{"Question":"上消化道出血可单纯表现为呕血或黑便,也可两者兼有,这取决于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原发病"},{"key":"B","value":"出血部位"},{"key":"C","value":"出血量"},{"key":"D","value":"在胃内停留时间"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上消化道出血表现为呕血还是便血主要取决于出血的速度和出血量的多少(C对),而出血部位(B错)高低、原发病部位(A错)是相对次要的。血液在胃内停留的时间(D错)主要决定呕血或黑便的颜色深浅,时间越久,颜色越深。"} {"Question":"夜间阵发性呼吸困难,可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性脑血管疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"癔病"},{"key":"C","value":"急性感染所致的毒血症"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性阻塞性肺气肿"},{"key":"E","value":"左心功能不全"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"夜间阵发性呼吸困难是心源性呼吸困难,其发生的机制是:①睡眠时迷走神经兴奋性增高,冠状动脉收缩,心肌供血减少,降低心功能;②仰卧位肺活量减少,回心血量增多,肺淤血加重,可见于左心功能不全(E对)。急性脑血管疾病(人卫八版诊断学P24)(A错)可发生神经性呼吸困难,主要由于呼吸中枢受到颅内压增高和供血减少的刺激,使呼吸变为深而慢,常伴呼吸节律改变。癔病(B错)可发生精神性呼吸困难,主要由于过度通气而发生呼吸性碱中毒导致呼吸频率变为浅而快,伴有叹息样呼吸或出现手足抽搐。急性感染所致的毒血症(人卫八版诊断学P23)(C错)可发生中毒性呼吸困难,主要由于急性感染时,体温升高和毒性代谢产物增加引起代谢性酸中毒刺激颈动脉窦、主动脉体化学感受器或者直接兴奋呼吸中枢而导致呼吸深长、频率增加。慢性阻塞性肺气肿(人卫八版诊断学P22)(D错)可发生呼气性呼吸困难,主要由于肺泡弹性减弱和(或)小支气管痉挛或炎症导致呼气费力、呼气缓慢、呼气相延长。"} {"Question":"嘶哑样咳嗽,可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性喉炎"},{"key":"B","value":"声带疾患"},{"key":"C","value":"百日咳"},{"key":"D","value":"胸膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管扩张"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"嘶哑样咳嗽可见于急性喉炎(A对),由于声带炎症或肿瘤压迫喉返神经所致。声带疾患(B错)、百日咳(C错)表现为鸡鸣样咳嗽。胸膜炎(D错)患者咳嗽声音低微或无力。支气管扩张(E错)表现为咳嗽伴大量浓痰。"} {"Question":"患者饱餐后上腹部持续疼痛1天。查体:上腹部压痛、反跳痛。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胃炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肝炎"},{"key":"D","value":"右肾结石"},{"key":"E","value":"肝癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者饱餐后上腹部持续疼痛1天。查体:上腹部压痛、反跳痛。首先考虑诊断为急性胰腺炎(B对)。急性胃炎(A错)无反跳痛。急性肝炎(C错)、肝癌(E错)引起的疼痛为肝区的压痛及叩痛。右肾结石(D错)为腹部绞痛,无反跳痛。"} {"Question":"发作性吸气性呼吸困难,临床最常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气胸"},{"key":"B","value":"气管内异物"},{"key":"C","value":"急性支气管炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性心肌梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吸气性呼吸困难表现为吸气显著费力,严重者吸气时可见“三凹征”,表现为胸骨上窝、锁骨上窝和肋间隙明显凹陷,此时亦可伴有干咳和高调性喉鸣。三凹征的出现主要是由于呼吸肌极度费力,胸腔负压增加所致,常见于气道狭窄与阻塞(B对)。由于胸腔内积气引起肺呼吸面积减少导致换气功能障碍,因而气胸(A错)引起的呼吸困难属于混合性呼吸困难。急性支气管炎(C错)是由病毒、细菌等病原体感染所致的支气管黏膜炎症,疾病多累及气管、支气管,一般不诱发呼吸困难,继发气道阻塞时可引起吸气性呼吸困难。急性心肌梗死(D错)引起心力衰竭时引起的呼吸困难属于心源性呼吸困难。慢性阻塞性肺疾病(E错)是由吸烟等多种病因联合所致的肺泡弹性降低或小气管炎症,因而其导致的呼吸困难属于呼气性呼吸困难。"} {"Question":"黄疸伴胆囊增大不会见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆总管结石"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肝炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胰头癌"},{"key":"D","value":"壶腹癌"},{"key":"E","value":"胆囊结石"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"黄疸是由于血清中胆红素升高致使皮肤、黏膜、巩膜发黄的症状和体征。黄疸伴胆囊增大提示胆总管有狭窄或梗阻。胰头癌(C对)是起源于胰头部分的恶性肿瘤,由于肿瘤压迫胆总管,在胆总管梗阻后可出现黄疸和胆囊增大。胆总管结石(A对)堵塞胆总管后胆红素的吸收和胆汁的排泄出现障碍,因而会引起黄疸和胆囊增大。壶腹癌(D对)指生长在乏特壶腹、十二指肠乳头、胆总管下端、胰管开口处癌的总称,在瘤体引起胆总管梗阻后即可出现黄疸和胆囊增大。急性肝炎(B错,为本题正确答案)指多种致病因素侵害肝脏,肝脏功能受损,继而引起人体一系列不适,但多不引起胆总管病变,因而黄疸和胆囊增大少见。胆囊结石(E对)长期嵌顿或阻塞胆囊管和胆总管时可引起胆囊增大和黄疸。"} {"Question":"下列哪种病变引起的胸痛常沿一侧肋间神经分布","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸肌劳损"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性胸痛"},{"key":"C","value":"颈椎病"},{"key":"D","value":"带状疱疹"},{"key":"E","value":"皮下蜂窝组织炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胸痛常沿一侧肋间神经分布的是带状疱疹(D对),带状疱疹可见沿神经分布的疱疹,疼痛呈刀割样、烧灼样,剧烈难忍,持续时间长。腰肌劳损(A错)表现为腰部酸痛或胀痛,部分表现为刺痛或灼痛。流行性胸痛(B错)表现为突发胸、腹部肌痛,疼痛轻重不一,呈刺痛、刀割样疼痛,咳嗽、翻身等加剧。颈椎病(C错)表现为颈背疼痛,上肢无力等症状。皮下蜂窝组织炎(E错)主要表现为局部出现红、肿、热、痛等症状。"} {"Question":"长期使用解热药或激素类药后,常出现的热型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消耗热"},{"key":"B","value":"不规则热"},{"key":"C","value":"回归热"},{"key":"D","value":"稽留热"},{"key":"E","value":"弛张热"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"结核病、风湿热常见热型为不规则热,且结核病、风湿热患者长期服用解热药或激素类药物,故长期使用解热药或激素类药后,常出现的热型是不规则热(B对)。回归热(C错)常见于回归热、霍奇金病等。稽留热(D错)常见于大叶性肺炎、斑疹伤寒等。弛张热(E错)常见于败血症、风湿热等。热型中无消耗热(A错)。"} {"Question":"下列不是生理性甲状腺肿大体征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻度肿大"},{"key":"B","value":"表面光滑"},{"key":"C","value":"无任何症状"},{"key":"D","value":"可闻及连续性血管杂音"},{"key":"E","value":"质地柔软"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"生理性甲状腺肿大临床上一般无明显症状(C对),甲状腺常呈轻、中度肿大(A对),表面光滑(B对),质地柔软(E对)。连续性血管杂音(D错,为本题正确答案)为Graves病(弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿)的体征,即为病理性甲状腺肿的体征。"} {"Question":"下列各项,心浊音界向健侧移位,患侧心脏浊音界叩诊不清楚的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺不张"},{"key":"B","value":"胸膜肥厚"},{"key":"C","value":"肺实变"},{"key":"D","value":"胸腔积液"},{"key":"E","value":"肺大泡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心浊音界包括相对及绝对浊音界两部分,心脏左右缘被肺遮盖的部分,叩诊呈相对浊音,而不被肺遮盖的部分则叩诊呈绝对浊音。胸膜腔中至大量积液时推挤纵膈向健侧移位,故心浊音界向健侧移位,患侧心脏浊音界叩诊不清楚的是胸腔积液(D对)(人卫八版诊断学P148)。肺不张(A错)、胸膜肥厚(B错)因受到患侧肺组织牵拉心界移向患侧。肺实变(C错)、肺大泡(E错)心界居中。"} {"Question":"可出现甲状腺肿大伴震颤及血管杂音的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺功能亢进症"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺腺瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺肿大伴震颤及血管杂音是甲状腺功能亢进症的临床表现(B对)。单纯性甲状腺肿是以缺碘为主的代偿性甲状腺肿大,青年女性多见,一般不伴有甲状腺功能异常(A错)。甲状腺腺瘤患者多无症状,体检时可发现颈部肿物(C错)。甲状腺癌早期临床表现不明显,多无自觉症状,颈部肿块可逐渐增大,随吞咽上下活动,并可侵犯气管而固定,肿块易较早产生压迫症状,如伴有声音嘶哑,呼吸不畅,吞咽困难等(D错)。慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎患者全身乏力,甲状腺多为双侧对称性、弥漫性肿大,甲状腺往往随病程发展而逐渐增大,但很少压迫颈部出现呼吸和吞咽困难(E错)。"} {"Question":"上肢锥体束征是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Babinski(巴彬斯基征)"},{"key":"B","value":"Oppenheim(奥本海姆征)"},{"key":"C","value":"Gordon(戈登氏征)"},{"key":"D","value":"Hoffmann(霍夫曼征)"},{"key":"E","value":"Chaddock(查多克征)"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"Hoffmann征出现于锥体束或大脑运动皮层损害,是上肢锥体束征的一种表现形式(D对)。Babinski(巴彬斯基征)、Oppenheim(奥本海姆征)、Gordon(戈登氏征)、Chaddock(查多克征)是指锥体束病损时,大脑失去了对脑干和脊髓的抑制作用而出现的异常反射(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"以下是干啰音的特点,不正确的是哪一项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"部位容易变换"},{"key":"B","value":"是一种持续时间较长的带乐性的呼吸附加音"},{"key":"C","value":"音调较高"},{"key":"D","value":"部位不易变,较恒定"},{"key":"E","value":"吸气和呼气均可听及,但以呼气时更明显"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"干啰音是一种持续时间较长的带乐性的呼吸附加音(B对),音调较高(C对),基音频率约300~500Hz。干啰音持续时间较长,吸气及呼气时均可听及,但以呼气时为明显(E对),干啰音的强度和性质易改变,部位容易变换(A对)(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者腹部膨隆呈球形,转动体位时形状改变不明显。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝硬化"},{"key":"B","value":"右心功能不全"},{"key":"C","value":"缩窄性心包炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"肠麻痹"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肠麻痹(E对)时,全腹膨隆,使腹部呈球形,两侧腹部膨出不明显,移动体位时其形状无明显改变。肝硬化(A错)、右心功能不全(B错)缩窄性心包炎(C错)、肾病综合征(D错)引起的腹部膨隆在转动体位时形状可改变。"} {"Question":"病侧呼吸动度减弱伴叩诊为浊音、呼吸音消失者,见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺实变"},{"key":"B","value":"肺气肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肺不张"},{"key":"D","value":"气胸"},{"key":"E","value":"胸膜增厚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阻塞性肺不张患侧呼吸动度减弱或消失,气管移向患侧,语颤减弱或消失,叩诊患侧呈浊音或实音,听诊呼吸音消失,听觉语音减弱或消失(C对)。肺实变患侧呼吸动度局限性减弱或消失,叩诊为实音,呼吸音消失,可听到病理性支气管呼吸音,支气管语音增强(A错)。肺气肿胸廓成桶状,两侧呼吸动度减弱,叩诊两肺过清音,严重者心界叩不出,肺下界下降,肺下界移动度减弱,两肺肺泡呼吸音减弱,呼吸延长,听觉语音减弱,心音较遥远(B错)。气胸患侧胸廓饱满,肋间隙增宽,呼吸动度减弱或消失,叩诊患侧呈鼓音,左侧气胸是心界叩不出,右侧气胸时肝浊音界下移,患侧呼吸音减弱或消失(D错)。胸膜增厚视诊患侧呼吸运动减弱或消失,患侧胸廓塌陷,叩诊患侧叩诊浊音,心界向患侧移位,听诊呼吸音减弱而语音减弱或消失(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列脊椎病变,除哪项外,脊椎叩痛常为阳性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊椎结核"},{"key":"B","value":"棘间韧带损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"骨质增生"},{"key":"E","value":"椎间盘脱出"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脊椎叩痛阳性可见于脊柱结核(A对)、韧带损伤(B对)、骨折(C对)、椎间盘突出等(E对)。骨质增生主要表现为活动受限、病变处酸痛、胀痛,而无叩击痛(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"自肺开始叩诊肝脏相对浊音界时其叩诊音应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由清音转为实音"},{"key":"B","value":"由浊音变为实音"},{"key":"C","value":"由清音转为鼓音"},{"key":"D","value":"由过清音转为实音"},{"key":"E","value":"由清音转为浊音"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"正常胸部叩诊为清音,当向下叩诊,清音转为浊音(E对)时,此时叩诊到肝上界,由于此处的肝脏被肺下叶遮盖,此处又称肝相对浊音界,再往下叩诊1-2个肋间,则浊音变为实音,由于此处的肝脏不在被肺叶掩盖而贴近胸壁,此处又称肝绝对浊音界,此处即为肝下界。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是腹水的表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛙状腹"},{"key":"B","value":"移动性浊音"},{"key":"C","value":"波动感"},{"key":"D","value":"振水音"},{"key":"E","value":"直立时下腹饱满"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腹水是指腹腔积液量超过200ml,表现为蛙状腹(A对)、移动性浊音(B对)、波动感(C对)、直立时下腹饱满(E对)。振水音(D错,为本题正确答案)可见于正常人、幽门梗阻或胃扩张患者,而非腹水表现。"} {"Question":"最易触及心包摩擦感的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坐位,胸骨左缘第4肋间处,深呼气末"},{"key":"B","value":"坐位,胸骨左缘第4肋间处,深吸气末"},{"key":"C","value":"卧位,胸骨左缘第2肋间处,深呼气末"},{"key":"D","value":"卧位,胸骨左缘第2肋间处,深吸气末"},{"key":"E","value":"卧位,剑突下,屏住呼吸时"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心包摩擦音可在整个心前区听到,但以胸骨左缘第3、4肋间最响亮,坐位前倾及呼气末更明显(A对)。"} {"Question":"支气管扩张,常表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指关节梭状畸形"},{"key":"B","value":"杵状指"},{"key":"C","value":"匙状甲"},{"key":"D","value":"浮髌现象"},{"key":"E","value":"肢端肥大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"支气管扩张,常表现为杵状指(B对),即手指或足趾末端增生、肥厚、增宽、增厚,指甲从根部到末端拱形隆起呈杵状,杵状指还可见于慢性肺脓肿、支气管肺癌、发绀型先天性心脏病、亚急性感染性心内膜炎、肝硬化等。指关节梭状畸形(A错)见于类风湿性关节小。匙状甲(C错)又称反甲,常见于缺铁性贫血和高原疾病,偶见于风湿热及甲癣。浮髌现象阳性(D错)提示中等量以上关节积液(50ml)。肢端肥大(E错)是因生长激素分泌过多所致,见于巨人症。"} {"Question":"具有胸膜摩擦音体征的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性干性胸膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"结核性渗出性胸膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核并发气胸"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性脓胸"},{"key":"E","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胸膜摩擦音是由于炎症、纤维素渗出而使正常光滑的胸膜表面变得粗糙时,随着呼吸产生的,因此具有胸膜摩擦音体征的疾病是结核性干性胸膜炎(A对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,58岁。腰痛,腰部活动受限。检查:脊柱叩击痛,坐骨神经刺激征(+)。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腰肌劳损"},{"key":"B","value":"脑膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"蛛网膜下腔出血"},{"key":"D","value":"腰椎间盘突出"},{"key":"E","value":"肾下垂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者腰痛,脊柱叩击痛,坐骨神经刺激征阳性,首先考虑腰椎间盘突出症(D对)。腰肌劳损表现为腰祗酸痛、钝痛,休息时缓解,劳累后加重。特别是弯腰工作时疼痛明显,而伸腰或叩击腰部时疼痛可缓解(A错)。脑膜炎的常见症状有发热、头痛、呕吐、食欲减退、精神差等(B错)。蛛网膜下腔出血主要临床表现为突发剧烈头痛、恶心呕吐、脑膜刺激征阳性、偏瘫等,蛛网膜下腔所出的血液刺激脊膜和脊神经后根时可引起剧烈的腰背痛(C错)。肾下垂的临床表现为大多数患者有腰部酸痛,部分患者有尿路感染症状,或伴有腹胀、恶心、呕吐、胃纳减退、失眠头晕等,部分患者肾区叩击痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列疾病,常使气管移向患侧的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸膜粘连"},{"key":"B","value":"大量胸腔积液"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腔积气"},{"key":"D","value":"肺气肿"},{"key":"E","value":"纵隔肿瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"使气管移向患侧的疾病有肺不张、肺硬化、胸膜粘连(A对)。大量胸腔积液(B错)、胸腔积气(C错)、肺气肿(D错)、纵隔肿瘤(E错)使气管向健侧移位。"} {"Question":"第二心音听诊的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"音调较低"},{"key":"B","value":"强度较响"},{"key":"C","value":"历时较长"},{"key":"D","value":"不如第一心音清脆"},{"key":"E","value":"心底听诊最清楚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"第二心音的听诊特点是音调较高而脆(AD错),强度较S1(第一心音)弱(B错),历时较短(约0.08秒)(C错),不与心尖搏动同步,在心底部最响(E对)。第一心音的听诊特点是音调较低钝,强度较响,历时较长(持续约0.1秒),与心尖搏动同时出现,在心尖部最响(八版诊断学P152 表3-5-11)。"} {"Question":"ST段一过性抬高的心电图表现,应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房颤"},{"key":"B","value":"变异型心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"室性早搏"},{"key":"D","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"E","value":"室性心动过速"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"变异性心绞痛患者几乎完全都在静息情况下发生,无体力劳动或情绪激动等诱因,心电图特点为一过性ST段抬高并常伴有高耸T波和对应导联的ST段下移(B对)。心房颤动的心电图特点为正常P波消食,代以大小不等、形状各异的颤动波(f波),通常以V1导联最明显,RR绝对不齐,QRS波一般不增宽(A错)。室性早搏的心电图特征为期前出现的QRS-T波前无P波或无相关的P波;提前发生的QRS波,宽大畸形,时限通常>0.12S(C错)。心绞痛发作时绝大多数患者可出现暂时性心肌缺血引起的ST段移位。因心内膜下心肌更容易缺血,故常见反映心内膜下心肌缺血的ST段压低(大于等于0.1mV),发作缓解后恢复;有时出现T波倒置(D错)。室性心动过速属于宽QRS波心动过速类型,心电图表现为心频率多在140-200次/分,节律可稍不齐;QRS波群形态宽大畸形,时限通常>第0.12秒;如能发现P波,并且P波频率慢于QRS波频率,PR无固定关系(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列是典型心绞痛的心电图改变的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面对缺血区导联ST段水平压低≥0.lmV,T波倒置"},{"key":"B","value":"面对缺血区导联ST段抬高,T波高尖"},{"key":"C","value":"面对缺血区导联Q波加深,深度≥R波的1\/4"},{"key":"D","value":"面对缺血区导联Q波加宽,宽度≥0.04秒"},{"key":"E","value":"QRS波群宽大畸形"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"典型心绞痛心电图表现为面对缺血区导联ST段水平压低≥0.lmV,T波倒置(A对),心绞痛主要由心肌缺血引起,典型心绞痛的心电图表现即为心肌缺血的心电图表现。面对缺血区导联ST段抬高,T波高尖(B错)为变异型心绞痛的临床心电图改变。面对缺血区导联Q波加深,深度≥R波的1\/4(C错)为“坏死型”心肌梗死的改变。面对缺血区导联Q波加宽,宽度≥0.04秒(D错)提示心肌梗死。QRS波群宽大畸形(E错)见于室性期前收缩、室性心动过速、不完全性室内传导阻滞等心律失常。"} {"Question":"前间壁心肌梗死的特征性心电图改变导联多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"V1~V3"},{"key":"B","value":"V3~V5"},{"key":"C","value":"V1~V6"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF"},{"key":"E","value":"V3R~V7R"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"前间壁心肌梗死特征性ECG改变见于V1~V3导联(A对);前壁心肌梗死特征性ECG改变见于V3~V5导联(B错);广泛前壁心肌梗死特征性ECG改变见于V1~V6导联(C错);下壁心肌梗死特征性ECG改变见于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联(D错);右室心肌梗死特征性ECG改变见于V3R~V7R导联(E错)。"} {"Question":"代表心房除极波形的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"P波"},{"key":"B","value":"QRS波群"},{"key":"C","value":"S-T段"},{"key":"D","value":"T波"},{"key":"E","value":"Q-T间期"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"代表心房除极波形的是P波(A对)。QRS波群反应心室除极过程(B错)。S-T段反应心室的缓慢复极过程(C错)。T波反应了心室的快速复极过程(D错)。Q-T间期反应心室开始除极至心室复极完毕全过程的时间(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列检查结果中,最能反映慢性肾炎患者肾实质严重损害的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿蛋白明显增多"},{"key":"B","value":"尿中白细胞明显增多"},{"key":"C","value":"尿中红细胞明显增多"},{"key":"D","value":"尿中出现管型"},{"key":"E","value":"尿比重固定于1.010左右"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尿蛋白明显增多(A错)、尿中白细胞明显增多(B错)、尿中红细胞明显增多(C错)、尿中出现管型(D错)都可提示肾实质病变,但慢性肾炎患者尿比重固定在1.010左右的等张尿时,表明肾小管重吸收功能很差,肾小管病变严重,故尿比重固定于1.010时最能反映慢性肾炎患者肾实质严重损害(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列常出现血沉明显增快的情况,应除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核病"},{"key":"B","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌梗死"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"多发性骨髓瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血沉,即红细胞沉降率,是指红细胞在一定条件下沉降的速率,它主要受血浆中各种蛋白的比例的影响而改变。病理性增快主要见于:1)各种炎症性疾病,如风湿热、结核病(A对)时,因纤维蛋白原及免疫球蛋白增加,血沉明显加快;2)组织损伤及坏死如急性心肌梗死(C对)时血沉加快,而心绞痛(B错,为本题正确答案)时无改变,这是因为急性心肌梗死时,心肌酶释放入血,诱发炎性反应,导致血浆蛋白成份改变,血沉增快,而心绞痛仅为心肌缺血,尚未出现心肌细胞死亡;3)恶性肿瘤等;4)各种原因导致血浆球蛋白相对或绝对增高,如慢性肾炎(D对)、多发性骨髓瘤(E对)等。"} {"Question":"关于急性胰腺炎,下列说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清淀粉酶在发病3~6小时后开始升高"},{"key":"B","value":"血清淀粉酶在8小时达峰值"},{"key":"C","value":"血清淀粉酶超正常值2倍可诊断急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"淀粉酶的高低并不一定反映病情的严重程度"},{"key":"E","value":"尿淀粉酶升高持续时间比血清淀粉酶短"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"淀粉酶值愈高诊断急性胰腺炎的正确率越大,但升高的幅度与病情严重程度不呈正相关(D对)。急性胰腺炎时血清淀粉酶在发病6~12小时开始增高(A错),12~72小时达到峰值(B错),超过正常值3倍有诊断价值(C错)。尿淀粉酶升高持续时间比血清淀粉酶长(E错),下降缓慢,1-2周后恢复正常。"} {"Question":"对诊断骨质疏松最有意义的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淀粉酶"},{"key":"B","value":"血清转氨酶"},{"key":"C","value":"谷氨酰基转肽酶"},{"key":"D","value":"血清碱性磷酸酶"},{"key":"E","value":"肌酸磷酸激酶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"诊断骨质疏松最有意义的是血清碱性磷酸酶(D对),血清碱性磷酸酶广泛分布于人体组织和体液,以骨、肝、乳腺、小肠、肾中含量较高,其大部分由骨细胞产生,因此佝偻病、骨质疏松、骨细胞癌时,血清碱性磷酸酶升高。淀粉酶(A错)对胰腺炎具有诊断意义。血清转氨酶(B错)对急、慢性病毒性肝炎、肝硬化等有诊断意义。谷氨酰基转肽酶(C错)对原发性或转移性肝癌、阻塞性黄疸、急、慢性病毒性肝炎有诊断意义。肌酸磷酸激酶(E错)对心肌梗死有诊断意义。"} {"Question":"患者,女,20岁。2周前开始咽痛,发热,双膝、踝、腕关节红、肿、热、痛。检查:体温38℃,心率90次\/分,心律齐,未闻及器质性杂音,红细胞沉降率30mm\/h,抗链球菌溶血素“O”800单位。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖皮质激素"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"消炎痛"},{"key":"D","value":"硫唑嘌呤"},{"key":"E","value":"环磷酰胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年女性,2周前开始咽痛,发热,双膝、踝、腕关节红、肿、热、痛,体温升高,心率加快,心律齐,未闻及心脏杂音,红细胞沉降率轻度增高,抗链球菌溶血素“O”增高,可诊断为风湿热,且单纯关节受累。风湿热单纯关节受累者,常用阿司匹林治疗,故患者治疗应首选阿司匹林(B对)。糖皮质激素适用于风湿热心脏受累者的治疗(A错)。消炎痛可以用于风湿热的治疗,但效果不如阿司匹林,故不作为首选(C错)。硫唑嘌呤用于类风湿性关节炎的治疗(D错)。环磷酰胺可用于肿瘤的治疗(E错)。"} {"Question":"慢性肾盂肾炎更为常见的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿白细胞增多或尿菌(+)"},{"key":"B","value":"腰痛和下腹部疼痛,寒战发热,肾区叩痛(+)"},{"key":"C","value":"间歇性无症状性细菌尿和间歇性尿频、尿急"},{"key":"D","value":"水、电解质紊乱及酸碱平衡失调"},{"key":"E","value":"有多尿期,达3000~5000ml\/d"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"慢性肾盂肾炎更为常见的临床表现程度不同的低热、间歇性尿频、排尿不适、腰部酸痛及肾小管功能受损表现(C对)。尿白细胞增多或尿菌(+)(A错)提示泌尿系感染。腰痛和下腹部疼痛,寒战发热,肾区叩痛(+)(B错),提示急性肾盂肾炎。电解质紊乱及酸碱平衡失调(D错)提示慢性肾衰。有多尿期,达3000~5000ml\/d(E错)为急性肾损伤的表现。"} {"Question":"女性,30岁。近两年间断发生尿路刺激症状,无发热,尿检查有白细胞和白细胞管型,尿细菌培养阳性。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性膀胱炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肾结核"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"女性,30岁(尿路感染的高发人群),两年(病程较长)来间断发生尿路刺激症状,无发热(全身及泌尿系统局部症状不典型),尿检查有白细胞管型(肾盂肾炎可有白细胞管型),尿细菌培养阳性(提示真性菌尿,确诊为尿路感染),综合该患者的病史、体查、实验室检查,其诊断是慢性肾盂肾炎(C对)。急性肾盂肾炎(P498)(A错)起病较急,有寒战、高热表现。慢性肾炎(P474)(B错)起病缓慢,病程较长,主要表现为蛋白尿、血尿、高血压和水肿等。急性膀胱炎(P498)(D错)起病较急,尿检查无白细胞管型。肾结核(八版外科学P561-P562)(E错)膀胱刺激征尤为突出,常有终末血尿,普通尿细菌培养阴性。"} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁。咳嗽,吐痰,反复发作5年,近1周症状加重。检查:体温正常,两肺散在干、湿性啰音,血白细胞11.0×109\/L,中性粒细胞0.8。首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性支气管炎急性发作"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"肺癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本患者中老年男性,反复咳嗽、咳痰5年,可考虑为慢性支气管炎,患者两肺散在干、湿性啰音,血白细胞白细胞增高,中性粒细胞增高,提示肺部感染,故患者首先考虑的诊断是慢性支气管炎急性发作(B对)。急性支气管炎(P17)(A错)起病较急,全身症状较轻,可有发热,咳嗽、咳痰可延续2~3周。肺结核(P65)(C错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰或痰中带血,伴有乏力、低热、盗汗等。支气管哮喘(P30)(D错)主要表现为发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。肺癌(P78)(E错)主要表现为咳嗽、痰血或咯血、气短或喘鸣、发热、体重下降。"} {"Question":"咳嗽伴有杵状指(趾)主要见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上呼吸道感染"},{"key":"B","value":"胸膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"喉头水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"咳嗽伴有杵状指(趾)主要见于支气管扩张(D对),杵状指(趾)多因组织缺氧、代谢障碍及中毒造成指端组织增生所致,常见于呼吸系统疾病、某些心血管疾病以及营养障碍性疾病。上呼吸道感染(P13)(A错)主要表现为发热、咳嗽、喷嚏、咽痛等。胸膜炎(B错)主要表现为胸痛、胸闷、咳嗽、气急、呼吸困难等。喉头水肿(C错)主要表现为喉痛、声嘶、喉喘鸣和呼吸困难等。肺结核(P64)(E错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血或咯血、乏力、低热、盗汗等。"} {"Question":"患者,男,20岁。反复咳嗽,咳痰量多已2年。今天突然咯鲜血300ml,无发热,不消瘦。听诊:右下肺闻及小水泡音。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脓肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者青年男性,反复咳嗽,咳痰量多已2年今天突然咯鲜血300ml,无发热,不消瘦。听诊:右下肺闻及小水泡音,患者临床表现与支气管扩张症相符,故患者应首先考虑的是支气管扩张(C对)。大叶性肺炎(P46)(A错)常有受凉、淋雨史,主要表现为高热、寒战、咳嗽、咳粉红色泡沫痰等症状。肺结核(P61)(B错)主要表现为乏力、低热、盗汗等结核分枝杆菌感染中毒症状。风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄(P298)(D错)主要表现为呼吸困难、咳嗽、咯血、血栓栓塞等。肺脓肿(P57)(E错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳黏液痰或黏液脓性痰。"} {"Question":"患者,男,25岁。发热,咳嗽3天。检查:气管位置居中,右胸呼吸动度减弱,右中肺语颤增强,叩诊呈浊音,听诊可闻及湿性啰音及支气管肺泡呼吸音。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"气胸"},{"key":"D","value":"肺不张"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年男性,发热,咳嗽3天。检查:气管位置居中,右胸呼吸动度减弱,右中肺语颤增强,叩诊呈浊音,听诊可闻及湿性啰音及支气管肺泡呼吸音,患者临床表现与肺炎肺实变期相符,故患者最可能的诊断是肺炎(B对)。胸膜炎(A错)主要表现为胸痛、咳嗽、胸闷、气急及呼吸困难。气胸(P122)(C错)主要表现为突发性胸痛,继而出现胸闷和呼吸困难,并可有刺激性咳嗽。肺不张(D错)主要表现为患侧明显的疼痛、突发呼吸困难、发绀,甚至出现血压下降、心动过速、发热,偶可引起休克。肺结核(P64)(E错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰或痰中带血,伴有乏力、低热、盗汗等。"} {"Question":"对急性支气管炎与流行性感冒的鉴别,最有意义的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"咳痰"},{"key":"C","value":"肺部啰音"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞计数"},{"key":"E","value":"流行病学史"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"对急性支气管炎与流行性感冒的鉴别,最有意义的是流行病学史(E对),流行性感冒有流行病史,而急性支气管炎无流行病学史。急性支气管炎与流行性感冒均有发热(A错)、咳痰(B错)、肺部啰音(C错)、白细胞计数(D错)的表现。"} {"Question":"患者,40岁。高热寒战3天,伴咳嗽,胸痛,痰中带血。为确诊,应首选的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺部听诊"},{"key":"B","value":"血常规检查"},{"key":"C","value":"X线检查"},{"key":"D","value":"痰结核菌检查"},{"key":"E","value":"血培养"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者寒战高热3天,伴咳嗽、胸痛、痰中带血,提示肺炎链球菌肺炎,故首选X线检查(C对),X线影像早期表现为肺纹理增粗或受累的肺段、肺叶稍模糊,随病情进展表现为大片炎症浸润影。肺部听诊(A错)只能听出肺部杂音,不如影像学检查结果准确。血常规检查(B错)、血培养(E错)可发现白细胞升高,但缺乏特异性。患者无结核杆菌中毒表现,故无需做痰结核菌检查(D错)。"} {"Question":"对鉴别急性支气管炎与流行性感冒最有意义的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白细胞计数"},{"key":"B","value":"咳嗽、咯痰"},{"key":"C","value":"肺部啰音"},{"key":"D","value":"X线检查"},{"key":"E","value":"流行病学、病毒分离和血清学检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性支气管炎与流行性感冒均有咳嗽、咳痰(B错),白细胞计数增高(A错),肺部干、湿啰音(C错)及X线显示肺纹理增多(D错)的表现。但对于有流行性感冒史、分泌物及血清学检查出流行病病毒者(E对)可诊断为流行性感冒,可用于与急性支气管炎的鉴别。"} {"Question":"下列诊断支气管哮喘的依据,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有反复发作喘息的病史"},{"key":"B","value":"发作时有吸气性呼吸困难"},{"key":"C","value":"肺部弥漫性哮鸣音"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管扩张药治疗有效"},{"key":"E","value":"必要时进行支气管扩张试验"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"支气管哮喘简称哮喘,是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,临床多表现为反复发作的喘息(A对)、气急、咳嗽、胸闷等症状,多数患者可自行缓解或经治疗后缓解。典型症状为发作性伴有啸鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难(B错,为本题正确答案),典型体征为发作时双肺可闻及广泛啸鸣音(C对)。诊断时进行支气管扩张试验(E对)检查可测定气道可逆性改变,试验阳性提示存在可逆性的气道阻塞。治疗时使用支气管扩张剂(D对)如白三烯调节剂,在抗炎的同时可发挥舒张支气管平滑肌的作用,可作为轻度哮喘的替代治疗药物和中、重度哮喘的联合治疗药物。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。咳嗽2个月,痰中带血,不发热,抗感染治疗效果不明显。3次X线检查均显示右肺中叶炎症。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎球菌肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒性肺炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者中年男性,咳嗽、痰中带血(肺癌表现)、不发热,抗感染治疗效果不明显(说明不是肺部感染性疾病),且X线检查显示右肺中叶炎症,患者最可能的诊断为肺癌(C对),X线检查显示右肺中叶炎症是由于肿瘤造成的阻塞性肺炎。肺炎球菌肺炎(P46)(A错)表现为寒战、高热、痰中带血或呈铁锈色,抗感染治疗有效。肺结核(P64)(B错)表现为咳嗽、咳痰以及低热、盗汗、乏力等结核杆菌中毒症状。支气管扩张(P38)(D错)表现为咳嗽、咳痰及反复咯血。病毒性肺炎(P51)(E错)表现为干咳、发热、呼吸困难、紫绀和食欲减退,肺部体征较少。"} {"Question":"患者,男,30岁。高热、寒战2天,胸痛,伴咳嗽,痰中带血。听诊:右肺中部可闻及湿啰音。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年男性,高热、寒战(提示肺部有感染)2天,胸痛,伴咳嗽,痰中带血。听诊:右肺中部可闻及湿啰音,应首先考虑的是肺炎(B对)。急性支气管炎(P17)(A错)起病较急,可有发热,常出现咳嗽和咳痰症状。肺结核(P43)(C错)多有中毒症状,如午后低热、盗汗、疲乏无力、体重减轻等。肺癌(P78)(D错)常发生于有长期大量吸烟史的老年人,多伴有咳嗽、咯血、气短、发热和体重下降等症状。支气管哮喘(P30)(E错)典型症状为发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。"} {"Question":"慢性支气管炎喘息型的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期、反复咳嗽、咳痰"},{"key":"B","value":"反复咳嗽、咳痰,喘息,并伴有哮鸣音"},{"key":"C","value":"咳嗽、咳痰,伴长期午后低热,消瘦,盗汗"},{"key":"D","value":"发作性带哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难"},{"key":"E","value":"夜间熟睡后突然憋醒,伴咳嗽、咳痰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"慢性支气管炎分为单纯型和喘息型两种。单纯型主要表现为反复咳嗽、咳痰(A错);喘息型除咳嗽、咳痰外尚有喘息症状,并伴有哮鸣音(B对)。咳嗽、咳痰,伴长期午后低热、消瘦、盗汗(C错)为肺结核表现。发作性带哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难(D错)为支气管哮喘的表现。夜间熟睡后突然憋醒,伴咳嗽、咳痰(E错)为心源性哮喘的表现。"} {"Question":"慢性支气管炎与支气管扩张的主要鉴别点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咯血"},{"key":"B","value":"杵状指"},{"key":"C","value":"脓性痰"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管造影术"},{"key":"E","value":"胸部X线片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢支和支扩早期的胸部X线片均可表现为肺纹理的增粗、紊乱(E错),晚期支扩患者胸部X线片可出现典型的卷发状阴影。慢性支气管炎和支扩均为慢性疾病,长期缺氧均可导致杵状指(B错)。同样,咳血、脓性痰不具特异性,均可见于二者。支气管造影(D对)可明确支气管扩张的出血、扩张、阻塞的部位,是过去诊断支气管扩张的金标准,可用来与慢性支气管炎鉴别。"} {"Question":"下列关于哮喘持续状态的紧急处理哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注地塞米松"},{"key":"B","value":"补充水、电解质"},{"key":"C","value":"纠正酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"吸氧"},{"key":"E","value":"口服氨茶碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"哮喘持续状态的治疗:①吸氧(D对);②迅速缓解气道痉挛,常用甲泼尼松龙或地塞米松静脉滴注或注射(A对);③及时进行人工通气;④注意防治并发症:包括预防和控制感染、补充足够液体量以避免痰液黏稠、纠正严重的酸中毒(C对)和调整水、电解质紊乱(B对)。口服氨茶碱(E错,为本题正确答案)为哮喘急性发作的治疗,通过抑制磷酸二酯酶,提高平滑肌细胞内的环腺苷酸浓度,拮抗腺苷受体,增强呼吸肌的力量以及增强气道纤毛清楚功能等,从而起到舒张支气管和气道抗炎作用。"} {"Question":"蛛网膜下腔出血的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高热"},{"key":"B","value":"抽搐"},{"key":"C","value":"“三偏”征"},{"key":"D","value":"脑膜刺激征明显"},{"key":"E","value":"脑脊液大多正常"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蛛网膜下腔出血的体征是脑膜刺激征明显(D对),脑脊液多为血性(E错),而常无高热(A错)、抽搐(B错)的表现。“三偏”征为丘脑出血的体征(C错)。"} {"Question":"典型心绞痛胸部疼痛的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心尖部"},{"key":"B","value":"左肩背部"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部左侧"},{"key":"D","value":"胸骨体上段或中段的后方"},{"key":"E","value":"胸部右侧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"典型心绞痛胸部疼痛的部位是胸骨体上段或中段的后方(D对),可波及心前区,有手掌大小范围,甚至横贯前胸,界限不很清楚。常放射至左肩、左臂内侧达无名指和小指,或至颈、咽或下颌部。"} {"Question":"右心衰的主要表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体循环淤血"},{"key":"B","value":"双肺哮鸣音"},{"key":"C","value":"双肺湿啰音"},{"key":"D","value":"肺纹理增粗"},{"key":"E","value":"肺循环淤血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"右心衰竭以体循环淤血的表现为主(A对)。双肺哮鸣音为哮喘患者最具有特征的体征(B错)。双肺湿啰音、肺纹理增粗为肺系疾病的非特异性体征(CD错)。左心衰竭以肺淤血及心排血量降低表现为主(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,心尖区触及舒张期震颤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"B","value":"动脉导管未闭"},{"key":"C","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"二尖瓣狭窄(C对)的典型杂音为心尖区舒张中晚期低调的隆隆样杂音,呈递增型,局限,左侧卧位明显,运动或用力呼气可使其增强,常伴舒张期震颤。室间隔缺损(P287)(A错)为胸骨左缘第3~4肋间Ⅳ~Ⅵ级全收缩期杂音;动脉导管未闭(P288)(B错)的突出体征为胸骨左缘第二肋间及左锁骨下方的连续性机械样杂音;二尖瓣关闭不全(P305)(D错)的典型杂音为心尖区全收缩期吹风样杂音;主动脉瓣狭窄(P308)(E错)为胸骨右缘1~2肋间粗糙而响亮的收缩期射流性杂音,这四种疾病均不会在心尖区触及舒张期震颤。"} {"Question":"风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣狭窄常见的临床“三联征”是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸困难、心绞痛、房颤"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸困难、心绞痛、晕厥"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸困难、心绞痛、细迟脉"},{"key":"D","value":"心绞痛、晕厥、细迟脉"},{"key":"E","value":"心绞痛、细迟脉、晕厥"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"风湿性心脏病主动脉瓣狭窄常见的临床“三联征”是心绞痛、晕厥和心力衰竭,这是八版内科学最新的观点。七版内科学指出主动脉瓣狭窄常见的临床“三联征”是呼吸困难、心绞痛、晕厥,因此本题原给出答案为B。考生记忆应以八版内科学观点为准。"} {"Question":"患者,65岁。查体:桶状胸,心尖搏动出现在剑突下,且深吸气时增强,肺动脉瓣第二心音增强。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"B","value":"高血压性心脏病"},{"key":"C","value":"风心病"},{"key":"D","value":"肺心病"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"请等待更新"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。半年来经常突发胸骨后疼痛,有窒息感,持续1~5分钟,休息后迅速缓解,心电图示ST段下移及T波倒置。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稳定型劳累性心绞痛"},{"key":"B","value":"初发劳累性心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"恶化型劳累性心绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"自发性心绞痛"},{"key":"E","value":"急性心肌梗死"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者中年男性,半年来经常突发胸骨后疼痛,有窒息感,持续1~5分钟,休息后迅速缓解,心电图示ST段下移及T波倒置,为典型的稳定型心绞痛的表现(A对)。初发劳累性心绞痛通常在首发症状1~2个月内发生,很轻的体力活动可诱发(B错)。恶化型劳累性心绞痛在相对稳定的劳力性心绞痛基础上心绞痛逐渐增强,疼痛更剧烈,持续时间更长(C错)。自发性心绞痛,心绞痛发作与体力或脑力负荷引起心肌需氧量增加无明显关系,而与冠状动脉血流贮备量减少有关,为心肌一过性缺血所致(D错)。急性心肌梗死休息或舌下含服硝酸甘油不能缓解(E错)。"} {"Question":"高血压合并糖尿病患者,不宜用下列哪类药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二氮嗪、氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不能用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"高血压合并糖尿病患者,由于β受体拮抗剂(C错,为本题正确答案)可增加胰岛素抵抗,还可能掩盖和延长低血糖反应,使用时应加注意。二氮嗪、氢氯噻嗪(A对)为利尿剂,可通过排钠、排水,降低外周阻力而降压,适用于轻中度高血压,对单纯收缩期高血压、盐敏感性高血压、合并肥胖或糖尿病高血压、更年期女性、合并心力衰竭和老年高血压有较强降压效果;血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(B对)具有改善胰岛素抵抗和减少尿蛋白作用,对肥胖、糖尿病和心脏、肾脏靶器官受损的高血压患者具有较好效果;哌唑嗪(D对)为α受体拮抗剂,曾多年用于临床并有一定降压疗效,但因副作用较多,目前不主张单独使用,但可用于复方制剂或联合治疗。"} {"Question":"房颤可出现的脉搏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水冲脉"},{"key":"B","value":"交替脉"},{"key":"C","value":"脉搏短绌"},{"key":"D","value":"重搏脉"},{"key":"E","value":"奇脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"房颤的典型临床表现为心音变化不定、心律极不规则和脉搏短绌(C对),脉搏短绌是由于许多心室搏动过弱以致未能开启主动脉瓣,或因动脉血压波太小,未能传导至外周动脉。水冲脉(A错)是由于周围血管扩张、血流量增大,或存在血液分流、反流所致,常见于甲亢、严重贫血、主动脉瓣关闭不全、先天性心脏病动脉导管未闭及动静脉瘘等;交替脉(B错)一般认为是左室收缩力强弱交替所致,是左室心力衰竭的重要体征之一;重搏脉(D错)指正常脉搏在其下降期中有一重复上升的脉搏,但较第一个波低,不能触及,常见于肥厚梗阻性心肌病、伤寒及长期发热使外周血管紧张度降低等;奇脉(E错)指吸气时脉搏明显减弱或消失,系左心室搏血量减少所致,多见于心包积液、重症哮喘等。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁。肥胖体形,无异常症状,健康查体时发现尿糖阳性。空腹血糖稍高,葡萄糖耐量减低。其诊断考虑为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅱ型糖尿病"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ型糖尿病"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肾病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者45岁(Ⅱ型糖尿病多在40以后起病),肥胖体型,无异常症状(Ⅱ型糖尿病通常伴有肥胖症,且起病隐匿),检查尿糖阳性,空腹血糖增高,葡萄糖耐量降低(提示糖代谢异常),综合该患者体查、实验室检查,诊断考虑为Ⅱ型糖尿病(A对)。Ⅰ型糖尿病(P737)(B错)好发于青少年,起病较急,多尿、多饮、多食和体重减轻等症状明显。糖尿病酮症酸中毒(P753)(C错)临床症状突出,主要表现为恶心、呕吐、头痛,呼吸深快等,呼气有烂苹果味,查血酮体阳性。肾炎(P461)(D错)主要表现为血尿、蛋白尿、水肿和高血压等。肾病(P461)(E错)主要表现为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、明显水肿和(或)高脂血症。"} {"Question":"140mmol\/L,血pH7.2。应首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"高渗性非酮症性糖尿病昏迷"},{"key":"C","value":"低血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"乳酸性酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"水中毒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者糖尿病病史2年,恶心、呕吐、口渴、尿量增多1天来诊,查体:昏迷、呼吸深快(酸中毒大呼吸),血糖7mmol\/L(正常值3.9~6.1mmol\/L),血钠正常,血pH7.2(正常值为7.5,提示酸中毒),首先考虑酮症酸中毒(A对)。高渗性非酮症性糖尿病昏迷(P755)(B错)主要见于老年人2型糖尿病患者,以严重高血糖、高血浆渗透压、脱水为特点,无明显酮症。低血糖(C错)患者血糖浓度低于2.77mmol\/L。乳酸性酸中毒(D错)为糖尿病患者较少见而严重的并发症,临床表现常被掩盖,起病较急,有不明原因的深大呼吸、低血压、神志模糊、嗜睡、木僵及昏迷等症状,有时伴恶心、呕吐、腹痛,偶有腹泻,体温可下降。水中毒(E错)患者血浆钠浓度降低。"} {"Question":"糖尿病酮症的治疗原则错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"较小量胰岛素持续静滴"},{"key":"B","value":"立即补液纠正补水"},{"key":"C","value":"尽早应用碱性液迅速纠正酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"见尿后补钾"},{"key":"E","value":"去除诱因,控制感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"糖尿病酮症的治疗原则为尽快补液及恢复血容量、纠正失水状态(B对);降低血糖:一般采用小剂量胰岛素治疗方案,将短效胰岛素加入生理盐水中持续静脉滴注(A对),亦可间歇静脉注射;纠正电解质及酸碱平衡失调:本症酸中毒主要由酮体中酸性代谢产物引起,经输液和胰岛素治疗后,酮体水平下降,酸中毒可自行纠正,一般不必补碱(C错,为本题正确答案)。糖尿病酮症患者有不同程度失钾,可根据血钾和尿量补钾(D对);同时积极寻找和消除诱因(E对),防止并发症,降低病死率。"} {"Question":"下列不属于酮症酸中毒补液方法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血钾正常、尿量少于30ml\/h,应立即补钾"},{"key":"B","value":"首先补充0.9%氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"C","value":"当血糖下降至13.9mmol\/L时可开始应用含糖的液体,如5%葡萄糖注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"补钾应根据血钾和尿量"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗过程中定时监测血钾和尿量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗:1.补液 恢复血容量为治疗的关键环节,必须立即进行。输液量和速度的掌握非常重要。在治疗开始应快速补充生理盐水(B对),入无心功能不全,在前2小时内输入1000-2000mL液体,以后根据血压、心率、尿量及末梢循环情况,决定补液量和速度。2.胰岛素治疗 采用小剂量(短效)胰岛素治疗方案,即0.1U\/(kg·h)持续静脉滴注(应另建输液途径)。每1-2小时查血糖1次,当血糖下降至13.9mmol\/L(250mg\/dL)时改用5%葡萄液(C对),并按每2-4g葡萄糖加入1单位短效胰岛素静脉滴注,时血糖水平稳定在较安全范围后过度到常规皮下注射。3.纠正酸碱平衡失调 中等度以下的酸中毒不必补碱,因使用胰岛素后抑制酮体产生,酸中毒即可逐渐纠正。4.充分补钾 治疗前血钾低,立即开始补钾,开始2-4小时通过静脉输液每小时补氯化钾1-1.5g;血钾正常,尿量>40mL\/h,也立即开始补钾;血钾正常、尿量<30mL\/h,暂缓补钾(A的描述错误,故答案选A),待尿量增加后再开始补钾;血钾高于正常,暂缓补钾。氯化钾部分稀释后静脉输入,部分口服。治疗过程中定时监测血钾、心电图和尿量(E对),调整补钾量和速度。病情恢复后仍应口服钾盐数天。"} {"Question":"1和2型糖尿病的主要区别是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病年龄不同"},{"key":"B","value":"对胰岛素的敏感性不同"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛素基线水平与释放曲线不同"},{"key":"D","value":"发生酮症酸中毒的倾向不同"},{"key":"E","value":"是否存在胰岛素抵抗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"1型糖尿病(胰岛素依赖型糖尿病)的胰岛β细胞破坏,导致胰岛素绝对缺乏,胰岛素基线水平低;2型糖尿病(胰岛素抵抗型糖尿病)是由于胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能缺陷所致,因此体内胰岛素水平正常甚至升高,空腹血浆胰岛素基础值正常、较低或偏高,葡萄糖负荷后血浆胰岛素高峰延迟,因此1和2型糖尿病的主要区别是胰岛素基线水平与释放曲线不同(C对)。1型糖尿病多青少年发病,起病初期需胰岛素治疗,也存在胰岛素抵抗,但较轻,有自发酮症酸中毒倾向,2型糖尿病可发生在任何年龄,但多见于成人,存在胰岛素抵抗,对胰岛素敏感性低,在一定诱因下也可发生酮症酸中毒;可见发病年龄(A错)、对胰岛素的敏感性(B错)、发生酮症酸中毒的倾向(D错)、是否存在胰岛素抵抗(E错)两者均有差异,但都不是主要区别。"} {"Question":"急性出血性坏死型胰腺炎的重要特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血淀粉酶明显升高"},{"key":"B","value":"休克"},{"key":"C","value":"恶心、呕吐"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞计数增高"},{"key":"E","value":"血糖升高"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"急性出血性坏死型胰腺炎是急性胰腺炎的一种,相对较少,胰腺内有灰白色或黄色斑块的脂肪组织坏死,其重要特征为血淀粉酶于起病后2~12小时明显升高(A对),48小时开始下降,持续3~5天。休克(B错)、恶心、呕吐(C错)、白细胞计数增高(D错)及血糖升高(E错)可出现于急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎中,但无特异性。"} {"Question":"患者,女,32岁。饱餐后出现上腹剧痛、恶心呕吐,呕后腹痛反而加重,服解痉剂无效。检查:体温39℃,心率120次/分,多汗,上腹紧张,有压痛、反跳痛,血清淀粉酶320u,血钙1.63mmol\/L。应首先考虑的是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性心肌梗死"},{"key":"B","value":"溃疡病穿孔"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性阑尾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者饱餐后出现上腹剧痛、恶心呕吐,呕后腹痛反而加重,服解痉剂无效。检查:体温39℃,心率120次/分,多汗,上腹紧张,有压痛、反跳痛,血清淀粉酶320u(正常值30-220 SI U\/L),血钙1.63mmol\/L(正常值 血清离子钙1.10-1.34mmol\/L)。腹痛为急性胰腺炎的主要和首发症状,常于饱餐、饮酒、或脂肪餐后突然发作,腹痛剧烈,呈绞痛、钻痛或刀割样,为持续性疼痛伴阵发性加剧,多位于中上腹或左上腹。出现压痛、反跳痛等急性腹膜炎症状,提示重症急性胰腺炎,综合该患者的病史、体查、实验室检查,该患者诊断考虑为急性胰腺炎(C对)。急性心肌梗死主要表现为心前区疼痛,可放射至左臂及背部,依据典型的心电图改变及血清肌钙蛋白和心肌酶的改变,一般可诊断(A错)。溃疡病穿孔主要表现为突发上腹部剧烈疼痛,并迅速向全腹蔓延,伴急性腹膜炎体征,腹部X线检查发现膈下游离气体影,是诊断穿孔的重要依据(B错)。急性阑尾炎的典型的腹痛的发作始于右上腹,数小时(6-8小时)后转移并固定在右下腹,检体麦氏点压痛及反跳痛,腹肌紧张,肠鸣音减弱等,实验室检查白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例增高(D错)。急性肠梗阻的临床表现为腹痛、呕吐、腹胀及停止自肛门排气排便。一般肠梗阻发生4-6小时,X线检查即显示出肠腔内气体(E错)。"} {"Question":"萎缩性胃炎,胃黏膜的病理改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充血、水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"糜烂、出血"},{"key":"C","value":"肥厚、粗糙"},{"key":"D","value":"灰暗、变薄"},{"key":"E","value":"渗出"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"萎缩性胃炎的胃黏膜表面反复受到损害后导致黏膜固有腺体萎缩,甚至消失,因此胃黏膜有不同程度的变薄,颜色灰暗(D对),并伴有肠上皮化生,炎症反应及不典型增生。胃黏膜充血、水肿(A错),糜烂、出血(B错)为急性胃炎的病理改变。胃黏膜肥厚、粗糙为胃癌的病理改变。胃黏膜渗出可为胃溃疡的病理改变(E错)。"} {"Question":"诊断肝细胞癌最特异的实验室指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"GCT-Ⅱ"},{"key":"B","value":"AFP"},{"key":"C","value":"ALT"},{"key":"D","value":"γ球蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"AFU"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"诊断肝细胞癌最特异的实验室指标为AFP(甲胎蛋白)(B对),现已广泛用于肝癌的普查、诊断、判断治疗效果及预测复发,在排除妊娠和生殖腺胚胎瘤的基础上,AFP>400ng\/ml为诊断肝癌的条件之一。ALT(谷丙转氨酶)(C错)为肝功能异常的实验室指标,增高见于肝炎、肝硬化活动期等。AFU(α-L-岩藻糖苷酶)(E错)在原发性肝癌患者血清中增高,是原发性肝癌的标志物之一,但不是最特异的标志物。GCT-Ⅱ(A错)为Ⅱ级骨巨细胞瘤,基质细胞多而密集,核分裂较多,多核巨细胞数目减少。γ球蛋白(D错)增高几乎在所有肝胆疾病中均出现。"} {"Question":"女性,26岁。被人发现时躺在公园一角落呈半昏迷状态。查体:神志不清,两瞳孔针尖样大小,口角流涎,口唇紫绀,两肺满布水泡音,心率60次\/分,肌肉有震颤。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癫痫大发作"},{"key":"B","value":"严重心律失常"},{"key":"C","value":"左心功能衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"有机磷农药中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"安眠药中毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者女性,呈半昏迷状态,神志不清(有机磷中毒引起的中枢神经系统症状),查体见两瞳孔针尖样大小,口角流涎,两肺满布水泡音(副交感神经过度兴奋引起的M样症状),口唇紫绀(提示缺氧),心率正常,肌肉有震颤(乙酰胆碱蓄积过多引起的N样症状),综合患者的病史、体查,应首先考虑的是有机磷农药中毒(D对)。癫痫大发作(A错)即全面强直-阵挛发作(八版神经病学P303),主要临床特征为意识丧失、双侧强直后出现阵挛,发作多后能自行恢复。严重心律失常(B错)(如室扑室颤、三度房室传导阻滞等)能引发意识突然丧失,患者主要表现为局部或全身抽搐、呼吸停止、面色苍白、瞳孔散大等(P330)。左心功能衰竭(175)(C错)病情严重时可致昏迷,查体肺部有湿啰音,但患者常有血压下降、心尖部第一心音减弱、心率增快等表现。安眠药中毒(E错)属镇静催眠药中毒(P905),急性中毒时主要表现为意识障碍,呼吸抑制及血压下降,患者曾有服用大量镇静催眠药史。"} {"Question":"患者,女,36岁。既往健康。30分钟前家人发现其神志不清。检查发现呕吐物有蒜臭味、多汗、双侧瞳孔缩小。应首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑血管意外"},{"key":"B","value":"肝昏迷"},{"key":"C","value":"有机磷农药中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"安眠药中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"毒蕈中毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者既往体健,30分钟前家人发现其神志不清,检查发现呕吐物有蒜臭味、多汗、双侧瞳孔缩小,与有机磷中毒表现相符,故应首先考虑的诊断是有机磷中毒(C对)。脑血管意外主要表现为猝然昏倒、不省人事、伴发口角歪斜、语言不利而出现半身不遂等症状(A错)。肝昏迷是肝性脑病的最后阶段,主要表现为性格及行为改变、嗜睡、扑翼样震颤、呼出气有烂苹果味儿等(B错)。安眠药中毒主要表现为嗜睡、神志恍惚甚至昏迷、言语不清、瞳孔缩小、共济失调、腱反射减弱或消失等(D错)。毒蕈中毒主要表现为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、昏迷、晕厥等(E错)。"} {"Question":"注射乙肝疫苗后阳性的标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗-HBe(+)"},{"key":"B","value":"HBcAg(+)"},{"key":"C","value":"抗-HBs(+)"},{"key":"D","value":"HBsAg(+)"},{"key":"E","value":"抗-HBc(+)"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"注射乙肝疫苗后阳性的标志是抗-HBs(+)(C对),抗HBs为保护性抗体,阳性表示对HBV有免疫力。抗-HBe(+)(A错)表示HBV复制多处于静止状态。HBcAg(+)(B错)表示表示HBV处于复制状态。HBsAg(+)(D错)反应现症HBV感染。抗-HBc(+)(E错)表示HBV现症感染或既往感染。"} {"Question":"急性重型肝炎预后良好的标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凝血酶原活动度<40%"},{"key":"B","value":"胆红素>17.lμmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"碱性磷酸酶明显升高"},{"key":"D","value":"丙氨酸转氨酶明显升高"},{"key":"E","value":"甲胎蛋白升高"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性重型肝炎预后良好的标志是甲胎蛋白升高(E对),甲胎蛋白升高提示有肝细胞再生。PTA≤40%是诊断重型肝炎或肝衰竭的重要依据(A错)。胆红素>17.lμmol\/L提示肝功能轻度异常(B错)。碱性磷酸酶明显升高提示胆管梗阻等(C错)。丙氨酸转氨酶明显升高可见于各种病毒性肝炎、酒精肝等(D错)。"} {"Question":"流感病毒发生变异的形式有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗原转移、抗原漂移"},{"key":"B","value":"抗原转移、抗原转换"},{"key":"C","value":"抗原转换、抗原替换"},{"key":"D","value":"抗原替换、抗原转移"},{"key":"E","value":"抗原转换、抗原漂移"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"甲型流感病毒易发生抗原变异,抗原变异有两种形式:抗原转换、抗原漂移(E对)。抗原漂移变异幅度小,属量变,这种规模可引起中小型规模的流行。抗原转换变异幅度大,形成新亚型,由于人群对新亚型流感病毒缺乏免疫力,往往引发大流行。"} {"Question":"HBV感染进入后期与传染减低的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HBsAg(+)"},{"key":"B","value":"抗-HBs(+)"},{"key":"C","value":"HBeAg(+)"},{"key":"D","value":"抗-HBc(+)"},{"key":"E","value":"抗-HBe(+)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"感染进入后期与传染减低的指标是抗-HBe(+)(E对)抗-HBe(+)提示病毒复制多处于静止状态,传染性降低。HBsAg(+)(A错)见于无症状的乙型肝炎携带者和慢性乙型肝炎患者。抗-HBs(+)(B错)见于乙型肝炎恢复期、既往感染及乙肝疫苗接种后。HBeAg(+)(C错)表明患者处于高感染低应答期。抗-HBc(+)(D错)提示乙型肝炎急性期或慢性肝炎急性发作。"} {"Question":"下列有关流行性出血热的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病以青少年为主"},{"key":"B","value":"一般不经呼吸道传播"},{"key":"C","value":"无明显季节性"},{"key":"D","value":"所有患者均有五期经过"},{"key":"E","value":"可有母婴传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性出血热即肾病综合征出血热,传播途径有:呼吸道传播(B错)、消化道传播、接触传播、母婴垂直传播(E对)、虫媒传播。流行性出血热具有人普遍易感性(A错),且具有地区性、季节性(C错)及周期性的特点。典型病例可有发热期、低血压休克期、少尿期、多尿期和恢复期五期经过,但轻型病例可出现越期现象(D错)。"} {"Question":"慢性乙型肝炎最重要的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"免疫调节治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"保肝治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"抗病毒治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"中医中药治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"抗纤维化治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"慢性肝病患者应根据具体情况采用综合性治疗方案,包括合理的休息和营养、改善和恢复肝功能、调节机体免疫、抗病毒、抗纤维化等。其中抗病毒对乙肝患者尤为重要。抗病毒治疗(C对)可抑制病毒复制,减轻肝组织病变,改善肝功能,提高生活质量,延缓肝硬化、肝衰竭等的发生,延长存活时间,故符合适应症者应尽可能进行抗病毒治疗,免疫调节治疗(A错)、保肝治疗(B错)、中医中药治疗(D错)、抗纤维化治疗(E错)也作为肝炎治疗,但最重要的是抗病毒病因治疗。"} {"Question":"甲类传染病指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SARS、狂犬病"},{"key":"B","value":"黑热病、炭疽"},{"key":"C","value":"高致病禽流感、天花"},{"key":"D","value":"鼠疫、霍乱"},{"key":"E","value":"伤寒、流行性出血热"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲类传染病包括:鼠疫和霍乱(D对)。SARS、狂犬病(A错)均为乙类传染病。黑热病为丙类传染病、炭疽为乙类传染病(B错)。高致病禽流感为乙类传染病、天花为人类唯一消灭的传染病(C错)。伤寒、流行性出血热(E错)均为乙类传染病。传染病分类总结:(1)甲类传染病包括:鼠疫、霍乱。(2)乙类传染病包括:传染性非典型肺炎、狂犬病、艾滋病、病毒性肝炎、脊髓灰质炎、人感染高致病性禽流感、麻疹、流行性乙型脑炎、登革热、炭疽、细菌性和阿米巴痢疾、肺结核、伤寒和副伤寒、流行性出血热、流行性脑脊膜炎、百日咳、白喉、新生儿破伤风、猩红热、布氏杆菌病、淋病、梅毒、钩端螺旋体病、血吸虫病、疟疾、人感染猪链球菌病、甲型H1N1流感。(3)丙类传染病包括:流行性感冒、流行性腮腺炎、风疹、急性出血性结膜炎、麻风病、流行性和地方性斑疹伤寒、黑热病、棘球蚴病、丝虫病、除霍乱、痢疾、伤寒和副伤寒以外的感染性腹泻病、手足口病。"} {"Question":"下列各项,医学道德所具有的特点不包括的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有全人类性"},{"key":"B","value":"具有实践性"},{"key":"C","value":"具有稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"具有天然性"},{"key":"E","value":"具有继承性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医学道德所具有的特点包括:普世性即具有全人类性(A对)、具有实践性(B对)、具有稳定性(C对)及连续性、具有继承性(E对)。天然性不属于医学道德所具有的特点(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下例各项,不属于中国古代医德思想内容的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"救死扶伤、一视同仁的道德准则"},{"key":"B","value":"仁爱救人、赤诚济世的事业准则"},{"key":"C","value":"清廉正直、不图钱财的道德品质"},{"key":"D","value":"认真负责、一丝不苟的服务态度"},{"key":"E","value":"不畏权贵、忠于医业的献身精神"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中国古代医德思想内容的是:仁爱救人,赤诚济世的事业准则(B对);不图名利,清廉正直的道德品质(C对);普通一等,一心赴救的服务态度(A对);谦虚谨慎,认真负责的医疗作风;不畏权势,忠于医业的献身精神(E对)(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患儿,4岁。不能独立行走,全身无力,面色无华,舌淡苔薄白。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补肺健脾"},{"key":"B","value":"补中益气"},{"key":"C","value":"补肾养肝"},{"key":"D","value":"益气养血"},{"key":"E","value":"温补肾阳"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿4岁而不能行走,当属五迟之行迟。五迟是小儿生长发育障碍的病症,五迟指立迟、行迟、齿迟、发迟、语迟,脾主四肢,为气血生化之源,脾气虚弱,气血不足,则见不能独立行走,全身无力、面色无华、舌淡苔薄白为气血虚弱之象,应益气养血(D对)。患儿以脾气虚弱为主,未见肺气虚弱之象,不需同补肺脾(A错)。患儿既有气虚,也有血虚,需气血双补,补中益气不够精确(B错)。若肝肾亏虚,应可见牙齿出迟,毛发稀疏干枯,筋骨失养等表现,患儿无肝肾亏虚表现,不需补肾养肝(C错)。若肾阳亏虚,应可见面色㿠白,畏寒,腰膝酸软等表现,患儿不属肾阳亏虚证型(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,3岁。筋骨萎弱,发育迟缓,坐、立、行走、牙齿的发育都晚于同龄小儿,颈项萎软,天柱骨倒,目无神采,夜卧不安,舌淡,苔少。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾肾气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"痰瘀阻滞"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾亏损"},{"key":"D","value":"心脾两虚"},{"key":"E","value":"肾阳亏虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"题中患儿筋骨萎弱,发育迟缓,坐、立、行走、牙齿的发育都晚于同龄小儿,故诊断为小儿五迟。肾主骨,肝主筋,齿为骨之余,由于肝肾精血不足,不能营养筋骨,筋骨不健,故筋骨萎弱,发育迟缓,坐、立、行走、牙齿的发育都晚于同龄小儿,颈项萎软,天柱骨倒,精血不足,不能上荣头面,充盈脑髓,故目无神采,精血不足,心失所养,故夜卧不安。舌淡,苔少为肝肾亏虚之象,故辨为肝肾亏虚证(C对)(A错)。舌淡,苔少明显非痰瘀阻滞的表现(B错)。心脾两虚多有语言发育迟滞,精神呆滞,智力低下,头发生长迟缓,发稀萎黄,四肢痿软,手足失用,口角流涎等症状(D错)。肾阳亏虚小儿多伴大便久泻,完谷不化,面色白等症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"小儿夏季热的临床特征除长期发热外,可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口渴多饮、多尿、汗闭"},{"key":"B","value":"口渴多饮、多尿、多汗"},{"key":"C","value":"口渴多饮、少尿、多汗"},{"key":"D","value":"口不渴、多尿、多汗"},{"key":"E","value":"口不渴、少尿、汗闭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"夏季热多见于三岁以下的小儿,临床以长期发热、口渴多饮、多尿、汗闭为特征(A对)。(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,6岁。证见发热,恶寒,无汗,鼻塞流涕,微咳,兼见脘腹胀满,呕吐酸腐,口气秽浊,大便酸臭,小便短黄,舌质红,苔厚腻,脉滑。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感冒夹瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"感冒夹湿"},{"key":"C","value":"感冒夹惊"},{"key":"D","value":"感冒夹痰"},{"key":"E","value":"感冒夹滞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题主要考查小儿感冒的辩证。感冒夹滞以肮腹胀满,不思饮食,大便不调,舌苔厚腻,脉滑为特征。食滞中焦则院腹胀满,不思饮食,呕吐,或见泄泻;食积化腐,浊气上升则口气秽浊,大便酸臭。该患儿,6岁。证见发热,恶寒,无汗,鼻塞流涕,微咳,兼见脘腹胀满,呕吐酸腐,口气秽浊,大便酸臭,小便短黄,舌质红,苔厚腻,脉滑。可判断为感冒夹滞(E对)。无感冒夹瘀之证型(A错)。无感冒夹湿之证型(B错)。感冒夹惊证候感冒兼见惊惕哭闹,睡卧不宁,甚至骤然抽风,舌质红,脉浮弦(C错)。感冒夹痰证候感冒兼见咳嗽较剧,痰多,喉间痰鸣(D错)。"} {"Question":"小儿肺炎喘嗽的基本病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺气郁闭"},{"key":"B","value":"心火内炽"},{"key":"C","value":"痰饮内伏"},{"key":"D","value":"心阳虚衰"},{"key":"E","value":"邪犯肺卫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺炎喘嗽病理机制主要是肺气郁闭之演变,痰热是主要的病理产物(A对)。肺气郁闭,肺主气而朝百脉,郁而生热而致心火内炽,心火内炽为病因(B错)。肺主一身之气化,通调水道,邪气痹阻于肺,水液输化无权,留滞肺络,凝而为痰,痰饮内伏而致咳嗽、气促、喉中痰鸣,痰饮内伏为病因(C错)。心阳虚衰为肺炎喘嗽变证的病机,非肺炎喘嗽病机(D错)。小儿感受外邪,侵犯肺卫即邪犯肺卫致肺气失宣,肺失清肃,出现肺炎喘嗽,故邪犯肺卫为感冒之病机(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗肺炎喘嗽痰热闭肺证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三拗汤"},{"key":"B","value":"五虎汤合葶苈大枣泻肺汤"},{"key":"C","value":"二陈汤"},{"key":"D","value":"定喘汤"},{"key":"E","value":"麻杏石甘汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该题主要考查治疗肺炎喘嗽各证型的方药。痰热闭肺是肺炎喘嗽的常证:证候 发热烦躁,咳嗽喘促,呼吸困难,气急鼻煽,喉间痰鸣,口唇紫苷,面赤口渴,胸闷胀满,泛吐痰涎,舌质红,舌苔黄,脉象弦滑。治法清热涤痰,开肺定喘,方药五虎汤合葶苈大枣泻肺汤加减(B对)。三拗汤治疗肺炎喘嗽毒热闭肺(A错)。二陈汤治疗痰湿咳嗽(C错)。定喘汤治疗风热外束,痰热内蕴之哮喘症(D错)。麻杏石甘汤治疗肺炎喘嗽风热闭肺(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗小儿肺炎喘嗽风热闭肺证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桑菊饮"},{"key":"B","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"C","value":"抱龙丸"},{"key":"D","value":"安神丸"},{"key":"E","value":"麻杏石甘汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肺炎喘嗽以发热、咳嗽、痰壅、气急、鼻煽为主要症状,风热之邪侵犯肺卫,肺失宣降,清肃之令不行,致肺被邪束,闭郁不宣,则致肺炎喘嗽,用麻杏石甘汤(E对 ),症见发热恶风,头痛有汗,鼻塞流浊涕,咳嗽,气促,咯吐黄痰,咽喉红肿,喉核红肿,纳呆,舌质红,苔薄黄,脉浮数,指纹浮紫。桑菊饮善于治疗风热犯肺之咳嗽,症见咳嗽不爽,痰黄黏稠(A错)。抱龙丸主治脾胃不和,风热痰内蕴所致的腹泻,症见食乳不化、恶心呕吐、大便稀、有不消化食物(C错)。安神丸益气养血,安神宁心,适用于失眠,头昏,耳鸣,心悸,健忘(D错)。"} {"Question":"患儿咳嗽频作,喉痒声重,鼻塞流涕。其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风寒犯肺"},{"key":"B","value":"风热犯肺"},{"key":"C","value":"痰热内盛"},{"key":"D","value":"痰湿内停"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脾气虚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患儿风寒犯肺,肺气不宣,气机阻滞,故见咳嗽频作,喉痒声重,鼻塞流涕(A对)。风热犯肺则见咳嗽痰黄、口渴咽痛、鼻流浊涕(B错)。痰热内盛则见咳嗽痰多,色黄黏稠,难以咯出,甚则喉间痰鸣,发热口渴(C错)。痰湿内停则见咳嗽重浊,痰多,色白而稀,喉间痰声辘辘,胸闷纳呆,神乏困倦(D错)。肺脾气虚则见咳而无力,痰白清稀,面色苍白,气短懒言,语声低微,自汗畏寒,食少纳呆等(E错)。"} {"Question":"小儿哮喘的主要内因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺气虚弱"},{"key":"B","value":"肾不纳气"},{"key":"C","value":"瘀血阻滞"},{"key":"D","value":"脾气虚弱"},{"key":"E","value":"痰饮留伏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"哮喘的发生都是外因作用于内因的结果,其发作之病机为内有壅塞之气,外有非时之感,膈有胶固之痰,三者相合,闭拒气道,搏击有声,发为哮喘(E对)。肺主宣发肃降,通调水道,为水上之源,肺气虚弱则水液失于输布,凝液为痰(A错)。肾为水脏,主人身水液,肾不纳气,肾气不足,不能蒸化水液,水湿泛滥为痰饮(B错)。瘀血阻滞,气机不利,三焦输布功能失常,水液化为痰饮(C错)。脾主运化水液,脾气虚弱,运化失司,聚湿为痰(D错)。究其根本,哮喘的内因痰饮隐伏于肺,当有外邪引动时发为哮喘,而形成痰饮的原因多由于肺、脾、肾三脏功能不足,但却非哮喘根本病因。"} {"Question":"小儿感冒夹痰的病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺脏娇嫩"},{"key":"B","value":"先天不足"},{"key":"C","value":"乳食积滞"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃湿困"},{"key":"E","value":"肾气不足"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小儿肺脏娇嫩,感邪之后,失于宣肃,气机不利,津液不得敷布而内生痰液,痰壅气道,则咳嗽加剧,喉间痰鸣,此为感冒夹痰,故小儿感冒夹痰的病机是肺脏娇嫩(A对)先天不足与小儿感冒夹痰无直接联系(B错)。乳食积滞可见于小儿感冒夹滞(C错)。脾胃湿困不常见小儿,小儿与成人生理特点有区别,小儿脾常不足,易因饮食不节或喂养失当致脾胃病,不是小儿感冒夹痰的病机(D错)。肾气不足与小儿感冒夹痰无关(E错)。"} {"Question":"小儿肺炎喘嗽心阳虚衰证的主要病理机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阳虚损,心阳不振"},{"key":"B","value":"脾阳虚损,心阳失养"},{"key":"C","value":"肺气虚衰,心阳不振"},{"key":"D","value":"气滞血瘀,心阳不振"},{"key":"E","value":"肺气郁闭,百脉失养"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"由于邪毒炽盛,损伤原本不足之心阳,肺闭气郁导致血滞而络脉瘀阻,而使气滞血瘀,心阳不振(D对)。肺炎喘嗽的心阳虚衰多由于肺气闭塞,气机不利致气滞血瘀,而使心阳虚衰,非由于肾阳虚损所致(A错)。脾阳虚损与心阳虚衰无直接联系(B错)。肺气闭郁所致气滞血瘀非肺气虚衰(C错)。肺气闭郁致气滞血瘀,而后至心阳虚衰,百脉失养非其病理机制(E错)。"} {"Question":"创立儿科“五脏证治法则”的专著是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《颅囟经》"},{"key":"B","value":"《幼科发挥》"},{"key":"C","value":"《幼幼集成》"},{"key":"D","value":"《小儿药证直诀》"},{"key":"E","value":"《小儿卫生总微论方》"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"北宋钱乙所著《小儿药证直诀》在辨证方面首创儿科五脏辨证体系,在治法上,从五脏补虚泄实出发干预治疗(D对)。《颅囟经》为相传至今最早的儿科专著,提出“纯阳”的观点,阐述小儿脉法、囟门诊察法(A错)。《幼科发挥》为明代儿科世医万全所著,倡导“育婴四法”(B错)。《幼幼集成》为清代陈复正所著,对指纹诊法颇有见地,提出“浮沉分表里,红紫辨寒热,淡滞定虚实”,“风轻、气重、命危”的观点(C错)。北宋的《小儿卫生总微论方》认为脐风的病因是断脐不慎所致,和成人破伤风为同一病源,提出烧灼法断脐的预防方法(E错)。"} {"Question":"3周岁小儿按公式计算,身长体重应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身长85厘米、体重12公斤"},{"key":"B","value":"身长96厘米、体重14公斤"},{"key":"C","value":"身长91厘米、体重12公斤"},{"key":"D","value":"身长100厘米、体重14公斤"},{"key":"E","value":"身长120厘米、体重26公斤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该题考查小儿标准身高与体重的计算。2022年中医执业医师资格考试指导用书(2022年中医执业医师考试大纲)中更正:1岁以上 体重(kg)=8+2×年龄;2岁后至12 岁儿童的身高:身高(cm)=75+7×年龄。故3周岁小儿的身高为96cm,体重为14Kg(B对)。"} {"Question":"患儿,3岁。体重14kg,身长86cm。该患儿的生长发育状况为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体重正常,身长偏高"},{"key":"B","value":"体重正常,身长偏低"},{"key":"C","value":"体重偏高,身长正常"},{"key":"D","value":"体重偏高,身长偏低"},{"key":"E","value":"体重偏低,身长正常"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"正常3岁小儿根据公式推算身长应为91cm,14kg,患儿体重14kg,身长86cm,体重正常,身长偏低(B对)。A选项身长偏高错误(A错)。C选项体重偏高,身长正常错误(C错)。D选项体重偏高有误(D错)。E选项体重偏低,身长正常有误(E错)。"} {"Question":"婴儿(1岁)服用的中药煎出量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10~20ml"},{"key":"B","value":"21~30ml"},{"key":"C","value":"31~40ml"},{"key":"D","value":"41~50ml"},{"key":"E","value":"60~100ml"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"小儿用药剂量常随年龄大小、个体差异、病情轻重、方剂组合、药味多少等而不同,一般新生儿用量为成人的1\/6,乳婴儿用量为成人的1\/3,幼儿用量为成人的1\/2。年龄越小药汁量越少,可采取少量多次喂服的方法,不必限制于1日2次。中药煎出量一般按一日算,成人为150~200ml左右,故煎出量约为60~100ml(E对)。"} {"Question":"小儿指纹色紫主证为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"燥"},{"key":"B","value":"热"},{"key":"C","value":"寒"},{"key":"D","value":"滞"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"小儿指纹的辨证纲要可归纳为“浮沉分表里,红紫辨寒热,淡滞定虚实,三关测轻重”。