of trees with beautiful alignments, of which we can see the trunk, the branches and a cluster of leaves. In this forest of columns, the light filtered through the windows will give a bucolic appearance and give a feeling of undergrowth.
The ceilings of the central nave, seen from the interior, will be crowned by aedicules that will provide support for lights with the initials of the Holy Family. Five thick parabolic shields, placed on either side, will have "Amen" and the words of praise "Al", "le", "lu", "ia", broken up into syllables, written on them. The large columns that support the vaults and the roofs also represent the apostles and the churches of the whole world. The columns dedicated to the apostles St Peter and St Paul are outstanding; they are situated between the crossing and the apse, joining the triumphal arch with the Calvary.
During the last fifteen years of his life, Gaudí planned many parts of the church so that they could be built in the future. He did so combining geometrical forms, chosen for their formal, structural, luminous, acoustic and constructive qualities: hyperboloids, paraboloids, helicoids, conoids and ellipsoids. Many of these surfaces are ruled, which makes the construction easier. He assigned one of these forms to each type of the elements that make up the naves. With helicoids he invented a new column in the history of architecture: the double twisted column. He used hyperboloids for the openings of the windows and the vaults. With paraboloids he created linking surfaces on the vaults, the roofs and the columns of the Passion façade. He generated the knots or capitals of the main columns with ellipsoids. And earlier he had planned the building of the parish schools with conoids.
Moreover, Gaudí developed a system of proportions applied to all the dimensions and elements of the church.
Structure of the Naves
Gaudí wanted to create a new architecture, with balanced, self-resistant structures. And so in his professional career he constructed parabolic and catenary arches and experimented with a reverse model of strings and bags for the church at Colonia Güell to calculate and construct inclined columns. For the expiatory church of La Sagrada Família, he proposed to improve the Gothic structure of the main European cathedrals and the project of the first architect of the church, and planned a balanced structure of columns that branch out like trees, as the culmination of the structural studies of his other buildings.
Double Twisted Columns
The double twisted column begins at the base with a regular or starred polygon with straight or parabolic sides or with a combination of polygons which, as the column rises, are transformed into different sections with an increasing number of vertices, until they reach the circle at the top.
Geometrically it is the intersection of two helicoidal columns with the same base, but with opposite twists. All the branching columns are double twisted, but with different polygons at the base. With this type of column Gaudí achieves the continuity of arrises and surfaces between one column and the ones above or beneath it.
Sagrada Família, Overview of Architecture & Structure of the Nave Columns & Vaulting
The Nave Columns & Vaulting are between the Nativity Façade and the Passion Façade of La Sagrada Família. making Gaudí's unique tree canopy design !! The interior measurements are: nave and apse, 90 m; crossing, 60 m; width of the central nave, 15 m; side naves 7.5 m, total main nave, 45 m; width of the crossing, 30m.
Works of Antoni Gaudí on UNESCO World Heritage List | <urn:uuid:d506c6cf-ef88-4a87-b7ec-bedd8050d075> | {
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East African Rift
The East African Rift (EAR) is an active continental rift zone in East Africa. The EAR began developing around the onset of the Miocene, 22–25 million years ago. In the past, it was considered to be part of a larger Great Rift Valley that extended north to Asia Minor.
The rift is a narrow zone that is a developing divergent tectonic plate boundary, in which the African Plate is in the process of splitting into two tectonic plates, called the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate, at a rate of 6–7 mm annually. As extension continues, lithospheric rupture will occur within 10 million years, the Somalian plate will break off, and a new ocean basin will form.
A series of distinct rift basins, the East African Rift System extends over thousands of kilometers. The EAR consists of two main branches. The Eastern Rift Valley (also known as Gregory Rift) includes the Main Ethiopian Rift, running eastward from the Afar Triple Junction, which continues south as the Kenyan Rift Valley. The Western Rift Valley includes the Albertine Rift, and farther south, the valley of Lake Malawi. To the north of the Afar Triple Junction, the rift follows one of two paths: west to the Red Sea Rift or east to the Aden Ridge in the Gulf of Aden.
The EAR runs from the Afar Triple Junction in the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia through eastern Africa, terminating in Mozambique. The EAR transects through Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. It also runs offshore of the coast of Mozambique along the Kerimba and Lacerda grabens, which are joined by the Davie Ridge, a 2200 km-long relic fracture zone that cuts across the West Somali basin, straddling the boundary between Tanzania and Mozambique. The Davie Ridge ranges between 30–120 km wide, with a west facing scarp (east-plunging arch) along the southern half of its length that rises up to 2300 m above the sea floor. Its movement is concurrent with the EAR.
Competing theories on geologic evolution
Over time, many theories have tried to clarify the evolution of the East African Rift. In 1972 it was proposed that the EAR was not caused by tectonic activity, but rather by differences in crustal density. Others proposed an African superplume causing mantle deformation. However, the varying geochemical signatures of a suite of Ethiopian lavas suggest multiple plume sources: at least one of deep mantle origin, and one from within the subcontinental lithosphere. Additionally, the subject of deep-rooted mantle plumes is still a matter of controversy, and therefore cannot be confirmed.
The most recent and accepted view is the theory put forth in 2009: that magmatism and plate tectonics have a feedback with one another, controlled by oblique rifting conditions. At that time it was suggested that lithospheric thinning generated volcanic activity, further increasing the magmatic processes at play such as intrusions and numerous small plumes. These processes further thin the lithosphere in saturated areas, forcing the thinning lithosphere to behave like a mid-ocean ridge.
Prior to rifting, enormous continental flood basalts erupted on the surface and uplift of the Ethiopian, Somalian, and East African plateaus occurred. The first stage of rifting of the EAR is characterized by rift localization and magmatism along the entire rift zone. Periods of extension alternated with times of relative inactivity. There was also the reactivation of a pre-Cambrian weakness in the crust, a suture zone of multiple cratons, displacement along large boundary faults, and the development of deep asymmetric basins. The second stage of rifting is characterized by the deactivation of large boundary faults, the development of internal fault segments, and the concentration of magmatic activity towards the rifts.
Today, the narrow rift segments of the East African Rift system form zones of localized strain. These rifts are the result of the actions of numerous normal faults which are typical of all tectonic rift zones. As aforementioned, voluminous magmatism and continental flood basalts characterize some of the rift segments, while other segments, such as the Western branch, have only very small volumes of volcanic rock.
The African continental crust is generally cool and strong. Many cratons are found throughout the EAR, such as the Tanzania and Kaapvaal cratons. The cratons are thick, and have survived for billions of years with little tectonic activity. They are characterized by greenstone belts, tonalites, and other high-grade metamorphic lithologies. The cratons are of significant importance in terms of mineral resources, with major deposits of gold, antimony, iron, chromium and nickel.
A large volume of continental flood basalts erupted during the Oligocene, with the majority of the volcanism coinciding with the opening of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden approximately 30 Ma. The composition of the volcanics are a continuum of ultra-alkaline to tholeiitic and felsic rocks. It has been suggested that the diversity of the compositions could be partially explained by different mantle source regions. The EAR also cuts through old sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient basins.
Volcanism and seismicity
The East African Rift Zone includes a number of active as well as dormant volcanoes, among them: Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Mount Longonot, Menengai Crater, Mount Karisimbi, Mount Nyiragongo, Mount Meru and Mount Elgon, as well as the Crater Highlands in Tanzania. Although most of these mountains lie outside of the rift valley, the EAR created them.
Active volcanos include Erta Ale, DallaFilla, and Ol Doinyo Lengai, the former of which is a continuously active basaltic shield volcano in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia. When DallaFilla erupted in 2008 it was the largest volcanic eruption in Ethiopia in recorded history. The Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano is currently the only active natrocarbonatite volcano in the world. The magma contains almost no silica, making the flow viscosity extremely low. “Its lava fountains crystallize in midair then shatter like glass” according to the National Geographic. Approximately 50 volcanic structures in Ethiopia alone have documented activity since the onset of the Holocene.
The EAR is the largest seismically active rift system on Earth today. The majority of earthquakes occur near the Afar Depression, with the largest earthquakes typically occurring along or near major border faults. Seismic events in the past century are estimated to have reached a maximum moment magnitude of 7.0. The seismicity trends parallel to the rift system, with a shallow focal depth of 12–15 km beneath the rift axis. Further away from the rift axis, focal depths can reach depths of over 30 km. Focal mechanism solutions strike NE and frequently demonstrate normal dip-slip faults, although left-lateral motion is also observed.
Discoveries in human evolution
The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of hominid fossils that allow the study of human evolution. The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "Lucy", a partial australopithecine skeleton discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson dating back over 3 million years. Richard and Mary Leakey have done significant work in this region also. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called Chororapithecus abyssinicus, found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and Nakalipithecus nakayamai, which is also 10 million years old.
- Baikal Rift Zone
- Lake Victoria
- Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
- West Antarctic Rift
- West and Central African Rift System
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- Fernandes, R.M.S.; Ambrosius, B.A.C.; Noomen, R.; Bastos, L.; Combrinck, L.; Miranda, J.M.; Spakman, W. (2004). "Angular velocities of Nubia and Somalia from continuous GPS data: implications on present-day relative kinematics.". Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 222: 197–208. Bibcode:2004E&PSL.222..197F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.008.
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- Kearey, P; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009). Global Tectonics. John Wiley & Sons.
- Taylor, C.D.; Schulz, K.J.; Doebrich, J.L.; Orris, G.J.; Denning, P.D.; Kirschbaum, M.J. "Geology and Nonfuel Mineral Deposits of Africa and Middle East". US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
- Saemundsson, K (2009). "East African Rift System-An Overview". Reykjavik: United Nations University, Iceland GeoSurvey.
- Siebert, L.; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press.
- "Great Rift Valley Ecosystem – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
- Gibbons, A. (2002). "PROFILE: MICHEL BRUNET: One Scientist's Quest for the Origin of Our Species". Science. 298 (5599): 1708–1711. doi:10.1126/science.298.5599.1708. PMID 12459568.
- Seward, Liz (2007). "Fossils belong to new great ape". BBC News London. Retrieved March 14, 2008. | <urn:uuid:120fae6f-38e5-4194-8d60-17c879ec79e2> | {
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This Ellen MacArthur Foundation video shows the biologist and ecologist at the design table. Products and processes which use nature as mentor, model and measure.
Biomimicry (from bios = life, and mimesis = imitate) is a growing field that studies the technology of biology and emulates nature's best ideas to solve human made problems.
The basic idea is that nature has solved many of the challenges mankind is facing right now - life has been performing design experiments on Earth's R&D lab for 3.8 billion years. What's flourishing on the planet today are the best ideas -- those that perform well in context, while economizing on energy and materials.
The number one resource
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- Scientists used high sound waves to levitate water droplets to identify impurities in water.
- This technique helped them to detect small scale heavy elements like cadmium and barium, within few minutes.
- It could be used by pharmaceutical, agricultural and other industries for water analysis.
Researchers at the Instituto de Ciencias Físicas UNAM, Mexico have levitated water droplets in midair using sound waves to detect harmful contaminants present in the water.
Since these contaminants are injurious to both human and environment, it’s crucial to identify tiny amounts of metals (like mercury and lead) in water. We already have several water monitoring systems, but they require sending samples to a lab for in-depth analysis, which is a time consuming process.
On the other hand, this new technique of levitating water droplets can help scientists to carry out on-site contaminant analysis in real time to prevent future lead contamination issues or detect wastewater impurities from industrial areas. It could be used by pharmaceutical, agricultural and other industries for water analysis.
How This Technique Works?
Levitating droplets of water makes it easier to perform laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) –a sensitive technique that analyzes heavy elements in the drops — because the water drop in air can be evaporated in a controlled manner, increasing the contaminant mass concentration.
The laser induced breakdown spectroscopy provides a simple and quick way to detect different elements in droplets concurrently. It vaporizes the substance and produces a plasma by projecting a high-power laser pulse onto a sample.
Since the light beam ejected by plasma consists of atomic fingerprints of the substance, the sample’s chemical composition can be detected by observing this beam of light.
Image credit: Jairo Peralta and Victor Contreras, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas UNAM
This new technique combined with LIBS can help researchers identify small-scale heavy elements such as cadmium and barium, within few minutes. For instance, in this experiment, researchers detected 200 microgram per liter of barium and 700 microgram per liter of cadmium.
Advantages Over Other Existing Techniques
There are already dozens of commercial handheld devices available for LIBS analysis. But it isn’t easy to monitor liquid samples because the plasma generated in these samples lasts for a very short period – it cools down rapidly. Also, because plasma rests on splashes of water, it slightly changes the spectroscopy reading.
In order to provide a better signal to detect contaminants in liquid, one needs to have high-powered laser equipment to produce a plasma, which are generally heavy and non-portable.
Schematic representation of the setup on the xz and xy plane | Courtesy of researchers
That’s why liquid drops are placed on a substrate, which gradually dries, leaving contaminants present in the sample. The process is simple, but involves 2 major problems –
- High-powered laser excites atoms present in the sample as well as in the substrate.
- Liquid evaporation results in nonuniform distribution of contaminants on the substrate, damaging signal quality.
Therefore, researchers came up with a new, inexpensive technique [acoustic levitation] that involves levitating single droplet of water using high sound waves, which generates enough [stable] force to counterbalance gravity and hover a droplet in the air without any support.
The best thing is, unlike other levitation mechanisms, the sample doesn’t need to have any magnetic or electric response to be levitated in the air.
Scientists plan to further enhance their technology – they will improve the design of acoustic trap to levitate samples more stably. This will refine the readings of LIBS. Also, they will try to make samples more sensitive by stably hovering tinier drops in the air. Overall, the technology will enable compact and less sensitive detector to find impurities in water in real time. | <urn:uuid:0848b8ae-21e9-4cd6-b595-034f19c2738e> | {
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HOOKED FIG Ficus recurva Blume (1825) SECTION: RHIZOCLADUS
Latin: Hooked – referring to the uncinate (hooked) hairs on the leaves , fig and twigs.
Habit: An extremely variable and common Rhizocladus root climber with two very different types of leaves accrophylls and bathyphylls.
Leaf: As with other Section Rhizocladus root climbing figs, Ficus recurva is most often encountered in the juvenile phase with the lower bathyphyll (juvenile phase) leaves pressed against a trunk.
Fig: The small figs (0.5-1.2 cm) ripen orange to red. The figs are extremely variable and may be stipitate, stalked or sessile and may occur in clusters of up to 12 on the twigs.
Similar species: .F villosa, F. sagittata and F. urnigera.
Distinguish: (1) Both F.villosa and F. sagittata have 6-10 side veins on the acrophylls whereas F. recurva only has 3-6 side veins (2) The hairs on F. recurva are always more or less uncinate (hooked at the tips) as shown in the drawing. The only other Rhizocladus hairy fig with uncinata hairs is F. urnigera which can be easily distinguished by the flattened shape of the mature fig. Note that in the field you will need a 10x lens to see the hooked hairs on both species.
Distribution: Herbarium collections show that F. recurva is the commonest hairy Rhizocadus root climbing fig in Borneo. On Kinabalu the 5th commonest fig. overall Beaman (2004). Range: From Thailand south to Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.
Taxonomy: Berg (2005) describes 5 different varieties of Ficus recurva in Borneo.
(1) var recurva (2) var eleganitor (3) var pedicella (4) var ribesioides (5) var. urnigera. Later in Berg (2011) var urnigera was raised to the status of a separate species-which we deal with separately. | <urn:uuid:daa45994-ab63-43a9-8189-dcffcb8872a5> | {
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Coral reefs are an important part of the ocean ecosystem, and the rapid death of corals over the past few years is leading to significant changes in the way species live underwater. While this loss could significantly affect human lives as well, new research has found that coral loss can also lead to an increase in fish biomass.
According to a recent story by the United Nations Environment Programme, the Great Barrier Reef in March 2020 was found to have undergone a mass bleaching event. The third mass bleaching of its kind in the past five years is being attributed to increased temperatures in the month before. With researchers warning of more such loss in the years to come, the new study led by a team at the James Cook University points out the repercussions of this loss.
Analyzing data from reef surveys from 2003-04 and 2018, the new research found that ecosystems with a severe coral loss could experience an increase in the fish biomass, which translates to more fish weight in the ocean.
This increase in the herbivorous fish biomass refers to an increase in the weight of the fish rather than an increase in the fish population. This is potentially the result of an increase in algal material over dead corals, allowing herbivorous fish access to food. However, the paper warns that this might be a short-term change. Either revival of corals or the erosion of their skeletons could lead to a crash in this biomass growth.
“It’s as if the herbivorous fish community has been scaled up, with larger fish growing and providing more food for predators when they die. However, this does not come without a cost,” said Renato Morais, lead author of the study. “This suggests that many of these long-living herbivorous fishes, such as surgeonfish which can live up to 40 years, could have been there before the corals died, only growing bigger. Eventually, these older fish will die and, if not replaced by young ones, productivity could collapse.”
The results of this long-term trend study have been published in the Functional Ecology journal of the British Ecological Society. | <urn:uuid:d224143a-e232-488e-9556-e35d281f85c0> | {
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For Families: Supporting Your Young Dual Language Learners at Home
How can families whose children attend dual language programs support their children at home during the COVID-19 pandemic? Here is some advice for families:
1. Engage with your child in the language of your home.
Numerous studies have shown that knowledge and skills students learn in the first language transfer to the new language. Once you have the language and ability to make tamales or plant flowers in one language, you only need to put the labels of the second language on it to be able to explain that know-how to someone else. Once you know how to read in one language, you have the conceptual knowledge needed to learn to read in multiple other languages.
Here are some things you can do to develop your child’s first language at home which will help your child when he or she returns to school:
- Read to and with your child. Ask them questions about the text.
- Have your child assist you with daily chores and purposefully use language, asking and answering questions about what you are doing.
- Play games, bring out the deck of cards or the board games. You’ll be surprised at how much language you use.
- Use togetherness at family meals as an opportunity to talk about things of interest to your child; again, asking questions that will elicit extended use of language.
Don’t be afraid to use higher level vocabulary with your child. They can just as easily learn less frequently used vocabulary as they can everyday language, it’s just a matter of using the new words with them.
2. Seek ways that you might support your child’s second language
Even if you yourself don’t know the second language your child is learning, you can provide other opportunities for your child to engage in receptive language development. For example, your child can participate in age-appropriate activities in the second language, and you can show your excitement by asking your child questions in your home language about what they are learning or doing, Suggested activities include:
- listening to books on tape
- playing online games
- listening to songs that include video with visuals (and subtitles)
- watching TV, films, or cartoons
In closing, you can support your dual language learner in continuing to learn while at home. Your child will be better prepared when they return to school if they grow their home language and knowledge of the world with you at home while you provide opportunities for them to engage in activities in the language they are learning. | <urn:uuid:f796d7ec-8081-414b-ad6a-0dd5cbd33d70> | {
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What happens when you remove all the constraints of today’s traditional building practices? You get AMIE. AMIE, or the Additive Manufacturing Integrated Energy project, is one of the world’s first 3D printed houses. But it’s not just a house. It’s also a vehicle. It’s also solar panels, and energy storage, and intelligent controls. It’s an entire integrated energy system, and it’s changing how we think about generating, storing, and using energy. Sponsored by DOE’s Building Technologies Office, Advanced Manufacturing Office, and Vehicle Technologies Office, AMIE is redefining what’s possible.
SOM in the Press
What Makes AMIE, the 3D Printed Home and Vehicle, Unique?
Source: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | <urn:uuid:2d8eefb0-b3ba-485f-982d-3a65e637163e> | {
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Federal Circuit Court of Appeals Denies Patent on Cloned Animals to the Inventors of Dolly the Sheep
By Mia E. Mendoza and Kara K. Fairbairn
Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal created by cloning of an adult cell. To create her, a nucleus was extracted from a mammary cell of an adult sheep (the nuclear donor). The nucleus was then fused with an egg cell produced by another sheep (the egg donor). This fused egg cell was implanted into the womb of a surrogate ewe, where it successfully developed into the baby lamb, Dolly, a clone of the nuclear donor sheep. The inventors of the process used to create Dolly were granted a patent on the method of cloning mammals from adult cells. However, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office refused to grant a patent on the cloned animals themselves. The case, In Re Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), was appealed to the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that the claims to a cloned mammal were not eligible for patenting because the cloned animals are genetically identical to the nuclear donor animal. The Federal Circuit reasoned that the nuclear donor animal is a product of nature, and therefore its clone is unpatentable as a copy of a product of nature.
If Dolly was truly an exact copy of the sheep from whom the nucleus was obtained, the Federal Circuit decision would be less significant. “Products of nature” are not eligible for patent protection under 35 U.S.C. §101. In the case of cloning, the original adult sheep from whom the nucleus was obtained was a naturally occurring organism and was therefore a “product of nature” and not patentable. In addition, if a product as made by an old process is not patentable then the identical product made by a new process is also not patentable. Making the product by the new process would only make the new product patentable if it is different from the old product. Therefore, if Dolly was an exact duplicate of the nuclear donor sheep, then she and other animals like her would also not be patentable. The process of making the cloned animals is patent eligible. However, the cloned animals would not be patentable even though they are made by the new process.
Cloned animals like Dolly, however, are not exactly the same as the animals from whom their nuclear DNA is obtained. There are several differences between the nuclear donor animals and their clones, including phenotypic differences in size, shape, color, and behavior that develop as a result of the environment, differences in the ages of the animals (with the clone being a time delayed version of the nuclear donor animal), and differences in the mitochondrial DNA. The later difference occurs because the mitochondria are located outside of the nucleus. In cloned animals like Dolly, the mitochondria of the clone come from the egg cell and therefore from the egg donor animal, not the nuclear donor. As a result, the cloned animals can be distinguished, at a cellular level, from the nuclear donor animal of which they are a copy.
The Federal Circuit held that these differences between the cloned animal and the nuclear donor animal were not adequate to make the clone patentable because they were not called for in the claims. In its decision, the Court presented the following claim as representative:
155. A live-born clone of a pre-existing, non-embryonic, donor mammal, wherein the mammal is selected from cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats.
The Federal Circuit explained that the use of the word cloned in the claims connotes genetic identity, and any differences in phenotype or mitochondrial DNA are not claimed. The Court further stated that having the same DNA as a donor animal would not make an animal ineligible for a patent, but in this particular case the claims did not call for clones with markedly different characteristics from the nuclear donor animal.
The reasoning applied by the Federal Circuit may be surprising to many patent attorneys. The claim calls for the animal to be a “clone,” which indicates the process by which the animal was made – by cloning. The use of the cloning process results in inherent differences between the cloned animal and the nuclear donor animal. The clone is, therefore, not truly identical to the animal from which it is copied, even if it includes the same nuclear DNA. Therefore, one might expect the use of the word “clone” in the claim to be sufficient to distinguish the animal, as a product of cloning, from a naturally occurring organism and therefore to make the clone patentable.
This decision is particularly significant for the biotech community, since it seems to raise the patentability bar even higher for products which are copies of things which occur in nature. That is, even if a patent claim calls for a product to be made by a particular process, and that process would result in the product being different than in nature, this decision suggests that this may not be enough. The product may still be held unpatentable as a product of nature if the differences are not included in the claim. This decision, therefore, calls into doubt the patentability and validity of claims to artificially created products which are like those that exist in nature, such as recombinantly produced products, if a difference between the natural products and the recombinantly produced products is not stated in the claims. In addition, the Federal Circuit’s decision includes references to cloned animals not being “markedly different” from the animals in nature, suggesting that a certain degree of difference (a “marked” difference) may be required for patentability, though such a requirement is not definitively stated in the decision.
Patent practitioners should take note of this decision when drafting claims to biotech products. If the product is a copy of a product of nature but has inherent differences due to the process by which it is made, at least some of the claims should include limitations directed to these differences. In addition, if the differences are minor and not “marked” there may still be difficulties in achieving patentability, although the applicability of this standard is less clear. | <urn:uuid:a03fb72e-e241-47fb-8b6b-d1ef4ebd8544> | {
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Exponential Growth and Carrying Capacity
Exponential growth happens when the species in a population duplicate at a steady rate. At a steady rate of reproduction, the growth rate increases in increasingly large increments due to the increase in breeders until it approaches an infinitely vast size. Of course, this infinite population does not actually occur due to a variety of limiting factors. Populations just starting out in a new region may experience a quick exponential increment in numbers to create a J formed curve, but this curve can't maintain its shape in that environment. The new population will eventually face one or more scarcities due to it's increased size, and the rate of growth will slow, stop, or even fall into decline. When this happens, either a partial or full migration may occur, in which either the entire population moves or a small group of the population goes to colonize another area.
The growth rate and size of population can be related through the following equation:
dN /dt = rN
where N = number of individuals, r = biotic potential and t = time
- Biotic Potential
This is the extreme reproduction limit of a living being under ideal natural scenario. It is frequently communicated as a corresponding rate, or shown in terms of percentage increment every year. Full articulation of the biotic capacity of a specific species is confined by ecological resistance, or any element that represses the expansion in population size. These elements incorporate unfavorable seasonal scenarios such as absence of space, light, or a reasonable substitute, mineral insufficiency, and the repressing impacts of predators.
The exponential growth model can also be presented as:
Using this particular formula b represents a constant. In this case, If b > 0, the function presents the span of a growing establishment. If b < 0, the function presents the span of a decaying establishment. The a is the size of the establishment at initial time when t = 0 and y demonstrates the size at any later time t.
Carrying capacity represents the manageable extreme limit of population from a specific group of species under given circumstances of the residing area, considering unlimited resources introduced in that environment. For exponential increase in population, development begins gradually, enters a quick incremental stage and after that settles down when the carrying capacity for that species has been achieved. The population span then varies above or below that limit. Reproductive lag time is the period for the birth rate to fall and the death rate to rise corresponding to the resource limits. This time span may also lead the population to pass beyond the carrying capacity for the time being.
Understanding Carrying Capacity and it's Effect on Exponential Growth
To understand the concept of carrying capacity, suppose for pond that the carrying capacity for fish is 800. In this scenario, we can say that the pond can support 800 fish indefinitely with present resources. Now consider that the fish population starts at 600 fish. These 600 fish have everything they need to maintain their population. Imagine now that another 500 fish migrate from another pond connected by a stream, but the other factors that determine carrying capacity do not change. This is a carrying capacity of only 800, but an actual population of 1,100. The entire fish population would immediately begin suffering the limiting factor of scarcity. Scarcity of food, space, and potentially even mates would drive reproduction down while eliminating adults through starvation and young through increased predation by starving adults. | <urn:uuid:d092b4ce-25fa-4b9c-b378-da5bbf488a91> | {
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||The English used in this article or section may not be easy for everybody to understand. (January 2012)|
A quantum computer is a model of how to build a computer. The idea is that quantum computers can use certain phenomena from Quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on it. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer.