故小儿指纹色紫主证为热(B对)。燥邪为病从指纹上不易判断(A错)。纹色鲜红浮露,多为外感风寒,属寒证(C错)。指纹色紫推之滞涩,复盈缓慢,主实邪内滞,属滞(D错)。纹色青紫,多为瘀热内结,属瘀(E错)。"} {"Question":"“纯阳学说”首见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《颅囟经》"},{"key":"B","value":"《幼科发挥》"},{"key":"C","value":"《幼幼集成》"},{"key":"D","value":"《小儿药证直诀》"},{"key":"E","value":"《温病条辨》"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"《颅囟经》中云“凡孩子3岁以下,呼为纯阳”,首次提出了小儿“纯阳”的学说(A对)。万全的《幼科发挥》对儿科的疾病有自己的见解(B错)。陈复正的《幼幼集成》对指纹诊法颇有见地,将虎口脉纹辨证概括为“浮沉分表里、红紫辨寒热、淡滞定虚实”,“风轻、气重、命危”(C错)。钱乙的《小儿药证直诀》将小儿的生理病理特点概括为“脏腑柔弱,易虚易实、易寒易热”(D错)。吴鞠通在《温病条辨》中运用阴阳理论,将小儿的生理特点概括为“稚阳未充,稚阴未长”(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,除哪项外,均属小儿正常语言发育","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2-3个月会笑"},{"key":"B","value":"4个月会笑出声音"},{"key":"C","value":"10个月能发复音"},{"key":"D","value":"1岁半能用几个字连成单语"},{"key":"E","value":"7岁以上能较好地掌握语言"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小儿1岁时能说出简单的生活用语,如吃、走、拿等,1岁半时已能用语言表达自己的要求(D对)。2个月能发出和谐喉音,3个月发出咿呀之声,五版教材言2-3个月会笑(A错)。4个月已能发出笑声(B错)。7~8个月会发复音,如“妈妈”、“爸爸”等,故10个月能发复音正常(C错)。五版教材言7岁以上能较好地掌握语言(E错)。"} {"Question":"小儿3岁。身长95㎝,体重15kg,牙齿20颗,其生长发育属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体重身长均超过正常范围"},{"key":"B","value":"身体异常高大"},{"key":"C","value":"肥胖症"},{"key":"D","value":"正常范围"},{"key":"E","value":"营养不良"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常3岁小儿根据公式推算身长应为91cm,14kg,20颗乳牙,小儿身长95㎝,体重15kg,牙齿20颗,身长及体重仍保持在正常值附近,属于个体差异范围(D对)(A错)。小儿身长95㎝,正常平均身长为91cm,不属于异常高大,且描述不具备概括性(B错)。小儿体重15kg,正常平均身高为14kg,仍然属于正常范围(C错)。小儿身长95㎝,体重15kg,牙齿20颗,发育良好(E错)。"} {"Question":"小儿舌体肿大,板硬麻木,舌色深红,其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心火上炎"},{"key":"B","value":"心脾积热"},{"key":"C","value":"脾胃积热"},{"key":"D","value":"热入营血"},{"key":"E","value":"阴伤内热"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心脾积热,舌为心之苗,火热循经上行,故舌体肿大,板硬麻木,舌色深红(B对)。心火上炎见舌上溃疡(A错)。脾胃积热可见舌苔黄腻(C错)。热入营血可见舌质绛红,舌有红刺(D错)。阴伤内热可见舌红少苔,甚至无苔而干者(E错)。"} {"Question":"疳证的基本病理改变为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾胃虚弱,运化失健"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃虚弱,乳食停滞"},{"key":"C","value":"脾失运化,水湿内停"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃不和,生化乏源"},{"key":"E","value":"脾胃受损,津液消亡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"小儿疳证的主要病变部位在脾胃,临床多因饮食不节、喂养不当、营养失调、疾病影响,以及先天禀赋不足所致,其基本病理改变为脾胃受损,津液消亡,而脾胃虚弱,运化失健,脾胃虚弱,乳食停滞,脾失运化,水湿内停,脾胃不和,生化乏源可导致呕吐,泄泻,厌食、积滞等病,不能导致疳证(E对)。"} {"Question":"患儿,2岁,易发腹泻,形体消瘦,面色少华,毛发稀疏,不欲饮食,急躁易怒,大便糖稀,舌淡红,苔薄白,指纹淡红,其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厌食,脾胃气虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"积滞,脾虚夹积证"},{"key":"C","value":"疳证,疳气证"},{"key":"D","value":"疳证,疳积证"},{"key":"E","value":"厌食,脾失健运"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题主要考查疳气的症状,理解记忆即可。疳气为疳证初起阶段,由脾胃失和,纳化失健所致。以形体略瘦,食欲不振为特征。该患儿,2岁,易发腹泻,形体消瘦,面色少华,毛发稀疏,不欲饮食,急躁易怒,大便溏稀,舌淡红,苔薄白,指纹淡红,可判断为疳证的疳气证(C对)。厌食脾胃气虚证,证候不思进食,食而不化力,舌质淡,苔薄白,脉缓无力,大便溏薄夹不消化食物,面色少华,形体偏瘦,肢倦乏力(A错)。积滞脾虚夹积证,证候面色萎黄,形体消瘦,神疲肢倦,不思乳食,食则饱胀,腹满喜按,大便稀溏酸腥,夹有乳片或不消化食物残渣,舌质淡,苔白腻,脉细滑,指纹淡滞(B错)。疳证疳积证,证候形体明显消瘦,面色萎黄,肚腹膨胀,甚则青筋暴露,夜卧不宁,或见揉眉挖鼻,吮指磨牙,动作异常,食欲不振。毛发稀疏结穗,性情烦躁或善食易饥,或嗜食异物,舌淡苔腻,脉沉细而滑(D错)。厌食脾失健运,证候食欲不振,厌恶进食,食而乏味,或伴胸脘痞闷,嗳气泛恶,大便不调,偶尔多食后则脘腹饱胀,形体尚可,精神正常,舌淡红,苔薄白或薄腻,脉尚有力(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿泻下稀薄,粪色深黄而臭,肛门灼热,其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风寒泻"},{"key":"B","value":"伤食泻"},{"key":"C","value":"脾虚泻"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热泻"},{"key":"E","value":"脾肾阳虚泻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿以泻下稀薄为主症,当属泄泻,其湿热之邪,蕴结脾胃,下注大肠,传化失职,故见泻下稀薄或如水注。湿性黏腻,热性急迫,湿热交蒸,壅遏肠胃气机,故见泻下色黄而臭,肛门灼热(D对)。风寒泻以大便清稀夹有泡沫,臭气不甚,肠鸣腹痛为特征(A错)。伤食泻特征为起病前有乳食不节史,便稀夹不消化物,气味酸臭,脘腹胀痛,泻后痛减(B错)。脾虚泻可见大便稀溏,多于食后作泻,以及全身脾虚征象(C错)。脾肾阳虚泻本证见于久泻,以大便澄澈清冷,完谷不化,形寒肢冷为特征(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于生理性黄疸,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生后24h以内出现黄疸"},{"key":"B","value":"黄疸持续时间足月儿>2周"},{"key":"C","value":"生后第2~3日出现黄疸"},{"key":"D","value":"足月儿血清总胆红素>221μmol\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"血清总胆红素每日上升幅度>85.5μmol\/L"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查新生儿生理性黄疸的特性。生理性黄疸大部分新生儿在出生后第2-3天出现黄疸(C对,且A错),于4-6天最重。足月儿在出生后10-14天消退(B错),早产儿可延迟至第3周才消退。在此期间,小儿一般情况良好,不伴有其他临床症状。血清总胆红素低于221μmol\/L (12.9mg\/dl)(DE错)。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均属病理性胎黄","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生后24小时内出现"},{"key":"B","value":"黄疸10〜14天消退"},{"key":"C","value":"黄疸退而复现"},{"key":"D","value":"黄疸持续加深"},{"key":"E","value":"黄疸3周后仍不消退"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"新生儿黄疸有生理性和病理性黄疸之分。病理性黄疸出现多早于生理性黄疸,在出生24小时内即可出现(A错),而消退较生理性黄疸迟,生理性黄疸多在10~14天消退(B对),病理性黄疸可在消退后复现(C错),并持续加深(D错)。病理性黄疸消退较迟,多在3周后仍不消退(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗抽动障碍脾虚痰聚证,应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逍遥散"},{"key":"B","value":"泻青丸"},{"key":"C","value":"十味温胆汤"},{"key":"D","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"E","value":"柴胡疏肝散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小儿抽动障碍脾虚痰聚证的病机为脾虚不运,水湿潴留,聚液成痰;脾主肌肉四肢,脾虚则肝旺,肝风挟痰上扰走窜则发头项、四肢、肌肉抽动,故当治以健脾化痰,平肝熄风,用十味温胆汤加减(C对),方中党参、茯苓健脾助运;陈皮、半夏燥湿化痰,枳实顺气消痰,远志、枣仁化痰宁心;钩藤、白芍、石决明平肝息风;甘草调和诸药,诸药合用,共同发挥健脾化痰,平肝熄风之效。逍遥散功用为疏肝解郁,健脾养血(A错)。泻青丸功用为清肝泻火(B错)。龙胆泻肝汤功用为清泄肝胆实火,清利肝胆湿热(D错)。柴胡疏肝散功用为疏肝行气,活血止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿,症见记忆力欠佳,自控能力差,多动不安,注意力不集中,遗尿,梦多,舌苔薄,脉细,疗首选方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杞菊地黄丸"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"C","value":"孔圣枕中丹"},{"key":"D","value":"甘麦大枣汤"},{"key":"E","value":"六味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查对多动症症状的了解以及方药的记忆。注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿,症见记忆力欠佳,自控能力差,多动不安,注意力不集中,遗尿,梦多,舌苔薄,脉细,判断为多动症肝肾阴虚 治法滋养肝肾,平肝潜阳。方药杞菊地黄丸加减(A对)。归脾汤治疗心脾两虚:证候 神思涣散,注意力不能集中,神疲乏力,形体消瘦或虚胖,多动而不暴躁,言语冒失,做事有头无尾,睡眠不实,记忆力差,伴自汗盗汗,偏食纳少,面色无华,舌质淡,苔薄白,脉虚弱。治法养心安神,健脾益气。方药归脾汤合甘麦大枣汤加减(B错)。孔圣枕中丹补心肾,治读书善忘,久服令人聪明(C错)。甘麦大枣汤养心安神,和中缓急之功效。主治脏躁。症见精神恍惚,常悲伤欲哭,不能自主,心中烦乱,睡眠不安,甚则言行失常,呵欠频作,舌淡红苔少,脉细微数(D错)。六味地黄丸滋阴补肾之功效。用于肾阴亏损,头晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精,消渴(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,2岁。发热2天,泪水汪汪,眼睑红赤,鼻塞流涕,喷嚏,咳嗽口腔两颊粘膜红赤,近臼齿处见细小白色疹点。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凉营清气汤"},{"key":"B","value":"清胃解毒汤"},{"key":"C","value":"清解透表汤"},{"key":"D","value":"宣毒发表汤"},{"key":"E","value":"透疹凉解汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿发热,泪水汪汪,眼睑红赤,鼻塞流涕,喷嚏,其口腔内两颊近臼齿处出现麻疹黏膜斑,是麻疹早期诊断的依据。麻疹是感受麻疹时邪(麻疹病毒)引起的一种急性出疹性传染病,早期可辛凉透表,清宣肺卫,用宣毒发表汤(D对)。凉营清气汤适于毒炽气营的猩红热(A错)。清胃解毒汤适于邪炽气营的水痘(B错)。清解透表汤适于邪入肺胃的麻疹的出疹期(C错)。透疹凉解汤适于邪入气营的风疹(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,2岁。发热,体温38℃,鼻塞流涕,咳嗽,皮疹初现,疹色红润,点粒稀疏,躯干为多,多为丘疹,少数疱疹,舌苔薄白,精神尚可。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏风宣肺止咳"},{"key":"B","value":"疏风清热解毒"},{"key":"C","value":"辛凉解表透疹"},{"key":"D","value":"辛温宣肺透疹"},{"key":"E","value":"清热凉营解毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿皮疹多为丘疹,少数疱疹,可判断为水痘,鼻塞流涕,咳嗽,皮疹初现,疹色红润,点粒稀疏,躯干为多,苔薄白,精神尚可,诊断为邪伤肺卫证。治法为疏风清热,利湿解毒。(B对)(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"水痘的临床特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"好发于年长儿"},{"key":"B","value":"好发于夏、秋季"},{"key":"C","value":"丘疹、疱疹、结痂并存"},{"key":"D","value":"疱疹壁较薄,易破溃"},{"key":"E","value":"皮疹多分布在头、手部,躯干部少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"水痘是一种传染性强的疾病,其皮疹分批出现,在同一时期,丘疹、疱疹、干痂并见(C对)。好发于10岁以下小儿,以6-9岁儿童多见(A错)。多发于冬春二季(B错)。典型疱疹呈卵圆形,壁薄易破,但非其临床特征(D错)。周身可见疱疹,以躯干部为主(E错)。"} {"Question":"水痘的临床特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热3~4天出疹,出疹时热度增高"},{"key":"B","value":"发热3~4天出疹,出疹时热退"},{"key":"C","value":"发热2~3天出疹"},{"key":"D","value":"发热或无热,1~2天出疹(根盘红晕不明显)"},{"key":"E","value":"发热数小时~1天出疹"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"水痘是由水痘时邪引起的一种传染性强的出疹性疾病,可见发热轻微,或无热,鼻塞流涕,喷嚏,咳嗽,起病后1~2天出皮疹,疹色红润,疱浆清亮,可见根盘红晕,但五版教材言红晕不明显(D对)。发热3~4天出疹,出疹时热度增高见于麻疹(A错)。发热3~4天出疹,出疹时热退见于奶麻(B错)。发热2~3天出疹者在儿科疾病中不典型(C错)。发热数小时~1天出疹见于猩红热(E错)。"} {"Question":"典型麻疹最先出现皮疹的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四肢"},{"key":"B","value":"前胸"},{"key":"C","value":"颈部"},{"key":"D","value":"耳后发际"},{"key":"E","value":"面部"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题考查典型麻疹出现的先后顺序,理解记忆即可。典型麻疹最先出现皮疹的部位是耳后发际(D对),渐次延及头面(E错)、颈部(C错),而后急速蔓延至胸(B错)、背、腹部、四肢(A错),最后在手心、足心及鼻准部见疹点。"} {"Question":"患者,男,56岁。大便时溏时泻,迁延反复,稍进油腻食物,则大便次数明显增加,食少,食后脘闷不舒,面色萎黄,神疲倦怠,舌质淡,苔白,脉细弱。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾阳虚弱"},{"key":"B","value":"中气下陷"},{"key":"C","value":"脾胃虚弱"},{"key":"D","value":"肝气乘脾"},{"key":"E","value":"肾阳虚衰"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脾阳虚弱者应在脾胃虚弱的基础上伴腹中寒冷,四肢不温(A错)。中气下陷者多在脾胃虚弱的基础上伴滑脱不禁或脱肛等症状(B错)。患者以大便时溏时泻,迁延反复,稍进油腻食物,则大便次数明显增加为主症,故诊断为泄泻,大便时溏时泻为脾胃虚弱,运化无权,水谷不化,清浊不分所致,脾气虚弱,运化失常,故食少,食后脘闷不舒,稍进油腻食物,则大便次数明显增加,久泻不止,脾胃虚弱,气血生化不足,故面色萎黄,神疲倦怠,舌质淡,苔白,脉细弱为脾胃虚弱之象,故辨为脾胃虚弱证(C对)。泄泻肝气乘脾证以泄泻肠鸣,腹痛攻窜,矢气频作,每因抑郁恼怒,或情绪紧张而发为主症,舌淡红,脉弦(D错)。肾阳虚衰证以黎明前脐腹作痛,肠鸣即泻,完谷不化,腹部喜暖,泻后则安为主症,舌淡苔白,脉沉细(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗休息痢日久,脾阳极虚,肠中寒积不化,遇寒即发者,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连理汤"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏泻心汤"},{"key":"C","value":"乌梅丸"},{"key":"D","value":"左金丸"},{"key":"E","value":"温脾汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"温脾汤功能攻下冷积,温补脾阳,休息痢见脾阳虚极,肠中寒积不化时首选(E对)。连理汤功能温中补脾兼清湿热,为治疗痢疾休息痢的选方(A错)。半夏泻心汤功能辛开苦降,寒热并调,为治疗胃痛寒邪客胃证的选方(B错)。乌梅丸功能温脏安蛔,为治疗胁痛肝胆湿热证胁肋剧痛,呕吐蛔虫者,可先以乌梅丸安蛔,再予驱蛔(C错)。左金丸功能清泻肝火,降逆止呕,为治疗呕吐之肝气犯胃证的选方(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗痞满饮食内停证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枳实导滞丸"},{"key":"B","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"C","value":"越鞠丸合枳术丸"},{"key":"D","value":"二陈平胃散"},{"key":"E","value":"香砂六君子汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"枳实导滞丸为痞满饮食停滞证伴食积化热,大便秘结者的选方,功能推荡积滞,清利湿热。(A错)。痞满饮食内停证为饮食停滞,胃腑失和,气机壅塞所致,治疗要消食行气,使胃和痞消,方选保和丸(B对)。越鞠丸合枳术丸为痞满肝胃不和证的选方,两方合用功能疏肝解郁,和胃消痞(C错)。二陈平胃散为痞满痰湿中阻证的选方,功能燥湿健脾,化痰利气(D错)。香砂六君子汤为痞满脾胃虚弱证伴舌苔厚腻,湿浊内蕴者的选方,功能健脾祛湿,理气除胀(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗腹痛饮食积滞重症,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"B","value":"越鞠丸"},{"key":"C","value":"枳实导滞丸"},{"key":"D","value":"枳术丸"},{"key":"E","value":"木香顺气丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"保和丸功能消食和胃,为腹痛饮食积滞证轻症的选方,非首选方(A错)。越鞠丸功能行气解郁,主治六郁证,可合枳术丸治疗痞满肝胃不和证(B错)。腹痛饮食积滞证重症治宜消食导滞,理气止痛,首选枳实导滞丸(C对)。枳术丸功能健脾消痞,主治脾虚气滞,饮食停聚证,常合越鞠丸治疗痞满肝胃不和证(D错)。木香顺气散功能疏肝行气,温中化湿,为聚证肝气郁结证的选方(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗呃逆气机郁滞证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丁香散"},{"key":"B","value":"益胃汤"},{"key":"C","value":"五磨饮子"},{"key":"D","value":"竹叶石膏汤"},{"key":"E","value":"橘皮竹茹汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"丁香散功能温中祛寒降逆,为呃逆胃中寒冷证的选方(A错)。益胃汤功能养胃生津,常合橘皮竹茹汤治疗呃逆胃阴不足证(B错)。呃逆气机郁滞证是由于肝气瘀滞,上逆犯胃,导致胃气上逆而发呃逆。治宜顺气解郁,和胃降逆,首选五磨饮子(C对)。竹叶石膏汤功能清热生津,和胃降逆,为呃逆胃火上逆证的选方(D错)。橘皮竹茹汤功能益气清热,和胃降逆,常合益胃汤治疗呃逆胃阴不足证(E错)。"} {"Question":"长期吞咽受阻,饮食不下,面色㿠白,精神疲惫,形寒气短,面浮足肿,泛吐清涎,腹胀便溏,舌淡苔白,脉细弱,诊为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾胃虚弱型呕吐"},{"key":"B","value":"中虚有寒型反胃"},{"key":"C","value":"脾阳虚衰型水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"胃阴不足型呕吐"},{"key":"E","value":"气虚阳微型噎膈"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根据“长期吞咽受阻,饮食不下”,可知病为“噎膈”;根据“面色㿠白,精神疲惫,形寒气短,面浮足肿,泛吐清涎,腹胀便溏,舌淡苔白,脉细弱”,可辨为“气虚阳微证”(E对)。中虚有寒型呕吐的临床表现为饮食稍多即欲呕吐,时发时止,食入难化,不思饮食,面色晄白,倦怠乏力,四肢不温,大便稀溏等。与题干证型相似但病位不同,呕吐病位在胃脘部,噎膈病位在食管(A错)。脾胃虚寒型反胃的临床表现为食后脘腹胀满,朝食暮吐,暮食朝吐,宿谷不化,吐后则舒,神疲乏力,面色清白,手足不温等(B错)。脾阳虚衰型水肿的临床表现为身肿日久,腰以下为甚,按之凹陷不易恢复,脘腹胀闷,纳减便溏,面色不华,神疲乏力,小便短少等(C错)。胃阴不足型呕吐临床表现为呕吐反复发作,或时作干呕,恶心,胃中嘈杂,似饥而不欲食,口燥咽干等(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗腹痛饮食积滞重证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"B","value":"越鞠丸"},{"key":"C","value":"枳实导滞丸"},{"key":"D","value":"枳术丸"},{"key":"E","value":"木香顺气散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腹痛饮食积滞证临床表现为脘腹胀满,疼痛拒按,嗳腐吞酸,厌食呕恶,痛而欲泻,泻后痛减,或大便秘结;舌苔厚腻,脉滑。治宜消食导滞,理气止痛。方选枳实导滞丸(C对)。保和丸功用消食化滞,理气和胃,主治食积证,饮食积滞型腹痛轻证可以保和丸(A错)。越鞠丸功效行气解郁,主治六郁证(B错)。枳术丸功用健脾消痞,主治脾虚气滞,饮食停积证(D错)。木香顺气散功效开郁化滞,行气止痛,主治气滞不舒,肝胃不和,腹胁胀满或胀痛,胸闷食少,大便不利(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者腹痛,里急后重,下痢赤白相杂,肛门灼热,小便短赤,舌苔微黄,脉滑数。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热解毒,调气行血"},{"key":"B","value":"清热化湿,理气止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"清热凉血,和胃利湿"},{"key":"D","value":"清肠和胃,利湿解毒"},{"key":"E","value":"清胃利湿,和胃通降"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者腹痛,里急后重,下痢赤白相杂可诊断为痢疾。湿热壅滞,气血凝滞,肠络受损,传导失司,故腹痛里急后重;湿热之毒熏灼,伤及肠道脂膜之气血,腐败化为脓血,则下痢赤白相杂;湿热下注则肛门灼热,小便短少。故为湿热痢,治则清热解毒,调气和血(A对)。"} {"Question":"提出著名的“治泻九法”的医家是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"张仲景"},{"key":"B","value":"陈无择"},{"key":"C","value":"张景岳"},{"key":"D","value":"李中梓"},{"key":"E","value":"叶天士"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"李中梓在《医宗必读·泄泻》中提出了著名的治泻九法,即淡渗、升提、清凉、疏利、甘缓、酸收、燥脾、温肾、固涩,全面论述了泄泻的治法(D对)。张仲景在《金匮要略·呕吐哕下利病脉证治》中将泄泻与痢疾统称为下利(A错)。陈无择在《三因极一病证方论·泄泻叙论》中认为不仅外邪可导致泄泻,情志失调亦可导致泄泻(B错)。张景岳在《景岳全书·泄泻》:“凡泄泻之病,多由水谷不分,故以利水为上策”,提出分利之法治疗泄泻的原则(C错)。叶天士为清代医学家,对于泄泻病因强调湿邪致泻的主导性,病机重视肝、脾、肾(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,54岁。下痢日久,前天因赴宴后,出现腹痛腹泻,大便每日3次,为黏液血便,纳食减少,倦怠怯冷,舌质淡苔白腻,脉虚数。首选治疗方为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连理汤"},{"key":"B","value":"理中汤"},{"key":"C","value":"胃苓汤"},{"key":"D","value":"补中益气汤"},{"key":"E","value":"真人养脏汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"题中患者下痢日久,诊断为痢疾,因赴宴后发病,故为休息痢,治宜温中清肠,调气化滞,方用连理汤(A对)。理中汤温中祛寒,补气健脾,治疗脾胃虚寒证(B错)。胃苓汤健脾和中,利水化湿,主治寒湿内阻,腹痛泄泻,小便不利(C错)。补中益气汤补中益气,升阳举陷,主治脾虚气陷证,气虚发热证(D错)。真人养脏汤涩肠固脱,温补脾肾,主治久泻久痢,脾肾虚寒证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者肺胀病史20年,呼吸浅促难续,声低气怯,倚息不能平卧,胸闷如窒,心慌,咳痰不爽,脉沉数无力。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金匮肾气丸"},{"key":"B","value":"平喘固本汤"},{"key":"C","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"D","value":"大补元煎"},{"key":"E","value":"七味都气丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者为肺胀病人。肺肾气虚则不能主气、纳气,故呼吸浅短,声低气怯,倚息不能平卧,胸闷如窒;肺病及心,心气虚弱,故心悸;寒饮伏肺,肾虚水泛,则咳痰不爽;肺失治节,气不帅血,气滞血瘀,则脉沉数无力。治疗当以补肺纳肾,降气平喘为法。方剂选平喘固本汤,此方既可补肺纳肾,又可降气化痰,从而达到止喘的目的(B对)。金匮肾气丸,温补肾阳,化气行水。用于肾虚水肿,腰膝酸软,小便不利,畏寒肢冷,而非定喘专方(A错)。真武汤,中医方剂名。为祛湿剂,具有温阳利水之功效。主治阳虚水泛证(C错)。大补元煎治疗年老体虚,中气不足,重度子宫脱垂。(D错)。七味都气丸为固涩剂,具有补肾纳气,涩精止遗功效。用于虚不能纳气之喘促,或久咳而咽干气短,遗精盗汗,小便频数(E错)。"} {"Question":"喘证的病变部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心、肺"},{"key":"B","value":"肺、肾"},{"key":"C","value":"心、肾"},{"key":"D","value":"脾、肾"},{"key":"E","value":"肺、脾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"因肺为气之主,司呼吸,外合皮毛,内为五脏之华盖,为气机升降之枢纽。肺的宣肃功能正常,则吐浊吸清,呼吸调匀,肾主摄纳,有助于肺气肃降,故有“肺为气之主,肾为气之根”之说。若外邪侵袭,或它脏病气上犯,皆可使肺失宣降,肺气胀满,呼吸不利而致喘。如肺虚气失所主,亦可少气不足以息而为喘。肾为气之根,与肺同司气体之出纳,故肾元不固,摄纳失常则气不归原,阴阳不相接续,气逆于肺而为喘。另外,如脾经痰浊上扰,以及中气虚弱,土不生金,肺气不足;或肝气上逆乘肺,升多降少,均可致肺气上逆而为喘”(B对)(DE错)。只有当喘证进展至喘脱时才会累积心阳(AC错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,70岁。喘促气短,声低气怯,咳声低弱,咳痰稀白,自汗畏风,舌淡红苔薄白,脉弱无力。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三子养亲汤合二陈汤"},{"key":"B","value":"生脉散合补肺汤"},{"key":"C","value":"七味都气丸合生脉散"},{"key":"D","value":"参蛤散合金匮肾气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"苏子降气汤合二陈汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据“喘促气短”可知病为“喘证”;根据“声低气怯,咳声低弱,咳痰稀白,自汗畏风,舌淡红苔薄白,脉弱无力”可辨为“肺虚证”,方用生脉散合补肺汤(B对)补肺益气。三子养亲汤合二陈汤为实喘之痰浊阻肺证的代表方(A错)。七味都气丸合生脉散主治虚喘之肾阴虚证(C错)。参蛤散合金匮肾气丸为虚喘之肾虚证的代表方(D错)。苏子降气汤为肺胀之痰浊壅肺的代表方(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗喘证痰浊阻肺证,应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"射干麻黄汤"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄汤合华盖散"},{"key":"C","value":"二陈汤合三子养亲汤"},{"key":"D","value":"三拗汤合止嗽散"},{"key":"E","value":"生脉散合补肺汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"痰浊阻肺证之实喘是由中阳不运,积湿生痰,痰浊壅肺,肺失肃降所致,治宜祛痰降逆,宣肺平喘,方用二陈汤合三子养亲汤(C对)。射干麻黄汤为冷哮代表方(A错)。麻黄汤合华盖散为风寒壅肺证之实喘的代表方(B错)。三拗汤合止嗽散为风寒袭肺证之外感咳嗽代表方(D错)。生脉散合补肺汤为肺气虚耗证之虚喘的代表方(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者眩晕日久,精神萎靡,腰膝酸软,少寐多梦,健忘,两目干涩,视力减退,遗精,泄泻,耳鸣,齿摇,舌红少苔,脉细数,其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝阳上亢证"},{"key":"B","value":"气血亏虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"肾精不足证"},{"key":"D","value":"痰湿中阻证"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀血阻络证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"题中患者为眩晕。精髓不足,不能上充于脑,故眩晕,精神萎靡;腰为肾之府,肾虚则腰膝酸软;肾开窍于耳,在体为骨,肾虚故耳鸣,齿摇;肾虚则心肾不交,则少寐多梦,健忘;肾精不足,水不涵木则两目干涩,视力减退;精关不固则遗精;阴虚则生内热,故舌红少苔,脉细数。以上证候属于肾精不足证。(C对)。肝阳上亢证之眩晕的主要表现为眩晕,耳鸣,头目胀痛,口苦,失眠多梦,遇烦劳郁怒而加重,急躁易怒等(A错)。气血亏虚证之眩晕的主要表现为眩晕动则加剧,劳累即发,面色㿠白,神疲乏力,倦怠懒言,唇甲不华等(B错)。痰湿中阻证之眩晕的主要表现为眩晕,头重昏蒙,或伴视物旋转,胸闷恶心,呕吐痰涎,食少多寐等(D错)。瘀血阻络证之眩晕的主要表现为眩晕,头痛,兼见健忘,失眠,心悸,面唇紫暗,舌暗有瘀斑等(E错)。"} {"Question":"雷头风的治疗,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桑菊饮"},{"key":"B","value":"清震汤"},{"key":"C","value":"川芎茶调散"},{"key":"D","value":"芎芷石膏汤"},{"key":"E","value":"黄连上清丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"雷头风以头中如雷鸣,头面起核为特征。《赤水玄珠•头痛门》:“夫此病未有不因于痰火者,盖痰生热,热生风故也。核块疙瘩皆有形可征,痰火上升,壅于气道,兼于风化,则自然有声,轻则或如蝉之鸣,重则或如雷之响,故以声如雷而为名也”,其治法为疏利少阳,清热利湿解毒,代表方为淸震汤(B对)。桑菊饮,其功用为疏风清热,宣肺止咳,可用于咳嗽之风热犯肺证(A错)。川芎茶调散,其功用为疏风散寒止痛,用于外感头痛之风寒头痛证(C错)。芎芷石膏汤,其功用为清热散风止痛,可用于外感头痛之风热头痛证(D错)。黄连上清丸,其功用为泄热通腑,用于风热头痛证伴大便秘结,腑气不通,口舌生疮者(E错)。"} {"Question":"狂证火盛伤阴证,其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血化瘀,涤痰镇静"},{"key":"B","value":"安神定志,祛痰降火"},{"key":"C","value":"降火豁痰,安神宁心"},{"key":"D","value":"镇心涤痰,泻肝清火"},{"key":"E","value":"育阴潜阳,交通心肾"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"狂证火盛伤阴是因心肝郁火,或阳明腑热久羁,耗津伤液,心肾失调,阴虚火旺,神明受扰所致,此时痰与瘀已经不是病机的要点(ABCD错),当育阴潜阳,交通心肾(E对)。"} {"Question":"治疗眩晕痰浊中阻证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天麻钩藤饮"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏白术天麻汤"},{"key":"C","value":"镇肝熄风汤"},{"key":"D","value":"补阳还五汤"},{"key":"E","value":"地黄饮子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"痰湿中阻证之眩晕为痰浊中阻,上蒙清窍,清阳不升所致,治疗应用半夏白术天麻汤化痰祛湿(B对)。天麻钩藤饮平肝潜阳,清火息风,用于肝阳偏亢,风阳上扰所致的眩晕、中风等(A错)。镇肝熄风汤滋阴潜阳,息风通络,用于阴虚风动之中风(C错)。补阳还五汤益气养血,化瘀通络,用于气虚络瘀之中风恢复期(D错)。地黄饮子滋肾阴,补肾阳,开窍化痰,用于下元虚衰,虚火上炎,痰浊上泛所致之舌强不语,足废不用等症(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗痫病风痰闭阻证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定痫丸"},{"key":"B","value":"涤痰汤"},{"key":"C","value":"顺气导痰汤"},{"key":"D","value":"生铁落饮"},{"key":"E","value":"羚角钩藤汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"痫病风痰闭阻证是由痰浊素盛,肝阳化风,痰随风动,风痰闭阻,上干清窍所致。治疗宜涤痰熄风,开窍定痫,代表方为定痫丸(A对)。龙胆泻肝汤合涤痰汤功能清热泻火,化痰开窍,为治疗痫病痰火扰神证的选方(B错)。顺气导痰汤功能涤痰开窍,常合逍遥散治疗癫狂癫证之痰气郁结证(C错)。生铁落饮功能清心泻火,涤痰醒神,为治疗癫狂狂证之痰火扰神证的选方(D错)。羚角钩藤汤功能平肝潜阳息风,可治疗厥证血厥实证(E错)。"} {"Question":"首先提出“重阳者狂,重阴者癫”的古典文献是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《内经》"},{"key":"B","value":"《难经》"},{"key":"C","value":"《金匮要略》"},{"key":"D","value":"《中藏经》"},{"key":"E","value":"《类经》"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"首先提出“重阳者狂,重阴者癫”的古典文献是《难经》(B对)。癫狂病名首见于《黄帝内经》(A错)。《金匮要略·五脏风寒积聚病脉证并治》云:“邪哭使魂魄不安者,血气少也…阴气衰者为癫,阳气衰者为狂”,提出心虚而血气少,阴气病则为癫,阳气病则为狂(C错)。"} {"Question":"中风风痰入络证的主方为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天麻钩藤饮"},{"key":"B","value":"镇肝熄风汤"},{"key":"C","value":"真方白丸子"},{"key":"D","value":"独活寄生汤"},{"key":"E","value":"小续命汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"风痰入络证之中风为脉络空虚,风痰乘虚入中,气血闭阻所致,治疗应该用真方白丸子祛风化痰通络(C对)。天麻钩藤饮平肝潜阳,活血通络,为风阳上扰证之中风的代表方(A错)。镇肝熄风汤滋阴潜阳,息风通络,为阴虚风动证之中风的代表方(B错)。独活寄生汤培补肝肾,舒筋止痛,为肝肾亏虚证之痹症的代表方(D错)。小续命汤祛风扶正,温经通络,治疗中风半身不遂,口眼歪斜等(E错)。"} {"Question":"不寐的病位主要在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"脑"},{"key":"C","value":"肝"},{"key":"D","value":"脾"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心主神明,神安则寐,神不安则不寐,不寐多因各种原因导致的心脏功能失常。脏腑调和,气血充足,心神安定,心血得静,卫阳得以入阴,则睡卧有时。故不寐主要病位在心(A对)。不寐是阳盛阴衰,阴阳失交所致,与脑无关(B错)。肝郁化火,上扰心神可致不寐;脾虚则血液生化不足,不能上奉于心,使心失所养而致不寐;肾阴亏虚,肾水不能上济于心,致心肾不交而致不寐,均为影响心而致不寐(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,38岁,心悸6年,善惊易恐,坐卧不安,多梦易醒,舌苔薄白,脉虚数。其辩证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心血亏虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"阴虚火旺证"},{"key":"C","value":"心虚胆怯证"},{"key":"D","value":"血脉瘀阻证"},{"key":"E","value":"水引凌心证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者为心悸病,心悸病分八个证型,分别为心虚胆怯证、心血不足证、阴虚火旺证、心阳不振证、水饮凌心证、瘀阻心脉证、痰火扰心证、邪毒犯心证。患者血虚、阴虚症状不明显(AB错)、无血瘀、水饮症状(DE错),而善惊易恐,坐卧不安,多梦易醒,心胆气虚,故为心虚胆怯证(C对)。"} {"Question":"患者心烦不寐,心悸不安,头晕,耳鸣,健忘,腰酸梦遗,五心烦热,口干津少,舌红,脉细数。治法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清心宁神,养阴除烦"},{"key":"B","value":"养阴生津,除烦宁神"},{"key":"C","value":"清火除烦,宁心安神"},{"key":"D","value":"滋阴降火,交通心肾"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴宁心,镇惊安神"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据“心烦不寐”可知病为“不寐”;根据“心悸不安,头晕,耳鸣,健忘,腰酸梦遗,五心烦热,口干津少,舌红,脉细数”可辨为“心肾不交证”,其机理为肾阴耗伤,阴衰于下,不能上奉于心,水火不济,心火独亢,火盛神动,心肾失交而神志不宁;治疗应滋阴降火,交通心肾,养心安神(D对)。而不可单纯养阴或清火(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"鼓胀的病机主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气机阻滞,瘀血内结"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脾肾受损,气滞血结,水停腹中"},{"key":"C","value":"脾肺肾功能失调,水潴体内"},{"key":"D","value":"心肝脾功能失常,水结腹内"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脾肾受损,血郁脾内"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"鼓胀系肝脾肾三脏受损,气、血、水瘀积腹内所致。肝气郁结,气滞血瘀是形成鼓胀的基本条件,脾肾功能受损,水湿停聚为重要因素,其中气滞、血瘀、水停互为因果。气机阻滞,瘀血内结为积聚的病机(A错)。肝脾肾受损,气滞血结,水停腹中为鼓胀形成的病机(B对)。脾肺肾功能失调,水潴体内,无血瘀之征(C错)。心肝脾功能失常,水结腹内无血瘀之征(D错)。肝脾肾受损,血郁脾内无水停之征(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者腹胀,腹部时有条索状物聚起,按之胀痛更甚,便秘,纳呆,舌苔腻,脉弦滑。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逍遥散"},{"key":"B","value":"六磨汤"},{"key":"C","value":"柴胡疏肝散合失笑散"},{"key":"D","value":"膈下逐瘀汤合六君子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"八珍汤合化积丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"逍遥散为聚证肝气郁结证的选方,功能疏肝解郁,健脾养血(A错)。题中患者以腹胀,腹部时有条索状物聚起为主症,故诊断为积聚,聚属无形,故多腹部胀痛,为饮食内伤,脾失健运,痰湿内生,痰食交阻所致,气聚不散,攻冲于外,故腹部时有条索状物聚起,有形之邪壅滞于腹,按之气愈不通,故按之胀痛更甚,腑气不通,故便秘,纳呆。舌苔腻,脉弦滑为痰食阻气之象,故辨为食滞痰阻证,治宜理气化痰,导滞散结,方选六磨汤(B对)。柴胡疏肝散合失笑散为积证气滞血阻证的选方,两方合用功能理气消积,活血散瘀(C错)。膈下逐瘀汤合六君子汤为积证瘀血内结证的选方,两方合用功能祛瘀软坚,扶正健脾(D错)。八珍汤合化积丸为积证正虚瘀结证的选方,两方合用功能补益气血,活血化瘀(E错)。"} {"Question":"积聚的病机主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气机阻滞,瘀血内结"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脾肾受损,气滞血结,水停腹中"},{"key":"C","value":"脾肺肾功能失调,水潴体内"},{"key":"D","value":"心肝脾功能失常,水结腹内"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脾肾受损,血郁脾内"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"无论何种因素导致的积聚,其病机关键不离气滞血瘀,病变脏腑多属肝脾胃肠。气机阻滞,瘀血内结为其形成的病机(A对)(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者肢体痿软无力,逐渐加重,伴有食少,便溏,腹胀,面色无华,气短,神疲乏力,舌苔薄白,脉细。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热润燥,养肺生津"},{"key":"B","value":"补脾益肾,化瘀通络"},{"key":"C","value":"补脾益气,健运升清"},{"key":"D","value":"补益肝肾,滋阴清热"},{"key":"E","value":"活血化瘀,舒筋活络"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"题中患者以肢体痿软无力主症,故诊断为痿证。脾胃虚弱,气血化源不充,则筋脉失荣,故肢体痿软,渐渐加重。脾不健运,故食少。脾虚清阳不升,故便溏腹胀。气虚不能运化水湿,故气短。面色无华,神疲乏力,舌苔薄白,脉细,皆由脾胃虚弱、气血不足所致。题中辨证为痿证脾胃亏虚证,治宜补脾益气,健运升清(C对)。清热润燥,养肺生津为痿证肺热津伤证治法(A错)。补脾益肾为淋证之劳淋证的治法,化瘀通络为瘀血停留的治法(B错)。补益肝肾,滋阴清热为痿证肝肾亏损证治法(D错)。活血化瘀,舒筋活络用治外伤跌打肿痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"腰痛患者,腰部冷痛重着,转侧不利,静卧痛不减,遇阴雨天疼痛加重,舌苔白腻,脉沉缓。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒湿"},{"key":"B","value":"风寒"},{"key":"C","value":"瘀血"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热"},{"key":"E","value":"肾虚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者“腰痛”,可诊断本病为腰痛病。腰痛病分寒湿腰痛、湿热腰痛、瘀血腰痛、肾虚腰痛(分肾阳虚、肾阴虚)四个证型。本题主要判断证属寒湿还是肾阳虚,两证都有腰部冷痛的表现。寒湿腰痛属实证,有湿证的表现,如酸胀重着,舌苔白腻,脉沉而缓;肾阳虚证属虚证,有阳虚的表现,如腰部隐痛,酸软无力,喜温喜按,遇劳更甚,卧则减轻等症。本题患者静卧痛不减,可判断为实证,遇阴雨天疼痛加重,舌苔白腻,脉沉缓,可判断为证属寒湿腰痛(A对)。"} {"Question":"患者吐血量多,面色苍白,四肢厥冷,汗出,脉微,治疗首选方","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回阳救急汤"},{"key":"B","value":"生脉饮"},{"key":"C","value":"附子理中丸"},{"key":"D","value":"大补元煎"},{"key":"E","value":"独参汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"题中患者吐血量多,诊断为吐血,出现面色苍白,四肢厥冷,汗出,脉微为气随血脱所致,治宜益气固脱,方用独参汤(E对)。回阳救急汤为治疗寒邪直中三阴,真阳衰微证的常用方(A错)。生脉饮益气复脉,养阴生津,治疗气阴两亏,心悸气短,脉微自汗(B错)。附子理中丸温中健脾,用于脘腹冷痛,肢冷便溏(C错)。大补元煎救本培元,大补气血,主治气血大亏,精神失守之危剧病证(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,58岁。口渴多饮,尿频量多,口舌干燥6个月,伴烦热多汗,舌边尖红,苔薄黄,脉滑数,其证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上消肺阴亏虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"下消气阴两虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"上消肺气不足证"},{"key":"D","value":"中消肺胃郁热证"},{"key":"E","value":"上消肺热津伤证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者口渴多饮,尿频量多,病为“消渴”,消渴分上中下三消,上消以肺阴虚津伤症状为主,中消以胃阴虚为主,下消以肾阴虚为主,患者口渴多饮,口舌干燥6个月舌边尖红,苔薄黄,肺热津伤为主,为“上消 肺热津伤证”(E对)。治宜清热润肺,生津止渴,方选消渴方加减。"} {"Question":"患者汗出恶风,微劳尤甚,易于感冒,体倦乏力,面色少华,舌苔薄白,脉细弱。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芪汤"},{"key":"B","value":"补肺汤"},{"key":"C","value":"玉屏风散"},{"key":"D","value":"桂枝汤"},{"key":"E","value":"补中益气汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者以汗出恶风,微劳尤甚为主诉,故诊断为自汗。患者肺气亏虚,肌表疏松,表卫不固而汗出恶风,且易于感冒;动则耗气,气不摄汗,故汗出益甚;气虚则体倦乏力,面色少华。结合舌脉分析,本病属于肺卫不固之汗证,故采用益气固表的玉屏风散(C对)。黄芪汤功能益气托脓,泻火解毒。主治肺脓疡气虚性便秘,大便并不硬,虽有便意,但排便困难,便后乏力,面白神疲,脉弱(A错)。补肺汤用于肺气不足,养阴润肺,化痰止咳(B错)。桂枝汤为解表剂,具有辛温解表,解肌发表,调和营卫之功效。主治头痛发热,汗出恶风,鼻鸣干呕,苔白不渴,脉浮缓或浮弱者,用于太阳中风表虚证(D错)。补中益气汤用于脾虚气陷证,气虚发热证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者胸胁支满,心下痞闷,胃中有振水音,脘腹喜温畏冷,背寒,呕吐清水痰涎,水入易吐,口渴不欲饮,心悸,气短,头昏目眩,食少,形体逐渐消瘦,舌苔白滑,脉弦细而滑。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宣肺化饮"},{"key":"B","value":"淡渗利水"},{"key":"C","value":"温脾化饮"},{"key":"D","value":"温化寒湿"},{"key":"E","value":"逐水化饮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据“胸胁支满,心下痞闷,胃中有振水音”可知病为“痰饮”;根据“脘腹喜温畏冷,背寒,呕吐清水痰涎,水入易吐,口渴不欲饮,心悸,气短,头昏目眩,食少,形体逐渐消瘦,舌苔白滑,脉弦细而滑”可辨为“脾阳虚弱证”,治疗应温脾化饮(C对)。宣肺化饮为支饮之寒饮伏肺证的治法(A错)。温化寒湿为黄疸之阴黄的治法(D错)。逐水化饮为痰饮之饮留胃肠证的治法(E错)。"} {"Question":"吐血色红或紫黯,口苦,胁痛,心烦易怒,寐少多梦,舌质红绛,脉弦数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加减泻白散合黛蛤散"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"C","value":"柴胡疏肝散"},{"key":"D","value":"丹栀逍遥散"},{"key":"E","value":"滋水清肝饮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝火横逆犯胃,胃络损伤,则吐血色红或紫黯;肝火上炎,则口苦胁痛,心烦易怒;热扰心神,故寐少梦多;舌质红绛,脉弦数为肝火亢盛,耗伤胃阴之象,治以泻肝清胃,凉血止血,代表方为龙胆泻肝汤(B对)。加减泻白散合黛蛤散,其功用为清肝泻肺、顺气降火,可用于内伤咳嗽之肝火犯肺证(A错)。柴胡疏肝散,其功用为疏肝理气,活血止痛,可用于郁证之肝气郁结证(C错)。丹栀逍遥散,其功用为疏肝解郁,清泻肝火,可用于郁证之气郁化火证(D错)。滋水清肝饮,其功用为滋阴清火,可用于郁证之气郁化火伤阴证(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗盗汗阴虚火旺证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"玉屏风散"},{"key":"B","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"一贯煎"},{"key":"D","value":"当归六黄汤"},{"key":"E","value":"生脉散"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"当归六黄汤中当归养血,生地、熟地滋阴,黄芩、黄连、黄柏泻火清热,六药相合,热清则火不内扰,阴坚则汗不外泄。汗出过多,卫虚不固,故用黄芪益气实卫以固表,固未定之阴,且可合当归、熟地益气养血。诸药合用,共奏滋阴泻火,固表止汗之功。是治疗盗汗阴虚火旺的首选方(D对)。玉屏风散,其功用为益气固表止汗,可用于虚体感冒之表虚自汗,易伤风邪者(A错)。六味地黄丸,其功用为滋补肝肾,可用于下消之肾阴亏虚证(B错)。一贯煎,其功用为滋阴柔肝止痛,适用于胁痛之肝阴不足证,合芍药汤也可用于胃痛之胃阴不足证(C错)。生脉散,其功用为益气生津,敛阴止汗,适用于温热、暑热,耗气伤阴证及久咳伤肺,气阴两虚证(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗虚劳心阳虚者,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桂枝甘草汤"},{"key":"B","value":"人参养荣丸"},{"key":"C","value":"保元汤"},{"key":"D","value":"炙甘草汤"},{"key":"E","value":"苓桂术甘汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"保元汤功效益气温阳,适用于阳虚气弱之证(C对)。桂枝甘草汤主治发汗过多,其人叉手自冒心,心下悸,欲得按者(A错)。人参养荣丸主治心脾气血两虚证(B错)。天王补心丹合炙甘草汤为胸痹心肾阴虚的代表方(D错)。苓桂术甘汤为痰饮之脾阳虚弱证的代表方(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,56岁,反复发热半年,为低热,发热而欲近衣,形寒怯冷,四肢不温,少气懒言,头晕嗜卧,腰膝酸软,纳少便溏,苔白润,脉沉细无力,其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温补阳气,引火归元"},{"key":"B","value":"补中益气,甘温除热"},{"key":"C","value":"滋补肾阴,清热泻火"},{"key":"D","value":"滋补肝肾,清退虚热"},{"key":"E","value":"补气养阴,清退虚热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"根据患者“发热半年,为低热”,辨为“内伤发热”,根据“发热而欲近衣,形寒怯冷,四肢不温,少气懒言,头晕嗜卧,腰膝酸软,纳少便溏,苔白润,脉沉细无力”,辨为“阳虚发热证”。患者肾阳亏虚,火不归原,治宜温补阳气,引火归元(A对),方选金匮肾气丸加减。"} {"Question":"治疗虚劳心阳虚者,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桂枝甘草汤"},{"key":"B","value":"苓桂术甘汤"},{"key":"C","value":"拯阳理劳汤"},{"key":"D","value":"炙甘草汤"},{"key":"E","value":"人参养荣丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"拯阳理劳汤中人参、黄芪、五味子、甘草补益心气;肉桂、生姜温通心阳;白术、陈皮、当归、大枣健脾养血;全方共奏益气温阳之功,最宜治疗虚劳心阳虚证(C对)。桂枝甘草汤,其功用为补心气,温心阳,适用于治疗发汗过多,其人叉手自冒,心下悸,欲得按者(A错)。苓桂术甘汤,其功用为通阳利水,可用于治疗心悸之水饮凌心证(B错)。炙甘草汤,其功用为滋阴益气,通阳复脉,可用于治疗虚劳肺痿(D错)。人参养荣丸,其功用为益气补血,养心安神,适用于治疗心脾气血两虚证(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,除哪项外,均是消渴发病的主要病机","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"燥热"},{"key":"B","value":"气虚"},{"key":"C","value":"阴虚"},{"key":"D","value":"血瘀"},{"key":"E","value":"水停"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"阴虚为本(C对),燥热为标(A对)是消渴基本病机特点,由于阴阳互根,若病程日久,阴损及阳,可致阴阳俱虚和气虚(B对)。消渴病是一种病及多个脏腑的疾病,气血运行失常,阴虚内热,耗伤津液,又可导致血行不畅、血脉瘀滞(D对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁,有反复尿路感染病史5年,3天前因劳累而复发。发症:小便淋沥不已,时作时止,伴腰膝酸软,神疲乏力,舌淡,脉细弱。其辩证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热淋"},{"key":"B","value":"血淋"},{"key":"C","value":"气淋"},{"key":"D","value":"膏淋"},{"key":"E","value":"劳淋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"淋证分六种,热淋、石淋、血淋、气淋、膏淋、劳淋。六种淋证均有小便频涩,滴沥刺痛,小腹拘急引痛,而各种淋证又有各自的特殊表现。热淋起病多急骤,小便赤热,溲时灼痛,或伴有发热,腰痛拒按;石淋以小便排出砂石为主症,或排尿时突然中断,尿道窘迫疼痛,或腰腹绞痛难忍;气淋小腹胀满较明显,小便艰涩疼痛,尿后余沥不尽;血淋为溺血而痛;膏淋证见小便混浊如米油水或滑腻如膏脂;劳淋小便不甚赤涩,溺痛不甚,但淋沥不己,时作时止,遇劳即发。此患者小便淋沥,遇劳而发,腰膝酸软,乏力,为劳淋(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者水肿反复消长不已,面浮肢肿腰以下为甚,按之凹陷不起,心悸,气短,腰部冷痛,尿少,四肢冷,舌质淡胖,苔薄白,脉沉细。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾阳虚衰证"},{"key":"B","value":"水湿浸渍证"},{"key":"C","value":"湿毒浸淫证"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热壅盛证"},{"key":"E","value":"肾阳虚衰正"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"题中患者水肿为主,面浮肢肿,诊断为水肿,腰以下甚,按之凹陷不起,故为阴水。腰部冷痛,尿少,四肢冷等为肾阳虚衰,水寒内聚所致,皆为肾阳虚衰证的表现(E对)。脾阳虚衰之水肿的临床表现主要为身肿日久,腰以下甚,按之凹陷不易恢复,脘腹胀闷,纳减便溏,面色不华等(A错)。水湿浸渍之水肿的临床表现主要为全身水肿,下肢明显,按之没指,小便短少,身体困重胸闷,纳呆,泛恶等(B错)。湿毒浸淫之水肿的临床表现主要为眼睑浮肿,延及全身,皮肤光亮,尿少色赤,身发疮痍,甚则溃烂等(C错)。湿热壅盛之水肿的临床表现主要为遍体浮肿,皮肤绷急光亮,胸脘痞闷,烦热口渴,小便短赤,或大便干结等(D错)。"} {"Question":"尿血与血淋的鉴别,主要在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿色的深浅"},{"key":"B","value":"尿量的多少"},{"key":"C","value":"尿味的情况"},{"key":"D","value":"有无尿痛"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"淋证血淋常与尿血相鉴别。两者均为血随尿出,甚至溺出纯血的症状,但尿血多无疼痛之感,或有轻微的胀痛或热痛,但终不若血淋的小便淋漓而疼痛难忍,发热、腹痛、排尿困难、出血量的多少不作为鉴别两者的主要症状(D对)(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"阳水之风水相搏证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏风清热,宣肺行水"},{"key":"B","value":"宣肺解毒,利湿消肿"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾化湿,温阳利水"},{"key":"D","value":"温运脾阳,以利水湿"},{"key":"E","value":"分利湿热,攻下逐水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"阳水风水相搏为风邪袭表,肺气闭塞,通调失职,风遏水阻所致,治宜疏风清热,宣肺行水(A对)。宣肺解毒,利湿消肿为阳水湿毒浸淫证的治法(B错)。健脾化湿,温阳利水为阳水水湿浸渍证的治法(C错)。温运脾阳,以利水湿为阴水脾阳虚衰证的治法(D错)。分利湿热,攻下逐水为阳水湿热壅盛证的治法(E错)。"} {"Question":"癃闭的病位虽在膀胱,但与本病关系密切的脏腑还有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺、脾、肾、三焦"},{"key":"B","value":"肺、肾、胃、三焦"},{"key":"C","value":"肝、脾、肾、小肠"},{"key":"D","value":"肺、脾、肝、三焦"},{"key":"E","value":"肺、脾、肝、小肠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小便的通畅虽有赖于肾和膀胱的气化作用,但从脏腑之间的整体关系来看,水液的吸收、运行、排泄,还有赖于三焦的气化和肺、脾、肾的通调、转输、蒸化,因此癃闭的发生,除与肾、膀胱关系密切相关外,还与肺、脾、三焦的关系密切。若肺失肃降,不能通调水道,脾失转输,不能升清降浊,肾失蒸化,关门开合不利,均可导致癃闭的发生,此外,肝郁气滞、瘀血阻塞影响三焦的气化,也可导致癃闭的发生,属于间接影响,关系不如肾密切,此题为单选题,故选A而不选D(A对)(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"与水肿关系最为密切的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺、脾、肾"},{"key":"B","value":"肺、胃、肾"},{"key":"C","value":"心、脾、肾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝、脾、肾"},{"key":"E","value":"心、肝、肾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"水肿的病机为肺失通调、脾失转输、肾失开阖、三焦气化不利。清·喻昌《医门法律》所持三纲病机学说(水病以肺、脾、肾为三纲),论亦类似,都认为本病为肺、脾、肾相干之病。因为水为至阴,故其本在肾;水化于气,其标在肺;水惟畏土,其制在脾(A对)。这些都是命门学说在水肿病机上的具体应用。至此水肿病的肺、脾、肾三纲病机学说已经成立。"} {"Question":"足三阴经在内踝上8寸以上的分布是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"太阴在前,厥阴在中,少阴在后"},{"key":"B","value":"厥阴在前,少阴在中,太阴在后"},{"key":"C","value":"少阴在前,太阴在中,厥阴在后"},{"key":"D","value":"厥阴在前,太阴在中,少阴在后"},{"key":"E","value":"太阴在前,少阴在中,厥阴在后"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查足三阴经在小腿部的分布,注意十二经脉分布规律。手足阳经为阳明在前,少阳在中,太阳在后。手足阴经为太阴在前,厥阴在中,少阴在后(A对)。足三阴经在足内踝上8寸以下为厥阴在前,太阴在中,少阴在后(D错)。其它选项为明显错误没有如此分布的经脉(BCE错)。"} {"Question":"手太阴肺经在上肢的分布是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内侧前缘"},{"key":"B","value":"外侧前缘"},{"key":"C","value":"内侧中行"},{"key":"D","value":"外侧后缘"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧后缘"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查十二经脉的分布规律。上肢内侧前缘为手太阴肺经(A对),外侧前缘为手阳明大肠经(B错),上肢内侧中行为手厥阴心包经(C错),上肢外侧后缘为手太阳小肠经(D错),上肢内侧后缘为手少阴心经(E错)。记忆:阳经,前中后:阳少太。阴经,前中后:太厥少。"} {"Question":"十二经脉中,相表里的阴经与阳经的交接部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四肢部"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部"},{"key":"C","value":"腹部"},{"key":"D","value":"头部"},{"key":"E","value":"面部"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查十二经脉的循行交接规律。有关十二经脉的分布、循行以及交接规律需熟练掌握。记忆:可结合中基(P160)图4-1的十二经脉走向交接规律示意图记忆。"} {"Question":"最早制作针灸铜人模型的医家是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皇甫谧"},{"key":"B","value":"孙思邈"},{"key":"C","value":"王惟一"},{"key":"D","value":"杨继渊"},{"key":"E","value":"李学川"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"皇甫谧的《针灸甲乙经》收录349个腧穴的名称、定位和刺灸法,并对各科病证的针灸治疗进行了归纳和论述(A错)。孙思邈的《备急千金要方》广泛收集了前代针灸医家的经验和个人体会,绘制了“明堂三人图”(B错)。王惟一对腧穴进行了重新考订,确立了354个经穴,著《铜人腧穴针灸图经》,随后设计了两具铜人模型,外刻经络腧穴,内置脏腑,供针灸教学和考试使用(C对)。杨继洲的《针灸大成》是继《针灸甲乙经》后对针灸学的第三次总结(D错)。李学川的《针灸逢源》汇集了各家针灸医学学术思想的精华,考订了一些经穴的错误(E错)。"} {"Question":"经络系统中,从十二正经中离入出合的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二经脉"},{"key":"B","value":"十五络脉"},{"key":"C","value":"十二经别"},{"key":"D","value":"十二经筋"},{"key":"E","value":"十二皮部"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"十二经脉是指十二脏腑所属的经脉,是经络系统的主体(A错)。十二经脉和任、督二脉各自别出一络,加上脾之大络,称为十五络脉。十二经脉的别络从本经四肢肘膝关节以下的络穴分出,走向其相表里的经脉。任督二脉的别络和脾之大络主要分布在头身部(B错)。十二经别是十二正经离、入、出、合的别行部分,是正经别行深入体腔的支脉(C对)。十二经筋是十二经脉之气输布于筋肉骨节的体系,是附属于十二经脉的筋肉系统(D错)。十二经脉是十二经脉功能活动反映于体表的部分,也是络脉之气散布之所在(E错)。"} {"Question":"分布于胸腹第二侧线的经脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足太阴脾经"},{"key":"B","value":"足少阴肾经"},{"key":"C","value":"足阳明胃经"},{"key":"D","value":"足厥阴肝经"},{"key":"E","value":"足少阳胆经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查各经脉的循行路线。足太阴脾经有一条分布于胸腹部第三条侧线,经锁骨下,止于腋下大包穴(A错)。足少阴肾经有分支向上行于腹部前正中线旁0.5寸,胸部前正中线旁2寸,止于锁骨下缘(B错)。足阳明胃经外行部分循行于胸腹第二侧线,抵腹股沟处,下循下肢外侧前缘(C对)。足厥阴肝经起于足大趾爪甲后丛毛处,沿足背向上至内踝前一寸处,向上沿胫骨内缘,在内踝上8寸处交出足太阴脾经之后,上行过膝内侧,沿大腿内侧中线进入阴毛中,绕阴器,注于肺中(D错)。足少阳胆经起于眼外角,向上到达额角部,下行至耳后,外折向上行,经额部至眉上,复返向耳后,再沿颈部侧面行于少阳三焦经之前,至肩上退后,交出于少阳三焦经之后,行入缺盆部。(E错)。记忆:在胸腹部由内向外依次是,任肾胃脾肝,趣记,人身为皮干。"} {"Question":"十二经别的循行分布特点,按先后顺序排列的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出、入、离、合"},{"key":"B","value":"入、离、出、合"},{"key":"C","value":"离、入、出、合"},{"key":"D","value":"离、合、出、入"},{"key":"E","value":"出、离、入、合"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"十二经别是十二正经离、入、出、合(C对)的别行部分,是正经别行深入体腔的支脉。"} {"Question":"根据腧穴主治规律,足三阳经腧穴主治相同的病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃肠病"},{"key":"B","value":"咽喉病"},{"key":"C","value":"头面病"},{"key":"D","value":"神志病"},{"key":"E","value":"耳病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"足三阳经包括足阳明胃经、足少阳胆经和足太阳膀胱经。足少阳和足太阳同治眼病,三经同治热病、神志病(D对)。胃经治疗胃肠病、咽喉病(AB错);胆经治疗耳病(E错);三阳经治头病有部位之分,胃经治疗前头病、胆经治侧头病、膀胱经治后头病,亦不全能治疗面部疾病(C错)。"} {"Question":"某男,因工作压力,思虑过多,经常寐而易醒,伴心悸健忘,面色无华,易汗出,纳差倦怠,舌淡,脉细弱。针灸治疗除照海、申脉、神门、印堂、四神聪、安眠外,应加取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行间、侠溪、肝俞"},{"key":"B","value":"心俞、脾俞、足三里"},{"key":"C","value":"丘墟、心俞、内关"},{"key":"D","value":"太溪、心俞、肾俞"},{"key":"E","value":"公孙、内关、足三里"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"题干中患者经常寐而易醒,为不寐,因工作压力,思虑过多,伴心悸健忘为心气虚的表现,面色无华,易汗出,纳差倦怠,舌淡,脉细弱为脾气虚的表现,不寐的心脾两虚证加心俞、脾俞(B对)。行间、侠溪治疗肝火扰心的不寐(A错)。丘墟、内关不是治疗不寐的常用穴位(C错)。太溪、心俞、肾俞治疗心肾不交的不寐(D错)。公孙、内关、足三里治疗脾胃不和的不寐(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列腧穴中,治疗便秘效果较好的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关冲"},{"key":"B","value":"中渚"},{"key":"C","value":"支沟"},{"key":"D","value":"外关"},{"key":"E","value":"阳池"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"四个选项均是手少阳三焦经穴,关冲为井穴、中渚为输穴、阳池为原穴、支沟为经穴、外关为络穴,八脉交会穴,通于阳维脉。支沟穴,“支”的含义是树枝的分叉的状态,“沟”的含义是沟渠,“支沟”的含义是指三焦经气血在此穴位像分叉的树枝一样扩散,另支沟穴是经穴,在五行属火,具有通经开窍、活络散瘀、调理脏腑的功能,常用于治疗耳鸣、耳聋、呕吐、便秘(C对)、热病、肩酸背痛等症。其它四个穴位无直接治疗便秘的功效(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁。下肢弛缓无力1年余,肌肉明显萎缩,功能严重受限,并感麻木,发凉,腰痛,头晕。舌红少苔,脉细数。治疗应选取何经穴为主","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"督脉经"},{"key":"B","value":"太阳经"},{"key":"C","value":"阳明经"},{"key":"D","value":"少阳经"},{"key":"E","value":"厥阴经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查常见的病症的辩证、处方。该患者主证为下肢弛缓无力1年余,肌肉明显萎缩、功能严重受限,并感麻木,由此可诊断为痿证。阳明经多血多气,选上、下肢阳明经穴位,可疏通经络、调理气血(C对)。针刺太阳经穴可用于治疗中风偏瘫(B错)。针刺督脉经穴可用于治疗腰痛,腹痛,泄泻,痢疾,脱肛等(A错)。针刺少阳经穴可用于面瘫、偏头疼等病症(D错)。针刺厥阴经穴可用于治疗前列腺增生等病症(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,23岁。痛经9个月,经行不畅,小腹胀痛,拒按,经色紫红,夹有血块,血块下后痛即缓解,脉沉涩。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足三里、太冲、三阴交"},{"key":"B","value":"中极、次髎、地机"},{"key":"C","value":"合谷、三阴交"},{"key":"D","value":"曲池、内庭"},{"key":"E","value":"合谷、归来"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者的症状可知本病为痛经的实证,选用散寒逐瘀,通经止痛的中极、次髎、地机,中极为任脉经穴,可通调冲任脉之气,散寒行气;次髎为治疗痛经之经验穴;地机为脾经郄穴,阴经的郗穴有止痛的功效,因此可疏调脾经经气而止痛。三穴合用,以达通经散寒、温经止痛之功效(B对)。足三里主治胃痛、呕吐、噎嗝、腹胀、腹泻、痢疾、便秘等胃肠病证;下肢痿痹;癫狂等神志病;乳痈、肠痈等外科疾患;虚劳诸证,为强壮保健要穴,太冲穴主治中风、癫狂痫、小儿惊风;头痛眩晕、耳鸣、目赤肿痛、口歪、咽痛等肝经风热病证;月经不调、痛经、闭经、崩漏、带下等妇科经带病证;黄疸、胁痛、腹胀、呕逆等肝胃病证;癃闭、遗尿;下肢痿痹,足跗肿痛,三阴交主要用于治疗肠鸣腹胀、腹泻等脾胃虚弱诸证;月经不调、带下、阴挺、不孕、滞产等妇产科病症;遗精、阳痿、遗尿等生殖泌尿系统疾患;心悸,失眠,高血压;下肢痿痹;阴虚诸证(A错)。合谷能宣泄气中之热,具有升清降浊,疏风散表,宣通气血的作用(C错)。曲池主治手臂痹痛、上肢不遂等上肢病证、热病、高血压、癫狂、腹痛、吐泻等肠胃病证、咽喉肿痛、齿痛、目赤肿痛等五官热性病证、瘾疹、湿疹、瘰疬等皮肤、外科疾患(D错)。归来主治小腹痛、疝气,月经不调、带下、阴挺等妇科疾病(E错)。"} {"Question":"胃痛的主穴为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上脘、中脘、下脘"},{"key":"B","value":"上脘、天枢、阴陵泉"},{"key":"C","value":"内关、阳陵泉、上脘"},{"key":"D","value":"内关、足三里、中脘"},{"key":"E","value":"上巨虚、内关、下脘"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胃痛治宜和胃止痛,以足阳明、手厥阴经穴及相应募穴为主。选取中脘、内关、足三里作为主穴(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,21岁。食鱼虾后皮肤出现片状风团,瘙痒异常。治疗取神阙穴,所用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"针刺"},{"key":"B","value":"隔盐灸"},{"key":"C","value":"拔罐"},{"key":"D","value":"隔姜灸"},{"key":"E","value":"艾条灸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者食鱼虾后皮肤出现片状风团,瘙痒异常,为食物过敏的现象,属中医瘾疹。神阙穴一般不针(A错)。瘾疹治宜疏风和营,病在营血。隔盐灸有回阳、救逆、固脱的功效(B错)。瘾疹可用拔罐法治疗,在神阙穴拔火罐,留罐5分钟,取下再拔罐留5分钟,如此3次为1次治疗(C对)。隔姜灸有温胃止呕,散寒止痛的功效(D错)。艾条灸有温经散寒,扶阳固脱,消瘀散结的功效(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,22岁。月经不调,常提前7天以上,甚至10余日一行。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足三里、脾俞、太冲"},{"key":"B","value":"命门、三阴交、足三里"},{"key":"C","value":"关元、三阴交、血海"},{"key":"D","value":"气海、三阴交、归来"},{"key":"E","value":"关元、三阴交、肝俞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者以月经不调,常提前7天以上,甚至10余日一行为主症,故诊断为月经先期。足三里、脾俞、太冲用于肝郁脾虚证的治疗(A错)。命门、三阴交、足三里可用于经迟虚寒证的治疗(B错)。月经先期即经早,选取关元、气海、血海、三阴交为主穴,以清热和血,益气调经(C对)。气海、三阴交、归来为经迟的主穴,能温经散寒,和血调经(D错)。关元、三阴交、肝俞为经乱的主穴,能疏肝益肾,调理冲任(E错)。"} {"Question":"面瘫的恢复期,应加用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膏肓俞"},{"key":"B","value":"命门"},{"key":"C","value":"气海"},{"key":"D","value":"关元"},{"key":"E","value":"足三里"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"面瘫恢复期除选取主穴外,因气血已伤,气血不足,不能濡养经脉,应补益气血。膏肓俞主要治疗肺脏虚损(A错)。命门主要治疗肾脏虚损,尤其是阳虚(B错)。气海主要用于治疗冲任的气血不足(C错)。关元主要治疗肾虚(D错)。足三里,行补法可补益气血,濡养经脉(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,55岁。1年来每日黎明之前腹微痛,痛即泄泻,腹部和下肢畏寒,舌淡苍白,脉沉细。治疗除取主穴外,还应加","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃俞、合谷"},{"key":"B","value":"肝俞、内关"},{"key":"C","value":"三焦俞、公孙"},{"key":"D","value":"命门、关元"},{"key":"E","value":"关元俞、三阴交"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"由该患者的症状可知本病为泄泻之肾虚泄泻,故治疗上要配肾俞穴、命门、关元等补肾虚的腧穴,灸命门、关元为益命火,壮肾阳,以奏温养脾肾,腐熟水谷之功(D对)。胃俞穴可以治疗胃脘痛、呕吐、腹胀、肠鸣等胃病,合谷穴可以治疗头痛、目赤肿痛、齿痛、鼻衄、口眼歪斜、耳聋等头面五官诸疾;发热恶寒等外感病症,热病无汗或多汗;经闭、滞产等妇产科病症(A错)。肝俞穴可以治疗胁痛、黄疸等肝胆病症;目赤、目视不明、夜盲、迎风流泪等目疾;癫狂痫;脊背痛,内关穴可以治疗心痛、胸闷、心动过速或心动过缓等心疾;胃痛、呕吐、呃逆等胃腑病证;中风;失眠、郁证、癫狂痫等神志病证;眩晕症,如晕车、晕船、耳源性眩晕;肘臂挛痛(B错)。三焦俞可以治疗肠鸣、腹胀、呕吐、腹泻、痢疾等脾胃肠腑病症;小便不利、水肿等三焦气化不利病症;腰背强痛,公孙穴可以治疗胃痛、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、痢疾等脾胃肠腑病证;心烦失眠,狂证等神志病证;逆气里急、气上冲心等冲脉病证(C错)。关元俞可以治疗腹胀、腹泻、腰骶痛、小便频数或不利,遗尿,三阴交穴可以治疗肠鸣腹胀、腹泻等脾胃虚弱诸证;月经不调、带下、阴挺、不孕、滞产等妇产科病症;遗精、阳痿、遗尿等生殖泌尿系统;心悸,失眠,高血压;下肢痿痹;阴虚诸证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,31岁。目赤肿痛,羞明,流泪,伴头痛发热,脉浮数。治疗除取主穴外,还应选用的穴位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"太渊、风池"},{"key":"B","value":"上星、少商"},{"key":"C","value":"行间、侠溪"},{"key":"D","value":"太溪、鱼腰"},{"key":"E","value":"外关、四白"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者以目赤肿痛,羞明,流泪为主症,故诊断为目赤肿痛。头痛发热,脉浮数为外感风热之象,故辨为风热证。在主穴的基础上配少商、上星治疗目赤肿痛风热证,配行间、侠溪治疗目赤肿痛肝胆火盛证(B对)。肝胆火盛者加行间、侠溪(C错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,10岁。阵发性右上腹绞痛,伴恶心、呕吐,腹部平软。用特定穴治疗,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原穴"},{"key":"B","value":"络穴"},{"key":"C","value":"背俞穴"},{"key":"D","value":"郄穴"},{"key":"E","value":"下合穴"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿阵发性右上腹绞痛,伴恶心、呕吐,腹部平软为急性痛证,而阳经郄穴多用来治疗急性痛证,阴经郄穴常用治疗血证,如急性胃病用梁丘,咯血用孔最(D对)。原穴(P195-P196)主要用于治疗相关脏腑的疾病,也可协助诊断(A错)。络穴(P196)是络脉从本经别出的部位,络穴除可治疗其络脉的病症外…扩大了经脉的主治范围(B错)。背俞穴(P196)和募穴都是脏腑之气输注和汇聚的部位…治疗相关脏腑的病变(C错)。下合穴(P198)主要用于治疗六腑疾病(E错)。"} {"Question":"脉会是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大杼"},{"key":"B","value":"绝骨"},{"key":"C","value":"太渊"},{"key":"D","value":"膈俞"},{"key":"E","value":"膻中"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查八会穴,属基础记忆内容。骨会大杼(A错)。髓会绝骨(B错)。脉会太渊(C对)。血会膈俞(D错)。气会膻中(E错)。记忆:脏会章门,腑中脘,气会膻中,血膈俞,筋阳陵泉,脉会太渊,骨大杼,髓绝骨。"} {"Question":"以下哪穴不是足太阳膀胱经的五输穴","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"昆仑"},{"key":"B","value":"飞扬"},{"key":"C","value":"束骨"},{"key":"D","value":"委中"},{"key":"E","value":"足通谷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"足太阳膀胱经的五输穴分别为井穴至阴,荥穴足通谷(E对),输穴束骨(C对),经穴昆仑(A对),合穴委中(D对)。飞扬为足太阳膀胱经络穴(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"膀胱经的郄穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中都"},{"key":"B","value":"外丘"},{"key":"C","value":"梁丘"},{"key":"D","value":"地机"},{"key":"E","value":"金门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查十六经脉的郄穴。中都为足厥阴肝经的郄穴(A错)。外丘为足少阳胆经的郄穴(B错)。梁丘为足阳明胃经的郄穴(C错)。地机为足太阴脾经的郄穴(D错)。金门为足太阳膀胱经的郄穴(E对)。"} {"Question":"用俞募配穴法治疗胃病,应选下列哪组穴位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾俞、胃俞"},{"key":"B","value":"胃俞、太白"},{"key":"C","value":"胃俞、足三里"},{"key":"D","value":"脾俞、中脘"},{"key":"E","value":"胃俞、中脘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"俞募配穴法是前后配穴法的典型实例,是把脏腑的俞穴和募穴配合运用,发挥其协同做到的配穴法。脾俞、胃俞均为俞穴(A错)。胃俞为胃的俞穴,太白为脾的原穴(B错)。胃俞为胃的俞穴,足三里为胃的合穴(C错)。脾俞为脾的俞穴,中脘为胃的募穴(D错)。胃俞为胃的俞穴,中脘为胃的募穴,两者相配属俞募配穴法(E对)。"} {"Question":"既是原穴,又是八会穴的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"太渊"},{"key":"B","value":"合谷"},{"key":"C","value":"后溪"},{"key":"D","value":"外关"},{"key":"E","value":"太溪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"太渊既为手太阴肺经的原穴,又为脉会(A对)。合谷为手阳明大肠经的原穴,但非八会穴(B错)。后溪为手太阳小肠经的输穴(C错)。外关为手少阳三焦经的络穴(D错)。太溪为足少阴肾经的原穴(E错)。"} {"Question":"心包的募穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中脘"},{"key":"B","value":"天枢"},{"key":"C","value":"巨阙"},{"key":"D","value":"膻中"},{"key":"E","value":"中极"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"膻中为心包的募穴,定位在前正中线,平第四肋间隙,属任脉(D对)。中脘穴为胃的募穴(A错)。天枢为大肠的募穴(B错)。巨阙为心的募穴(C错)。中极为膀胱经的募穴(D错)。记忆:分类记忆法,三焦、脾、肝、肾,对应四门,石门、章门、期门、京门;胃、膀胱、肺、心包,对应四中,中脘、中级、中府、膻中;心-巨阙,巨大的心;大肠-天枢,小肠-关元,大天,小关;胆日月。"} {"Question":"足阳明胃经的原穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内庭"},{"key":"B","value":"陷谷"},{"key":"C","value":"冲阳"},{"key":"D","value":"解溪"},{"key":"E","value":"丰隆"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"冲阳在足背最高处,当拇长伸肌腱和趾长伸肌腱之间,足背动脉搏动处,为足阳明胃经的原穴(C对)。内庭为足阳明胃经的荥穴(A错)。陷谷为足阳明胃经的输穴(B错)。解溪为足阳明胃经的经穴(D错)。丰隆为足阳明胃经的络穴(E错)。记忆:所有原穴,四老太太冲进大门求养三骨。太渊,太白,太冲,太白,太溪,冲阳,大陵,神门,丘墟,阳池,合谷,京骨,腕骨。"} {"Question":"具有温胃止呕,散寒止痛作用的灸法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隔姜灸"},{"key":"B","value":"隔蒜灸"},{"key":"C","value":"隔盐灸"},{"key":"D","value":"隔附子灸"},{"key":"E","value":"无瘢痕灸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"隔姜灸常用于因寒而致的呕吐、腹痛以及风寒痹痛等,有温胃止呕、散寒止痛的作用(A对)。隔蒜灸多用于治疗瘰疬、肺痨及初起的肿疡等病症,有清热解毒、杀虫等作用(B错)。隔盐灸多用于治疗伤寒阴证或吐泻并作、中风脱证等,有回阳,救逆,固脱之力(C错)。隔附子饼灸 多用于治疗命门火衰而致的阳痿、早泄或疮疡久溃不敛等,有温补肾阳等作用(D错)。无瘢痕灸一般虚寒性疾患均可采用此法多适用于虚寒症(E错)。"} {"Question":"隔姜灸可用于治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒性呕吐腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"哮喘 瘢痕灸"},{"key":"C","value":"瘰疬"},{"key":"D","value":"疮疡"},{"key":"E","value":"小儿脐风"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查各种灸法的适应病症。隔姜灸常用于因寒而致的呕吐、腹痛及风寒痹痛等,有温胃止呕、散寒止痛的作用,姜本身就要止呕的功效(A对)。瘢痕灸常用于治疗哮喘、肺痨、瘰疬等慢性顽疾(BC错)隔附子饼灸常用于治疗命门火衰而致的阳痿、早泄或疮疡久溃不敛(D错)。灯火灸多用于治疗小儿脐风,胃痛等症(E错)。"} {"Question":"提插补泻法中,泻法的操作手法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重插轻提,幅度大,频率快"},{"key":"B","value":"重插轻提,幅度小,频率快"},{"key":"C","value":"重插轻提,幅度小,频率慢"},{"key":"D","value":"轻插重提,幅度小,频率快"},{"key":"E","value":"轻插重提,幅度大,频率快"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查毫针补泻手法。提插补泻中先深后浅,轻插重提,幅度大,频率快,操作时间长者为泻法(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"耻骨联合上缘至股骨内上髁上缘的骨度分寸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"18 寸"},{"key":"B","value":"19寸"},{"key":"C","value":"20 寸"},{"key":"D","value":"21 寸"},{"key":"E","value":"22 寸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"耻骨联合上缘至股骨内上髁上缘的骨度分寸为18寸(A对)。股骨大转子至腘横纹的骨度分寸为19寸(B错)。常用骨度分寸无20寸、21寸、22寸(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"胫骨内侧髁下方至内踝尖的骨度分寸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"13寸"},{"key":"B","value":"14寸"},{"key":"C","value":"16寸"},{"key":"D","value":"18寸"},{"key":"E","value":"19寸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查常用骨度分寸。胫骨内侧髁下方至内踝尖为13寸(A对)。臀沟至腘横纹为14寸(B错)。腘横纹至外踝尖为16寸(C错)。耻骨联合上缘至股骨内上髁上缘为18寸(D错)。股骨大转子至腘横纹为19寸(E错)。"} {"Question":"乳头直下,第7肋间隙的穴位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"章门"},{"key":"B","value":"期门"},{"key":"C","value":"带脉"},{"key":"D","value":"京门"},{"key":"E","value":"日月"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"章门位于第11肋游离端下际(A错)。期门位于乳头直下,第6肋间隙,前正中线旁开4寸(B错)。带脉位于侧腹部,第11肋骨游离端直下平脐处(C错)。京门位于侧腰部,第12肋游离端下际处(D错)。日月位于乳头直下,第7肋间隙(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列穴位,归属于足太阳膀胱经的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大杼"},{"key":"B","value":"大包"},{"key":"C","value":"大巨"},{"key":"D","value":"大敦"},{"key":"E","value":"大椎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"大杼属足太阳膀胱经(A对)。大包属足太阴脾经(B错)。大巨属足阳明胃经(C错)。大敦属足厥阴肝经(D错)。大椎属督脉(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列穴位定位错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球后穴在眶下缘外1\/3与内2\/3交界处"},{"key":"B","value":"夹承浆在承浆穴旁开1寸"},{"key":"C","value":"牵正穴在耳垂前0. 5〜1寸处"},{"key":"D","value":"颈臂穴在锁骨内1\/3与外2\/3交界处直上1寸"},{"key":"E","value":"安眠穴在翳风穴与风池穴连线的中点"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"球后穴在眶下缘外1\/4与内3\/4交界处(A对)。夹承浆在承浆穴旁开1寸(B错)。牵正穴在耳垂前0. 5〜1寸处(C错)。颈臂穴在锁骨内1\/3与外2\/3交界处直上1寸(D错)。安眠穴在翳风穴与风池穴连线的中点(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是足厥阴肝经的循行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起于大趾丛毛之际"},{"key":"B","value":"上循足跗上廉,去内踝一寸"},{"key":"C","value":"循喉咙之后,上入颃颡"},{"key":"D","value":"循股阴,入毛中,环阴器"},{"key":"E","value":"上腘内廉,上股内后廉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查足厥阴肝经的循行。足肝足厥阴之脉,起于大指丛毛之际(A错),上循足跗上廉(B错),去内踝一寸,上踝八寸,交出太阴之后,上腘内廉,循股阴,入毛中,环阴器(D错),抵小腹,挟胃,属肝,络胆,上贯膈,布胁肋,循喉咙之后(C错),上入颃颡,连目系,上出额,与督脉会于巅。其支者;从目系下颊里,环唇内。其支者:复从肝别贯膈注肺(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列腧穴中,归经错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合谷一大肠经"},{"key":"B","value":"太溪一肝经"},{"key":"C","value":"列缺一肺经"},{"key":"D","value":"阳陵泉一胆经"},{"key":"E","value":"阴陵泉一脾经"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该题考查穴位归经,属理解记忆内容。太溪穴属于足少阴肾经的腧穴(B错,为本题正确答案)。记忆:按大纲要求掌握的本经穴位,涌泉、然谷、太溪、照海、复溜。泉水谷水溪水海水都溜走了,记忆时想到四水就想到肾经了。"} {"Question":"脐下4寸,前正中线旁开2寸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水道"},{"key":"B","value":"归来"},{"key":"C","value":"梁门"},{"key":"D","value":"天枢"},{"key":"E","value":"大横"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"归来位于脐下4寸,前正中线旁开2寸(B对)。水道位于脐下3寸,前正中线旁开2寸(A错)。梁门位于脐上4寸,前正中线旁开2寸(C错)。天枢位于脐中旁开2寸(D错)。大横位于脐中旁开4寸(E错)。"} {"Question":"在四肢上,治痰最好的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足三里"},{"key":"B","value":"丰隆"},{"key":"C","value":"曲池"},{"key":"D","value":"手三里"},{"key":"E","value":"承山"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"丰隆穴是足阳明胃经之络穴,别走于足太阴脾经,故可治脾胃二经疾患,针刺丰隆穴可通调脾胃气机,使气行津布,中土得运,湿痰自化。另丰隆穴首载于《灵枢》,具有调和胃气、祛湿化痰、通经活络、补益气血、醒脑安神等功效,尤被古今医学家所公认为治痰之要穴(B对)。"} {"Question":"在踝区,内踝尖下1寸,内踝下元边切迹凹陷中的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"商丘"},{"key":"B","value":"丘墟"},{"key":"C","value":"照海"},{"key":"D","value":"申脉"},{"key":"E","value":"然谷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"照海定位在内踝高点正下缘凹陷处(C对)。商丘穴定位在内踝前下方凹陷中,当舟骨结节与内踝尖连线的中点处(A错)。丘墟定位在外踝前下方,指长伸肌腱的 外侧凹陷中(B错)。申脉定位在外踝直下方凹陷中(D错)。然谷定位在内踝前下方,足舟骨粗隆下缘凹陷中(E错)。"} {"Question":"外劳宫位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手背部,第二、三掌骨间,指掌关节后0.5寸"},{"key":"B","value":"手背部,第二、三掌骨间,指掌关节后1寸"},{"key":"C","value":"手背部,第三、四掌骨间,指掌关节后O.5寸"},{"key":"D","value":"手背部,第二、三掌骨间,指掌关节后2寸"},{"key":"E","value":"手背部,第三、四掌骨间,指掌关节后l寸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"外劳宫定位在左手背侧,当第2、第3掌骨间,指掌关节后0.5寸处(A对)。"} {"Question":"膀胱经的合穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上巨虚"},{"key":"B","value":"下巨虚"},{"key":"C","value":"足三里"},{"key":"D","value":"委阳"},{"key":"E","value":"委中"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"上巨虚为大肠下合穴(A错)。下巨虚为小肠下合穴(B错)。足三里为胃经的合穴和胃下合穴(C错)。委阳为三焦下合穴(D错)。委中为膀胱经的合穴和膀胱下合穴(E对)。"} {"Question":"用背俞穴治疗耳聋,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺俞"},{"key":"B","value":"三焦俞"},{"key":"C","value":"肝俞"},{"key":"D","value":"肾俞"},{"key":"E","value":"脾俞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺俞主治:①咳嗽、气喘、咯血等肺疾②骨蒸潮热、盗汗等阴虚病证(A错)。三焦俞主治:①肠鸣、腹胀、呕吐、腹泻、痢疾等脾胃肠腑病证②小便不利、水肿等三焦气化不利病证③腰背强痛(B错)。肝俞主治:①胁痛、黄疸等肝胆病证②目赤、目视不明、夜盲、迎风流泪等目疾③癫狂痫④脊背痛(C痛)。肾俞【主治】①头晕、耳鸣、耳聋、腰酸痛等肾虚病证②遗尿、遗精、阳痿、早泄、不育等生殖泌尿系疾患③月经不调、带下、不孕等妇科病证(D对)。脾俞主治:①腹胀、纳呆、呕吐、腹泻、痢疾、便血、水肿等脾胃肠腑病证②背痛(E痛)。"} {"Question":"腕横纹中央,掌长肌腱与桡侧腕屈肌腱之间的穴位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳溪"},{"key":"B","value":"太渊"},{"key":"C","value":"大陵"},{"key":"D","value":"神门"},{"key":"E","value":"腕骨"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阳溪位于腕背横纹桡侧,当拇短伸肌腱与拇长伸肌腱之间的凹陷中(A错)。太渊位于腕掌侧横纹桡侧,桡动脉的桡侧凹陷中(B错)。大陵位于腕横纹中央,掌长肌腱与桡侧腕屈肌腱之间(C对)。神门位于腕横纹尺侧端,尺侧腕屈肌腱的桡侧凹陷处(D错)。腕骨位于手背尺侧,小指展肌起点外缘(E错)。记忆:在腕横纹上的穴位从尺侧到桡侧依次是,神门、大陵、太渊。"} {"Question":"舌苔由薄白转为白厚,提示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病邪入里"},{"key":"B","value":"寒邪化热"},{"key":"C","value":"邪退正复"},{"key":"D","value":"热退津复"},{"key":"E","value":"湿热留恋"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"苔由薄白转为白厚为病情加重,薄厚苔反应邪正的盛衰与邪气的深浅,故有薄白转白厚为病邪由表入里(A对)。寒邪化热多为苔白转为苔黄(B错)。邪退正复为病情好转(C错)。热退津复为病情好转(D错)。湿热留恋多为黄腻苔,苔质多不变化(E错)。"} {"Question":"吐弄舌的临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脾有热"},{"key":"B","value":"热入心包"},{"key":"C","value":"虚风内动"},{"key":"D","value":"阴亏风动"},{"key":"E","value":"热灼伤阴"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心开窍于舌,脾开窍于口,心脾有热,则出现吐弄舌(A对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是阴水证的临床表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水肿先从下肢肿起"},{"key":"B","value":"下半身肿痛"},{"key":"C","value":"腰酸肢冷"},{"key":"D","value":"水肿皮薄光亮"},{"key":"E","value":"起病缓,病程长"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"选项D水肿皮薄光亮为阳水的临床表现,由于三焦俱病,水无去路,泛溢肌肤,来势迅猛,迅速蔓延全身所致(D对)。阴水证中因脾虚不运水湿,肾虚不升清降浊,水势趋下,故水肿先从下肢肿起,下半身肿痛(AB错)。阴水证中因肾阳虚,不能温养腰膝,故腰酸肢冷(C错)。阴水证多由久病正虚,水肿久延不愈,故起病缓,病程长(E错)。"} {"Question":"某男,29岁,脘闷不舒,呕恶纳呆,时吐痰涎,头晕目眩,舌苔白腻,脉滑。临床诊断最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饮停与胃证"},{"key":"B","value":"痰阻于胃证"},{"key":"C","value":"痰迷心窍证"},{"key":"D","value":"痰停经脉证"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"“脘闷不舒,呕恶纳呆”可定位病变部位在胃脘部;“时吐痰涎,头晕目眩,舌苔白腻,脉滑”为痰证的辨证要点,故可诊断为痰阻于胃证(B对)。饮停于胃,阻滞气机,胃失和降,可见脘腹痞胀,泛吐清水(A错)。痰迷心窍,则出现神昏、神乱等症(C错)。痰停经脉,气血不畅,可见肢体麻木、半身不遂(D错)。"} {"Question":"产后大出血,继则冷汗淋漓,甚则晕厥。其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞血瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"气不摄血"},{"key":"C","value":"气随血脱"},{"key":"D","value":"气血两虚"},{"key":"E","value":"气血失和"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"气随血脱证是指大出血时引起气脱的证候。产后大出血多因气血相互依存,大量出血,气无所附,随之外脱所致;冷汗淋漓多因气脱阳亡,不能温固肌表所致;甚则晕厥多因神随气散,神无所主所致。故其病机为气随血脱(C对)。气滞血瘀以局部胀满、刺痛、拒按、面色晦暗、舌紫或有瘀斑、脉弦涩等为辨证要点,非上述症状(A错)。气不摄血以慢性出血,尤其是便血、肌衄、崩漏及面白气短、神疲乏力、舌淡脉弱等为辨证要点,非上述症状(B错)。气血两虚以面色淡白或萎黄、心悸气短、眩晕乏力等为辨证要点,非上述症状(D错)。气血失和,为人造干扰项(E错)。"} {"Question":"血瘀证可见的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺痛拒按,固定不移,舌暗,脉涩"},{"key":"B","value":"气短疲乏,脘腹坠胀,舌淡,脉弱"},{"key":"C","value":"胸胁胀闷窜痛,时轻时重,脉"},{"key":"D","value":"面色淡白,口唇爪甲色淡,舌淡,脉细"},{"key":"E","value":"少气懒言,疲乏无力,自汗,舌淡,脉虚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"血瘀证的病机为瘀血内积,气血运行受阻,不通则痛,故刺痛拒按,固定不移,血行瘀滞,则血色变紫变黑,脉络瘀阻,故见舌暗,脉涩(A对)。气短疲乏,脘腹坠胀,舌淡,脉弱是气陷证的临床表现(B错)。胸胁胀闷窜通,时轻时重,脉弦是气滞证的临床表现(C错)。面色淡白,口唇爪甲色淡,舌淡,脉细是血虚证的临床表现(D错)。少气懒言,疲乏无力,自汗,舌淡,脉虚是气虚证的临床表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"头发成斑片状脱落的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾精亏损"},{"key":"B","value":"气血两虚"},{"key":"C","value":"久病体弱"},{"key":"D","value":"血虚受风"},{"key":"E","value":"血热"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"“斑秃是指片状脱发,显露圆形或椭圆形光亮头皮,多为血虚受风所致”(D对)。肾精亏损可见小儿头发稀疏黄软,生长迟缓,甚至久不生发者(A错)。气血两虚可见发黄或发白(B错)。久病体弱可见发黄(C错)。血热可见青壮年头发稀疏易落,伴有头皮发痒、多屑、多脂(E错)。"} {"Question":"患部形小而圆,红肿热痛不甚的疮疡病变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痈"},{"key":"B","value":"疔"},{"key":"C","value":"疖"},{"key":"D","value":"疮"},{"key":"E","value":"疽"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患部形小而圆,红肿热痛不甚符合疖的临床表现(C对),其因外感火热毒邪或 湿热蕴结所致。痈是指患部红肿高大,根盘紧束,锨热疼痛,并能形成脓疡的疾病(A错)。疔的患部形小如粟,根深如钉,漫肿灼热,麻木疼痛(B错)。疮是各种致病因素侵袭人体后引起的体表化脓性疾病,包括了痈、疔、疮等(D错)。疽则患部漫肿无头,皮色不变(E错)。"} {"Question":"蜷卧缩足,喜加衣被的临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚寒证"},{"key":"B","value":"实热证"},{"key":"C","value":"虚热证"},{"key":"D","value":"血虚证"},{"key":"E","value":"气虚证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查望态中的卧式。蜷卧缩足,喜加衣被者,多属虚寒证(A对)。仰卧伸足,掀去衣被,多属实热证(B错)。血虚证的临床表现为面色淡白或萎黄,眼脸、口唇、爪甲色淡,头晕眼花、心悸,失眠多梦,健忘,手足麻木,妇女经血量少色淡、延后甚或闭经,舌淡苔白,脉细无力(D错)。气虚证的临床表现为神疲乏力,少气懒言,气短,头晕目眩,自汗,动则诸症加剧,舌质淡嫩,脉虚(E错)。"} {"Question":"上述各项,属虚证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽部溃烂,分散表浅"},{"key":"B","value":"咽部溃烂成片或凹陷"},{"key":"C","value":"咽部溃烂日久,周围苍白"},{"key":"D","value":"咽部溃烂,其上所覆白腐松厚"},{"key":"E","value":"咽部溃烂,其上所覆白腐坚韧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"咽部溃烂日久,周围苍白属虚证(C对)。咽部溃烂,分散表浅属肺胃热轻浅,或虚火上炎(A错)。咽部溃烂成片或凹陷属肺胃热毒壅盛(B错)。D.咽部溃烂,其上所覆白腐松厚属伪膜轻证(D错)。咽部溃烂,其上所覆白腐坚韧属伪膜重证,多是白喉,又称“疫喉”(E错)。"} {"Question":"病情凶险者,指纹的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"显于风关"},{"key":"B","value":"达于气关"},{"key":"C","value":"达于命关"},{"key":"D","value":"透关射甲"},{"key":"E","value":"未超风关"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题考查望小儿指纹,为望诊重点内容。从食指掌侧前缘,掌指横纹附近至食指端,表示病情由浅入深,病情逐渐加重。"} {"Question":"以下选项不属于体征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喉中痰鸣"},{"key":"B","value":"耳鸣"},{"key":"C","value":"太息"},{"key":"D","value":"肠鸣"},{"key":"E","value":"面色萎黄"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该题考查体征。耳鸣,是指病人自觉耳内鸣响的症状,由病人主观感到的不适,属于症状范畴,不属于体征(B错,为本题正确答案)。喉中痰鸣是医生通过闻诊中的听声音所获取的体征(A对)。太息,又称叹息,指情志抑郁,胸闷不畅时发出的长吁或短叹声,是通过闻诊中听声音所得到的体征(C对)。肠鸣,是指气体或液体通过肠道而产生的一种气过水声或沸泡音,肠鸣声高时,患者或旁人可以直接听到,属于体征范畴(D对)。面色萎黄是指面色黄而枯槁无光,是医生通过望诊获得的客观征象,属于体征范畴(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,属于证临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"形体肥胖,皮下多触及圆滑柔韧的包块,舌苔白腻,脉滑"},{"key":"B","value":"胸闷脘痞,呕吐清水,呕吐清稀痰涎"},{"key":"C","value":"眼睑、颜面先肿,迅速遍及全身,小便短少,咽喉肿痛"},{"key":"D","value":"下肢先肿,渐至全身,腹大痞胀,小便不利"},{"key":"E","value":"身体困重,肢体酸痛,腹胀腹泻,纳呆"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"证是对疾病过程中所处一定(当前)阶段的病位、病性等所作的病理性概括。是指机体对致病因素的反应状态,是对疾病当前本质所作的结论,形体肥胖,皮下多触及圆滑柔韧的包块,舌苔白腻,脉滑属于证临床表现(A对)。胸闷脘痞,呕吐清水,呕吐清稀痰涎;眼睑、颜面先肿,迅速遍及全身,小便短少,咽喉肿痛;下肢先肿,渐至全身,腹大痞胀,小便不利;身体困重,肢体酸痛,腹胀腹泻,纳呆,这些都是部分症状,不能概括出当前疾病所属证候,故不为证(BCD错)。"} {"Question":"中医学的基本特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"整体观念"},{"key":"B","value":"望闻问切"},{"key":"C","value":"四诊合参"},{"key":"D","value":"同病异治"},{"key":"E","value":"三因论治"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中医学的基本特点,属于理解记忆内容。中医学理论体系的主要特点,一是整体观念(A对),二是辨证论治。"} {"Question":"患者,男,2日来发热微恶寒,口苦,胁痛,尿短黄,大便粘臭,舌红苔薄白,脉数。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表里俱热"},{"key":"B","value":"表寒里热"},{"key":"C","value":"真寒假热"},{"key":"D","value":"真热假寒"},{"key":"E","value":"表热里寒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者2日来发热微恶寒为外感风寒;患者尿短黄,大便粘臭为里有热;故为表寒里热(B对)。患者2日来发热微恶寒为外感风寒,非表里俱热(A错)。真热假寒指内有真热而外见某些假寒的“热极似寒”证候,但这些“寒象”与真正寒证的表现有所不同,如四肢虽厥冷而胸腹部必灼热;而患者外感风寒是真的寒象(D错)。真寒假热指内有真寒而外见某些假热的“寒极似热”证候,而患者有尿短黄,大便粘臭的里热证(C错)。表热里寒也是寒热错杂的一种表现。多见于素有里寒而复感风热;或表热未解,误下以致脾胃阳气损伤的病证(E错)。"} {"Question":"恶寒发热并见,常见的病症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"实证"},{"key":"C","value":"表证"},{"key":"D","value":"里证"},{"key":"E","value":"寒证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查表里证鉴别要点。外感病中,发热恶寒同时并见者属表证(C对)。虚证指人体阴阳、气血、津液、精髓等正气亏虚,而邪气不著,表现为不足、松弛、衰退特 征的各种证候(A错)。实证指人体感受外邪,或疾病过程中阴阳气血失调,体内病理产物蓄积,以邪气盛、正气不 虚为基本病理,表现为有余、亢盛、停聚特征的各种证候(B错)。里证的证候特征是无新起恶寒 发热并见,以脏腑症状为主要表现,但热不寒或但寒不热者属里证(D错)。寒证是指感受寒邪,或阳虚阴盛所表现的具有冷、凉特点的证候,并不是恶寒发热并见(E错)。"} {"Question":"湿热蕴脾可见的口味是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口淡乏味"},{"key":"B","value":"口甜黏腻"},{"key":"C","value":"口咸"},{"key":"D","value":"口中泛酸"},{"key":"E","value":"口苦"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"口甜指患者口中有甜味感,多与脾胃病有关。若口中甜而胶黏,脘闷不舒,舌苔黄腻者,为脾胃湿热。因湿热内阻,脾胃升降失职,浊气上蒸,故见口甜(B对)。若口甜而食少,神疲乏力者,为脾虚,因甘味入脾,脾气虚则甘味上泛之故。口酸指患者口中泛酸水或有酸馈味,属肝胃郁热,或伤食证。若患者口中泛吐酸水,嗳气不适,脘腹疼痛者,多因肝火横逆犯胃,木郁作酸(D错),故见泛吐酸水。若患者口中有酸馊味,口气酸臭者,多因暴饮暴食,损伤胃肠,食积不化,胃中浊气上泛所致。口淡指患者味觉减退,口中乏味,常伴食欲减退,属脾胃虚弱,或寒湿内阻。因脾胃虚弱,运化腐熟功能低下,或寒湿内停,阴不耗液,故口淡不渴(A错)。口咸指患者自觉口中有咸味,见于肾虚或寒证。因咸入肾,肾阴不足,虚火上炎;又或肾阳亏虚,寒水上泛,皆可令口中有咸味(C错)。口苦指患者自觉口中有苦味,见千实热证,尤以心、肝、胆火旺者多见。心烦失眠者,常有口苦,乃心火上炎之故;胆汁味苦,故肝火上炎或胆气上泛,皆可致口苦(E错)。"} {"Question":"情志郁结不舒所致胸痛的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸背彻痛"},{"key":"B","value":"胸痛喘促"},{"key":"C","value":"胸痛咳血"},{"key":"D","value":"胸痛走窜"},{"key":"E","value":"胸部刺痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"情志郁结不舒,胸中气机不利可导致胸痛走窜(D对)。胸背彻痛,面色青灰为真心痛,多由心脉急骤闭塞不通所致(A错)。胸痛喘促为肺实热证,为外感风热犯肺,肺失宣降所致(B错)。胸痛咳血为肺阴虚证,多由阴虚化燥生热,虚火灼肺所致(C错)。胸部刺痛,固定不移者,为血瘀为病,多由跌扑外伤,瘀血阻滞经络所致(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均可导致渴不多饮","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴虚"},{"key":"B","value":"湿热"},{"key":"C","value":"寒湿"},{"key":"D","value":"痰饮"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"寒湿之邪为阴邪,不伤津液,故口不渴,亦不欲饮(C错,为本题正确选项)。阴虚,因阴虚津液不足,不能上承于口,则口渴;体内无实热耗津,则不欲饮。故可见口干不欲饮且兼潮热、盗汗、颧红等症状(A对)。湿热,因湿热内困,津液气化障碍,不能上承于口,则口渴;内有湿邪,则不能多饮。故可见渴不多饮且兼见头身困重,身热不扬,脘闷苔腻(B对)。痰饮,因痰饮为阴邪,内停伤阳,津液不能化气上承,则口渴喜热饮,为津液输布障碍而非津液不足,故可见渴不多饮(D对)。瘀血,因瘀血内阻,气化不利,津液不能化气上承,则口干;亦属津液输布障碍,非津液真正亏乏。故口干,但欲漱水不欲咽,兼见舌质隐青或有青紫色瘀斑,脉涩(E对)。"} {"Question":"大便溏结不调,其临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃肠积热"},{"key":"B","value":"湿热蕴脾"},{"key":"C","value":"气血淤滞"},{"key":"D","value":"肝郁脾虚"},{"key":"E","value":"食滞胃肠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肝郁脾虚 由于肝失疏泄,经气郁滞,气滞湿阻,则肠鸣矢气,便溏不爽,或溏结不调(D对)。胃肠积热(A错)、湿热蕴结(B错)、气血瘀滞(C错)会出现便血。湿热食滞胃肠则会出现完谷不化、大便酸腐臭秽(E错)。"} {"Question":"热邪壅肺证,可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽,咳痰稀白"},{"key":"B","value":"咳嗽,痰多泡沫"},{"key":"C","value":"咳喘,咳痰黄稠"},{"key":"D","value":"咳嗽,痰少难咳"},{"key":"E","value":"咳喘,痰多易咳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"邪热炽盛,内壅肺脏,肺气上逆而为咳嗽;炼液为痰,则痰稠色黄(C对)。咳嗽,咳痰稀白见于寒邪客肺,感受寒邪,内客于肺,阳气被郁,肺气上逆则为咳嗽;寒为阴邪,所以咳痰稀白(A错)。咳嗽,痰多泡沫多为肝经风痰,肺虚所致(B错)。咳嗽,痰少难咳多为燥邪犯肺,肺津耗损,肺失滋润,清肃失职所致(D错)。咳嗽,痰多易咯见于痰湿阻肺,由湿痰阻肺,肺气上逆所致(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者身目发黄,黄色鲜明,腹部痞满,肢体困重,便溏尿黄,身热不扬,舌红苔黄腻,脉濡数。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝胆湿热"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠湿热"},{"key":"C","value":"肝火上炎"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热蕴脾"},{"key":"E","value":"寒湿困脾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"湿热蕴脾是湿热内蕴中焦所表现的证候。身目发黄,黄色鲜明,均多因湿热蕴结脾胃,熏蒸肝胆,致胆汁外溢所致;腹部痞满多因湿热阻滞中焦,纳运失健,气机阻滞所致;肢体困重,尿黄,均多因湿热交结,热蒸于内,湿泛肌肤,阻碍经气,气化不利所致;便溏多因湿热下注,阻碍气机,大肠传导失司所致;身热不扬多因湿遏热伏,郁蒸于内所致;舌红苔黄腻,脉濡数,均多因湿热内蕴所致。故为湿热蕴脾(D对)。肝胆湿热的辨证要点以胁肋胀痛、身目发黄、或阴部瘙痒、带下黄臭等与湿热症状共见为主要表现,非上述症状(A错)。大肠湿热的辨证要点以腹痛、暴泻如水、下痢脓血、大便黄稠秽臭等与湿热症状共见为主要表现,非上述症状(B错)。肝火上炎的辨证要点以头痛、烦躁、耳鸣、胁痛等与实热症状共见为主要表现,非上述症状(C错)。寒湿困脾的辨证要点以纳呆、腹胀、便溏、身重与寒湿症状共见为主要表现,非上述症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"久病咳喘,乏力少气,呼多吸少,自汗耳鸣,舌淡脉弱,其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺肾气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肺气虚"},{"key":"C","value":"脾肺气虚"},{"key":"D","value":"心肺气虚"},{"key":"E","value":"肾气不固"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"咳喘,乏力少气,自汗可知有肺气虚的症状,呼多吸少为肾气虚,摄纳失常,气不归原的症状,耳鸣为肾气虚,耳窍不充的症状,故辨为肺肾气虚证(A对)。肺气虚无呼多吸少,耳鸣的症状(B错)。脾肺气虚有食少、腹胀、便溏等脾虚的症状(C错)。心肺气虚有胸闷、心悸的症状(D错)。肾气不固无咳喘、自汗等肺气虚的症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"在十二经脉走向中,足之三阴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从脏走手"},{"key":"B","value":"从头走足"},{"key":"C","value":"从足走胸"},{"key":"D","value":"从足走腹"},{"key":"E","value":"从手走头"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查十二经脉走向,属理解内容。手之三阴,从脏走手;手之三阳,从手走头;足之三阳,从头走足;足之三阴,从足走腹,可以明确得知(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者发作头痛,以前额为甚,面红,牙痛,便干,舌红苔黄,脉弦。处方用药加用白芷,除治疗效应外,其“引经报使”作用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少阳经"},{"key":"B","value":"太阳经"},{"key":"C","value":"阳明经"},{"key":"D","value":"少阴经"},{"key":"E","value":"厥阴经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"因为患者发作头痛,以前额为甚,而足阳明经行于额部,所以引经药要作用于阳明经(C对)。少阳头痛在头之两侧,并连及于耳(A错)。太阳头痛,在头后部,下连于项(B错)。厥阴头痛在巅顶部位,或连目系(E错)。"} {"Question":"“心系”是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脏"},{"key":"B","value":"心包"},{"key":"C","value":"心的功能"},{"key":"D","value":"心包的功能"},{"key":"E","value":"心与其他脏器联系的部位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查心系的概念,属于理解记忆内容。心系是心与其他脏腑相连的脉络(E对),不是单一的脏腑器官(AB错)。与脏腑功能无关(CD错)。"} {"Question":"在奇经八脉中,其循环多次与手足三阳经及阳维脉交会的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冲脉"},{"key":"B","value":"任脉"},{"key":"C","value":"督脉"},{"key":"D","value":"阴维脉"},{"key":"E","value":"阳跷脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查奇经八脉的循行部位,属于记忆内容。督脉行于背部正中,其脉多次与手足三阳经及阳维脉相交会(C对)。"} {"Question":"“虚”的病机概念,主要是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫气不固"},{"key":"B","value":"正气虚损"},{"key":"C","value":"脏腑功能低下"},{"key":"D","value":"气血生化不足"},{"key":"E","value":"气化无力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查“虚”的病机概念,属于理解记忆内容。虚,指正气不足,是以正气虚损为矛盾主要方面的一种病理状态(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列关于津枯血燥形成原因的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高热伤津"},{"key":"B","value":"烧伤耗津"},{"key":"C","value":"失血脱液"},{"key":"D","value":"痰瘀阻津"},{"key":"E","value":"阴虚劳热"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查津枯血燥的形成原因,属理解记忆内容。高热伤津(A对),或烧伤引起津液损耗(B对),或阴虚痨热,津液暗耗(E对)均会导致津枯血燥。失血脱液也是津液亏乏枯竭的直接原因,可以导致血燥虚热内生或血燥生风(C对)。痰瘀阻津没有津液的亏乏,不会导致血燥虚热内生或血燥生风(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"临床病证的虚实,主要取决于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正气的强弱"},{"key":"B","value":"正邪的消长"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳的盛衰"},{"key":"D","value":"气血的盛衰"},{"key":"E","value":"气机的失调"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"正气有盛衰,邪气有强弱,正气能够抵抗邪气,邪气能够损害正气,在疾病演变过程中,形成了邪正盛衰消长的变化,这种变化,决定了临床病症的虚实(B对)。正气的强弱是决定发病与否的关键因素和内在根据,了正气不足,是病邪侵入和发病的内在因素(A错)。“阳胜则热,阴胜则寒”阴阳偏盛必然导致机体寒热变化,邪正盛衰是虚实病证的机理,阴阳失调是寒热病证的病机,二者在阐释疾病的发生发展及归机理时,常联合应用、互为羽翼(C错)。人体精气血的充足和运行协调,是脏腑经络、五官九窍、四肢百骸进行生理活动的物质基础。如果人体的精气血失常,必然会影响机体的各种生理功能,而导致疾病的发生,但虚实并不取决于此(D错)。气机失调,指气的升降出入失常而引起的气滞、气逆、气陷、气闭、气脱等病机变化。气的升降出入失常,则能影响脏腑经络及精气血津液等各种功能的协调平衡,病变涉及脏腑经络、形体官窍等各个方面(E错)。"} {"Question":"主要体现按五行学说确立抑强扶弱兼用治则的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑木扶土法"},{"key":"B","value":"佐金平木法"},{"key":"C","value":"培土制水法"},{"key":"D","value":"泻南补北法"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"“抑木扶土法”适用于木旺乘土或土虚木乘之证,临床应用时,应依据具体情况的不同而对抑木和扶土法有所侧重。如用于木旺乘土之证,则以抑木为主,扶土为辅;若用于土虚木乘之证,则应以扶土为主,抑木为辅。即“抑强扶弱兼用治则”(A对)。佐金平木法,是滋肺阴清肝火以治疗肝火犯肺病证的治法,也可称为“滋肺清肝法”,用于肺阴不足,右降不及的肝火犯肺证(B错)。培土制水法,是健脾利水以治疗水湿停聚病证的治法,适用于脾虚不运,水湿泛滥而致水肿胀满之证(C错)。泻南补北法,是泻心火补肾水以治疗心肾不交病证的治法,适用于肾阴不足,心火偏旺,水火不济,心肾不交之证(DE错)。"} {"Question":"“益火之源,以消阴翳”适用于:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳虚则寒之证"},{"key":"B","value":"阴虚则热之证"},{"key":"C","value":"阴盛则寒之证"},{"key":"D","value":"阴损及阳之证"},{"key":"E","value":"阳损及阴之证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"阳虚则寒证即虚寒证,应用补阳的方法治疗,即“阴病治阳”或“益火之源,以消阴翳”(A对)。对“阴虚则热”所出现的虚热证,治宜滋阴以抑阳,即“阳病治阴”或“壮水之主,以制阳光”(B错)。对“阴胜则寒”所致的实寒证,宜用温热药物以消解其偏盛之阴寒,此即“寒者热之”之法(C错)。阴损及阳者,以阴虚为主,应在滋阴的基础上辅以补阳之品(D错);阳损及阴者,以阳虚为主,应在补阳的基础上辅以滋阴之品(E错)。"} {"Question":"《经脉别论》所述“毛脉合精”是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细小络脉相合"},{"key":"B","value":"毛脉均受谷气"},{"key":"C","value":"毛脉相会合"},{"key":"D","value":"气血相合"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人体之精有广义、狭义之分,广义之精包括气、血、津液等人体一切精微物质;狭义之精专指生殖之精,原文是在说广义之精。精,贮藏于脏腑、形体、官窍之中,并流动于脏腑、形体、官窍之间,原文是指气血。肺主皮毛,心主血脉,肺藏气,心行血。毛脉合精指气血相合(D对)。"} {"Question":"导致津液输布障碍,水湿痰饮内停的最主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺的宣发肃降失职"},{"key":"B","value":"脾的运化功能失健"},{"key":"C","value":"肝的疏泄功能失常"},{"key":"D","value":"肾的主水功能失调"},{"key":"E","value":"三焦疏通水道不利"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"津液的输布主要依靠脾、肺、肾、肝和三焦等脏腑生理功能的协调配合来完成,本题的解题关键在于津液输布障碍和最主要因素。肺通调水道而行水,依靠肺气的宣发肃降输布津液。肾主水,肾气及肾阴肾阳对津液输布具有推动和调节作用。肝调畅气机以行水,气行则津布。三焦决渎为水道,津液得以正常输布。然而这些功能都是协调配合脾来完成(ACDE错),脾气散精以输布津液。脾输布津液主要有两条途径:一是将津液上输于肺,通过肺气的宣发肃降,使津液输布千全身而灌溉脏腑、形体和官窍。二是直接将津液向四周布散至全身,即脾有“灌溉四傍”的功能(B对)。"} {"Question":"体质的可变性与什么相关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天禀赋"},{"key":"B","value":"思维变化"},{"key":"C","value":"后天因素"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚体质"},{"key":"E","value":"阳虚体质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"体质具有稳定性和可变性,体质禀承先天,得养后天。先天禀赋决定着个体体质的相对稳定性和特异性;后天各种环境、营养、饮食、精神、疾病损害、年龄变化等使的体质具有可变性(C对)。"} {"Question":"“证候”不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四诊检查所得"},{"key":"B","value":"内外致病因素"},{"key":"C","value":"疾病的特征"},{"key":"D","value":"疾病的性质"},{"key":"E","value":"疾病的全过程"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"证候包括四诊检查所得的症(A对),证候是病机的外在反映,病机是证候的内在本质,而病机又包括内外致病因素(B对)、疾病的特征(C对)和性质(D对)等。证候是某一阶段的病理概括,而病反映了某一疾病全过程的总体属性、特征等(E错,为本题正确答案)"} {"Question":"下列关于病、证、症的说法,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疾病反映的是一种疾病全过程的总体属性、特征和规律"},{"key":"B","value":"证反映的是疾病某一阶段或某一类型的病理性质"},{"key":"C","value":"证具有时相性特征,也具有空间特征"},{"key":"D","value":"症状和体征是构成病和证的基本要素"},{"key":"E","value":"症可以反应疾病或症候的本质特征"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"证是病机的概括,病机是证的内在本质,证所反映的是疾病的本质(E错,为本题正确答案)。疾病反映的是贯穿一种疾病全过程的总体属性、特征和规律(A对)。证,是对疾病过程中一定阶段的病因、病位、病性、病势等病机本质的概括(B对);证具有个体差异性、时相性、空间性和动态性特征(C对)。症状和体征是认识病和证的着眼点,是病和证的基本构成要素(D对)。"} {"Question":"我国现存最早的医学专著是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《五十二病方》"},{"key":"B","value":"《神农本草经》"},{"key":"C","value":"《黄帝内经》"},{"key":"D","value":"《中藏经》"},{"key":"E","value":"《伤寒论》"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中医学理论体系形成的标志是《黄帝内经》《难经》《伤寒杂病论》《神农本草经》等四部医学经典著作的问世。《黄帝内经》约成书于战国至秦汉时期(C对)。在现存医书中,最早记载方剂的是1973年长沙马王堆汉墓中出土的《五十二病方》(A错)。《神农本草经》简称《本草经》或《本经》,成书于东汉,为现存最早的中药学专著(B错)。《中藏经》禀承了《内经》天人相应、顺应自然,以阴阳为总纲的思想,发展了阴阳学说,倡导重阳论(D错)。《伤寒杂病论》张机(字仲景)所著,成书于东汉,为中医第一部辨证论治的专著(E错)。"} {"Question":"构成世界的本原是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天气"},{"key":"B","value":"精气"},{"key":"C","value":"阳气"},{"key":"D","value":"水精"},{"key":"E","value":"地气"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"精,又称精气,是构成宇宙万物的本原(B对)。天气是指在较短时间内特定地区的大气状况(A错)。阳气是人体物质代谢和生理功能的原动力,是人体生殖、生长、发育、衰老和死亡的决定因素,人的正常生存需要阳气支持(C错)。水精:水的精气(D错)。地气指饮食五谷之气,指阴气,指在泉之气,指主气(E错)。"} {"Question":"依据五行相克规律,下列描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"悲胜恐"},{"key":"B","value":"悲胜喜"},{"key":"C","value":"恐胜喜"},{"key":"D","value":"怒胜喜"},{"key":"E","value":"恐胜思"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据事物属性的五行归类,与木、火、土、金、水五行相对应的五脏为:肝、心、脾、肺、肾;与肝、心、脾、肺、肾五脏相对应的情志分别为:怒、喜、思、悲、恐。五脏按五行相克次序的排列为:木克土,土克水,水克火,火克金,金克木。故情志相胜关系为:悲胜怒(AB错),恐胜喜(C对E错),怒胜思(D错),喜胜悲,思胜恐。"} {"Question":"下列关于五行生克规律的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"木为水之子"},{"key":"B","value":"火为土之母"},{"key":"C","value":"水为火之所不胜"},{"key":"D","value":"金为木之所胜"},{"key":"E","value":"木为土之所不胜"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查五行之间的相生相克关系。《难经》中将五行相生关系比喻为母子关系,\"生我\"者为母,\"我生\"者为子。按照五行相生次序,水生木,故木为水之子(A对);火生土,故火为土之母(B对)。《内经》中将相克关系称为为“所胜”“所不胜”关系,即“克我者”为“所不胜”,“我克”者为“所胜”,根据五行相克的关系,水克火,故水为火之所不胜(C对);金克木,故金为木之所不胜(D错,为本题正确答案);木克土,故木为土之所不胜(E对)。"} {"Question":"阴阳皆消皆长所体现的阴阳关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消长平衡"},{"key":"B","value":"互根互用"},{"key":"C","value":"对立制约"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳交感"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳转化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"阴阳消长的根本原因,在于阴阳之间对立制约与互藏互根关系的变化。由阴阳对立制约关系变化主要表现为阴阳双方互为消,即此长彼消,或此消彼长(C错);由阴阳互藏互根关系变化主要表现为阴阳双方的同消同长,即此长彼长,或此消彼消(B对)。阴阳同消同长是阴阳相互依存关系表现出的运动变化,但只是阴阳消长平衡的表现形式之一(A错)。阴阳交感,指阴阳二气在运动中相互感应而交合的相互作用(D错)。阴阳转化,指事物的阴阳属性,在一定条件下可以向其相反的方向转化,即属阳的事物可以转化为属阴的事物,属阴的事物可以转化为属阳的事物。阴阳互藏互根是阴阳转化的内在根据(E错)。"} {"Question":"“重阴必阳,重阳必阴”说明了阴阳之间的哪种关系","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相互交感"},{"key":"B","value":"对立制约"},{"key":"C","value":"互根互用"},{"key":"D","value":"消长平衡"},{"key":"E","value":"相互转化"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查阴阳之间的关系,属于理解记忆内容。阴阳转化,指事物的总体属性,在一定条件下可以向其相反的方向转化,即属阳的事物 可以转化为属阴的事物,属阴的事物可以转化为属阳的事物。《内经》以“重阴必阳,重阳必阴”、“寒极生热,热极生寒”(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)和 “物生谓之化,物极谓之变”(《素问·天元纪大论》)来阐释阴阳转化的机理(E对)。阴阳交感,是指明阳二气在运动中相互感应而交合,亦即相互发生作用(A错)。阴阳对立制约,是指属性相反的阴阳双方在一个统一体中的相互斗争、相互制约和相互排斥(B错)。阴阳互根广是指一切事物或现象中相互对立着的阴阳两个方面,具有相互依存,互为根 本的关系(C错)。阴阳消长,是指对立互根的阴阳双方不是一成不变的,而是处于不断的增长和消减的变 化之中。阴阳双方在彼此消长的运动过程中保持着动态平衡(D错)。"} {"Question":"水火之宅是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾"},{"key":"B","value":"胃"},{"key":"C","value":"肾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"肺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查“水火之宅”与五脏的关系,属于理解记忆内容。就命门的功能水火共主。肾分肾阴肾阳即真阴真阳、元阴元阳,肾阳即命门之火,肾阴即命门之水。元气的生成来源是肾中所藏的先天之精,先天之精化生的元气生于命门,命门为元气之根,为水火之宅,故肾为水火之宅(C对)。"} {"Question":"脾病及肾,体现的关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"母病及子"},{"key":"B","value":"子病及母"},{"key":"C","value":"相乘传变"},{"key":"D","value":"相侮传变"},{"key":"E","value":"母子同病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"母子同病为母病及子或子病及母,母脏子脏相互影响而同病。脾属土,肾属水,土克水,脾病及肾,非母脏、子脏的关系,是相克太过导致的传变(C对)。"} {"Question":"五行中火的“所胜”是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水"},{"key":"B","value":"木"},{"key":"C","value":"土"},{"key":"D","value":"金"},{"key":"E","value":"火"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在相克关系中,任何一“行”都具有“克我”和“我克”两方面的关系,克我者为我“所不胜”,我克者为我“所胜”。五行相克中,水克火,水为火“所不胜”(A错)。金克木,木为金“所胜”(B错)。土克水,水为土“所胜”(C错)。火克金,金为火“所胜”(D对)。水克火,火为水“所胜”(E错)。"} {"Question":"与呼吸关系密切的两脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺与肾"},{"key":"B","value":"肺与脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肺与肝"},{"key":"D","value":"肺与心"},{"key":"E","value":"脾与肾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺与肾之间的关系主要表现为呼吸运动、水液代谢和阴阳互资等方面。在呼吸方面,肺为呼吸器官,通过肺的呼浊吸清,吐故纳新,完成体内外气体的交换。但肺的呼吸功能,必须依赖于肾主纳气的作用才得以正常发挥。中医学认为,由于肺吸入的清气,必须下行至肾,由肾摄纳之,从而保证呼吸运动的平稳,有利于气体的交换,故“肺为气之主,肾为气之根,肺主出气,肾主纳气,阴阳相交,呼吸乃和”(A对)。肺与脾的关系,主要表现在气的生成与水液代谢两个方面。在气的生成方面,肺主呼吸,通过肺的呼吸,吸入自然界清气,脾主运化,通过脾的运化,摄入水谷精微之气。清气与水谷精微之气生成宗气并积于胸中,宗气与元气合为一身之气(B错)。肺与肝的相互关系,主要表现在人体气机升降的调节方面。在生理上,肺位于膈上,主肃降,应秋气,其气以下降为顺;肝位于下焦,主升发,应春气,其气以上升为和。肝升肺降,相反相成,维持人体气机的调畅,是谓“肝升于左,肺降于右”(C错)。心与肺的关系主要表现在血液运行与呼吸吐纳之间的协同调节关系。肺助心行血,心血布散肺气,宗气为联结心主行血与肺主呼吸之间的中心环节,宗气“能贯心脉而行呼吸”,有利于维持血液循环与呼吸吐纳之间的协调平衡,血液运行与呼吸吐纳是相互关联的(D错)。脾与肾的关系主要表现为先天与后天关系及水液代谢方面(E错)。"} {"Question":"除下列哪一项,均为五脏具有的共同特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实而不能满"},{"key":"B","value":"藏精气而不泻"},{"key":"C","value":"可行气于腑"},{"key":"D","value":"实体性器官"},{"key":"E","value":"病则多虚证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"五脏内部组织相对充实,共同生理功能是化生和贮藏精气;六腑多呈中空的搅状或管腔形态,共同生理功能是受盛和传化水谷。”所谓五脏者,藏精气而不泻也,故满而不能实;六腑者,传化物而不藏,故实而不能满也(A错,为本题正确选项)。一般来说,病机上“脏病多虚,腑病多实”。脏与腑的关系,是脏腑阴阳表里配合关系,脏行气于腑,腑输精于脏,体现了阴阳表里相输相应的“脏腑相合”关系(BCDE对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,具有统血功能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"肝"},{"key":"D","value":"心"},{"key":"E","value":"脾"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"统血的功能是气的固摄作用的体现,脾气是一身之气分布到脾脏的部分,一身之气充足,则脾气充盛,脾气健旺,气生有源,气足而固摄作用健强,血液则循脉运行而不逸出脉外(E对);肾的主要生理功能是主藏精,主水,主纳气,与血液运行无太大关联(A错)。肺,主一身之气,朝百脉,主治节,具有助心行血的功能,使血液正常运行,不具备统血的功能 (B错);肝主藏血,指肝具有贮藏血液、调节血量和防止出血的机能,不具备统血功能(C错);心主血脉,有两方面的含义,一是行血,二是生血,不具备统血的功能(D错)。"} {"Question":"心为五脏六腑之大主的理论依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心主血"},{"key":"B","value":"心主神志"},{"key":"C","value":"心主思维"},{"key":"D","value":"心主魂魄"},{"key":"E","value":"心主意志"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心的主要生理机能为主血脉和主藏神,而心的主血脉和心藏神的机能主宰人体整个生命活动的作用,故称心为五脏六腑之大主。心主血脉之所以和心为五脏六腑之大主有一定关系,是由于人体各脏腑形体官窍的生理机能,包括神志活动都离不开血气的充养,而血气到达全身是以心脏搏动为动力的。故心主血脉与心为五脏六腑之大主有一定联系,但并非理论依据(A错)。人体的脏腑、经络、形体、官窍。各有不同的生理机能,但他们都必须在心神的主宰和调节下,分工合作,共同完成整体生命活动。心神通过驾驭协调各脏腑之气以达到调控个脏腑机能之目的,因此心为五脏六腑之大主(B对)。思维、魂魄、意志均为心主神志的一个方面(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"脏腑关系中,“水火既济”指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝与肾"},{"key":"B","value":"心与肾"},{"key":"C","value":"肝与脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肺与脾"},{"key":"E","value":"肺与肝"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心与肾,心火在上必须下行至肾,资助肾阳以温肾水,使肾水不寒,肾水在下必须上行至心,资助心阴以涵养心阳,使心火不亢,从而维持心肾乃至全身的水火阴阳之间的协调平衡,这种关系称之为“心肾相交”、“水火既济”(B对)。肝肾、肝脾、肺脾、肺肝在五行上不符水火的属性(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"六淫致病,其性干涩,易伤津液的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风邪"},{"key":"B","value":"寒邪"},{"key":"C","value":"暑邪"},{"key":"D","value":"燥邪"},{"key":"E","value":"火邪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"燥邪为干涩之病邪,侵犯人体,最易损伤津液(D对)。火(热)易炎上动血(A错)。湿性重浊黏滞(B错)。风邪善行数变(C错)。寒性收引凝滞(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者久病湿疹,面垢多眵,大便溏泄,时发下痢脓血,小溲浑浊不清,湿疹浸淫流水,舌苔白厚腻,脉濡滑。病属湿邪为患,此证反映了湿邪的哪种性质","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重着"},{"key":"B","value":"黏腻"},{"key":"C","value":"趋下"},{"key":"D","value":"秽浊"},{"key":"E","value":"类水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"面垢多眵符合湿浊在上则面垢、眵多的表现,大便溏泄,时发下痢脓血符合湿滞大肠,则大便溏泄、下痢脓血的表现,小溲浑浊不清符合湿浊下注,则小便浑浊、妇女白带过多的表现,湿邪侵淫肌肤,则可见湿疹侵淫流水。由此可以得出本题表现了湿邪秽浊的性质(D对)。题目中没有沉重感的表现,所以没有体现湿性重浊的性质(A错),没有黏滞而不爽的表现和病程缠绵的表现,所以没有体现湿的粘滞性的特点(B错)。因为题中没有给出给出湿邪伤及人体下部表现,所以没有体现湿性趋下的特点(CE错)。"} {"Question":"过度思虑可导致的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气上"},{"key":"B","value":"气下"},{"key":"C","value":"气结"},{"key":"D","value":"气消"},{"key":"E","value":"气乱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查七情内伤致病对脏腑气机的影响。过怒导致肝气疏泄太过,气机上逆,甚至血随气逆,并走于上的病机变化,即怒则气上(A错)。过度恐惧伤肾,致使肾气失固,气陷于下的病机变化,即恐则气下(B错)。过度思虑伤脾,导致脾气郁滞,运化失职的病机变化,即思则气结(C对)。过度悲忧伤肺,导致肺失宣降及肺气耗伤的病机变化,即悲则气消(D错)。猝然受惊伤心,导致心神不定,气机逆乱的病机变化,即惊则气乱(E错)。"} {"Question":"大怒易损伤的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"肾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"脾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心在志为喜为惊,过喜或过惊 则伤心(A错);肝在志为怒,过怒则伤肝(D对);脾在志为思,过度思虑则伤脾(E错);肺在志为悲为忧,过悲 则伤肺(B错);肾在志为恐,过恐则伤肾(C错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项是火邪、燥邪、暑邪共同的致病特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耗气"},{"key":"B","value":"上炎"},{"key":"C","value":"伤津"},{"key":"D","value":"动血"},{"key":"E","value":"生风"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"火为阳邪,其致病具有炎热升腾的特性,其性燔灼趋上,易扰心神,易耗气伤津、生风动血,易致疮痈。燥邪致病具有干燥、收敛的特性,其性干涩,易伤津液,并易伤肺脏。暑为阳邪,其致病具有炎热、升散的特性,能扰神伤津耗气,多挟湿邪。火邪、暑邪均能耗气,而燥邪无耗气的致病特点(A错)。上炎不是燥邪的致病特点(B错)。火邪、暑邪、燥邪均能伤津(C对)。生风、动血为火邪的致病特点(DE错)。"} {"Question":"按外科辨证,下列各项属阳证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肿块软硬,溃后渐消"},{"key":"B","value":"局部紫暗或皮色不变"},{"key":"C","value":"疮形平坦下陷"},{"key":"D","value":"脓液稀薄或线血水"},{"key":"E","value":"肿胀范围不局限,根脚散漫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肿块软硬,溃后渐消,属于阳证的辨别要点(A对)。局部紫暗或皮色不变、疮形平坦下陷、脓液稀薄或线血水、肿胀范围不局限,根脚散漫均为阴证的辨别要点(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"外科疾病辨证的总纲是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脏腑"},{"key":"B","value":"经络"},{"key":"C","value":"气血"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳"},{"key":"E","value":"局部"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"外科疾病辨证包括阴阳辨证、部位辨证、经络辨证、局部辨证。脏腑辨证多见于内科、妇科、儿科疾病(A错)。经络是体表组织与脏腑器官间的重要联络渠道。经络辨证能更好地反应脏腑动能、疾病传变及指导用药,但无法起到总纲的作用(B错)。气血辨证不是外科疾患的主要辨证方法(C错)。阴阳是八纲辨证的总纲。一般来讲,在辨清疾病的表、里、寒、热、虚、实滞后,即可判明是阴证还是阳证,或半阴半阳证。但外科在辨别阴阳属性上还有自己的特点,即根据疾病的发生、发展、症状和转归等各方面的相对性,可直接辨认其为阳证或阴证。外科疾病的阴证和阳证确有一定的独立性,后世医家将阴证阳证放在外科八纲辨证的第一位,阴阳不仅是八纲辨证的总纲,也是其他一切外科疾病辨证的总纲(D对)。局部病灶的存在是外科疾患最显著的特征,因此局部辨证是外科疾病辨证重要的一部分,但在以局部为重点的情况下,也得从整体观念出发,局部与全身辨证相结合,故不能作为总纲(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗淋病正虚毒恋证的主方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"B","value":"知柏地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"萆薢渗湿汤"},{"key":"D","value":"萆薢化毒汤"},{"key":"E","value":"清营汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"慢性淋病病程日长,耗伤正气,正气虚弱,无力驱毒外出,形成正虚毒恋之证,知柏地黄丸即可滋补真阴,又可降虚火,尤善治疗阴虚毒恋的淋病(B对)。龙胆泻肝汤具有清泻肝胆实火,清利肝经湿热之功效,适于湿热毒蕴的淋病、湿热下注的热疮、肝经郁热的蛇串疮、湿热内蕴的风瘙痒、湿热蕴结的猫眼疮、肝经湿热的梅毒、生殖器疱疹(A错)。萆薢渗湿汤具有清热利湿之功,适于湿热蕴肤的药毒、湿毒蕴阻的银屑病(C错)。萆薢化毒汤具有利湿化浊,清热解毒之功,适于湿热下注的尖锐湿疣(D错)。清营汤具有清营解毒,透热养阴之功效,适于热毒入营的药毒(E错)。"} {"Question":"属于原发性皮肤损害的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痂"},{"key":"B","value":"丘疹"},{"key":"C","value":"鳞屑"},{"key":"D","value":"糜烂"},{"key":"E","value":"色素沉着"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查原发性、继发性皮损的内容。继发性皮损是原发性皮损经过搔抓、感染、治疗处理和在损害修复过程中演变而成,痂属于继发性皮损(A错)。丘疹属于原发性皮损(B对)。鳞屑属于继发性皮损(C错)。糜烂属于继发性皮损(D错)。色素沉着属于继发性皮损(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,8岁。手臂部有10余枚半球形丘疹,豌豆大,中央有脐凹,表面有蜡样光泽,挑破顶端可挤压出白色乳酪样物质。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寻常疣"},{"key":"B","value":"脂瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"传染性软疣"},{"key":"D","value":"扁平疣"},{"key":"E","value":"丝状疣"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"传染性软疣,中医称之为鼠乳,多见于儿童,皮损为半球形丘疹,米粒到黄豆、豌豆大小,中央有脐凹,表面有蜡样光泽,挑破顶端可挤压出白色乳酪样物质,数目不定,数个到数十个不等,呈散在性或簇集性分别,好发于躯干和面部,本病例皮疹特点、发病年龄和发病部位与之相符,故诊断为传染性软疣(C对)。寻常疣,中医称之为疣目,多发于儿童及青年,最初为一个针头大至绿豆大的疣状赘生物,呈半球形或多角形,突出表面,色灰白或污黄,表面蓬松枯槁,状如花蕾,粗糙而坚硬,以后体积渐次增大,发展成乳头状赘生物,此为原发性损害,称母堠,此后由于自身接种,数目增多,一般为二三个多则十余个至数十个不等,好发于手背、手指,本病例皮损特点与不符(A错)。脂瘤是皮脂腺中皮脂淤积扩张而形成的肿瘤,好发于头面、耳后、背及臀部等处,瘤体呈圆形,位于皮肤表层内,小如豆粒,大如柑橘,质地柔软,瘤的界限明显,基底可以推动,但表面与皮肤粘连,本病例皮损特点与不符(B错)。扁平疣,中医称之为扁瘊,多发于青年男女,皮损为表面光滑的扁平丘疹,针头、米粒到黄豆大小,呈淡黄色、褐色或正常皮肤颜色,数目很多,散在分布,或簇集成群,有的相互融合,常因搔抓沿表皮剥蚀处发生而形成一串新的损害,本病例皮损特点与不符(D错)。丝状疣,中年妇女较多见,多发生于颈项或眼睑部,皮损为单个细软的丝状突起,呈褐色或淡红色,可自行脱落,不久又可以长出新的皮损,一般无自觉症状,本病例皮损特点与不符(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗淋病湿热毒蕴证的主方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"B","value":"知柏地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"萆薢渗湿汤"},{"key":"D","value":"萆薢化毒汤"},{"key":"E","value":"清营汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"淋病是因湿热秽浊之气由下焦前阴窍口入侵,阻滞于膀胱及肝经,局部气血运行不畅,湿热熏蒸,精败肉腐,气化失司而成,龙胆泻肝汤尤善祛除肝经湿热(A对)。知柏地黄丸具有滋阴清热之功,适于阴虚毒恋的淋病、生殖器疱疹(B错)。萆薢渗湿汤具有清热利湿之功,适于湿热蕴肤的药毒、湿毒蕴阻的银屑病(C错)。萆薢化毒汤具有利湿化浊,清热解毒之功,适于湿热下注的尖锐湿疣(D错)。清营汤具有清营解毒,透热养阴之功效,适于热毒入营的药毒(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,21岁。两小腿皮炎,在亚急性阶段,渗液与糜烂很少,红肿减轻,有鳞屑和结痂。外治剂宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"粉剂"},{"key":"C","value":"溶液湿敷"},{"key":"D","value":"软膏"},{"key":"E","value":"油剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查外用药物的剂型的适应症。油剂具有润泽保护、解毒收敛、止痒生肌的作用。适用于亚急性皮肤病中有糜烂、渗出、鳞屑、脓疱、结痂、溃疡的皮损,本患者渗液与糜烂少,有鳞屑和结痂,当选油剂(E对)。洗剂有清凉止痒、保护、干燥、消斑解毒之功。适用于无渗液性的急性或亚急性的皮炎类皮肤病(A错)。粉剂具有保护、吸收、蒸发、干燥、止痒的作用。适用于无渗液性的急性或亚急性的皮炎类皮肤病(B错)。皮肤炎症在急性阶段,若仅有红斑、丘疹、水疱而无渗液,宜用洗剂、粉剂、乳剂。若有大量渗液或明显红肿,则用溶液湿敷为宜(C错)。皮肤炎症在慢性阶段,有浸润肥厚、角化过度时,则用软膏为主(D错)。"} {"Question":"蛇串疮的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮疹呈多形性"},{"key":"B","value":"红色丘疹,散在分布"},{"key":"C","value":"粟粒状丘疹,散在分布"},{"key":"D","value":"簇集性水疱呈带状分布"},{"key":"E","value":"粟粒状丘疹呈带状分布"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蛇串疮的皮损为多个成群的水疱,多沿神经走向排列成带状(D对),一般不超过正中线,疱群间有正常皮肤间隔,自觉疼痛明显,愈后多不再发。"} {"Question":"患者,男,68岁。因感冒伴发口唇成群小水疱,破溃后呈糜烂与结痂,自觉瘙痒,灼热。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内服黄连解毒汤"},{"key":"B","value":"内服普济消毒饮"},{"key":"C","value":"内服五味消毒饮"},{"key":"D","value":"外搽青吹口散油膏"},{"key":"E","value":"外搽白玉膏"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"热疮,是发热后或高热过程中在皮肤黏膜交界处所发生的急性疱疹性皮肤病,相当于西医的单纯疱疹,其特点是皮损为成群的水疱,有的相互融合,四周红晕,疱液清亮,破裂后露出糜烂面,逐渐干燥结痂脱落而愈,多在1周后痊愈,易于复发,自觉瘙痒及灼热感,本病例患者在感冒时伴发口唇部水疱、糜烂、结痂、瘙痒和灼热,皮疹特点与之相符,诊断为热疮,治疗以清热解毒养阴为主,内治:肺胃热盛者者,宜疏风清热,用辛夷清肺饮合竹叶石膏汤;湿热下注者,宜清热利湿,用龙胆泻肝汤加板蓝根、紫草、玄胡等;阴虚内热者,宜养阴清热解毒利湿,用增液汤加板蓝根、马齿苋、紫草、生苡仁 外治:可用紫金锭磨水外搽,或金黄散蜂蜜调敷,或青吹口散油膏、黄连膏外搽,每日2~3次(D对)。黄连解毒汤,具有泻火解毒的作用,用于疔疮及一切火毒热毒、发热、汗出、口渴等实证(A错)。普济消毒饮,具有散风温、清三焦、解毒热的作用,用于锁喉痈、发颐、抱头火丹等(B错)。五味消毒饮,具有清热解毒的作用,用于疔疮初起,壮热憎寒(C错)。白玉膏,具有润肤、生肌、收敛的作用,用于溃疡腐肉已尽,疮口不敛者(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗前列腺增生,肾阳不足,气化无权证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金锁固精丸"},{"key":"B","value":"济生肾气丸"},{"key":"C","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"D","value":"附桂八味丸"},{"key":"E","value":"调元肾气丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"前列腺增生,肾阳不足,气化无权证表现出小便频数,夜间尤甚,尿线变细,余沥不尽,尿程缩短,或点滴不爽,甚则尿闭不通,当有利尿之品,故宜用济生肾气丸,方中具有牛膝与车前子(B对)。金锁固精丸具有温肾固精之功,可用于前列腺炎之肾阳不足证(A错)。真武汤具有温阳利水之功效,但其所利,偏于阳虚水泛证所致的全身或下肢浮肿之水湿,可用于红蝴蝶疮之脾肾阳虚证(C错)。附桂八味丸具有温阳补肾之功,但少利尿之功,同样可用于红蝴蝶疮之脾肾阳虚证(D错)。调元肾气丸可滋阴降火,益气养血,主肾阴不足证(E错)。"} {"Question":"贯穿结扎法最适用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内痔嵌顿"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉曲张性外痔"},{"key":"C","value":"血栓性外痔"},{"key":"D","value":"赘皮外痔"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅱ、Ⅲ期内痔"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"内痔嵌顿是内痔在某些因素的作用下脱出肛外,是吻合器痔固定术的适应证(A错)。静脉曲张性外痔是静脉丛剥离术的适应证(B错)。血栓性外痔较大,血块5~7天不能吸收,炎症水肿局限者,或疼痛难忍者适用血栓外痔剥离术(C错)。赘皮外痔即结缔组织外痔,一般不需要治疗,若反复发炎或赘皮较大、影响清洁卫生者,可考虑在无炎症的情况下手术切除(D错)。贯穿结扎法的适应证为II~IV期内痔,对纤维型内痔更为适宜(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者排便时肛内脱出肿物,分界清楚,便后能自行回纳,青蓝色,易出血,其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二期内痔"},{"key":"B","value":"三期内痔"},{"key":"C","value":"一度直肠脱垂"},{"key":"D","value":"二度直肠脱垂"},{"key":"E","value":"三度直肠脱垂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"内痔分度:I度:便时带血,滴血或喷射状出血,便后出血可自行停止,无痔脱出。II度:常有便血,排便时有痔脱出,便后可自行回纳。(A对)III度:偶有便血,排便或久站、咳嗽、劳累、负重时痔脱出,需用手还纳。(B错)IV度:偶有便血,痔脱出不能还纳,多伴有感染、水肿、糜烂和坏死,疼痛剧烈。直肠脱垂分度:一度脱垂:为直肠粘膜脱出,脱出物淡红色,长3~5cm,触之柔软,无弹性;不易出血,便后可自行回纳。(C错)二度脱垂:为直肠全层脱出,脱出物长5~10cm,呈圆锥状,淡红色,表面为环状而有层次的粘膜皱襞,触之较厚,有弹性,肛门松弛,便后有时需用手回复。(D错)三度脱垂:直肠及部分乙状结肠脱出,长达10cm以上,呈圆柱形,触之很厚,肛门松弛无力。(E错)"} {"Question":"肿疡毒势方盛,正气已虚,不能托毒外出者,内治方药宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"透脓散"},{"key":"B","value":"仙方活命饮"},{"key":"C","value":"黄连解毒汤"},{"key":"D","value":"托里消毒散"},{"key":"E","value":"清肝解郁汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肿疡毒势方盛,正气已虚,不能托毒外出,当用补托法,补托法代表方剂为托里消毒散(D对)。透脓散为透托法代表方剂(A错),仙方活命饮、黄连解毒汤、清肝解郁汤为消法(BCE错)。"} {"Question":"患者行注射治疗后,出现臀部结块坚硬,漫肿不红,病情进展缓慢,无全身症状,舌苔白腻,脉缓,其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臀痈"},{"key":"B","value":"肉瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"流痰"},{"key":"D","value":"内陷"},{"key":"E","value":"无头疽"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"臀痈是发生于臀部肌肉丰厚处范围较大的急性化脓性疾病,由于肌肉注射引起者俗称针毒结块。相当于西医的臀部蜂窝组织炎。该患者为注射治疗后,出现了臀部结块坚硬,漫肿不红,此为臀痈,亦为针毒结块(A对)。肉瘤是发于皮里膜外,由脂肪组织过度增生而形成的良性肿瘤(B错)。流痰是一种发于骨与关节间的慢性化脓性疾病。因其可随痰流窜于病变附近或较远的组织间隙,壅阻而形成脓肿,破损后脓液稀薄如痰,故名流痰(C错)。内陷为疮疡阳证疾患过程中,因正气内虚,火毒炽盛,导致毒邪走散,正不胜邪,毒不外泄 反陷入里,客于营血,内传脏腑的一种危急疾病(D错)。无头疽是发生于骨与关节间的急性化脓性疾病的统称,因其初起无头故名(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,6岁。左颈项结肿疼痛3天,皮色未变,肿块如鸡卵大,活动度存在,伴咽喉红肿,恶寒发热,头痛,舌苔薄黄,脉细数。内治应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"仙方活命饮"},{"key":"B","value":"牛蒡解肌汤"},{"key":"C","value":"桑菊饮"},{"key":"D","value":"五味消毒饮"},{"key":"E","value":"五神汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者左颈项结肿疼痛,皮色未变,肿块如鸡卵大,活动度存在并伴有风温外感症状,故诊断为颈痈。火毒结于少阳、阳明,经络阻塞,气血凝滞,热胜肉腐而发为颈痈。风温风热之邪,由外袭表,化火蕴结于少阳、阳明之络,故见咽喉红肿,恶寒发热,头痛。舌苔薄黄符合风热袭表的舌象,脉细数可因风热火毒伤阴所致。故辨证为风热痰毒证,治宜散风清热,化痰消肿。仙方活命饮为痈之火毒凝结证的选方(A错)。牛蒡解肌汤功能祛风清热,化痰消肿,可用于头面颈项痈毒,因风火痰所致者,为颈痈风火痰毒证的选方(B对)。桑菊饮功能疏风清热,宣肺止咳,主治风温初起,表热轻证。但咳,身热不甚者,无化痰消肿之功(C错)。五味消毒饮功能清热解毒,消散疔疮,主治疔疮初起,发热恶寒,疮形如粟,坚硬根深,状如铁钉,以及痈疡疖肿,红肿热痛(D错)。五神汤功能清利湿热,用于委中毒,附骨疽等证,由湿热凝结而成者(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,50岁。5天前左足第三、四趾缝足癣水疱溃破,次日局部红肿疼痛,并见红线1条向上走窜至小腿中段,边界清晰,伴有发热,左胯腹部淋巴结肿痛。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流火"},{"key":"B","value":"流注"},{"key":"C","value":"青蛇毒"},{"key":"D","value":"蛇串疮"},{"key":"E","value":"红丝疔"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流火为丹毒发生于小腿足部者,丹毒为患部皮肤突然发红成片、色如涂丹的急性感染性疾病(A错)。流注是发生于肌肉深部的急性化脓性疾病,题中病变在皮肤,而非肌肉(B错)。青蛇毒是体表筋脉发生的炎性血栓性疾病(C错)。蛇串疮是一种皮肤上出现成簇水疱,多呈带状分布,痛如火燎的急性疱疹性皮肤病(D错)。题中病例患者病变发于下肢,外因足癣水疱溃破,或由于感染邪毒或内有火毒,故毒流经脉向上走窜,故见红肿疼痛,红线1条向上走窜至小腿中段,伴有发热,左胯腹部淋巴结肿痛,为红丝疔的典型表现(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,12岁。患流痰3年,溃口位于左腰部,脓水稀薄,夹有败絮样物质,伴有午后潮热,夜间盗汗,口燥咽干,咳嗽痰血,舌红少苔,脉细数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳和汤"},{"key":"B","value":"知柏地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"清骨散"},{"key":"D","value":"人参养荣汤"},{"key":"E","value":"六味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者年少患流痰3年,溃口位于左腰部,脓水稀薄,夹有败絮样物,年少患此病多见于先天不足。阴虚故见午后潮热,夜间盗汗,口燥咽干,虚火灼肺故见咳嗽痰血,舌红少苔,脉细数亦为阴虚火旺之象,故辨证为阴虚火旺证,治法:养阴清热托毒。用六味地黄丸合清骨散加减,但六味地黄丸侧重养阴,清虚热除骨蒸之功不如清骨散,本患者虚火明显,清骨散为最佳答案(C对)。阳和汤功能温阳补血,散寒通滞,可用于流痰初期阳虚痰凝证(A错)。知柏地黄丸功能滋阴降火,可用于阴部热疮之阴虚邪恋证(B错)。人参养荣汤功能温补气血,可用于流痰后期气血两虚者(D错)。六味地黄丸功能滋阴补肾,可用于瘰疬之阴虚火旺证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,48岁。背部生疮,初起肿块上有一粟粒样脓头,抓破后局部肿痛加剧,色红灼热,脓头相继增多,溃后如蜂窝状,伴有寒热头痛,纳呆,便秘,溲赤,舌质红,苔黄,脉弦数。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疔"},{"key":"B","value":"疖"},{"key":"C","value":"有头疽"},{"key":"D","value":"发"},{"key":"E","value":"痈"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查疮疡的鉴别诊断。该患者疮生于背部,肿块上有脓头,抓破后局部肿痛加剧,色红灼热,脓头相增多,溃后如蜂窝状,符合有头疽的临床表现(C对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,38岁。左颧面部疔疮,根深坚硬,形如钉丁状,红肿灼痛,伴发热,恶寒,头痛等全身症状,舌红苔腻,脉滑数。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热消肿"},{"key":"B","value":"和营消肿"},{"key":"C","value":"清热凉血"},{"key":"D","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"E","value":"和营托毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"疔是一种发病迅速,易于变化而危险性较大的急性化脓性疾病,其特点是疮形虽小,但根脚坚硬,有如钉丁之状,病情变化迅速,容易造成邪毒走散,本病例皮疹特点为左颧面部疗疮,根深坚硬,形如钉丁状,故诊断为颜面部疔疮之热毒蕴结证,治宜清热解毒:用五味消毒饮、黄连解毒汤加减(D对)。清热消肿,和营消肿,清热凉血和和营托毒不是本病的治法(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"石瘿的病因病理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝郁胃热,夹痰上壅,气血凝滞,郁滞结喉"},{"key":"B","value":"情志内伤,肝脾气逆,气血湿痰,凝滞结喉"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾不足,肾火郁结,夹痰上攻,凝滞结喉"},{"key":"D","value":"脾肾阳虚,脾虚不运,津液留聚,凝结颈部"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脾两亏,津液不布,留聚成痰,凝结颈部"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"石瘿的致病因素多为情志内伤,其特点为结喉两侧结块,坚硬如石,高低不平,推之不移。石瘿发病时由于情志内伤,肝脾气逆,痰湿内生,气滞则血瘀,瘀血于痰湿凝结,上逆于颈部而成(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"甲状腺肿物表面光滑,可随吞咽上下移动,按之不痛,生长缓慢。属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失荣"},{"key":"B","value":"瘿痈"},{"key":"C","value":"石瘿"},{"key":"D","value":"肾岩翻花"},{"key":"E","value":"肉瘿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"甲状腺肿物表面光滑,可随吞咽上下移动,按之不痛,符合肉瘿的临床特点(E对)。失荣一般表现为颈部淋巴结肿大,生长较快,且肿块表面不平,固定不移(A错)。瘿痈的临床特点为结喉处结块、肿胀、疼痛,伴有发热,起病急骤(B错)。石瘿的临床特点是结喉处结块,坚硬如石,高低不平,推之不移(C错)。肾岩翻花是指肾岩日久疮面溃破,形如熟透之石榴,皮裂翻开(D错)。"} {"Question":"蛇咬伤后(神经毒)者,其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血祛风"},{"key":"B","value":"清热解毒,凉血止血"},{"key":"C","value":"清利湿热,凉血息风"},{"key":"D","value":"凉血息风,豁痰"},{"key":"E","value":"清热解毒,活血凉血止血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中医认为蛇毒系风、火二毒,风者善行数变;火者生风动血,耗伤阴津。风毒(神经毒)证以风毒为主,兼有火毒,证候特点为局部伤口无红肿痛,仅有皮肤麻木感;全身症状有头昏眼花嗜睡气急,严重者呼吸困难,四肢麻痹,张口困难,眼睑下垂,神志模糊甚至昏迷;舌质红,苔薄白,脉弦数,故治法当活血祛风(A对)。清热解毒,凉血止血为火毒(血循毒)证的治法(B错)。清利湿热,凉血息风和凉血息风,豁痰都不是本病的治法(CD错)。活血祛风、清热解毒和凉血止血为风火毒(混合毒)证的治法(E错)。"} {"Question":"某男半小时前被热气灼伤两前臂,现局部疼痛剧烈,有散在水疱,个别破溃,基底部呈均匀红色、潮湿。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面积约为6%的浅II度烧伤"},{"key":"B","value":"面积经为4.5%的II度烧伤"},{"key":"C","value":"面积约为9%的III度烧伤"},{"key":"D","value":"面积约为9%的I度烧伤"},{"key":"E","value":"面积约为9%的深II度烧伤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者前臂被灼伤后出现剧痛,散在水疱,基底部呈均匀红色潮湿,未伤及真皮层,符合浅Ⅱ度烧伤的诊断,根据图表15-2,可知前臂所占面积为3%,所以两只前臂所占面积为6%(A对B错)。III度烧伤可见焦痂(C错)。I度烧伤表面干燥,无水疱(D错)。深II度烧伤有水疱,基底部苍白(E错)。"} {"Question":"脱疽表现为患肢黯红而肿,患肢如煮熟之红枣,渐变为紫黑色,呈浸淫蔓延,溃破腐烂,疼痛异常,彻夜不得安眠。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒湿阻络"},{"key":"B","value":"血脉瘀阻"},{"key":"C","value":"湿热毒盛"},{"key":"D","value":"热毒伤阴证"},{"key":"E","value":"气阴两虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"寒湿阻络证证候:患指(趾)喜暖怕冷,麻木,酸胀疼痛,多走则疼痛加剧,稍歇痛减,皮肤苍白,触之发凉,趺阳脉搏动减弱;舌淡,苔白腻,脉沉细。(A错)血脉瘀阻证证候:患趾(指)酸胀疼痛加重,夜难入寐,步履维艰,患趾(指)皮色暗红或紫暗,下垂更甚,皮肤发凉干燥,肌肉萎缩,趺阳脉搏动消失;舌暗红或有瘀斑,苔薄白,脉弦涩。(B错)湿毒热盛证证候:患肢剧痛,日轻夜重,局部肿胀,皮肤紫暗,浸淫蔓延,破溃腐烂,肉色不鲜;身热口干,便秘溲赤;舌红,苔黄腻,脉弦数。(C对)热毒伤阴证证候:皮肤干燥,毫毛脱落,趾(指)甲增厚变形,肌肉萎缩,趾(指)呈干性坏疽;口干欲饮,便秘溲赤;舌红,苔黄,脉弦细数。(D错)气阴两虚证证候:病程日久,坏死组织脱落后疮面久不愈合,肉芽暗红或淡而不鲜;倦怠乏力,口渴不欲饮,面色无华,形体消瘦,五心烦热;舌淡尖红,少苔,脉细无力。(E错)"} {"Question":"黄芪鳖甲汤适用的脱疽证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒湿阻络"},{"key":"B","value":"血脉瘀阻"},{"key":"C","value":"湿热毒盛"},{"key":"D","value":"热毒伤阴证"},{"key":"E","value":"气阴两虚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"寒湿阻络证用阳和汤加减(A错)。血脉瘀阻证用桃红四物汤加炮山甲、地龙、乳香、没药等(B错)。湿热毒盛证用四妙勇安汤加连翘、黄柏、丹参、川芎、赤芍、牛膝等(C错)。热毒伤阴证用顾步汤加减(D错)。气阴两虚证用黄芪鳖甲汤加减(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列关于血栓性深静脉炎主要临床表现的叙述,错误是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患肢疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"肿胀"},{"key":"C","value":"肤温度升高"},{"key":"D","value":"足背动脉搏动减弱"},{"key":"E","value":"浅静脉扩张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"足背动脉搏动减弱多由于动脉灌注不足所导致,可由动脉本身的病变或由于合并其它疾病导致动脉发生病变所致,血栓性深静脉炎累及的是深静脉并非动脉,其足背动脉搏动不会减弱(D错,为本题正确答案)。血栓性深静脉炎病理变理化为血管内膜增生,管腔变窄,血流缓慢,从而静脉回流及周围循环受阻,导致静脉淤滞和组织灌注量不足,会出现患肢疼痛、肿胀、浅静脉扩张、皮肤温度升高(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁。产后1周突然出现左小腿肿胀,疼痛,皮温增高,浅静脉怒张,足背弯曲时腓肠肌疼痛明显,舌暗淡苔黄腻,脉弦滑。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血化瘀,温阳通脉"},{"key":"B","value":"活血化瘀,清利湿热"},{"key":"C","value":"活血化瘀,温阳利水"},{"key":"D","value":"活血化瘀,通络止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"活血化瘀,消肿止痛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"股肿是指血液在深静脉血管内发生异常凝固而引起的静脉阻塞、血液回流障碍的疾病,其主要表现为肢体肿胀、疼痛、局部皮温升高和浅静脉怒张四大症状,好发于下肢髂股静脉和腘静脉,可并发肺栓塞而危及生命,相当于西医的深静脉血栓形成,本病例临床表现符合股肿的四大症状,故诊断为股肿,是由于产后肢体气机不利,气滞血瘀于经脉之中,营血回流不畅而起。舌暗淡为血瘀之象;苔黄腻,脉弦滑,为湿热内盛之象,本病例的证型为湿热下注,治法宜活血化瘀,清利湿热(B对)。活血化瘀,温阳利水适用于气虚血瘀,寒湿凝滞证(C错)。活血化瘀,通络止痛适用于血脉瘀阻证(D错)。活血化瘀,温阳通脉和活血化瘀,消肿止痛不是本病例的治法(AE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,73岁。左下肢内臁疮,面积8cm×5cm,现疮面仍有少许腐肉。外治应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红油膏、九一丹"},{"key":"B","value":"白玉膏、生肌散"},{"key":"C","value":"金黄膏、九一丹"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄膏掺桃花散"},{"key":"E","value":"青黛膏"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"疮面肉芽始长时,用白玉膏、生肌散外敷(B错)。疮面周围伴湿疮的,改用青黛散(E错)。疮面出血时掺桃花散(D错)。五版教材认为此症应用红油膏和九一丹。以最新教材和大纲为准。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属于岩的病因病机的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"情志郁结"},{"key":"B","value":"六淫之邪"},{"key":"C","value":"脏腑失调"},{"key":"D","value":"饮食不节"},{"key":"E","value":"感受特殊之毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"特殊之毒包括虫毒、蛇毒、疯犬毒、药毒、食物毒,以及疫毒,不为岩的病因(E对)。岩是发生于体表的恶性肿物的统称,其病因病机有:情志郁结,导致气机失畅,气滞日久,必致血瘀,气滞血瘀长期蕴结,可逐渐形成岩(A错)。六淫之邪,乘虚内侵,导致气血凝结,阻滞经络,影响内脏的正常功能,邪浊与郁气、积血相合为病,留积不散,久之结为岩(B错)。脏腑失调,而致正气虚弱,邪气留滞而致气滞血瘀,痰凝毒聚,互相搏结而致岩(C错)。饮食不节,恣食辛辣厚味,脾胃受损,不能运化水湿,久积成湿毒;或兼受邪火熬灼成痰,痰浊积聚而为岩(D错)。"} {"Question":"检查乳房部的方法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"端坐,暴露乳房"},{"key":"B","value":"指腹揉按乳房"},{"key":"C","value":"手指抓捏乳房"},{"key":"D","value":"按摸乳晕观察有无溢液"},{"key":"E","value":"按压腋窝有无肿大结节"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"检查时光线应充足,前胸充分暴露,被检查者取坐位(A对),先两臂下垂,然后双臂高举超过头部或双手叉腰再进行检查。检查者以并拢的手指掌面略施压力,以旋转或来回滑动的方式进行触诊(B对),首先轻轻用力触摸浅表部位,再用中等力量触诊中层部分,最后用力深达胸壁进行触诊,切忌用手指将乳房提起来触摸,切勿用手指去抓捏(C错,为本题正确答案)。按外上(包括角状突出)、外下、内下、内上、中央(乳头、乳晕)各区的顺序由浅入深地进行滑动触诊,然后仔细检查腋窝、锁骨上下窝等处的淋巴结有无异常(E对)。触诊乳房时应着重注意有无红、肿、热、痛和包块。乳头有无硬结、弹性消失和分泌物(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,62岁。已确诊为右乳岩,胸胁胀满,嗳气频频,纳呆懒言,口苦咽干,舌淡苔薄白,脉弦滑。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝肾不足"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃不和"},{"key":"C","value":"情志郁结"},{"key":"D","value":"气血两亏"},{"key":"E","value":"冲任失调"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝肾不足多有腰膝酸软,眩晕耳鸣,胁痛等症状,舌质红,脉细数(A错)。脾胃不和多有恶心欲吐,食欲不振等症状,脉多细弱(B错)。患者已经诊断为乳岩,胸胁胀满,嗳气频频为情志郁结,肝郁气滞之象,纳呆懒言,口苦咽干为肝郁化火犯胃所致,舌淡苔薄白,脉弦滑符合情志郁结的舌脉,故其证候为情志郁结(C对)。气血两亏多形体消瘦,面色萎黄,头晕目眩,神倦乏力,少气懒言,脉多沉细(D错)。冲任失调多有经期紊乱,脉多弦细(E错)。"} {"Question":"乳痈肝胃郁热证的内服方剂宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五味消毒饮"},{"key":"B","value":"黄连解毒汤"},{"key":"C","value":"丹栀逍遥散"},{"key":"D","value":"柴胡清肝汤"},{"key":"E","value":"瓜蒌牛蒡汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"瓜蒌牛蒡汤功效清热疏肝,通乳散结,主治乳痈初起,红肿热痛,或身发寒热,为治疗乳痈肝胃郁热证代表方(E对)。五味消毒饮功效清热解毒,消散疔疮,主治火毒结聚之疔疮(A错)。黄连解毒汤功效泻火解毒,主治三焦火毒热盛证(B错)。丹栀逍遥散功效养血健脾,疏肝清热,主治肝郁血虚内热证(C错)。柴胡清肝汤功效养血清火,疏肝散结,主治血虚火动,肝气郁结,致患鬓疽,初起尚未成脓者(D错)。"} {"Question":"女性患者,25岁,产后一个月,发现右乳外上象限处有一直径4cm大小的肿块,疼痛2天,乳房局部微红,伴恶寒发热,胸闷不舒,舌苔薄黄,脉弦数。应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳癖"},{"key":"B","value":"乳痈"},{"key":"C","value":"乳岩"},{"key":"D","value":"乳疠"},{"key":"E","value":"乳痨"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"乳痈是发生在乳房部的最常见的急性化脓性疾病,临床特点是乳房结块,红肿热痛,溃后脓出稠厚,伴恶寒发热等全身症状。好发于产后1个月以内的哺乳妇女(B对)。乳癖是乳腺组织的既非炎症也非肿瘤的良性增生性疾病,乳痛和肿块与月经周期及情志变化密切相关,相当于西医学的乳腺增生病(A错)。