The idea of quantum computing is still very new. Experiments have been done. In these, a very small number of operations were done on qubits (quantum bit). Both practical and theoretical research continues with interest, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.
Today's computers, called "classical" computers, store information in bits; each bit is either on or off. Quantum computation use qubits, which, in addition to being possibly on or off, can be in between on and off. Only very simple quantum computers have been built, although larger designs have been invented. Quantum computation uses a special type of physics, quantum physics.
If large-scale quantum computers can be built, they will be able to solve some problems much more quickly than any computer that exists today (such as Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers are different from other computers such as DNA computers and traditional computers based on transistors. Some computing architectures such as optical computers may use classical superposition of electromagnetic waves. Without quantum mechanical resources such as entanglement, people think that an exponential advantage over classical computers is not possible. Quantum computers cannot perform functions that are not theoretically computable by classical computers, i.e. they do not alter the Church-Turing thesis. They would, however, be able to do many things much more quickly and efficiently.
References[change | change source]
- "Quantum Computing with Molecules" article in Scientific American by Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang - a generally accessible overview of quantum computing and so on.
- Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap for a sense of where the research is heading.
- One photon Grover algorithm
- Lieven M.K. Vandersypen et al. (1999). "Separability of Very Noisy Mixed States and Implications for NMR Quantum Computing". Phys. Rev. Lett 83: 1054–1057. . | <urn:uuid:290742ef-51c6-4c48-8374-fcb0c6c4c692> | {
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Vaccination/immunizations are very important for your pet’s health in protecting them against infectious diseases. Without immunization pets are at risk for becoming seriously ill and can even die if exposed to one of these diseases. Preventing disease can be very easy and inexpensive as compared with the cost of treatment. Our veterinarians will work with you and your pet to determine an appropriate vaccination program that best fits your pet’s needs.
Vaccination should begin early in life as a puppy or kitten as they have the highest risk for serious disease and complications. Young nursing animals (birth to 5-6 weeks) will have short-lived protection from ingesting antibodies from their mother’s milk as long as the mother has been appropriately vaccinated. As they are weaned from the mother their antibody level declines and they are no longer protected so risk for contracting disease is high.
Some vaccinations, especially the first year of life, require frequent boosters to stimulate the immune system in order to develop effective protection. We will discuss with you the recommended booster frequency during your visit.
The following infectious diseases of dogs and cats can be prevented or minimized with vaccination:
Core Vaccinations: Vaccinations that are recommended for all pets of a specific species (dog or cat).
Non-Core Vaccinations: Vaccinations that are recommended based on an individual pet’s risk exposure.
DHPP (Core Vaccine-Dogs)
Canine Distemper is a virus that is spread in all body secretions (blood, urine, saliva etc.) and causes a high mortality in dogs. The virus causes respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Exposure to this virus is almost inevitable so starting the vaccinations at an early age (6-8 weeks) is imperative.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-1) is a virus that can affect the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs and eyes. It is also a very hardy virus meaning that it can survive in the environment for months. Severe liver disease, illness and death may occur if infected.
Canine Parvovirus is one of the most common viral diseases that cause serious illness and death in young dogs. The virus infects the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow. The disease causes mild to severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever and low white blood cell count. The virus is spread through the feces of an infected animal and is very stable in the environment.
Canine Parainfluenza is a highly infectious virus that infects the upper respiratory tract and is spread through the air or by direct contact.
Rabies (Core Vaccine- Dogs & Cats)
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that can be transmitted to all warm-blooded mammals, including humans. The disease is most commonly spread through bite wounds from an infected animal. The virus enters the body through the bite wound and infects the central nervous system causing behavioral abnormalities. The animal may develop a change in attitude, unusual aggression, dementia, disorientation, excessive salivation/frothing, stupor or other behavior changes. Vaccines are very effective in preventing rabies. The first rabies vaccination your pet receives is good for 1 year; thereafter it is good for 3 years as long as you update your pet before the expiration date noted on their rabies certificate. If you pet is more than 4 weeks, as directed by the manufacturer of the vaccination your pet will receive a 1 year booster. The city of Brooklyn Park requires that all dogs and cats are current on their rabies vaccination and are licensed with the city; faliure to do so can result in fines.
Bordetella Bronchiseptica (Kennel Cough) is a common infectious bacterial infection of dogs that affects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is usually accompanied by another infectious upper respiratory disease. The disease affects the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The infection is spread through aerosol droplets after an episode of coughing and direct contact. The typical signs include a dry, honking type cough, sneezing and nasal discharge. This bacteria does have some zoonotic potential with immunocompromised humans.
*Recommended for pets that have increased exposure to other dogs (ie. boarding, grooming, dog parks, show/trial dogs).
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi found in infected deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The bacteria are transmitted during attachment and engorgement of the victim’s blood. In order to expose the bacteria to the animal the tick must remain attached for 24-48 hours. (For this reason, we also recommend using an approved monthly tick preventative such as the Frontline Plus.) Lyme disease does not develop in all animals exposed to the bacteria initially however the more exposure, the higher the risk. The most common clinical signs with this disease include; lameness, fever, swollen joints, kidney failure, change in attitude/activity and anorexia. If left untreated, permanent damage to the joints and kidney can develop. If caught early and treated, the outcome for this disease is usually very good.
*Recommended for dogs that have an increased exposure to wooded areas, tall grasses and history of tick exposure.
*To reduce the risk for adverse side effects from vaccination and to monitor the effectiveness, we require dogs (9 months or older) to be tested for lyme exposure prior to starting the vaccine series.
Leptospirosis (Non-Core BUT highly recommended due the increasing risk of this disease)
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that develops secondary to the exposure of contaminated food/water or from the urine of infected wildlife. The bacterium most commonly affects the kidneys and liver but is also spread throughout the body. The clinical signs of this disease are many and many of these signs mimic other more common kidney and liver diseases making this disease more difficult to identify.
This bacteria can also be spread to humans causing serious illness. The bacteria is spread by contact with urine from an infected animal most commonly through with breaks in the skin and mucous membranes.
FVRCP (Core Vaccine-Cats)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis is a very common and contagious herpes virus that causes upper respiratory tract signs such as sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing and inflammation of the eye. Usually once infected these cats will remain chronic carriers and therefore may shed the virus during periods of stress. This virus can also result in abortion of infected fetuses and reproductive problems.
Feline Calicivirus also another common virus that is contagious and causes upper respiratory tract infection. The signs include sneezing, oral ulcers, swelling of the ocular tissue (chemosis), ocular and nasal discharge.
Feline Panleukopenia (aka. Feline Distemper) is a highly contagious virus that is very stable in the environment and most severely affects young cats. The virus is spread through fecal material and contamination and can cause fever, anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain.
Feline Leukemia (Core Vaccine for Outdoor Cats and 1st year of life for all cats)
Feline leukemia is an infectious and deadly disease of cats that is caused by a retrovirus that causes immunodeficiency and leukemia. The disease can be spread through direct contact with infected cats, saliva, mutual grooming, litter boxes, food dishes and bite wounds. Young kittens are more susceptible to the virus so we recommend all kittens be vaccinated the first year of life. Thereafter the vaccination can be discontinued if risk for exposure is low.
*For the health of your pet we require all cats/kittens to be tested for feline leukemia prior to vaccination.
Chlamydia psittaci (Non-Core)
Chlamydia is a less common bacterial infection that can cause upper respiratory tract signs such as ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, sneezing and swelling of the ocular tissues (chemosis). Due to the lower incidence of this disease and risk for vaccine reactions (lethargy, fever, decreased appetite etc.) this vaccination is only recommended in situations such as catteries and shelter environments.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis/FIP (NOT Recommended)
FIP is an infectious and deadly disease that is caused by a corona virus. The disease causes inflammation of the abdominal cavity and organs, and death. Clinical signs of the disease include diarrhea, fever, lethargy, jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal distention. Studies have shown that the efficacy of this vaccine is variable therefore we do not recommend it.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus/FIV (NOT Recommended)
FIV is an infectious and deadly retrovirus that causes immune suppression and death. It is spread through the saliva and bite wounds of an infected cat. The symptoms include, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, stomatitis, enlarged lymph nodes and chronic infections. The vaccination interferes with blood testing therefore we do not recommend this vaccine at this time. | <urn:uuid:13ecc76f-aa85-4f6d-9a09-384638b2d686> | {
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Influenza, also known as flu, is a highly contagious disease caused by Influenza virus. Symptoms mostly include a sore throat, cough, fever, runny nose, muscle pains, headaches, and tiredness.
Flu can be treated with medications prescribed by your doctor, however, there are other natural ways that the symptoms can be eased quickly. Here are 7 tips to reduce the symptoms of flu:
This tip is essential since it allows the body to use all its energy to fight the virus. Doing any activity when you are sick weakens the body’s defences and leaves you exposed to possible infections.
2. Drink plenty of fluids.
Fluids, especially water, are very important if the flu causes fever, as dehydration may occur. Fluids can also provide the nutrients needed when the individual is too sick to eat. Invest in fruit juices, teas, vitamins.
3. Take pain relievers
Use Aspirin and Ibuprofen for pain relief and speed recovery.
4. Gargle with salt and water.
This method promotes the relief of a sore throat and removes excess secretions from it.
ALSO READ: 5 Symptoms Of Heart Disease
5. Increase humidity level
Increase the humidity in places such as your bedroom, study room but to mention a few. This procedure helps to reduce the discomfort of coughing and dry nose. Simply distribute a bucket of water per room.
6. Do a body massage with hot water
Use a bag of hot water on the muscles to ease muscle discomfort. This tip helps to relax tense and rigid muscles as it promotes vasodilation.
7. Warm up your feet.
Dipping your feet in warm water helps to reduce headaches and stuffy nose.
By following these tips it is possible to significantly decrease the flu symptoms.
Although influenza is a simple disease, it should not be late to take the necessary steps to fight it, as there may be complications.
In addition to following the tips, a physician should be consulted for the most appropriate intervention to the patient.
ALSO READ: Natural Remedies for a headache | <urn:uuid:611789e0-ec7d-4bee-82f3-bffdcf7ec342> | {
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Anti-Immigrant Prejudice in the Union Army
On February 6, 1864, after engaging the enemy in northern Virginia, Major Henry Livermore Abbott of the 20th Massachusetts wrote to his mother about the foray, displaying a not uncommon contempt for foreigners who had been drafted into the Union Army:
“It was a very small affair as far as fighting was concerned. We lost only a couple hundred men I believe, & a few officers. . . One regiment (a rare thing to say of any in this army now) behaved disgracefully — the ‘Garibaldi Guard,’ a beastly set of Dutch boors, Maccaronis, & Frogratecs, in short the rag tag & bobtail of all creation, little short beastly fellows with big beards & more stupid than it is possible for an American who has never seen them to conceive of. It is a rule in this army that the more foreign a regiment is, the more cowardly it is . . .”
– Submitted by Bill Halainen, Milford, PA
From Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letter of Major Henry Livermore Abbott, published by Kent State University Press.
Union Soldier Re-Enlists Because Nearly Everyone Else Did, Tells Friend in Vermont to Make Lots of Maple Sugar for Pancakes
February 15, 1864. While in Barrancas, Florida, Private Proctor Swallow of Vermont, wrote a friend back home: “When I wrote you [yesterday], I did not think I would Enlist again but the Company have nearly all Enlisted and I did not want to be the last one I have Considered the matter over and think it is the best thing I can do if the War is over in a year it is the best thing to do if it should last 3 years I should be back again we shall be at Home some time this year on a Furlough I presume it will be in June July or Aug besides . . . Mother could not be any better off if I was at Home than she is now I hear that the President has called for 500,000 more men if he gets them I think the south cannot stand it a great while longer I hope you will be so luck as not to be Drafted . . . make a good lot of maple Suggar and grow some Buckwheat so I can have some Pancakes when I get Home give my love to mother and the children write soon good bye”
– Submitted by Vermont Humanities Council executive director Peter A. Gilbert
Tuf as a Boiled Owl, The Civil War Letters of Proctor Swallow, 7th Vermont Volunteer Regiment, (2006) Kenena Hansen Spalding, ed. p. 109. | <urn:uuid:5c30ecbb-2ee1-4c57-b047-94248617ea75> | {
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Balancing the marine ecosystem through the protection of estuaries
Estuaries are highly productive types of ecosystems worldwide and of considerable value, yet are some of the most degraded systems on earth. South African estuaries are widely distributed across the State and cover a diversity of geomorphological types. In South Africa, a number of studies have shown that estuaries contribute significantly to the local and national economy. International law has put measures and principles in place to protect estuaries; and South Africa has adopted those measures and principles. The country already has legal instruments to protect estuaries, which include the National Environmental Management Integrated Coastal Management Act. Several challenges pertaining to estuary management in South Africa remain as degradation continues. Few estuaries are regarded as near pristine and the vast majority are vulnerable to a range of threats influencing terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems. The greatest threat facing estuaries globally is human behaviour. There is less planning done to protect estuaries; the focus is on economic development opportunities and approval procedures, such as, port and related facilities, public facilities, mariculture and aquaculture, tourism, leisure and recreation, and lastly, mining among them. Emphasis in this priority area is on local economic development. However, co-operative governance is required to assist in estuarine management and protection to promote sustainable coastal development. | <urn:uuid:7b2c54e6-da5e-4bdf-b100-98fbefd6b1f8> | {
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Five Things to Do Outside
April 4, 2020
by Aaron Pflug • Kidzeum Staff
It’s not breaking news that, for most kids (and adults), spending time outside is extremely beneficial! But that doesn’t mean it’s always easy to accomplish…even under the best circumstances. So, to help, here are five activities to get everyone moving outdoors!