乳岩是指发生在乳房部的恶性肿瘤,其临床特点是乳房肿块质地坚硬,凹凸不平,边界不清,推之不移,按之不痛,或乳头溢血,晚期可见溃烂凸如泛莲或菜花(C错)。乳疬是指男女儿童或中老年男性在乳晕部出现的疼痛性结块(D错)。乳痨是发生在乳房部的慢性化脓性疾病,因其病变后期常有虚痨表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"女子的乳房,属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"肾"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"胃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"乳房与经络的关系密切,足阳明胃经行贯乳中,故女子乳房属胃(E对)(ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"治疗乳岩气血两亏证,应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神效瓜蒌散"},{"key":"B","value":"二仙汤"},{"key":"C","value":"八珍汤"},{"key":"D","value":"人参养荣汤"},{"key":"E","value":"参苓白术散"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"神效瓜蒌散适用于乳岩肝郁痰凝证(A错)。二仙汤适用于乳岩冲任失调证(B错)。八珍汤适用于乳岩正虚毒恋证(C错)。人参养荣汤适用于气血两亏证(D对)。参苓白术散适用于脾胃虚弱证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁,乳头及乳晕皮肤破裂,分泌脂水,结黄色痂,小儿吸吮时,痛如刀割,应选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"橘叶瓜蒌散"},{"key":"B","value":"五味消毒饮"},{"key":"C","value":"丹梔逍遥散"},{"key":"D","value":"瓜蒌牛蒡汤"},{"key":"E","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者,女,26岁,乳头及乳晕皮肤破裂,可诊断为乳发;火毒炽盛乳房皮肤湿烂,继而发黑溃腐,痛楚悲伤加剧,应泻火解毒,方用龙胆泻肝汤(E对)。橘叶瓜蒌散治疗乳痈(A错)。五味消毒饮主治 疔疮初起(B错)。丹栀逍遥散主治肝郁血虚,内有郁热证(C错)。瓜蒌牛蒡汤主治乳痈初起(D错)。"} {"Question":"以疾病特性命名的外科疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"背疽"},{"key":"B","value":"肺痈"},{"key":"C","value":"破伤风"},{"key":"D","value":"白驳风"},{"key":"E","value":"流注"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查疾病的命名原则。外科疾病命名是有一定规律可循的。一般是依据其发病部位、穴位、脏腑、病因、形态、颜色、特征、范围、病程、传染性等分别加以命名的。流注是发于肌肉深部的急性化脓性疾病,是以其特征命名(E对)。背疽,是以部位命名的(A错)。肺痈,是以脏腑命名的(B错)。破伤风,是以病因命名的(C错)。白驳风,是以颜色命名的(D错)。"} {"Question":"发于皮里膜外、筋肉骨节之间有囊性感的包块称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核"},{"key":"B","value":"毒"},{"key":"C","value":"痰"},{"key":"D","value":"痈"},{"key":"E","value":"肿疡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"结核:即结聚成核、结如果核之意。是泛指一切皮里膜外浅表部位的病理性肿块(A错)。毒:凡是导致机体阴阳平衡失调,对机体产生不利影响的因素统称为毒(B错)。痰:指发于皮里膜外、筋肉骨节之间,或软或硬,或按之有囊性感的包块,属有形之征,多为阴证(C对)。痈:痈者,壅也。指气血被邪毒壅聚而发生的化脓性疾病(D错)。肿疡:指体表外科疾病尚未破溃的肿块(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者自幼患有痫证,近期发作较频,并见心神不安,心悸,失眠,健忘,舌淡白,脉滑。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"竹茹"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓"},{"key":"C","value":"琥珀"},{"key":"D","value":"党参"},{"key":"E","value":"远志"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者自幼患有痫证,近期发作频繁,舌淡白,脉滑治以补益心肾,去痰开窍;心神不安,心悸,失眠,健忘,治以交通心肾、安神定志、益智强识。远志味辛通利,能利心窍,逐痰涎,故可用治痰阻心窍所致之癫痫抽搐、惊风发狂等证,并且远志苦辛性温,性善宣泄通达,既能开心气而宁心安神,又能通肾气而强志不忘,为交通心肾、安神定志、益智强识之佳品(E对)。竹茹具有清热化痰,除烦止呕的功效,可治痰热心烦不寐,没有利窍的功效(A错)。茯苓具有利水渗湿,健脾,宁心的功效,可治痰饮之目眩心悸、心脾两虚、气血不足之心悸,失眠,健忘(B错)。琥珀具有镇静安神,活血散瘀,利尿通淋的功效,可治疗心神不宁,心悸失眠,健忘等症(C错)。党参具有补脾肺气,补血,生津的功效,没有安神益智的功效(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列清热毒药中,兼有止血功效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"穿心莲"},{"key":"B","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"C","value":"白鲜皮"},{"key":"D","value":"熊胆"},{"key":"E","value":"马齿苋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查马齿苋的功效,属记忆内容。马齿苋味酸,性寒;入肝、大肠经;具有清热解毒,凉血止血,止痢的功效(E对)。穿心莲具有清热解毒,凉血,消肿,燥湿的功效,无止血之功(A错)。秦皮为清热燥湿药(B错)。白鲜皮为清热燥湿药(C错)。熊胆具有清热解毒,息风止痉,清肝明目的功效,无止血之功(D错)。"} {"Question":"知母的主要归经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺、胃、肾经"},{"key":"B","value":"肺、脾、肾经"},{"key":"C","value":"心、脾、肾经"},{"key":"D","value":"心、肝、肾经"},{"key":"E","value":"心、肝、脾经"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查的是知母的归经,属记忆内容。知母药性 苦、甘,寒。归肺、胃、肾经(A对)。"} {"Question":"被誉为“治痢要药”的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连翘"},{"key":"B","value":"白头翁"},{"key":"C","value":"土茯苓"},{"key":"D","value":"蒲公英"},{"key":"E","value":"板蓝根"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"白头翁被誉为“治痢要药”(B对)。“连翘:本品苦寒,主入心经,既能清心火,解疮毒,又能消散痈肿结聚,故有‘疮家圣药’之称”(A错)。“土茯苓:为治梅毒的要药”(C错)。“蒲公英:为治疗乳痈之要药”(D错)。“板蓝根【应用】1.外感发热,温病初起,咽喉肿痛 2.温毒发斑,痄腮,丹毒,痈肿疮毒”无治痢之功(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗血热妄行,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生地黄"},{"key":"B","value":"玄参"},{"key":"C","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"D","value":"赤芍"},{"key":"E","value":"羚羊角"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"生地黄苦寒入营血分,为清热,凉血,止血之要药,是治疗血热妄行之药的首选(A对)。玄参、牡丹皮、赤芍性皆微寒,均有清热凉血的功效,非治疗血热妄行之药的首选(BCD错)。羚羊角入心肝二经,长于息风止痉、清泻肝火,非治疗血热妄行之药的首选(E错)。"} {"Question":"夏枯草具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散结消肿"},{"key":"B","value":"润肠通便"},{"key":"C","value":"祛风明目"},{"key":"D","value":"疏风散热"},{"key":"E","value":"清热利湿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"夏枯草为清热泻火药,性味辛苦、寒,归肝,胆二经,具有清肝泻火,明目,散结消肿的功效(A对)。夏枯草常用来治疗肝火上炎所致的目赤肿痛、目珠夜痛、头痛目眩,及瘰疬、瘿瘤、乳痈、乳痛等郁结不通之症。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属清热药适应范围的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气分实热证"},{"key":"B","value":"阴盛格阳证"},{"key":"C","value":"血分实热证"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚内热证"},{"key":"E","value":"湿热内蕴证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查清热药的分类及各类清热药的功效与主治。清热药是以清解里热、治疗里热证为主的药物。题中气分实热证、血分实热证、阴虚内热证和湿热内蕴证均为里热证,属于清热药的适应范围(ACDE错)。阴盛格阳是体内阴寒过盛,格拒阳气于外的真寒假热证,其本质是真寒证,不属于清热药适应范围(B对)。"} {"Question":"功能泻火除烦,善于清泻三焦火邪的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"栀子"},{"key":"B","value":"决明子"},{"key":"C","value":"金银花"},{"key":"D","value":"夏枯草"},{"key":"E","value":"芦根"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查清热药的归经、功效及应用。题中均为药性寒凉药物,能清热泻火,但栀子泻火除烦,入心、肺、三焦经,能清泻三焦火邪(A对)。决明子、金银花、夏枯草无除烦之功效(BCD错)。芦根可泻火除烦,甘、寒,入肺、胃经,可清肺胃实热,不能清三焦火邪(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗脾虚便溏尤应慎用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石膏"},{"key":"B","value":"芦根"},{"key":"C","value":"知母"},{"key":"D","value":"天花粉"},{"key":"E","value":"淡竹叶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查药物的使用注意。知母,味苦、甘,性寒;入肺、胃、肾经;具有清热泻火,滋阴润燥的功效,有滑肠作用,脾虚便溏者不宜用(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"具有祛风湿,利水消肿功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独活"},{"key":"B","value":"川乌"},{"key":"C","value":"防己"},{"key":"D","value":"桑寄生"},{"key":"E","value":"络石藤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"防己辛能行散,苦寒降泄,能祛风除湿止痛,又能清热;且本品苦寒降泄,能清热利水,善走下行而泄下焦膀胱湿热,尤宜于下肢水肿,小便不利者(C对);独活(A错)、川乌(B错)、桑寄生(D错)都有祛风湿的功效,但三者都不能利水消肿;络石藤能祛风湿,也能消肿,但络石藤是通过凉血而消肿,而不是利水消肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"具有祛风湿,补肾安胎功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独活"},{"key":"B","value":"川乌"},{"key":"C","value":"防己"},{"key":"D","value":"桑寄生"},{"key":"E","value":"络石藤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"桑寄生苦燥甘补,既能祛风湿,又长于补肝肾、强筋骨,对痹证日久,损及肝肾,腰膝酸软,筋骨无力者尤宜,且本品能补肝肾,养血,而固冲任,安胎元(D对);独活(A错)、川乌(B错)、防己(C错)、络石藤(E错)虽有祛风湿的功效,但没有安胎元的功效。"} {"Question":"既能祛风湿,又能温经止痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独活"},{"key":"B","value":"秦艽"},{"key":"C","value":"防己"},{"key":"D","value":"狗脊"},{"key":"E","value":"川乌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查川乌的功效。川乌味辛、苦,性热,有大毒,入心、肝、肾、脾经,其功效为祛风湿,温经止痛(E对)。"} {"Question":"白花蛇的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛风,解表,止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风,通络,利尿"},{"key":"C","value":"祛风,通络,止痉"},{"key":"D","value":"祛风湿,强筋骨"},{"key":"E","value":"祛风湿,治骨鲠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查白花蛇的功效,属记忆内容。白花蛇味甘、咸,性温;有毒,入肝经;具有祛风,通络,止痉的功效(C对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"善于治疗吐泻转筋的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"威灵仙"},{"key":"B","value":"木瓜"},{"key":"C","value":"昆明山海棠"},{"key":"D","value":"海风藤"},{"key":"E","value":"蕲蛇"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"木瓜的功效为舒筋活络,和胃化湿。可用于治疗暑湿吐泻,转筋挛痛。木瓜温香入脾,能化湿和胃,湿去则中焦得运,泄泻可止;味酸入肝,可舒筋活络而缓挛急;治湿阻中焦之腹痛吐泻转筋,偏寒湿者,常配吴茱萸、小茴香、紫苏等;偏暑湿者,多配蚕沙、薏苡仁、黄连等如蚕矢汤(B对)。威灵仙功效祛风湿,通经络,止痛,消骨骾,可用于治疗风湿痹痛,骨骾咽喉(A错)。昆明山海棠功效祛风除湿,活血止痛,续筋接骨,可用于治疗风湿痹证,跌打损伤,骨折(C错)。海风藤功效祛风湿,通经络,止痹痛,可用于治疗风寒湿痹,肢节疼痛,筋脉拘急,屈伸不利,跌打损伤(D错)。蕲蛇功效祛风,通络,止痉,可用于治疗风湿顽痹,麻木拘挛,中风,小儿惊风,破伤风,麻风,疥癣(E错)。"} {"Question":"咽喉肿痛,肺痈吐脓,宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦杏仁"},{"key":"B","value":"竹茹"},{"key":"C","value":"百部"},{"key":"D","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"E","value":"瓜蒌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"苦杏仁、百部为止咳平喘药;竹茹、桔梗、瓜蒌为清热化痰药。桔梗苦、辛,平;归肺经。辛散苦泄,开宣肺气,祛痰利咽,为治肺经气分病之要药,治咳嗽痰多,无论寒热皆可应用;能宣肺泄邪以利咽开音疗哑;性散上行,能利肺气以排塞肺之脓痰(D对),治肺痈咳嗽胸痛,咯痰腥臭者,可配甘草用之。"} {"Question":"半夏与天南星的共同主治是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"湿痰"},{"key":"B","value":"便秘"},{"key":"C","value":"呕吐"},{"key":"D","value":"吐血"},{"key":"E","value":"中风"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查半夏与天南星的功效应用及鉴别。半夏味辛性温,善燥除湿浊而化痰饮,并有止咳作用,为燥湿化痰、温化寒痰之要药,尤善治脏腑湿痰;天南星味苦辛性温,其温燥之性胜于半夏,有较强的燥湿化痰之功,治寒痰、湿痰阻肺(A对)。便秘、吐血是两者都不具备的功效(BD错);呕吐是半夏具备,天南星不具备的功效(C错);中风是天南星具备半夏不具备的功效(E错)。"} {"Question":"能止咳平喘,润肠通便,且无毒性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葶苈子"},{"key":"B","value":"杏仁"},{"key":"C","value":"白芥子"},{"key":"D","value":"黄药子"},{"key":"E","value":"苏子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查紫苏子的药性及功效。紫苏子味辛,性温。无毒,归肺、大肠经,其功效为降气化痰,止咳平喘,润肠通便(E对)。"} {"Question":"肺热咳嗽,胃热呕吐,宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦杏仁"},{"key":"B","value":"竹茹"},{"key":"C","value":"百部"},{"key":"D","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"E","value":"瓜蒌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"竹茹甘,微寒;入肺、胃、心、胆经。可清热化痰,除烦,止呕。善于清化热痰,治肺热咳嗽,痰黄质稠者,常与黄芩、桑白皮等同用,以增强清热化痰功效;清热降逆止呕,为治胃热呕逆之要药(B对)。"} {"Question":"治疗血瘀经闭,癥瘕,应首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"B","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"C","value":"僵蚕"},{"key":"D","value":"麝香"},{"key":"E","value":"冰片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"麝香具有开窍醒神,活血通经,消肿止痛的功效,可用于闭证神昏;疮疡肿毒,瘰疬痰核;血瘀经闭,癥瘕(D对),心腹暴痛,头痛,跌打损伤,风寒湿痹;难产,死胎,胞衣不下。酸枣仁养心益肝,安神,敛汗生津的功效(A错)。石菖蒲具有开窍醒神,化湿和胃,宁神益志的功效(B错)。僵蚕具有息风止痉,祛风止痛,化痰散结的功效(C错)。冰片具有开窍醒神,清热止痛的功效(E错)。"} {"Question":"山楂的功效","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回乳"},{"key":"B","value":"杀虫"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾"},{"key":"D","value":"利水"},{"key":"E","value":"散瘀"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"山楂是消食药,酸、甘,微温;入脾、胃、肝经。可消食健胃,行气散瘀血(E对),化浊降脂。能治各种饮食积滞,尤为消化油腻肉食积滞之要药;能行气散结止痛,炒用兼能止泻止痢;能通行气血,有活血祛瘀之功。"} {"Question":"痰火郁结之痰核瘰疬,宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石决明"},{"key":"B","value":"牡蛎"},{"key":"C","value":"龙骨"},{"key":"D","value":"珍珠"},{"key":"E","value":"代赭石"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牡蛎咸,微寒;入肝、胆、肾经。可潜阳补阴,重镇安神,软坚散结,收敛固涩,制酸止痛。味咸,能软坚散结,治疗痰火郁结之痰核瘰疬(B对);入肝经,有与石决明类似的平肝潜阳之功,并能益阴,多用治水不涵木,阴虚阳亢,眩晕耳鸣之证;质重能镇,有重镇安神之功;煅后有与煅龙骨相似的收敛固涩作用,可用于多种滑脱不禁之证,可制酸止痛,用治胃痛泛酸。"} {"Question":"孕妇应慎用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金银花"},{"key":"B","value":"连翘"},{"key":"C","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"D","value":"鱼腥草"},{"key":"E","value":"蒲公英"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"因某些药物具有损害胎元而致堕胎的副作用,故作为妊娠禁忌药物。根据其对于胎元损害程度的不同,可分为慎用药与禁用药两大类。慎用的药物包括痛经祛瘀、行气破滞及辛热滑利之品。金银花为清热解毒药,脾胃虚寒及气虚疮疡脓清者忌用(A错)。连翘为清热解毒药,脾胃虚寒及气虚脓清者不宜用(B错)。牛黄为息风止痉药,药性苦寒,气味芳香,泻火之力较强,易致孕妇流产,且牛黄尤其是人工牛黄易导致过敏(C对)。鱼腥草为清热解毒药,虚寒证及阴证疮疡忌用(D错)。蒲公英为清热解毒药,用量过大可致缓泻(E错)。"} {"Question":"乌梅的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"敛肺、涩肠、止遗、安蛔"},{"key":"B","value":"敛肺、止带、止遗、安蛔"},{"key":"C","value":"敛肺、涩肠、生津、安蛔"},{"key":"D","value":"敛肺、涩肠、止带、安蛔"},{"key":"E","value":"敛肺、止带、止血、安蛔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"乌梅为收涩药,性味酸涩,平,归肝、脾、肺、大肠经,具有敛肺、涩肠、生津、安蛔之效(C对),常用来治疗久咳、久痢、虚热消渴、蛔厥腹痛等症。"} {"Question":"小茴香善于治疗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亡阳厥逆"},{"key":"B","value":"厥阴头痛"},{"key":"C","value":"寒饮咳喘"},{"key":"D","value":"虚阳上浮"},{"key":"E","value":"寒疝腹痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查小茴香的主治病证。小茴香有散寒止痛,理气和胃的功效。本品辛温,能温肾暖肝,散寒止痛,可治寒疝腹痛及肝郁气滞,睾丸偏坠胀痛,亦可治肝经受寒引起的少腹冷痛或冲任虚寒引起的痛经(ABCD错E对)。"} {"Question":"丁香主治的病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛔虫腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"脚气肿痛"},{"key":"C","value":"阳虚外感"},{"key":"D","value":"胃寒呃逆"},{"key":"E","value":"寒湿痹痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"丁香功能温中降逆,散寒止痛,温肾助阳。能用于治疗胃寒呕吐、呃逆,脘腹冷痛,阳痿,宫冷等病证(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者呕吐吞酸,嗳气频繁,胸胁闷痛,脉弦。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干姜"},{"key":"B","value":"高良姜"},{"key":"C","value":"吴茱萸"},{"key":"D","value":"丁香"},{"key":"E","value":"小茴香"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"呕吐吞酸,治以降逆止呕,嗳气频繁,治以疏肝解郁,胸胁闷痛,脉弦,治以制酸止痛。吴茱萸主入肝经,能疏肝气之郁滞,辛散苦泄,能降逆止呕,制酸止痛,具有散寒止痛,降逆止呕,助阳止泻的功效(C对)。干姜具有温中散寒,回阳通脉,温肺化饮的功效,为温暖中焦之主药,没有疏肝解郁的功效(A错)。高良姜具有散寒止痛,温中止呕的功效,为温脾胃之药,没有疏肝解郁的功效(B错)。丁香具有温中降逆,散寒止痛,温肾助阳的功效,为治胃寒呕逆之要药,没有疏肝解郁的功效(D错)。小茴香具有散寒止痛,理气和胃的功效,能暖肝,并善理脾胃之气而开胃、止呕,没有疏肝解郁的功效(E错)。"} {"Question":"白豆蔻、肉豆蔻的共同功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温中行气"},{"key":"B","value":"涩肠止泻"},{"key":"C","value":"化湿行气"},{"key":"D","value":"温中止呕"},{"key":"E","value":"温肾助阳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查白豆蔻与肉豆蔻的功效。豆蔻又称白豆蔻,与肉豆蔻名虽相近,但功效差别较大。白豆蔻为化湿药,肉豆蔻为敛肺涩肠药。两者均可温中行气(A对),涩肠止泻为肉豆蔻的功效(B错),化湿行气为白豆蔻的功效(C错),温中止呕为白豆蔻功效(D错),两者均不能温肾助阳(E错)。"} {"Question":"补骨脂的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"摄涎止唾,温脾止泻"},{"key":"B","value":"摄涎止唾,固精缩尿"},{"key":"C","value":"温脾开胃,固精缩尿"},{"key":"D","value":"固精缩尿,暖肝和胃"},{"key":"E","value":"固精缩尿,温脾止泻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"补骨脂为补阳药,性味辛苦、温,归肾、脾经,具有补肾壮阳,固精缩尿,纳气平喘,温脾止泻;外用消风祛斑之功(E对),常用来治疗脾肾阳虚所致的腰膝酸软、遗尿遗精、阳痿不孕、五更泄泻等症。将补骨脂研沫,用酒调和外用可治疗白癜风、斑秃。"} {"Question":"下列除哪组外,均为治疗肝火目赤肿痛的药组","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"夏枯草、密蒙花"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆草、赤芍"},{"key":"C","value":"青葙子、决明子"},{"key":"D","value":"石决明、谷精草"},{"key":"E","value":"女贞子、枸杞子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"女贞子可用于治疗肝肾阴虚所致的目暗不明、视力减退;枸杞子可用于肝肾阴虚或精亏血虚导致的两目干涩、内障目昏(E对)。夏枯草、密蒙花均具有清热泻火、明目的的功效,均可用于治疗肝火上炎所致的目赤肿痛(A错)。龙胆草、赤芍均具有清热泻火、明目的功效,均可用于治疗肝火上炎所致的目赤肿痛(B错)。青葙子、决明子均具有清肝泻火、明目退翳的功效,均可以治疗肝火上炎所致的目赤肿痛(C错)。 石决明、谷精草均具有清肝泻火、明目的功效,均具有治疗肝火上炎所致的目赤肿痛(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗肝脾不和,胸胁腹痛,四肢挛急,首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莪术"},{"key":"B","value":"当归"},{"key":"C","value":"益母草"},{"key":"D","value":"熟地黄"},{"key":"E","value":"白芍"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"白芍的功效为养血调经,敛阴止汗,柔肝止痛,平抑肝阳。其酸敛肝阴,养血柔肝而止痛,治疗血虚肝郁,胁肋疼痛,白芍亦可以调肝理脾,柔肝止痛;若阴血亏虚,筋脉失养而致手足挛急作痛,常配伍甘草缓急止痛。故治疗肝脾不和,胸胁腹痛,四肢挛急,应首选白芍(E对)。莪术功效破血行气,消积止痛(A错)。当归功效补血活血,调经止痛,润肠通便(B错)。益母草功效活血调经,利尿消肿,清热解毒(C错)。熟地黄功效补血滋阴,益精填髓(D错)。"} {"Question":"甘草具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补气燥湿"},{"key":"B","value":"益气养阴"},{"key":"C","value":"生津养血"},{"key":"D","value":"托毒生肌"},{"key":"E","value":"润肺止咳"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题考查甘草的功效,属记忆内容。甘草味甘,性平;入心、肺、脾、胃经,具有补气益气,润肺止咳,缓急止痛,缓和药性的功效(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"下列选项属于麦冬功效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养阴生津,润肺清心"},{"key":"B","value":"补气养阴,健脾润肺"},{"key":"C","value":"补气养阴,润肺益肾"},{"key":"D","value":"养阴润燥,生津止渴"},{"key":"E","value":"养阴润燥,清肺生津"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"麦冬味甘、微苦,性微寒,归心、肺、胃经,具有养阴润肺,益胃生津,清心除烦的功效(A对)。甘寒养阴,能清养肺胃之阴而润燥;苦寒泄热入心,可清心除烦热而安神。滋燥补阴而不粘腻,偏于生津益肺胃。"} {"Question":"患者咳嗽痰多,痰白清稀,食少便溏近日下肢轻度浮肿,舌淡苔白,脉弱。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"党参"},{"key":"B","value":"薏苡仁"},{"key":"C","value":"山药"},{"key":"D","value":"白术"},{"key":"E","value":"黄精"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者咳嗽痰多,痰白清稀,食少便溏,下肢轻度浮肿,舌淡苔白,脉弱,为脾气不足,运化失健引起,治以健脾补气,燥湿利水。白术具有益气健脾,燥湿利水,止汗,安胎的功效,被誉为“脾脏补气健脾第一要药”(D对)。党参具有补脾肺气,补血,生津的功效,以补脾肺之气为主要作用,没有燥湿利水的功效(A错)。薏苡仁具有利水渗湿,健脾,除痹,清热排脓的功效,常用于脾虚湿盛之水肿腹胀,小便不利,利水之功较白术弱(B错),山药具有益气养阴,补脾肺肾,固精止带的功效,能补脾益气,滋养脾阴,用于脾气虚弱或气阴两虚证,没有燥湿利水的功效(C错)。黄精具有补气养阴,健脾,润肺,益肾的功效,主治脾胃气虚、倦怠乏力、食欲不振、脉象虚软者,没有燥湿利水的功效(E错)。"} {"Question":"两药合用,以一种药为主,另一种药为辅,辅药能提高主药疗效的配伍关系,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相使"},{"key":"B","value":"相杀"},{"key":"C","value":"相畏"},{"key":"D","value":"相反"},{"key":"E","value":"相恶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题主要考查中药七情配伍理论。相使即以一种药为主,另一种药为辅,辅药能提高主药功效(A对)。"} {"Question":"既杀虫消积,又润肺止咳的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"榧子"},{"key":"B","value":"使君子"},{"key":"C","value":"南瓜子"},{"key":"D","value":"苦楝皮"},{"key":"E","value":"牵牛子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"榧子的功效是杀虫消积,润肠通便,润肺止咳(A对)。使君子的功效是杀虫消积(B错)南瓜子的功效是杀虫(C错)。苦楝皮的功效是杀虫,疗廯(D错)。牵牛子的功效是泻下逐水,去积杀虫(E错)。"} {"Question":"甘遂的用法用量正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘遂入丸散;0.1~0.3g"},{"key":"B","value":"甘遂入丸散;0.5~1g"},{"key":"C","value":"甘遂入丸散;2~2.5g"},{"key":"D","value":"甘遂入汤散;3~10g"},{"key":"E","value":"甘遂入汤散;10~15g"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甘遂的用法用量是入丸、散服,每次0.5-1g。外用适量,生用。内服醋制用,以减低毒性(B对)。生甘遂作用较强,毒性亦较大,醋之后其泻下作用和毒性均有减低的药理作用。"} {"Question":"下列治疗巅顶痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"藁本"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"柴胡"},{"key":"D","value":"白芷"},{"key":"E","value":"羌活"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"藁本辛温香燥,性味俱升,善达巅顶,以发散太阳经风寒湿邪见长,并有较好的止痛作用,常用治太阳风寒,循经上犯,症见头痛、鼻塞、巅顶痛甚者,每与羌活、苍术、川芎等祛风湿、止痛药同用(A对)。川芎秉性升散,其能“上行头目”,既能活血行气止痛,又长于祛风止痛,为治头痛之要药(B错)。柴胡善治少阳经头痛,疼痛部位在侧头部(C错)。白芷辛散温通,长于止痛,且善入足阳明胃经,善治阳明头痛(D错)。羌活辛温发散,气味雄烈,善于升散发表,有较强的解表散寒,祛风胜湿,止痛之功,善治太阳经头痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属薄荷功效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏散风热"},{"key":"B","value":"疏肝行气"},{"key":"C","value":"清热凉血"},{"key":"D","value":"透疹利咽"},{"key":"E","value":"清利头目"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查薄荷的功效,属记忆内容。薄荷味辛性凉,归肺、肝经。其功效为疏散风热,清利头目,利咽透疹,疏肝行气(ABDE错C对)。"} {"Question":"痄腮兼便秘可用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菊花"},{"key":"B","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"C","value":"蔓荆子"},{"key":"D","value":"蝉蜕"},{"key":"E","value":"薄荷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牛蒡子辛、苦、寒,归肺、胃经,可疏散风热、宣肺透疹、解毒利咽,可治疗风热感冒,温病初起,咳嗽痰多;麻疹不透,风疹瘙痒;痈肿疮毒,丹毒,痄腮,咽喉肿痛等。其性偏滑利,兼滑肠通便,故痄腮兼便秘可用牛蒡子(B对)。"} {"Question":"茯苓的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利水渗湿,清热,除痹"},{"key":"B","value":"利水渗湿,消肿,散结"},{"key":"C","value":"利水渗湿,止咳,除痹"},{"key":"D","value":"利水渗湿,健脾,宁心"},{"key":"E","value":"利水渗湿,止呕,通乳"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查茯苓的功效,记忆即可。茯苓具有利水渗湿,健脾,宁心的功效(D对)。可用于水肿,痰饮,脾虚泄泻,心悸,失眠。"} {"Question":"金钱草具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清肺润燥"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺化痰"},{"key":"C","value":"泄热通便"},{"key":"D","value":"解毒消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"清热解暑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题考查金钱草的功效,属记忆内容。金钱草味甘、咸,性微寒;入肝、胆、肾、膀胱经;具有利湿退黄,利尿通淋,解毒消肿的功效(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"除特殊需要外,第一类精神药品的处方,每次不得超过多少日的常用量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1日"},{"key":"B","value":"3日"},{"key":"C","value":"5日"},{"key":"D","value":"7日"},{"key":"E","value":"14日"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"除特殊需要外,第一类精神药品的处方,每次不得超过多少日的常用量3日(B对)。"} {"Question":"对考核不合格时医师,县级以上卫生行政部门可以责令其暂停执业活动","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1个月至3个月"},{"key":"B","value":"3个月至6个月"},{"key":"C","value":"6个月至9个月"},{"key":"D","value":"1年"},{"key":"E","value":"2年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"对考核不合格时医师,县级以上卫生行政部门可以责令其暂停执业活动3个月至6个月(B对)。"} {"Question":"医师在执业活动中违反卫生行政规章制度或者技术操作规范,造成严重后果的责令暂停执业活动,暂停期限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3个月以上6个月以下"},{"key":"B","value":"半年至1年"},{"key":"C","value":"1年以上,1年半以下"},{"key":"D","value":"半年以上,3年以下"},{"key":"E","value":"6个月以上,2年以下"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医师在执业活动中违反卫生行政规章制度或者技术操作规范,造成严重后果的责令暂停执业活动,暂停期限为6个月以上1年以下(B对)。"} {"Question":"医师甲经执业医师注册,在某医疗机构执业。一年后,该医师受聘到另一医疗机构执业,其改变执业地点的行为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗机构允许即可"},{"key":"B","value":"应到准予注册的卫生行政部门办理变更注册手续"},{"key":"C","value":"无须经过准予注册的卫生行政部门办理变更注册手续"},{"key":"D","value":"任何组织和个人无权干涉"},{"key":"E","value":"只要其医术高明,就不受限制"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"《执业医师法》规定,取得医师资格的,可以向所在地县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门申请注册。医师变更执业地点、执业类别、执业范围等注册事项的,应当通过国家医师管理信息系统提交医师变更执业注册申请及省级以上卫生行政部门规定的其他材料。该医师经执业医师注册后在某医疗机构执医,一年后要去另一家医疗机构,改执业地点,他应到准予注册的卫生行政部门办理变更注册手续(B对)。"} {"Question":"李某,自费学医后自行开业,因违反诊疗护理常规致使患者死亡,追究其刑事责任的机关是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生行政部门"},{"key":"B","value":"工商行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗事故鉴定委员会"},{"key":"D","value":"管辖地人民政府"},{"key":"E","value":"管辖地人民法院"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"李某,自费学医,自行开业,其无行医资格,属于非法行医,且因违反诊疗护理常规致使患者死亡,李某需承担刑事责任,故追究其刑事责任的机关是管辖地人民法院(E对)。卫生行政部门(A错)、工商行政部门(B错)、医疗事故鉴定委员会(C错)、管辖地人民政府(D错)均为行政机关,只能行使行政处罚权利。"} {"Question":"医疗机构发生重大医疗事故,主管部门接到报告后应依据《医疗事故处理条例》,立即","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逐级报告"},{"key":"B","value":"组织人员对事故进行调查处理"},{"key":"C","value":"责令当事人书面检查"},{"key":"D","value":"赔偿损失"},{"key":"E","value":"提起诉讼"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医疗机构发生重大医疗事故,主管部门接到报告后应依据《医疗事故处理条例》,立即组织人员对事故进行调查处理(B对)。"} {"Question":"《突发公共事件应急条例》规定:突发事件应急工作应当遵循的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完善并建立监测与预警手段"},{"key":"B","value":"预防为主,常备不懈"},{"key":"C","value":"积极预防,认真报告"},{"key":"D","value":"及时调查,认真处理"},{"key":"E","value":"监测分析,综合评价"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》规定:突发事件应急工作应当遵循的原则是预防为主、常备不懈(B对),即提高全社会对突发公共卫生事件的防范意识,落实各项防范措施,做好人员、技术、物资和设备的应急储备工作。"} {"Question":"麻杏石甘汤中,石膏和麻黄比例是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"9:1"},{"key":"B","value":"8:1"},{"key":"C","value":"4:1"},{"key":"D","value":"2:1"},{"key":"E","value":"1:1"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤麻黄四两,石膏半斤也就是八两,石膏和麻黄的比例是2:1(D对)。九一丹中石膏九钱,黄灵药一钱,石膏和黄灵药的比为9:1(A错)。肾气丸中干地黄八两,附子一两,干地黄和附子的比例是8:1(B错)。大黄牡丹汤大黄四两、牡丹皮一两,大黄和牡丹的用量比为4:1(C错)。桂枝汤桂枝三两,芍药三两,桂枝和芍药的用量比是1:1(E错)。"} {"Question":"银翘散中体现“去性取用”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银花 连翘"},{"key":"B","value":"牛蒡子 薄荷"},{"key":"C","value":"荆芥穗 淡豆豉"},{"key":"D","value":"竹叶 芦根"},{"key":"E","value":"桔梗 甘草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"银翘散中去性取用的配伍为荆芥穗、淡豆豉。两药为辛温之药,但辛而不烈,温而不燥,配入辛凉解表方中,增强辛散透表之力,是为“去性取用”之法(C对)。银花、连翘既能疏散风热,清热解毒,又可辟秽化浊(A错)。牛蒡子、薄荷疏散风热,清利头目,解毒利咽(B错)。芦根、竹叶清热生津(D错)。桔梗开宣肺气而止咳利咽,甘草调和药性、护胃安中(E错)。"} {"Question":"止嗽散的功用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宣肺解表、止咳平喘"},{"key":"B","value":"宣肺利气、疏风止咳"},{"key":"C","value":"宣肺化痰、止咳定喘"},{"key":"D","value":"疏风清热、止咳化痰"},{"key":"E","value":"宣降肺气、化痰止咳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"止嗽散由百部、紫菀、白前、桔梗、甘草、荆芥、陈皮组成,方中紫菀、百部为君,止咳化痰;桔梗、白前一宣一降,以复肺气之宣降;荆芥疏风解表,陈皮行气化痰;甘草合桔梗利咽止咳,兼调和诸药;诸药相合,共奏宣肺利气,疏风止咳之功(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属麻黄汤证表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶寒发热"},{"key":"B","value":"鼻鸣干呕"},{"key":"C","value":"头身疼痛"},{"key":"D","value":"无汗而喘"},{"key":"E","value":"脉浮紧"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"麻黄汤证临床表现有恶寒发热,头身疼痛,无汗而喘,舌苔薄白,脉浮紧,无鼻鸣干呕是桂枝汤的临床表现(B对)。"} {"Question":"外感风寒,误用泻下剂后,发热头痛,汗出恶风,鼻鸣微喘,舌苔薄白,脉沉缓者,治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄汤"},{"key":"B","value":"桂枝汤"},{"key":"C","value":"麻黄加术汤"},{"key":"D","value":"桂枝加厚朴杏子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"石膏汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查常见的病症的辩证、处方。题中患者外感风寒,误用泻下剂后,发热头痛,汗出恶风,鼻鸣微喘,舌苔薄白,脉沉缓,证属风寒表证误用下剂后,表证未解而微喘者。麻黄汤为解表剂,具有发汗解表,宣肺平喘之功效。主治外感风寒表实证。恶寒发热,头身疼痛,无汗而喘,舌苔薄白,脉浮紧(A错)。桂枝汤为解表剂,具有辛温解表,解肌发表,调和营卫之功效。主治头痛发热,汗出恶风,鼻鸣干呕,苔白不渴,脉浮缓或浮弱者(B错)。麻黄加术汤主治外感寒湿,恶寒发热,身体烦疼,无汗不渴,饮食无味,苔白腻,脉浮紧者(C错)。桂枝加厚朴杏子汤主治宿有喘病,又感风寒而见桂枝汤证者;或风寒表证误用下剂后,表证未解而微喘者。肺失肃降之喘逆,加厚朴、杏仁降气平喘(D对)。石膏汤主治为伤寒表证未解,里热炽盛,故解表与清里兼顾。方中石膏清热除烦为君,麻黄、豆豉发汗解表为臣,黄连、黄柏、黄芩、栀子以泻三焦之火为佐。配合成方,发表而不助里热,清热而不失治表,洵为表里双解之良剂(E错)。"} {"Question":"乌梅丸可出现的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"久泻久痢"},{"key":"B","value":"渴欲饮冷"},{"key":"C","value":"赤多白少"},{"key":"D","value":"里急后重"},{"key":"E","value":"肛门灼热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查乌梅丸的主治。乌梅丸具有温脏安蛔的功效,主治脏寒蛔厥证,其临床表现为脘腹阵痛,烦闷呕吐,时发时止,得食则吐,甚则吐蛔,手足厥冷;或久泻久痢(A对)。渴欲饮冷是里热炽盛的表现(B错)。赤多白少(C错)、里急后重(D错)是热毒血痢的临床表现。肛门灼热是大肠湿热的临床表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"芍药汤与白头翁汤的组成中均含有的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"B","value":"黄连"},{"key":"C","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"D","value":"大黄"},{"key":"E","value":"秦皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查白头翁汤与芍药汤的药物组成。白头翁汤与芍药汤均为清热剂,芍药汤由芍药、槟郎、大黄、黄芩、黄连、当归、官桂、甘草、木香构成,白头翁汤由白头翁、黄连 、黄柏、秦皮构成,两者均含有的药物为黄连(B对)。黄芩仅为芍药汤的药物组成(A错)。黄柏仅为白头翁汤的药物组成(C错)。大黄仅为芍药汤的药物组成(D错)。秦皮仅为白头翁汤的药物组成(E错)。趣记:白头翁汤,白头翁秦二黄 [寓意] 白头翁擒二黄 。芍药汤,芩香连当官,大草药榔 [寓意] 秦香莲当官,大吵要郎。"} {"Question":"由生甘草梢、木通、生地黄、竹叶组成的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"玉女煎"},{"key":"B","value":"凉膈散"},{"key":"C","value":"导赤散"},{"key":"D","value":"清胃散"},{"key":"E","value":"犀角地黄汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查方剂的组成,由考点还原可知导赤散由生甘草梢、木通、生地黄、竹叶组成(C对)。玉女煎组成石膏、熟地、麦冬、知母、牛膝(A错)。凉膈散组成川大黄、朴硝、甘草、山栀子仁、薄荷、黄芪、连翘、蜂蜜(B错)。清胃散组成生地黄、当归身、牡丹皮、黄连、升麻(D错)。犀角地黄汤组成犀角、生地黄、芍药、牡丹皮(E错)。"} {"Question":"功用为泻火通便清上泄下的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"竹叶石膏汤"},{"key":"B","value":"黄连解毒汤"},{"key":"C","value":"凉膈散"},{"key":"D","value":"白虎汤"},{"key":"E","value":"大承气汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"功用为泻火通便清上泄下的方剂是凉膈散,主治上中二焦邪郁生热证,本方由脏腑积热聚于胸膈所致,为治疗上、中二焦火热炽盛的常用方(C对)。竹叶石膏汤功用清热生津,益气和胃(A错)。黄连解毒汤功用泻火解毒(B错)。白虎汤功用清热生津(D错)。大承气汤功用阳明腑实证,热结旁流证,里热实证之热厥、痉病或发狂(E错)。"} {"Question":"慢性痢疾属湿热积滞者,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"B","value":"乌梅丸"},{"key":"C","value":"香连丸"},{"key":"D","value":"枳实导滞丸"},{"key":"E","value":"健脾丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"香连丸中黄连,吴茱萸意在清热燥湿,木香以行气止痛。功效是清热燥湿,行气化滞。主治湿热痢疾(C对)。保和丸主治食滞胃脘证(A错)。乌梅丸主治脏寒蛔厥证(B错)。枳实导滞丸主治湿热食积证(D错)。健脾丸主治脾胃食积证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,30岁。烦热干渴,头痛,牙痛,牙龈出血,舌红苔黄而干。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"B","value":"泻白散"},{"key":"C","value":"白虎汤"},{"key":"D","value":"玉女煎"},{"key":"E","value":"左金丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查常见的病症的辩证、处方。题中患者烦热干渴,头痛,牙痛,牙龈出血,舌红苔黄而干,可辩证为胃热阴虚证。龙胆泻肝汤为清热剂,具有清脏腑热,清泻肝胆实火,清利肝经湿热之功效。主治肝胆实火上炎证。头痛目赤,胁痛,口苦,耳聋,耳肿,舌红苔黄,脉弦细有力;肝经湿热下注证。阴肿,阴痒,筋痿,阴汗,小便淋浊,或妇女带下黄臭等,舌红苔黄腻,脉弦数有力(A错)。泻白散为清热剂,具有清脏腑热,清泻肺热,止咳平喘之功效。主治肺热喘咳。气喘咳嗽,皮肤蒸热,日晡尤甚,舌红苔黄,脉细数(B错)。白虎汤为清热剂,具有清气分热,清热生津之功效。主治气分热盛证,壮热面赤,烦渴引饮,汗出恶热,脉洪大有力(C错)。玉女煎为清热剂,具有清脏腑热,清胃热,滋肾阴之功效。主治胃热阴虚证。头痛,牙痛,齿松牙衄,烦热干渴,舌红苔黄而干。亦治消渴,消谷善饥等(D对)。左金丸为清热剂,具有泻火,疏肝,和胃,止痛之功效。用于肝火犯胃,脘胁疼痛,口苦嘈杂,呕吐酸水,不喜热饮(E错)。"} {"Question":"风痰上扰头痛、眩晕,治宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消风散"},{"key":"B","value":"二陈汤"},{"key":"C","value":"川芎茶调散"},{"key":"D","value":"天麻钩藤饮"},{"key":"E","value":"半夏白术天麻汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查方剂的主治,属于理解记忆内容。“半夏白术天麻汤主治风痰上扰证,风痰上扰蒙蔽清阳,所以眩晕、头痛(E对)。消风散主治风疹、湿疹,不用于治疗风痰上扰头痛、眩晕(A错)。二陈汤主治湿痰证,不用于治疗风痰上扰头痛、眩晕(B错)。川芎茶调散主治外感风邪头痛,不用于治疗风痰上扰头痛、眩晕(C错)。天麻钩藤饮主治肝阳偏亢,肝风上扰证,不用于治疗风痰上扰头痛、眩晕(D错)。"} {"Question":"两臂酸痛或抽掣,不得上举,两手麻木,舌苔白腻,脉弦滑者,治宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"茯苓丸"},{"key":"B","value":"定痫丸"},{"key":"C","value":"地黄饮子"},{"key":"D","value":"补阳还五汤"},{"key":"E","value":"独活寄生汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"题中两臂酸痛或抽掣多为邪侵经络,结合舌苔白腻,脉弦滑可知为痰饮所致,而非风湿,为痰伏中脘,流注经络证。茯苓丸功能燥湿行气,软坚散结(A对)。定痫丸功能涤痰息风,开窍安神,主治风痰蕴热之痫病(B错)。地黄饮子功能滋肾阴,补肾阳,开窍化痰,主治下元虚衰,痰浊上泛之喑痱证(C错)。补阳还五汤功能补气,活血,通络,主治中风之气虚血瘀证(D错)。独活寄生汤功能祛风湿,止痹痛,益肝肾,补气血,主治痹证日久,肝肾两虚,气血不足证(E错)。"} {"Question":"真人养脏汤主治之久泻久痢的主要病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阳衰微"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃虚寒"},{"key":"C","value":"肠胃寒积"},{"key":"D","value":"脾肾虚寒"},{"key":"E","value":"肝肾虚寒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题考查真人养脏汤的主治病证的病机。真人养脏汤功能涩肠固脱,温补脾肾,为治疗脾肾虚寒所致的久泻久痢的常用方(D对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"香薷散的功用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛暑解表,化湿和中"},{"key":"B","value":"祛暑解表,清热化湿"},{"key":"C","value":"清暑解热,化气利湿"},{"key":"D","value":"清暑化湿,理气和中"},{"key":"E","value":"祛暑化湿,健脾和中"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该题考查香薷散的功用。香薷散为祛暑方剂,主治,因夏月乘凉饮冷,感受寒湿所致的阴暑。功能祛暑解表,化湿和中(A对)(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"天王补心丹中敛心气而安神的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丹参、五味子"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓、五味子"},{"key":"C","value":"远志、五味子"},{"key":"D","value":"人参、五味子"},{"key":"E","value":"酸枣仁、五味子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查天王补心丹的方解,属于理解记忆内容。五味子之酸以敛心气,安心神,符合题目要求,所以五味子正确。酸枣仁、柏子仁养心安神,酸枣仁之酸也可以敛心气(E对)。茯苓、远志养心安神,所以茯苓与远志在天王补心丹中发挥的作用相同,可以排除(BC错)。丹参清心活血,和补血药使补而不滞,则心血易生(A错)。人参补气以生血,并能安神益智(D错)。"} {"Question":"主治肝血不足,虚烦失眠的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸枣仁汤"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"C","value":"黄连温胆汤"},{"key":"D","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"E","value":"六味地黄丸合交泰丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"酸枣仁汤中酸枣仁养血补肝,宁心安神;茯苓宁心安神;知母滋阴润燥、清热除烦;川芎辛散,调肝血,疏肝气。川芎与酸枣仁相伍,寓散于收,补中有行,共奏养血调肝之功。甘草和中缓急,调和诸药。合而成方,共奏养血安神、清热除烦之功,主治肝血不足,虚热内扰之虚烦不眠证(A对)。龙胆泻肝汤主治肝胆实火上炎证和肝经湿热下注证(B错)。黄连温胆汤主治伤暑汗出,身不大热,烦闷欲呕,舌黄腻(C错)。归脾汤主治心脾心血两虚和脾不统血证(D错)。六味地黄丸合交泰丸主治不寐之心肾不交(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者心下痞满,不欲饮食,倦怠乏力,大便不调,舌淡苔白腻,脉沉弦。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"B","value":"健脾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"枳实消痞丸"},{"key":"D","value":"枳术丸"},{"key":"E","value":"木香槟榔丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者心下痞满,不欲饮食,倦怠乏力,大便不调,舌淡苔白腻,脉沉弦。因脾胃素虚,升降失职,寒热互结,气壅湿聚所致。方用枳实消痞丸。枳实行气消痞,厚朴行气除満,黄连清热燥湿而除痞,半夏散结而和胃,干姜温中散寒,麦芽消食和胃,人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草益气健脾,祛湿和中(C对)。保和丸方证因饮食不节,暴饮暴食所致。为治一切食积的常用方(A错)。健脾丸方证因脾虚胃弱,运化失常,食积停滞,郁而生热所致。为治脾虚食滞的常用方(B错)。枳术丸为健脾化积除痞之剂(D错)。木香槟榔丸多由饮食积滞内停,气机壅塞,郁而化热所致。(E错)。"} {"Question":"具有行气导滞、攻积泄热功用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舟车丸"},{"key":"B","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"C","value":"枳实消痞丸"},{"key":"D","value":"木香槟榔丸"},{"key":"E","value":"枳实导滞丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查方剂的功效,属记忆内容。木香槟榔丸主治,积滞内停,湿蕴生热。功用行气导滞、攻积泄热(D对)。记忆:木香槟榔青陈皮,黄柏黄连莪枳齐。大黄黑丑兼香附,热滞泻痢皆相宜。趣记:用茯苓,三黄二皮,(一)只鹅(枳莪)。"} {"Question":"保和丸的组成药物中含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"陈皮、甘草"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓、白术"},{"key":"C","value":"半夏、生姜"},{"key":"D","value":"神曲、银花"},{"key":"E","value":"山楂、连翘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查保和丸的药物组成。保和丸为消食剂,由山楂(焦),六神曲(炒),半夏(制),茯苓,陈皮,连翘,莱菔子(炒)组成(E对)。记忆:保和神曲与山楂,苓夏陈翘菔子加,炊饼为丸白汤下,消食和胃效堪夸。"} {"Question":"下列各项中不属于“八法”内容的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清法、补法"},{"key":"B","value":"和法、温法"},{"key":"C","value":"汗法、吐法"},{"key":"D","value":"下法、清法"},{"key":"E","value":"消法、通法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查八法的内容,属记忆内容。八法有汗、和、下、消、吐、清、温、补八法没有通法(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"关于反佐药内涵描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止病势拒药"},{"key":"B","value":"协调诸药之用"},{"key":"C","value":"降低君臣药之毒性"},{"key":"D","value":"减缓君臣药之烈性"},{"key":"E","value":"引方中诸药以达病所"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"佐药包括佐助药、佐制药和反佐药三种。反佐药,即根据某些病证之需,配伍少量与君药性味或作用相反而又能在治疗中起相成作用的药物,以防止药病格拒(A对),一般用量较轻;制约君、臣药的峻烈之性,或减轻或消除君、臣药毒性的药物是佐制药的作用(CD错);协调诸药,引方中诸药以达病所是使药的作用(BE错)。"} {"Question":"下列方剂组成药物中含有石膏与知母的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大定风珠"},{"key":"B","value":"消风散"},{"key":"C","value":"川芎茶调散"},{"key":"D","value":"地黄饮子"},{"key":"E","value":"羚角钩藤汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大定风珠功能滋阴息风,由生白芍、阿胶、生龟板、干地黄、火麻仁、五味子、生牡蛎、麦冬、炙甘草、鸡子黄、鳖甲组成(A错)。消风散功能疏风除湿,清热养血,由当归、生地、防风、蝉蜕、知母、苦参、胡麻、荆芥、苍术、牛蒡子、石膏、甘草、木通组成(B对)。川芎茶调散功能疏风止痛,由薄荷叶、川芎、荆芥、细辛、防风、白芷、羌活、甘草组成(C错)。地黄饮子功能滋肾阴,补肾阳,开窍化痰,由熟干地黄、巴戟天、山茱萸、石斛、肉苁蓉、附子、五味子、肉桂、白茯苓、麦门冬、菖蒲、远志组成(D错)。羚角钩藤汤功能凉肝息风,增液舒筋,由羚角片,桑叶,川贝母,生地黄,钩藤,菊花,茯神,生白芍,生甘草,淡竹茹(E错)。趣记:消风散 朱妈通知老高,当地竞产牛子裤风。――术麻通知老膏,当地荆蝉牛子苦风。"} {"Question":"治疗温热病后,神倦瘛疭,舌绎虚弱者,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚角钩藤汤"},{"key":"B","value":"天麻钩藤饮"},{"key":"C","value":"地黄饮子"},{"key":"D","value":"大定风珠"},{"key":"E","value":"镇肝熄风汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"治疗温热病后,神倦瘛疭,舌绎虚弱者。方用大定风珠,治温病后期,真阴大亏,虚风内动之常用方。鸡子黄、阿胶为血肉有情之品,滋阴养血,以息虚风;白芍、生地、麦冬滋阴柔肝;龟板、鳖甲、牡蛎滋阴潜阳,重镇息风;麻仁养阴润燥;五味子收敛真阴;炙甘草调和诸药(D对)。羚角钩藤汤为治疗肝经热盛动风的常用方(A错)。天麻钩藤饮为治疗肝阳偏亢,肝风上扰的常用方(B错)。地黄饮子为治疗肾虚喑痱的常用方(C错)。镇肝息风汤为治疗类中风之常用方(E错)。"} {"Question":"白术与苍术并用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健脾丸"},{"key":"B","value":"完带汤"},{"key":"C","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"D","value":"藿香正气散"},{"key":"E","value":"九味羌活汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该题考查完带汤的组成。完带汤功能补脾疏肝,化湿止带,由白术、山药、人参、白芍、车前子、苍术、甘草、陈皮、黑芥穗、柴胡组成(B对)。趣记:完带趁人少,借苍白山木柴车——完带陈人芍,芥苍白山(木)柴车。"} {"Question":"大补阴丸的组成药物中含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄精"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"C","value":"黄连"},{"key":"D","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"E","value":"黄芪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查大补阴丸的组成,属于记忆内容。大补阴丸由熟地黄、龟板、黄柏、知母、猪脊髓、蜜组成。黄精、黄芩、黄连、黄芪不是大补阴丸的组成药物(ABCE错)。黄柏为大补阴丸的药物组成(D对)。记忆:大补阴丸知柏黄,龟板脊髓蜜丸方,咳嗽咯血骨蒸热,阴虚火旺制阳亢。"} {"Question":"患者妊娠2个月,食少便软,面色萎白,语声低微,四肢乏力,舌质淡,脉细缓。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四物汤"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"C","value":"当归补血汤"},{"key":"D","value":"四君子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"八珍汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者妊娠2个月,食少便软,面色萎白,语声低微,四肢乏力,舌质淡,脉细缓。由脾胃气虚,运化乏力所致。方用四君子汤。人参益气、健脾养胃;白术健脾燥湿,加强益气助运之力;茯苓健脾渗湿;甘草益气和中,调和诸药(D对)。四物汤是补血调经的主方(A错)。归脾汤方证因思虑过度,劳伤心脾,气血亏虚所致。为治疗心脾气血两虚的常用方(B错)。当归补血汤证为劳倦内伤,血虚气弱,阳气浮越所致。为补气生血的基础方(C错)。八珍汤所治气血两虚证多由久病失治、或病后失调、或失血过多而致(E错)。"} {"Question":"四物汤的主治证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气衰血少"},{"key":"B","value":"劳倦内伤"},{"key":"C","value":"冲任虚损"},{"key":"D","value":"郁怒伤肝"},{"key":"E","value":"阴精亏虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"四物汤方证由营血亏虚,血行不畅,冲任虚损所致(C对)。本方为补血调经的基础方。本方配伍动静相宜,补血而不滞血,行血而不 伤血,温而不燥,滋而不腻,为补血调血的良方。"} {"Question":"参苓白术散的主治病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾虚湿盛证"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃气虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"脾虚气陷证"},{"key":"D","value":"心脾两虚证"},{"key":"E","value":"脾肾两虚证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"参苓白术散中人参、白术、茯苓益气健脾渗湿为君。配伍山药、莲子肉助君药以健脾益气,兼能止泻;白扁豆、薏苡仁助白术、茯苓以健脾渗湿,共为臣药。佐以砂仁醒脾和胃,行气化滞。桔梗宣肺利气,通调水道,又能载药上行,培土生金;炒甘草健脾和中,调和诸药,共为佐使。故诸药共奏健脾祛湿之效,主治脾虚湿盛证(A对)。四君子汤主治脾胃气虚证(B错)。补中益气汤主治脾虚气陷证(C错)。归脾汤主治心脾两虚证(D错)。脾肾阳虚之泄泻首选四神丸;脾肾气虚、冲脉不固证首选固冲汤(E错)。"} {"Question":"大补阴丸治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风热伤络证"},{"key":"B","value":"血热妄行证"},{"key":"C","value":"气不摄血证"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚火旺证"},{"key":"E","value":"气滞血瘀证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"大补阴丸方证主要是由肝肾亏虚,真阴不足,虚火上炎所致,功用滋阴降火,主治阴虚火旺证,为治疗阴虚火旺证的基础方(D对)。"} {"Question":"温脾汤的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温脾暖胃、攻逐冷积"},{"key":"B","value":"温肾暖脾、攻逐冷积"},{"key":"C","value":"温补脾肾、攻逐冷积"},{"key":"D","value":"温补脾阳、荡涤胃肠"},{"key":"E","value":"温补脾阳、攻下寒积"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"温脾汤方含大黄、芒硝可泻下冷积;附子、干姜可温中;当归养血润燥,一方面可润肠助泻下,一方面可防泻下伤正;甘草调和诸药,诸药合用,可攻下冷积,温补脾阳(E对)。"} {"Question":"老年肾虚患者,大便秘结,小便清长头目眩晕,腰膝痠软。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾气丸"},{"key":"B","value":"济川煎"},{"key":"C","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"D","value":"地黄饮子"},{"key":"E","value":"六味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查常见的病症的辩证、处方。题中患者老年肾虚患者,大便秘结,小便清长头目眩晕,腰膝痠软,可辩证为肾阳虚弱,精津不足证。肾气丸为补益剂,具有补肾助阳之功效。主治肾阳不足证。腰痛脚软,身半以下常有冷感,少腹拘急,小便不利,或小便反多,入夜尤甚,阳痿早泄,舌淡而胖,脉虚弱,尺部沉细或沉弱而迟,以及痰饮,水肿,消渴,脚气,转胞等(A错)。济川煎为泻下剂,润下,具有温肾益精,润肠通便之功效。主治肾阳虚弱,精津不足证。大便秘结,小便清长,腰膝酸软,头目眩晕,舌淡苔白,脉沉迟(B对)。真武汤为祛湿剂,具有温阳利水之功效。主治阳虚水泛证。畏寒肢厥,小便不利,心下悸动不宁,头目眩晕,身体筋肉瞤动,站立不稳,四肢沉重疼痛,浮肿,腰以下为甚;或腹痛,泄泻;或咳喘呕逆。舌质淡胖,边有齿痕,舌苔白滑,脉沉细(C错)。地黄饮子,为补益剂,具有滋肾阴,补肾阳,开窍化痰之功效。主治下元虚衰,痰浊上泛之喑痱证。舌强不能言,足废不能用,口干不欲饮,足冷面赤,脉沉细弱(D错)。六味地黄丸为补益剂,具有滋阴补肾之功效。用于肾阴亏损,头晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精,消渴(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗实水一身悉肿,腹胀喘满,二便不利,脉沉实有力者,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五苓散"},{"key":"B","value":"五皮散"},{"key":"C","value":"实脾散"},{"key":"D","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"E","value":"十枣汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"治疗实水一身悉肿,腹胀喘满,二便不利,脉沉实有力者。方用十枣汤。为泻下逐水的代表方。是治疗悬饮及阳水实证的基础方。甘遂善行经隧水湿,大戟泄脏腑水湿,芫花消胸胁伏饮痰癖,大枣缓和诸药毒性、益气护胃,减少药后反应、培土制水,邪正兼顾(E对)。五苓散为利水化气之剂(A错)。五皮散为治皮水之常用方(B错)。实脾散为治疗脾肾阳虚水肿之常用方(C错)。真武汤为温阳利水之基础方(D错)。记忆:十枣逐水效甚夸,大戟甘遂与芫花,悬饮内停胸胁在,水肿腹胀用无差。"} {"Question":"方中大黄先煎,取其“上者治宜缓”的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄牡丹汤"},{"key":"B","value":"大承气汤"},{"key":"C","value":"大陷胸汤"},{"key":"D","value":"大黄附子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"温脾汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"方中大黄先煎,取其“上者治宜缓”的方剂是大陷胸汤,大黄、芒硝荡涤肠胃,泻结泄热,软坚散结。生大黄先煎,他药后入,也是取其久煎缓荡邪热,配芒硝、甘遂使水热之邪从肠腑而下,三药共奏“泻热逐水”之功。(C对)。大黄牡丹汤大黄、牡丹皮、桃仁、冬瓜仁一起水煎,后内芒硝(A错)。大承气汤先煎厚朴、枳实,后下大黄,芒硝(B错)。大黄附子汤中大黄、附子、细辛水煎服(D错)。温脾汤中大黄与其他六味药一起水煎服(E错)。"} {"Question":"手足不温,腹痛,泄利下重,脉弦者,治宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健脾丸"},{"key":"B","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"C","value":"四逆散"},{"key":"D","value":"痛泻要方"},{"key":"E","value":"葛根黄芩黄连汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查四逆散的主治病证。手足不温,腹痛,泄利下重,脉弦为阳郁厥逆证,是因外邪传经入里,气机郁遏,不得疏泄,导致阳气内郁,不能达于四末的假外寒证。健脾丸功能健脾和胃,消食止泻,主治脾虚食积证(A错)。保和丸功能消食和胃,主治食滞胃脘证(B错)。四逆散功能透邪解郁,疏肝理脾主治阳郁厥逆证和肝脾气郁证(C对)。痛泻要方功能补脾柔肝,祛湿止泻,主治脾虚肝旺之痛泻(D错)。葛根黄芩黄连汤功能解表清里,主治协热下利。(E错)。"} {"Question":"小柴胡汤可用于治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少阳湿热证"},{"key":"B","value":"寒热互结"},{"key":"C","value":"热入血室"},{"key":"D","value":"黄疸见大便秘结"},{"key":"E","value":"痰湿内阻膜原"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小柴胡汤可用于治疗热入血室证。若妇人经期,感受风邪,邪热内传,热与血结,血热瘀滞,疏泄失常,则经水不当断则断,寒热发作有时(C对)。少阳湿热证是少阳经脉感受湿热之邪(A错)。寒热互结指中气虚弱,寒热错杂,虚实并见(B错)。黄疸见大便秘结由邪热入里,与脾湿相合,气机受阻所致(D错)。痰湿内阻膜原为痰湿阻滞在阳明半表半里之间(E错)。"} {"Question":"大柴胡汤中配伍黄芩的用意是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"和解清热"},{"key":"B","value":"清热燥湿"},{"key":"C","value":"清热止血"},{"key":"D","value":"清热安胎"},{"key":"E","value":"凉血解毒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查大柴胡汤的方解,属理解内容。方中重用柴胡为君药,配臣药黄芩和解清热(A对),以除少阳之邪。大柴胡汤主治,少阳阳明合病。柴胡和黄芩配伍来自小柴胡汤,除少阳之热。"} {"Question":"下列方剂中主治阳虚水泛的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苓桂术甘汤"},{"key":"B","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"C","value":"实脾散"},{"key":"D","value":"防己黄芪汤"},{"key":"E","value":"猪苓汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"真武汤方含茯苓、芍药、白术、生姜、附子,可温阳利水,主治阳虚水泛证(B对)、太阳病发汗太过,阳虚水泛证。苓桂术甘汤主治中阳不足之痰饮正(A错)。实脾散主治脾肾阳虚,水气内停之阴水(C错)。防己黄芪汤主治表虚风水或风湿(D错)。猪苓汤主治水热互结伤阴证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者肩背疼不可回顾,头痛身重,腰脊疼痛,舌苔白,脉浮。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独活寄生汤"},{"key":"B","value":"三仁汤"},{"key":"C","value":"小青龙汤"},{"key":"D","value":"羌活胜湿汤"},{"key":"E","value":"麻黄汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者肩背疼不可回顾,头痛身重,腰脊疼痛,舌苔白,脉浮。多由汗出当风,或久居湿地,风湿之邪侵袭肌表所致。为风湿在表证,方用羌活胜湿汤,常用祛风胜湿止痛。羌活、独活祛风胜湿,通利关节,防风、藁本祛风胜是,止头痛。川芎活血行气,祛风止痛;蔓荆子祛风止痛,甘草调和诸药(D对)。独活寄生汤为治疗久痹而肝肾两虚,气血不足之常用方(A错)。三仁汤为治疗湿温初起,邪在气分,湿重于热的常用方剂(B错)。小青龙汤主治外感风寒,寒饮内停之证(C错)。麻黄汤证为外感风寒,肺气失宣所致。为外感风寒证的基础方(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者痰多胸闷,心烦口苦,舌苔黄腻脉滑数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄连温胆汤"},{"key":"B","value":"导痰汤"},{"key":"C","value":"六磨汤"},{"key":"D","value":"胃苓汤"},{"key":"E","value":"二陈汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"多种原因导致胆失疏泄,气郁生痰,痰阻胸肺所以痰多胸闷,心烦;胆失疏泄胆汁外溢口苦;舌脉为痰热的征象(A对)。导痰汤主治痰厥证(B错)。六磨汤治气滞腹痛,大便秘结而有热者(C错)。胃苓汤主治脾湿过盛,浮肿泄泻,呕吐黄疸,小便不利(D错)。二陈汤主治湿痰证。咳嗽痰多,色白易咯,恶心呕吐,胸膈痞闷,肢体困重,或头眩心悸,舌苔白滑或腻,脉滑(E错)。"} {"Question":"玉液汤的君药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山药、知母"},{"key":"B","value":"山药、黄芪"},{"key":"C","value":"知母、葛根"},{"key":"D","value":"五味子、天花粉"},{"key":"E","value":"鸡内金、天花粉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"生山药补脾固肾以止小便频数,润肺生津而止口渴,以黄芪升阳益气,助脾气上升,复其散精达肺之职,二者共为君药(B对)。知母、天花粉为臣药,滋阴润肺止渴(ABDE错)。鸡内金为佐药助脾运化(E错)。葛根为佐药升脾中清阳,五味子敛阴生津为佐药。"} {"Question":"嫩红。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"百合固金汤"},{"key":"B","value":"养阴清肺汤"},{"key":"C","value":"养胃增液汤"},{"key":"D","value":"麦味地黄丸"},{"key":"E","value":"知柏地黄丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿口腔内反复见白屑样物,拭之不去,形体瘦弱,面白颧红,舌质嫩红是白喉证的表现,多由素体阴虚蕴热,复感燥气疫毒时邪所致,治以养阴清肺,解毒利咽,故用养阴清肺汤(B对)。百合固金汤主治肺肾阴亏,虚火上炎证(A错)。养胃增液汤主治小儿厌食(C错)。麦味地黄丸主治肺肾阴虚证(D错)。知柏地黄丸主治肝肾阴虚,虚火上炎证(E错)。"} {"Question":"百合固金汤所治阴虚证的主要脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺肾"},{"key":"B","value":"肝胃"},{"key":"C","value":"心肝"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃"},{"key":"E","value":"肺胃"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"百合固金汤证乃由肺肾阴虚,虚火上炎所致(A对)。肺失濡润,火伤血络,故咳嗽气喘、痰中带血;阴精不足,头目失养,故头晕目眩;阴虚则生内热,故午后潮热、骨蒸盗汗;喉为肺系,肾脉挟咽,肺肾阴亏,津液不能上潮咽喉,加之虚火上攻,故咽喉燥痛,舌红少苔、脉细数,为阴虚内热之象。治宜滋养肺肾之阴,止咳祛痰。"} {"Question":"大柴胡汤的功用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"和解少阳、内泻热结"},{"key":"B","value":"和胃降逆、开结除痞"},{"key":"C","value":"清胆利湿、和胃化痰"},{"key":"D","value":"寒热平调、消痞散结"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴清热、养血安神"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"大柴胡汤中柴胡为君,疏解少阳之邪。黄芩清泄少阳郁热,与柴胡相伍,和解清热,以解少阳之邪。大黄、枳实泻热通腑,行气破结,内泻阳明热结。芍药缓急止痛,与大黄相配可治腹中实痛,合枳实能调和气血,以除心下满痛;半夏和胃降逆,辛开散结;配伍生姜,既增止呕之功,又解半夏之毒。大枣和中益气,与生姜相配,调脾胃、和营卫,并调和诸药。诸药合用,既不悖少阳禁下原则,又可和解少阳、内泻热结(A对),使少阳与阳明之邪得以分解。"} {"Question":"主治脾虚寒湿气滞应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枳实消痞丸"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏厚朴汤"},{"key":"C","value":"厚朴温中汤"},{"key":"D","value":"理中丸"},{"key":"E","value":"平胃散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脾虚寒湿气滞证即脾阳虚,寒湿内生,阻滞气机,故当治以温中散寒,祛湿,行气。厚朴温中汤中厚朴辛苦温燥,行气燥湿除满为君药。草豆蔻辛温芳香,温中散寒,燥湿运脾为臣药。陈皮、木香行气宽中,助厚朴消胀除满;干姜、生姜温脾暖胃,助草豆蔻散寒止痛; 茯苓渗湿健脾,均为佐药。甘草益气和中,调和诸药,功兼佐使。诸药共奏行气除满,温中燥湿之功,主治脾胃寒湿气滞证(C对)。枳实消痞丸功用为消痞除满,健脾和胃,主治脾虚气滞,寒热互结证(A错)。半夏厚朴汤功用为行气散结,降逆化痰,主治梅核气(B错)。理中丸功用为温中祛寒,补气健脾(D错)。平胃散功用为燥湿运脾,行气和胃,主治湿滞脾胃证(E错)。"} {"Question":"苏子降气汤组成中不包含的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"C","value":"前胡"},{"key":"D","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"E","value":"葶苈子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查苏子降气汤的组成。苏子降气汤为理气剂中的降气剂由紫苏子、半夏、当归、甘草、前胡、厚朴、肉桂组成(ABCD错)。葶苈子不属于苏子降气汤的药物组成(E对)。记忆:苏大官盛夏前后归国。―苏大官生夏前厚归国。"} {"Question":"下列各项中,属于四逆汤主治病证临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神衰欲寐"},{"key":"B","value":"脐腹疼痛"},{"key":"C","value":"心下满痛"},{"key":"D","value":"泄利下重"},{"key":"E","value":"烦躁欲死"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"四逆汤为回阳救逆的基础方,临床应用以四肢厥逆,神衰欲寐,面色苍白,脉微细为辨证要点,主治心肾阳衰寒厥证(A对)。"} {"Question":"回阳救急汤除回阳救急外,还具有的功用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气养阴"},{"key":"B","value":"养血通脉"},{"key":"C","value":"益气生脉"},{"key":"D","value":"活血止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"养血敛阴"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查回阳救急汤的功用,属记忆内容。回阳救急汤功用回阳固脱,益气生脉”(C对)。本方治疗寒邪直中三阴,真阳衰微,无养阴之功(A错)。本方是回阳通脉而无养血之功(BD错)。本方无淤血之症状不需活血止痛(C错)。"} {"Question":"四肢厥逆,恶寒蜷卧,呕吐不渴,腹痛下利,神衰欲寐,舌苔白滑,脉微细者,治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四逆汤"},{"key":"B","value":"当归四逆汤"},{"key":"C","value":"回阳救急汤"},{"key":"D","value":"右归丸"},{"key":"E","value":"大建中汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查常见的病症的辩证、处方。题中四肢厥逆,恶寒蜷卧,呕吐不渴,腹痛下利,神衰欲寐,舌苔白滑,脉微细者,证属心肾阳衰寒厥证。四逆汤为温里剂,主治心肾阳衰寒厥证。四肢厥逆,恶寒蜷卧,神衰欲寐,面色苍白腹痛下利,呕吐不渴,舌苔白滑,脉微细(A对)。当归四逆汤为温里剂,具有温经散寒,养血通脉之功效。主治血虚寒厥证。手足厥寒,或腰、股、腿、足、肩臂疼痛,口不渴,舌淡苔白,脉沉细或细而欲绝(B错)。回阳救急汤为温里剂,具有回阳固脱,益气生脉之功效。主治寒邪直中三阴,真阳衰微证。四肢厥冷,神衰欲寐,恶寒蜷卧,吐泻腹痛,口不渴,甚则身寒战栗,或指甲口唇青紫,或吐涎沫,舌淡苔白,脉沉微,甚或无脉。临床常用于急性胃肠炎吐泻过多、休克、心力衰竭等属亡阳欲脱者(C错)。右归丸为补益剂,具有温补肾阳,填精止遗之功效。用于肾阳不足,命门水衰,腰膝酸冷,精神不振,怯寒畏冷,阳痿遗精,大便溏薄,尿频而清(D错)。大建中汤为温里剂,具有温中补虚,降逆止痛之功效。主治中阳衰弱,阴寒内盛之脘腹剧痛证。心胸中大寒痛,呕不能食,腹中寒,上冲皮起,出见有头足,上下痛而不可触近,手足厥冷,舌质淡,苔白滑,脉沉伏而迟(E错)。"} {"Question":"大建中汤的功用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温中补虚,理气健脾"},{"key":"B","value":"温中补虚,和里缓急"},{"key":"C","value":"温中补虚,降逆止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"温中补虚,降逆止呕"},{"key":"E","value":"温中补虚,散寒止痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题考查大建中汤的功用。大建中汤功能温中补虚,降逆止痛,主治,中阳衰弱,阴寒内盛之脘腹剧痛证.大建中汤中的蜀椒,干姜为辛甘之品温建中阳,人参用来补虚,此方有降逆止呕的作用。(C对)。"} {"Question":"不属于补阳还五汤组成药物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"B","value":"当归尾"},{"key":"C","value":"赤芍"},{"key":"D","value":"地龙"},{"key":"E","value":"生地"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查方剂的组成,补阳还五汤组成有黄芪(A错)、当归尾(B错)、赤芍(C错)、地龙(D错)、川芎、红花、桃仁。没有生地(E对)。"} {"Question":"血府逐瘀汤组成中含有的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归,枳壳"},{"key":"B","value":"当归,人参"},{"key":"C","value":"人参,川芎"},{"key":"D","value":"当归,苍术"},{"key":"E","value":"山药,白术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查血府逐瘀汤的组成,记忆即可。血府逐瘀汤由桃仁、红花、当归、生地黄、牛膝、川芎、桔梗、赤芍、枳壳、甘草、柴胡组成(A对)。趣记:桃红四物+枳柴桔+牛膝。"} {"Question":"血府逐瘀汤中的臣药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桃仁 红花"},{"key":"B","value":"赤芍 川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"生地 当归"},{"key":"D","value":"桔梗 枳壳"},{"key":"E","value":"柴胡 甘草"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血府逐瘀汤中的臣药是赤芍、川芎助君药活血祛瘀(B对)。桃仁破血行滞而润燥,红花活血祛瘀以止痛,共为君药(A错)。生地、当归养血益阴,清热活血,为佐药(C错)。桔梗、枳壳,一升一降,宽胸行气为佐药(D错)。柴胡疏肝解郁,升达清阳为佐药,甘草调和诸药为使药(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均是玉门的别称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胞门"},{"key":"B","value":"阴门"},{"key":"C","value":"产门"},{"key":"D","value":"子门"},{"key":"E","value":"龙门"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"玉门即阴道口。古代根据婚嫁、产与未产的不同,对阴道口又冠以不同的命名,已产属胞门(A对)。廷孔又称为产门,而妇人产门,其处子曰阴门。廷孔是玉门最早的名称,故(BC对)。子门为子宫颈口(D错,为本题正确答案)。古人根据产与未产将未产称为龙门(E对)。"} {"Question":"经期延长阴虚血热证的发病机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴虚失守,冲任不固"},{"key":"B","value":"肝郁气滞,疏泄失常"},{"key":"C","value":"肾阴不足,封藏失职"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚内热,热扰冲任"},{"key":"E","value":"湿热下注,血热妄行"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"血热证包括虚热证和实热证。阴虚内热,热扰冲任,冲任不固,经血失约,故经行时间延长(D对)。阴为阳之守,阴气亏虚,阳气内动,冲任不固,而致经间期出血(A错)。郁怒伤肝,疏泄失常,冲任失调,血海蓄溢无常致月经先后不定期(B错)。肾阴不足,精血亏虚,冲任血虚,血海不能按时满溢,可致月经后期、月经过少、闭经等(C错)。脾胃虚弱,不能运化水谷精微以生血,反聚而生湿,湿邪蕴而生热,湿热下注,血热妄行,致出血,属经间期出血之湿热证(E错)。"} {"Question":"阳盛血热证月经先期的首选方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丹栀逍遥散"},{"key":"B","value":"两地汤"},{"key":"C","value":"清热固经汤"},{"key":"D","value":"保阴煎"},{"key":"E","value":"清经散"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"月经先期阳盛血热证,治法清热凉血调经 用清经散(E对)。月经先期肝郁血热证,治法疏肝清热,凉血调经用丹栀逍遥散(A错)。月经先期阴虚血热证,治法养阴清热调经,用两地汤(B错)。