Kites – A Classic
Ok, ok, we’re starting off with an easy one as this topic was just covered! However, it’s well worth mentioning again because as an activity, it has it all. From initial design and construction with lots of opportunity for creative choices and decoration to the thrill of seeing a personal creation soar after running and catching the wind, kites are one of those activities that could easily become a hobby.
Really, this is a catch-all category for all those projects and experiments too big or messy for inside the house! Perhaps a spot outside would prove a solid choice for the test phase of an Egg Drop project. Or, as a landing zone for a Water Balloon Parachute! Maybe you want to whip up a batch of Elephant Toothpaste. Of course, what “messy” means is open to interpretation, so use any level of potential mess necessary to get outside and let loose!
Why not spend an afternoon enjoying some of the classic school yard games? Hide-and-Seek, Capture the Flag, and other infinite versions of Tag (You’re It) are easy to play for just about all age groups. Hopscotch requires just some chalk and a sidewalk. Four Square just needs some chalk or tape, a bit of space, and a “bouncy” ball for setup and play. And, of course, Jumping Rope is a timeless activity, game, and exercise! It can be just like recess…at home!
Take a “Hike” through “Nature”
Certainly, if you are lucky enough to safely access and hike more traditional nature locations, do so! But maybe that isn’t convenient…so, why not turn a walk around the block into an expedition through (neighborhood) nature? There are plenty of activities to do with even the smallest observers! Pick out a few choice spots and encourage learners to make observations and/or sketches of plant growth or animal activity throughout Spring and Summer!
Cultivate a Garden
Yes – this has been mentioned before, as well. But, like kite building and flying, gardening checks quite a few of the boxes regarding physical activity, education, and fun! You know…hmm…gardening could be something we spend even more time investigating…
So, stay tuned! In the meantime, let us know about your favorite outdoor activities…especially if you think it’s something people need to know about! | <urn:uuid:9634bd7d-eb9c-427d-9d27-6d5551f6d722> | {
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Respected Spanish scientist Juan Ignacio Cirac believes that quantum computing could be a reality in 10 year’s time. A super machine capable of performing calculations at breakneck speeds that will open uncharted territories in matters such as encryption.
In 1994, employees of the U.S. National Security Agency started attending scientific congresses. But not just any congresses: only those in which quantum physics-related matters were discussed. They were eager to know when the first viable quantum computer would be built. What were they so concerned about?
Juan Ignacio Cirac is one of the world’s most authoritative voices in quantum physics. This Catalonian, who moved to Germany 15 years ago – Príncipe de Asturias Laureate in Scientific and Technical Research (2006), and BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Basic Sciences category 2008- visited BBVA’s Innovation Center in Madrid to take part in an event organized by Cátedra I4S-URJC to talk about the history of quantum physics and the long-awaited arrival of the quantum computer.
Both during his keynote presentation and in an interview with BBVA, Cirac made it clear that quantum computers do not exist and will not be here tomorrow, but could be ready in the next decade. And it will change the world.
The explanation of why quantum computing is drawing such level of attention from U.S. intelligence services lies in the essence of quantum physics. In Cirac’s own words, “quantum physics explain what happens in the microscopic world, in the world of the things that our eyes cannot perceive.”
What makes it so special? Why can quantum physics change the world? One of the properties that quantum physics explain is that microscopic particles can do something extraordinary: be in two places at once, what is known as quantum superpositions.
“Atoms,” as Cirac explained, “don’t come out of a hole up or down up, but down and up at the same time, they are in both states at the same time. And this happens not just to atoms. Everything that is in the microscopic world has this extraordinary property.”
The possibilities of the quantum computer
Logically, if it can be in two places at the same time, it will allow to, at the same time, solve problems that couldn’t be solved before. Capabilities become infinite. And this is where the quantum computer, about which the NSA is so concerned, comes into play.
What’s the main advantage of a quantum computer vs. a classic computer? For Cirac, a quantum computer “can solve, very quickly, problems that are impossible to solve for classic computers.” And he added: “a quantum computer is formed with quantum bits and thanks to the superpositions it is capable of performing many calculations at the same time, and that gives them an extraordinary power.”
But apart from that, these computers will also be capable of cracking encrypted messages at uncanny speeds – Shor’s Algorithm-. With quantum computers, it would take us just as long to multiply as to factor, while factoring in classic computers is a very slow process. The fact that factoring is more difficult than multiplying is what makes encryption methods trustable and secure.
Why? Because what our computers do is multiply to encrypt messages, and, to decrypt them, the receiving computer also multiplies. If somebody wants to read the transmission to reveal the content of the message, that person needs to factor the message, something that’s much harder and time consuming than multiplying. Quantum computers, instead, can decrypt messages very quickly.
This is something about which national security services are extremely concerned. Standard encryption methods will be rendered useless by quantum computers. What a classic computer would take 2000 years to decrypt, a quantum would take five hours.
Google, Intel, IBM and many countries are working hard on these systems, but the task is not easy. Why? Because our world destroys the superpositions. In other words: if the microscopic and the macroscopic world interact the extraordinary property of superpositions disappears.
As Cirac emphasized: “To have a quantum computer we need to isolate quantum bits completely from the outside world. The problem is that to factor an interesting number, we would need to isolate about 4,000 bits, something that’s extremely complicated because quantum bits cannot interact with anything.”
For the expert, in two or three years, this problem will be solved and a quantum computer will be built capable to tackle tasks that are impossible for today’s computers. But it will be an absurd task and we will have to wait from 10 to 20 years to see quantum computers performing relevant factoring calculations.
And if the quantum computer is finally built, it will be possible to develop quantum encryption, which will be impossible to break. Quantum encryption will allow to send messages in superpositions. If someone tries to hack it they would be destroyed and the receiver would know that someone has read the information. Quantum physics also facilitates teleportation: a process by which the information appears in one place without travelling through a medium, making it impossible to hack.
And what does quantum physics bring to the world of banking? Cirac highlighted that it will have a tremendous impact on security, “in communication, in the exchange of extremely safe data thanks to quantum encryption,” he specified.
Looking forward, he added, we will have quantum credit cards and money. “We will have credit cards that no one will be able to copy, formed on the inside by quantum bits in superpositions that would be destroyed if anyone were to read them. It is a technique that still in its nascent stage, because it needs for quantum bits to last for, at least, a year, and today, their average life span is of, approximately, a couple of days,” he explained.
The sector that is going to benefit the most from the appearance of the quantum computer is, according to Cirac, “that of material and chemical engineers. Those who, today, use supercomputers to design materials and chemical compounds.”
Cirac thinks we will see the first quantum computer in 10 years. In ten years, he expects Artificial Intelligence and automation will help us all, not just a few, enjoy higher living standards and live longer. Time will say if this will be possible and if the quantum computer will be, at last, real. | <urn:uuid:21567c90-a27b-4aa3-ac5a-3dcdb4142e77> | {
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National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001
Zoologist. Ecosystem ecology, biogeochemistry, acid rain, human impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Linked fossil fuel combustion to acid rain. Founder, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Hubbard Book Experimental Forest. Celebrating 50 years as a Forest Service National Scientific Treasure. Forest Science Review.
'Rivers On Rolaids': How Acid Rain Is Changing Waterways. National Public Radio, September 13, 2013 3:06 AM ET
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Doctor of Science degree, 1985.
Dr. Gene E. Likens. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies [The science behind environmental solutions].
Name: Gene Elden Likens
Birth: 6 January 1935 Pierceton, Indiana USA
Title: Director and President and G. Evelyn Hutchinson Chair in Ecology
Affiliation: Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Citation: "For his discovery of acid rain in North America and his sustained leadership in developing the fields of ecology and ecosystem science." Presented by President George W. Bush in a White House East Room ceremony on June 12, 2002."
History of Discovery
External Resources Text
Patents: Likens has not patented his discoveries
Discover Your Abilities and Aspirations!
$10 $25 $50 $100 Other
Tax Exempt 501(c)3 Non-Profit Organization | <urn:uuid:b088b4bb-7ce9-420e-8d41-afc3afea4167> | {
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death world-wide. Smoking is accepted as the major risk factor, responsible for 70-90% of all cancer cases, although the etiology of lung cancer appears multifactorial with both environmental and genetic factors playing a role. One important reason for the poor outcome of patients with lung cancer is that the disease is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages and therefore often not resectable by surgery. Symptoms of lung cancer are unspecific and dependent on anatomical site and include persistent coughing, hemoptysis, repeated pneumonia and signs of respiratory distress.
Lung cancer can be principally divided into small cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma. Small cell lung carcinoma originates from neuroendocrine cells and accounts for approximately 15% of all primary lung cancers. This extremely rapidly proliferating cancer is generally treated with chemotherapy with initial good tumor response. However, after initial response, small cell lung carcinoma nearly always progresses, with only anecdotal long term survivors.
Non-small cell carcinoma is suggested to originate from bronchogenic or alveolar cells and represents the most common form of primary lung cancer. Patient therapy is based on the tumour extent. In principal, limited stage tumors are treated surgically, sometimes with the addition of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Advanced stages are palliatively treated with a combination of cytotoxic drugs and recently developed targeted drugs. Unfortunately, often the effect of treatment leads to only modest survival prolongation.
The histology-based classification has only minor impact on therapy and is under revision due to the identification of clinically relevant molecular aberrations and their relation to histopathological subtypes. Non-small cell carcinomas are classified as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or large cell carcinoma and very rare entities like pleomorphic carcinoma and mixed tumors. Necrosis, hemorrhage and abundant mitotic figures are common features in non-small cell lung carcinomas. As in several other forms of cancer, the infiltration of various inflammatory cells can be prominent and occaisional hisiocytic multinucleated giant cells can be present in areas with degradation of normal structures.
Adenocarcinomas can be subdivided into more typical pulmonary adenocarcinomas with papillary, acinar and tubular differentiation, or rare bronchoalveolar carcinoma, also termed adenocarcinoma in situ, characterized by a distinctive growth of tumor cells along the lining of alveolar walls. A subset of adenocarcinomas show extensive mucin production and are termed mucinous or colloid carcinomas. The typical adenocarcinomas of the lung show differences in degree of pleomorphism, cellular atypia, rate of mitotic figures and formation of glandular structures, all which is used as criteria for determining the differentiation grade (well, moderate or poor).
Squamous cell carcinoma is suggested to originate from metaplastic squamous epithelia in the bronchial tree. It is defined by a variable degree of squamous differentiation, such as keratinization or intercellular bridging. The degree of squamous differentiation provides the basis for determining if the carcinoma is well, moderately or poorly differentiated.
Large cell carcinomas of the lung show undifferentiated morphology and are characterized as tumors growing in sheets of relatively large and pleomorphic cells, lacking clear-cut features of differentiation towards either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma.
Small cell carcinoma represents the end of the spectrum of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and is a highly aggressive tumor with an extremely poor clinical outcome independent of stage. Signs of neuroendocrine differentiation can be difficult to visualize and the diagnosis is mainly based on morphological appearance. These tumors are characterized by the proliferation of primitive-appearing relatively small tumor cells of about double or triple the size of an ordinary lymphocyte. The tumor grows in haphazardly arranged sheets of a homogeneous population of tumor cells separated by thin fibrous septa. Necrosis is extensive and a common feature of these tumors.
Diagnostics of lung cancer subtypes is principally based on morphology, although immunohistochemistry markers are valuable to confirm the histological subtypes. In adenocarcinoma the expression of cytokeratin 7 and TTF1 is common, whereas squamous cell carcinomas are positive for cytokeratin 5 and 6 as well as p63. Immunohistochemistry also plays an important role to distinguish primary lung carcinomas from lung metastases from other organs.
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There is no better place than Berlin to bring the significant events of the 20th century to life. Our WW2 educational trips have strong links to KS3, KS4, KS5, and IB History – studying the Nazi period and the causes of the Second World War.
WW2 effectively stopped the world between 1939 and 1945. Our history programme seeks to present as wide a view as possible of this military conflict and its origins. Berlin is an ideal location to find out how and why Hitler rose to power and was able to establish such a powerful dictatorship.
The end of the war resulted in the partition of Berlin and Germany, and this division is still visible at sites like Checkpoint Charlie. Our WW2 itineraries can easily be adapted to include this topic – have a look at our Cold War itinerary for some ideas!
Our Suggested Itinerary
Travelling by air.
Morning flight to Berlin.
"Third Reich Berlin" walking tour. Learn about Hitler's rise and subsequent consolidation of power, and the terrible impact of the Nazi reign of terror. You will see some of the city's most influential sites, including the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag Building, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, and much more!
Free evening in Alexanderplatz.
Optional extra: Take in panoramic views of the city from the incredible glass dome of the Reichstag Building, the scene of the notorious 1933 fire which helped to launch Hitler into power.
Half-day excursion to Sachsenhausen Memorial & Museum, a former concentration camp, with a local guide to discover the brutal history of the site where thousands of political opponents and Holocaust victims were held.
In the afternoon, visit the Jewish Museum to see two millennia of German Jewish history through the eyes of the Jewish minority.
Morning visit to the Topography of Terror - a permanent exhibition contained within the former cellars of the Gestapo HQ, illustrating the terrors and crimes of the Nazi era.
Afternoon visit the Deutsches Historisches Museum, with two whole floors dedicated to the end of the First World War, the Weimar Republic, and the Nazi regime. Alternatively, stop for a photo opportunity at Checkpoint Charlie and explore its museum, to learn more about how Berlin was divided after 1945.
Return flight to UK.
Testimonials about this trip:
Hall Mead SchoolCara was incredibly helpful and efficient during the booking process and was also very patient when we were delayed in submitting a few things. She was always on hand to help and was very approachable.
Berlin has so much to see and do that this sample itinerary might not be quite what you want. Click on Request a Quote to let us know what you'd like to include in your trip.
Need inspiration for your trip?
Sign up for our newsletter. | <urn:uuid:225c1cec-ccc2-4766-a360-2692e9768577> | {
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The name edge computing signifies the corner or edge in a network diagram at which traffic enters or exits the network.
Edge computing pushes computing power to the edges of a network, so instead of devices like drones or smart traffic lights needing to call home for instructions or data analysis, they can perform analytics themselves on streaming data and communicate with other devices to accomplish tasks.
In edge computing, the big data analytics happens very close to the IoTdevices and sensors. Edge computing thus can also speed up the analysis process, allowing decision makers to take action on insights faster than before.
For organizations, this offers significant benefits. They have less data sent over their networks, which can improve performance and save on cloud computing costs. It allows organizations to discard IoT data that is only valuable for a limited amount of time, reducing storage and infrastructure costs. Further edge computing improves time to action and reduces response time down to milliseconds, while also conserving network resources.
In Industrial Internet of Things, applications such as power production, smart traffic lights, or manufacturing, the edge devices capture streaming data that can be used to prevent a part from failing, reroute traffic, optimize production, and prevent product defects.
Coca Cola free style dispensers are using edge computing to quickly understand the consumer behavior and help to be more responsive to needs.
GE locomotives take advantage of edge computing by gathering and processing real-time data about railway conditions, train maintenance, and even crew morale to help railroad companies move trains through crowded railway corridors in as safe and efficient a manner as possible.
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In line with October’s National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, last Friday, 200 students of Melwood Elementary School gathered outside the school building in shape of a pink ribbon.
Briana Taylor is one of the pupils who raised awareness for cancer and remembers her grandmother who has been a victim of ovarian cancer. The girl points out that it is a positive development to learn about cancer at school and initiate such collective events. She underlines: "It helped people understand about breast cancer. It means a lot to me that people do this for cancer."
Many of the children who were dressed in pink shirts in order to form a human pink ribbon have family members who dot diagnosed with cancer. Educational experts underline the importance to students to share their painful experiences with each other and their teachers also to foster emotional ties in the school environment.
Some of the students additionally visited a medical institution in order to regard women with a breast cancer diagnosis with cookies and flowers. Their accompanying teacher, Grace Gutridge, praises the trip: "This has opened their eyes. It's an awareness everyone needs to have."
The children profited from the trip by gaining awareness and motivation to maybe find a cure to the cruel disease in the future. | <urn:uuid:e77223b5-c64b-4ad8-b159-c16f1f51c358> | {
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Well, the component doesn’t get mounted like you could count on. React JS applications contain the majority of the components. So when you have multiple components that wants a value then utilize context. You have to break the most important component down further into smaller components in order for your code is clean and simple to keep. A compound component is a means to compose elements inside one another, but the main condition is the inner components doesn’t work without their principal parent.
In our example to date, all our components presumably reside in 1 file. Components can likewise be written using ES6 classes rather than functions. Our component should enable to compose several components very similar to a normal pipe function without needing to keep nesting. Without the serializer every time a component is produced in a test it must have the enzyme-to-jsonmethod. Taking a look at the Greeting component you created earlier, it’s clear that it’s not a really handy component to get. Since a controlled component doesn’t have any state, it has to be controlled by somebody else. It’s also simpler to debug self-contained app components, for example, employing the react-devtools package.
If you don’t build a huge scale mobile app that needs plenty of unique scenes and you’re scared to get lost at some point, I believe that you should stick with Navigator. For instance, a lot of food delivery applications exist as both internet and cellular applications. Designing an app for numerous platforms with the very same set of code can on occasion be a little overwhelming and your code will start soon to appear ugly.
Why one needs to pay attention to React js?
The parent can subsequently be extended by means of a child that includes the platform specific render method, and would inherit all of the functionality of the parent. Or perhaps you want the behavior of a checkbox but want something which appears completely different. Everything is excellent until you play with React by yourself. If React receives the very same function reference, it won’t. It’s important to realize the changes that allow you to develop ergonomic React applications. Fortunately, you’ll probably find alternative solutions out there as a way to accomplish what you will need. There is quite a common use case which you have a whole lot of special, dynamic event listeners within a component, like when mapping an array.
Why the react js is so popular?
React Js took the front end web development world. This is what it makes it so popular. It had been gaining tremendous achievements in the It sector giving everlasting solutions for their users.
React js is renowned as the important framework and less complex than other frameworks. It is a good choice for the users to integrate into their existing project very easily.With the react the execution speed was very much increased. React js was backed up by the facebook.
React Js itself has a very small API with the following in built concepts. One needs to carefully analyze each of them.
The New Angle on React Js and render DOM methods:
React uses an efficient diffing algorithm on the digital DOM which enables it to only alter the pieces of the application which need to be updated. A number of the methods were deprecated, due to their insecurity. Utilizing getState method can receive the state object. Though the function isn’t static, it’s advisable to return the value, not update the component. Passing an update function makes it possible for you to access the present state value within the updater. Utilizing inline arrow functions in function components is a great method to attain some decoupling.
There are many different strategies to create components. In our example up to now, all our components presumably dwell in 1 file. All components should be their very own module in a directory named components within the source directory. In total i think it is a quick component. Since a controlled component doesn’t have any state, it has to be controlled by somebody else. For instance, the presentational TodoList component demands a container like VisibleTodoList that subscribes to the Redux store and knows the way to apply the present visibility filter.
React JS applications contain the majority of the components. The render method is the sole essential method in a course component, which is utilized to render DOM nodes. React is about components. Each component has a lot of lifecycle techniques that you can override to run code at particular times in the approach. You’ve just created your very first React Component.
React isn’t a framework but a library to create the UI, so you should think about the rest of the pieces by yourself. In truth, it can’t even be thought of as a framework. As it’s a complete framework, you can count on a complete team to produce careful decisions. An era in which you won’t pick one particular framework but your favorite sections of every one of the available frameworks. Security in the event the framework is widely used and is among the very best ones, it has solid security arrangements. Everybody has been talking a good deal about JS frameworks during the last few decades.
How to print hello world using the react components
Import React from ‘react’
Import ReactDOM from ‘react-dom’
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Shamanism is not a
religion. It is a healing technology:
Shamanic healing is humanity's oldest healing system, going back
perhaps as much as 40 thousand years.
That it has persisted so long, and in essentially the same form across
many cultures, is a testament to its effectiveness.
While indigenous shamanism is always embedded in its culture, the many
elements that are common across the world's cultures can be
practiced in the context of our own culture.
Michael Harner was one of the first to do this; he set up the Foundation for Shamanic
Studies to train and teach practitioners, and to aid
indigenous peoples wishing to regain a lost shamanic heritage.
Shamanic healing is based on the idea that there are spirits.
That is, non-physical
entities that seem to be conscious, and that it's possible for some
people to interact with them.
In Shamanism, the specially skilled person (called the shaman) travels
in trance to the worlds
where the spirits live, with the mission of getting help or
information, for healing his or her clients and
the whole community.
In particular, there are compassionate spirits that
have an interest in helping
humans reduce the load of suffering in this world.
The shaman learns where in the spirit worlds to find these
compassionate spirits, and develops
a partnership with them for this work.
While it's easy to dismiss the idea of spirits as "unscientific", the
work is practical and effective.
All the world's cultures have a rich folklore around the idea of
spirits -- with many
parables of both the trouble you can get yourself into, and the good
that you can do, by
exploring the spirit worlds.
Whether there are "really" spirits or not is perhaps unimportant -- the
idea is a powerful
and effective metaphor.
Shamanic healing work is a highly disciplined approach to the spirit
The shaman is focused on a mission during the trance -- learning to
hold this focus in the
trance state is the essence of shamanic training.
Once the shaman returns from trance, he or she is completely back.
In almost all of the world's cultures that have a shamanic tradition,
the shaman will go into trance with the aid of monotonous drumming, or
other similar percussion.
In this trance, he or she will travel to the
spirits in their realm -- hence the term
A few traditions use psychoactive plant extracts, but drumming has been
found to be
equally effective, and it's much easier to end the trance when needed!
Interestingly, the layout of the spirit worlds,
as seem by shamans in all the world's cultures,
is remarkably similar.
(We take this as evidence that there is "actually" a spiritual reality,
independent of culture, that they are independently visiting.)
Shamanic healing is almost always done in close partnership with the
shaman's helping spirits.
The shaman relies on these spirits for information, guidance, power,
The spirits rely on the shaman as a physical intermediary and
There are roughly four main kinds of shamanic healing:
- Power Retrieval
- In the process of going through life, a person may
lose some of his or her personal spiritual power.
This will cause symptoms like chronic fatigue, a run of bad luck,
The shaman will attempt to restore the client's power, usually by
reconnecting the client to
a former source of power, often in the form of a power animal
- Soul Retrieval
- When traumatic events happen, a portion of our vital
can become separated and lost.
This can happen in both physical trauma (accidents, anesthesia,
physical abuse) and emotional trauma (separation, loss of love,
Sometimes we even (unconsciously) "give away" our vital essence, or
in someone else taking it.
The shaman attempts to locate these lost fragments of vital essence and
determine if it's safe for them
to be brought back at this time.
If so, the shaman will bring back the client's lost essence, or "soul
This work is often combined with power animal retrieval.
This is incredibly beautiful work.
Sandra Ingerman (see her
web site for books and seminars) developed this technique
on her own, then
discovered that it was essentially identical to what indigenous shamans
been doing for eons.
She is now widely regarded as the foremost authority on soul retrieval.
She has refined the technique over the years, in thousands of sessions,
to the gentle and effective practice it is today.
- If someone is low on personal power, or has suffered
some soul loss,
they are "open" for opportunistic spiritual intrusions to enter.
Localized physical (or emotional) pain, with no particular physical
reason, is a common symptom.
This is sort-of like the raccoons moving into an unoccupied wing of a
large house --
though they create quite a mess,
they are not "evil" or malicious -- just in the wrong place.
The shaman will, with the help of his or her helpers, find and
They are usually returned to nature, where they should be.
This work is often very theatrical and dramatic.
- Similar to a spiritual intrusion, the spirit of a
deceased person that didn't
"go on to the light" can attach to someone.
Usually these spirits are not malicious -- just confused.
They are looking for a nice warm body to live in, like they used to.
To the host, the symptoms will be things like a sudden change in
a change in desires, or addictive behavior.
What is sometimes thought of as "demonic possession" is often just the
fear carried by the possession being -- perhaps a frightened child --
being experienced by the host.
The shaman will contact the possessing entity and bring it enough light
that it will understand its situation.
Then the shaman will help it to heal and go to the light.
We have experience with several different masters in
this field -- Michael Harner of the
for Shamanic Studies, Brazilian Spiritists Carlos and Maria
Lucia Sauer (incidentally, we do not know their current contact
In traditional cultures, shamans perform other (related) work as well:
- this is where the shaman will attempt to get
a client from the spirits -- by reading cards, tossing stones, or
directly in a journey.
We are familiar in our culture with the idea of going to a psychic for
- Weather Work:
- in many traditions the shamans work to control the
weather -- usually
either stopping or starting the rain -- but sometimes wind and other
aspects of the weather, such as "turning a hurricane".
(While we have had some training and initiation in this, we do not do
this kind of work.)
- Healing the Dead:
- one of the most important jobs of the shaman is to
people through the dying process, then help them afterwards to be sure
they "cross over",
or "go on to the light".
In addition to the shaman's clients and their families, this sort of
work is also
done to clear "haunted" houses and land. Sometimes this work is called
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- A Brief Introduction to the Movement
- Word Travels Fast
- Henry Highland Garnet's "Address"
- What Did They Eat? Where Did They Stay?
- Black Wealth and the 1843 Convention
- African American Women's Economic Power
- The First National Convention
- The "Conventions" of the Conventions: Political Rituals and Traditions
- Conventions by City
- National Conventions
- Women Delegates
- Women in the Conventions
- Convention Hosts by Denomination
- Conventions by Level
- Clusters of Conventions
- Colored Conventions in Canada
- Delegate Search
- Women in the Conventions | March 8, 2017
- About Us
- Contact Us
Scripto | Transcribe Page
Proceedings of the State Equal Rights' Convention, of the Colored People of Pennsylvania, held in the city of Harrisburg February 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1865 : together with a few of the arguments presented suggesting the necessity for holding the convention, and an address of the Colored State Convention to the people of Pennsylvania.