清热固经汤主治崩漏血实热证(C错)。保阴煎主治胎漏、胎动不安之血热证(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,30岁,已婚。月经先后无定期,质稀、量少,腰痛,头晕,舌淡少苔,脉沉细尺弱。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝郁"},{"key":"B","value":"肝血不足"},{"key":"C","value":"阴虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾虚"},{"key":"E","value":"气血虚弱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者月经先后无定期,质稀量少是因为,肾气亏损,阴阳两虚,阴不足则经血少,阳不足则经色淡、质清稀,腰痛头晕则主要是因为肾气不足,气不化精,无法荣养腰府,上滋头目(D对)。肝郁证除月经先后无定期及经量色质的改变之外,会伴有胸胁乳房少腹胀痛,脘闷不舒,时叹息,嗳气食少的证候(A错)。"} {"Question":"头晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固阴煎"},{"key":"B","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"大补元煎"},{"key":"D","value":"左归丸"},{"key":"E","value":"归肾丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"崩漏是月经的周期、经期、经量发生严重失常的病证,是指经血非时暴下不止或淋漓不尽,前者谓之崩中,后者谓之漏下,故“经乱无期,出血淋漓不尽”属于漏下。肾阴亏虚,冲任失守,故经乱无期,淋漓不尽。阴虚则内热,故出现血色鲜红,质稍稠。肾阴亏虚,不能上达头窍,故出现头晕,肾开窍于耳,肾阴亏虚则耳鸣。腰为肾之府,肾精亏虚则出现腰膝酸软。崩漏之肾阴虚首选左归丸合二至丸以滋肾益阴,固冲止血(D对)。固阴煎补肾益气,固冲调经,用以治疗月经先期之肾气虚证(A错)。六味地黄丸补肾阴,为干扰选项(B错)。大补元煎长于大补元气,益精养血,用于治疗月经后期之血虚证,妊娠贫血之肝肾不足(C错)。归肾丸补肾兼顾肝脾,重在益精养血,用以治疗月经过少之肾虚证(E错)。"} {"Question":"清热固经汤适合于下列哪型崩漏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚热"},{"key":"B","value":"实热"},{"key":"C","value":"肾阴虚"},{"key":"D","value":"血瘀"},{"key":"E","value":"脾虚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"崩漏虚热证治宜养阴清热,固冲止血,方选上下相资汤(A错)。崩漏实热证治宜清热凉血,固冲止血,方选清热固经汤(B对)。崩漏肾阴虚证治宜滋肾益阴,固冲止血,方选左归丸合二至丸或滋阴固气丸(C错)。崩漏血瘀证治宜活血化瘀,固冲止血,方选逐瘀止血汤或将军斩关汤(D错)。崩漏脾虚证治宜补气摄血,固冲止崩,方选固本止崩汤(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,27岁,已婚。经来量多,周期23天,经期7天,妇科检查示子宫前位,如鸡蛋大小,质中,双侧附件(一)。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血崩"},{"key":"B","value":"经乱"},{"key":"C","value":"月经先期"},{"key":"D","value":"癥瘕出血"},{"key":"E","value":"月经过多"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"月经正常周期为21-35天,经期为3-7天,患者周期23天,周期7天,属于正常,患者经量增多,经量明显增多,而周期正常者为月经过多(E对)。血崩即指崩中,崩中为月经周期、经期、经量发生严重失常的病证,是指经血非时暴下不止(A错)。经乱即指月经先后无定期,是指月经周期时或提前时或延后7天以上,连续3个周期以上者(B错)。月经先期是指月经周期提前7天以上,甚至10余日一行,连续2个周期以上者(C错)。癥瘕是指妇人下腹结块,伴有或胀、或痛、或满、或异常出血者,癥瘕多见月经量多,经期延长,子宫增大,患者子宫大小正常(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,46岁,已婚。经来无期,现已持续20天未止,开始量多,现淋漓不尽,色淡、质稀,腰酸腿软,溲频清冷,舌淡苔白,脉沉细,应予止血调经。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温肾固冲"},{"key":"B","value":"滋水益阴"},{"key":"C","value":"补气养血"},{"key":"D","value":"健脾益气"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴固肾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者经来无期,现已持续20天未止,开始量多,现淋漓不尽,故诊断为崩漏。经来无期,持续20多天未止,量多,淋漓不尽为肾阳虚衰,阳不摄阴,封藏失司,冲任不固所致,肾阳虚衰血失温煦,故色淡、质稀,肾阳虚,气化失职,肾气不固,故腰膝酸软,溲频清冷。舌淡太白,脉沉细为阳气虚衰之象,故辨为肾阳虚证,治宜温肾益气,固冲止血,故其治法为温肾固冲(A对)。滋水益阴为阴虚的治法(B错)。补气养血为气血两虚的治法(C错)。健脾益气为脾气虚的治法(D错)。滋阴固肾为肾阴虚的治法(E错)。"} {"Question":"绝经前后诸证肾阳虚的表现不包括以下","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面色晦暗,精神萎靡"},{"key":"B","value":"形寒肢冷,面浮肢肿"},{"key":"C","value":"小便频数,大便溏薄"},{"key":"D","value":"舌淡苔薄,脉沉细无力"},{"key":"E","value":"月经周期紊乱,量少色红"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"绝经前后诸证肾阳虚证候分析:肾虚封藏失职,冲任不固,不能制约经血,则月经量多,经色黯淡(E错),肾阳虚疲,命门火衰,阳气不能外达,经脉失于温煦,故面色晦暗,精神萎靡(A对)肾阳虚,失于温煦,膀胱气化无力,则小便清长,夜尿频多(C对)水湿内停,泛溢肌肤则面浮肢肿(B对)舌淡,或胖嫩边有齿痕,苔薄白,脉细弱皆为肾阳虚衰之象(D对)。"} {"Question":"虚性妇人腹痛与痛经的共同病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冲任虚衰,胞脉失于濡养,不荣则痛"},{"key":"B","value":"冲任阻滞,胞脉失畅,不通则痛"},{"key":"C","value":"肝血不足,冲任失荣"},{"key":"D","value":"肾阳虚衰,胞脉失于温煦"},{"key":"E","value":"气血亏虚,冲任失养"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"妇人腹痛虚证病情缠绵难愈,耗伤气血,冲任虚衰,胞宫失养;痛经虚证不荣则痛,故二者共同病机为冲任虚衰,胞宫失养,不荣则痛(A对)。冲任阻滞,胞脉失畅,不通则痛是实证病机(B错)。痛经虚证的病因病机包括气血虚弱、肾气亏损;妇人腹痛虚证病机包括湿热瘀阻,气滞血瘀,寒湿凝滞,气虚血瘀。故肝血不足,冲任失荣;肾阳虚衰,胞脉失于温煦;气血亏虚,冲任失养不是二者共同的病因病机(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"经间期出血具有而赤带不具有的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"持续时间较长"},{"key":"B","value":"接触性出血史"},{"key":"C","value":"明显的周期性"},{"key":"D","value":"反复发作"},{"key":"E","value":"可见宫颈糜烂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"经间期出血有明显的周期性,大多出现在月经周期的第10~16天,一般可自行停止;赤带在月经周期任何一个时间段均可能出血,无周期性(C对),出血量少,持续时间长或反复发作(AD错),妇科检查常见宫颈糜烂(E错)、宫颈赘生物或子宫、附件区压痛明显。"} {"Question":"患者经行量多,色淡红,四肢倦怠,气短懒言,舌淡,脉细数,其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳盛血热证"},{"key":"B","value":"气虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"血虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"气滞血瘀证"},{"key":"E","value":"肾虚证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者经行量多,色淡红,四肢倦怠,气短懒言,舌淡,脉细数,可诊断为月经过多气虚证。气虚则冲任不固,经血失于制约,故经行量多;气虚火衰不能化血为赤,故经色淡红,质稀;气虚中阳不振,故神疲肢倦,气短懒言,气虚失于升提,故小腹空坠,面色晄白,舌淡,脉细弱均为气虚之征(B对)。月经过多血热证表现为经行量多,色鲜红或深红,质黏稠,伴口渴心烦,尿黄便结,舌红苔黄脉滑数(A错)。月经过多血瘀证的表现为经行量多,色紫黯有血块,经行腹痛,舌质暗或有瘀点,脉涩(D错)。血虚(C错)、肾虚(E错)会导致月经过少。"} {"Question":"痛经气血虚弱证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"理气化瘀止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"温经暖宫止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"益气养血止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清热除湿,化瘀止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"益肾养肝止痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"气血不足,冲任益虚,胞宫失养,不荣则痛,治当益气养血止痛(C对)。肝失调达,冲任气血郁滞,经血不利,不通则痛,治疗当理气化瘀止痛(A错)。肾阳亏虚,冲任失煦,不荣则痛,治当温经暖宫止痛(B错)。脾气亏虚,运化失司,内生湿邪,郁而化热,湿热蕴结,瘀阻胞宫,不通则痛,治当清热除湿,化瘀止痛(D错)。肝肾阴虚,阴血不足,冲任失养,不荣则痛,治当益肾养肝止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"痛经气滞血瘀证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"理气化瘀止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"温经暖宫止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"益气养血止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清热除湿,化瘀止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"益肾养肝止痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝失条达,冲任气血郁滞,经血不利,不通则痛,治疗当理气化瘀止痛(A对)。肾阳亏虚,冲任失煦,不荣则痛,治当温经暖宫止痛(B错)。气血不足,冲任益虚,胞宫失养,不荣则痛,治当益气养血止痛(C错)。脾气亏虚,运化失司,内生湿邪,郁而化热,湿热蕴结,瘀阻胞宫,不通则痛,治当清热除湿,化瘀止痛(D错)。肝肾阴虚,阴血不足,冲任失养,不荣则痛,治当益肾养肝止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健固汤"},{"key":"B","value":"四神丸"},{"key":"C","value":"六君子汤"},{"key":"D","value":"痛泻要方"},{"key":"E","value":"参苓白术散"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根据患者症状,患者因为脾虚失运,经行气血下注血海,脾气益虚,不能运化水液,湿渗大肠,则大便泄泻,溏薄;脾阳不振,则神疲肢软;脾虚运化失司,脘腹胀满,水湿泛溢肌肤,面浮肢肿,故治疗时要健脾渗湿,理气调经,选用参苓白术散(E对)。健固汤与四神丸合用作用温阳补肾,健脾止泻,主要用于经行泄泻的肾虚证(AB错)。六君子汤作用是益气健脾,燥湿化痰,主要治疗食少便溏,胸脘痞闷,呕逆的脾胃气虚兼有痰湿证(C错)。痛泻药方主要治疗肠鸣泄泻,大便泄泻,泻必腹痛,泻后痛减,而本题患者并无明显肠鸣腹痛的表现(D错)。"} {"Question":"妇人腹痛气滞血瘀证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温肾助阳,暖宫止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"行气活血,化瘀止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"补血养营,和中止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清热除湿,化瘀止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"散寒除湿,化瘀止痛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"妇人腹痛气滞血瘀证治疗时要用膈下逐瘀汤活血化瘀,理气止痛(B对)。温肾助阳,暖宫止痛多用于肾阳虚,宫寒的妇人腹痛证(A错)。补血养营,和中止痛多用于血虚,冲任失于濡养的妇人腹痛证(C错)。清热除湿,化瘀止痛多用于治疗湿热瘀结的妇人腹痛证(D错)。散寒除湿,化瘀止痛多用于寒湿凝滞,瘀阻胞宫的妇人腹痛证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,30岁。发现下腹包块1月余小腹胀痛,痛无定处,舌苔薄润,脉沉弦其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"寒凝"},{"key":"C","value":"气滞"},{"key":"D","value":"痰湿"},{"key":"E","value":"湿郁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"气血瘀结,滞于胞宫冲任,积结日久,结为肿块,气滞则经脉气血运行受阻,气血紊乱,胀满疼痛,脉沉弦。气滞所以痛无定处(C对)。血瘀表现为下腹部结块,触痛;月经量或多或少,经行腹痛较剧,经色紫黯有块,脉弦细等症状(A错)。寒凝肢冷、下腹部拘急冷痛,遇热痛减,无汗、面白或青、苔白、脉沉紧甚至脉伏等症(B错)。痰湿证以下腹结块,触之不坚,固定难移,经行量多,淋漓难净,经间带下增多,胸皖痞闷,腰腹疼痛,舌体胖大,紫黯,脉弦滑等为主要表现的证候(D错)。湿郁证以下腹肿块,按之不移,身体困重、肢体酸痛,脉弦滑数等为主要表现的证候(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,32岁,已婚。婚后4年未孕,月经3~5月一行,经量甚少,形体肥胖,头晕心悸,带下量多、质稠,面色晄白,舌苔白腻,脉滑。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温胆汤"},{"key":"B","value":"二陈汤"},{"key":"C","value":"过期饮"},{"key":"D","value":"调经助孕丸"},{"key":"E","value":"启宫丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者婚后4年未孕,平素月经3~5月一行,经量甚少,且形体肥胖,胖人多虚,脾肾虚水湿停聚,聚而成痰,阻滞冲任胞宫,气机不畅,经行退后或停闭;痰阻冲任,脂膜壅塞,遮隔子宫,不能摄精成孕而不孕;带下量多,质稠,面色晄白,舌苔白腻,脉滑是为水湿内停,痰湿内阻之证。故治疗选择启宫丸以燥湿化痰,行滞调经(E对)。温胆汤功效理气化痰,和胃利胆,治疗胆郁痰扰证,常见胆怯易惊,头眩心悸,心烦不眠,夜多异梦;或呕恶呃逆,眩晕,癫痫。苔白腻,脉弦滑(A错)。二陈汤功效燥湿化痰,理气和中,治疗湿痰证,常见咳嗽痰多,色白易咯,恶心呕吐,胸膈痞闷,肢体困重,或头眩心悸,舌苔白滑或腻,脉滑(B错)。过期饮主治血虚气滞,经水过期不行(C错)。调经助孕丸温肾健脾,活血调经,用于脾肾阳虚,瘀血阻滞所致的月经不调,闭经,痛经,不孕;症见月经后错,经水量少,有血块,行经小腹冷痛,经水日久不行,久不受孕,腰膝冷痛(D错)。七版教材痰湿内阻证,方用苍附导痰丸。"} {"Question":"产后气血虚弱,乳汁少甚或全无,治疗可选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通乳丹"},{"key":"B","value":"八珍汤"},{"key":"C","value":"逍遥散"},{"key":"D","value":"下乳涌泉散"},{"key":"E","value":"归脾汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"气血虚弱,乳汁化源不足,无乳可下,故乳少或全无,乳汁清稀,治宜补气养血,佐以通乳。方药可用通乳丹(A对)。"} {"Question":"生化汤治疗血被寒凝,瘀阻胞宫而致的产后恶露淋漓不爽,常加用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桃仁、赤芍"},{"key":"B","value":"红花、赤芍"},{"key":"C","value":"蒲黄、五灵脂"},{"key":"D","value":"蒲黄、益母草"},{"key":"E","value":"黑荆芥、茜草"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"血被寒凝,瘀阻胞宫而致的产后恶露淋漓不爽,寒凝血流不畅,而为淤,产后恶露不绝血瘀证,治宜活血化瘀止血,方选生化汤加益母草、炒蒲黄。方中为增强祛瘀止血之功加益母草、炒蒲黄(D对)。桃仁、赤芍能活血祛瘀,无止血之功,且桃仁为生化汤的组成(A错)。红花、赤芍能活血祛瘀,无止血之功(B错)。五灵脂功长于破血行血,产后本就津血损伤,应慎用破血行血药(C错)。黑荆芥能止血,无祛瘀之功,茜草性寒,用于血热血瘀证而非寒凝血瘀(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁,已婚。产后月余,遍身关节疼痛,四肢酸楚麻木,头晕心悸,舌淡红苔白,脉细无力。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝阴虚"},{"key":"B","value":"气虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肾虚"},{"key":"D","value":"风寒"},{"key":"E","value":"血虚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者已婚,产后百骸空虚,血虚经脉失养,遍身关节酸楚、疼痛;头晕心悸,舌淡红苔白,脉细无力是血虚之象(E对)。肝阴虚证以头晕、目眩、胁痛、烦热等为主要表现的虚热证候(A错)。气虚以气短、乏力、神疲。脉虚等为主要表现的虚弱证候(B错)。肾虚证又分肾阳虚证,常见腰膝酸冷,性欲减退,夜尿多;肾气虚证常见腰膝酸软,小便、精液、经带、胎气不固;肾阴虚常见腰酸而痛,遗精、经少、头晕耳鸣之象(C错)。风寒常见恶寒重,发热轻,无汗,脉浮紧,苔白之象(D错)。"} {"Question":"月经的产生,是下列哪项协调作用于胞宫的结果","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冲、任、督、带、天癸"},{"key":"B","value":"脏腑、气血、经络、天癸"},{"key":"C","value":"心、肝、脾、肾"},{"key":"D","value":"营卫、气血、经络、天癸"},{"key":"E","value":"胞宫、胞络、胞脉、天癸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"月经产生的机理,须运用中医学的基础理论,从脏腑、天癸、气血、冲任督带、胞宫与月经的关系进行阐述。五脏之中,肾藏精,肝藏血,脾生血,心主血,肺主气,气帅血,各司其职月经产生;天癸源于先天,藏之于肾,在肾气旺盛时期,肾中真阴不断充实,在后天水谷之精的滋养下化生并成熟泌至;冲、任、督、带脉各司其职,调节月经的产生和维持其正常生理状态;子宫主行月经,血溢子宫,月经来潮(B对)。月经的产生与各脏腑-肾、肝、脾、心、肺,天癸,冲任督带,子宫均有关系(ACE错)。营气是行于脉中而具有营养作用的气,主要是化生血液与营养全身。卫气是行于脉外而具有保护作用的气,主要是防御外邪,温养全身和调控腠理的生理作用。二者与月经的产生无直接作用(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列关于生理性带下的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"色白或无色透明"},{"key":"B","value":"质地粘稠"},{"key":"C","value":"其量适中"},{"key":"D","value":"无特殊气味"},{"key":"E","value":"从阴道内排出的一种阴液"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"带下量多,色黄或脓性,质粘稠多为病理性湿热下注型带下过多疾病,故不属于生理性带下(B对)。生理性带下属于妇女体内的一种阴液,是由胞宫渗润于阴道的色白或透明,无特殊气味的黏液,其量不多。而质地粘稠为病理性带下(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,27岁,已婚。近几个月来带下量多、黏稠、色黄,胸闷心烦,纳少便溏,舌淡红、苔黄略腻,脉细。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热利湿止带"},{"key":"B","value":"健脾利湿止带"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾益气止带"},{"key":"D","value":"清热解毒止带"},{"key":"E","value":"补肾健脾止带"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"题中患者近几个月来带下量多、黏稠、色黄,故诊断为带下过多。带下量多、黏稠、色黄为湿热蕴结于下,损伤任带二脉所致。湿热内盛,阻于中焦,故胸闷心烦,纳少便溏。舌淡红、苔黄略腻,脉细均为湿热之象,故辨为湿热下注证。治法当选清热利湿止带(A对)。健脾利湿止带为脾虚湿盛的治法(B错)。健脾益气止带为带下过多脾虚证的治法(C错)。清热解毒止带为带下过多热毒蕴结证的治法(D错)。补肾健脾止带为脾虚与肾虚同见,用于虚证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁。阴部瘙痒2天,坐卧不安,带下量多,色黄质稠,其气臭秽,心烦少寐,口苦而腻,舌苔黄腻,脉弦数。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血热"},{"key":"B","value":"湿毒"},{"key":"C","value":"肝经湿热"},{"key":"D","value":"痰湿"},{"key":"E","value":"脾虚夹湿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者带下量多,阴部瘙痒,色黄质稠,其气臭秽,是因为湿热蕴结于下,损伤任带二脉;肝经湿热内盛,阻于中焦,故心烦少寐,口苦而腻;舌苔黄腻,脉弦数为湿热之征(C对)。血热证以身热口渴,斑疹吐衄,烦躁谵语,舌绛,脉数等为主要表现的实热证候(A错)。湿毒证以身体困重、肢体酸痛、腹胀腹泻等为主要表现的证候(B错)。痰湿证以咳嗽痰多、胸闷、呕恶、眩晕、体胖等为主要表现的证候(D错)。脾虚夹湿证以纳呆、腹胀、便溏、身重与寒湿症状为主要表现的证候(E错)。"} {"Question":"止带方适用于带下病的哪种证候","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阳虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肾阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"脾虚"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热"},{"key":"E","value":"湿毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"止带方专用于止带,功能清热利湿止带,故用于带下病带下过多。带下过多肾阳虚证方选内补丸(A错)。带下过多肾阴虚证多夹湿,方选知柏地黄丸(B错)。带下过多脾虚证方选完带汤(C错)。带下过多湿热下注证方选止带方(D对)。带下过多热毒蕴结证方选五味消毒饮(E错)。"} {"Question":"与妇科疾病关系最为密切的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾、肝、心"},{"key":"B","value":"肾、肝、脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肾、肝、肺"},{"key":"D","value":"肾、心、脾"},{"key":"E","value":"肾、肺、脾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"妇女以血为本。血化生于脾胃,统摄于脾,藏之于肝,宣发于肺,施泄于肾,总属于心,与妇科疾病发生最为有关的是肾、脾、肝三脏(B对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,27岁,已婚。停经46天,妊娠试验阳性,恶心呕吐,食入即吐,神疲思睡,舌淡苔白,脉滑缓,诊为妊娠恶阻。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾虚痰滞"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃虚弱"},{"key":"C","value":"气阴两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肝胃不和"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者停经46天,妊娠试验阳性,为怀孕早期,患者恶心呕吐,食入即吐,故诊断为妊娠恶阻。恶心呕吐,食入即吐为脾胃虚弱,升降失常,孕后阴血下聚养胎,冲气上逆犯胃,胃失和降所致。脾胃虚弱,中阳不振,清阳不升,故神疲思睡。舌淡苔白,脉滑缓为脾胃虚弱之征,故辨为脾胃虚弱证。脾虚痰滞者多伴胸闷泛恶,呕吐痰涎,舌苔多厚腻(A错)。题中辨为脾胃虚弱证(B对)。气阴两虚舌质多红,有气虚和阴虚的典型症状,且妊娠恶阻重症可见气阴两虚之象(C错)。肝胃不和证多伴呕吐酸水或苦水,恶油腻,口干口渴,胸满胁痛,嗳气叹息等(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,34岁,已婚。自然流产3次,现又停经42天,尿妊娠试验阳性。晨起恶心,近2天又有阴道出血,量少、色淡黯,伴头晕耳鸣,双腿酸软,舌淡苔白,脉沉滑尺弱。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎元饮"},{"key":"B","value":"泰山磐石散"},{"key":"C","value":"加味阿胶汤"},{"key":"D","value":"举元煎"},{"key":"E","value":"寿胎丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者曾自然流产三次,先停经42天,为早孕期,阴道出血,量少,色黯淡是为肾虚冲任失固,肾失温煦,血失阳化;并伴有头晕耳鸣,双腿酸软,舌淡苔白等肾虚之象,是胎漏胎动不安之肾虚证,治疗用寿胎丸补肾健脾,益气安胎(E对)。胎元饮功效补气养血,固肾安胎,多用于胎漏、胎动不安之气血虚弱证(A错)。泰山磐石散原方治妇人妊娠,气血两虚的胎动不安或屡孕屡堕,功效为益气养血,固冲安胎,多用于滑胎之气血虚弱证(B错)。加味阿胶汤补肾益阳,温煦水液,治疗肾虚小便多等肾虚之证(C错)。举元煎功效补气摄血固冲,原方治疗气虚下陷,血崩气脱,亡阳垂危等证,本方实为补中益气汤的缩方,补气力专,多用于气虚较甚之征,且方中无滋阴养血之当归,用于月经过多气虚证(D错)。"} {"Question":"不可以用做根管充填的糊剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氧化钙糊剂"},{"key":"B","value":"碘仿糊剂"},{"key":"C","value":"氧化锌丁香油糊剂"},{"key":"D","value":"钙维他糊剂"},{"key":"E","value":"氟化钠甘油糊剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氟化钠甘油糊剂是治疗牙本质过敏的药物,不符合根管充填糊剂的要求,因此不能用于根管充填。掌握“根管充填”知识点。"} {"Question":"评定根管预备器械性能的指标如下,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"穿透力"},{"key":"B","value":"器械弹性"},{"key":"C","value":"侧壁切割力"},{"key":"D","value":"带碎屑能力"},{"key":"E","value":"工作端的长短"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查评定根管预备器械性能的指标。器械工作端的长短(E错,为本题的正确答案)是器械的物理指标,不是判断器械性能的指标。根管机械预备是指采用根管切削器械对牙体组织进行切削、成形根管,以去除根管内感染物质,将根管预备成有利于冲洗、封药和充填的形态。常用的根管机械预备的器械为根管钻和根管锉。根管预备器械需要有以下性能:①穿透力(A对)强,有利于器械顺利到达到根尖位置。②器械弹性(B对)好,有利于器械进入根管,防止折断并降低根尖偏移的发生。③侧壁切割力(C对)强,可以更好的清除感染物质。④带碎屑能力(D对)强,可以防止堵塞根管,这些都是根管预备成功的关键。"} {"Question":"制备倒凹的目的主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利于充填"},{"key":"B","value":"有利于垫底"},{"key":"C","value":"有利于放置盖髓剂"},{"key":"D","value":"有利于获得良好的固位形"},{"key":"E","value":"有利于获得良好的抗力形"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"倒凹固位:倒凹是一种机械固位,在洞底的侧髓线角或点角处平洞底向侧壁牙本质作出的潜入小凹,有时也可沿线角作固位沟。充填体突入倒凹或固位沟内,防止充填体从垂直方向脱位。掌握“银汞充填窝洞的概念”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性,47岁。左下后牙食物嵌塞不适3个月。无自发痛。口腔检查:左下7近中邻(牙合)面有龋洞,叩诊(-),探诊(±),无松动。按分类法所备洞形应属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"I类洞"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ类洞"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ类洞"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ类洞"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅵ类洞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查Black分类法。女性,47岁。左下后牙食物嵌塞不适3个月。无自发痛。口腔检查:左下7近中邻(牙合)面有龋洞,叩诊(-),探诊(±),无松动。按分类法所备洞形应属Ⅱ类洞(B对)。左下7近中邻(牙合)面有龋洞为后牙邻面的龋损,应制备Ⅱ类洞。Black分类法:1.Ⅰ类洞(A错):所有牙面发育点隙裂沟的龋损所备成的窝洞。2.Ⅱ类洞:后牙邻面的龋损所备成的窝洞。3.Ⅲ类洞(C错):前牙邻面未累及切角的龋损所备成的窝洞。4.Ⅳ类洞(D错):前牙邻面累及切角的龋损所备成的窝洞。5.Ⅴ类洞:所有牙齿颊(唇)舌面颈1\/3处的龋损所备成的窝洞。6.由于龋损部位的多样化,Black的分类法不能完全满足临床需要,有学者将前牙切嵴或后牙牙尖发生的龋损所备成的窝洞列为Ⅵ类洞(E错)。"} {"Question":"临床记录中,近中面以英文字母命名","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"M"},{"key":"B","value":"B"},{"key":"C","value":"O"},{"key":"D","value":"La"},{"key":"E","value":"D"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"窝洞的命名以英文字母命名:颊面buccal写为B:舌面lingual写为L;(牙合)面occlusal写为O;远中面distal写为D;近中面mesial写为M;唇面labial写为La;切端incisal写为I。掌握“银汞充填窝洞的概念”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者因后牙深龋洞一次垫底银汞充填,术后一直冷热痛2周,复诊时叩(+),去除原充填物,未见穿髓孔,氧化锌丁香油糊剂安抚,仍有冷热刺激痛不缓解,其原因可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充填材料选择不当"},{"key":"B","value":"未调(牙合)"},{"key":"C","value":"洞形制备不当"},{"key":"D","value":"诊断失误"},{"key":"E","value":"腐质未去净"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查充填后疼痛。患者因后牙深龋洞一次垫底银汞充填,术后一直冷热痛2周,复诊时叩(+),去除原充填物,未见穿髓孔,氧化锌丁香油糊剂安抚,仍有冷热刺激痛不缓解,其原因可能为诊断失误(D对)。根据病例描述,患者后牙深龋洞一次垫底银汞充填,术后一直冷热痛2周,可知患者在第一次就诊时就有牙髓激惹症状,考虑当时为可复性牙髓炎,应该进行安抚治疗,但进行了一次垫底银汞充填,故医生第一次治疗时诊断失误;第二次就诊时,叩(+),去除原充填物,未见穿髓孔,氧化锌丁香油糊剂安抚,仍有冷热刺激痛不缓解,可考虑此时患牙已发展为不可复性牙髓炎,应进行牙髓治疗,但进行了安抚治疗,原因为医生对牙髓状况诊断失误。充填材料选择不当,主要表现为充填材料对牙髓的慢性刺激而导致的远期疼痛不适(A错)。未调(牙合)可因充填物过高,咬合时出现早接触而引起咬合痛(B错)。洞形制备不当可导致充填体脱落或折裂,短期内不会出现牙髓炎症状(C错)。腐质未去尽会导致病变继续发展,累及牙髓,出现远期的疼痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"临床记录中,唇面以英文字母命名","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"L"},{"key":"B","value":"B"},{"key":"C","value":"O"},{"key":"D","value":"La"},{"key":"E","value":"D"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"窝洞的命名以英文字母命名:颊面buccal写为B:舌面lingual写为L;(牙合)面occlusal写为O;远中面distal写为D;近中面mesial写为M;唇面labial写为La;切端incisal写为I。掌握“银汞充填窝洞的概念”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者因深龋一次垫底银汞充填后1周出现自发痛,冷热痛持续,不能咬物,其原因最可能为诊断错误,该患牙处理应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"观察"},{"key":"B","value":"去旧充填物,氧化锌丁香油糊剂安抚"},{"key":"C","value":"去旧充填物,改其他材料充填"},{"key":"D","value":"牙髓治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"去旧充填物,重新垫底,银汞充填"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查充填后疼痛的处理。患者有自发痛、冷热痛持续,说明牙髓已有炎症反应,应做牙髓治疗(D对)。观察只会使炎症加重,不可取(A错)。牙髓已有炎症,安抚、垫底及重新充填不能解决病变的发展,且会导致病变进一步加重(BCE错)。"} {"Question":"盒形洞的要求中下列哪项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洞底平"},{"key":"B","value":"洞侧壁直"},{"key":"C","value":"洞侧壁与洞底相垂直"},{"key":"D","value":"洞各侧壁与牙长轴平行"},{"key":"E","value":"点线角锐利"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查窝洞的抗力形-盒状洞形。盒状洞形的点线角应圆钝,避免产生应力集中(E错,为本题的正确答案)。盒形洞要求洞底平(A对)、洞侧壁直(B对)以使咬合力均匀分布,避免应力集中。盒形洞洞侧壁与洞底相垂直(C对)、洞各侧壁与牙长轴平行(D对)避免充填体受力时移动而产生剪切力。"} {"Question":"制备倒凹是为了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"获得良好的抗力形"},{"key":"B","value":"便于垫底"},{"key":"C","value":"便于充填"},{"key":"D","value":"获得良好的固位形"},{"key":"E","value":"便于放置盖髓剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查制备倒凹的目的。倒凹是一种机械固位,一般成洞底略大于洞口的形态,从而防止充填体与洞底呈垂直方向的脱位,获得良好的固位形(D对)。制备倒凹可产生无基釉,不利于获得良好的抗力形(A错)。制备窝洞的目的是为了便于垫底(B错)、充填(C错)和放置盖髓剂(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于窝洞制备时隔湿的措施不当的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"简易隔湿法"},{"key":"B","value":"吸唾器"},{"key":"C","value":"橡皮障隔湿"},{"key":"D","value":"排龈法"},{"key":"E","value":"冲水法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"术区隔离的措施包括:简易隔湿法、吸唾器、橡皮障隔湿、排龈法等。掌握“银汞充填术窝洞制备、干燥及充填”知识点。"} {"Question":"47颊(牙合)面窝洞,按Black窝洞分类法应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅱ类洞"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ类洞"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ类洞"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ类洞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查Black分类法。47颊(牙合)面窝洞,按Black窝洞分类法应是Ⅰ类洞(B对)。Ⅰ类洞:所有牙面发育点隙裂沟的龋损所备成的窝洞,包括磨牙和前磨牙的(牙合)面洞、下颌磨牙的颊(牙合)面洞等。Ⅱ类洞:后牙邻面的龋损所备的窝洞(A错)。Ⅲ类洞:前牙邻面未累及切角的龋损所备成的窝洞(C错)。Ⅳ类洞:前牙邻面累及切角的龋损所备成的窝洞(D错)。Ⅴ类洞:所有牙齿颊(唇)舌面颈1\/3处的龋损所备成的窝洞。"} {"Question":"下列哪一个洞形属BlackⅡ类洞","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"43邻面洞"},{"key":"B","value":"14邻面洞"},{"key":"C","value":"15颊侧颈部洞"},{"key":"D","value":"36颊(牙合)面洞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查Black分类法。14邻面洞(B对)属BlackⅡ类洞。按Black窝洞分类法可分为Ⅰ类洞:所有的发育点隙裂沟的龋损所备成的窝洞,包括下颌磨牙的颊面洞和颊(牙合)面洞(D错)等。Ⅱ类洞:后牙邻面的龋损所备的窝洞,包括磨牙和前磨牙的邻面洞等。Ⅲ类洞:前牙邻面未累及切角的龋损所备成的窝洞,包括切牙和尖牙的邻面洞等(A错)。Ⅴ类洞:所有牙齿颊(唇)舌面颈1\/3处的龋损所备成的窝洞,包括前牙和后牙颊舌面的颈1\/3洞(C错)。"} {"Question":"患者因缺失牙修复时发现邻牙楔状缺损,要求治疗。查:右上67缺失,右上5颊面楔状缺损,中等深,充填时最好选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"玻璃离子水门汀"},{"key":"B","value":"银汞合金"},{"key":"C","value":"磷酸锌水门汀"},{"key":"D","value":"羧酸锌水门汀"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均可以"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查银汞合金充填术的适应证。患者因缺失牙修复时发现邻牙楔状缺损,要求治疗。查:右上67缺失,右上5颊面楔状缺损,中等深,充填时最好选用银汞合金(B对)。根据病例描述,患者右上67缺失行修复治疗时,发现右上5颊面楔状缺损,中等深,要求治疗,可知患者右上5会作为右上67可摘义齿修复的基牙,其颊侧颈部(楔状缺损处)会放置卡环,故右上5的楔缺缺损选用银汞合金充填最佳。玻璃离子水门汀(A错)虽然美观性佳,但其强度较银汞合金低很多,不耐磨,不适宜病例中右上5的楔状缺损充填。磷酸锌水门汀(C错)和羧酸锌水门汀(D错)强度都比玻璃离子低,美观性也欠佳,并且多用于暂时性修复,不作永久充填。"} {"Question":"邻(牙合)洞邻面部分龈方大于(牙合)方是因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止修复体侧向脱位"},{"key":"B","value":"防止修复体垂直脱位"},{"key":"C","value":"因釉柱的排列方向影响"},{"key":"D","value":"因牙本质小管的排列方向影响"},{"key":"E","value":"节约填充材料"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查窝洞的固位形-梯形固位。梯形固位指邻(牙合)洞的邻面部分制备成龈方大于(牙合)方的梯形,其目的是防止充填体垂直方向的脱位(B对)。防止修复体侧向脱位的固位形有侧壁固位、鸠尾固位(A错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是备洞时意外穿髓的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"操作不仔细"},{"key":"B","value":"髓腔变异"},{"key":"C","value":"未掌握正确的开髓方法"},{"key":"D","value":"去龋时使用锋利裂钻"},{"key":"E","value":"深龋去腐时使用慢速球钻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查备洞时意外穿髓的原因。深龋去腐时应用挖器挖除或低速球钻磨除,切忌用高速涡轮机去除,以减小意外穿髓的风险(E错,为本题的正确答案)。备洞过程中意外穿髓的原因有:操作不仔细(A对)、髓腔变异(B对)、未掌握正确的开髓方法(C对)、去腐时使用锋利裂钻(D对)等。"} {"Question":"后牙Ⅱ类洞制备时,鸠尾峡宽度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颊舌牙尖间距的1\/4"},{"key":"B","value":"颊舌牙尖间距的1\/4~1\/3"},{"key":"C","value":"颊舌牙尖间距的1\/3~1\/2"},{"key":"D","value":"颊舌牙尖间距的1\/2~2\/3"},{"key":"E","value":"颊舌牙尖间距的2\/3~3\/4"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查窝洞的固位形-鸠尾固位。鸠尾固位形的外形似斑鸠的尾部,由鸠尾峡和膨大的尾部组成,借助于峡部的扣锁作用防止充填体从与洞底呈水平方向的脱位,后牙鸠尾峡宽度为所在颊舌牙尖间距的1\/4~1\/3(B对),前牙为邻面洞舌方宽度的1\/3~1\/2。"} {"Question":"充填窝洞时为防止充填物产生悬突应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"层层压紧银汞合金"},{"key":"B","value":"充填邻面后充填(牙合)面"},{"key":"C","value":"上成形片和小楔子"},{"key":"D","value":"挤出银汞合金中的余汞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查银汞合金的充填。充填窝洞时为防止充填物产生悬突应当上成形片和小楔子(C对),成形片能够塑造牙的邻面形态,形成正常的邻接;楔子的作用是使成形片紧贴龈壁洞缘的牙颈部,有助于充填体邻面颈部的成形。层层压紧银汞合金,使银汞合金充填更紧密,防止微渗漏或充填体折裂(A错)。双面洞的充填顺序为先填充邻面洞部分,后填(牙合)面洞(B错)。挤出银汞合金中的余汞,会加速银汞合金的凝固,操作时间短,不能及时修整边缘,易形成悬突(D错)。"} {"Question":"盖髓术不适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"意外穿髓直径≤0.5mm的恒牙"},{"key":"B","value":"年轻恒牙的机械性露髓(直径≤0.5mm)"},{"key":"C","value":"去龋未尽露髓的成熟恒牙"},{"key":"D","value":"鉴别慢性牙髓炎的诊断性治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"急性深龋不能一次去尽软化牙本质时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查盖髓术的适应证。盖髓术分为直接盖髓术和间接盖髓术。去龋未尽露髓的成熟恒牙(C错,为本题的正确答案),若进行直接盖髓,残留在牙髓内的细菌及毒性产物可能引起牙髓持续炎症,长期的慢性刺激会导致牙髓钙化或牙内吸收,导致治疗失败。意外穿髓的恒牙(直径≤0.5mm)(A对)或者机械性露髓的年轻恒牙(直径≤0.5mm)(B对)都可以用直接盖髓术进行治疗,以保存活髓。无明显自发痛,去净腐质未见穿髓却难以判断是慢性牙髓炎或可复性牙髓炎时,可采用间接盖髓术作为诊断性治疗(D对),若以后无任何症状,则是后者,否则要进行牙髓治疗。急性深龋一次去尽软化牙本质会有露髓的可能,为了避免露髓,可采用间接盖髓二次去腐法,即先保留少许近髓的软龋,覆盖氢氧化钙,10~12周后,软化牙本质会变为灰色干燥牙本质并且近髓侧会有修复性牙本质生成,此时,再将腐质去净(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于盖髓术适应证的叙述,有哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"深龋引起的可复性牙髓炎"},{"key":"B","value":"龋齿备洞时意外穿髓"},{"key":"C","value":"深龋去腐未净露髓"},{"key":"D","value":"年轻人恒牙的急性可复性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"以上无一条正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查盖髓术的适应证。深龋去腐未净露髓(C错,为本题的正确答案),牙髓有可能已被感染,不宜行直接盖髓术,应进行根管治疗。深龋引起的可复性牙髓炎(A对),牙髓通常处于充血状态,经盖髓术后牙髓能够恢复健康,是盖髓术的适应证。龋齿备洞时意外穿髓(B对),露髓孔小于1mm时,直接盖髓术可保护牙髓不被感染,是盖髓术的适应证。年轻人恒牙的急性可复性牙髓炎(D对)经盖髓术可安抚受激惹的牙髓,使牙髓恢复健康状态,是盖髓术的适应证。"} {"Question":"牙髓切断术中及术后出现哪些情况时应改做根管治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"断髓后出血暗红,不易止血"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓坏死、化脓"},{"key":"C","value":"术后观察出现炎症反应或叩痛"},{"key":"D","value":"A+C"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查根管治疗的适应证。牙髓切断术是切除炎症牙髓组织,以盖髓剂覆盖于牙髓断面,保留正常牙髓组织的方法。术中断髓后出血暗红,不易止血(A对)说明可能牙髓已全部感染,不能保留部分牙髓,应去除所有牙髓组织进行根管治疗。牙髓坏死、化脓(B对)说明牙髓病变已很严重,若在断面覆盖盖髓剂会引起化脓性感染等严重并发症,应改为根管治疗。术后观察出现炎症反应或叩痛(C对)说明出现牙髓炎或根尖周病,应改为根管治疗。(ABC均对,故E为本题的正确答案)"} {"Question":"根管治疗中器械折断于根管中未超过根尖孔,不易取出,可采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓塑化疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"干尸术"},{"key":"D","value":"空管疗法"},{"key":"E","value":"复合树脂充填术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓塑化治疗的适应证。根管治疗中折断于根管中不易取出的器械未超过根尖孔,在严格消毒的情况下,器械对根尖区牙周组织损伤很小,器械不必取出。根管内由于存在折断器械,空间狭窄,采用常规根管充填方法不易获得足够的操作空间,可采用牙髓塑化疗法(B对),通过具有流动性渗透性和抑菌作用的塑化液可以严密充填根管系统,包裹折断的器械和牙髓坏死物,促进根尖周组织愈合防止复发。根尖切除术(A错)适用于根管治疗中折断器械超出根尖孔的情况,将超出根尖孔的器械切除防止其刺激根尖周,折断器械未超出根尖孔不会刺激根尖周组织不必行根尖切除术。干尸术(C错)又称干髓术,指先用失活剂将牙髓失活,除去冠髓,用干髓剂保存失活的根髓,使其保持无菌呈干尸状态,缺点是根管病原体去除不彻底,不能用于治疗根管中存在异物的患牙,否则会继发根尖炎症。空管疗法(D错)指覆盖在根管口的药物通过扩散和毛细血管作用对根管起到杀菌抑菌的作用,适用于年龄较大者后牙多根管的治疗,但治疗后不能有效封闭根管,根尖周组织液容易进入,造成再感染,不能用于治疗根管治疗中器械折断于根管中未超过根尖孔的患牙。复合树脂充填术(E错)用于治疗牙体缺损的修复治疗,不能治疗需要进行根管治疗的牙髓病或根尖周病。"} {"Question":"关于牙髓病和根尖周病的治疗哪一点是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根管治疗时,不宜反复封药"},{"key":"B","value":"剧烈疼痛的急性牙髓炎口服止痛药很难奏效"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氧化钙制剂亦可用于根管消毒"},{"key":"D","value":"不需要等到一切症状都消失后才做根管充填"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓病和根尖周病多由于细菌感染引起,因此治疗时可不强调无菌操作"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓病和根尖周病的治疗。牙髓病和根尖周病虽多由细菌感染引起,根管中有不少细菌但是根管治疗时要严格无菌操作(E错,为本题的正确答案),避免将新的细菌带入根管,引起炎症反复发作。牙髓病和根尖周病根管治疗时,不宜反复封药(A对),否则会使根管带入新的细菌,导致难治性根尖周炎。剧烈疼痛的急性牙髓炎口服止痛药很难奏效(B对),此时髓腔压力极高,需在局麻下开髓引流才能缓解疼痛。氢氧化钙呈强碱性可以抑制细菌产酸,从而达到消炎抑菌的作用,因此可用于根管消毒(C对)。根管充填可以消除根管消毒后残留的炎症,因此不需等到一切症状完全消失后做根管充填(D对),轻微病变在根充后可以愈合消失。"} {"Question":"外伤冠折或牙体预备后的大面积牙本质暴露是以下哪种方法的适应证","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接盖髓术"},{"key":"B","value":"间接盖髓术"},{"key":"C","value":"安抚"},{"key":"D","value":"根管治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"根尖诱导成形术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"间接盖髓术:深龋引起的可复性牙髓炎、外伤冠折或牙体预备后的大面积牙本质暴露。掌握“盖髓术”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,60岁,一年来右侧上后牙痛,痛多在傍晚发生,并涉及右眶下部和颞部。患者数年前曾有头痛及流涕史。查:右上5远中(牙合)面和右上6(牙合)面深龋,叩痛(+),扪痛(+),右上7和右上4牙冠完整,叩痛(-),右上8残根。为明确诊断必须做的检查是牙髓温度测试,该患者主诉疾病最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"深龋"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性鼻窦炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"可复性牙髓炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查慢性牙髓炎的临床表现。根据病例描述,此次的主诉牙应该为右上5和右上6,患牙疼痛1年、有深龋、轻度叩痛,表明牙髓有炎症,慢性牙髓炎的疼痛多发生在下午和晚上,因此可考虑右上5和右上6为慢性牙髓炎(D对)。深龋(A错)没有自发痛,也没有叩痛,故不考虑此诊断。慢性鼻窦炎(B错)主要表现为鼻塞、脓涕、头痛,患者此次就诊未诉这种症状,虽然数年前曾有头痛及流涕史,患者有可能有慢性鼻窦炎,但这并不是这次就诊的主诉疾病。急性牙髓炎(C错)表现为阵发性自发性剧烈的疼痛,夜间痛,放射痛,疼痛不能定位,该患者右上后牙疼痛没有此特点且疼痛已持续一年,故不考虑为急性牙髓炎。可复性牙髓炎(E错)不会有自发痛,故不考虑此诊断。"} {"Question":"若诊断为逆行性牙髓炎,检查最重要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈出血"},{"key":"B","value":"龈下牙石"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周溢脓"},{"key":"D","value":"深牙周袋"},{"key":"E","value":"深的龋洞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"逆行性牙髓炎诊断和鉴别诊断:①牙周病史,有急、慢性牙髓炎的症状。②无严重的牙体疾病,有接近或到达根尖深牙周袋。③温度测验明显异常。④X线片患牙牙槽骨吸收。掌握“残髓炎及逆行性牙髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,50岁,1周来右侧后牙咬物不适,冷水引起疼痛。近2日来,夜痛影响睡眠,并引起半侧头、面部痛,痛不能定位。检查时见右侧上、下第一磨牙均有咬合面龋洞。为确定牙位进行的一项检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"探诊"},{"key":"B","value":"叩诊"},{"key":"C","value":"松动度检查"},{"key":"D","value":"温度测验"},{"key":"E","value":"X线片检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急性牙髓炎的诊断要点。患者做检查是为了帮助确定患牙的位置,牙髓温度测验(D对)是根据患牙对冷或热刺激的反应来判断牙髓状态的一种诊断方法,可以帮助定位患牙。因患者有剧烈自发痛,探诊(A错)、叩诊(B错)及松动度检查(C错)都不能对患牙进行准确定位,X线片(E错)可以发现龋坏的牙齿,但并不能确定哪颗是引起疼痛的患牙。"} {"Question":"男,60岁,一年来右侧上后牙痛,痛多在傍晚发生,并涉及右眶下部和颞部。患者数年前曾有头痛及流涕史。查:右上5远中(牙合)面和右上6(牙合)面深龋,叩痛(+),扪痛(+),右上7和右上4牙冠完整,叩痛(-),右上8残根。为明确诊断必须做的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙髓电活力测验"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓温度测验"},{"key":"C","value":"耳鼻喉科会诊"},{"key":"D","value":"X线片检查"},{"key":"E","value":"松动度检查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查慢性牙髓炎的诊断。根据病例所述,一年来右侧上后牙痛,痛多在傍晚发生,右上5远中(牙合)面和右上6(牙合)面深龋,叩痛(+),扪痛(+),可知患牙疼痛1年、有深龋、轻度叩痛,表明牙髓有炎症,慢性牙髓炎的疼痛多发生在下午和晚上,因此可考虑患牙为慢性牙髓炎,为进一步确诊需要做牙髓温度测验(B对),以检查患牙对温度的敏感性,若温度测验敏感,则可诊断为慢性牙髓炎。牙髓电活力测验(A错)用来检验牙髓的活力,但不能确诊牙髓的炎症状态。患者虽然数年前曾有头痛及流涕史,但这次就诊时并未诉鼻塞、脓涕、头痛等慢性鼻窦炎的症状,因此暂不考虑慢性鼻窦炎或上颌窦炎方面的疾病,暂不需耳鼻喉科会诊(C错)。X线片检查(D错)可用于观察龋坏范围和根尖骨质情况,该病例中牙髓炎症症状明显,通过X线片观察患牙是否穿髓的意义不大。松动度检查(E错)主要反映患牙的牙周情况,慢性牙髓炎的患牙可有轻微松动或无明显松动,此项检查对于确定慢性牙髓炎这一诊断无明显意义,无需进行。"} {"Question":"男性,60岁。患牙偶有与体位有关的自发痛。检查发现:无明显龋损及其他牙体硬组织病变。牙髓活力测验敏感。叩诊(-),无松动,牙周检查(-)。X线片示:髓腔内有阻射物。应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙髓坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"可复性牙髓炎"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓钙化"},{"key":"D","value":"残髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"逆行性牙髓炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓钙化。男性,60岁。患牙偶有与体位有关的自发痛。检查发现:无明显龋损及其他牙体硬组织病变。牙髓活力测验敏感。叩诊(-),无松动,牙周检查(-)。X线片示:髓腔内有阻射物。应诊断为牙髓钙化(C对)。根据题目中的信息患牙偶有与体位有关的自发痛,X线片示髓腔内有阻射物,可诊断为牙髓钙化。牙髓坏死牙冠变色,牙髓电活力测验无反应,X线显示根尖周影像无明显异常(A错)。可复性牙髓炎无自发痛,检查可见接近髓腔的牙体硬组织病损(B错)。残髓炎患牙牙冠可见做过牙髓治疗的充填材料或暂封材料,叩诊有轻微疼痛或不适(D错)。逆行性牙髓炎为牙周-牙髓联合病变的一种,可见深牙周袋,而患者牙周检查(-),故(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下不属于可复性牙髓炎表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食物嵌入痛"},{"key":"B","value":"冷热刺激痛"},{"key":"C","value":"酸甜刺激痛"},{"key":"D","value":"接近牙髓组织的牙体缺损"},{"key":"E","value":"自发性疼痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查可复性牙髓炎的表现。可复性牙髓炎牙髓炎症轻微,无自发性痛(E错,为本题的正确答案),自发痛常见于不可复性牙髓炎中的急性牙髓炎。可复性牙髓炎是牙髓组织以血管扩张、充血为主要病理变化的初期炎症表现,若彻底去除作用于患牙上的病源刺激因素,同时给予患牙适当的治疗,患牙的牙髓是可以恢复到原有状态的。患牙常见有接近髓腔的牙体硬组织病损(D对),如深龋、深楔状缺损;或可查及患牙有深牙周袋;也可受累于咬合创伤或过大的正畸外力。深龋时若出现食物嵌入痛(A对),食物去除后疼痛立即消失,说明牙髓处于充血状态。冷热刺激激(B对)、酸甜刺激痛(C对)引起牙髓一过性敏感,刺激去除后疼痛立即消失。"} {"Question":"有增生的肉芽的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弥散性钙化"},{"key":"B","value":"髓石"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓息肉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓病。有增生的肉芽的是牙髓息肉(E对)。患牙大而深的龋洞中有红色、“蘑菇”形状的肉芽组织,又称“牙髓息肉”,它可充满整个洞内并达咬合面,探之无痛但极易出血。"} {"Question":"黏附于髓室壁的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弥散性钙化"},{"key":"B","value":"髓石"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓息肉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓病。黏附于髓室壁的是髓石(B对)。髓石或游离于牙髓组织中,或附着在髓腔壁上。"} {"Question":"阻碍根管治疗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弥散性钙化"},{"key":"B","value":"髓石"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓息肉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓病。阻碍根管治疗的弥散性钙化(A对)。弥漫性钙化,甚至可造成整个髓腔闭锁,阻碍根管治疗。"} {"Question":"关于慢性牙髓炎与可复性牙髓炎,以下说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两者都可有自发痛史"},{"key":"B","value":"温度刺激去除后,疼痛立即消失"},{"key":"C","value":"难以区分时,可先行安抚治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"都可以有轻度叩痛"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查慢性牙髓炎与可复性牙髓炎的鉴别诊断。关于慢性牙髓炎与可复性牙髓炎正确的是难以区分时,可先行安抚治疗(C对)。可复性牙髓炎是牙髓组织的血管扩张、充血,没有更严重的炎症,所以对于温度、化学刺激会出疼痛反应,尤其是冷刺激;刺激去除后,疼痛立即消失;没有自发痛;叩诊反应同正常对照牙,即叩痛(-)。慢性牙髓炎是牙髓炎症缓慢发展的过程,没有急性牙髓炎发病急,疼痛剧烈,所以一般没有剧烈的自发痛,会有长期的冷热刺激痛史,且热测引起迟缓性痛;曾有过急性发作或者由急性牙髓炎转化而来可有自发痛史;由于炎症多已波及全部牙髓及根尖周膜,患牙会有轻度的咬合不适或轻度的叩痛,即叩痛(+)。因此两者都没有自发痛史(A错)、温度刺激去除后,疼痛立即消失(B错)、都可以有轻度叩痛(D错)的说法都是错误的。当慢性牙髓炎症状不典型难以与可复性牙髓炎区分时,可先行安抚治疗,并持续观察,若一段时间后没有出现任何牙髓炎的临床症状,说明是可复性牙髓炎,去除暂封物进行永久充填即可;若出现牙髓炎的症状,需进行牙髓治疗。这样做可以尽最大可能保留活髓,符合生物学原则。"} {"Question":"温度刺激出现短暂的轻度或中度的不适或疼痛,表明","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙髓正常"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"可复性牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性牙髓炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓温度测验。温度刺激出现短暂的轻度或中度的不适或疼痛,表明牙髓正常(A对)。可复性牙髓炎(C错)、急性牙髓炎即不可复性牙髓炎(D错)和慢性牙髓炎(E错)对温度刺激均有疼痛明显症状,而非不适,牙髓坏死(B错)则有冷热刺激史,故牙髓应该正常。"} {"Question":"下列不属于药物性根尖周炎原因的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"露髓处封亚砷酸时间过长"},{"key":"B","value":"亚砷酸用于年轻恒牙"},{"key":"C","value":"根管内放置酚类制剂过多"},{"key":"D","value":"根管内放置醛类制剂过多"},{"key":"E","value":"扩根管时器械超出根尖孔"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物性根尖周炎的原因。扩根管时器械超出根尖孔(E错,为本题的正确答案)造成的损伤多表现为急性根尖周炎,为根管治疗并发症,不属于药物性根尖周炎原因。药物性根尖周炎顾名思义指由化学药物引起的根尖周炎症。亚砷酸(A对)对人体有害,作为牙髓失活剂时,封药不能超过规定时间,禁用于年轻恒牙(B对),因为砷剂易从开放的根尖孔进入牙根周围组织引起化学性灼伤,导致药物性根尖周炎。酚类制剂如甲醛甲酚渗透性强且有半抗原性,根管内放置酚类制剂过多(C对)易引起尖周、牙周组织的刺激,造成损伤。醛类制剂如戊二醛是非生物相容性药物,根管内放置醛类制剂过多(D对),也可造成根尖周组织损伤,引起炎症。"} {"Question":"患者男,45岁,因慢性尖周炎而行根管治疗,以甲酚甲醛换药五次,开始时疼痛有所减轻,但第五次封药时,患者仍感不适及疼痛,其原因可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染复发"},{"key":"B","value":"机体免疫力下降"},{"key":"C","value":"药物半抗原作用"},{"key":"D","value":"无菌操作不严格"},{"key":"E","value":"器械超出根尖孔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查致病机制-宿主对细菌感染的反应。换药次数过多导致药物性难治性根尖周炎,药物半抗原作用(C对)刺激根尖周组织,导致病变迁延不愈,疼痛持续存在。多次换药患者仍感不适及疼痛,疼痛一直存在,所以不是感染复发(A错)所致,因感染复发有疼痛减轻后再加重的过程。机体免疫力下降(B错)时疼痛会加剧,此病无加重现象。无菌操作不严格(D错)、器械超出根尖孔(E错)不会出现疼痛减轻,疼痛一般会持续存在并加重。"} {"Question":"感染根管内的最主要的细菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变形性链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"兼性厌氧菌"},{"key":"C","value":"专性厌氧菌"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"白色念球菌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓根尖周病各感染部位中的主要细菌-感染根管。牙髓组织坏死或坏疽,根管严重感染,牙髓腔内除了含有坏死牙髓的残余,还有大量细菌及毒性产物,故称之为感染根管。感染根管中,生物膜中细菌约占膜体积的15%,其中有数量相当的格兰阳性菌和格兰阴性菌,主要为专性厌氧菌(C对),主要存在于未治疗的感染根管中。变形性链球菌(A错)是龋病中的最主要细菌。兼性厌氧菌(B错)是治疗失败根管中的主要细菌之一。金黄色葡萄球菌(D错)是化脓性感染病灶内的最主要的细菌。白色念球菌(E错)是假膜性念珠菌感染粘膜表面的最主要的细菌。"} {"Question":"正在接受根管治疗,但根尖周损害还在加重则应考虑可能感染了以下哪种细菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放线菌"},{"key":"B","value":"梭形杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"消化链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"产黑色素普氏菌"},{"key":"E","value":"真杆菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓根尖周病各感染部位中的主要细菌-感染根管。正在接受根管治疗,但根尖周损害还在加重则应考虑可能感染了放线菌(A对)。梭形杆菌、消化链球菌、真杆菌是感染根管中较常见的优势菌(B错),其中消化链球菌、真杆菌与根尖部出现疼痛、肿胀、叩痛和窦道形成有关(CE错)。产黑色素普氏菌与急性根尖周炎症和根管内恶臭关系密切(D错)。"} {"Question":"口腔内主要致龋链球菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"血链球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"变形链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"唾液链球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"米勒链球菌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查口腔内主要的致龋链球菌。变形链球菌(C对)为口内主要致龋链球菌。轻链球菌(A错)为牙菌斑中的细菌,可引起牙周炎症。血链球菌(B错)的数量与龋病损害的出现呈反比。唾液链球菌(D错)为口腔正常菌群,对人类无致龋性。米勒链球菌(E错)群是人体的正常菌群,近年来发现该菌群与化脓性感染及脓肿密切相关,是口腔和内脏链球菌性脓肿最常见的病因之一。"} {"Question":"在龋病发生过程中有多种因素相互起作用,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遗传"},{"key":"B","value":"微生物"},{"key":"C","value":"饮食"},{"key":"D","value":"时间"},{"key":"E","value":"宿主"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"龋病发生的四联因素理论认为龋病是一种多因素性疾病,有四种相互作用的主要因素在疾病发生过程中起作用,包括:宿主、微生物、饮食和时间。故答案为A。掌握“龋病概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列不具有抗龋作用的矿物质或元素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟"},{"key":"B","value":"磷酸盐"},{"key":"C","value":"硒"},{"key":"D","value":"镁"},{"key":"E","value":"铁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查龋病发生的食物因素-无机盐。镁(D错,为本题的正确答案)元素与牙齿的抗龋无关,反而有增加机体对龋病敏感性的作用。矿物质或元素在一定程度上具有防龋的功能,氟与龋病的关系最为密切,适量的氟(A对)可以防龋。磷酸盐(B对)能促进牙体硬组织的再矿化,增强牙齿的强度,有利于增加牙齿对龋病的抵御力。硒(C对)、铁(E对)的摄入均有利于牙齿抗龋。"} {"Question":"在以下的菌种中,能够造成灵长类动物的实验性龋的细菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唾液链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"变形链球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"轻链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"血链球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"酵母菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"变形链球菌:经过反复研究证实,变异链球菌可以造成啮齿类动物的和灵长类动物实验性龋,同时也有证据表明该菌与人类龋病密切相关。掌握“龋病概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"食物中特别容易致龋的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蔬菜"},{"key":"B","value":"牛奶"},{"key":"C","value":"花生"},{"key":"D","value":"饼干"},{"key":"E","value":"鸡蛋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查龋病发生的食物因素。碳水化合物是细菌致龋的原料,含较多碳水化合物的食物特别容易致龋,这几种食物中饼干(D对)含有的碳水化合物最多,最易致龋病。蔬菜(A错)含有较多维生素,而维生素是生物的生长和代谢所必需的微量有机物,有利于牙齿的发育不会致龋。牛奶(B错)和鸡蛋(E错)中含有较多的蛋白质,而蛋白质对牙的影响,主要体现在牙萌出前的生长发育期,在此期间足够的蛋白质可促进牙齿的形态和结构的正常发育,使萌出后的牙齿抗龋力增加。花生(C错)含有较多脂肪,脂肪成分月桂酸、亚油酸与油酸能抑制牙面生物膜的形成,亚油酸和棕榈油酸能抑制变异链球菌产酸,因此花生能减少龋病的发生。"} {"Question":"牙根已发育完成,牙冠折断牙髓暴露者可使用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安抚"},{"key":"B","value":"直接充填"},{"key":"C","value":"间接充填"},{"key":"D","value":"根管治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"根尖诱导成形术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙根已发育完成,牙冠折断牙髓暴露者可应用根管治疗术,掌握“根管治疗术概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"常见的手用不锈钢根管切削器械为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Protaper"},{"key":"B","value":"R型锉"},{"key":"C","value":"K型锉"},{"key":"D","value":"机用根管锉"},{"key":"E","value":"根管冲洗针"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"手用不锈钢根管切削器械器械:主要是K型和H型器械以及它们的改良产品。掌握“髓腔进入与初预备”知识点。"} {"Question":"患儿10岁,上前牙牙龈时常流脓1月余。查左上1远中舌面深龋,探无反应,无穿髓孔,牙松动Ⅰ度,叩(+),冷测无反应,唇侧牙龈近根尖处有一窦道。为确定诊断,临床需要作的检查是X线片,临床拟诊断为慢性根尖周炎,临床治疗应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干髓术"},{"key":"B","value":"活髓切断术"},{"key":"C","value":"根管治疗术"},{"key":"D","value":"拔除"},{"key":"E","value":"塑化治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查慢性根尖周炎的治疗。根据病例描述,远中舌面深龋,探无反应,无穿髓孔,冷热测无反应,可知患牙牙髓已坏死;上前牙牙龈时常流脓1月余,松I度,叩痛(+),唇侧牙龈近根尖处有一窦道口,可知患牙牙髓炎症已蔓延到根尖周,导致根尖周炎症,综上所述,可初步诊断为慢性根尖周炎。慢性根尖周炎的治疗应该选择根管治疗术(C对),清除根管内感染物质,严密充填根管。干髓术(A错)是去除感染的冠髓,保留干尸化的根髓,不适用于根尖周炎的治疗。活髓切断术(B错)多用于根尖未发育完成的年轻恒牙,切除病变部分牙髓,保留感染未波及的部分牙髓,以保证牙根能够发育完成,该病例中牙髓已坏死,不能用活髓切除术。拔除(D错)适用于没有保留价值的牙,本病例中患牙牙周状况良好,不能拔除,应予保留。塑化治疗(E错)是用两型塑化液剂混合发生聚合反应,将根管内的炎性物质包裹起来使牙髓与根管壁整个隔开阻断了刺激,可以用于慢性根尖周炎的治疗,但是它们的效果不如根管治疗好,且因未去除根管内感染牙髓,一段时间后根尖发生感染的风险较高,后续处理困难,在临床上已极少使用。"} {"Question":"中度四环素着色临床表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙着色的颜色由棕黄色到黑灰色"},{"key":"B","value":"整个牙面呈现黄色和灰色,分布均匀"},{"key":"C","value":"牙表面着色深,严重者呈灰棕色、蓝紫色"},{"key":"D","value":"牙表面有明显的带状着色,颜色呈黄灰色或黑色"},{"key":"E","value":"牙釉质表面上可有少量的浅沟、小凹点或细横纹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中度四环素着色:牙着色的颜色由棕黄色到黑灰色。掌握“四环素牙齿”知识点。"} {"Question":"第一恒磨牙有釉质发育不全,说明受累年龄在出生后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五年内"},{"key":"B","value":"三年内"},{"key":"C","value":"二年后"},{"key":"D","value":"二年内"},{"key":"E","value":"一年内"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质发育不全。釉质发育不全是指在牙发育期间,由于全身疾患、营养障碍或严重的乳牙根尖周感染导致釉质结构异常。致病因素发生在牙发育期才会导致釉质发育不全,所以可根据釉质发育不全的部位,可推断致病因素作用的时间。第一恒磨牙发育时间为1岁以内,第一恒磨牙有釉质发育不全,说明受累年龄在出生后一年内(E对)。受累年龄在出生后第二年内,会导致上颌侧切牙的釉质发育不全(D错)。受累年龄在出生后两到三岁以后,会导致前磨牙和第二磨牙釉质发育不全(ABC错)。"} {"Question":"若上颌侧切牙切缘出现牙釉质发育不全表示致病因素已延续到","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生前"},{"key":"B","value":"1岁以内"},{"key":"C","value":"出生后第2年"},{"key":"D","value":"2~3岁以后"},{"key":"E","value":"4岁以后"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质发育不全的临床表现。由于致病因素出现在牙发育期才会导致釉质发育不全,故受累牙往往呈对称性。所以,可根据釉质发育不全的部位,推断致病因素作用的时间。12、22的釉质和牙本质在出生后1年左右才开始沉积,当12、22的切缘被累及时,可推断致病因素已延续到出生后第2年(C对A错)。11、13、16、21、23、26、31、32、33、36、41、42、43、46的切缘或牙尖出现釉质发育不全,表示致病因素发生在1岁以内(B错)。如前牙未受累,主要表现在14、15、17、24、25、27、34、35、37、44、45、47,则致病因素的发生在2~3岁以后(DE错)。"} {"Question":"关于斑釉牙的发病机制和病理说法不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当氟浓度过高时,碱性磷酸酶活性降低"},{"key":"B","value":"表层釉质呈多孔性"},{"key":"C","value":"釉柱间质矿化不良,釉柱过度矿化"},{"key":"D","value":"氟对牙本质的影响大于对釉质的影响"},{"key":"E","value":"氟斑的产生是因吸附外来色素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查斑釉牙的发病机制和病理。氟主要损害釉质发育期牙胚的成釉细胞,对釉质的损害大于对牙本质的损害(D错,为本题的正确答案)。当氟浓度过高时,可抑制碱性磷酸酶的活性(A对),从而造成釉质发育不良、矿化不全和骨质变脆等骨骼疾患。氟牙症表层釉质呈多孔性(B对),易吸附外来色素而产生氟斑(E对)。病理表现为柱间质矿化不良和釉柱的过度矿化(C对)。"} {"Question":"中央尖折断或被磨损后,临床上表现为圆形或椭圆形黑环,中央有时可见到黑色小点,此点为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙釉质"},{"key":"B","value":"牙本质"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓髓角"},{"key":"D","value":"牙骨质"},{"key":"E","value":"继发牙本质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"有半数的中央尖有髓角伸入。中央尖折断或被磨损后,临床上表现为圆形或椭圆形黑环,中央有浅黄色或褐色的牙本质轴;在轴中央有时可见到黑色小点,此点就是髓角。掌握“畸形中央尖”知识点。"} {"Question":"各型牙内陷中舌隆突呈圆锥形突起是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"畸形根面沟"},{"key":"B","value":"畸形舌侧窝"},{"key":"C","value":"畸形舌侧尖"},{"key":"D","value":"牙中牙"},{"key":"E","value":"釉珠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙内陷。舌隆突呈圆锥形突起是畸形舌侧尖(C对),除舌侧窝内陷外,舌隆突呈圆锥形突起,有时突起成一牙尖。畸形舌侧窝(B错)畸形舌侧窝是牙内陷最轻的一种。由于舌侧窝呈囊状深陷,容易滞留食物残渣,利于细菌滋生,再加上囊底存在发育上的缺陷,常易引起牙髓的感染、坏死及根尖周病变。畸形根面沟(A错)可与畸形舌侧窝同时出现,为一条纵形裂沟,向舌侧越过舌隆突,并向根方延伸,严重者可达根尖部,甚至有时将根一分为二,形成一个额外根。牙中牙(D错)是牙内陷最严重的一种。牙呈圆锥状,且较其固有形态稍大,X线片示其深入凹陷部好似包含在牙中的一个小牙,其实陷入部分的中央不是牙髓,而是含有残余成釉器的空腔。釉珠(E错)是牢固附着于牙骨质表面的釉质小块,大小似粟粒,呈球形,它多位于磨牙根分叉内或其附近,或位于釉牙骨质界的根面上,不属于牙内陷。"} {"Question":"水源加氟是一种有效的防龋手段,我国的水质标准氟浓度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.05ppm以上~0.1ppm以内"},{"key":"B","value":"0.1ppm以上~0.5ppm以内"},{"key":"C","value":"0.5ppm以上~1ppm以内"},{"key":"D","value":"1ppm以上~5ppm以内"},{"key":"E","value":"5ppm以上~10ppm以内"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查我国的水质标准氟浓度。一般认为水中含氟量以1ppm为宜,该浓度既能有效防龋,又不致发生氟牙症。水氟的适宜浓度主要取决于当地的年平均最高气温,我国适宜浓度为0.5~1ppm(C对)。水氟浓度过高时,6~7岁以下儿童会出现严重的氟牙症,甚至影响全身骨骼的发育。水氟浓度过低时,无法提供适宜的氟,牙齿极易患龋。"} {"Question":"下列疾病中好发于下颌第二双尖牙的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"畸形中央尖"},{"key":"B","value":"畸形舌侧窝"},{"key":"C","value":"畸形根面沟"},{"key":"D","value":"畸形舌侧尖"},{"key":"E","value":"釉珠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查畸形中央尖。畸形中央尖多见于下颌第二前磨牙,常呈对称分布,一般均位于(牙合)面中央窝,呈圆锥形突起(A对)。牙内陷在临床上可分为畸形舌侧窝(B错)、畸形舌侧尖(D错)、畸形根面沟(C错)、牙中牙,常见于上颌侧切牙。釉珠多发生在磨牙(E错)。"} {"Question":"为避免有畸形中央尖的牙发生牙体与牙周损伤,临床上应采用何种措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活髓切断术"},{"key":"B","value":"根尖诱导成形术"},{"key":"C","value":"磨除中央尖,开髓失活术"},{"key":"D","value":"少量多次调磨中央尖"},{"key":"E","value":"根管治疗术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查畸形中央尖的治疗。为避免有畸形中央尖的牙发生牙体与牙周损伤,说明中央尖未折断,少量多次调磨中央尖即可(D对)。若中央尖折断,但未引起牙髓及根尖周病变时,应根据情况分别采用直接盖髓术、间接盖髓术或部分冠髓切断术(A错)。若中央尖折断引起的牙髓或根尖周病变时,为保存患牙并使牙根继续发育形成,应行根尖诱导成形术(B错),待牙根发育完全再行根管治疗术(E错)。处理中央尖时应尽量保留患牙牙髓,以使患牙牙根继续发育,不能采用开髓失活术(C错)。"} {"Question":"容易折断并发根尖周病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙中牙"},{"key":"B","value":"畸形舌侧尖"},{"key":"C","value":"畸形舌侧窝"},{"key":"D","value":"畸形根面沟"},{"key":"E","value":"畸形中央尖"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查畸形中央尖。容易折断并发根尖周病的是畸形舌侧尖(B对)。畸形舌侧尖易遭磨损而引起牙髓及根尖周组织病变。牙中牙(A错):是牙内陷最严重的一种。牙呈圆锥状,且较其固有形态稍大,X线片示其深入凹陷部好似包含在牙中的一个小牙,其实陷入部分的中央不是牙髓,而是含有残余成釉器的空腔。畸形舌侧窝(C错):由于舌侧窝呈囊状深陷,容易滞留食物残渣,利于细菌滋生,再加上囊底存在发育上的缺陷,常易引起牙髓的感染、坏死及根尖周病变。畸形根面沟(D错):使龈沟底封闭不良,上皮在该处呈病理性附着,并形成骨下袋,成为细菌、毒素入侵的途径,易导致牙周组织的破坏。畸形中央尖(E错):中央尖折断或被磨损后,临床上表现为圆形或椭圆形黑环,中央有浅黄色或褐色的牙本质轴,在轴中央有时可见到黑色小点,此点就是髓角,但在此处即使用极细的探针也不能探入。圆锥形中央尖,萌出后不久与对颌牙接触,即遭折断,使牙髓感染坏死,影响根尖的继续发育。"} {"Question":"患者18岁,在治疗其他牙时,发现右上2畸形舌侧窝,深,可卡探针,温度测同对照牙。该牙的处理应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"预防性充填"},{"key":"C","value":"直接盖髓"},{"key":"D","value":"活髓切断术"},{"key":"E","value":"根管治疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙内陷的治疗。患者18岁,在治疗其他牙时,发现右上2畸形舌侧窝,深,可卡探针,温度测同对照牙。该牙的处理应为预防性充填(B对)。畸形舌侧窝由于舌侧窝呈囊状深陷,容易滞留食物残渣,利于细菌滋生,再加上囊底存在发育上的缺陷,常引起牙髓的感染、坏死及根尖周病变。病例中的畸形舌侧窝,深,可卡探针,温度测同对照牙,则考虑患牙畸形舌侧窝未引起牙髓炎症症状,但由于其比较深,存在发育缺陷,容易患龋引起牙髓感染,因此可以对患牙的畸形舌侧窝进行预防性充填,防止其继发龋病。畸形舌侧窝较浅,不易滞留食物继发龋病者可不治疗(A错)。患牙温度侧同对照牙,说明损坏较浅,距牙髓较远,窝洞清理干净后不会露髓,不必行直接盖髓术(C错)。患牙温度测验同对照牙,说明牙髓正常,无牙髓感染情况,且患者18岁,右上2牙根已发育完成,不需活髓切断术(D错)。患牙牙髓反应正常,无牙髓病变,无需做根管治疗(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,17岁。上前牙牙面有白色斑块合并缺损求治。10岁前一直住在东北地区。口腔检查:上颌321|123釉质严重发育不全,牙表面有带状和窝状的棕色凹陷,叩诊(-),无松动。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉质发育不全"},{"key":"B","value":"氟牙症"},{"key":"C","value":"四环素牙"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性牙本质发育不全"},{"key":"E","value":"先天性梅毒牙"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氟牙症。男性,17岁。上前牙牙面有白色斑块合并缺损求治。10岁前一直住在东北地区。口腔检查:上颌321123釉质严重发育不全,牙表面有带状和窝状的棕色凹陷,叩诊(-),无松动。最可能的诊断是氟牙症(B对)。患者上前牙牙面有白色斑块合并缺损,10岁前一直住在东北地区,有高氟区生活史(符合6、7岁前生活在高氟区),患者最可能患的是氟牙症。釉质发育不全是指在牙发育期间,由于全身疾患、营养障碍或严重的乳牙根尖周感染导致的釉质结构异常,东北地区为高氟区,而釉质发育不全无高氟区生活史(A错)。四环素牙初呈黄色,以后逐渐由黄色变成棕褐色或深灰色(C错)。遗传性乳光牙本质,牙冠呈微黄色,半透明,光照下呈现乳光(D错)。先天性梅毒牙可表现为半月形切牙、桑葚状磨牙及蕾状磨牙(E错)。"} {"Question":"11、13、16、21、23、26、31、32、33、36、41、42、43、46釉质发育不全,表明致病因素发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"1岁内"},{"key":"C","value":"1~2岁"},{"key":"D","value":"2岁以后"},{"key":"E","value":"3岁以后"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质发育不全。由于致病因素出现在牙发育期才会导致釉质发育不全,故可以根据釉质发育不全的部位,推断致病因素作用的时间。因11、13、16、21、23、26、31、32、33、36、41、42、43、46的釉质沉积是在1岁以内,故出现釉质发育不全,表示致病因素发生在1岁以内(B对A错)。12、22的釉质和牙本质在出生后一年左右才开始沉积,当12、22的切缘被累及时,可推断致病因素已累及到出生后第2年(C错)。如前牙未累及,主要表现在14、15、17、24、25、27、34、35、37、45、44、47,则致病因素发生在2~3岁以后(DE错)。"} {"Question":"氟牙症一般多见于恒牙,原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙的成釉细胞对氟的影响有抵抗作用"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙矿化程度比恒牙低,因此受氟的影响小"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙牙胚发育、生长、矿化时间比恒牙短得多,所以受氟的影响小"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙的发育分别在胚胎期和乳婴期,胎盘对氟有一定的屏障作用"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查氟牙症一般多见于恒牙的原因。氟牙症多见于恒牙,发生在乳牙者较少,程度也较轻,原因是乳牙的发育分别在胚胎期和婴儿期,而胎盘对氟有一定的屏障作用(D对),胚胎期只有极少量的氟通过胎盘,母乳含氟量也很低且较恒定。乳牙或者恒牙,成釉细胞都是一样的,对氟的反应也是一样的(A错)。氟牙症的发生是因为氟在釉质发育矿化期间进入体内,侵害成釉细胞引起,与矿化程度及牙胚发育、生长、矿化时间无关(BC错)。"} {"Question":"四环素牙主要着色的硬组织是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙釉质"},{"key":"B","value":"牙本质"},{"key":"C","value":"牙骨质"},{"key":"D","value":"牙槽骨"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周膜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牙本质磷灰石晶体小,总表面积比釉质磷灰石晶体大,因而牙本质吸收四环素的量较釉质为多,造成牙本质为主要着色硬组织。掌握“四环素牙齿”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于完全脱位牙的叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在1小时内进行再植,90%可避免发生牙根吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"脱位在2小时以后再就诊,牙周膜有可能重建"},{"key":"C","value":"年轻完全脱位的恒牙,若拖延就诊时间,也可以获得较好预后"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖发育完全的脱位牙,及时复位3~4周后再进行根管治疗术"},{"key":"E","value":"被污染的完全脱位牙,可以进行干藏"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"完全脱位牙在0.5小时内进行再植,90%患牙的可避免发生牙根吸收。如牙齿已落地污染,不能即刻复位,可将患牙置于患者的舌下或口腔前庭处,也可放在盛有牛奶、生理盐水或自来水的杯子内,切忌干藏。根尖发育完成的脱位牙,若就诊迅速或复位及时,应在术后3~4周再做根管治疗术。如果脱位在2小时以后再就诊者,牙髓和牙周膜内细胞已坏死,不可能期望牙周膜重建。年轻恒牙完全脱位,若就诊迅速或自行复位及时者,牙髓常能继续生存,不要贸然拔髓,一般疗效是良好的。掌握“牙脱位”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性患者,23岁,因牙齿折断前来就诊,查:牙体折断线累及牙冠与根部,斜行折裂多见,均与口腔相通,牙髓往往暴露,断裂游离部分动度大,触痛明显,则可以诊断为以下哪种牙折","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠折"},{"key":"B","value":"冠折露髓"},{"key":"C","value":"根折"},{"key":"D","value":"牙冠斜折"},{"key":"E","value":"冠根联合折"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"冠根折:折断线累及牙冠和根部,以斜行冠根折多见,均与口腔相通,牙髓往往暴露,患牙断片动度大,触痛明显。此占牙齿外伤的一小部分。掌握“牙折”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者16岁,男性,1小时前上前牙外伤,查:左上1唇向错位,松动Ⅱ度,叩(±),牙龈轻度红肿,右上1左上2叩(-)、松(-)、牙髓活力测同对照牙,X线未见根折,该患者处理为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自行愈合"},{"key":"B","value":"调(牙合)观察"},{"key":"C","value":"复位固定,观察"},{"key":"D","value":"牙髓治疗后复位固定"},{"key":"E","value":"拔除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙脱位的治疗。