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Mr. J. W. Purnell spoke in opposition to adopting the Report, as the expenses of the traveling agent have been paid outof their funds; he said this Convention appointed no such agent, and as he was appointed by the State League that body should pay him.
Mr. J. R. Gordon was in favor of the motion made by Mr. Judah, and said that as this Convention have enjoyed the benefits resulting from the labors of this agent, they are justly obligated to pay this bill.
Mr. Charles H. Vance followed in opposition to the adoption and said he would brand it as an imposition and would record his vote against it.
Mr. J. E. Glasgow hoped that we would continue in the harmony which so far has been with us, and that we would pay the bill and part in peace.
Mr. Daniel Williams spoke in favor of paying the bill, and urged that as our time was fast going, we ought to settle this question and proceed to other business.
Mr. J. W. Purnell urged that he was in favor of paying all the legitimate expenses of this Convention, but he could not see that this bill belonged to us at all.
Mr. A. M. Green rose to explain. He desired it to be understood that he was particularly interested in this question as he was here as a representative of the State League. He was also the agent referred to in this bill, and had travelled and published at his own expense, and as a member of this Convention he would be willing to pay five dollars from his own pocket to reimburse the State League for its outlay in getting up this Convention.
Mr. D. B. Bowser said he came here untrammelled by membership of the State League or any of her body, and he would urge that the harmony of this assembly should not be endangered by the small sum of forty-seven dollars. We have come here, said he, to legislate for the good of the people and the cause, let us then not waste time in this idle discussion, but accept the bill and pay it.
Mr. Redman Fausett was opposed to the adoption, he said, he too was. untrammelled, having come from the same source as the gentleman who had just preceded him.
It was not the question of forty-seven dollars, that merited his opposition, it was the principle involved. He denied the right of the Finance Committee to spend the money of this body without their resolution to that effect. If we pay this bill, it will be acknowledging the right of the State League to govern this Convention, on these grounds he objected to its payment.
Mr. James R. Gordon said that it appeared from Mr. Fausett's remarks that the main objection seems to be to the words State League. The gentleman thought this bill ought to be paid to its proper source the State League or any other League.
Mr. Thomas Early was not opposed to the State League, he would be willing to pay every cent of the surplus funds of this Convention into the treasury of the League, although not a member of it.
Mr. James Prosser stated that he was no speaker, but was of the belief that if he were Sergeant-at-arms he would silence some of these members in one way or another.
Mr. D. D. Turner thought as the State League had taken all the preliminary expense of getting up the Convention, we ought to pay this bill without further quibbling.
The motion to adopt the report was then put and carried.
The following statement was made by Mr. James R. Gordon, Chairman of the Finance Committee. This entire Church was rented for the use of this Convention at a cost of fifty dollars, and the basement of the Church had been given, without the knowledge of this body, in order to hold an entertainment for raising money to pay the entrance to this Convention, of the Harrisburg Reserve delegation. The sale of refreshments had been held on Wednesday and Thursday evenings and this Convention had been deceived by the notice given from the desk, stating that the proceeds of the entertainment were for the sick and wounded soldiers.
After considerable debate and explanation the following resolution was presented by Mr. Jos. C. Bustill and unanimously adopted.
Resolved, That as the entire Church was under the control of this Convention, and used without their consent, the proceeds from these
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Gero-kinesiologists—combining the studies of geriatrics care (relating to older patients) and kinesiology (relating to body movement)—are researchers who specialize in understanding the effects of aging on movement, strength, flexibility, and overall well being. They are also physical trainers, who teach older adults how to age healthily and maintain their independence and dignity. Gero-kinesiologists might develop custom exercise programs for adults with limited mobility, perform health assessments, recommend exercise routines, or even lead fitness classes for older adults looking to stay in shape. They might also advise aging professional athletes on how to keep their edge as they age.
In 2030, as Canada’s aging population grows, it’ll be more important than ever to encourage healthy lifestyles in aging adults. Studies show that even moderate physical activity can slow aging-related decline of everything from mobility to short-term memory. Having people who understand aging and can design exercise and wellness programs for seniors will be a crucial part of taking pressure off of assisted living, social service, and healthcare organizations, and most importantly helping people remain healthy throughout their lives.
In 2030, as Canada’s aging population grows, it’ll be more important than ever to encourage healthy lifestyles in aging adults.
Job Requirements / Skills
In addition to an interest in biology and physiology, gero-kinesiologists have a passion for helping people stick to their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. Good gero-kinesiologists are driven by results, but they also take the time to listen to and understand their clients, and tailor their programs to fit their interests, goals, and abilities. | <urn:uuid:6c5a7c3a-1201-4be0-8f3a-843455328a61> | {
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Greenwich, Connecticut is known for one thing: the ‘one percenters’ who reside there. The Johnny-come-lately hedge fund traders whose firms are headquartered there may occupy some of the multi-million dollar mansions that line the wooded enclaves, but they’re not the ones who have made this southern Connecticut coastal landing point as exclusive as it is. No, the history of Greenwich is pure blue blood. Private, for-hire, police forces patrol entire neighbourhoods with deliberately narrow roads … all the better to slow down potential getaway cars. Generations are handed down palatial homes and country club memberships. Thankfully, the general public is the beneficiary of one such estate: The Bruce Museum, the former home and property of a wealthy 19th century textile merchant and member of the New York Cotton Exchange.
The museum and its park are dedicated to art, history and science, and attracted members of the well known Cos Cob School (named for a picturesque harbour town a few miles north), an important part of the history of American painting. The core collection is made up of these paintings, and others.
Alfred Sisley retrospective
The Bruce Museum is unlike other museums of its size and stature. Thanks to generous patrons passionate about the arts, the museum punches above its weight. It’s currently hosting the only American exhibit of French impressionist, Alfred Sisley before it travels to Aix-en-Provence at the end of May.
The show features about fifty paintings from private collections and major museums in Europe and North America and represents the first retrospective presentation in the United States in over twenty years.
Sisley was born in Paris to British parents. He was meant to follow in his father’s footsteps and earn a decent living as a businessman. Except, when Sisley’s parents sent him to London to learn commerce, he instead studied the painting techniques of Constable and Turner. When he returned to Paris, Sisley took a studio and learned from contemporaries like Monet, Pissarro and Renoir.
Glimpse of rarefied locations
He adhered to the original concept of Impressionism through his career – painting “en plein air” often in bad weather to capture his landscape. While he never accomplished the fame of his friends, he had a remarkable and prolific career, painting more than 900 pictures during his lifetime. Sisley tended to focus on panoramic views of a location detailing different aspects of a location. For example, he painted the “Banks of the River Loing,” with views of the windmills, the old bridge and the village. One painting is an exploration of the bridge structure, whilst another, “Evening in Moret-Late October” moves the viewer to the riverside. Sisley is known for his skill to depict light and color; one can see the sparkle on the water as it moves toward the town.
As one would expect, The Bruce Museum has the latest technology, enabling visitors to access audio guides from personal smartphones.
The building is set on a park, surrounding a lovely lake, and plenty of green space for picnicking, Frisbee, or as the locals might … croquet.
You can reach the Bruce Park and Museum by Metro North and then a five-minute walk. Twice a year in October and May, they sponsor outdoor festivals featuring arts and crafts from around the world. After your fill of culture, have a wander up and down Greenwich Avenue, which offers a glimpse of what the other 99 percent are missing. | <urn:uuid:d6ef0567-01db-40de-820a-f7420baed4a1> | {
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Written by Kelly Wold, edited by Tim Smyth
While unrealized in his lifetime, Willis “Obie” Obrien’s mastery of animation has helped inspire the mind's eye of generations. This pioneer’s monstrous legacy was cultivated through years of developing innovative techniques.
The Oakland born California native gained life experience before stepping into motion pictures. O’Brien’s winding artistic road began in his teens working briefly as a cowboy, boxer and cartoonist. These interests would resurface in his later works. Obie’s focus shifted to sculpture, consisting of mainly human and animal figures. He would add molded rubber to their surfaces giving his pieces both character and freedom of movement.
It was said that during a particularly slow day of work, Obrien and a coworker created tiny boxers out of clay and proceeded to stage a boxing match. Through this “play”, the seeds of stop motion were planted in O’Brien’s mind. Though in their infancy, this thought process would grow into years of collected knowledge – leading to Willis’ greatest accomplishment…Kong.
Obie’s innovative methods caught the attention of the Edison Company, who hired him to produce several prehistorically themed shorts. In his early pieces, Willis’ characters consisted mainly of clay. As both his career and skills grew, so did the intricacy of his models. Complex articulated armatures covered with rubber skins would dominate the models Willis would build and design. Some of O’Brien’s designs even included a rubber bladder that allowed his creatures to “breathe”. By inflating and deflating the bladder, his creations could fight, move, and give the appearance of breathing – stirring both our fears and imaginations.
During this time, Willis would meet and impulsively marry the young Hazel Collette. Their marriage would result in separation and profound tragedy for O’Brien. With their uneasy union dissolved, the increasingly despondent Hazel was left in charge of their two sons, William and Willis Jr.
Though his private life was highly conflicted, Obie continued researching and developing his characters for the upcoming feature - King Kong. To develop his portrayal of the mighty Kong, O’Brien frequented zoos to study the gorilla’s movements. Likewise, he would attend wrestling matches to observe their interactions and improve the choreography of his creatures’ battles. This attention to detail coupled with his own life experiences, is what set O'Brien's work apart
At a mere 18 inches high, Kong’s rich character coupled a new style of rear projection film effects left audiences thrilled and amazed – exceeding all previous films of its type. The new style of metal armature with ball and socket joints was built up using foam and covered with rabbit fur. It was then shot one frame at a time to create the illusion of life. Though largely a technical process, the success of Kong stemmed from O’Brien’s ability to give a lifeless puppet a personality which audiences were able to identify with. The gentle giants endearing performance was as strong as the films special effects.
Though his method of live action mixed with stop motion animation is a standard process today, the special effects techniques developed by Willis O'Brien was groundbreaking. For the first time, a cellulose-acetate screen was used for rear projection. This new type of cellulose screen was flexible and stretched over a frame like canvas.
He also began using a blue screen behind live action actors to allow them to be matted into existing footage. This technique as well as rear and miniature projection improved the optical process. Until computer animation became widely used, these techniques were utilized in most monster films until the 1990's.
O'Brien continued to write concepts for several films after King Kong but only found the backing to complete a few. While filming the follow up feature Son of Kong, tragedy would enter into Willis’ life. O’Brien’s ex wife Hazel would proceed to shoot and kill both of their sons and then turn the gun on herself. While stricken with grief, O'Brien forged on laboring in obscurity, gaining neither fame nor fortune. Though recognized today, O'Brien was often discouraged with his career, seeking financial backing for unrealized projects.
Now known to the world as the man who created Kong, O’Brien is synonymous as a legend among horror, dinosaur and animation fans. In 1950 he received a special Oscar for his work on Mighty Joe Young.
Willis O’Brien passed away in November of 1962. Following his passing, he was posthumously awarded the Winsor McCay Award by ASIFA-Hollywood for lifetime/career contributions to the art of animation in 1997.
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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Introduction
In A Nutshell
Maybe you haven't heard of Sir Gawain, but we're willing to bet you definitely know of King Arthur. Sir Gawain is one of Arthur's trusty knights, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a looong poem about him.
This poem is part of the medieval romance tradition, which means it focuses on the journey or quest of a single knight (here, Sir Gawain) and what he learns about himself and his culture in the process of pursuing a great adventure. The noble Gawain accepts the challenge of a mysterious knight. Nope, not a black one or a dark one. A green one. And the story goes from there.
Sir Gawain was written in northwestern England in the late 14th century… yep, meaning the 1300s. Old as it is, Sir Gawain was written in English. But not the kind of English you'd recognize. It's written in a dialect of Middle English called North West Midland. Middle English was a much less standardized language than modern English is today. Two people writing at the same time, in the "same" language, would have a hard time understanding one another’s work if they came from different parts of England. The North West Midland dialect of Middle English has a lot of loan-words from Welsh. It also has a lot of holdovers from Anglo-Saxon, the language spoken in England before it mixed with French.
What does that mean for you? Well, you'll probably be reading the poem translated into modern English. Heck, even if you got the hang of Chaucer's London dialect of Middle English when reading The Canterbury Tales, that doesn't mean you'll be able to read the English of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Bummer. But don't feel bad. Lots of people who study this stuff for a living can’t make it through the poem without their facing-page translations. And it's still worth checking out Sir Gawain in its original form; it's fun to try to puzzle out the words. Hey, maybe you'll eventually become a master of the language and write your own translation, kind of like J.R.R. Tolkien (of Lord of the Rings fame).
No one knows who wrote Sir Gawain, but it's written in a unique style (which you can read all about in "Writing Style"). The author responsible for Sir Gawain's distinctive style probably also wrote three other long poems that are contained in the same manuscript, Pearl, Patience and Cleanness. Unlike Sir Gawain, these other two poems are more obviously religious in nature. Because he also wrote Pearl, though, the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is sometimes also known as "the Pearl Poet."
Why Should I Care?
Have you ever felt pressure to be perfect? Maybe your parents or your teachers have standards for you that seem impossibly high. Or maybe you’ve done well at something in the past and feel like if you don’t continue to succeed at it in the future, you’ll let everybody down. Well, that’s probably how Gawain feels when he arrives at the castle in the enchanted forest only to find that his reputation has preceded him.
Everybody knows him as Sir Gawain the Great – yes, that Gawain, the one renowned for chivalric behavior, knightly prowess and courtesy, the best knight and the greatest lover ever to walk the earth. They expect more of the same from the Gawain who arrives at their castle, but all the while, he’s quaking in his boots about having to confront the terrifying Green Knight in a few days. Gawain probably wishes he weren’t Gawain the Great – that he could just be a regular guy who makes a stupid promise and backs out at the last minute.
Unfortunately, though, life doesn’t work that way: it’s a rare person who can walk out on all his obligations without losing himself in the process. Yet, as Gawain learns, it doesn’t have to be an either / or proposition: in the end, he can be partly a truly great knight, and partly a really huge coward, and life will still go on. In fact, when it comes right down to it, the person with the highest expectations for Gawain is himself. | <urn:uuid:0dcf2bc4-26a6-4e0d-b828-3d3b22e8a325> | {
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During the years which have elapsed since the discovery of the non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria there have been extensive investigations on the characteristics and activities of this group of organisms. They have been found to be of great importance from the fertility standpoint, adding appreciable amounts of nitrogen to the soil annually where the conditions are favorable for their development. In many cases too, a correlation has been found between the ability of a soil to support a vigorous Azotobacter growth and its crop producing power.
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science
© Copyright 1929 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc.
Walker, R. H. and Sullivan, John L.
"The Spontaneous Culture Method for Studying the Non-Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria of the Soil,"
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 36(1), 53-61.
Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol36/iss1/7 | <urn:uuid:60b1ddaf-4d7f-4ecb-89bd-b74035fc618c> | {
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What is Dry Ice?
- A copy of the brochure, What is Dry Ice?, is available in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF, 145KB, 2pg).
Dry ice is solidified carbon dioxide. When dry ice melts, it turns into carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is always present in the environment, but in low concentrations. It is colorless and odorless.
Use Dry Ice Safely
Carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, and therefore, it can pool in basements or other low areas.
When transporting dry ice, always keep vehicle windows open to bring in fresh air.
The quantity of dry ice used in a regular freezer or refrigerator is unlikely to produce carbon dioxide gas in sufficient quantity to cause a health problem. Dry ice can readily be used to keep foods cool in those types of containers.
Are there any special precautions I should take when using dry ice?
There are a number of important precautions to take when handling dry ice:
- Dry ice is much colder than regular ice, and can burn the skin similar to frostbite. You should wear insulated gloves when handling it. Wear safety glasses and a face shield if you are cutting or chipping it.
- Keep dry ice out of the reach of children.
- Never eat or swallow dry ice.
- Avoid inhaling carbon dioxide gas.
Can I actually suffocate from dry ice?
Dry ice can be a very serious hazard in a small space that isn't well-ventilated. As dry ice melts, it turns into carbon dioxide gas. In a small space, this gas can build up. If enough carbon dioxide gas is present, a person can become unconscious, and in some cases, die.
Can I use dry ice in a walk-in cooler or freezer?
It is very dangerous to use dry ice in a walk-in freezer, cooler, closed truck bed, or other small space with poor ventilation. A large amount of dry ice in a walk-in cooler or freezer can produce a great deal of carbon dioxide, which can possibly be fatal to someone entering that space.
What are signs of being exposed to too much carbon dioxide?
Symptoms of overexposure to carbon dioxide include headache and difficulty breathing, and with greater exposure, nausea and vomiting.
What are some tips for using dry ice to keep foods cool?
- Order dry ice in the form and size in which it will be used. It can be difficult and dangerous to cut.
- Store dry ice in a container that allows some leakage. If unvented, carbon dioxide gas can build up pressure inside a jar or container as dry ice melts.
How much dry ice will I need?
The quantity of dry ice you will need to maintain temperature in a storage freezer or refrigerator will vary. Some basic tips for using dry ice to cool foods are:
In a Refrigerator:
- A home-style refrigerator may use about 10 pounds of dry ice per day.
- Dry ice may freeze items, so place foods that may become damaged by freezing as far from dry ice as possible.
- Place ice on the bottom of a household type unit. Place newspaper or other materials as insulation on glass shelves to prevent the shelves from cracking.
- Keep liquids tightly covered so they do not become carbonated as the refrigerator fills with carbon dioxide.
In a Freezer:
- A chest freezer may use 40 to 50 pounds of dry ice per day, placed on top of the food.
In a Home-Style Refrigerator/Freezer Combination Unit:
- A unit with the freezer on bottom may use 15 to 25 pounds per day, placed on top of food.
- A unit with the freezer on top may use 20 to 30 pounds per day, placed on top of and surrounding food.
- A unit with a side-by-side freezer may use 30 to 40 pounds per day, placed on top of and surrounding food.
How do I dispose of dry ice?
- Because dry ice can cause carbon dioxide gas to accumulate and build up pressure, do not dispose of dry ice in a sewer, garbage disposal, garbage chute, etc.
- Allow leftover dry ice to melt and turn into gas in a well-ventilated area. | <urn:uuid:626d70d4-a107-42d3-a28c-9d4b18fa4294> | {
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High technology, innovation and inequality: Does high-tech growth come at a cost?
Innovative, high-technology sectors are widely seen as crucial for economic development. An optimistic literature touts the benefits of these sectors for the prosperity of city economies. Tech workers earn high salaries, which generate beneficial spillovers throughout the local economy, especially in terms of the creation of non-tech jobs in nontradable sectors (Moretti, 2010; van Dijk, 2016). Success stories like San Francisco, Seattle and Cambridge have inspired urban policymakers to focus on innovation and high-tech as the route to prosperity.
But there may be a dark side to the story. Prototypical cases of technology-driven success display very high levels of inequality (Breau et al., 2014), leading Florida (2017) to declare the existence of a ‘new urban crisis’. Lee and Rodriguez-Pose (2016) show that the benefits of high-tech do not trickle down to those at risk of poverty. Kemeny and Osman (2017) suggest that – once local living costs are taken into account – workers in nontradable activities may actually be made worse off. Meanwhile, Hsieh and Moretti (2015) argue that tight planning restrictions reduce national growth and redistribute spillovers from workers to homeowners. This special session seeks papers focused on the intersection of innovation, high-technology and inequality.
Themes include, but are not limited to: Who are the winners and losers from growth in innovative and high-technology activities? What are the spatial distributional consequences of skill-bias technical change? Can innovation-led development be inclusive? The urban impact of new technology The impact of new technologies on labour markets Case studies of labour markets in innovative cities
Breau, S., Kogler, D. F., & Bolton, K. C. (2014). On the relationship between innovation and wage inequality: new evidence from Canadian cities. Economic Geography, 90(4), 351-373.
Hsieh, C. T., & Moretti, E. (2015). Why do cities matter? Local growth and aggregate growth. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. w21154.
Kemeny, T., and Osman, T. (2017) The wider impacts of high-technology employment. Mimeo
Lee, N., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2016). Is there trickle-down from tech? Poverty, employment, and the high-technology multiplier in US cities. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(5), 1114-1134.
Moretti, E. (2010) Local multipliers. American Economic Review, 100, 1–7. van Dijk, J. J. (2016). Local employment multipliers in US cities. Journal of Economic Geography, lbw010. | <urn:uuid:f72c4847-ac3b-4cd8-ac0d-8d4aed94e4ec> | {
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Brief Summary of Pets in Trusts
Rebecca F. Wisch (2008; updated 2010)
According to a Gallup Poll conducted in 2007, 59% of Americans own a cat or dog. Most of these same people view their companion animals as members of the family. The importance people place upon companion animals has only increased in recent years, both in terms of the amount of money spent on them and the reported emotional value owners place upon those pets.
Despite this, most pet owners are unaware or uninformed as to what might happen to their pets should they die or become incapacitated. This is especially significant considering the fact that the American population is aging.
Historically, owners were frustrated in their attempts to leave money to care for their pets, both during life or after death. Those who did attempt to create some sort of “trust,” found them invalidated because these pets were viewed as personal property. Since property (the pet) cannot legally own property (the money in the trust), these trusts failed. These trusts also failed because the pet could not legally be a beneficiary to the trust.
This began to change in the 1990's when states began to enact pet trust laws after the Uniform Probate Code (UPC) was changed to allow the creation of pet trusts. Sparked by this concern for our companion animals, many states, 39 in fact, have enacted what are termed "Pet Trust Laws." Attorneys in these states can now help concerned pet owners construct trusts that operate in the event of an owner’s death or disabling life events.
A pet trusts allows a person to set aside a sum of money to care for the pet. This may occur in regular disbursements of the funds, or in the manner the trust specifies. Further, an owner can make specific instructions regarding feeding, housing, and veterinary care. In most states, the trusts last as long as the last animal named in the trust lives (if Fluffy and Scooter are named in the trust, and Fluffy dies first, the trust continues throughout Scooter’s life) The named trustee oversees the distribution and management of the funds while another named person cares for the pet as directed by the trust. Some owners even specify that the remaining money left in trust after the pet dies (called the remainder) goes to a non-profit animal rescue organization.
Companion animal owners have been encouraged by legal professionals to think about who they might be comfortable with assuming the day-to-day care of their pet. Many times this person is a sibling, adult child, close friend, or other individual who assures the owner that he or she is willing to accept this responsibility. In addition, owners should be aware of what specific instructions for care should be provided. Does the pet require special food or grooming? Are there special medical concerns? And, most difficultly, is there a medical condition that would necessitate euthanasia such as terminal cancer or severe injury that profoundly impacts the pet’s quality of life?
As with any legal instrument, it is important to contact a licensed attorney in your state to counsel you on the particulars of your state’s pet trust laws. In the meantime, a pet owner could write a list of some of concerns regarding care for his or her pet. While thinking about one’s own death or incapacity can be a troubling subject, some planning can alleviate future worry and concern.
Overview of Pets in Wills and Trusts
David S. Favre (2003; updated 2010)
"Can I put my pet in my will?"
The answer to this question depends in large part whether your state has adopted the Uniform Trust Act (UTA) of 2000 or a statute that addresses pet trusts. The UTA does not allow you to will property to an animal per se , but allows you to set up a trust for the continuing care of your pet. The Act itself is an example of the increased recognition of animal interests in the civil law arena. The provisions of the Uniform Trust Act of 2000, 1 which have been adopted in approximately 39 states, 2 lower another long-standing legal barrier for animals. The river has been forded. The traditional view in the United States has disallowed animals to be the lawful subject of a provision in a will or trust. 3 This inability of individuals to make provisions for their pets after their deaths was addressed by the drafters of the Uniform Trust Law with the drafting of Section 408 of the Act. Under this section, a trust for the care of an animal is specifically allowed along with the authorization for courts to appoint someone to enforce the trust. 4 Parallel language has also been made part of the Uniform Probate Law. 5 Thus, a pet becomes a legally relevant being, one who has income and assets which must be protected with in the legal system.
This change of legal status has occurred in that most traditional of legal areas - trust and estates. This change is of a different quality than the examples before. In this case, government action is not required for the interests of an animal to be asserted in the legal system. The civil courts have authority to act on behalf of the animals. While the primary motivation may well have been taking care of the concerns of human owner of pets, the lawyers and legislatures adopting the Uniform Law and associated state statutes apparently did not have any conceptual difficulty in accommodating animals into our existing legal community.
1 Uniform Trust Code, Last Revised or Amended in 2001, Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws.(available at: http://www.law.upenn.edu/library/ulc/uta/2001final.htm ).
2 For example, see Alaska (Sec 13.12.907); Arizona (Sec 14-2907); California (CA Prob. Sec 15212); Colorado (Sec 15-11-901); Florida (Sec 737.116); Iowa (Sec 633.2105); Kansas ( KS ST § 58a-408 ); Michigan (Sec 700.2722); Missouri (Sec 456.055); Montana (Sec 72-2-1017); Nevada (Sec 163.0075); New Jersey (Sec 3B:11-38); New Mexico (Sec 45-2-907); New York (Est. Pow. & Trst. Sec 7-8.1); North Carolina (Sec 36C-4-408); Oregon (Sec 128.308); Tennessee (Sec 35-15-408); Utah (Sec 75-2-1001); Washington ( WA ST 11.118.005 - WA ST 11.118.110 ), among others).
3 See generally, Gerry W. Beyer Pet Animals: What Happens When Their Humans Die? 40 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 617 (2000); Siobhan Morrissey, Wills Go To the Dogs, 89 ABA JOUR. 24 (May 2003).
(a) A trust may be created to provide for the care of an animal alive during the settlor's lifetime. The trust terminates upon the death of the animal or, if the trust was created to provide for the care of more than one animal alive during the settlor's lifetime, upon the death of the last surviving animal.
(b) A trust authorized by this section may be enforced by a person appointed in the terms of the trust or, if no person is so appointed, by a person appointed by the court. A person having an interest in the welfare of the animal may request the court to appoint a person to enforce the trust or to remove a person appointed.
Uniform Trust Code § 408, supra note .