患者16岁,男性,1小时前上前牙外伤,查:左上1唇向错位,松动Ⅱ度,叩(±),牙龈轻度红肿,右上1左上2叩(-)、松(-)、牙髓活力测同对照牙,X线未见根折,该患者处理为复位固定,观察(C对)。患者上前牙外伤后,左上1唇向错位,松动Ⅱ度,叩(±),牙龈轻度红肿,X线未见根折,可知左上1为部分牙脱位。部分牙脱位应在局麻下将复位固定,观察,并定期复诊。对于嵌入性脱位的年轻恒牙,应任其自然萌出,不可强行拉出复位,以免造成更大的创伤(A错)。患牙复位后,若有咬合障碍,应进行调(牙合)处理,患牙为左上中切牙唇侧脱位,复位后一般不会出现咬合障碍,不需调(牙合)处理(B错)。牙完全脱位2小时以后再就诊者,牙髓和牙周膜已经坏死,应在体外进行根管治疗后,再将患牙植入固定(D错)。无保留价值的患牙应予以拔除,该患牙唇向脱位,进行复位固定,待其恢复后可正常使用,不应拔除(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,20岁。上前牙跌伤1天。口腔检查:左上1近中切角缺损,牙本质暴露,探诊酸痛,温度试验酸痛明显,无松动。X线牙片示:无根折。最佳治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用氧化锌丁香油黏固剂黏固临时塑料冠6~8周后复合树脂修复,并定期复诊"},{"key":"B","value":"即刻复合树脂修复"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓摘除术后复合树脂修复"},{"key":"D","value":"牙髓切断术后复合树脂修复"},{"key":"E","value":"直接烤瓷全冠修复"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查冠折的治疗。男性,20岁。上前牙跌伤1天。口腔检查:左上1近中切角缺损,牙本质暴露,探诊酸痛,温度试验酸痛明显,无松动。X线牙片示:无根折。最佳治疗方案是用氧化锌丁香油黏固剂黏固临时塑料冠6~8周后复合树脂修复,并定期复诊(A对)。患牙牙本质暴露,探诊酸痛,温度试验酸痛明显,并未露髓,应用氧化锌丁香油粘固剂粘固临时塑料冠,待6~8周有足够的修复性牙本质形成后,进行复合树脂修复(A对BE错)。冠折牙髓已暴露,且牙根发育完全的患牙,应行牙髓摘除术(C错)。冠折牙髓暴露的年轻恒牙,应根据牙髓暴露和污染的程度作活髓切断术(D错)。"} {"Question":"牙齿受外力作用而偏离,以致脱离牙槽窝者,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙折"},{"key":"B","value":"牙震荡"},{"key":"C","value":"牙脱位"},{"key":"D","value":"牙髓坏死"},{"key":"E","value":"牙骨质瘤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙齿受外力作用而偏离,以致部分或全部脱离牙槽窝者,称为牙脱位。掌握“牙脱位”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙隐裂可伴症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温度刺激痛"},{"key":"B","value":"咬物痛"},{"key":"C","value":"自发痛"},{"key":"D","value":"无明显症状"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都可能"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙隐裂的症状。牙隐裂是指发生在牙冠表面的细小、不易发现的、非生理性的细小裂纹。早期病变局限在牙釉质没有明显症状(D对)。遭受外力后裂纹加深,累及牙本质,部分牙本质小管暴露,出现牙本质敏感症状,细菌顺裂缝进入牙髓,引起牙髓发生炎症,出现温度刺激痛(A对)、自发痛(C对)等牙髓炎症状。当病变继续发展,牙髓炎发展到根尖周炎会出现咬合痛(B对)。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"楔状缺损常发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上前牙"},{"key":"B","value":"下前牙"},{"key":"C","value":"上下颌双尖牙"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌磨牙"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查楔状缺损的好发牙位。楔状缺损多发生于口角区的双尖牙(C对)。而上颌前牙(A错)和下颌前牙(B错)均位于牙弓最前端,应力不易于集中于此,前牙颈部不突出,故楔状缺损不易发生于此。上颌磨牙(D错)和下颌磨牙(E错)位于牙弓后缘,咬合面积大,不易发生(牙合)力疲劳,楔状缺损发生率也比较低。"} {"Question":"随着年龄的增长,牙齿(牙合)面和邻面由于咀嚼作用而发生的均衡的磨损称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磨损"},{"key":"B","value":"龋病"},{"key":"C","value":"磨耗"},{"key":"D","value":"酸蚀"},{"key":"E","value":"楔缺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在正常生理咀嚼过程中,随着年龄的增长,牙齿(牙合)面和邻面由于咀嚼作用而发生的均衡的磨损称为生理性磨耗。掌握“磨损”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列急性根尖周炎骨膜下脓肿阶段的临床表现除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"移行沟变平"},{"key":"B","value":"体温升高约38℃"},{"key":"C","value":"根尖部牙龈肿胀局限,呈半球形隆起"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞增高"},{"key":"E","value":"区域淋巴结肿大"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"急性化脓性根尖周炎的过程经历三个阶段,其临床表现如下:①根尖周脓肿:自发持续性剧烈跳痛,伸长感加重,触痛重,叩痛(+++),松动Ⅱ~Ⅲ度,患牙根尖部相应的唇、颊侧牙龈潮红,有扪痛、肿胀不明显;②骨膜下脓肿:上述症状加重,患者痛苦面容、根尖区牙龈肿胀明显、移行沟变平,扪痛并有深部波动感;区域淋巴结肿大、压痛,相应面颊部软组织呈反应性水肿;体温可有升高(约38℃)。末梢血象白细胞增多(计数1.0万~1.2万\/mm3)。患牙所属区域的淋巴结可出现肿大和扪痛;③黏膜下脓肿:上述症状明显减轻,相应根尖部的牙龈肿胀局限,呈半球形隆起,叩痛(+++),扪诊波动感明显,全身症状缓解。掌握“急性根尖周炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"患儿10岁,上前牙牙龈时常流脓1月余。查左上1远中舌面深龋,探无反应,无穿髓孔,牙松动Ⅰ度,叩(+),冷测无反应,唇侧牙龈近根尖处有一窦道。为确定诊断,临床需要作的检查是X线片,临床拟诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性牙髓炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性根尖周炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性根尖周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查慢性根尖周炎的临床表现及诊断。根据病例描述,左上1远中舌面深龋,探无反应,无穿髓孔,冷热测无反应,可知患牙牙髓已坏死;上前牙牙龈时常流脓1月余,松I度,叩痛(+),唇侧牙龈近根尖处有一窦道口,可知患牙牙髓炎症已蔓延到根尖周,导致根尖周炎症,综上所述,可初步诊断为慢性根尖周炎(D对)。急性牙髓炎(A错)表现为阵发性自发性剧烈的疼痛,夜间痛,放射痛,疼痛不能定位,病例中未述剧烈疼痛。慢性牙髓炎(B错)时炎症局限在牙髓腔内,并没有蔓延至根尖,因此不会有流脓、窦道口等表现。急性根尖周炎(C错)有明显自发痛,疼痛剧烈,叩痛剧烈。牙周脓肿(E错)一般有牙周袋形成和牙槽骨吸收,对冷热测正常,而不是没反应。"} {"Question":"男性,52岁。1个月前发现左下后牙龈有小包,有时口腔内觉有咸水。曾有过左侧后牙夜痛,无其他不适。检查见左下第一前磨牙牙颈部楔状缺损,探硬,轻酸感;左下第二前磨牙牙颈部龋洞深,探无感觉,牙髓无活力,叩诊异常感;左下第一磨牙近中根尖部龈瘘,叩痛(-),牙髓活力正常。对龈瘘管可能做的处理如下,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瘘管上药"},{"key":"B","value":"瘘管切除"},{"key":"C","value":"根尖手术"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗后搔刮"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗后观察"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"龈瘘管是慢性牙槽脓肿的排脓道,慢性牙槽脓肿疾病治愈了,龈瘘自然消失。在行根管治疗的同时,可做瘘管上药;龈瘘消失缓慢,治疗后可做搔刮;根管治疗疗效不好,还可行根尖手术。因此,根管治疗疗效好,瘘管切除不需要;根管治疗疗效不好,瘘管切除没有作用。掌握“慢性根尖周炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"X线片表现为根尖周骨密度减低影像或根周膜影像模糊增宽为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙髓坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓钙化"},{"key":"C","value":"牙内吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性根尖周炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓坏死、牙髓钙化与牙内吸收。慢性根尖周炎(E对)X线片表现为根尖周骨密度减低影像或根周膜影像模糊增宽。"} {"Question":"急性根尖周炎浆液期的临床症状如下,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"持续自发痛"},{"key":"B","value":"患牙浮出感"},{"key":"C","value":"温度测有反应"},{"key":"D","value":"患牙能明确定位"},{"key":"E","value":"咬紧牙时痛加重"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性根尖周炎浆液期的临床表现。温度测有反应(C错,为本题正确答案)不是急性根尖周炎浆液期的临床症状。急性根尖周炎浆液期:①初期患牙根尖部不适、木胀浮出感(B对),咬合时与对(牙合)牙有早接触感,有时用力咬紧患牙反而稍感舒服。尚无自发痛或仅轻微钝痛。②随着病情发展,患牙浮出和伸长的感觉逐渐加重,出现自发性、持续性钝痛(A对),咬合时不仅不能缓解症状,反而引起较剧烈的疼痛(E对),影响进食。③疼痛范围局限于患牙根部,不引起放散,患者能够指明患牙(D对)。"} {"Question":"根尖脓肿与骨膜下脓肿鉴别点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疼痛程度不同"},{"key":"B","value":"脓肿部位不同"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓有无活力"},{"key":"D","value":"松动度的有无"},{"key":"E","value":"扪诊有无波动感"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查根尖脓肿与骨膜下脓肿的鉴别。根尖脓肿与骨膜下脓肿鉴别点是扪诊有无波动感(E对)。根尖脓肿与骨膜下脓肿是急性根尖周炎发展的两个不同的阶段,急性根尖周炎多因牙髓感染、坏死继发而来,故两者牙髓均无活力(C错)。根尖脓肿会有自发性.剧烈持续的跳痛,松动Ⅱ°~Ⅲ°;骨膜下脓肿疼痛更加剧烈,松动Ⅲ°,两者是有所不同,但疼痛程度(A错)的差别不大,且均有牙齿松动(D错)。根尖脓肿根尖部牙龈潮红,但位置深在,无明显肿胀,扪诊感轻微疼痛,无波动感;根尖脓肿由于脓液积聚于骨膜下,牙龈红肿,移行沟变浅扪诊深部有波动感,虽然两者脓肿部位也确有不同(B错),但是相比之下,扪诊有无波动感是其最明显的不同。"} {"Question":"X线片诊断根尖周囊肿的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椭圆形透射区,边界较清晰,周围骨质疏松"},{"key":"B","value":"较大圆形透射区,边界清楚,周围有阻射白线"},{"key":"C","value":"透射区形态不规则,边缘模糊,周围骨质稀疏"},{"key":"D","value":"透射区形态不规则,边缘清楚,周围稍致密"},{"key":"E","value":"椭圆形透射区,边界模糊,周围骨质稍致密"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查X线检查显示出患牙根尖区骨质变化的影像。不同的X线影像有时可提示慢性根尖周炎的类型。其中,X线片诊断根尖周囊肿的指标是较大圆形透射区,边界清楚,周围有阻射白线(B对ADE错)。透射区形态不规则,边缘模糊,周围骨质稀疏(C错)考虑为根尖周脓肿。根尖周肉芽肿X线片表现为根尖部投射影圆形,直径小于1cm,边界清楚,周围骨质正常或稍显致密。根尖周致密性骨炎表现为根尖部骨质呈局限性的致密阻射影像,无透射区,多在下颌后牙发现。"} {"Question":"急性化脓性根尖周炎典型排脓途径中最常见的是哪种排脓方式","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"穿通骨壁突破黏膜"},{"key":"B","value":"穿通骨壁突破皮肤"},{"key":"C","value":"通过根尖孔经根管排脓"},{"key":"D","value":"突破上颌窦壁排脓"},{"key":"E","value":"突破鼻底黏膜排脓"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查急性化脓性根尖周炎的排脓途径。急性化脓性根尖周炎典型的自然发展过程有四种排脓途径:(1)穿通骨壁突破黏膜(A对):牙槽骨唇、颊侧的骨壁较薄,一般情况下上颌前牙、上颌后牙颊根以及下颌牙的根尖周脓肿多从牙槽骨的唇颊侧骨板穿出,形成骨膜下脓肿或黏膜下脓肿,最终在口腔前庭排脓。是急性化脓性根尖周炎典型排脓途径中最常见的。(2)穿破骨壁突破皮肤(B错):有少数病例根尖部的脓液不在口腔内排脓,而是穿通骨壁绕过龈颊沟从皮肤排出,久之形成皮窦。(3)突破上颌窦壁排脓(D错)在临床上较为少见。(4)突破鼻底黏膜(E错)是一种较为罕见的排脓方式。通过根尖孔经根管排脓(C错)一般需要开通髓腔建立引流通道才能排脓,这种排脓方式不常见。"} {"Question":"急性浆液性根尖周炎的临床表现,哪项不对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患牙有叩痛"},{"key":"B","value":"无全身症状"},{"key":"C","value":"患者不能明确指出患牙"},{"key":"D","value":"患牙咬合时感到不适,咬紧后反而不痛"},{"key":"E","value":"电活力大多无反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性浆液性根尖周炎的临床表现。急性浆液性根尖周炎患牙典型的咬合痛症状,患者不能明确指出患牙为急性牙髓炎的特点,非急性浆液性根尖周炎(C错,为本题的正确答案)。急性浆液性根尖周炎叩痛(+)~(++)(A对)。浆液期无明显全身症状,化脓期时,尤其为骨膜下脓肿和黏膜下脓肿,可有明显的全身症状(B对)。牙髓炎症破坏到根尖,形成根尖周炎时,牙髓已无活力,牙髓电活力测试无反应(E对)。由于根尖周组织的病变,因此咬合时感到不适,咬合的压力可暂时缓解局部血管充血的状态,因此咬紧后反而不痛(D对)。"} {"Question":"龋病患者的温度刺激反应程度较重,洞底软龋能彻底去净,最佳的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双层垫底,一次完成充填治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"局麻下开髓失活,行牙髓治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"先安抚,待1~2周复诊后症状消除,再行垫底充填"},{"key":"D","value":"实行活髓切断术"},{"key":"E","value":"间接盖髓、双层垫底,一次完成充填治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"龋病患者的主观临床症状较明显,仍为温度刺激痛性质,程度较重,洞底软龋能彻底去净,但极近髓,甚至髓角已透红,可先用氧化锌丁香油糊剂做安抚疗法或行间接盖髓,待1~2周复诊症状消除后,再行复合树脂粘接修复或垫底充填。若症状未能缓解,需再进一步检查,考虑是否需做牙髓治疗。掌握“龋病的治疗原则与非手术治疗方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪些疾病与遗传因素无关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天无牙"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周病"},{"key":"C","value":"龋齿"},{"key":"D","value":"错(牙合)畸形"},{"key":"E","value":"乳光牙本质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查与遗传因素有关的疾病。龋齿的四联因素学说包括细菌、食物、宿主和时间,与遗传关系不大(C错,为本题的正确答案)。先天无牙也叫外胚叶发育不全综合征,是一种遗传性疾病(A对),多数病例为伴X隐形遗传,也可为常染色体显性或隐性遗传。遗传因素是牙周病的一个全身促进因素(B对)。错(牙合)畸形是遗传和环境两大因素导致的疾病(D对)。乳光牙本质是Ⅱ型牙本质发育不全,属于常染色体显性遗传性疾病(E对)。"} {"Question":"某校六年级(12岁年龄组)300名学生中恒牙有龋、失、补的人数为180人,未治龋齿数为328个,因龋失牙数为3个,因龋充填牙数为69个。该年级学生的龋均为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.2"},{"key":"B","value":"1.3"},{"key":"C","value":"1.4"},{"key":"D","value":"1.5"},{"key":"E","value":"1.6"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查龋均的计算。某校六年级(12岁年龄组)300名学生中恒牙有龋、失、补的人数为180人,未治龋齿数为328个,因龋失牙数为3个,因龋充填牙数为69个。该年级学生的龋均为1.3(B对)。龋均为每个患者所患龋齿的平均数,即(328+3+69)÷300=1.3。"} {"Question":"乳牙列中龋病最好发的牙齿为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌第二乳磨牙"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌第二乳磨牙"},{"key":"C","value":"乳下前牙"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌第一磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"下前牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳牙列中下颌第二乳磨牙最易患龋。掌握“龋病的临床表现与分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"龋第一位好发牙面为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唇颊面"},{"key":"B","value":"舌腭面"},{"key":"C","value":"近中面"},{"key":"D","value":"远中面"},{"key":"E","value":"咬合面"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龋病的好发牙面。咬面即咬合面,由于其解剖特点有窝沟点隙,最易积存食物和菌斑,不易清洁,所以咬面较其他面最好发龋齿(E对)。近中面(C错)、远中面(D错)即邻面,位置隐密,积存食物时器械不易到达并清洁,为龋病的第二好发部位。颊面(A错)有颊沟不易清洁,为第三龋病好发牙面。舌面有唾液腺分泌的唾液冲刷,腭面沟少,不易积存菌斑和食物残渣,舌腭面(B错)较少患龋。"} {"Question":"患者。男,70岁。右上后牙咀嚼时敏感症状。检查见右上6(牙合)面磨耗明显。叩(-),探诊敏感,冷诊(-),无松动。诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浅龋"},{"key":"B","value":"中龋"},{"key":"C","value":"牙本质过敏"},{"key":"D","value":"逆行性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"可复性牙髓炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙本质过敏临床表现:①表现为激发痛。以机械刺激最为显著,其次为冷、酸、甜等,刺激除去后疼痛立即消失。②用探针尖在牙面上寻找一个或数个敏感点或敏感区,引起患者特殊的酸、软、痛症状。③敏感点多发现在咬合面釉牙本质界、牙本质暴露处或牙颈部釉牙骨质界处;可发现在一个或多个牙上。掌握“牙本质敏感症”知识点。"} {"Question":"银化合物治疗牙本质过敏症是利用其","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗菌作用"},{"key":"B","value":"抗牙菌斑作用"},{"key":"C","value":"机械性阻塞作用"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制黏附作用"},{"key":"E","value":"减少酸产生作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查银化合物治疗牙本质过敏症的机制。牙本质过敏症脱敏治疗的主要原理是封闭牙本质小管,银化合物治疗牙本质过敏症正是利用其能阻塞牙本质小管的特性,即机械性阻塞作用(C对),从而达到阻断传导的目的。"} {"Question":"女孩,13岁,3天来右上后牙肿疼就诊。检查:14MO龋深,腐质黄软,探及髓腔,无疼痛,Ⅲ°松动,叩诊(+++),牙龈红肿,扪痛,有波动感,右侧面颊部轻度水肿,体温38℃。初诊的处理","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开髓暂封,切开引流,消炎止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"开髓暂封,切开引流"},{"key":"C","value":"拔牙,消炎止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"开髓开放,消炎止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"切开引流,消炎止痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"年轻恒牙根尖周病变治疗,临床症状提示急性脓肿指征。有波动感,应切开引流,同时配合抗感染治疗。掌握“急性根尖周炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"残髓炎的治疗原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干尸疗法"},{"key":"B","value":"直接盖髓术"},{"key":"C","value":"活髓切断术"},{"key":"D","value":"再根管治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"拔出患牙"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"残髓炎的治疗原则去除残髓或找到并处理遗漏根管,重做根管治疗。掌握“残髓炎及逆行性牙髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性,36岁,因半年来右上后牙龈发现小包,曾肿痛2次,流出少许脓液。要求诊治,必要的一项检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"探诊"},{"key":"B","value":"叩诊"},{"key":"C","value":"扪诊"},{"key":"D","value":"牙齿松动度"},{"key":"E","value":"X线片检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查慢性根尖周炎。患者牙龈小包反复肿痛已半年,流出少许脓液。提示患牙最可能为慢性根尖周脓肿,确诊该病的检查只有X线片检查(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪种情况下去除外界刺激因素后牙髓炎症有恢复的可能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖孔粗大,牙髓炎症轻微,全身情况良好"},{"key":"B","value":"刺激强度并不很强或刺激减弱但长期存在时"},{"key":"C","value":"当牙髓炎症渗出物得到某种程度的引流时"},{"key":"D","value":"外界刺激较强且持续长期存在使牙髓炎症发展时"},{"key":"E","value":"以上情况均可"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓的解剖生理。根尖孔粗大,牙髓炎症轻微,全身情况良好(A对),牙髓血运丰富代偿能力强,机体抵抗力强,能抵抗牙髓轻微炎症,有可能促进牙髓炎症恢复。刺激强度并不很强或刺激减弱但长期存在时(B错),会使牙髓以慢性牙髓炎状态炎续存在,牙髓炎症不会恢复。当牙髓炎症渗出物得到某种程度的引流时(C错),此时虽然根管内压力减轻,但此时因化脓感染坏死的牙髓组织部不可能再恢复活力。外界刺激较强且持续长期存在使牙髓炎症发展时(D错),牙髓在短时间内很快变性失活,牙髓炎症不可能恢复。"} {"Question":"以下哪一项不属于酸蚀的作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加釉质表面的粘结面积"},{"key":"B","value":"增大釉质表面可湿性有利于粘接剂的渗入"},{"key":"C","value":"保护牙髓活力"},{"key":"D","value":"暴露出釉质新鲜层"},{"key":"E","value":"增加釉质表面的粗糙度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"酸蚀的作用包括:①酸溶解釉质表面的羟磷灰石,暴露出釉质新鲜层,增大釉质表面可湿性和表面自由能,有利于粘接剂的渗入;②酸蚀还可以活化釉质表层,经酸处理后,釉质表面的极性增强,易与粘接树脂结合;③酸蚀增加釉质表面的粘结面积和粗糙度。掌握“树脂粘结概念及釉质、牙本质粘结”知识点。"} {"Question":"使用30%~50%磷酸酸蚀刻成年恒牙釉质的时间应控制在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10~20秒"},{"key":"B","value":"20~40秒"},{"key":"C","value":"1~2分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"2~4分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"40~60秒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"用磷酸进行酸蚀刻的效果最优,脱矿均匀,以30%~50%磷酸酸蚀刻釉质20~40秒为宜。掌握“树脂粘结概念及釉质、牙本质粘结”知识点。"} {"Question":"哪种充填材料与牙体组织间发生真正的化学粘接","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复合树脂"},{"key":"B","value":"玻璃离子体"},{"key":"C","value":"复合体"},{"key":"D","value":"银汞合金"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化锌粘固剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"玻璃离子体通过酸碱反应固化。聚丙烯酸链的羧基团能与牙体结构中的钙离子发生络合反应,使材料与矿化的牙体组织发生真正的化学粘接。掌握“牙体充填材料之玻璃离子及复合体”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列方法中,能够保存更多的牙体组织的修复术的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银汞合金充填术"},{"key":"B","value":"复合树脂直接粘结修复术"},{"key":"C","value":"嵌体修复术"},{"key":"D","value":"根管治疗术"},{"key":"E","value":"窝沟封闭术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查树脂粘结概念及釉质、牙本质粘结。传统的银汞合金修复技术(A错),必须预备洞形为修复材料提供机械固位力,故需切割较多的牙体组织。而复合树脂直接粘结修复术(B对)通过粘接系统使修复材料与牙体组织紧密结合,可以保存更多的牙体组织。嵌体(C错)对牙体组织的切削量也较大,而窝沟封闭术(E错)不是修复技术,而是预防技术中的一种。根管治疗术(D错)对牙体组织的切削量也较大。"} {"Question":"关于酸蚀作用描述哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去除表层玷污釉质,起到机械清洁作用"},{"key":"B","value":"增加釉质表面自由能"},{"key":"C","value":"能增强釉质与充填材料化学结合能力"},{"key":"D","value":"增加牙齿表面积和粗糙度"},{"key":"E","value":"活化釉质表层"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查酸蚀的作用。釉质粘接是通过磷酸酸蚀技术实现的,该技术通过酸蚀釉质表面层,使粘结树脂获得微机械固位(C错,为本题的正确答案)。酸蚀作用有:(1)酸溶解釉质表面的羟磷灰石,暴露出釉质新鲜层(A对),有利于粘结剂与其结合。(2)增大釉质表面可湿性和表面自由能(B对),有利于粘结剂的渗入。(3)酸蚀后牙釉质表面形成蜂窝状突起,可增加釉质表面的粘接面积和粗糙度(D对)。(4)酸蚀还可以活化釉质表层(E对),经酸处理后,釉质表面的极性增强,易与粘接树脂结合。"} {"Question":"在复合树脂充填术中,整块充填适用于深度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小于4mm的窝洞"},{"key":"B","value":"小于5mm的窝洞"},{"key":"C","value":"小于6mm的窝洞"},{"key":"D","value":"小于7mm的窝洞"},{"key":"E","value":"小于8mm的窝洞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"复合树脂的填充技术有整块填充和分层填充技术。整块填充采用特殊的复合树脂,一次填充的厚度不超过4mm。掌握“牙体充填材料之复合树脂”知识点。"} {"Question":"用复合树脂充填深龋时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用氧化锌丁香油水门汀作基底"},{"key":"B","value":"用磷酸锌水门汀作基底"},{"key":"C","value":"不必用基底"},{"key":"D","value":"用聚羧酸锌水门汀作基底"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查窝洞垫底。聚羧酸锌水门汀强度高,且对牙髓刺激性小,用复合树脂充填深龋时可用聚羧酸锌水门汀作基底(D对)。氧化锌丁香油水门汀会影响树脂的聚合,用复合树脂充填时,不能用氧化锌丁香油水门汀作基底(A错)。磷酸锌水门汀能释放游离酸,刺激牙髓,不能用磷酸锌水门汀直接垫底(B错)。复合树脂未垫底直接充填可造成对牙髓的化学刺激而激惹牙髓,导致牙髓充血(C错)。"} {"Question":"酸蚀的作用不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去除表层玷污釉质"},{"key":"B","value":"减少表面粗糙度"},{"key":"C","value":"增加釉质表面自由能"},{"key":"D","value":"活化釉质表层"},{"key":"E","value":"增加牙表面积"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查酸蚀的作用。酸蚀的作用不包括减少表面粗糙度(B错,为本题的正确答案)。酸蚀可去除表面玷污层(A对),增加釉质表面可湿性和表面自由能(C对),有利于粘结剂的渗入。酸蚀可活化釉质表层(D对),增加釉质表面极性,使其易于与粘接树脂结合。酸蚀还可增加釉质表面的粘结面积(E对),以及釉质表面粗糙度。"} {"Question":"以下有关聚羧酸锌粘固剂的论述中,不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对釉质和牙本质都有较大的黏着力"},{"key":"B","value":"能刺激修复性牙本质的形成"},{"key":"C","value":"可作为垫底材料"},{"key":"D","value":"聚羧酸锌粘固剂在唾液中的溶解度大于磷酸锌粘固剂"},{"key":"E","value":"对牙髓的刺激性较小"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"聚羧酸锌粘固粉的抗压强度为53.9~73.5MPa,对釉质和牙本质都有较大的黏着力,对牙髓的刺激性较小,但不能刺激修复性牙本质的形成。聚羧酸锌粘固剂在唾液中的溶解度大于磷酸锌粘固剂,绝缘性能稍差。掌握“口腔材料的性能与选择、垫底与暂封材料”知识点。"} {"Question":"制备复合树脂充填洞形时应注意","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"点线角应圆钝,洞缘釉质壁应制成斜面,倒凹宜呈圆弧形"},{"key":"B","value":"底要平,洞壁要直,洞形必须要深"},{"key":"C","value":"要去尽无基釉质,增加抗力形"},{"key":"D","value":"为制备获得良好的固位形,必须磨除正常的牙体组织"},{"key":"E","value":"无需去尽无基釉质,也无需在洞缘角制备短斜面"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查复合树脂修复的牙体预备的特点。用复合树脂充填时,牙体预备除要具备一般的抗力形和固位形外,还应注意点线角应圆钝防止应力集中,洞缘釉质壁应制成斜面以增加粘结面积,倒凹宜呈圆弧形(A对)。窝洞的深度根据病损深度而定,不必过分强调洞底的平整,没有统一深度(B错)。复合树脂多用于前牙的充填修复,前牙受力较小,可保留部分坚固的无基釉,以增加美观(C错)。复合树脂主要依靠粘接固位,对固位形的要求相对较低,不必过多的磨除正常的牙体组织(D错)。洞缘制备成短斜面,可减少微渗漏,增加粘接力及美观(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者因龋坏牙充填后5年出现冷热痛,偶有自发钝痛。查:左上6近中邻(牙合)面充填体,颊测龈壁可探入,发黑,叩诊(±)冷热测疼痛。其原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充填物早接触"},{"key":"B","value":"充填时没垫底"},{"key":"C","value":"继发龋"},{"key":"D","value":"备洞时操作不当"},{"key":"E","value":"充填体的化学性刺激"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者因龋坏牙充填后5年出现冷热痛,偶有自发钝痛。查:左上6近中邻(牙合)面充填体,颊测龈壁可探入,发黑,叩诊(±)冷热测疼痛。其原因为继发龋(C对)。根据病例描述,患牙充填5年后,出现冷热痛,偶有自发钝痛,表明牙髓有慢性炎症;检查见左上6近中邻(牙合)面充填体,颊测龈壁可探入,发黑,可知患牙有继发龋,龋病继续发展累及牙髓出现牙髓炎症。充填物早接触主要表现为充填后出现咀嚼性疼痛,与温度刺激无关(A错)。充填时没垫底,温度刺激可通过充填体刺激牙髓,短期内出现牙髓激惹症状(B错)。备洞时操作不当可导致意外穿髓,在短期内即可出现明显的症状(D错)。充填体的化学性刺激可导致牙髓逐渐发炎,症状会在充填一段时间之后逐渐出现,并逐渐加重(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是浅龋的临床表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平滑面釉质白垩斑点"},{"key":"B","value":"患者无症状"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟色泽变黑,可卡探针"},{"key":"D","value":"对化学性刺激有反应"},{"key":"E","value":"探针检查时有粗糙感"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查浅龋的临床表现。浅龋遭受外界物理或化学刺激无明显反应(D错,为本题的正确答案)。浅龋主要表现为釉质色形质的改变。平滑面早期浅龋一般呈白垩色点或斑(A对)。浅龋位于釉质内,患者一般无主观症状(B对)。窝沟龋表现为龋损部位色泽变黑,用探针检查可卡住探针(C对)。浅龋用探针检查时可有粗糙感(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者50岁,因鼻咽癌外院放疗结束后2年,来门诊就诊。检查:全口多个牙齿牙面不同程度龋,部分患牙已成残冠,残根,口内唾液较少,牙面及龈沟软垢多。该患者的诊断为猛性龋。治疗设计有以下几项,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"设计治疗全口龋齿"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓病变的牙齿牙髓治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"拔出残根、残冠"},{"key":"D","value":"再矿化辅助治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"定期复查"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查猛性龋的治疗。该患者的诊断为猛性龋。治疗设计有以下几项,除了拔出残根、残冠(C错,为本题的正确答案)。猛性龋病变发展较快,且有放射治疗史,治疗时应设计治疗全口龋齿(A对);牙髓病变的牙齿应尽早做牙髓治疗(B对);拔除不能保留的残根、残冠,对于能够保留的残根、残冠进行牙髓治疗,做桩核冠修复;对于病变较轻的早期龋损和应用再矿化辅助治疗(D对);患者应定期复查,以便及时发现新的龋坏,及时治疗(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者25岁,男性,因右下后牙进食冷热食物痛1周,无自发痛,夜间痛史。检查:右下7颊面龋洞,探稍敏感,叩(-),松(-),牙龈(-),冷热测同对照牙。右下6颊面龋洞,探敏感,叩(-),松(-),牙龈(-),冷热测引起疼痛,去除后立即消失。其余牙未见异常,右下7颊面的诊断最可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中龋"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性闭锁性牙髓炎"},{"key":"C","value":"浅龋"},{"key":"D","value":"深龋"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓充血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中龋的诊断标准。中龋时病变进展到牙本质,探诊可稍敏感,对温度和化学刺激敏感,刺激去除后症状立即消失,温度测验同正常对照牙(A对)。慢性闭锁性牙髓炎几乎所有患者都有长期的冷热刺激痛史,对温度刺激为敏感,也可为热测引起的迟缓性疼痛,探诊患牙感觉较为迟钝,多有轻度叩痛或叩诊不适感(B错)。浅龋位于釉质内,患者一般无主观症状,遭受外界的物理和化学刺激时无明显反应,用探针检查有粗糙感,但不会引起患牙敏感(C错)。深龋时病变进展到牙本质深层,若深龋洞口开放,则食物嵌入洞内,压迫牙髓使压力增加产生疼痛,冷热刺激入洞也会产生疼痛(D错)。牙髓充血表现为对冷刺激为一过性敏感(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下龋病类型中,按损害程度分类的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中龋"},{"key":"B","value":"急性龋"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟龋"},{"key":"D","value":"静止龋"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性龋"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"根据病变侵入牙齿的深度分类:临床上以去除龋腐后洞底所在的组织位置分为浅、中、深龋。掌握“龋病的临床表现与分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"邻面的早期龋损可以用下列哪种方法帮助检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"探诊"},{"key":"B","value":"牙线"},{"key":"C","value":"温度测试"},{"key":"D","value":"叩诊"},{"key":"E","value":"视诊"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查邻面的早期龋损的检查。邻面的早期龋损可以用牙线(B对)帮助检查。邻面早期龋损,探针难以进入,故不宜使用探诊检查(A错),可使用牙线进行检查,将牙线自咬合面滑向牙间隙,然后自颈部拉出,检查牙线,若牙线变毛或有撕脱的情况,则可能有龋病病变。温度测验一般用于牙髓活力的检测,早期龋损未累及牙髓,不会出现牙髓病变(C错)。叩诊多用于根尖周病变的检查(D错)。邻面早期龋损,颜色多为白垩色,视诊检查不易发现(E错)。"} {"Question":"乳磨牙的窝沟龋常见的年龄段为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2岁"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3岁"},{"key":"C","value":"3~5岁"},{"key":"D","value":"5~6岁"},{"key":"E","value":"6~7岁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"3~5岁多见乳磨牙的窝沟龋,与牙齿初萌有关。掌握“龋病的临床表现与分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"深龋的临床表现,描述有误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龋损已至牙本质深层"},{"key":"B","value":"大多数有冷热激发痛"},{"key":"C","value":"对甜酸食物较为敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"偶尔也会出现自发痛"},{"key":"E","value":"龋洞嵌入食物有疼痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查深龋的临床表现。深龋的临床表现,描述有误的是偶尔也会出现自发痛(D错,为本题的正确答案)。患有深龋的牙对温度刺激也敏感,但往往是当冷、热刺激进入深龋洞内才出现疼痛反应,而刺激去除后症状并不持续。深龋病变已进展到牙本质深层(A对),大多有冷热刺激痛(B对),对甜酸食物等化学刺激较为敏感(C对),食物进入龋洞时,压迫牙髓产生疼痛(E对),但没有自发痛。"} {"Question":"以下哪个面是点隙窝沟龋的好发部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌中切牙的唇面"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌侧切牙的邻面"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌侧切牙的舌窝"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌中切牙的舌面"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌侧切牙的唇面"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上颌侧切牙的舌侧窝,为点隙、沟裂分布的部位,是龋最好发的部位。掌握“龋病的临床表现与分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"深龋的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遇冷、热和化学刺激时疼痛较轻微"},{"key":"B","value":"龋洞形成,遇冷、热和化学刺激时疼痛,有时有自发痛"},{"key":"C","value":"可有放散痛,疼痛无法定位"},{"key":"D","value":"龋洞形成,遇冷、热和化学刺激时疼痛,刺激去除后症状即刻消失"},{"key":"E","value":"龋洞形成,遇冷、热和化学刺激时疼痛,刺激去除后疼痛持续较长时间"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查深龋的临床表现。龋病进展到牙本质深层时为深龋,临床上可见很深的龋洞,遇冷、热或化学刺激可产生酸痛感觉,刺激去除后症状立即消失(D对A错),但深龋无自发性疼痛(B错)。放散痛、自发痛、疼痛无法定位为急性牙髓炎的表现(C错)。刺激去除后疼痛持续较长时间为不可复性牙髓炎的表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"好发于患有舍格伦综合征患者的龋病称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隐匿龋"},{"key":"B","value":"静止龋"},{"key":"C","value":"猖獗龋"},{"key":"D","value":"根面龋"},{"key":"E","value":"环状龋"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查好发于患有舍格伦综合征患者的龋病。舍格伦综合征又称干燥综合征,其特征表现为外分泌腺的进行性破坏,导致口腔黏膜及结膜干燥,并伴有各种自身免疫性病征。由于唾液腺腺泡萎缩,唾液分泌减少,失去了唾液的清洁、稀释及缓冲作用,龋病的发生率明显增加,且好发猖獗龋(C对)。隐匿龋(A错)是指釉质脱矿常从其表面下层开始,有时可能在看似完整的釉质下方形成龋洞,好发于磨牙沟裂下方和邻面。静止龋(B错)是指龋病发展到某一阶段时,由于病变环境发生改变,龋病不再继续进展,损害扔保留原状,是慢性龋的一种。根面龋(D错)是指根部牙骨质发生的龋病损害,主要发生于牙龈退缩、根面外露的老年人牙列。环状龋(E错)是指前牙唇面、邻面龋较快发展成围绕牙冠的广泛性环形龋,多见于儿童喂养龋。"} {"Question":"合金与纯金属性质相比","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合金的熔点较凝固点高"},{"key":"B","value":"合金的硬度较其所组成的纯金属高"},{"key":"C","value":"合金的抗腐蚀性能较纯金属高"},{"key":"D","value":"合金的传导性较原有金属好"},{"key":"E","value":"合金的延展性较所组成的金属高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查合金的特性。合金硬度较其所组成的金属高(B对)。合金没有固定的熔点和凝固点,因此不能将合金的熔点和凝固点进行比较(A错)。纯金属一般不易被腐蚀,合金的腐蚀性一般视其结构及组成的不同而异。在合金中加入一定量的抗腐蚀元素如铬、镍、锰和硅等,可提高合金的耐腐蚀性,即合金的抗腐蚀性较纯金属低(C错)。合金的传导性一般均较组成的金属差,其中尤以导电性减弱更为明显(D错)。合金的延展性一般均较所组成的金属为低(E错)。"} {"Question":"铸造金合金的铸造温度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1100℃以上"},{"key":"B","value":"850~1000℃"},{"key":"C","value":"500~1000℃"},{"key":"D","value":"850~300℃"},{"key":"E","value":"500~300℃"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查铸造金合金的铸造温度。铸造金合金的铸造温度为1100℃以上(A对)。口腔用铸造金合金的含金量及铂族金属的量应不少于75%,如金-铂-钯合金、金-钯合金、金-钯-银合金等,它们的铸造温度均在1100℃以上。"} {"Question":"锻造镍铬合金中铜的主要作用为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗腐蚀性"},{"key":"B","value":"使合金变软,有韧性"},{"key":"C","value":"增加合金的强度和硬度"},{"key":"D","value":"增加流动性,改善焊接性能"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查锻造镍铬合金中铜的作用。铜元素能使合金增加流动性,改善焊接性能(D对)。抗腐蚀性(A错)是镍和铬元素在镍铬合金中的作用,使合金变软且有韧性(B错)是镍的主要作用,而增加合金的强度和硬度(C错)则是铬的作用。"} {"Question":"干髓剂中不含何种成份","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"多聚甲醛"},{"key":"C","value":"碘甘油"},{"key":"D","value":"麝香草酚"},{"key":"E","value":"羊毛脂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查干髓剂。碘甘油(C错,为本题的正案确答)是消毒防腐剂,适应证为用于口腔黏膜溃疡、牙龈炎及冠周炎,不是干髓剂的主要成分。干髓剂是使坏死的牙神经干尸化后长期保留在牙齿内的制剂。多聚甲醛(B对)作用于牙髓,使血管壁平滑肌麻痹,血管扩张,形成血栓,引起血运障碍而使牙髓坏死,其凝固蛋白的作用,能使坏死牙髓组织无菌性干化,是常用干髓剂的主要成分。另外还含有麝香草酚(D对)具有杀菌作用且毒性低。氧化锌具有收敛性和一定的杀菌力,地卡因(A对)具有麻醉神经的作用,减少疼痛,羊毛脂(E对)具有黏稠性可包裹干髓剂的各种成分,使其成膏状。"} {"Question":"银汞合金调制中受潮可导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强度下降"},{"key":"B","value":"蠕变值下降"},{"key":"C","value":"体积收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"产生延缓膨胀"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查银汞合金的性能-体积变化。银汞合金调制中受潮可导致延缓膨胀(D对),一般发生在充填后3~5天。汞含量过多等原因会引起银汞合金的强度下降(A错)。汞含量降低等原因,蠕变值下降(B错)。调和研磨时间越长,银汞合金的体积收缩越大(C错)。"} {"Question":"下列垫底材料中对牙髓毒性作用最小的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化锌丁香油酚黏固剂"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氧化钙制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"磷酸锌黏固剂"},{"key":"D","value":"聚羧酸锌黏固剂"},{"key":"E","value":"玻璃离子黏固剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查对牙髓毒性作用最小的垫底材料。氢氧化钙制剂(B对)具有强碱性,对龋坏牙本质的细菌有一定的杀菌及抑菌作用,可杀死龋洞中残留的细菌,用此种材料盖髓可促进修复性牙本质的形成,是以上材料中对牙髓毒性作用最小的垫底材料。氧化锌丁香油酚黏固剂(A错)虽然对牙髓的刺激性比较小,有安抚、抗炎、抑菌的作用,但是接触牙髓时可引起局限性慢性炎症反应。磷酸锌黏固剂(C错)在固化的时候呈酸性,可刺激牙髓使牙髓发生反应,甚至会造成牙髓坏死。聚羧酸锌黏固剂(D错)对牙髓刺激性较小,与氧化锌丁香酚水门汀相近。玻璃离子黏固剂(E错)对牙髓的刺激性与聚羧酸锌黏固剂相似。"} {"Question":"“V-Y”皮瓣成形术,可以","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加皮肤长度,缩小宽度"},{"key":"B","value":"增加长度和宽度"},{"key":"C","value":"增加宽度,缩小长度"},{"key":"D","value":"缩小长度和宽度"},{"key":"E","value":"长度和宽度部未增加"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查皮瓣移植。“V-Y”皮瓣成形术,可以增加皮肤长度,缩小宽度(A对)。临床上,为了增长或缩短某一组织的长度和宽度而常用V-Y皮瓣成形术,也是属于滑行皮瓣的一种。在皮肤上作V形切口,分离三角形皮瓣及两侧皮下组织,利用组织的收缩性,使三角形皮瓣后退,再将切口缝为Y形,可以使皮肤的长度增加,宽度缩小。反之,在皮肤上作Y形切口,分离三角形皮瓣及对直切口两侧行潜行分离,利用组织的弹性,将三角形皮瓣向前推进,把切口缝合成V形,则可使皮肤的长度缩短,宽度增加。"} {"Question":"表层皮片的厚度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1mm"},{"key":"B","value":"0.2~0.25mm"},{"key":"C","value":"0.8~1.0mm"},{"key":"D","value":"0.35~0.8mm"},{"key":"E","value":"1.2~1.5mm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查表层皮片的厚度。表层皮片包括表皮层和很薄一层真皮最上层的乳头层,厚度约为0.2~0.25mm(B对A错),移植后生活力强,抗感染力亦强,能生长在有轻微感染经过适当处理后的肉芽创面上;也能生长在渗血的骨、肌、脂肪、肌腱等组织创面上;过薄,没有临床价值。中厚皮片包括表皮及一部分真皮层,厚度约为0.35~0.80mm(D错)。全厚皮片包括表皮及真皮的全层(CE错),这种皮片生长成活后,柔软而富有弹性,活动度大,能耐摩擦及负重,收缩小,色泽变化亦小,特别适颌面部植皮。"} {"Question":"在面部轴型皮瓣的长宽比例为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2:1"},{"key":"B","value":"3:1"},{"key":"C","value":"4:1"},{"key":"D","value":"5:1"},{"key":"E","value":"在血管长轴内不受长宽比例的限制"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查皮瓣移植-轴型皮瓣。面部轴型皮瓣是由一对知名血管供血与回流,因而设计皮瓣时在血管长轴内不受长宽比例的限制(E对)。皮瓣移植分为带蒂皮瓣和游离皮瓣,其中带蒂皮瓣包括随意皮瓣和轴型皮瓣。随意皮瓣也称皮肤皮瓣,由于没有知名的血管供血,故在设计皮瓣时,其长宽比例要受到一定限制。在肢体与躯干部位,长宽之比1.5:1为最安全,最好不超过2:1(A错);在面部,由于血液循环丰富,根据实际情况可放宽到2~3:1(B错),在血供特别丰富的部位可达4:1(C错)。5:1(D错)比例太大,不能保证移植皮瓣的成活。"} {"Question":"植皮术后游离皮瓣最容易发生血管危象的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"12小时内"},{"key":"B","value":"24小时内"},{"key":"C","value":"36小时内"},{"key":"D","value":"48小时内"},{"key":"E","value":"72小时内"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"植皮术后72小时内是游离皮瓣最容易发生血管危象的时候。掌握“口腔颌面部后天畸形概论”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关游离皮片移植的下列描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮片愈薄,生长能力愈差"},{"key":"B","value":"全厚皮片较刃厚皮片移植后易收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"全厚皮片耐磨及负重,但色泽变化也大"},{"key":"D","value":"有感染的肉芽伤面,只能采用全厚皮片移植"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔内植皮,多采用薄中厚皮片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查游离皮片移植。薄中厚皮片因术后收缩小,故多用于口腔黏膜缺损修复(E对)。游离皮片分为表层皮片(刃厚皮片)、中厚皮片以及全厚皮片三种。表层皮片最薄,移植后生活能力强,抗感染能力强,能生长在有感染的肉芽创面上,皮片愈薄生长能力愈强(A错)。有感染创面只能用表层皮片(D错)。正是因为薄,所以收缩大,极易挛缩,故全厚皮片较刃厚皮片移植后收缩小(B错),全厚皮片有弹性、能耐磨擦和负担重力,色泽变化不大(C错),故在面部多用。"} {"Question":"患者,男,68岁。打哈欠后突然下颌不能闭合,流涎,下颌中线偏向一侧。选用最佳的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全麻下手法复位"},{"key":"B","value":"局麻下手法复位"},{"key":"C","value":"颌间牵引复位"},{"key":"D","value":"口内法手法复位"},{"key":"E","value":"不做处理,自行恢复"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"颞下颌关节急性脱位后应及时复位,复位后应限制下颌运动。方法有口内法和口外法,必要时复位前可给镇静剂。若脱位时间较长,咀嚼肌发生痉挛,关节局部水肿、疼痛或患者不能配合,给手法复位造成困难。此时,宜先行局部热敷或行关节周围和咀嚼肌封闭后,再行复位。个别情况脱位时间较长,手法常复位无效,可使用全身麻醉,配合肌松弛剂进行复位。掌握“颞下颌关节脱位”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于颞下颌关节复发性脱位的叙述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床表现与急性前脱位相同"},{"key":"B","value":"X线片可见髁突脱位于关节结节前上方"},{"key":"C","value":"复发性脱位可为单侧或双侧"},{"key":"D","value":"在大开口时,患者突然感到下颌骨不能自如运动,前牙不能闭合"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"复发性脱位可为单侧或双侧。在大开口时,患者突然感到下颌骨不能自如运动,前牙不能闭合,其临床表现与急性前脱位相同。根据病史和临床可作出诊断。X线片可见髁突脱位于关节结节前上方。掌握“颞下颌关节脱位”知识点。"} {"Question":"颞下颌关节急性脱位后限制下颌运动的固定方法可采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十字绷带包扎"},{"key":"B","value":"颅颌绷带包扎"},{"key":"C","value":"三角绷带包扎"},{"key":"D","value":"单眼绷带包扎"},{"key":"E","value":"四头绷带包扎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"颞下颌关节急性脱位后限制下颌运动的固定方法可采用颅颌绷带,且开口度不能超过1cm。掌握“颞下颌关节紊乱”知识点。"} {"Question":"由于疾病、损伤或外科手术而导致的关节固定、运动丧失是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颞下颌关节复发性脱位"},{"key":"B","value":"颞下颌关节急性前脱位"},{"key":"C","value":"颞下颌关节急性后脱位"},{"key":"D","value":"颞下颌关节陈旧性脱位"},{"key":"E","value":"颞下颌关节强直"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颞下颌关节强直是指由于疾病、损伤或外科手术而导致的关节固定、运动丧失。掌握“颞下颌关节脱位”知识点。"} {"Question":"髁突、关节盘相对移位时,其弹响性质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开口初或闭口末单声弹响"},{"key":"B","value":"开口末或闭口初单声弹响"},{"key":"C","value":"连续摩擦音"},{"key":"D","value":"多声破碎音"},{"key":"E","value":"爆裂音"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查髁突、关节盘相对移位时弹响的性质。关节盘移位的机制是关节盘向前移位,在作开口运动时,髁突横嵴撞击关节盘后带的后缘时,迅速向前下继而向前上运动,同时关节盘向后反跳,从而髁突由关节盘后带的后缘到达关节盘中间带的下面,恢复正常的髁突-关节盘的结构关系,此短暂的过程发生开口初期的弹响(A对),当关节盘迁移程度加重时,可发生开口中期及开口末期的弹响(B错)。在骨关节病骨、软骨面粗糙可出现连续摩擦音(C错)。关节盘穿孔、破碎或移位可出现多声破碎音(D错)。爆裂音(E错)见于肺部疾病如肺炎、肺结核、肺气肿, 不属于髁突、关节盘相对移位时的弹响性质。"} {"Question":"一般整复手术的缝合针距是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2mm"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3mm"},{"key":"C","value":"3~5mm"},{"key":"D","value":"5mm"},{"key":"E","value":"5~8mm"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"一般整复手术以缝合边距2~3mm、针距3~5mm,颈部手术缝合边距3mm、针距5mm为宜,而组织极易撕裂的舌组织缝合时边距和针距均应增至5mm以上。掌握“口外手术组织切开、止血及组织分离”知识点。"} {"Question":"打结是重要的手术基本功,要求组织内结扎线头所留长度一般为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5mm左右"},{"key":"B","value":"1mm左右"},{"key":"C","value":"3mm左右"},{"key":"D","value":"5mm左右"},{"key":"E","value":"10mm左右"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"组织内结扎线头所留长度一般为1mm左右,但对较大的血管及大块肌肉束等粗线结扎,为防止滑脱可增加到3~4mm。掌握“口外手术打结、缝合及外科引流”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床区别颌下腺肿块与颌下淋巴结的主要方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"探诊"},{"key":"B","value":"听诊"},{"key":"C","value":"望诊"},{"key":"D","value":"叩诊"},{"key":"E","value":"口内外双合诊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颌下腺肿块在口内、外触诊都有感觉,颌下淋巴结在口内不容易触诊出来。需行口内外双合诊检查。掌握“口外一般检查及辅助检查”知识点。"} {"Question":"预防接种史及具体日期应记入","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现病史"},{"key":"B","value":"既往史"},{"key":"C","value":"个人史"},{"key":"D","value":"月经及婚育史"},{"key":"E","value":"家族史"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查口外病史记录。既往史(B对):指患者过去的健康和疾病情况。内容包括既往一般健康状况、疾病史、传染病史预防接种史、手术外伤史、输血史、食物或药物过敏史等。"} {"Question":"检查面部左右是否对称,关节区、下颌角、下颌支和下颌体的大小和长度是否正常。属于以上哪项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外形与关节动度检查"},{"key":"B","value":"咀嚼肌检查"},{"key":"C","value":"颈前三角检查"},{"key":"D","value":"(牙合)关系检查"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌运动检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"外形与关节动度检查:检查面部左右是否对称,关节区、下颌角、下颌支和下颌体的大小和长度是否正常,两侧是否一致和协调,注意面部有无压痛和髁状突活动度的异常。有两种方法可检查髁状突动度的情况:以双手示指或中指分别置于两侧耳屏前(髁状突外侧),患者作张闭口运动时,感触髁状突之动度;或将两手小指伸入外耳道内,向前方触诊,以了解髁状突之活动及冲击感,协助关节疾病的诊断。此外,还应检查颏部中点是否居中,颜面下1\/3部分有无明显增长或缩短。掌握“口外一般检查及辅助检查”知识点。"} {"Question":"双亲与兄弟、姐妹及子女的健康与疾病情况应记入","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现病史"},{"key":"B","value":"既往史"},{"key":"C","value":"个人史"},{"key":"D","value":"月经及婚育史"},{"key":"E","value":"家族史"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查口外病史记录。家族史(E对):父母、兄弟、姐妹健康状况,有无与患者类似疾病,有无家族遗传倾向的疾病。"} {"Question":"一患者被人用刀划伤面部软组织,耳前区皮肤有长约6cm的纵行创口,创缘整齐,有活动出血。如有知名血管断裂,最宜采用的止血方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指压止血"},{"key":"B","value":"填塞止血"},{"key":"C","value":"药物止血"},{"key":"D","value":"包扎止血"},{"key":"E","value":"结扎止血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查止血的方法。患者被人用刀划伤面部软组织,耳前区皮肤有长约6cm的纵行创口,创缘整齐,有活动出血(符合切割伤的临床表现)。如有知名血管断裂,最宜采用的止血方法是结扎止血(E对),结扎止血多用于大血管出血。指压止血法(A错)是用手指压迫出血部位知名供应动脉的近心端,适用于出血较多的紧急情况,作为暂时性止血,然后再改用其他确定性方法作进一步止血。填塞止血法(B错)可用于开放性和洞穿性创口,也可用于窦腔出血。药物止血(C错)适用于创面渗血、小静脉和小动脉出血。包扎止血法(D错)可用于毛细血管、小静脉及小动脉的出血,或创面渗血。"} {"Question":"女,55岁。发现右侧下颌角处瘘管2个月。检查见瘘口处有小片死骨排出。X线片示下颌骨骨质破坏。入院后全麻下行下颌骨骨髓炎病灶清除术,关于术后创口处理的措施,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手术清除病灶后作初期缝合"},{"key":"B","value":"放置引流物,引流口要大"},{"key":"C","value":"合理全身应用抗菌药物"},{"key":"D","value":"不轻易打开敷料观察,避免感染"},{"key":"E","value":"拆线时间至少在1周以后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查感染创口的处理。女,55岁。发现右侧下颌角处瘘管2个月。检查见瘘口处有小片死骨排出。X线片示下颌骨骨质破坏。入院后全麻下行下颌骨骨髓炎病灶清除术,关于术后创口处理的措施,错误的是不轻易打开敷料观察,避免感染(D错,为本题的正确答案)。无菌创口和污染创口除为拔出引流物及怀疑创口感染时,一般不轻易打开检视。颌骨骨髓炎行病灶清除术后严密缝合(A对),常规放置引流物,引流口要大(B对),术后应配合抗菌药物(C对),感染创口应覆盖敷料,并定时检视和换药,一般应在一周以后拆线(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于碘伏,哪种说法是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是碘与表现活性剂的不定型结合物"},{"key":"B","value":"可配成水或乙醇溶液使用,乙醇溶液杀菌作用更强"},{"key":"C","value":"可杀灭各种细菌繁殖体"},{"key":"D","value":"对细菌芽胞、真菌和病毒杀灭作用较差"},{"key":"E","value":"器械消毒应以1~2mg\/ml有效碘浓度浸泡1~2h"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查碘伏。关于碘伏错误的是对细菌芽胞、真菌和病毒杀灭作用较差(D错,为本题的正确答案)。碘伏作为一种化学消毒剂,杀菌谱广、毒性低、无刺激性、性能稳定、无腐蚀性、作用速度快,是碘与表面活性剂的不定型结合物(A对)。碘伏可配成水或乙醇溶液使用,乙醇溶液杀菌作用更强(B对)。可杀灭各种细菌繁殖体(C对)与芽孢,以及真菌和病毒。器械消毒应以1~2mg\/ml有效碘浓度浸泡1~2h(E对)。"} {"Question":"颈淋巴清扫术、下颌骨切除术、腮腺摘除术的最佳的引流方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"负压引流"},{"key":"B","value":"油纱条引流"},{"key":"C","value":"片状引流"},{"key":"D","value":"管状引流"},{"key":"E","value":"碘仿纱条引流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"负压引流:利用细塑料管或橡皮管在创口旁另戳创引出,接于吸引器、吸引球或胃肠减压器上,使创口产生负压,从而达到负压吸引的引流目的。此引流法优点较多,具有较强的引流作用,而且不需加压包扎伤口,患者感觉舒适;因创口内是负压,组织间贴合紧密,利于创口愈合,也不易继发感染。主要用于颌面颈部较大手术的术后引流,例如颈淋巴清扫术、下颌骨切除术、腮腺摘除术等。掌握“口外手术打结、缝合及外科引流”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于无菌创口的处理原则,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面部的无菌创口可在术后半月开始拆线"},{"key":"B","value":"面部的无菌创口一般要延期拆线"},{"key":"C","value":"面部严密缝合的创口可早期暴露,并以过氧化氢、硼酸及酒精混合液清除渗出物"},{"key":"D","value":"光刀手术的创口,拆线时间应推迟至术后一个月"},{"key":"E","value":"颈部缝线可在术后3天左右拆除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查无菌创口的处理原则。关于无菌创口的处理原则,说法正确的是面部严密缝合的创口可早期暴露,并以过氧化氢、硼酸及酒精混合液清除渗出物(C对)。切忌渗出物凝聚、结痂、成块,造成感染或影响创口愈合。面部的清洁创口一般可早期拆线(B错),张力过大或有手术特殊要求者除外,由于面部血液循环丰富,生长力强,可在术后5天开始拆线(A错)。颈部缝线可在术后7天左右拆除(E错)。光刀手术的创口,拆线时间应推迟至术后14天(D错)。"} {"Question":"唇舌病变使用双合诊检查时,应该","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双手置于病变上下或两侧"},{"key":"B","value":"双手食指置于病变上下或两侧"},{"key":"C","value":"一手的食指和拇指置于病变上下或两侧"},{"key":"D","value":"一手的食指和中指置于病变上下或两侧"},{"key":"E","value":"一手的食指和另一手的拇指置于病变上下或两侧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查双合诊检查。唇舌病变使用双合诊检查时,应该一手的食指和拇指置于病变上下或两侧(C对)。唇舌病变使用双合诊检查时应该以一手的食指和拇指置于病变上下或两侧由后向前进行,称为双指双合诊。双手置于病变部位上下或两侧(A错)用于口底、下颌下检查,称为双手双合诊。双合诊检查可以准确了解病变的范围、质地、动度以及有无压痛、触痛和浸润等。双手食指(B错)、一手的食指和中指(D错)、一手的食指和另一手的拇指(E错)置于病变上下或两侧都是错误的双合诊检方法,不能很好的感知病变质地、动度等。"} {"Question":"对于外科创口,在引流时的适应证说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无论是感染创口还是无菌创口均不需要放置引流"},{"key":"B","value":"部位深在的手术术后应该无渗液等,因此无需引流"},{"key":"C","value":"凡是留有无效腔的创口,必须放置引流"},{"key":"D","value":"止血不彻底的创口只需关闭创口即可"},{"key":"E","value":"凝血功能低下的患者只需创口止血即可,不必引流"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"①感染创口如脓肿切开等必须放置引流物,以使腔内脓液得以不断排出;切口有严重感染或手术本身属于污染创口,为防止感染,也应考虑放置引流;无菌创口,特别是单纯整复手术,一般不放置引流。②对范围广泛的大手术及部位深在的中等手术,考虑其术后仍有部分渗血、渗液,应放置引流。③凡术中因组织缺损较大、未能完全消灭无效腔的口内、口外创口,必须放置引流。其引流物需放置于无效腔底部,才能保证彻底引流。④对术中止血不彻底和凝血功能低下的患者,为防止血肿形成,也应放置引流。掌握“口外手术打结、缝合及外科引流”知识点。"} {"Question":"主要用于结扎血管和缝合,是重要的基本功,也是最基本的技术操作之一的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"组织分离技术"},{"key":"B","value":"打结"},{"key":"C","value":"缝合"},{"key":"D","value":"止血"},{"key":"E","value":"组织切开"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"打结是重要的手术基本功,是最基本的技术操作之一,主要用于结扎血管和缝合。掌握“口外手术打结、缝合及外科引流”知识点。"} {"Question":"手术室消毒的内容说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门诊手术室应与治疗室或拔牙室分开"},{"key":"B","value":"门诊手术室在连续手术时应遵循先无菌、次污染、后感染的原则"},{"key":"C","value":"手术室常用的方法有紫外线照射、电子灭菌灯消毒等方法"},{"key":"D","value":"手术室应定期进行空气消毒,一般每周应进行1次"},{"key":"E","value":"手术室可使用过氧乙酸(0.75~1g\/m3)加热蒸汽消毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"门诊手术室应与治疗室或拔牙室分开,在连续手术时应遵循先无菌、次污染、后感染的原则,以免发生交叉感染。手术室应定期进行空气消毒,一般每日(D错)应进行1次,常用的方法有紫外线照射、电子灭菌灯消毒或化学药物加热蒸汽消毒,如过氧乙酸(0.75~1g\/m3)、甲醛溶液(甲醛溶液10ml\/m3加高锰酸钾5g\/m3)等。本题选非,答案为D。"} {"Question":"关于外科打结的形态要求叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根据结的形态,临床可分为单结、方结、三重结或多重结、外科结、假结和滑结等"},{"key":"B","value":"口腔颌面外科手术中的打结可以打方结"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔颌面外科手术中的打结可以打滑结"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔颌面外科手术中的打结可以打外科结"},{"key":"E","value":"高质量的打结是防止返工和术后脱结出血的保证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据结的形态,临床上可分为单结、方结、三重结或多重结、外科结、假结和滑结等。口腔颌面外科手术中的打结与其他外科手术打结一样,要求打方结、外科结,防止打滑结,以保证质量,避免返工重打和术后脱结出血。掌握“口外手术打结、缝合及外科引流”知识点。"} {"Question":"舍格伦综合征口腔检查可发现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"“镜面舌”"},{"key":"B","value":"“沟纹舌”"},{"key":"C","value":"“地图舌”"},{"key":"D","value":"“黑毛舌”"},{"key":"E","value":"“游走性舌炎”"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"口腔检查可见口腔黏膜干燥,口镜与口腔黏膜黏着而不能滑动。口底唾液池消失。唇舌黏膜发红,舌表面干燥并出现裂纹,舌背丝状乳头萎缩,舌表面光滑潮红呈“镜面舌”。部分患者出现口腔黏膜病,由于失去唾液的清洁、稀释及缓冲作用,龋病的发生率明显增加,且常为猛性龋。掌握“舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"黏液表皮样癌多好发于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腮腺"},{"key":"B","value":"唇腺"},{"key":"C","value":"腭腺"},{"key":"D","value":"小唾液腺"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌下腺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查黏液表皮样癌。黏液表皮样癌患者女性多于男性,发生于腮腺者(A对)居多,其次是腭部和下颌下腺,也可发生于其他小唾液腺,特别是磨牙后腺。"} {"Question":"下列有关涎石病的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"好发于女性"},{"key":"B","value":"老年人较多见"},{"key":"C","value":"反复发作的炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"涎石最好发腮腺"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"涎石病患者性别无明显差异,中青年为多见。病期短者数日,长者数年甚至数十年。掌握“涎石病及下颌下腺炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关慢性复发性腮腺炎早期发展到中期的叙述中,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巨细胞浸润"},{"key":"B","value":"结缔组织纤维化"},{"key":"C","value":"病变晚期腺小叶被小叶间导管组织及结缔组织所替代"},{"key":"D","value":"导管周围炎症反应明显"},{"key":"E","value":"导管上皮出现退行性变"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"组织病理学检查显示,病变早期,主要为导管系统病变,闰管、纹管及小叶间导管轻度扩张,管腔内含浓缩的黏液分泌物及脱落的导管上皮,炎症细胞少见。病变中期,导管周围炎症反应明显,结缔组织纤维化,淋巴细胞、组织细胞及巨细胞浸润。近腺体段导管明显扩张,导管上皮出现退行性变。病变晚期,腺小叶结构逐渐破坏,被增殖的间质脂肪及结缔组织所替代。终末导管增生,严重者萎缩的腺小叶完全由增生的导管、结缔组织及脂肪组织所替代。掌握“慢性复发性腮腺炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"过去曾称“圆柱瘤”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沃辛瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"多形性腺瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"腺样囊性癌"},{"key":"D","value":"腺泡细胞癌"},{"key":"E","value":"黏液表皮样癌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腺样囊性癌过去曾称“圆柱瘤”,也是最常见的唾液腺恶性肿瘤之一。掌握“腺样囊性癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"涎石病临床表现说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导管口黏膜红肿"},{"key":"B","value":"进食时,无任何症状"},{"key":"C","value":"少许脓性分泌物自导管口溢出"},{"key":"D","value":"双手触诊常可触及硬块,并有压痛"},{"key":"E","value":"小的涎石一般不造成唾液腺导管阻塞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"涎石病患者进食时,腺体肿大、疼痛。掌握“涎石病及下颌下腺炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,男,右下颌下区肿物3个月,检查见右下颌下区表面皮肤正常,触诊柔软,与皮肤无粘连,无压痛,低头时肿物稍有增大,口内检查亦未见异常。手术中见囊腔内流出蛋清样黏稠液体。该病最佳的治疗方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完整切除囊壁,加压包扎"},{"key":"B","value":"抽净囊液,加压包扎"},{"key":"C","value":"切除舌下腺,加压包扎"},{"key":"D","value":"切除下颌下腺,抽净囊液"},{"key":"E","value":"切除舌下腺,抽净囊液,加压包扎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根治舌下腺囊肿的方法是切除舌下腺,残留部分囊壁不致造成复发。对于口外型舌下腺囊肿,可全部切除舌下腺后,将囊腔内的囊液吸净,在下颌下区加压包扎,而不必在下颌下区做切口摘除囊肿。掌握“舌下腺及唾液腺黏液囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"容易早期发生肺部转移的口腔颌面部肿瘤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈癌"},{"key":"B","value":"舌癌"},{"key":"C","value":"黏液表皮样癌"},{"key":"D","value":"颊癌"},{"key":"E","value":"腺样囊性癌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查腺样囊性癌。容易早期发生肺部转移的口腔颌面部肿瘤是腺样囊性癌(E对)。腺样囊性癌易侵入血管,转移率高,转移部位以肺为最多见,早晚期均可发生。上牙龈癌(A错)可侵入上颌窦及腭部;下牙龈癌(A错)可侵及口底及颊部,多转移到患侧下颌下及颏下淋巴结,以后到颈深淋巴结。晚期舌癌(B错)可蔓延至口底及下颌骨,向后发展可以侵犯腭舌弓及扁桃体,且常发生早期颈淋巴结转移且转移率较高。高分化黏液表皮样癌(C错)如手术切除不彻底,术后可以复发,但很少发生颈淋巴结转移,血行性转移更少见,低分化黏液表皮样癌淋巴结转移率较高,且可出现血行性转移。颊癌(D错)常转移至面淋巴结,下颌下及颈深上淋巴结,有时也可转移至腮腺淋巴结,远处转移较少见。"} {"Question":"涎石病好发于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌下腺"},{"key":"B","value":"舌下腺"},{"key":"C","value":"腮腺"},{"key":"D","value":"唇腺"},{"key":"E","value":"腭腺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查涎石病及下颌下腺炎。涎石病是在腺体或导管内发生钙化性团块而引起的一系列病变。85%左右发生于下颌下腺(A对)。"} {"Question":"舍格伦综合征的临床症状不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口干"},{"key":"B","value":"腮腺肿大"},{"key":"C","value":"类风湿性关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"干燥性角、结膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"睾丸炎或附件炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"睾丸炎是男性生殖系统的常见炎症,可由多种致病因素引起的睾丸炎性病变,感染途径以血行和淋巴管途径多见,也可由尿道、精囊、输精管、附睾逆行侵入睾丸。女性内生殖器官中,输卵管、卵巢被称为子宫附件。附件炎是指输卵管和卵巢的炎症。不是舍格伦综合征的临床症状。掌握“舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,男,右下颌下区肿物3个月,检查见右下颌下区表面皮肤正常,触诊柔软,与皮肤无粘连,无压痛,低头时肿物稍有增大,口内检查亦未见异常。手术中见囊腔内流出蛋清样黏稠液体。术前对诊断最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超"},{"key":"B","value":"MRI"},{"key":"C","value":"CT"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下腺造影"},{"key":"E","value":"穿刺检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"舌下腺囊肿穿刺可抽出蛋清样黏稠液体。掌握“舌下腺及唾液腺黏液囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"以链球菌感染为主的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性化脓性腮腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性复发性腮腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性腮腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"舍格伦综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"腮腺放线菌病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查慢性复发性腮腺炎的病因。慢性复发性腮腺炎(B对)主要表现为腮腺反复肿胀,许多患儿腮腺肿胀发作与上呼吸道感染及口腔内炎性病灶相关,细菌通过腮腺导管逆行感染,其感染菌主要为链球菌。急性化脓性腮腺炎(A错)的病原菌是葡萄球菌,主要是金黄色葡萄球菌。流行性腮腺炎(C错)是由腮腺病毒感染引起的疾病。舍格伦综合征(D错)是一种自身免疫性疾病,确切病因及发病机制尚不十分明确。腮腺放线菌病(E错)为腮腺的放线菌感染所致。"} {"Question":"哪项描述与混合瘤的临床表现不符","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可发生于任何年龄,以30~50岁多见"},{"key":"B","value":"一般结节性肿块"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤质地硬,呈结节状"},{"key":"D","value":"肿瘤生长缓慢,可伴有明显疼痛"},{"key":"E","value":"混合瘤常发生于腮腺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"多形性腺瘤生长缓慢,常无自觉症状,病史较长。掌握“多形性腺瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"又名腺淋巴瘤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"混合瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"沃辛瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"腺样囊性癌"},{"key":"D","value":"腺泡细胞癌"},{"key":"E","value":"黏液表皮样瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查唾液腺肿瘤。又名腺淋巴瘤的是沃辛瘤(B对)。沃辛瘤(Warthin tumor)又名腺淋巴瘤(adenolymphoma)或乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤,腺淋巴瘤的命名容易与恶性淋巴瘤相混淆,前者为良性肿瘤,后者则是恶性肿瘤。“乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤”是一个正确的病理性描述,但是较复杂,也容易与“乳头状囊腺瘤”相混淆。因此,在修订后的世界卫生组织组织学分类中,建议用“沃辛瘤”这一命名。混合瘤(多形性腺瘤)(A错)、腺样囊性癌(C错)、腺泡细胞癌(D错)、黏液表皮样瘤(E错)都不是腺淋巴瘤的别称。"} {"Question":"患者男性,55岁,因右上颌牙痛三天,右侧眼下、鼻侧肿胀一天而就诊。检查:右侧上颌尖牙远中深龋,探(-),叩(++),松动(-),前庭沟肿胀变浅,同侧鼻侧、眶下区肿胀明显,局部皮温增高,压痛和波动感存在,眼裂变小。体温40℃,食欲下降,精神萎靡。该患者最有可能的诊断为右侧眶下间隙感染,最可能的直接病因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右上颌尖牙牙周炎"},{"key":"B","value":"右上颌尖牙髓炎"},{"key":"C","value":"右上颌尖牙根尖周炎"},{"key":"D","value":"右上颌窦炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查眶下间隙感染的感染来源。眶下间隙感染多来自上颌尖牙,第一前磨牙和上颌切牙的根尖化脓性炎症和牙槽脓肿(C对)。牙周炎(A错)的主要临床表现为牙龈炎症、真性牙周袋、附着丧失、牙槽骨吸收及病变不可逆,破坏的支持组织不能完全恢复正常。牙髓炎(B错)的病变范围局限于牙髓组织,晚期可波及根尖部的牙周膜。上颌窦炎(D错)为持续性胀痛,伴有头痛、鼻塞、脓涕等上呼吸道感染的症状,体位突然改变牙痛加重,上颌窦前壁有压痛。"} {"Question":"患者男性,65岁,下颌第一前磨牙牙周脓肿造成口底多间隙感染,双侧下颌下、舌下及颏部均有弥漫性肿胀,并波及面颊及颈部;皮下可扪及捻发音;患者出现呼吸困难,此时最佳的处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气管切开"},{"key":"B","value":"穿刺抽脓"},{"key":"C","value":"应用大剂量抗生素"},{"key":"D","value":"局部理疗"},{"key":"E","value":"广泛切开引流"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查口底蜂窝织炎的治疗。患者口底多间隙感染,双侧下颌下、舌下及颏部均有弥漫性肿胀,并波及面颊及颈部;皮下可扪及捻发音;患者出现呼吸困难,此时最佳的处理措施是广泛切开引流(E对)。其切口可在双侧下颌下、颏下作与下颌骨平行的衣领形或倒T形切口。气管切开(A错)主要用于解除上呼吸道阻塞,一般用于急救中。由于面颈部广泛肿胀,穿刺抽脓(B错)已无法解决。应用大剂量抗生素(C错)、局部理疗(D错)均是口底蜂窝织炎的治疗处理,但由于患者弥漫性肿胀已经波及面颊及颈部,应该针对导致呼吸困难的病因处理,故应该广泛切开引流,缓解呼吸困难。"} {"Question":"患者,男性,35岁。上唇部肿胀疼痛3天,伴发热症状,肿胀的唇部皮肤与黏膜上出现多数的黄白色脓头,破溃后溢出脓血样分泌物,病变区呈紫红色,体温38.5℃。根据上述症状,该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上唇脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"上唇疖"},{"key":"C","value":"上唇痈"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性唇炎"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏性唇炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查面部疖痈。该患者最可能的诊断是上唇痈(C对)。痈好发于唇部(唇痈),上唇多于下唇,男性多于女性。初期肿胀的唇部皮肤与黏膜上出现多数的黄白色脓头,破溃后溢出脓血样分泌物,脓头周围组织亦有坏死,坏死组织溶解排出后,可形成多数蜂窝状腔洞。继之,腔洞之间皮肤、黏膜或皮下组织亦可发生坏死,致使整个痈的病变区上层组织呈紫红色,痈周围和深部的组织则呈浸润性水肿。"} {"Question":"腺源性感染主要来源是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腮腺"},{"key":"B","value":"颌下腺"},{"key":"C","value":"舌下腺"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴结"},{"key":"E","value":"扁桃体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口腔颌面部感染的途径。口腔颌面部感染的途径主要有5种:牙源性、腺源性、血源性、医源性和损伤性。面颈部的淋巴结较为丰富,这些淋巴结既可继发于口腔、上呼吸道感染引起炎症改变;淋巴结(D对)感染又可穿过淋巴结被膜向周围扩散,引起筋膜间隙的蜂窝织炎,这种感染途径称为腺源性感染。腮腺、下颌下腺、扁桃体周围含有丰富的淋巴结,当口腔颌面部发生感染时,它们可以成为感染病灶并导致炎症的扩散,主要发生于淋巴结未成熟的婴幼儿。所以腺源性感染的来源不是腮腺(A错)、颌下腺(B错),也不是扁桃体(E错),而是它们周围的淋巴结。"} {"Question":"下列细菌中不引起特异性感染的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"破伤风杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"结核菌"},{"key":"C","value":"梅毒螺旋体"},{"key":"D","value":"放线菌"},{"key":"E","value":"大肠杆菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"口腔颌面部感染可分为化脓性和特异性两大类,后者指结核、梅毒、放线菌等引起的特定病变。