Honorary trusts; trusts for pets; conditions
B. A trust for the care of a designated domestic or pet animal is valid. The trust terminates when no living animal is covered by the trust. A governing instrument shall be liberally construed to bring the transfer within this subsection, to presume against the merely precatory or honorary nature of the disposition and to carry out the general intent of the transferor. Extrinsic evidence is admissible in determining the transferor's intent. | <urn:uuid:9ef48310-451e-4dc7-8638-b92a8708b384> | {
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Lincoln was a great deal darker last Saturday as the most recognised feature of the city skyline turned off its lights for the annual Earth Hour. The cathedral was one of many landmarks across the world to participate in the 60-minute blackout, which aimed to promote energy sustainability and all things environmental.
If every home in Lincoln turned off one light bulb in their house for an hour, the city would have saved four tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions. So was this no more than a grand gesture, or did Earth Hour actually make a difference in city homes?
People polled by The Lincolnite on the streets of Lincoln admitted that they had little to no idea what Earth Hour was about, and typical responses were those of surprise: “oh, was it”…”I knew nothing about it”…”I had no clue”.
Kerry Houghton (25) reinforced the views: “I’ve never heard of it and none of my friends have mentioned it.” Even environmentally aware Kim Pacey (27), who lives in an eco-friendly council house, complete with energy-saving lights and solar panels, knew nothing about last week’s event.
Despite this lack of awareness, people speaking to The Lincolnite were positive about a greener Lincoln, with the majority encouraging future plans to get unplugged. Though Earth Hour had bypassed them, most were actively trying to save energy in their homes, primarily by switching off idle appliances and investing in energy-efficient light bulbs.
Unsurprisingly, shrinking monthly costs was the main motivation for many, though this wasn’t always reflected in their bank statements. “The bills haven’t gone up but then we haven’t seen any savings,” said Matt Smith (44). Kim Pacey, however, has seen a notable savings, indicating how effective solar panels can be in reducing energy costs, albeit with a hefty initial expense.
Not everyone was as concerned with bills though: “My parents and their parents before them have made a mess so it’s time to do something about it now,” said Sharron Smith (37). She agreed that it was not an aversion to environmental issues that prevented participation in Earth Hour on a large-scale, but instead the failure to send a clear message to the public.
Making a difference
Encouragingly, questions concerning the future of events like Earth Hour were met with no resistance on Lincoln’s streets. In fact, there was a unanimous response from members of the public polled by The Lincolnite that more should be done to increase environmental awareness, as only with a communal effort real progress can be made.
Kate Bell, Community Environment Coordinator at the City of Lincoln Council, said: “The overwhelming message from Earth Hour is what else we can do as individuals and a community in Lincoln to reduce our demand for energy. We want to build a resilient community that becomes less dependant on imported energy.”
The City Council and the Transition Lincoln group are also organising a talk at the University of Lincoln in June (details to be confimed), where they invited a former Camden Town councillor to talk about his experience of working to address the challenges posed by climate change and how communities can make the transition to become more self-sufficient and cope with rising energy prices. | <urn:uuid:ebc15823-b36f-4ae1-9147-065f72bb7b01> | {
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If you have seen tumbleweeds sailing across the roads, you know: Tumbleweed season is underway.
Thanks to the rains that drenched the area in July and August, expect "a bumper crop" of tumbleweeds this year, says Sharon Pattee, a rancher in Fountain and a member of El Paso County's Forestry and Weed Advisory Commission.
Tumbleweeds come from a number of plants and occur when the plant matures, dries out, breaks free of its roots and takes a wind-fueled journey across the ground, dispersing its seeds along the way. In El Paso County, the two chief culprits are Russian thistle and kochia, Pattee says. The Colorado State University Extension labels them both as "troublesome annual weeds of rangeland, pastures, fields, disturbed areas, gardens, roadsides, ditch banks and small acreages."
Both are non-native species. Russian thistle originated in, yep, Russia, and is believed to have come to the United States in the late 1800s through contaminated flax seed. Kochia is from Asia.
Though generally considered a nuisance, both weeds do have some uses. Kochia provides foliage for deer and pronghorn, for example, while songbirds and some game birds eat its seeds. Livestock might eat Russian thistle until it gets older and spikier, Pattee says. CSU Extension warns that Russian thistle can accumulate levels of nitrates that could be toxic to cattle and sheep; kochia has similar dangers.
Kochia has served as human food, at least in desperate times, Pattee says.
"Back in the Dust Bowl age, it was one of the few plants that was prevalent, at least for a while. And people were so destitute that they would boil it, salt it and eat it."
Some craft-minded people use tumbleweeds; I stumbled across "How to Make a Tumbleweed Christmas Tree" online. I also found a company, Curious Country Creations.com, that sells "natural tumbleweed seeds."
"Take these seeds and plant in your garden or window box and see the magic happen as your own tumbleweeds will begin to grow and take shape," the company advertises.
On my property, the "magic" of tumbleweeds is how they leap over fences and somehow stuff themselves under the stairs on the south side of our house. When they stop at a fence instead of sailing over, they can be a big problem, Pattee says.
"They'll back up against a fence and, after time, they can be 4, 5, 6 feet deep. And that's a lot of weight when the wind starts blowing and pushing on that fence."
With tumbleweeds being so dry, they also pose a fire hazard, Pattee says. I've burned tumbleweeds (in controlled situations, I hasten to add) and can confirm they burn in an instant.
Mowing your weeds is one way to cut down the tumbleweed population, Pattee says, but timing is key.
"Mowing the plant before it gets to the point of having mature seed is ideal," she says. With a relatively small acreage, like our 5 acres, she recommends mowing a couple of times during the summer.
"Of course, you can get into chemical treatment," she says, "but a lot of people don't want to do that."
And because of the traveling nature of tumbleweeds, control measures won't necessarily keep your property tumbleweed-free.
"I manage my place pretty well, so I'm not contributing, I hope, to that problem," Pattee says. "But other peoples' tumbleweeds blow, of course, into my property."
Bill Radford and his wife live in the countryside east of Colorado Springs with a menagerie that includes one horse, one mule, two goats, two dogs, two cats, a half-dozen chickens, two rabbits, two guinea pigs and two parrots. Contact him: Twitter @billradfordiii, gazettebillradford on Facebook. Follow his blog at blogs.gazette.com/ | <urn:uuid:25891d47-1f10-4612-97cb-33acf19d02fa> | {
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As the California drought continues, it’s hard to look at all the lush lawns without thinking about the water that goes into keeping them green. In Los Angeles, the city will actually pay you to rip up your grass.
But a gravel-covered yard isn’t that appealing, unless you are a toddler with a taste for rocks.
“I think that the biggest myth that should be dispelled is that native plant gardens are wild and ugly and look dead during part of the year,” said Lili Singer, with the Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants. With drought-resistant natives, you can have lush gardens with flowers.
But it takes time for them to grow in, and it takes some work. You can’t just pop a plant in the ground and walk away.
“When you first put in a drought-tolerant garden,” Singer said, “it isn’t drought tolerant the day you put it in. These are coming from a nursery, they’re little babies."
At Theodore Payne’s nursery, garden designer Wynne Wilson looks at buckwheat, sage, and heuchera, “I’m like a chocoholic in Candyland."
Low-impact gardens can be quite sophisticated. You have to think about the soil, the sun, the plants, the texture, the time of year they’ll bloom, and how to get them water.
“It’s extremely important how we water these new gardens,” Wilson said.
Modern irrigation systems have moved well beyond sprinklers on timers. They waste less water and they have a lot of moving parts. There are computers, ground sensors, even a 6-inch satellite dish you put on your house that communicates with weather satellites about humidity and temperature.
“We just did a 2,000 square foot front garden, completely new, with the irrigation we did all of our beautiful systems, and that was approximately $3,500,” Wilson said.
Of course, you don’t need a satellite or a $3,500 irrigation system to have a lovely drought-resistant garden.
Just some knowledge about plants, a $10 garden hose, and the time to water each plant one at at time.
“I think the best compliment I can give is not to say how much your programs have taught me (a ton), but how much Marketplace has motivated me to go out and teach myself.” – Michael in Arlington, VABEFORE YOU GO | <urn:uuid:efc1b958-7d4b-45ef-ad80-05a367bced3d> | {
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Vitamin C has always been vital to immune function, but COVID-19 has shone the spotlight on the vitamin in a big way. While everyone is scurrying to stock up on citrus fruits, there’s actually another fruit that contains more vitamin C than any other: red bell peppers.
Yes, you read that right. Red bell peppers are often categorized, and cooked, as a vegetable, but because they contain seeds, they’re botanically classified as a fruit. Of course, you might not be as concerned with that as much as how they can contribute to your vitamin C intake and what other health benefits red bell peppers have to offer.
Vitamin C in Red Bell Peppers
Although you might immediately think of oranges or orange juice when you hear the term “vitamin C,” bell peppers — specifically sweet red bell peppers — are a far better source.
One cup of sliced raw red bell pepper contains 117 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C,1 which actually exceeds the current RDA for the entire day. For comparison, the same amount of green bell peppers contains around 74 mg.2 According to a comparative study in the September 2012 issue of the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,3 those numbers increase even more if you choose organic bell peppers.
The researchers analyzed the amounts of bioactive compounds in organically grown bell peppers and conventionally grown bell peppers and found that the organically grown peppers contained significantly more vitamin C and higher amounts of carotenoids, like beta carotene, phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as quercetin.
Health Benefits of Red Bell Peppers
Many of the health benefits of red bell peppers can be attributed to the combination of bioactive compounds found within them. A single red bell pepper contains 30 different antioxidants,4 making them one of the most nutrient-dense fruits you can eat.
Antioxidants have been shown to help fight heart disease,5 prevent cancer,6 protect against liver disease and combat oxidative stress and inflammation.7 One of the notable compounds in red bell peppers is quercetin, which is known to have a wide range of health benefits. Quercetin has been shown to help reduce inflammation, alleviate pain,8 lower blood pressure9 and improve learning and memory.10
Of course, some of the health benefits of red bell peppers are also a result of its high vitamin C content. Although vitamin C is often hailed for its powerful immune-boosting properties, it has a protective effect against heart disease and early death, too.
Researchers who published a study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in June 2015 looked at the diet and health of 97,203 people. They found those who consumed the largest amount of fruits and vegetables had a lower risk of developing heart disease and lower risk of early death when compared with those with the lowest intakes.11
The researchers concluded that this benefit may be driven by the high vitamin C concentration in fruits and vegetables, since those with the highest plasma vitamin C levels seemed to experience the greatest effect.
Vitamin C has also been linked to better eye health. Oxidative stress is connected to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts, two of the leading causes of blindness in older adults.
In one cohort study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in December 2005, researchers found that a high intake of vitamin C, combined with an above average intake of beta-carotene, vitamin E and zinc, could reduce the risk of developing AMD by 35%.12
Vitamin C is also heavily involved in your nervous system. It supports your neurons, modulates the transmission of nerve impulses and helps your body make catecholamines13 or the hormones dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine that help control your stress levels.
A February 2018 study published in the Journal of Critical Care found preliminary evidence that administering vitamin C in addition to standard therapy may help combat inflammation and stabilize heart rate in those with sepsis and septic shock14 — an emergency situation that accounts for 30% to 50% of all in-hospital deaths15 and believed to be the underlying cause of some serious complications and death in severe COVID-19 infections. Vitamin C may also be useful for16:
Protecting against UV damage
Preventing wrinkles and loss of collagen
Healing burns and wounds
Alleviating dry skin
How Much Vitamin C Do You Need?
Vitamin C is water-soluble, which means it dissolves in water and is carried throughout the body to your cells for immediate use. Your cells take what they need and anything left over gets excreted from your body through your urine. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, your body doesn’t store any extra for later. Your body also can’t make vitamin C on its own. That means it’s extra important that you get sufficient amounts from your diet every day.
The current recommendation for vitamin C is 75 mg per day for adult women and 90 mg per day for adult men.18 While daily doses of several hundred mg per day makes sense for many, there’s evidence that higher doses, meaning those over 1,000 mg per day, may be better for combating viruses like the common cold19 and Epstein-Barr20 and as part of the treatment for cancer.21
Other Sources of Vitamin C
One cup of sliced red bell peppers provides more than the current RDA for vitamin C, but if you want to increase your intake even more, there are plenty of other fruits and vegetables that are excellent sources of vitamin C as well.
One of the most vitamin C-rich fruits available is the acerola or Barbados cherry,22 which provides 1,644 mg of vitamin C per cup.23 Compare that to a medium orange, which contains about 69.7 mg of vitamin C.24 Other fruits and vegetables that are particularly rich in the vitamin include25:
Vitamin C Supplements
Supplementation is an option too, but it’s best to get what you need from a variety of fruits and vegetables. When you eat fruits and vegetables, you’re not only getting natural, easily absorbed vitamin C, you’re also getting dozens of other super nutrients, like antioxidants and phytochemicals, which help fight chronic disease, reduce inflammation and help eliminate carcinogens.
However, if you’re having trouble meeting your needs with diet alone, you can supplement a healthy diet with liposomal vitamin C, which has enhanced bioavailability when compared to other oral forms of the vitamin.
In one small study published in Nutrition and Metabolic Insights in June 2016, researchers compared liposomal vitamin C supplements to other types of oral vitamin C,26 finding liposomal supplements raised the amount of vitamin C in the blood more effectively than the other unencapsulated types.
That’s because the liposomes encapsulate, or surround, the vitamin C, which protects it from the harsh environment of your digestive tract, according to a July 2019 report in the Journal of Liposome Research.27 This helps slows down the release of the vitamin from the supplement and improves absorption.
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