掌握“颌面部骨结核、放线菌病”知识点。"} {"Question":"翼下颌间隙感染一般不会累及","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眶下间隙"},{"key":"B","value":"颞下间隙"},{"key":"C","value":"咽旁间隙"},{"key":"D","value":"颊间隙"},{"key":"E","value":"咬肌间隙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查间隙感染。翼下颌间隙感染一般不会累及眶下间隙(A错,为本题正确答案)。翼下颌间隙感染常见为下颌智齿冠周炎及下颌磨牙根尖周炎症扩散所致;下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时消毒不严或拔下颌第三磨牙时创伤过大,也可引起翼下颌间隙感染;此外,相邻间隙,如颞下间隙(B对)、咽旁间隙(C对)、颊间隙(D对)、咬肌间隙(E对)炎症也可波及。"} {"Question":"患者男性,63岁,颊癌术后7年,术后曾行颈部及颌下区放疗,剂量不详。3个月前行出现下颌牙龈溃疡,经久未愈且局部骨外露伴下颌区域针刺剧痛。此患者可能的诊断放射性颌骨坏死,为对此患者疾病治疗有意义的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高压氧治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"局部放疗"},{"key":"C","value":"全身化疗"},{"key":"D","value":"射频治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"切开引流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查放射性骨髓炎的治疗。放射性骨坏死的全身治疗,应用抗菌药物控制感染,镇痛剂镇痛,积极加强营养,输血、高压氧治疗有积极意义(A对);局部治疗中,死骨未分离前,为控制感染,每天使用低浓度过氧化氢溶液冲洗;摘除分离死骨,将残留病灶清除干净,防止复发。"} {"Question":"下列哪种检查不适合于口腔颌面部深部脓肿的诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"波动试验"},{"key":"B","value":"压痛点检查"},{"key":"C","value":"穿刺法"},{"key":"D","value":"B型超声波"},{"key":"E","value":"CT"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查口腔颌面部深部脓肿的诊断。波动试验是临床上诊断浅部脓肿的主要方法(A错,为本题的正确答案),深部脓肿,尤其是筋膜下层的脓肿,位置深在,一般很难查到波动感。口腔颌面部深部脓肿的诊断方法包括:①压痛点检查(B对),按压脓肿区的表面皮肤常出现不能很快恢复的凹陷性水肿;②为了确定有无脓肿或脓肿的部位,可用穿刺法(C对)以协助诊断;③必要时借助B型超声波(D对)或CT(E对)行辅助检查与诊断,明确脓肿的部位及大小;④进行脓液的涂片及细菌培养可确定细菌种类等。"} {"Question":"关于咽旁间隙的界限的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"后为椎前筋膜"},{"key":"B","value":"间隙呈倒立锥体形"},{"key":"C","value":"咽腔侧方的咽上缩肌与翼内肌和腮腺深叶之间"},{"key":"D","value":"前界为翼下颌韧带肌下颌下腺上缘"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"咽旁间隙位于咽腔侧方的咽上缩肌与翼内肌和腮腺深叶之间。前界为翼下颌韧带肌下颌下腺上缘;后为椎前筋膜。间隙呈倒立锥体形,底在上为颅底的颞骨和蝶骨,尖向下止于舌骨。掌握“颞间隙、咽旁间隙感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"感染形成脓肿时面部肿胀明显,但脓肿难以自行溃破,不易发现波动感的间隙为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬肌间隙"},{"key":"B","value":"眶下间隙"},{"key":"C","value":"口底多间隙"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌下间隙"},{"key":"E","value":"颞间隙感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查间隙感染概述、眶下间隙、咬肌间隙感染。咬肌间隙(A对)感染的典型症状是以下颌支及下颌角为中心的咬肌区肿胀、充血、压痛,伴明显开口受限。由于咬肌肥厚坚实,脓肿难以自行溃破,也不易触到波动感。若炎症在一周以下,压痛点局限或有凹陷性水肿,经穿刺有脓液时,应行切开引流,否则由于长期脓液蓄积,易形成下颌骨升支部的边缘性骨髓炎。"} {"Question":"下列关于颌骨骨髓炎慢性期特点的描述,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体温升高、发热、寒战"},{"key":"B","value":"全身症状较轻"},{"key":"C","value":"全身消瘦、贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"机体慢性中毒消耗症状"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔内或面颊部可出现多个瘘孔"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"颌骨骨髓炎慢性期的特点:全身症状轻。体温正常或仅有低热;全身消瘦、贫血,机体慢性中毒消耗症状。病情发展缓慢,局部肿胀,皮肤微红、口腔内或面颊部可出现多个瘘孔溢脓。肿胀区牙松动。掌握“颌骨骨髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于结核性淋巴结炎的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常见于儿童及青年,轻者仅有淋巴结肿大而无全身症状"},{"key":"B","value":"可同时有肺、肾、肠、骨等器官的结核病变或病史"},{"key":"C","value":"淋巴结中心因有干酪样坏死,组织溶解变软,逐渐液化破溃"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤表面明显的红、热及压痛,扪之有波动感"},{"key":"E","value":"可发生于双侧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"结核性淋巴结炎炎症波及周围组织时,淋巴结可彼此粘连成团,或与皮肤粘连。皮肤表面无红、热及明显压痛,扪之有波动感。此种液化现象称为冷脓肿。掌握“面颈部淋巴结炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"左下颌第三磨牙冠周炎并发面颊瘘的常见位置相当于左下颌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第三磨牙"},{"key":"B","value":"第二磨牙"},{"key":"C","value":"第一磨牙"},{"key":"D","value":"第二前磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"第一前磨牙"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查智齿冠周炎。下颌智齿冠周炎的炎症可沿下颌骨外斜线向前扩散,在相当于下颌第一磨牙(C对)颊侧黏膜转折处的骨膜下形成脓肿,脓肿可破溃成瘘。由于沿下颌骨外斜线的走行,所以脓液不易在第三(A错)、第二磨牙(B错)位置的骨膜下聚集形成脓肿。"} {"Question":"翼下颌间隙脓肿口内切开引流应做的切开是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌角下2cm绕下颌角弧形切口"},{"key":"B","value":"口内翼下颌皱襞内侧纵形切口"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌骨下缘上2cm作平行切口"},{"key":"D","value":"口内翼下颌皱襞稍外侧处纵行切开2~3cm"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌骨下缘下1~1.5cm作平行切口"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"翼下颌间隙口内切口在下颌支前缘稍内侧,即翼下颌皱襞稍外侧,纵行切开2~3cm,血管钳钝性分离开颊肌后,即可沿下颌支内侧进入翼下颌间隙。掌握“翼下颌间隙、颞下间隙感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,女性,22岁,4天前因劳累出现左侧下后牙龈胀痛,进食吞咽时加重,昨日起出现局部自发性跳痛,面部肿胀,张口受限,伴发热。检查:左侧颊部肿胀,局部皮温增高,压痛明显,局限于咬肌前缘处,并及凹陷性水肿;张口度约二指,左下颌第三磨牙近中低位阻生,牙龈瓣覆盖其上,充血肿胀,并见糜烂,挤压局部少量脓液溢出,同侧第一磨牙前庭沟丰满充血,压痛存在,第一磨牙叩诊(-),无松动,无龋坏,未及牙周袋。该患者最有可能的诊断是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左侧第三磨牙冠周炎"},{"key":"B","value":"左侧第一磨牙牙槽脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"左侧第一磨牙牙周脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"左侧第三磨牙牙龈炎"},{"key":"E","value":"左下颌磨牙后区牙龈溃烂继发感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查智齿冠周炎。智齿冠周炎(A对)常以急性炎症的形式出现,表现为磨牙后区局部胀痛,进食加重,病情继续发展,局部呈自发性跳痛,张口受限,触诊凹陷性水肿,有压痛,全身症状有发热、畏寒等,口腔局部检查可见智齿阻生,龈瓣边缘糜烂,继发感染局限化脓,形成冠周脓肿(E错)。急性牙槽脓肿(B错)即急性化脓性根尖周炎,临床表现为①自发性剧烈跳痛,伸长感加重,咬合痛,②叩痛明显且牙齿松动,根尖部牙龈潮红无明显肿胀,扪诊轻微疼痛,③下颌下淋巴结或颏下淋巴结肿大、压痛。牙周脓肿(C错)是牙周炎晚期常见伴发症状,急性牙周脓肿早期炎症水肿,患牙唇颊侧或舌腭侧牙龈形成椭圆形或半球状的肿胀突起,有搏动性疼痛,患牙“浮起感”,叩痛,松动明显;后期扪诊有波动感,脓肿可自行破溃,疼痛减轻。牙龈炎(D错)的炎症水肿型一般表现为龈缘红肿、光亮、松软、易出血;纤维增生型,一般病程较长,龈缘肿胀坚实,炎性增生。"} {"Question":"化脓性颌骨骨髓炎约占各类型颌骨骨髓炎的比例是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50%以上"},{"key":"B","value":"60%以上"},{"key":"C","value":"70%以上"},{"key":"D","value":"80%以上"},{"key":"E","value":"90%以上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"化脓性颌骨骨髓炎约占各类型颌骨骨髓炎的90%以上。掌握“颌骨骨髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"不属于脓肿切开引流的指征的一项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"触诊呈凹陷性水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"深部脓肿经穿刺有脓液"},{"key":"C","value":"急性化脓性炎症,经抗生素控制感染无效"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性根尖周炎瘘管形成"},{"key":"E","value":"局部疼痛加重,并呈搏动性跳痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"切开引流的指征:①局部疼痛加重,并呈搏动性跳痛,炎性肿胀明显,皮肤表面紧张、发红、光亮;触诊时有明显压痛点、波动感,呈凹陷性水肿;深部脓肿经穿刺有脓液抽出者。②口腔颌面部急性化脓性炎症,经抗生素控制感染无效,同时出现明显的全身中毒症状者。③儿童颌周蜂窝组织炎(包括腐败坏死性),如炎症已累及多间隙感染,出现呼吸困难及吞咽困难者,可以早期切开减压,能迅速缓解呼吸困难及防止炎症继续扩散。④结核性淋巴结炎,经局部及全身抗结核治疗无效,皮肤发红已近自溃的寒性脓肿,必要时也可行切开引流术。掌握“口腔颌面部感染概论”知识点。"} {"Question":"面部疖痈易发生全身并发症的原因,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病原菌毒力强"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉多无瓣膜"},{"key":"C","value":"颜面部血液循环丰富"},{"key":"D","value":"颜面表情肌的活动"},{"key":"E","value":"感染侵入面静脉时血栓形成,致静脉回流受阻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查面部疖痈易发生全身并发症的原因。当感染侵及面静脉时血栓形成时,静脉回流受阻(E错,为本题的正确答案),可出现颜面部广泛水肿、疼痛。疖痈是单个或多个毛囊及其附件同时发生急性化脓性炎症者。在颌面部感染中,面部疖痈最易发生全身并发症,主要病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌,病原菌毒力强(A对)。面部血液循环丰富(C对),感染沿无瓣膜面静脉(B对)逆行引起海绵窦血栓性静脉炎,常表现患侧眼睑水肿、眼球突出、眼压升高等症状。颜面表情肌活动易使感染扩散,引起菌血症或脓毒症等并发症(D对)。"} {"Question":"翼下颌间隙感染主要表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眶下区弥漫性水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"以下颌角为中心的红肿"},{"key":"C","value":"先有牙痛史,继之出现张口受限"},{"key":"D","value":"颌下三角区红肿"},{"key":"E","value":"颌下、口底广泛水肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查翼下颌间隙、颞下间隙感染。翼下颌间隙感染常是先有牙痛史,继之出现开口受限(C对),咀嚼、吞咽疼痛。口腔检查见翼下颌皱襞处黏膜水肿,下颌支后缘稍内侧可有轻度肿胀、深压痛。"} {"Question":"下列关于脓肿切开引流要求的相关叙述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切口位置应在脓腔的重力低位"},{"key":"B","value":"一般切开至黏膜下或皮下即可"},{"key":"C","value":"切口长度取决于脓肿部位的深浅与脓肿的大小"},{"key":"D","value":"应尽量选用口外引流"},{"key":"E","value":"颜面脓肿应顺皮纹方向切开"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"切开引流的要求:①为达到按体位自然引流,切口位置应在脓腔的重力低位,以使引流道短、通畅、容易维持。②切口瘢痕隐蔽,切口长度取决于脓肿部位的深浅与脓肿的大小,以能保证引流通畅为准则;一般应尽力选用口内引流。颜面脓肿应顺皮纹方向切开,勿损伤重要解剖结构,如面神经、血管和唾液腺导管等。③一般切开至黏膜下或皮下即可,按脓肿位置用血管钳直达脓腔后再钝分离扩大创口;应避免在不同组织层次中形成多处假通道,以保证引流通畅。④手术操作应准确轻柔。颜面危险三角区的脓肿切开后,严禁挤压,以防感染扩散。掌握“口腔颌面部感染概论”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者男性,55岁,因右上颌牙痛三天,右侧眼下、鼻侧肿胀一天而就诊。检查:右侧上颌尖牙远中深龋,探(-),叩(++),松动(-),前庭沟肿胀变浅,同侧鼻侧、眶下区肿胀明显,局部皮温增高,压痛和波动感存在,眼裂变小。体温40℃,食欲下降,精神萎靡。该患者最有可能的诊断为右侧眶下间隙感染,最可能的直接病因为右上颌尖牙根尖周炎,该患者此时最适当的治疗方案是局部切开引流,配合全身抗感染,该患者外科治疗的切口应选择在右上颌尖牙前庭沟黏膜转折处,该患者感染扩散可能引起的严重并发症为:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬肌间隙感染"},{"key":"B","value":"颌下间隙感染"},{"key":"C","value":"翼颌间隙感染"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌窦炎"},{"key":"E","value":"海绵窦血栓性静脉炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查眶下间隙感染的严重并发症。眶下间隙与颊间隙相通,常向上向眶内直接扩散,形成眶内蜂窝织炎,亦可沿面静脉、内眦静脉、眼静脉向颅内扩散,并发海绵窦血栓性静脉炎。海绵窦血栓性静脉炎(E对)可引起颅内高压,严重时危及生命,是眶下间隙感染的严重并发症。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项属于颌面骨结核的感染来源","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可因体内其他脏器结核病沿血行播散所致"},{"key":"B","value":"开放性肺结核可经口腔黏膜感染"},{"key":"C","value":"可以是口腔黏膜及牙龈结核直接累及颌骨"},{"key":"D","value":"开放性肺结核可经牙龈创口感染"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都可以是颌面骨结核的感染来源"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颌面骨结核感染来源:感染途径可因体内其他脏器结核病沿血行播散所致;开放性肺结核可经口腔黏膜或牙龈创口感染;也可以是口腔黏膜及牙龈结核直接累及颌骨。掌握“颌面部骨结核、放线菌病”知识点。"} {"Question":"可以出现多个牙齿松动及下唇麻木的颌骨骨髓炎是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌骨中央性骨髓炎"},{"key":"B","value":"边缘性骨髓炎"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿骨髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性骨髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性硬化性骨髓炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"下颌骨中央性骨髓炎可沿下牙槽神经管扩散,波及一侧下颌骨,甚至越过中线累及对侧下颌骨;下颌牙部分或全部松动,龈袋溢脓,龈充血水肿。下牙槽神经受到损害时,可出现下唇麻木症状。掌握“颌骨骨髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"某患者,男,55岁。舌根部肿瘤行放射治疗,放射治疗后,可能发生口腔改变的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔黏膜充血、水肿、溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤变红、变黑、然后脱屑"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔黏膜炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"口干"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防。放射治疗中,可引起各种放射治疗反应,必须加以适当处理,以保证放射治疗计划顺利进行,常见的反应有以下几方面:皮肤反应可能出现皮肤变红、变黑、然后脱屑(B对),甚至发生脱毛、皮炎、溃疡等反应。口腔黏膜反应可出现炎症(C对)、充血、水肿、溃疡(A对)、白色假膜、出血等。如发生剧痛可加用表面麻醉剂含漱;如唾液腺被放射破坏,发生口干(D对)时,可对症选择针刺双侧颊车穴或口服养阴生津中药。全身反应可有食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、头昏、乏力,白细胞及血小板减少等。以上都是,因此选E。"} {"Question":"不会发生恶变的疾病有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白斑"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性盘状红斑狼疮"},{"key":"C","value":"扁平苔藓"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔红斑"},{"key":"E","value":"复发性阿弗它溃疡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查不会发生恶变的疾病。复发性阿弗它溃疡(E错,为本题的正确答案)具有周期性、复发性、自限性,是最常见的口腔黏膜溃疡类疾病,一般不会发生癌变,但对大而深、病程长的溃疡,应警惕癌性溃疡的可能,必要时可以作活检明确诊断。口腔白斑(A对)病的发病与局部因素的长期刺激以及某些全身因素有关,因此该病易癌变,该病患者约3%~5%发生癌变。慢性盘状红斑狼疮(B对)属于癌前状态,有慢性盘状红斑狼疮的报道,病史均在10年左右,癌变率约为0.35%~0.5%。扁平苔藓(C对)属于癌前状态,反复发病会癌变。口腔红斑(D对)属于癌前病变,颗粒性红斑往往是原位癌或早期鳞癌。"} {"Question":"舌癌区域性淋巴结转移早的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生长快"},{"key":"B","value":"舌淋巴丰富"},{"key":"C","value":"距区域淋巴结近"},{"key":"D","value":"舌机械活动频繁"},{"key":"E","value":"舌淋巴及血运丰富,舌活动频繁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"舌常发生早期颈淋巴结转移,且转移率较高,因舌体具有丰富的淋巴管和血液循环,加以舌的机械运动频繁,这些均为促进舌癌转移的因素。掌握“鳞状细胞癌概述及舌癌、牙龈癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下对放射性不敏感的肿瘤中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨肉瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"纤维肉瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"脂肪肉瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"尤文(Ewing)肉瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"恶性黑色素瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"对放射线不敏感的肿瘤有:骨肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、肌肉瘤、腺癌、脂肪肉瘤、恶性黑色素瘤等。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"恶性黑色素瘤的治疗原则的论述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放射治疗为主"},{"key":"B","value":"不宜行活组织检查"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性黑色素瘤转移率较高"},{"key":"D","value":"应施行选择性颈淋巴清扫术"},{"key":"E","value":"手术为主,但必须作广泛、彻底切除"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"以外科手术切除为主。对放射治疗不敏感。手术原则必须作广泛彻底切除,切除范围要比其他恶性肿瘤更广、更深。由于恶性黑色素瘤早期就有区域区淋巴结转移,且转移率较高,因此应施行选择性颈淋巴清扫术。掌握“恶性黑色素瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"易于早期发现和切除的肿瘤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成釉细胞纤维瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"角化成釉细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"牙源性腺样瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"牙源性粘液瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"外周型成釉细胞瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查外周型成釉细胞瘤的特点。外周型成釉细胞瘤(E对)是易于早期发现和切除的肿瘤。外周型成釉细胞瘤生长局限于牙龈,术后无复发。角化成釉细胞瘤(B错)是一种罕见的组织学亚型,肿瘤内出现广泛角化,镜下肿瘤由多个充满角化物的微小囊肿构成,衬里上皮以不全角化为主,并伴有乳头状增生,又称乳头状角化成釉细胞瘤。牙源性腺样瘤(C错)是一种包膜完整、生长局限的良性肿瘤,刮治后一般不复发,镜下见肿瘤上皮可形成不同结构,肿瘤内有时还可见发育不良的牙本质或骨样牙本质。成釉细胞纤维瘤(A错)是一种较少见的牙源性肿瘤,主要特征是牙源性上皮和间叶组织同时增殖,但不伴牙本质和牙釉质形成,是一种真性混合性牙源性肿瘤。牙源性粘液瘤(D错)手术不易完全切除,术后易复发,但一般不发生转移,是一种良性但有局部浸润的肿瘤。"} {"Question":"血管瘤消退完成期一般在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~3岁"},{"key":"B","value":"3~5岁"},{"key":"C","value":"4~6岁"},{"key":"D","value":"5~8岁"},{"key":"E","value":"10~12岁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查血管瘤与脉管畸形。血管瘤消退完成期:一般在10~12岁(E对)。大面积的血管瘤完全消退后可以后遗局部色素沉着,浅瘢痕,皮肤萎缩下垂等体征。据统计,约50% ~ 60%的患者在5年内完全消退:75%在7年内消退完毕;约10% ~ 30%的患者可持续消退至10岁左右,但可为不完全消退。因此所谓消退完成期一般在10 ~ 12岁。"} {"Question":"下列关于静脉畸形的描述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"好发于颊、颈、眼睑、唇、舌或口底部"},{"key":"B","value":"位置深浅不一"},{"key":"C","value":"表浅病损皮肤或黏膜颜色呈现蓝色或紫色"},{"key":"D","value":"边界清晰,扪之坚硬"},{"key":"E","value":"当头低位时;病损区则充血膨大"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"静脉畸形好发于颊、颈、眼睑、唇、舌或口底部。位置深浅不一,如果位置较深,则皮肤或黏膜颜色正常;表浅病损则呈现蓝色或紫色。边界不太清楚,扪之柔软,可以被压缩,有时可扪到静脉石。当头低位时;病损区则充血膨大;恢复正常位置后,肿胀亦随之缩小,恢复原状,此称为体位移动试验阳性。掌握“血管瘤与脉管畸形”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。右下颌膨隆3个月、下唇麻木2周入院。1年前,患者由于右下后牙松动、疼痛,于当地医院拔除患牙,疼痛缓解;3个月前出现右下颌膨隆,2周前出现右下唇麻木。入院查体:一般情况良好。专科检查:右下颌角及下颌体部稍膨隆,表面皮肤色泽正常。开口度、开口型未见明显异常。口内黏膜未见明显改变,未见溃疡、瘘管、糜烂及新生物。右下第一、二磨牙缺失,右下第一、二前磨牙Ⅰ度松动,咬合关系正常。舌运动良好,无疼痛及麻木感,口底、颊黏膜正常,右下唇麻木。双侧腮腺导管口无红肿,分泌物清亮。双侧面颈部未触及肿大淋巴结。曲面体层片示右下颌自下颌角至右下尖牙可见一大小约7.0cm×2.0cm不规则溶骨性破坏区,边界虫蚀状,波及牙槽骨,自髓质向皮质扩展,密度不均。以下哪种最不符合中央性颌骨癌的X线特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶骨性破坏"},{"key":"B","value":"边缘虫蚀状"},{"key":"C","value":"骨膜反应"},{"key":"D","value":"可兼有囊肿及成釉细胞瘤的X线表现"},{"key":"E","value":"可伴病理性骨折"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中央性颌骨癌X线早期表现为:病损局限于根尖区骨松质内,呈不规则虫蚀状破坏,以后才破坏并浸润骨密质。需与慢性骨髓炎相鉴别,慢性骨髓炎除骨质破坏外尚有增生修复的表现,如骨膜增生等。掌握“中央性颌骨癌及上颌窦癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"目前诊断肿瘤准确率最高的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线检查"},{"key":"B","value":"病理组织学"},{"key":"C","value":"放射性核素显像"},{"key":"D","value":"超声波检查"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫学检查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查口腔颌面部肿瘤的诊断。目前诊断肿瘤准确率最高的方法是病理组织学(B对)。病理组织学系从病变部取一小块组织制成切片,在显微镜下观察细胞的形态和结构,以确定病变性质,肿瘤的类型及分化程度,此种方法准确可靠,可以及时提供诊断意见,供治疗时参考,准确率高,是临床上常用的诊断方法。X线检查(A错)不能够确定肿瘤的类型。放射性核素显像(C错)缺乏特异性,在定性诊断方面有一定的局限性。超声波检查(D错)只是临床诊断的辅助检查,不能够定性诊断。免疫学检查(E错)诊断肿方面,特异性不够,对于诊断肿瘤准确率不高。"} {"Question":"哪项不是牙源性角化囊性瘤X线的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有单囊和多囊之分,单囊多见"},{"key":"B","value":"沿颌骨长轴发展"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌多见"},{"key":"D","value":"牙根吸收多呈截断状"},{"key":"E","value":"囊肿可向舌侧膨隆"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙源性角化囊肿的X线表现为:①有单囊和多囊之分,单囊多见,也可为多房;多房者分房大小相近。②常沿颌骨长轴生长,膨胀不明显;如有膨胀,可向舌侧。③牙根吸收少见,多呈斜面状。④病变内可含牙或不含牙。掌握“牙源性颌骨囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"灼伤可引起皮肤癌,说明口腔颌面肿瘤可能与哪项致病因素有关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"物理因素"},{"key":"B","value":"化学因素"},{"key":"C","value":"生物因素"},{"key":"D","value":"营养因素"},{"key":"E","value":"内分泌因素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"物理因素:如热、损伤、紫外线、X线及其他放射性物质,以及长期慢性刺激等因素。灼伤可引起皮肤癌。临床上可看到在瘢痕基础上发生的“瘢痕癌”。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的概念、临床表现、诊断”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔内肿瘤的患者放射治疗前的准备不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拔除口内的病灶牙"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗患龋的牙齿"},{"key":"C","value":"保留金属套冠及冠桥"},{"key":"D","value":"注意口腔卫生"},{"key":"E","value":"用氟剂涂布牙冠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"放射治疗前,应拔除口内病灶牙及肿瘤邻近的牙,拆除金属套冠及冠桥并治疗有龋患的牙齿。放射线的直接照射病灶同时,减少感染及颌骨坏死。注意口腔卫生,用氟剂涂布牙冠(包括用含氟牙膏)可在一定程度上预防放疗后猖獗龋的发生。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于上颌窦癌的叙述,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以鳞癌为最常见"},{"key":"B","value":"早期无症状而不易发觉"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤发生部位不同可出现不同临床症状(如鼻塞、复视、张口受限等)"},{"key":"D","value":"早期即有明显的骨质破坏"},{"key":"E","value":"远处转移较少见"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"上颌窦癌为鼻旁鳞癌中的最常见者。位于上颌窦内,早期无症状不容易发觉。当肿瘤发展到一定程度,出现各种不同的症状:位于上颌窦内壁-鼻塞、鼻出血、单侧鼻腔分泌物增多、鼻泪管堵塞流泪;位于上颌窦上壁-眼球突出、向上移位,引起复视;位于上颌窦外壁-唇颊沟肿胀,破溃后肿瘤外露,眶下神经受损引起面颊部感觉迟钝;位于上颌窦后壁-侵入翼腭窝造成张口困难;位于上颌窦下壁-牙松动、疼痛、龈颊沟肿胀等症状。晚期转移至上颌窦的任何部位。引起相应的临床症状。远处转移少见。掌握“中央性颌骨癌及上颌窦癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于热疗的描述,不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热疗与化疗联合应用,可起到同步化增效作用"},{"key":"B","value":"微波热疗是目前最常用的加热技术"},{"key":"C","value":"高温治疗恶性肿瘤疗效好,不存在问题"},{"key":"D","value":"可分为全身加热和局部加热两类"},{"key":"E","value":"局部热疗对患者痛苦少,易于接受,并发症少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"高温治疗恶性肿瘤虽然取得一定的疗效,但也还存在一些问题,如测温技术,热疗合并放疗和化疗的顺序、热疗的温度和时间,热疗中的防护,以及消除热疗耐受性的方法等均需要进一步探索。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"对放射治疗和化疗均高度敏感的肿瘤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶性淋巴瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"鳞状细胞癌"},{"key":"C","value":"基底细胞癌"},{"key":"D","value":"骨肉瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"鼻咽癌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"恶性淋巴瘤对放射治疗和化学药物治疗都比较敏感。掌握“恶性淋巴瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"恶性肿瘤的生物治疗有望在不久的将来,成为继手术化疗、放疗之后的第四种疗法。从广义上讲,它包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞因子治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"基因治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"A+B"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"生物治疗:基础是千方百计调动机体本身的抗癌功能,以自身功能调节的方式达到消灭残余癌瘤(亚临床灶),并达到临床治愈的目的。因此,生物疗法被普遍看好,并有望在不久的将来,能常规地作为癌瘤的第四种疗法。从广义来说,生物治疗应包括免疫治疗、细胞因子治疗、基因治疗等。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于牙龈瘤的叙述,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"女性多见,与内分泌有关"},{"key":"B","value":"可以破坏牙槽骨壁"},{"key":"C","value":"一般应将病变波及的牙齿拔除"},{"key":"D","value":"病变波及的骨膜及邻近骨组织需要去除"},{"key":"E","value":"因非真性肿瘤,切除后不易复发"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙龈瘤女性较多,随着肿块的增长,可以破坏牙槽骨壁。其治疗方法传统观点认为应将病变所波及的牙齿同时拔除。应围绕病变周围的正常组织上做切口,将肿块完全切除,拔除波及的牙齿,并用刮匙或骨钳将病变波及的牙周膜、骨膜及邻近的骨组织去除。牙龈瘤为非真性肿瘤,但是复发倾向明显。掌握“牙龈瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"采用平阳霉素治疗,效果最佳的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"囊肿型淋巴管瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"海绵型淋巴管瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细管型淋巴管瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"毛细管型血管瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"蔓状血管瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查采用平阳霉素治疗的疾病。平阳霉素能使内皮细胞变性、萎缩、退化,致使血管瘤或淋巴管瘤消退。临床上采用平阳霉素治疗血管瘤和脉管畸形的主要适应症为静脉畸形(即海绵状血管瘤)和大囊型淋巴管畸形(囊肿型淋巴管瘤)(A对)。淋巴管畸形主要治疗方法为硬化剂注射,配合手术治疗(BC错)。毛细管型血管瘤可口服普萘洛尔(D错)。蔓状血管瘤通常采用经导管动脉栓塞技术(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪种血管病变可扪到静脉石","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄酒斑状毛细血管瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"杨梅样毛细血管瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"血管痣"},{"key":"D","value":"海绵状血管瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"蔓状血管瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查海绵状血管瘤(静脉畸形)。海绵状血管瘤(D对)(即静脉畸形),是由衬有内皮细胞的无数血窦所组成。窦腔内血液凝固而成血栓,并可钙化为静脉石,故可扪到静脉石。葡萄酒色斑状毛细血管瘤(A错)(即微静脉畸形),多发于颜面部皮肤,呈鲜红或紫红色,与皮肤表面平,边界清楚,以手指压迫病损,表面颜色褪去;解除压力后,血液立即充满病损区,恢复原有大小和色泽,不形成静脉石。杨梅样毛细血管瘤(B错)(即血管瘤),为真性肿瘤,表现为毛细血管扩张,周围绕以晕状白色区域;迅速变成红斑并高出皮肤;消退的过程缓慢,病损由鲜红变为暗紫、棕色,皮肤可呈花斑状,不存在静脉石。血管痣(C错)是婴儿最常见的良性肿瘤,是由胚胎期血管网增生所形成;血管痣分两种,血管瘤和血管畸形;血管瘤是由血管内皮细胞的增生所致,血管畸形则为血管的发育不良,可终生不消退,不能形成静脉石。蔓状血管瘤(E错)(即动静脉畸形),多见于成人,幼儿少见,病损高起呈念珠状,表面温度较正常皮肤高,患者可能自己感觉到搏动;扪诊有震颤感,听诊有吹风样杂音,病变可侵蚀基底的骨质,也可突入皮肤,使其变薄,甚至坏死、出血,没有静脉石。"} {"Question":"属抗代谢类抗癌药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氮芥"},{"key":"B","value":"平阳霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氨蝶呤"},{"key":"D","value":"长春新碱"},{"key":"E","value":"顺铂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"甲氨蝶呤属于抗代谢类抗癌药物。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"成釉细胞瘤为“临界瘤”的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"来源于牙源性上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"长得特别大"},{"key":"C","value":"瘤体内牙根吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"有局限性浸润生长"},{"key":"E","value":"压迫三叉神经引起相应部位麻木"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"临床上依照肿瘤的生物学行为将肿瘤分为良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤,但良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤的区别是相对的,有的肿瘤病程虽长,但有局部浸润,其生物学行为介于良性和恶性之间的,称为临界瘤,如唾液腺多形性腺瘤、成釉细胞瘤。掌握“成釉细胞瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于口腔癌的TNM分类的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T指原发肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"T临床分期"},{"key":"C","value":"N指区域性淋巴结"},{"key":"D","value":"M指有无远处转移"},{"key":"E","value":"根据癌瘤侵犯的范围,制定的该分类"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"T是指原发肿瘤;N是指区域性淋巴结;M是指有无远处转移。掌握“口腔颌面部肿瘤的治疗原则及预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"恶性黑色素瘤的临床及病理特征叙述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青春期前很少发生恶性黑色素瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"早期表现绝大多数为皮肤痣及黏膜黑斑"},{"key":"C","value":"常发生广泛转移,约70%早期转移至区域性淋巴结"},{"key":"D","value":"靠术前活检明确诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"发生恶变时,则迅速长大,色素增多"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"恶性黑色素瘤主要根据色素表现及临床症状,不宜行活组织检查,即使是转移性淋巴结亦不应做吸取组织检查,因活检可促使其加速生长,并使肿瘤播散发生远处转移。对无色素性黑色素瘤则临床诊断常有困难,有时只能在病理检查后,才能确诊。掌握“恶性黑色素瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于中央性颌骨癌临床特点的叙述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要来自牙胚成釉上皮的剩余细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"好发于上颌骨"},{"key":"C","value":"多伴下唇麻木"},{"key":"D","value":"患者早期无自觉症状"},{"key":"E","value":"X线表现有不规则虫蚀状破坏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查中央性颌骨癌及上颌窦癌。中央性颌骨癌好发于下颌骨(B错,为本题正确答案),特别是下颌磨牙区。"} {"Question":"下列关于恶性淋巴瘤的叙述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可发生于任何年龄组"},{"key":"B","value":"以颈部淋巴结最好发"},{"key":"C","value":"发生于淋巴结者称结内型"},{"key":"D","value":"我国的恶性淋巴瘤中大多属结外型"},{"key":"E","value":"以外科手术治疗为主"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"恶性淋巴瘤对放射治疗和化学药物治疗都比较敏感。掌握“恶性淋巴瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下有关恶性淋巴瘤的临床特征中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"霍奇金淋巴瘤较为多见"},{"key":"B","value":"以儿童与青壮年多发"},{"key":"C","value":"我国的恶性淋巴瘤中大多属结外型"},{"key":"D","value":"发生与免疫功能紊乱、长期抗原刺激等因素有关"},{"key":"E","value":"以颈部淋巴结最好发"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"恶性淋巴瘤在病理上可分为霍奇金淋巴瘤与非霍奇金淋巴瘤两大类。其中临床以非霍奇金淋巴瘤多见。掌握“恶性淋巴瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,女,68岁。左下牙龈一菜花样溃疡,溃疡约3cm×2cm大小,下唇无麻木,活检诊为“鳞癌Ⅰ级”。下颌部未及明显肿大淋巴结。根据患者的症状,该患者的T分类表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T0"},{"key":"B","value":"Tis"},{"key":"C","value":"T1"},{"key":"D","value":"T2"},{"key":"E","value":"T3"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者肿物大小约3cm×2cm。T2:肿瘤最大直径>2cm,≤4cm。掌握“鳞状细胞癌概述及舌癌、牙龈癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"常发生于磨牙区附近,按UICC的规定应在上下颊沟之间,翼下颌韧带之前,并包括唇内侧黏膜的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌癌"},{"key":"B","value":"颊癌"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤癌"},{"key":"D","value":"口底癌"},{"key":"E","value":"中央性颌骨癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"颊黏膜癌的区域,按UICC的规定应在上下颊沟之间,翼下颌韧带之前,并包括唇内侧黏膜。常发生于磨牙区附近,呈溃疡型或外生型,生长较快,向深层浸润。掌握“颊癌、口底癌及唇癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"为了保证种植体的稳定性,唇颊侧和舌腭侧的骨厚度至少是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5mm"},{"key":"B","value":"1.5mm"},{"key":"C","value":"2mm"},{"key":"D","value":"3mm"},{"key":"E","value":"4mm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查种植体受植区要求。为了保证种植体的稳定性,唇颊侧和舌腭侧的骨厚度至少是1.5mm(B对)。种植体间距离不能少于3mm,种植体与天然邻牙间的距离不能少于2mm。种植体根端距离下颌管上缘不能少于2mm。一般情况下,种植体长度不应少于8mm。"} {"Question":"影响种植体骨结合的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"种植体的应力分布"},{"key":"B","value":"种植体材料的生物相容性"},{"key":"C","value":"患者自身条件"},{"key":"D","value":"手术创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"影响种植体骨结合的因素:手术创伤种植手术时,由下钻孔时产热,可使周围已分化和未分化的间叶细胞坏死。患者自身条件包括患者全身及局部的健康状况、牙槽突的质量和形态以及口腔卫生习惯等。种植体材料的生物相容性此点对骨结合的形成十分重要。种植体外形设计。种植体植入的部位、数量和方向,骨结合后义齿的修复处理,直接影响应力的分布。种植体植入后,应保证足够的骨愈合过程,待骨结合完成以后再作修复治疗。掌握“牙种植术概论”知识点。"} {"Question":"行左下第一磨牙种植术,下列成功的标准中,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"功能好"},{"key":"B","value":"无麻木,疼痛"},{"key":"C","value":"自我感觉良好"},{"key":"D","value":"无与种植体相关的感染"},{"key":"E","value":"横行骨吸收不超过2\/3"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙种植手术及效果评估。1995年中华口腔医学会杂志社在珠海制定的种植成功标准为:①功能好(A对);②无麻木,疼痛(B对)等不适;③自我感觉良好(C对);④种植体周围X线无透射区;横行骨吸收不超过1\/3(E错,为本题正确答案),种植体不松动;⑤龈炎可控制;⑥无与种植体相关的感染(D对);⑦对邻牙支持组织无损害;⑧美观;⑨咀嚼效率大于70%;⑩符合上述要求者5年成功率应达到85%以上;10年80%以上。"} {"Question":"手术创伤对种植体的骨结合有一定的影响,由于钻孔产热过高,严格控制产热和散热,用骨钻钻孔时,速度不能超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"500r\/min"},{"key":"B","value":"1000r\/min"},{"key":"C","value":"1500r\/min"},{"key":"D","value":"2000r\/min"},{"key":"E","value":"2500r\/min"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"手术创伤种植手术时,由于钻孔产热过高,可使周围已分化和未分化的间叶细胞坏死。因此,手术中对骨组织活力的保护十分重要,即要求手术者操作精巧,严格控制产热和散热,用骨钻钻孔时,速度不能超过2000r\/min,并以生理盐水注水降温。掌握“牙种植术概论”知识点。"} {"Question":"针刺疗法治疗三叉神经痛时每次通电时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5~15分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"10~20分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"15~25分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"15~30分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"20~30分钟"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"针刺疗法:电流强度与频率应根据患者的耐受程度与即时效果进行交换与选择;开始宜弱,以后逐渐加强,每次通电15~30分钟,每日或隔日1次,10~12次为一疗程,每疗程间隔5~7天。掌握“三叉神经痛”知识点。"} {"Question":"三叉神经功能检查项目中不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三叉神经分布区皮肤与黏膜的触、温、痛觉"},{"key":"B","value":"角膜反射"},{"key":"C","value":"腭反射"},{"key":"D","value":"希尔默试验"},{"key":"E","value":"咀嚼肌运动功能检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"希尔默试验:亦称Schirmer试验。目的在于观察面神经膝状神经节是否受损。掌握“三叉神经痛”知识点。"} {"Question":"对三叉神经痛采用封闭疗法使用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"丁卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"普鲁卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素B₁₂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查注射治疗-封闭疗法。对三叉神经痛采用封闭疗法使用的药物是利多卡因(A对)。1.封闭疗法是用1%~2%利多卡因行疼痛神经支的阻滞麻醉,也可加人维生素B₁₂做神经干封闭,每日1次,10次为1个疗程。2.对原发性三叉神经痛均应首先采用药物治疗,如卡马西平(D错)、奥卡西平、苯妥英钠、氯硝西泮等。"} {"Question":"患者,女性,50岁,触摸左颊黏膜而引起左颊、左下唇电击样剧痛,持续数秒钟,卡马西平治疗有效。该患者诊断可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌骨中央性颌骨癌"},{"key":"C","value":"三叉神经第三支痛"},{"key":"D","value":"三叉神经第二支痛"},{"key":"E","value":"三叉神经第二、第三支痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"颊部黏膜和下唇有扳机点,说明诊断为三叉神经第三支(下颌支)疼痛。掌握“三叉神经痛”知识点。"} {"Question":"面瘫的贝尔征是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用力紧闭眼睑,则眼球转向外上方"},{"key":"B","value":"患侧口角下垂,健侧向上歪斜"},{"key":"C","value":"不能鼓腮、吹气"},{"key":"D","value":"睑裂过大,闭合不全"},{"key":"E","value":"结膜囊内常有泪液积滞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查面瘫的贝尔征。面瘫的贝尔征是指用力紧闭眼睑,则眼球转向外上方(A对)。面瘫的典型症状有:患侧口角下垂,健侧向上歪斜(B错)。上下唇因口轮匝肌瘫痪而不能紧密闭合,故发生饮水漏水、不能鼓腮、吹气(C错)等功能障碍。由于眼轮匝肌瘫痪,失去了受动眼神经支配的上睑提肌保持平衡协调的随意动作,致睑裂扩大、闭合不全(D错)、露出结膜。用力闭眼时,则眼球转向外上方,此称贝尔征,由于不能闭眼,故易患结膜炎。在下结膜囊内常有泪液积滞(E错),这种泪液运行障碍,一般是由于泪囊肌瘫痪与结膜炎等原因所引起。"} {"Question":"面横裂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌突与内侧鼻突融合障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌突与外侧鼻突未能融合"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌突与下颌突未能融合"},{"key":"D","value":"原发腭突与继发突融合障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"两个内侧鼻突未能正常融合"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上颌突与下颌突未能融合则形成面横裂。掌握“唇腭裂概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"Ⅰ度腭裂是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腭垂裂"},{"key":"B","value":"软腭裂开"},{"key":"C","value":"硬腭裂开"},{"key":"D","value":"软、硬腭裂开"},{"key":"E","value":"全腭裂开包括牙槽突裂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"国内有些单位还有一种常用的腭裂分类法,即将其分为三度:Ⅰ度:限于腭垂裂。Ⅱ度:部分腭裂,裂开未到切牙孔;根据裂开部位又分为浅Ⅱ度裂,仅限于软腭:深Ⅱ度裂,包括一部分硬腭裂开(不完全性腭裂)。Ⅲ度:全腭裂开,由腭垂到切牙区,包括牙槽突裂,常与唇裂伴发。掌握“腭裂”知识点。"} {"Question":"腭裂术后穿孔或部分裂开,术后至少多长时间可行二期手术","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2个月"},{"key":"B","value":"3~4个月"},{"key":"C","value":"5~7个月"},{"key":"D","value":"6~12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腭裂术后穿孔不论大小,都不要急于立即再次手术缝合,因组织脆弱血供不良,缝合后常会再次裂开,建议术后6~12个月,嘱患者复诊后再行二期手术为好。掌握“唇腭裂的序列治疗”知识点。"} {"Question":"患儿,男性,2岁,右侧完全性腭裂拟行腭裂修复术,术后如需配合系统性语音训练,最好在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"术后1个月进行"},{"key":"B","value":"术后3个月进行"},{"key":"C","value":"术后6个月进行"},{"key":"D","value":"4~6岁时进行"},{"key":"E","value":"12岁以后进行"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查腭裂语音治疗。患儿,男性,2岁,右侧完全性腭裂拟行腭裂修复术,术后如需配合系统性语音训练,最好在术后1个月进行(A对)。腭裂语音治疗的适应证:1.良好的腭咽闭合功能者,否则,语音治疗一般是难以有效果的。2.即使咽成形术获得成功,但因患者不良发音习惯已经养成,各种代偿发音造成异常语音者均应该通过语音治疗给予纠正,因此,术前与患者和家属有良好的沟通不应被忽视。3.4周岁以上患儿能与语音治疗师配合的可行语音治疗,不合作者,可嘱家属先在家进行一些行为疗法,如吹水泡,鼓气,吹口琴等训练。4.排除听力障碍(听觉不能低于50dB),舌系带过短等影响训练的因素。5.患儿智商基本正常(智商IQ不应低于70分),严重弱智或难以配合治疗者,疗效差。6.符合以上条件者,手术后1个月可开始语音训练。"} {"Question":"某患儿,6岁,先天性唇腭裂术后,伴牙槽突裂,什么时间修复牙槽裂最适宜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6岁"},{"key":"B","value":"7~8岁"},{"key":"C","value":"9~11岁"},{"key":"D","value":"12~14岁"},{"key":"E","value":"16岁以后"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查唇腭裂的序列治疗。牙槽突植骨术一般于9~11岁(C对)时进行,即尖牙未萌根形成2\/3时。9~11岁上颌骨发育已基本完成,此时手术可以避免对上颌骨生长发育的不利影响。"} {"Question":"患儿,男性,2岁,右侧完全性腭裂拟行腭裂修复术。术后出现腭瘘的原因,最常见的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患儿年龄过小"},{"key":"B","value":"手术时间过长"},{"key":"C","value":"黏骨膜瓣松弛不够,缝合时张力过大"},{"key":"D","value":"手术中未给予抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"术后拆线时间过晚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查腭裂修复术的术后并发症-腭瘘。患儿,男性,2岁,右侧完全性腭裂拟行腭裂修复术。术后出现腭瘘的原因,最常见的是黏骨膜瓣松弛不够,缝合时张力过大(C对)。腭瘘指腭裂修复术后仍遗留或再裂开在硬、软腭部或口腔前庭部的瘘孔,表现为口鼻腔相通,为腭裂术后最常见的并发症。腭裂术后发生腭瘘的原因很多,包括腭裂的类型,畸形的程度,腭裂手术年龄,腭裂术式的选择,手术操作,术后出血和感染,术后护理以及术后喂养等方面。但最主要的还是,在手术过程中对两侧黏骨膜瓣松弛不够,缝合时张力过大,或存在张力,当患者清醒后,吞咽及发音时肌肉张力进一步增加而影响伤口的愈合。"} {"Question":"新生儿,诊断为右侧完全性唇、腭裂。如伴发鼻畸形,应在何时进行手术","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生后3~6个月"},{"key":"B","value":"出生后6~12个月"},{"key":"C","value":"出生后12~18个月"},{"key":"D","value":"患儿13岁时"},{"key":"E","value":"患者成长至24岁以后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查鼻畸形矫治术的时间。多数学者认为婴幼儿期施行鼻畸形矫治术,会过多剥离鼻翼软骨而损伤其软骨膜,而影响到鼻翼软骨的正常发育,导致成年后出现难以矫正的鼻翼不对称畸形,而应推迟到13岁以后(D对)。因此出生后3~6个月(A错)、出生后6~12个月(B错)、出生后12~18个月(C错)都不宜进行手术。若待患者成长至24岁以后(E错),此时发育已经停止,鼻翼软骨已成形,手术效果不会很理想。"} {"Question":"面横裂是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一侧上颌突未能与内侧鼻突融合"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌突与外侧鼻突未融合"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌突与下颌突未融合"},{"key":"D","value":"原发腭突未能在一侧与继发腭突融合"},{"key":"E","value":"原发腭突未能在两侧与继发腭突融合"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查面部发育异常-面横裂。面横裂是由于上颌突与下颌突未融合(C对)。口腔颌面部的发育始于胚胎发育的第3周,第一对鳃弓分叉发育形成上下颌突;第5周时,额鼻突的下缘两侧各出现一个嗅窝,嗅窝的内外侧分别为内侧鼻突和外侧鼻突;第8周时,左右上颌突的内面生出一对板状突起称为继发腭突,两侧的继发腭突在中线融合形成腭的大部。上颌突与下颌突未融合发生面横裂。一侧上颌突未能与内侧鼻突融合(A错)则在上唇一侧产生唇裂。上颌突与外侧鼻突未融合(B错)则形成面斜裂。腭裂的形成与唇裂相似,同样为胚突融合不全或完全不融合所致,原发腭突未能在一侧与继发腭突融合(D错),则形成单侧腭裂。原发腭突未能在两侧与继发腭突融合(E错),则形成双侧腭裂。"} {"Question":"某患儿,5岁,先天Ⅲ°腭裂,在全麻下接受腭裂修复术,为使发音和讲话接近正常,术后应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进行语音训练"},{"key":"B","value":"长期配戴腭护板"},{"key":"C","value":"调整饮食习惯"},{"key":"D","value":"正畸矫治错(牙合)"},{"key":"E","value":"局部理疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查腭裂的个性化序列治疗。患儿,5岁,先天Ⅲ°腭裂(全腭裂开),在全麻下接受腭裂修复术,为使发音和讲话接近正常(腭裂语音),目前腭裂术后有异常语音者仍不可避免,术后应进行语音训练(A对),纠正各种代偿发音造成异常语音者。长期配戴腭护板(B错)多用于唇腭裂患儿的术前正畸,在患儿适应腭护板后,在腭护板上制作鼻撑球,用鼻撑来纠正鼻畸形。正畸矫治错牙合(D错)在上下颌第一磨牙萌出后根据患者个体发育情况进行错牙合预防处理,主要于恒牙期进行矫治。调整饮食习惯(C错)和局部理疗(E错)与发音和讲话没有明显联系。"} {"Question":"牙槽突裂植骨术的时机主要是依据","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单侧还是双侧"},{"key":"B","value":"裂隙宽度大小"},{"key":"C","value":"患者发育情况"},{"key":"D","value":"正畸治疗基本完成"},{"key":"E","value":"手术侧恒尖牙未萌,牙根形成2\/3"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙槽突裂植骨术的时机。牙槽突裂手术包括软组织裂隙或瘘口关闭和骨组织移植两部分。牙槽突裂植骨术的时机选择是由患者的年龄及裂隙侧尖牙的牙龄共同决定的,一般是在患儿9~11岁,手术侧恒尖牙未萌,牙根形成2\/3(E对)时进行。同时,10岁左右上颌骨发育即已基本完成,可避免手术对上颌骨生长发育的不利影响。在尖牙未萌出前植骨,可使尖牙能通过移植骨区萌出,刺激新骨的形成,增加发育不良的牙槽突裂区域的高度。如果一旦牙已萌出再植骨,则移植骨难以改善牙的牙周支持,同时常因植骨块吸收使牙槽突的高度回复到术前的水平。单侧还是双侧(A错)、裂隙宽度大小(B错)、患者发育情况(C错)、正畸治疗基本完成(D错)是影响牙槽突裂植骨术的因素,而非手术时机的依据。"} {"Question":"患者,女,出生后即被发现双侧上唇裂开。诊断为“先天性双侧唇裂,混合型”。其临床表现应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双侧裂隙均未裂至鼻底"},{"key":"B","value":"双侧上唇至鼻底完全裂开"},{"key":"C","value":"合并其他面裂"},{"key":"D","value":"合并双侧牙槽嵴裂"},{"key":"E","value":"一侧完全,另一侧不完全唇裂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"双侧唇裂:双侧不完全性唇裂(双侧裂隙均未裂至鼻底);双侧完全性唇裂(双侧上唇至鼻底完全裂开);双侧混合性唇裂(一侧完全裂,另一侧不完全裂)掌握“唇裂”知识点。"} {"Question":"不属于拔牙术后医嘱的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饭后要刷牙保持口腔清洁"},{"key":"B","value":"避免患侧咀嚼"},{"key":"C","value":"不可反复吸吮创口"},{"key":"D","value":"勿用舌舔创口"},{"key":"E","value":"拔牙当日应进软食,不可过热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"拔牙术后医嘱:拔牙后24小时不可刷牙漱口。术后应避免进食过热食物及剧烈运动,并注意保持口腔卫生。避免患侧咀嚼,勿用舌舔创口,更不可反复吸吮。掌握“牙拔除术”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。右上第一磨牙牙髓治疗后劈裂,拔牙过程中牙冠碎裂至龈下,牙根与周围骨质粘连。此时拔除此根应先","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙挺取根"},{"key":"B","value":"牙钳拔除"},{"key":"C","value":"分根后拔除"},{"key":"D","value":"翻瓣去骨拔除"},{"key":"E","value":"涡轮钻拔除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙根拔除术。由于患者牙根与周围骨质粘连,增大了根部骨阻力,且牙冠碎裂,所以可以分根后拔除牙根(C对)。患牙根与牙骨质粘连,增大了根部骨阻力,直接牙挺拔牙(A错)很难把牙根拔出,需要分根、去骨、增隙。对于高位的残根、断根可用牙钳直接拔除(B错)。翻瓣去骨拔除法(D错)对组织创伤大,且去除牙槽突会使牙槽突变窄、变低,不利于义齿修复,故应慎用,与题干不符。高速涡轮机(E错)的冷却水传输管道消毒困难,无法达到无菌要求,对组织不良反应大,术后渗出多,易致骨灼伤,易导致皮下气肿,故一般不采用。"} {"Question":"下列阻生牙拔除的适应证中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防阻生牙本身及第二磨牙近远中邻面的龋坏"},{"key":"B","value":"反复引起冠周炎"},{"key":"C","value":"正畸需要拔除"},{"key":"D","value":"阻生牙本身有龋坏并引起邻牙病变者"},{"key":"E","value":"可能成为颞下颌关节病的病因"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"下颌第三磨牙通常为近中倾斜阻生,所以易致第二磨牙远中邻面龋坏,不是近远中。掌握“阻生牙拔除术”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙拔除后需要多长时间,X线片上拔牙创出现正常的骨结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半个月后"},{"key":"B","value":"1~2个月"},{"key":"C","value":"2~3个月"},{"key":"D","value":"3~6个月"},{"key":"E","value":"6~12个月"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙槽突功能性改建术后3天就开始了。40天后愈合区内逐渐形成多层骨小梁一致的成熟骨,并有一层密质骨覆盖这一区域。牙槽骨受到功能性压力后,骨小梁的数目和排列顺应变化而重新改造。3~6个月后重建过程基本完成,出现正常骨结构。掌握“牙拔除术前准备、器械、心血管及拔牙愈合过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙挺使用时应遵循的规则,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不能以邻牙作支点"},{"key":"B","value":"颊侧需去骨者外,龈缘水平处的颊侧骨板一般不应作为支点"},{"key":"C","value":"龈缘水平处的舌侧骨板可作为支点"},{"key":"D","value":"以手指保护,以防牙挺滑脱"},{"key":"E","value":"用力必须有控制,挺刃的用力方向必须正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙挺使用时,必须遵循下列规则:①绝不能以邻牙作支点;②除拔除阻生牙或颊侧需去骨者外,龈缘水平处的颊侧骨板一般不应作为支点;③龈缘水平处的舌侧骨板,也不应作为支点;④必须以手指保护,以防牙挺滑脱;⑤用力必须有控制,挺刃的用力方向必须正确。掌握“牙拔除术前准备、器械、心血管及拔牙愈合过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于植牙术的论述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"植牙术包括牙再植、牙移植和牙种植"},{"key":"B","value":"牙移植有自体移植和异体移植"},{"key":"C","value":"牙种植术是将人工材料制作的牙根种植在牙槽内的手术"},{"key":"D","value":"因正畸需要拔除的前磨牙,不可用于移植"},{"key":"E","value":"牙再植术可分为即刻再植与延期再植"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"植牙术是恢复咀嚼、语音功能与面容的有效方法,包括牙再植、牙移植和牙种植三类。牙再植术,又分为即刻再植与延期再植;牙移植有自体移植和异体移植;牙种植术是指将人工材料制作的牙根种植在牙槽内的手术。因正畸需要拔除的前磨牙,也可用于移植。阻生尖牙及上颌第三磨牙的移植适应证很少。掌握“牙槽外科”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于拔除下颌智齿的步骤或方法,正确的说法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"远中切口应偏舌侧"},{"key":"B","value":"颊侧切口与远中切口的末端呈90°向下"},{"key":"C","value":"只翻起黏膜瓣,将骨膜留在骨表面"},{"key":"D","value":"劈开牙冠时,牙冠应充分显露,且牙不松动"},{"key":"E","value":"涡轮钻拔牙术后反应较大"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查拔除下颌智齿的步骤或方法。拔除下颌智齿时,用锤凿法成功劈开的关键在于:牙冠发育沟清晰明显;牙冠部无龋坏;牙根分叉明显且分叉处高;锐利而合适的凿。劈开时,牙冠应充分显露,且牙不松动(D对),即冠部的骨阻力基本解除。翻瓣的远中切口从远中龈缘正中斜向后外方,勿偏舌侧(A错)。近中颊侧切口自邻牙的远中或近中颊面轴角处,与龈缘约成45°角,向前下勿超过移行沟底。颊侧切口与远中切口的末端应成钝角(B错),而不是呈90°角向下,以便能充分扩大手术视野。翻瓣由近中切口开始,沿骨面翻起,不可将骨膜与黏膜强力分离(C错),否则出血多、术野不清。涡轮机拔牙缩短了手术时间,拔牙震动小、痛苦小,配合吸引器,可使术野更清晰,创伤小,拔牙术后反应小(E错)。"} {"Question":"X线片上拔牙窝的影像完全消失至出现正常骨结构的时间,是在牙拔除后的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6~8周"},{"key":"B","value":"3~6个月"},{"key":"C","value":"7~10个月"},{"key":"D","value":"11~12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"1年以上"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查拔牙创的愈合-成熟的骨组织替代不成熟骨质。X线片上拔牙窝的影像完全消失至出现正常骨结构的时间,是在牙拔除后的3~6个月(B对)。拔牙创愈合分为5个主要阶段:拔牙创出血和血凝块形成,血块机化、肉芽组织形成,结缔组织和上皮组织替代肉芽组织,原始的纤维样骨代替结缔组织,成熟的骨组织替代不成熟骨质。大约38d拔牙窝的2\/3被纤维样骨组织充填,但此时骨质密度较低,X线检查仍可见到拔牙窝的影像;3~6个月后重建过程基本完成,出现正常骨结构。"} {"Question":"下颌第三磨牙阻生,什么情况下适宜作龈瓣切除术","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水平阻生,冠周炎反复发作"},{"key":"B","value":"垂直阻生,升支前方有足够空隙,对(牙合)牙位置正常"},{"key":"C","value":"前倾阻生,前方邻牙远中龋坏"},{"key":"D","value":"前倾阻生,龈瓣上有咬痕"},{"key":"E","value":"颊向阻生,对牙位置正常"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查龈瓣切除术的适应证。阻生磨牙有多种类型,如水平阻生、垂直阻生、颊向阻生、舌向阻生、前倾阻生、远中阻生、近中阻生等。龈瓣切除术可适用于需助萌的牙已达牙槽嵴顶部,切端在龈黏膜下,可被扪及,但因局部软组织致密,萌出困难者。冠周龈瓣切除术用于急性炎症消退后,对有足够萌出位置且牙位正常的智齿,可在局麻下行冠周龈瓣切除,以消除盲袋。垂直阻生,升支前方有足够空隙,对颌牙位置正常(B对)的患牙,其主要的萌出阻力来自软组织而非骨组织,故切除龈瓣可解除其所受到的阻力,阻生牙萌出后,可与对颌牙取得良好的对(牙合)关系。对于水平阻生,且冠周炎反复发作(A错)的患牙不适宜作龈瓣切除术,一方面是由于患牙无萌出的可能性,另一方面切除龈瓣仍能造成食物嵌塞而造成细菌感染。前倾阻生,前方邻牙远中龋坏(C错)的患牙虽可萌出,但萌出后的患牙与前方邻牙间往往有紧密的接触关系,且接触面不规则,食物嵌塞后不易清洁,会加重龋病的进展。龈瓣上有咬痕说明对颌牙有伸长或位置不正,即便阻生牙萌出后也不能与对(牙合)牙取得良好的对(牙合)关系,因此前倾阻生,龈瓣上有咬痕(D错)的患牙不宜行龈瓣切除术。颊向阻生,对牙位置正常(E错)的患牙进行龈瓣切除后,因颊向错位,即使萌出后也不能形成良好的咬合。"} {"Question":"拔牙术后拔牙创内血块机化开始和最后完成的时间分别是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15分钟,1天"},{"key":"B","value":"6小时,5天"},{"key":"C","value":"12小时,10天"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时,20天"},{"key":"E","value":"48小时,28天"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查拔牙创的愈合。拔牙创的正常愈合分为5个主要阶段:拔牙创出血和血凝块形成;血块机化和肉芽组织形成;结缔组织和上皮组织替代肉芽组织;原始的纤维样骨替代结缔组织;成熟的骨组织替代不成熟骨质。拔牙后数小时,牙龈组织收缩,约24h后,来自牙槽骨壁的成纤维细胞向血块内生长,同时来自邻近血管的内皮细胞增殖,形成血管芽,并连成毛细血管网,肉芽组织形成血块机化开始;拔牙后3~4d更成熟的结缔组织开始替代肉芽组织,至20d左右基本完成,血块机化完成。因此血块机化开始和最后完成的时间分别是24小时,20天(D对)。"} {"Question":"下列不属于下颌第三磨牙拔除适应证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"反复引起冠周炎"},{"key":"B","value":"因正畸需要"},{"key":"C","value":"可能为颞下颌关节紊乱病的病因"},{"key":"D","value":"可能为原因不明疼痛的病因"},{"key":"E","value":"无症状的骨埋伏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"骨埋伏阻生牙的拔除难度大,如无任何临床症状,可以观察。掌握“阻生牙拔除术”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列选项中不属于拔牙适应证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滞留的乳牙影响恒牙正常萌出者"},{"key":"B","value":"因颌骨骨折或牙槽骨所累及的牙"},{"key":"C","value":"引起虹膜睫状体炎的病灶牙"},{"key":"D","value":"引起视网膜炎的病灶牙"},{"key":"E","value":"成人牙列中的乳牙,下方无恒牙,乳牙无松动且有功能者"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙拔除的适应证与禁忌证。滞留的乳牙影响恒牙正常萌出者,应予拔除。但在成人牙列中的乳牙(E错,为本题正确答案),下方无恒牙(先天缺失)或恒牙阻生,乳牙无松动且有功能时,则不必拔除。"} {"Question":"患者男性,42岁,右上6残根需拔除,X线片显示其腭侧根与上颌窦底影像重叠,判断牙根是否位于上颌窦内的征象为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖周是否密度减低"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周膜与骨硬板是否连续"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌窦底是否突入牙根之间"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌窦是否过大"},{"key":"E","value":"垂直角度是否过大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"如果牙周膜及骨硬板连续,则说明牙根没有位于上颌窦内,相反如果牙周膜及骨硬板没有连续性,就说明是牙根位于上颌窦内。掌握“牙拔除术并发症”知识点。"} {"Question":"干槽症的诊断标准不包括以下哪项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拔牙后1~2d有剧烈疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"可向耳颞部,下颌下区或头顶部放射"},{"key":"C","value":"拔牙窝内空虚"},{"key":"D","value":"拔牙窝内有腐败坏死的血凝块"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔内可有臭味"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"干槽症的诊断标准为:拔牙3~4天后有剧烈疼痛,并且可向耳颞部、下颌区或头顶部放射,一般镇痛药物不能止痛;拔牙窝内空虚,或有腐败变性的血凝块,腐臭味强烈。掌握“牙拔除术并发症”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女性36岁,左上456残根,既往曾有风湿性心脏病,现存在二尖瓣狭窄,心功能I级,此患者最佳治疗方案为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左上456分次拔除,术前术后预防性使用抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"左上456分次拔除,术后预防性使用抗生素"},{"key":"C","value":"左上456分次拔除,术前预防性使用抗生素"},{"key":"D","value":"左上456一次拔除,术前术后预防性使用抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"左上456一次拔除,术前预防性使用抗生素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查心脏病患者拔牙的治疗方法。左上456一次拔除,术前术后预防性使用抗生素(D对E错)是最佳治疗方案。该患者左上456残根,应拔除;心功能I级是可以耐受拔牙的,一次拔除相对分次拔除(ABC错),可以减少麻醉次数、细菌的感染机会、及患者的创伤和心脏病发的可能;该患者曾有风湿性心脏病,现存在二尖瓣狭窄,是细菌性心内膜炎的易感人群,要在术前术后预防性使用抗生素,以预防细菌性心内膜炎的发生。"} {"Question":"血友病患者必须拔牙时,首要的处理原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拔牙创内填塞止血材料"},{"key":"B","value":"注射止血药"},{"key":"C","value":"麻药中多量副肾素"},{"key":"D","value":"操作轻柔,减少创伤,缝合拔牙创"},{"key":"E","value":"术前、术后多次输新鲜血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查血友病患者拔牙的首要的处理原则。血友病为一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病,共同特征为活性凝血酶生成障碍,凝血时间延长,终身皆有轻微创伤后就出血的倾向。血友病患者必须拔牙时,其首要处理原则是控制原发病,防止出血不止,必须在控制原发病的基础上才可以拔牙。可通过术前、术后多次输新鲜血(E对)补充活性凝血酶来控制原发病。拔牙创内填塞止血材料(A错)、注射止血药(B错)、麻药中多量副肾素(C错)、操作轻柔,减少创伤,缝合拔牙创(D错)等辅助措施都可以减少出血量,但必须是在控制原发病的基础上进行的,不是首要处理原则。"} {"Question":"男,28岁。牙拔除术前作普鲁卡因过敏试验,结果为阳性的局部红晕直径应超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.2cm"},{"key":"B","value":"0.4cm"},{"key":"C","value":"0.6cm"},{"key":"D","value":"0.8cm"},{"key":"E","value":"1.0cm"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查局麻药的过敏试验。男,28岁。牙拔除术前作普鲁卡因过敏试验,结果为阳性的局部红晕直径应超过1.0cm(E对)。普鲁卡因皮内试验,1%普鲁卡因0.1ml稀释至1ml,皮内注射0.1ml,20min后看反应。局部红肿,红晕直径超过1cm者为阳性。"} {"Question":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉口内注射时进针方向为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下后内"},{"key":"B","value":"上后内"},{"key":"C","value":"下后外"},{"key":"D","value":"上后外"},{"key":"E","value":"上后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉口内注射法:牵引上唇向前向上,注射针与上颌中线成45°角,于侧切牙根尖相应部位的口腔前庭沟顶刺入,向上后外进针,即可到达眶下孔,但不易进入眶下管。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉注射时注射针应高于下颌(牙合)平面","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5cm"},{"key":"B","value":"1cm"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5cm"},{"key":"D","value":"2cm"},{"key":"E","value":"3cm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉注射方法:病员大张口,下颌(牙合)平面与地面平行,将注射器放在对侧口角,即第一、第二前磨牙之间,与中线成45°角。注射针应高于下颌(牙合)平面1cm并与之平行。按上述的刺入点标点进针2.5cm左右,可达下颌骨骨面的下牙槽神经沟。回抽无血,即可注入麻药1~1.5ml。约5分钟后,病员即感同侧下唇口角麻木、肿胀,探刺无痛。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"腭前神经阻滞麻醉时进针的标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌第一磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线弓形凹面连线的中点"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌第二磨牙腭侧龈缘至对侧龈缘弓形凹面连线的中点"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线弓形凹面连线的中点"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至对侧龈缘连线的中点"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线连线的中点"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腭大孔的表面标志:腭大孔位于上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线弓形凹面连线的中点,覆盖其上的黏膜可见小凹陷,即为进针的标志。如第三磨牙尚未萌出则应在第二磨牙腭侧。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"麻醉同侧下颌舌侧牙龈、黏骨膜、口底黏膜及舌前2\/3部分,可行的阻滞麻醉方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"B","value":"颊神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"C","value":"鼻腭神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"D","value":"舌神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"E","value":"腭前神经阻滞麻醉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"舌神经阻滞麻醉区域:同侧下颌舌侧牙龈、黏骨膜、口底黏膜及舌前2\/3部分。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床上常用利多卡因进行表面麻醉的浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.25%~1%"},{"key":"B","value":"0.5~1%"},{"key":"C","value":"0.005"},{"key":"D","value":"0.01"},{"key":"E","value":"2%~5%"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"表面麻醉临床应用较多的是2%~5%利多卡因和0.25%~0.5%的盐酸丁卡因。也可采用6%~20%的苯佐卡因或1%的盐酸达克罗宁行表面麻醉,但其麻醉作用不及丁卡因。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"麻醉上牙槽中神经应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌结节注射法"},{"key":"B","value":"眶下孔注射法"},{"key":"C","value":"腭大孔麻醉"},{"key":"D","value":"腭前孔注射法"},{"key":"E","value":"翼下颌注射法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查阻滞麻醉。麻醉上牙槽中神经应选择眶下孔注射法(B对)。1.眶下神经阻滞麻醉:将局麻药注入眶下孔或眶下管,以麻醉眶下神经及其分支,又称眶下孔或眶下管注射法。可麻醉上牙槽前、中神经支配区域。2.上牙槽后神经阻滞麻醉:注射局麻药液于上颌结节(A错),以麻醉上牙槽后神经,又称上颌结节注射法。3.腭前神经阻滞麻醉:将局麻药注射入腭大孔或其附近以麻醉腭前神经,故又称腭大孔注射法(C错)。4.鼻腭神经阻滞麻醉:将局麻药注入腭前孔(切牙孔)以麻醉鼻腭神经,又称腭前孔注射法(D错)。5.下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉:是将局麻药注射到翼下颌间隙内下颌小舌平面以上的下颌神经沟附近,局麻药扩散后可麻醉下牙槽神经,故亦称翼下颌注射法(E错)。"} {"Question":"腭前孔注射法又称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上牙槽后神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"B","value":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"C","value":"腭前神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"D","value":"鼻腭神经阻滞麻醉"},{"key":"E","value":"下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"鼻腭神经阻滞麻醉:将麻药注入腭前孔(切牙孔),以麻醉鼻腭神经,故又称为腭前孔注射法。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"舌神经阻滞麻醉一般注射麻药量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1ml"},{"key":"B","value":"0.5~1ml"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5ml"},{"key":"D","value":"1.5~2ml"},{"key":"E","value":"2~3ml"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"舌神经阻滞麻醉注射方法:在行下牙槽神经麻醉口内注射后,将注射针退出1cm,此时注射麻药0.5~1ml,即可麻醉舌神经,或在退针时,边退边注射麻醉药,直到针尖退至黏膜下为止。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床中一般不用作浸润麻醉的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"普鲁卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"丁卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"阿替卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"奴氟卡因"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"丁卡因又名地卡因,穿透力强。临床上主要用作表面麻醉。麻醉作用较普鲁卡因强10倍。由于毒性大,一般不作浸润麻醉,即使用作表面麻醉,亦应注意剂量。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"口内法进行下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时,进针点在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腮腺导管口下、后1cm处"},{"key":"B","value":"磨牙后三角区"},{"key":"C","value":"翼下颌韧带中点外3~4mm,与颊脂垫尖端交汇处"},{"key":"D","value":"翼下颌韧带中点内侧0.5cm处"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌第一双尖牙根下0.5cm处"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉。口内法进行下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时,进针点在翼下颌韧带中点外3~4mm,与颊脂垫尖端交汇处(C对)。口内法进行下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉是将麻药注射到翼下颌间隙内,故亦称翼下颌注射法,针尖一般应达到下颌小舌平面以上的下颌神经沟附近,麻药扩散后可麻醉下牙槽神经。在患者大张口时,可见磨牙后方,腭舌弓之前,有纵行的黏膜皱襞,名翼下颌皱襞,其深面为翼下颌韧带;另在颊部有一由脂肪组织突起形成的三角形颊脂垫,其尖端正居翼下颌韧带中点而稍偏外处,此二者即为注射的重要标志,注射时可在翼下颌韧带中点外3~4mm,与颊脂垫尖端交汇处进针。若遇颊脂垫尖不明显或磨牙缺失的患者,可在大张口时,以上、下颌牙槽突相距的中点线与翼下颌皱襞外侧3~4mm的交点,作为注射标志。按注射标志进针,推进约2~2.5cm左右,可达下颌骨骨面的下颌神经沟,可麻醉同侧下颌骨、下颌牙、牙周膜、前磨牙至中切牙唇颊侧牙龈、黏骨膜及下唇。"} {"Question":"常用的吸入麻醉药物除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化亚氮"},{"key":"B","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"C","value":"氟烷"},{"key":"D","value":"安氟烷"},{"key":"E","value":"异氟烷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吸入麻醉:是指挥发性麻醉药物进呼吸道吸入,通过肺-脑血液循环,抑制中枢神经所产生的麻醉作用。常用的吸入麻醉药物有:乙醚、氟烷、安氟烷、异氟烷、七氟烷和氧化亚氮等。氯胺酮是一具有镇痛作用的静脉全麻药。掌握“全身麻醉”知识点。"} {"Question":"组织穿透力强的局麻药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普鲁卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"布比卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"阿替卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"丁卡因"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查局麻药。组织穿透力强的局麻药物是丁卡因(E对)。丁卡因丁卡因起效时间1~3min,易溶于水,对黏膜穿透力强,麻醉效力高,但毒性也大。临床上主要用于表面麻醉。普鲁卡因(A错)显效时间为2~5min。布比卡因(B错)显效时间是5~7min。利多卡因(C错)的组织穿透能力较阿替卡因差。阿替卡因显效时间为4min(D错),组织渗透性极强,与题干不符。"} {"Question":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉口内注射时注射针与上颌中线成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15°"},{"key":"B","value":"30°"},{"key":"C","value":"45°"},{"key":"D","value":"60°"},{"key":"E","value":"90°"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"眶下神经阻滞麻醉口内注射法:牵引上唇向前向上,注射针与上颌中线成45°角,于侧切牙根尖相应部位的口腔前庭沟顶刺入,向上后外进针,即可到达眶下孔,但不易进入眶下管。掌握“颌面部常用局麻法及牙拔除的麻醉选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,5岁。下乳中切牙Ⅲ度松动,拟行拔除,最佳的表面麻醉药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2%地卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"4%地卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"2%普鲁卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"2%利多卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"2%布比卡因"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查局麻药。临床上还可使用2%~5%利多卡因进行表面麻醉(D对),但其麻醉效果不如丁卡因。最常用的表面麻醉药为丁卡因,浓度一般为2%。因丁卡因的毒性较大,儿童应慎用(AB错)。普鲁卡因能产生过敏反应,且临床上已很少使用(C错)。布比卡因儿童应慎用(E错)。"} {"Question":"出血性休克的早期表现除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻度烦躁"},{"key":"B","value":"口渴"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸浅快"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤苍白"},{"key":"E","value":"心率减慢"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"出血性休克的早期表现为:轻度烦躁,口渴,呼吸浅快,心率加快,皮肤苍白。掌握“口腔颌面部创伤急救”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列有关机体失代偿的表现除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"意识淡漠"},{"key":"B","value":"脉搏细速"},{"key":"C","value":"脉压为零"},{"key":"D","value":"四肢湿冷"},{"key":"E","value":"尿少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"随着休克的发展,患者常常意识淡漠,脉搏细速,脉压变小,四肢湿冷,尿少等症状,一旦出现收缩压下降,表明血容量丢失达到20%以上,是机体失代偿的表现。掌握“口腔颌面部创伤急救”知识点。"} {"Question":"发生颧骨、颧弓骨折必须行手术复位的指征,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颌面部肿胀"},{"key":"B","value":"开口受限"},{"key":"C","value":"轻度复视"},{"key":"D","value":"眶下区麻木"},{"key":"E","value":"轻度面部畸形"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查颧骨、颧弓骨折必须行手术复位的指征。颌面部肿胀(A错,为本题的正确答案),无明显畸形和功能障碍者,可做保守治疗。颧骨颧弓骨折必须进行的手术指征是明显的面部畸形和功能障碍,包括张口受限(B对)、复视(C对)、眶下区麻木(D对)、面部畸形(E对)等。"} {"Question":"患者,男,30岁。左侧面部切割伤48小时。创口无明显化脓性感染和组织坏死。正确的处理方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充分清创后严密缝合"},{"key":"B","value":"充分清创后不做严密缝合"},{"key":"C","value":"充分清创后局部湿敷,待证明无感染时再缝合"},{"key":"D","value":"充分清创后简单缝合,置入引流条"},{"key":"E","value":"充分清创后简单缝合,待证明无感染时再重做严密缝合"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"由于口腔颌面部血运丰富,组织再生力强,在伤后24~48小时之内,均可在清创后行严密缝合;甚至超过48小时,只要创口无明显化脓感染或组织坏死,在充分清创后,都可行严密缝合。掌握“口腔颌面部软组织创伤”知识点。"} {"Question":"眶底和鼻眶筛骨折的重要体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨折移位"},{"key":"B","value":"眼球内陷"},{"key":"C","value":"复视"},{"key":"D","value":"眶周淤血、肿胀"},{"key":"E","value":"眶下区麻木"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"眼球内陷是眶底和鼻眶筛骨折的重要体征。掌握“颧骨及颧弓、眼眶骨折及骨折愈合过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"颧骨、颧弓骨折进行手术治疗的适应症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"塌陷畸形"},{"key":"B","value":"开口受限"},{"key":"C","value":"复视"},{"key":"D","value":"仅轻度移位"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颧骨、颧弓骨折的治疗:如仅有轻度移位,畸形不明显,无开口受限、复视及神经受压等功能障碍者,可作保守治疗。凡有塌陷畸形、开口受限、复视者均为手术适应证。虽无功能障碍但有明显畸形者也可考虑手术复位内固定。掌握“颧骨及颧弓、眼眶骨折及骨折愈合过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"LeFortⅡ型骨折是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颧弓上骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"锥形骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"水平骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"纵形骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"矢状骨折"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"LeFortⅡ型骨折:又称上颌骨中位骨折或锥形骨折。骨折线自鼻额缝向两侧横过鼻梁、内侧壁、眶底、颧上颌缝,再沿上颌骨侧壁至翼突。有时可波及筛窦达颅前凹,出现脑脊液鼻漏。掌握“牙槽突骨折、颌骨骨折”知识点。"} {"Question":"缝合舌组织创伤的方法中,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用较粗缝线缝合"},{"key":"B","value":"尽量保持舌的纵长度"},{"key":"C","value":"边距要大,缝得要深"},{"key":"D","value":"可将舌尖向后折转缝合"},{"key":"E","value":"创伤累及相邻组织时,应分别缝合"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查缝合舌组织创伤的方法。缝合舌组织创伤的方法中错误的是可将舌尖向后折转缝合(D错,为本题的正确答案)。舌组织较脆,活动度大,损伤后肿胀明显,缝合处易于撕裂,应采用较粗的线(4号以上的线)进行缝合(A对),进针距窗创缘要大于5mm,深度要深(C对),以防止因肿胀而使创口裂开或缝线松脱。舌组织有缺损时,缝合创口应尽量保持舌的纵长(B对),不可将舌尖向后折线缝合,防止因舌体变短而影响舌的发音功能。如舌的创伤累及邻近牙龈或舌腹与口底黏膜时,应分别缝合各自的创口(E对),以免日后舌组织与口底黏膜粘连影响舌的运动。"} {"Question":"在进行颌面部包扎时颏部包扎过紧会引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"组织移位"},{"key":"B","value":"血液循环不良"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸不畅"},{"key":"D","value":"血流不止"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"包扎颌面部时应注意松紧度适当。不要压迫颈部以免影响呼吸,颏部不要过紧以免影响皮肤血液循环不良,引起水疱。掌握“口腔颌面部创伤急救”知识点。"} {"Question":"眶底骨折应及时手术治疗,手术时机为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤后3天左右"},{"key":"B","value":"伤后1周左右"},{"key":"C","value":"伤后2周左右"},{"key":"D","value":"伤后3周左右"},{"key":"E","value":"伤后1月左右"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"眶底骨折应及时手术治疗。手术时机以伤后1周左右为宜,过早手术伤区组织肿胀未消,过晚手术伤区可能错位愈合或形成瘢痕,难以达到满意效果。掌握“颧骨及颧弓、眼眶骨折及骨折愈合过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"上颌骨骨折颌间固定的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1-2周"},{"key":"B","value":"8周"},{"key":"C","value":"3-4周"},{"key":"D","value":"5-6周"},{"key":"E","value":"以X线片上有骨痂形成为准"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查颌间固定的时间。上颌骨骨折颌间固定的时间是3-4周(C对)。为保证骨折块复位后在正常位置上愈合,防止发生再移位,必须及时固位、保证充足的固位时间。上颌骨骨折颌间固定时间是3~4周。骨折固定时间不足,上颌骨发生牵拉移位影响愈合(A错);固定时间太长,影响患者口腔卫生、进食与语音(BD错)。骨痂形成的时间大约是骨折2周后,且不能作为固定时间的标准(E错)。"} {"Question":"颌面部创伤后抗休克治疗措施不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安静、止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"降低颅内压"},{"key":"C","value":"维持血压"},{"key":"D","value":"补液"},{"key":"E","value":"止血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查创伤性休克的治疗措施。颌面部创伤后抗休克治疗措施不包括降低颅内压(B错,为本题的正确答案)。创伤性休克是由于机体遭受暴力作用后,发生了重要脏器损伤、严重出血等情况,使患者有效循环血量锐减,微循环灌注不足;以及创伤后的剧烈疼痛、恐惧等多种因素综合形成的机体代偿失调的综合征。其处理原则是:①安静、镇痛(A对)。②止血(E对)和补液(D对):由于患者遭受创伤后,严重出血,有效循环锐减,微循环不足,应恢复组织灌流量。③维持血压稳定(C对),维持颅内压,减轻休克症状。"} {"Question":"长发被卷入机器中属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"挫伤"},{"key":"B","value":"擦伤"},{"key":"C","value":"咬伤"},{"key":"D","value":"刺、割伤"},{"key":"E","value":"撕裂或撕脱伤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"为较大的机械力将组织撕裂或撕脱,如长发被卷入机器中,可将大块头皮撕裂或撕脱,甚至整个头皮连同耳廓、眉毛及上眼睑同时撕脱。撕脱伤伤情重,出血多,疼痛剧烈,易发生休克。掌握“口腔颌面部软组织创伤”知识点。"} {"Question":"颈外动脉和颈内动脉鉴别要点中不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颈内动脉初在颈外动脉的后外侧,继在后内侧"},{"key":"B","value":"颈内动脉在颈部无分支"},{"key":"C","value":"颈外动脉在颈部发出一系列分支"},{"key":"D","value":"暂时阻断颈外动脉同时触摸颞浅动脉时无搏动"},{"key":"E","value":"颈内动脉比颈外动脉粗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查颈外动脉和颈内动脉的鉴别要点。一般情况下,颈内动脉血管径比颈外动脉粗(E错,为本题的正确答案),但因情况而异,不能作为鉴别要点。颈外动脉和颈内动脉鉴别要点:在颈动脉三角内,颈内动脉先位于颈外动脉的后外侧,此后颈内动脉上行于颈外动脉的后内侧(A对);颈内动脉在颈部无分支(B对),进入颅内才有分支,颈外动脉在颈部发出一系列分支(C对),这是两者最明显的区别;暂时阻断颈外动脉同时触摸颞浅动脉时无搏动(D对),这是由于颈外动脉行至下颌骨髁突颈部与外耳道之间时,分为颌内动脉和颞浅动脉两个终末支。"} {"Question":"下列不属于口腔癌的流行特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地区分布"},{"key":"B","value":"时间分布"},{"key":"C","value":"年龄分布"},{"key":"D","value":"文化分布"},{"key":"E","value":"种族差异"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"口腔癌的流行特征包括以下几点:地区分布、时间分布、年龄分布、性别分布、种族差异。掌握“口腔癌的预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"可减少酸性饮料对牙侵蚀","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"服维生素C"},{"key":"B","value":"饭后刷牙"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟封闭"},{"key":"D","value":"护牙托"},{"key":"E","value":"用吸管饮用饮料"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查酸蚀症的预防。可减少酸性饮料对牙侵蚀的是用吸管饮用饮料(E对)。用吸管饮用可减少酸性饮料接触牙面的时间。服维生素C(A错)可预防坏血病、传染病、紫癜等。饭后刷牙(B错)会刮掉牙釉质、帮助酸性物质扩散、出现牙本质过敏症,对牙齿健康不利。窝沟封闭(C错)可增强牙对龋病抵抗力。护牙托(D错)可预防运动中牙外伤。"} {"Question":"一般情况含氟涂料应用的频率是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1次\/年"},{"key":"B","value":"2次\/年"},{"key":"C","value":"3次\/年"},{"key":"D","value":"4次\/年"},{"key":"E","value":"5次\/年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查含氟涂料。一般情况含氟涂料应用的频率是2次\/年(B对)。含氟涂料是一种加入了氟化物的有机溶液,将其涂布于牙齿表面,可预防龋病。含氟涂料种类较多,最常用的有含5%氟化物和含0.9%氟化物两种浓度的含氟涂料。使用方法:使用含氟涂料非常简单,只需用小刷子或棉签将约0.3~0.5mL涂料直接涂抹于各个牙面上待其凝固即可。涂布后要求患者最好在2~4小时内不进食,当晚不刷牙,以保证涂料与牙面的最大接触。涂料一般保持24~48小时。一般情况下,含氟涂料1年两次即可达到有效的预防效果。对易患龋人群,1年可用2~4次。"} {"Question":"预防早期婴幼儿童龋的论述中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期睡前含奶瓶可导致上前牙龋坏"},{"key":"B","value":"提倡母乳喂养"},{"key":"C","value":"不定时哺乳"},{"key":"D","value":"龋的发生与饮食密切相关"},{"key":"E","value":"避免随意哺乳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"早期婴幼儿龋是发生在婴幼儿期的与饮食密切相关的多因素作用下的慢性感染性疾病。婴儿期常用奶瓶盛含糖的牛奶、果汁等喂养,尤其人工喂养睡前含奶瓶习惯,长期可导致上前牙龋坏。应提倡母乳喂养,定时哺乳,避免随意哺乳。掌握“婴幼儿的口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"培养儿童养成良好的口腔卫生习惯是以下哪个年龄段的儿童口腔保健的目的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0~2岁儿童"},{"key":"B","value":"3~6岁儿童"},{"key":"C","value":"6~8岁儿童"},{"key":"D","value":"8~10岁儿童"},{"key":"E","value":"10~12岁儿童"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"3~6岁儿童,由于年纪小,注意力集中时间短,儿童无法自主完成口腔清洁。此时口腔保健的目的是培养儿童养成良好的口腔卫生习惯。掌握“学龄儿童口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"对于残疾儿童来讲,在磨牙完全萌出后要尽早进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防性树脂充填"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周洁治"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟封闭"},{"key":"D","value":"非创伤性修复"},{"key":"E","value":"釉质成形术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"对于残疾儿童来讲,窝沟封闭显得更为重要。在磨牙完全萌出后要尽早进行窝沟封闭。掌握“残疾人口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"如何给老年人挑选一副合适的保健牙刷","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刷头不宜过大"},{"key":"B","value":"刷毛软而有弹性"},{"key":"C","value":"刷柄较扁而宽"},{"key":"D","value":"牙刷容易握持"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"老年人要选择适合自己的保健牙刷。刷头不宜过大,刷毛软而有弹性,刷柄较扁而宽,容易握持。掌握“老年人口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔保健服务包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定期口腔检查"},{"key":"B","value":"适当应用氟化物"},{"key":"C","value":"尽早进行窝沟封闭"},{"key":"D","value":"减少糖与甜食摄取"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"口腔保健服务包括:①适当应用氟化物;②尽早进行窝沟封闭;③减少糖与甜食摄取;④定期口腔检查。掌握“残疾人口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙外伤脱落多久内接受治疗,再植成功的几率越大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1h"},{"key":"B","value":"30min"},{"key":"C","value":"40min"},{"key":"D","value":"50min"},{"key":"E","value":"60min"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牙离开口腔的时间越短,再植成功的几率越大,最好在30分钟内接受治疗。对于牙外伤的防护,提倡儿童在运动时使用保护牙托。保护牙托配戴在牙上、在脸部和头部受到击打时可起到保护牙的作用,通常用硅胶等高分子材料制成。掌握“学龄儿童口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"老年人个人口腔卫生注重","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刷牙与漱口"},{"key":"B","value":"及时修复缺失牙"},{"key":"C","value":"定期进行口腔检查"},{"key":"D","value":"使用间隙刷、牙线和牙签"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查老年人口腔保健。老年人个人口腔卫生注重:①刷牙与漱口(A对);②使用间隙刷、牙线和牙签(D对);③定期进行口腔检查(C对);④及时修复缺失牙(B对)。以上说法均对,选E。"} {"Question":"对于老年人的口腔检查,最优的时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每半年一次"},{"key":"B","value":"每年一次"},{"key":"C","value":"每两年一次"},{"key":"D","value":"每五年一次"},{"key":"E","value":"不用检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"对于老年人的口腔检查最好半年一次,一般至少也应1年检查一次,发现问题,及时治疗处理。掌握“老年人口腔保健”知识点。"} {"Question":"睡前应由母亲手指缠上清洁纱布或用乳胶指套擦洗牙龈和腭部的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿"},{"key":"C","value":"学龄儿童"},{"key":"D","value":"青壮年"},{"key":"E","value":"老年人"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查婴幼儿口腔保健内容和方法-建立良好口腔清洁习惯。睡前应由母亲手指缠上清洁纱布或用乳胶指套擦洗牙龈和腭部的是婴儿(A对)。1.出生后~6个月:出生后即应建立口腔清洁习惯。牙萌出前,应建立每日为婴儿清洁口腔的习惯,在哺乳后或晚上睡前用手指缠上清洁纱布为儿童清洁口腔。6个月左右第一颗乳牙萌出后,可用手指缠上柔软干净纱布,蘸清水轻轻擦洗牙面。2.6个月~1岁:牙萌出后,家长仍可以用手指缠上清洁干净纱布,蘸清水为孩子擦洗牙面,配合使用乳胶指套擦洗牙龈和腭部,清除黏附的食物残渣,按摩牙床,并使婴儿逐渐适应每日的口腔护理。还可使用硅胶制成的牙齿训练器,清洁消毒后让婴儿放在口中咀嚼,促进颌骨和牙床发育。3.1~3岁:提倡开始刷牙去除菌斑。"} {"Question":"主要作用是凝集致龋菌,减少菌斑形成,解脱已黏附菌斑,防止口腔pH下降的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红花"},{"key":"B","value":"茶多酚"},{"key":"C","value":"甲壳素类"},{"key":"D","value":"氯已定"},{"key":"E","value":"酶类"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查抗菌斑附着剂。主要作用是凝集致龋菌,减少菌斑形成,解脱已黏附菌斑,防止口腔pH下降的物质是甲壳素类(C对)。甲壳素类属氨基多糖类物质,有多种衍生物,无毒副作用,在防龋研究上,主要作用是凝集致龋菌,减少菌斑形成,解脱已黏附菌斑,同时能减少乳酸量,防止口腔pH下降。红花(A错)作为天然植物药,可与获得性膜粘蛋白中富脯酸结合,阻止细菌粘附,与口腔pH无关。茶多酚(B错)除了有较弱的抑菌作用外,主要的作用是抑制葡糖基转移酶活性,减少葡聚糖的合成,不能防止口腔pH下降。氯己定(D错)作用表现在可减少唾液中吸附到牙面上的细菌数量;使唾液糖蛋白对牙面的吸附作用减弱;可与牙面釉质结合从而阻碍唾液细菌对牙面的吸附;可与Ca2+竞争,而取代Ca2+与唾液中凝集细菌的酸性凝集银子作用并使之沉淀,从而改变菌斑细菌的内聚力,抑制细菌的聚积和对牙面的吸附,与口腔pH值无关。酶类(E错)的作用主要是破坏细菌表面蛋白,阻止致龋菌在牙体的附着,没有防止口腔PH降低的作用。"} {"Question":"釉质表层氟含量较深层","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相同"},{"key":"B","value":"低1~5倍"},{"key":"C","value":"低5~10倍"},{"key":"D","value":"高5~10倍"},{"key":"E","value":"高1~5倍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙的氟蓄积与骨基本相似。也是随着年龄和摄氟量的增加而增加。个体牙氟含量相对低于其骨氟含量。氟在牙形成、矿化以及矿化后进入牙组织,釉质氟主要聚积在表层,釉质表层较深层高5~10倍。牙本质的氟浓度介于表层和深层釉质之间。掌握“人体氟摄入及代谢、氟防龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"氟吸收的主要场所","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"肝"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肺"},{"key":"E","value":"胃、肠道"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氟吸收是一个简单扩散过程。氟在胃、肠道均可被吸收。氟在胃部吸收机制与胃的酸度有关。掌握“人体氟摄入及代谢、氟防龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"乳牙和年轻恒牙龋病预防和治疗原则包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分析原因"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗活动龋"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔卫生宣教"},{"key":"D","value":"早发现、早诊断、早治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C+D"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龋病的预防方法和治疗原则。龋病的预防方法为三级预防:一级预防:进行口腔健康教育,普及口腔健康知识等口腔卫生宣教(C对)。控制及消除危险因素,对口腔内存在的危险因素,首先应分析原因(A对),采取可行的防治措施。二级预防:定期进行临床诊断及X线辅助检查,早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗(D对),积极治疗活动性的龋病(B对)。三级预防:防止龋病的并发症,对龋病引起的牙髓炎、根尖周炎应进行恰当治疗,防止炎症继续发展;对不能保留的牙应及时拔除。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"人体氟主要分布在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙"},{"key":"B","value":"骨"},{"key":"C","value":"血液"},{"key":"D","value":"唾液"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"人体氟主要分布于骨、牙、血液、唾液和菌斑中。掌握“人体氟摄入及代谢、氟防龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"下面的甜味剂有防龋作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白砂糖"},{"key":"B","value":"绵白糖"},{"key":"C","value":"红糖"},{"key":"D","value":"甜叶菊糖"},{"key":"E","value":"果糖"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蔗糖的替代品有两种,一种为高甜度的代用品,如糖精、甜叶菊糖比蔗糖甜若干倍,同时有弱抑菌作用,所以有一定的防龋作用。掌握“龋病流行病学”知识点。"} {"Question":"窝沟封闭的操作步骤包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸蚀"},{"key":"B","value":"冲洗和干燥"},{"key":"C","value":"清洁牙面"},{"key":"D","value":"涂布封闭剂"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"窝沟封闭的操作可分为清洁牙面、酸蚀、冲洗和干燥、涂布封闭剂、固化、检查六个步骤。掌握“窝沟封闭术”知识点。"} {"Question":"影响龋病发生,患者的因素不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饮食习惯"},{"key":"B","value":"地区不同"},{"key":"C","value":"人群的性别、民族差异"},{"key":"D","value":"气候条件"},{"key":"E","value":"年龄差异"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"影响龋病流行的因素:以上所述地区、年龄、性别、城乡以及民族等龋病流行特征,常受到多种因素的影响。①社会经济因素②氟摄入量③饮食习惯④家族影响。掌握“龋病流行病学”知识点。"} {"Question":"龋病预防方法中属于菌斑控制的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学方法"},{"key":"B","value":"机械方法"},{"key":"C","value":"生物方法"},{"key":"D","value":"植物提取物"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"菌斑控制:机械方法;化学方法;其他分法;①植物提取物;②生物方法;③抗菌斑附着剂;④替代疗法;⑤免疫方法。掌握“龋病三级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"龋病二级预防的内容不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定期口腔检查"},{"key":"B","value":"X线辅助诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟封闭"},{"key":"D","value":"早期诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"早期治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"龋病的二级预防:早期诊断早期处理,定期进行临床检查及X线辅助检查,发现早期龋及时充填。掌握“龋病三级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性氟中毒的处理原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静坐"},{"key":"B","value":"给氧"},{"key":"C","value":"催吐洗胃"},{"key":"D","value":"注射肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"不采取任何处理"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"急性氟中毒:一次性大量误服氟化物,可造成急性氟中毒,主要症状是恶心、呕吐、腹泻甚至肠道出血等;重者引起心、肝、肾器质性损害,以致昏迷。患者通常可在4小时内或死亡、或康复,这一关键时期是非常短的。急救处理原则是催吐洗胃、口服或静脉注射钙剂、补糖、补液以及对症治疗。掌握“氟毒性及氟牙症”知识点。"} {"Question":"用于评价大规模的口腔流行病学指数","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈出血、牙菌斑、软垢"},{"key":"B","value":"龈沟出血、牙周袋、牙石"},{"key":"C","value":"牙石、软垢、菌斑"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周袋深度、牙龈出血"},{"key":"E","value":"菌斑、牙石、牙周袋"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查社区牙周指数。用于评价大规模的口腔流行病学指数:龈沟出血、牙周袋、牙石(B对)。社区牙周指数(CPI),是一种操作简单,重复性好,适合大规模口腔流行病学调查的牙周健康状况检查方法。CPI检查即在指数牙上检查牙龈出血,牙周袋深度,牙结石三项内容(ACDE错)。以探诊为主,结合视诊。共检查6个区段,即右上后牙区,上前牙区,左上后牙区,右下后牙区,下前牙区,左下后牙区。检查时以执笔式握持CPI探针,无名指为支点,将探针轻缓地插入龈沟或牙周袋内,探针与牙长轴平行,紧贴牙根。沿牙齿颊(唇)、舌(腭)面龈沟从远中向近中移动,作上下短距离的提插式移动,以感觉龈下结石。同时查看牙龈出血状况,并根据探针上的刻度观察牙周袋深度,CPI探针使用时所用的力不超过20g。"} {"Question":"下列哪项能够用来说明某种现象发生的频率或强度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"率"},{"key":"B","value":"构成比"},{"key":"C","value":"平均数"},{"key":"D","value":"标准差"},{"key":"E","value":"标准误"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"率:是用来说明某种现象发生的频率或强度。在评价口腔疾病的患病状况时,常用率来表示人群中疾病状况的高低。掌握“口腔健康状况调查数据的整理和统计”知识点。"} {"Question":"问题的形式不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"填空式"},{"key":"B","value":"二项式"},{"key":"C","value":"顺位式问句"},{"key":"D","value":"半封闭式"},{"key":"E","value":"矩阵式"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查问题的形式。问题的形式不正确的是半封闭式(D错,为本题的正确答案)。1.问题的结构:(1)开放型问题;(2)封闭型问题;(3)半封闭型问题。2.问题的形式:(1)填空式(A对);(2)二项式(B对);(3)列举式;(4)多项选择式;(5)顺位式问句(C对);(6)多项任选式;(7)评分式问句;(8)矩阵式(E对)。"} {"Question":"受检查者由于主观或客观原因未能接受检查的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择性偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"无应答偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"测量偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"回忆偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"检查者偏倚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查口腔健康状况调查的样本含量及误差。此题由于调查对象没有接受检查,而使调查结果出现与实际结果不一致的情况,称为无应答偏倚(B对)。"} {"Question":"临床试验按照时间层面来说,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前瞻性研究"},{"key":"B","value":"验证性研究"},{"key":"C","value":"随时间进行研究"},{"key":"D","value":"回顾性研究"},{"key":"E","value":"渐进性研究"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"临床试验还是一种特殊的前瞻性研究,它被人为地给予了干预,包括分组以及干预措施。掌握“口腔临床试验方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔流行病学不是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行病学的一个分支"},{"key":"B","value":"研究口腔疾病的人群分布规律"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔预防医学的基础"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔分子生物学的基础"},{"key":"E","value":"研究影响疾病分布的相关因素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口腔流行病学。口腔分子生物学的基础是口腔细胞生物学(D错,为本题的正确答案),不是口腔流行病学。口腔流行病学是流行病学的一个分支(A对),是口腔预防医学的基础(C对),用于研究口腔疾病的人群分布规律(B对)及影响疾病分布的相关因素(E对)。"} {"Question":"常用的分层因素有年龄、性别、文化程度的抽样为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯随机抽样"},{"key":"B","value":"系统抽样"},{"key":"C","value":"分层抽样"},{"key":"D","value":"整群抽样"},{"key":"E","value":"多级抽样"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查分层抽样的分层因素。常用的分层因素有年龄、性别、文化程度的抽样为分层抽样(C对)。分层抽样先将是指先将总体按某种特征分成若干个“层”,即组别或类型等,再在每个层中用随机方式抽取调查对象,再将每个层所有抽取的调查对象合成一个样本,称分层抽样。常用的分层因素有年龄、性别、居住地、文化程度、经济条件等。还可分成等比例(即按比例)和不等比例(即最优分配)两种分层随机抽样。单纯随机抽样(A错)、系统抽样(B错)、整群抽样(D错)、多级抽样(E错)均不以年龄、性别、文化程度作为分层因素,不符合题意。"} {"Question":"在下列流行病学调查方法中,研究时间较长,尤其对慢性病的观察费时更多的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病例-对照研究"},{"key":"B","value":"群组研究"},{"key":"C","value":"常规资料分析"},{"key":"D","value":"横断面研究"},{"key":"E","value":"纵向研究"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查群组研究的特点。研究时间较长,尤其对慢性病的观察费时更多的是群组研究(B对)。群组研究由于需要大量人力物力,所以常在病例对照研究获得较明确的危险因素后用于进一步验证病因假设。病例-对照研究(A错)的特点是观察时间短、需要研究的对象少,适合研究一些病程较长的慢性病和一些比较少见的疾病。常规资料分析(C错)又称历史资料分析,即对已有的资料或者疾病监测记录做分析或总结。横断面研究(D错)又称现况调查,调查目标人群中某种疾病或现象在某一特定时点的情况。纵向研究(E错)又称疾病监测,即研究疾病或某种情况在一个人群中随着时间推移的自然动态变化。"} {"Question":"WHO推荐的一种调查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普查"},{"key":"B","value":"随机调查"},{"key":"C","value":"抽样调查"},{"key":"D","value":"整群调查"},{"key":"E","value":"捷径调查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查WHO推荐使用的调查方法。捷径调查(E对)是WHO推荐使用的调查方法。捷径调查只查有代表性的指数年龄组的人群(5岁、12岁、15岁、35~44岁、65~74岁),此方法经济实用,节省时间和人力,故称为捷径调查。普查(A错)是指在特定时间内,对特定人群中每个成员进行调查,此调查方法工作量大,成本高,不符合WHO推荐使用的调查方法。整群抽样(D错)是抽样调查(C错)的方法之一,以整群为抽样单位,常用于群间差异较小的调查单位;抽样调查需抽取的数量足够大,且调查的数据可靠,不符合WHO推荐使用的调查方法。随机调查(B错)没有明确的调查目的和计划,不符合WHO推荐使用的调查方法。"} {"Question":"以下不属于环境消毒的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空气消毒"},{"key":"B","value":"个人消毒"},{"key":"C","value":"地面消毒"},{"key":"D","value":"墙面消毒"},{"key":"E","value":"表面消毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"环境消毒包括:空气消毒、地面消毒、墙面消毒、其他表面消毒。其他表面消毒:包括病历夹、门把手、水龙头、门窗、洗手池、卫生间、便池等物体表面,这些地方容易受到污染。通常情况下,每天用洁净水擦抹刷洗处理,保持清洁。掌握“患者、医务人员及环境的防护”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔医生了解和评估口腔患者的健康状态主要是通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疾病的流行趋势"},{"key":"B","value":"疾病造成损伤的大小"},{"key":"C","value":"疾病的传播途径"},{"key":"D","value":"疾病对动物的危险性"},{"key":"E","value":"患者检查与评价采集病史"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"口腔医生主要通过患者检查与评价采集病史来了解和评估口腔患者的健康状态。掌握“患者、医务人员及环境的防护”知识点。"} {"Question":"用于无机器清洗的设备或一些复杂物品清洗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手工清洗"},{"key":"B","value":"清洗机清洗"},{"key":"C","value":"超声波清洗"},{"key":"D","value":"消毒"},{"key":"E","value":"灭菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"手工清洗:对于无机器清洗的设备或一些复杂物品如各种内镜、导管等必须手工清洗。清洗人员须注意自身保护:戴厚的橡胶手套:戴面罩以保护眼、鼻、口黏膜;穿防水衣服或穿围裙和袖套;头套完全遮盖头发。将器械置于流动水下冲洗,清洗时水温宜为15~30℃。去除干燥的污渍应先用酶清洁剂浸泡,再刷洗。刷洗应在水面下进行,以防止产生气溶胶。管腔器械应用压力水枪冲洗,可拆卸部分应拆开后清洗。掌握“口腔器械的消毒与灭菌及医疗废物处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"器械消毒时要进行封包,下列关于封包叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"包外应设有灭菌化学指示物,并标有灭菌器编号、灭菌批次、灭菌日期及失效期"},{"key":"B","value":"口腔门诊手术包内应放置包内指示物"},{"key":"C","value":"可使用封闭式的金属盒装载器械灭菌"},{"key":"D","value":"纸塑袋、纸袋等密封包装其密封宽度≥6mm,包内器械距包装袋封口处≥2.5cm"},{"key":"E","value":"医用塑封机在每日使用前检查参数的准确性和封闭完好性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"封包注意事项:①包外应设有灭菌化学指示物,并标有灭菌器编号、灭菌批次、灭菌日期及失效期;②口腔门诊手术包内应放置包内指示物;③纸塑袋、纸袋等密封包装其密封宽度≥6mm,包内器械距包装袋封口处≥2.5cm;④医用塑封机在每日使用前检查参数的准确性和封闭完好性。不可使用封闭式的金属盒装载器械灭菌,这样会引起消毒灭菌不全甚至失败。掌握“口腔器械的消毒与灭菌及医疗废物处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"佩戴防护眼镜或面罩可以有效的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止飞沫的危害"},{"key":"B","value":"防止碎屑、唾液的化学物质伤害眼睛"},{"key":"C","value":"防止正畸治疗时剪断弹出的金属丝伤害眼睛"},{"key":"D","value":"防止飞溅的旧的充填物牙体伤害眼睛"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"防护眼镜和面罩:在口腔治疗中产生的颗粒可能伤害到医师的眼睛,如飞溅的碎片、旧的充填物或崩裂的牙体;正畸治疗或义齿修复时剪断弹出的金属丝;使用高速手机、超声波洁牙机或水气枪时产生的喷雾、牙结石碎片等。配戴防护眼镜不仅可防止物理性损伤,也可以防止飞沫的危害,防止碎屑、唾液、飞溅的化学物质或其他气化物质伤害眼睛。防护眼镜可以用肥皂水、消毒液清洁,用流水冲洗干净后重复使用。掌握“患者、医务人员及环境的防护”知识点。"} {"Question":"HBV是一种耐热的病毒,在95℃时要几分钟才能将其杀灭","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"2分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"5分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"10分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"15分钟"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查乙型肝炎。乙型(病毒性)肝炎(简称乙肝)由乙肝病毒(HBV)感染引起,是一种传播广泛、严重危害人类健康的传染病,是导致急慢性肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌的主要原因。HBV是一种耐热的病毒,在95℃时要5分钟(C对)才能将其杀灭。"} {"Question":"尖锐器械伤害的处理方法不当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用肥皂液和流动水清洗污染的皮肤,用生理盐水冲洗污染的黏膜"},{"key":"B","value":"被注射器扎伤时只需简单的处理即可,无需采用药物预防"},{"key":"C","value":"受伤部位的伤口冲洗后,用消毒液进行消毒,并包扎伤口"},{"key":"D","value":"发生职业暴露后,立即报告医院感染管理科"},{"key":"E","value":"高风险时采用药物预防"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尖锐器械伤害的处理:当尖锐器械伤害发生时,受害者须保持冷静,如果尖锐器械与患者有关,要先留下患者,然后按照尖锐器械伤害的急救与处理进行:①用肥皂液和流动水清洗污染的皮肤,用生理盐水冲洗污染的黏膜。②受伤部位的伤口冲洗后,用消毒液(75%乙醇或0.5%碘伏)进行消毒,并包扎伤口:被暴露的黏膜,反复用生理盐水冲洗干净。③发生职业暴露后,立即报告医院感染管理科,填写职业暴露以便进行调查、监控、随访。④高风险时采用药物预防,如被HBV阳性患者血液、体液污染的锐器损伤,应在24小时内注射高价乙肝免疫球蛋白,同时进行血液乙肝标志物检查,阴性者皮下注射乙肝疫苗10μg、5μg、5μg(按0个月、1个月、6个月间隔)。掌握“患者、医务人员及环境的防护”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下属于口腔医务人员个人保护措施的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手套"},{"key":"B","value":"口罩"},{"key":"C","value":"防护镜"},{"key":"D","value":"保护性工作服"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在口腔医疗工作中一般包括工作服、口罩、防护镜、手套等,称这些设备为“个人防护设备”。掌握“患者、医务人员及环境的防护”知识点。"} {"Question":"哪种刷牙方法最好","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻刷"},{"key":"B","value":"重刷"},{"key":"C","value":"上下拂刷"},{"key":"D","value":"上下刷"},{"key":"E","value":"横刷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查刷牙方法。刷牙时简单的上下刷(D错)并不是有效的刷牙方法,上下拂刷(C对)才是最有效的刷牙方法,既有利于食物残渣的清除,又不会造成牙体硬组织的损害。刷牙时轻刷(A错)效果不好,食物残渣等不利于清除。刷牙时重刷(B错)对牙体硬组织损伤较大,时间长了容易导致牙齿磨损而产生敏感。刷牙时横刷(E错)对牙体硬组织损伤较大,时间长者会导致楔状缺损。"} {"Question":"社区口腔卫生服务的任务包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提高人群口腔健康水平"},{"key":"B","value":"提供基本口腔卫生服务"},{"key":"C","value":"满足社区日益增长的口腔卫生服务需求"},{"key":"D","value":"营造口腔健康社区"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"社区口腔卫生服务的任务:提高人群口腔健康水平、改善生活质量;提供基本口腔卫生服务、满足社区居民日益增长的口腔卫生服务需求;营造口腔健康社区;保证区域卫生规划的实施、保证医疗卫生体制改革和城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的实施;完善社区口腔卫生服务机构的功能。掌握“社区口腔卫生服务”知识点。"} {"Question":"社区口腔卫生服务应把以下哪项放在首位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"社会效益"},{"key":"B","value":"经济效益"},{"key":"C","value":"国家利益"},{"key":"D","value":"人民健康"},{"key":"E","value":"粮食产量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"社区口腔卫生服务应把社会效益放在首位。掌握“社区口腔卫生服务”知识点。"} {"Question":"对于社区的理解,下列错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"社区是以某种形式的社会组织或团体结合在一起的一群人"},{"key":"B","value":"我国农村社区范围为乡镇"},{"key":"C","value":"我国城市社区范围为街道"},{"key":"D","value":"社区就是社会"},{"key":"E","value":"社会不是简单的社区组合"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"1987年在阿拉木图召开的初级卫生保健国际会议将社区定义为:以某种形式的社会组织或团体结合在一起的一群人。根据我国的行政区划特点和长期以来人们社会和经济生活的组织特征,一般认为在农村社区范围为乡镇,在城市社区范围为街道。社区不等于社会,它包括了社会有机体最基本的内容:但社会不是简单的社区组合,它具有超越各个具体社区的性质和特点。掌握“社区口腔卫生服务”知识点。"} {"Question":"N-N二羟乙基对甲苯胺是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窝沟封闭剂稀释剂"},{"key":"B","value":"窝沟封闭剂可见光固化引发剂"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟封闭剂所配酸蚀剂"},{"key":"D","value":"窝沟封闭剂自凝固化引发剂"},{"key":"E","value":"窝沟封闭剂树脂基质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查窝沟封闭剂的组成。N-N二羟乙基对甲苯胺是窝沟封闭剂自凝固化引发剂(D对)。窝沟封闭剂稀释剂一般有甲基丙烯酸酯、二缩三乙二醇双甲基丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯等(A错)。窝沟封闭剂可见光固化引发剂可分为自凝引发剂与光固化引发剂,光固引发剂中,紫外光固化引发剂用安息香醚类,可见光固化引发剂采用α-二酮类光敏剂,如樟脑酯(B错)。窝沟封闭酸蚀剂为磷酸液或磷酸凝胶(C错)。窝沟封闭剂的树脂基质为封闭剂的主要成分,目前广泛使用双酚A-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于儿童龋病预防中窝沟封闭的操作,下列说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恒牙酸蚀的时间为20~30秒"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙酸蚀的时间为60秒"},{"key":"C","value":"干燥牙面使用压缩空气吹干10~15秒"},{"key":"D","value":"自凝封闭剂涂布后1~2分钟自行固化"},{"key":"E","value":"光固化封闭剂的照射时间一般为60秒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查窝沟封闭的操作方法与步骤。关于儿童龋病预防中窝沟封闭的操作,下列说法错误的是光固化封闭剂的照射时间一般为60秒(E错,为本题的正确答案)。窝沟封闭的操作方法与步骤:1.清洁牙面。2.酸蚀:清洁牙面后即用棉纱球或棉卷隔湿,将牙面吹干后用细毛刷、小棉球或小海绵块蘸上酸蚀剂放在要封闭的牙面上。酸蚀剂可为磷酸液或含磷酸的凝胶,酸蚀面积应大于接受封闭的范围,一般为牙尖斜面2\/3。恒牙酸蚀的时间一般为20~30秒(A对),乳牙酸蚀60秒(B对)。3.冲洗和干燥:酸蚀后用水彻底冲洗,通常用水枪或注射器加压冲洗牙面10~15秒,边冲洗边用吸唾器吸干,去除牙釉质表面的酸蚀剂和反应产物。如用含磷酸的凝胶酸蚀,冲冼时间应加倍。冲洗后立即更换干棉球或干棉卷隔湿,随后用无油无水的压缩空气吹干牙面约15秒(C对),也可采用挥发性强的溶剂如无水酒精、乙醚辅助干燥。4.涂布封闭剂。5.固化:自凝封闭剂涂布后1~2分钟即可自行固化(D对)。光固化封闭剂涂布后,立即用可见光源照射。照射距离约离牙尖1mm,照射时间要根据采用的产品类型与可见光源性能决定,一般为20~40秒。照射的部位要大于封闭剂涂布的部位。6.检查。"} {"Question":"下列不属于预防口腔医学初级预防的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔健康教育"},{"key":"B","value":"口腔卫生指导"},{"key":"C","value":"控制牙菌斑"},{"key":"D","value":"固定修复"},{"key":"E","value":"消除致病因素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查分级预防的原则。下列不属于预防口腔医学初级预防的是固定修复(D错,为本题的正确答案)。分级预防:1.一级预防是针对病因的预防措施,是疾病发生前的预防。消除致病因素(E对),防止对人体的危害是一级预防的主要任务。如自我口腔保健(B对)、口腔健康教育(A对)、氟化物和窝沟封闭剂的使用、刷牙漱口、控制菌斑(C对)等。2.二级预防是针对疾病早期的预防措施,即在疾病发生的前期做到早期诊断和早期治疗。如早期龋病充填、牙龈炎治疗等。3.三级预防是针对疾病处于中后期时的预防措施,通过有效的治疗措施,防止病情恶化,预防并发症和后遗症,尽量恢复或保留口腔功能,如牙列缺损和缺失的修复等。"} {"Question":"易于为年幼儿童学习和掌握的刷牙方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"BASS刷牙法"},{"key":"B","value":"水平颤动拂刷法"},{"key":"C","value":"Fones刷牙法"},{"key":"D","value":"Smith刷牙法"},{"key":"E","value":"改良Smith刷牙法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查刷牙方法。易于为年幼儿童学习和掌握的刷牙方法是Fones刷牙法(C对)。刷牙方法:1.圆弧刷牙法:又称Fones刷牙法,这种方法适用于儿童。2.水平颤动拂刷法(B错)(改良bass刷牙法):是一种有效清除龈沟内和牙面菌斑的刷牙方法。水平颤动拂刷法适合于成年人使用,能够掌握此方法的青少年也可使用。水平颤动主要是去除牙颈部及龈沟内的菌斑,拂刷主要是清除唇(颊)舌(腭)面的菌斑。"} {"Question":"适合婴儿使用的牙刷是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"电动牙刷"},{"key":"B","value":"指套牙刷"},{"key":"C","value":"单束毛牙刷"},{"key":"D","value":"小插刷"},{"key":"E","value":"丝柄刷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"6个月到2岁为乳牙萌出阶段,基本是父母给孩子刷牙,可以从指套型牙刷开始进行口腔清洁。掌握“自我口腔保健方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"当氯己定和氟化亚锡联合用于控制菌斑时,正确的使用方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用氯己定后15-20分钟再用氟化亚锡"},{"key":"B","value":"应用氯己定后90分钟再用氟化亚锡"},{"key":"C","value":"应用氯己定后5分钟再用氟化亚锡"},{"key":"D","value":"应用氯己定后6-10分钟再用氟化亚锡"},{"key":"E","value":"应用氯己定后30-60分钟再用氟化亚锡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查菌斑控制的方法。当氯己定和氟化亚锡联合用于控制菌斑时,正确的使用方法是应用氯己定后30-60分钟再用氟化亚锡(E对)。氯己定又称洗必泰,化学名称为双氯苯双胍己烷,是二价阳离子表面活性剂。常以葡萄糖酸洗必泰的形式使用。氯己定主要用于局部含漱、涂擦和冲洗,也可用含氯己定的凝胶或牙膏刷牙以及用氯己定涂料封闭窝沟。氯己定能较好地抑制龈上菌斑形成和控制龈炎,平均达到60%。使用0.12%或0.2%氯己定液含漱,每天2次,每次10mL,每次1分钟,可减少菌斑45%-61%,龈炎可减少27%-67%。除了抗菌斑与龈炎外,还可用于口内手术之后,预防根面龋及龈下冲洗。当与氟化亚锡一起用于预防项目时,应在用洗必泰液含漱后30-60分钟再用氟化亚锡,以防止作用相互抵消。"} {"Question":"属于影响牙周病流行的因素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔卫生习惯"},{"key":"B","value":"民族因素"},{"key":"C","value":"营养状况"},{"key":"D","value":"全身系统性疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"影响牙周病流行的因素除地区、时间、年龄、性别及民族等因素外,牙周病的患病情况还受到其他因素如口腔卫生习惯、吸烟、营养和全身系统性疾病的影响。掌握“牙周病流行病学及分级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下选项中属于牙周病初级预防的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洁治治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周刮治"},{"key":"C","value":"根面平整"},{"key":"D","value":"X线定期追踪观察牙槽骨情况"},{"key":"E","value":"定期保健,维护口腔健康"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"一级预防又称初级预防,是指在牙周组织受到损害之前防止致病因素的侵袭,或致病因素已侵袭到牙周组织,但尚未引起牙周病损之前立即将其去除。一级预防旨在减少人群中牙周病新病例的发生,主要是对大众进行口腔健康教育和指导,最终达到清除菌斑和其他刺激因子的目的;帮助人们建立良好的口腔卫生习惯,掌握正确的刷牙方法,同时提高宿主的抗病能力。并定期进行口腔保健,维护口腔健康。一级预防包括所有针对牙周病的病因采取的干预措施。掌握“牙周病流行病学及分级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于增白牙膏成分的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洗必泰"},{"key":"B","value":"单氟磷酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"氯化钾"},{"key":"D","value":"三氯羟苯醚"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"目前针对内源性着色的牙膏中添加了主要是过氧化物的成分,如过氧化氢或过氧化脲等,这些产品需要在临床医生指导下使用。掌握“自我口腔保健方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"药物漱口制剂中没有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯己定"},{"key":"B","value":"抗生素"},{"key":"C","value":"血根碱"},{"key":"D","value":"酚类化合物"},{"key":"E","value":"季铵化合物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"在机械性控制菌斑的基础上,配合化学制剂可有效地控制菌斑,达到预防和治疗牙周病的目的。常用控制菌斑的化学制剂有以下几类:①氯己定;②酚类化合物(又称香精油);③季铵化合物;④血根碱;⑤氟化亚锡;⑥三氯羟苯醚。掌握“菌斑控制及提高宿主抵抗力”知识点。"} {"Question":"去除颈部和根面上附着的菌斑最有效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙线"},{"key":"B","value":"牙签"},{"key":"C","value":"含漱剂"},{"key":"D","value":"牙间刷"},{"key":"E","value":"牙龈按摩器"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙间刷适用于龈乳头丧失的邻间区,以及暴露的根分叉区和排列不整齐的牙邻面。特别是对去除颈部和根面上附着的菌斑比牙线和牙签更有效,使用起来比牙线方便。掌握“菌斑控制及提高宿主抵抗力”知识点。"} {"Question":"Turesky改良的Q-H菌斑指数记分为1的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙颈部龈缘处有散在的点状菌斑"},{"key":"B","value":"牙颈部菌斑覆盖宽度超过1mm,但在牙面1\/3以下"},{"key":"C","value":"牙颈部菌斑宽度不超过1mm"},{"key":"D","value":"菌斑覆盖面积占牙面2\/3以上"},{"key":"E","value":"牙面无菌斑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"1=牙颈部龈缘处有散在的点状菌斑。掌握“牙周病流行病学及分级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"适合牙周病患者清除龈沟附近菌斑的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙线"},{"key":"B","value":"牙签"},{"key":"C","value":"牙间隙刷"},{"key":"D","value":"水平颤动法刷牙"},{"key":"E","value":"电动牙刷刷牙"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"巴斯刷牙法:又称为水平颤动法或龈沟法。作为一种有效的清除龈缘附近以及龈沟内菌斑的方法,巴斯法最为广泛接受,因为这个部位对控制牙龈与牙周感染最为重要。能去除龈缘附近与龈沟内的牙菌斑,特别是邻间区,牙颈部与暴露的根面区,适用于所有人群以及实施过牙周手术的患者。掌握“菌斑控制及提高宿主抵抗力”知识点。"} {"Question":"采取专业性洁治,去除菌斑和牙石属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基本急诊保健"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周病一级预防"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周病二级预防"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周病三级预防"},{"key":"E","value":"社区牙周保健"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"二级预防旨在早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗,减轻已发生的牙时病的严重程度,控制其发展。对局限于牙龈的病变,及时采取专业性洁治,去除菌斑和牙石。控制其进一步发展。采用X线检查法定期追踪观察牙槽骨情况,根据具体情况采取适当的治疗,改善牙周组织的健康状况。二级预防的效果是在一级预防基础上取得的,其远期效果与患者是否能长期坚持各种预防措施有关。掌握“牙周病流行病学及分级预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"能清除菌斑中内毒素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯己定"},{"key":"B","value":"酚类化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"季铵化合物"},{"key":"D","value":"氟化亚锡"},{"key":"E","value":"三氯羟苯醚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查化学制剂控制菌斑。能清除菌斑中内毒素的是酚类化合物(B对)。1.氯己定(洗必泰)(A错):二价阳离子表面活性剂,减少了唾液中能吸附到牙面上的细菌数;抑制获得性膜和菌斑的形成;阻碍了唾液细菌对牙面的吸附;洗必泰与Ca²⁺竞争,抑制了细菌的聚积和对牙面的吸附。主要用于局部含漱、涂擦和冲洗,0.12%或0.2%洗必泰液含漱,每天2次,每次10ml。副作用:对口腔黏膜有轻度的刺激作用;使牙、修复体或舌背上发生染色;味苦。2.酚类化合物:麝香草酚、薄荷醇和甲基水杨酸盐混合而成的抗菌斑制剂;可减少菌斑量及降低龈炎指数;能清除菌斑中的内毒素,可明显降低菌斑的毒性。3.季铵化合物(C错):阳离子表面活性剂,能杀灭革兰阳性和革兰阴性细菌,特别对革兰阳性菌有较强的杀灭作用。一般以0.05%的浓度作为漱口剂,可抑制菌斑的形成和牙龈炎的发生。长期使用可能出现牙染色、烧灼感或促进牙结石的形成等副作用。4.氟化亚锡(D错):抑制细菌粘附,生长和碳水化物代谢,使细菌生长明显减少,干扰菌斑代谢过程,降低菌斑毒力;减少牙本质过敏;抑制菌斑形成。5.三氯羟苯醚(E错):广谱抗菌剂,有效抑制多种革兰阳性与阴性细菌。"} {"Question":"为了比较各国家、各地区龋齿的患病情况,WH0规定的龋齿患病水平衡量标准是多大年龄儿童龋均","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5~8岁"},{"key":"B","value":"12岁"},{"key":"C","value":"12~15岁"},{"key":"D","value":"15岁"},{"key":"E","value":"25岁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查WH0规定的龋齿患病水平衡量标准。为了比较各国家,各地区龋齿的患病情况,WH0规定的龋齿患病水平以12岁(B对)儿童龋均为衡量标准。5~8岁(A错)、12~15岁(C错)、15岁(D错)、25岁(E错)不是国际衡量标准。"} {"Question":"更能反映龈炎活动情况的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菌斑指数"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈指数"},{"key":"C","value":"龈沟出血指数"},{"key":"D","value":"简化口腔卫生指数"},{"key":"E","value":"社区牙周指数"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查评价牙周健康的指数。更能反映龈炎活动情况的是龈沟出血指数(C对)。根据龈沟出血情况对牙龈进行评价更能反映龈炎的活动状况。菌斑指数(A错):用于测量口腔中菌斑的情况。牙龈指数(B错):该指数不考虑有无牙周袋及牙周袋深度,只观察牙龈情况,检查牙龈颜色和质的改变以及出血倾向。简化口腔卫生指数(D错):包括简化软垢指数和简化牙石指数。简化口腔卫生指数可以用于个人,但主要用于人群口腔卫生状况评价。社区牙周指数(E错):采用指数牙进行检查,检查内容包括牙龈出血、牙石和牙周袋深度,所检查牙齿只记录最高记分。"} {"Question":"发病率指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患龋病人数\/受检人数*100%"},{"key":"B","value":"患龋病牙数\/受检人数x100%"},{"key":"C","value":"发生新龋的人数\/受检人数x100%"},{"key":"D","value":"发生新龋的牙数\/受检人数x100%"},{"key":"E","value":"发生新龋的牙数\/受检牙数x100%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查评价龋病的常用指数。龋病发病率通常是指至少在一年时间内,某人群新发生龋病的频率。与患龋率不同的是仅指在这个特定时期内,新龋发生的频率。计算公式如下:龋病发病率=发生新龋的人数\/受检人数x100%(C对)。患龋病人数\/受检人数*100%(A错)为患病率。"} {"Question":"对有深窝沟的适龄儿童开展窝沟封闭预防龋齿属于以下哪种口腔健康促进的途径","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全民途径"},{"key":"B","value":"共同危险因素控制途径"},{"key":"C","value":"高危人群途径"},{"key":"D","value":"决策者途径"},{"key":"E","value":"制定危险因素预防途径"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"高危人群途径:人群中每个个体发生龋病的危险性是不同的,龋病的高危人群对整个人群的口腔健康影响较大,因此,在开展口腔健康促进活动时,选择针对龋病高危人群的预防措施和方法,预防和控制高危人群的龋病,从而提高整个人群的口腔健康状况。例如对有深窝沟的适龄儿童开展窝沟封闭预防龋齿。掌握“口腔健康促进”知识点。"} {"Question":"调(牙合)的过程中,不必进行的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"让患者先学会做正确的咬合"},{"key":"B","value":"兼顾正中(牙合)和非正中(牙合)的调整"},{"key":"C","value":"分次完成"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周袋内上药"},{"key":"E","value":"脱敏、抛光"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查选磨的原则及方法。牙周病患者出现深牙周袋时可进行牙周袋内上药(D错,为本题的正确答案),起消炎止痛灭菌促进愈合,一般在调(牙合)之前完成。调(牙合)时,首先要让患者先学会做正确的咬合(A对),准确定出早接触或(牙合)干扰点后再进行调磨。调磨过程中应兼顾正中(牙合)和非正中(牙合)的调整(B对)。一次不应磨牙太多,应分次完成(C对)以免患者肌肉疲劳,妨碍对早接触或(牙合)干扰点的准确定位。调(牙合)过程中对敏感部位可进行脱敏(E对)治疗,以减轻患者的不适。调(牙合)完成后,应对牙面进行抛光(E对),减少牙菌斑的聚集。"} {"Question":"龈下刮治前应了解的情况不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周袋的形态范围"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周袋的深度"},{"key":"C","value":"龈下牙石的位置"},{"key":"D","value":"龈下牙石量"},{"key":"E","value":"龈下主要微生物"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龈下刮治前应了解的情况。龈下刮治前应了解的情况不包括龈下主要微生物(E错,为本题的正确答案)。了解龈下主要微生物可以针对微生物种类使用针对性的药物,属于牙周病药物治疗的原则之一;龈下刮治是牙周基础治疗的一个方法,是用机械方式去除龈下牙石菌斑,故不需了解微生物种类。龈下刮治是在牙周袋内操作,肉眼不能直视,为保证刮治效果,术前应先探明牙周袋的形态范围(A对)、牙周袋的深度(B对)、龈下牙石的位置(C对)、龈下牙石的量(D对),查明情况后方可刮治,做到心中有数,将牙石彻底去净,去除炎症刺激。"} {"Question":"根面平整术的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去除根面感染牙骨质"},{"key":"B","value":"去除残余牙石"},{"key":"C","value":"去除袋内壁肉芽组织"},{"key":"D","value":"清除龈下菌斑"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龈下刮治和根面平整术。根面平整术目的在于,在做龈下刮治即用比较精细的龈下刮治器刮除位于牙周袋内根面上的牙石和菌斑时,同时去除根面感染牙骨质(A对),因感染牙骨质已被细菌侵袭无保留价值。并去除部分嵌入牙骨质内的残余牙石(B对),同时能清除龈下刮治术后残留的龈下菌斑(D对),使刮治后的根面光滑而平整,防止细菌再次附着。在刮除深牙周袋中的龈下牙石时,应同时去除袋内壁肉芽组织(C对),使牙周袋变浅或消失。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"龈下刮治术中,下列操作不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以改良握笔式握持器械"},{"key":"B","value":"支点稳妥"},{"key":"C","value":"匙形器放入牙周袋时使工作端平面与牙根面平行"},{"key":"D","value":"匙形器探到牙石根方后,与牙面形成80°角进行刮治"},{"key":"E","value":"匙形器放入牙周袋时使工作端平面与牙根面成80°角"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"匙形器放入牙周袋时应使工作端平面与牙根面平行,到达袋底后,与根面间逐渐成45°角,以探查根面牙石,探到牙石根方后,与牙面形成80°角进行刮治,操作完成后仍回到与根面平行的位置,取出器械。掌握“慢性牙周炎的治疗原则、程序及方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙周病基础治疗的重点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"咬合调整"},{"key":"C","value":"菌斑控制"},{"key":"D","value":"松牙固定"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗食物嵌塞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙周病基础治疗的重点。牙周病基础治疗的重点是菌斑控制(C对),因为菌斑是牙周病的始动因子,即使除去之后还会不断地在牙面重新形成,因此必须坚持每天彻底地进行菌斑控制,才能预防牙周病的发生和复发。药物治疗(A错)起到辅助治疗的目的,进行抗菌药物治疗前或治疗的同时,必须尽量彻底地清除菌斑牙石,才能控制牙周炎症。咬合调整(B错)是牙周病基础治疗重要的手段,主要用于存在创伤性牙合的牙周病,不是牙周病基础治疗的重点。松牙固定(D错)是牙周病基础治疗的重要组成部分,主要用于妨碍咀嚼或有不适的松动牙,也不是牙周病基础治疗的重点。通过调(牙合)法治疗食物嵌塞(E错)只能改善牙齿邻面牙周状况,若菌斑持续存在牙周炎症不会消退,所以牙周病基础治疗的重点在于菌斑控制。"} {"Question":"用匙形刮治器刮除龈下牙石时,工作面与牙面之间的角度应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"30°"},{"key":"B","value":"80°"},{"key":"C","value":"90°"},{"key":"D","value":"110°"},{"key":"E","value":"120°"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"刮治器在进入牙周袋,到达工作区域时的角度为0°,在工作时候,需要与牙面之间成一定角度才能发挥功能,进行刮治,此时工作面与牙面之间的角度应为80°。掌握“慢性牙周炎的治疗原则、程序及方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"龈下刮治时,刮治器工作刃与根面形成的最佳角度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0°"},{"key":"B","value":"15°"},{"key":"C","value":"45°"},{"key":"D","value":"50°"},{"key":"E","value":"80°"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龈下刮治术。龈下刮治时,刮治器工作刃与根面形成的最佳角度是80°(E对)。刮治器械放入牙周袋时工作端的平面与牙根平面平行(A错);达到袋底后,与根面间形成45°探查根面牙石(C错);探到牙石根方后与牙面形成约80°角进行刮治。"} {"Question":"关于选磨法描述哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先磨改正中位的早接触点"},{"key":"B","value":"一次不应磨改太多"},{"key":"C","value":"根尖有炎症的松动牙应消炎后再磨改"},{"key":"D","value":"尽量恢复牙齿的球面外形"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查选磨方法。选磨法是(牙合)治疗的一种方法,即用砂石轮等磨改牙齿外形以消除创伤性(牙合)。选磨方法有:(1)为保持正中(牙合)时稳定的咬合关系,先磨改正中位的早接触点(A对)。(2)由于磨改牙齿的方法是不可逆的,所以一次不应磨改太多(B对)。(3)根尖有炎症的松动牙应消炎后再磨改(C对),因为牙周有炎症时牙可伸长或移位,当炎症消退后,牙周组织有一定的修复,牙齿位置和动度可有所恢复,此时调(牙合)比较准确。(4)尽量恢复牙齿的球面外形(D对),可减少牙间接触面,增加食物溢出道,减少食物嵌塞;恢复牙齿解剖外形,提高咀嚼效率。去除锐利边缘嵴,减轻咬合创伤。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。  "} {"Question":"男性,40岁。诉左下后牙反复肿胀、咀嚼无力。口腔检查:左下6牙合面深龋,穿通髓腔,探诊(-),叩诊(±),颊侧有深牙周袋,溢脓,松动I°,X线片示:根尖区阴影显“烧瓶状”。温度试验(-)。初步诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周牙髓联合症中的牙周病与牙髓病并存"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周牙髓联合症中的牙周病引起牙髓坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"逆行性牙髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周牙髓联合症中的急性根尖周脓肿反复发作引起的牙周破坏"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周-牙髓联合病变的临床类型。牙槽脓肿反复发作且长期从牙周排脓而未得到彻底治疗者,因病情反复发作,临床表现为深牙周袋出血溢脓、牙槽骨吸收、牙松动,相应处黏膜可有瘘管、叩诊不适等,典型病例的X线片表现为根尖区阴影与牙槽嵴的吸收相连,形成所谓的烧瓶形或日晕圈状病变,据此可判断患者的临床表现符合牙周牙髓联合症中的急性根尖周脓肿反复发作引起的牙周破坏(D对)的病变特点。牙周牙髓联合症中的牙周病与牙髓病并存(A错)是指发生于同一个牙齿上各自独立的牙髓和牙周病变,当病变发展到严重阶段时,二者可相互融合和影响。牙周牙髓联合症中的牙周病引起牙髓坏死(B错)无X线片烧瓶状根尖阴影区。逆行性牙髓炎(C错)临床检查时可见患牙有深牙周袋或严重的牙龈退缩,牙齿一般松动达Ⅱ度以上,牙髓有明显的激发痛。"} {"Question":"牙周炎的伴发病变包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"根分叉病变"},{"key":"C","value":"牙龈退缩"},{"key":"D","value":"根面龋"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙周炎的伴发病变。牙周脓肿(A对)、根分叉病变(B对)、牙龈退缩(C对)、根面龋(D对)均为牙周病的伴发病变(ABCD均对,故E对为本题的正确答案)。此外还有牙周-牙髓联合病变和呼气异味。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,查见松动I度,右上6牙合面深龋,颊侧近中探及深达根尖的牙周袋,探之溢脓,叩(-),X-ray示牙槽骨高度基本正常,根尖区阴影。初诊印象牙髓牙周联合病变,考虑原因可能为最适宜的治疗为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根管治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周系统治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"先做根管治疗,再做牙周系统治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"干髓治疗和牙周系统治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"直接进行牙周和根尖手术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓-牙周联合病变的治疗原则。松动I度,右上6(牙合)面深龋,颊侧近中探及深达根尖的牙周袋,且牙槽骨高度正常,可判断该患者为牙髓病变引起的牙周病变,因此应先积极的根管治疗,再进行牙周治疗(C对),不能只单纯的进行根管治疗(A错)或牙周治疗(B错)。干髓术只适用于牙髓炎的患牙,而且根髓不能受到感染,但临床上没有有效的手段来判断是否根髓被感染,且该患者为牙髓炎症引起的牙周的病变,根髓已经感染,所以不能用干髓术(D错)。"} {"Question":"慢性根尖周炎反复发作后引起的牙周病变所具有的特点正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有深牙周袋"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽骨吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周袋溢脓"},{"key":"D","value":"X线片表现为根尖区形成典型的“烧瓶形”或“日晕圈”状病变"},{"key":"E","value":"牙松动"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙髓-牙周联合病变。慢性根尖周炎反复发作从牙周排脓而未得到彻底治疗者,最终使得牙周病变成立,此为真正的牙髓-牙周联合病变,有人称之为逆行性牙周炎,X线片表现为根尖区形成典型的“烧瓶形”或“日晕圈”状病变(D对),即阴影围绕根尖区并向牙槽嵴顶处逐渐变窄。也可有深牙周袋(A错)、牙槽骨吸收(B错)、牙周袋溢脓(C错)、牙松动(E错),但并不是逆行性牙周炎的典型特点,这些病变是慢性牙周炎或牙槽脓肿的一般临床特点。"} {"Question":"关于冠延长术手术内容的叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"翻瓣术结合骨切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"切除部分牙龈和牙槽骨"},{"key":"C","value":"只切除牙龈不切除牙槽骨"},{"key":"D","value":"牙根过短不能做冠延长术"},{"key":"E","value":"牙折达到龈下,影响修复者需做冠延长术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"冠延长术适用于牙体折裂,并影响修复或者治疗的情况。其手术中需要进行翻瓣,并除去被切除的牙龈,暴露根面或牙根断面以及骨修整,切除部分支持骨,使骨嵴高度位置能满足术后生物学宽度的需要,骨嵴顶需降至牙断缘根方至少3mm处。在骨修整时,还需注意使该处的骨嵴高度与其他部位及邻牙的骨嵴逐渐移行,避免明显的悬殊,从而在术后获得良好的牙龈外形。掌握“牙周健康与修复”知识点。"} {"Question":"逆行性牙髓炎的患牙保留计划错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"如果牙周袋能消除或变浅,病变能得到控制,则可先作牙髓治疗,同时开始牙周炎的一系列治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"如果多根牙只有一个牙根有深牙周袋引起的牙髓炎,且患牙不太松动,则可在根管治疗和牙周炎症控制后,将患根截除,保留患牙"},{"key":"C","value":"如牙周病变已十分严重,不易彻底控制炎症,则可直接拔牙止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"患牙过于松动,也不可拔牙,应完善治疗再做处理"},{"key":"E","value":"主要取决于该牙牙周病变的程度和牙周治疗的预后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"逆行性牙髓炎的患牙能否保留,主要取决于该牙牙周病变的程度和牙周治疗的预后。如果牙周袋能消除或变浅,病变能得到控制,则可先作牙髓治疗,同时开始牙周炎的一系列治疗。如果多根牙只有一个牙根有深牙周袋引起的牙髓炎,且患牙不太松动,则可在根管治疗和牙周炎症控制后,将患根截除,保留患牙。如牙周病变已十分严重,不易彻底控制炎症,或患牙过于松动,则可直接拔牙止痛。掌握“牙周-牙髓联合病变”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性,26岁,右上后牙龈肿痛1周,口服消炎药治疗无效。检查:右上第一磨牙牙体颊侧牙周脓肿形成,叩痛(+),冷测反应同对照牙,牙周袋8mm,应急处理应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"局部麻醉下开髓"},{"key":"B","value":"龈上洁治"},{"key":"C","value":"龈下刮治"},{"key":"D","value":"脓肿切开引流"},{"key":"E","value":"全身药物治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者表现为牙周脓肿,且已有1周时间,但病变局限,此时的脓肿应已有较多脓液,处理原则应是引流,由于病变局限,不需用全身药物治疗。掌握“牙周脓肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"Ⅳ度根分叉区病变,最不需做哪项治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周翻瓣手术"},{"key":"C","value":"洁治术"},{"key":"D","value":"刮治术"},{"key":"E","value":"根面平整术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查Ⅳ度根分叉区病变的治疗。Ⅳ度根分叉区病变,最不需做牙龈切除术(A错,为本题的正确答案)。牙龈切除术是用手术的方法切除增生肥大的牙龈或牙周袋,重建牙龈的生理外形及正常的龈沟。牙周病手术治疗前应经过牙周基础治疗进行洁治(C对),刮治(D对),牙根外形不利于菌斑控制者应进行根面平整术(E对)后才能进行手术治疗。牙周翻瓣后,能更好的暴露病变组织(B对)。在做截根术、分根术或牙半切术前,均应做完善的根管治疗,还应进行调(牙合),以减轻患牙的咬合负担。"} {"Question":"截根术常用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ度根分叉病变"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ和Ⅱ度根分叉病变"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅱ根分叉病变"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ和Ⅳ度根分叉病变"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅴ度根分叉病变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查根分叉病变。截根术常用于磨牙的Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度根分叉病变(D对)。"} {"Question":"牙周疾病与全身疾病和健康无关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"早产"},{"key":"B","value":"类风湿关节炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胃幽门螺杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"上呼吸道感染"},{"key":"E","value":"心脑血管疾病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周疾病与全身疾病和健康的关系。牙周疾病与全身疾病和健康无关的是上呼吸道感染(D错,为本题正确答案)。牙周疾病与全身疾病和健康有关,主要表现在心脑血管疾病(E对)、糖尿病、早产(A对)和低出生体重儿、口腔幽门螺杆菌和胃幽门螺杆菌(C对)、类风湿关节炎(B对)。"} {"Question":"妊娠期龈炎的可疑致病菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黏性放线菌"},{"key":"B","value":"中间普氏菌"},{"key":"C","value":"内氏放线菌"},{"key":"D","value":"微小消化链球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"牙龈二氧化碳噬纤维菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠期龈炎的病因。妊娠期龈炎指妇女在妊娠期间,由于女性的激素水平升高,原有的牙龈慢性炎症加重,使牙龈肿胀或形成龈瘤样的改变分娩后病情可自行减轻或消退。中间普氏菌(B对)是妊娠期龈炎的可疑致病菌。黏性放线菌(A错)、内氏放线菌(C错)、牙龈二氧化碳噬纤维菌(D错)均是牙龈炎的可疑致病菌。微小消化链球菌(E错)寄生于口腔牙缝,常因为拔牙进入血液引起亚急性细菌性心内膜炎,也常在头颈部、口咽、上呼吸道感染中呈现。与龋源性牙髓炎所致牙髓组织炎症和坏死有重要关系。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁,妊娠5个月。下中切牙之间牙龈乳头处形成一肿物2个月,色紫红,易出血。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纤维性牙龈瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈癌"},{"key":"C","value":"化脓性肉芽肿"},{"key":"D","value":"孕瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查孕瘤的诊断。患者女,妊娠5个月。牙龈乳头处一肿物2个月,色紫红,易出血,综合考虑诊断为孕瘤(D对)。妊娠期龈瘤(也称孕瘤)通常始发于妊娠第3个月,迅速增大,患者常因出血和妨碍进食而就诊。纤维性牙龈瘤(A错)表现为增生牙龈颜色正常,触之坚实,口内大部以至全部牙龈呈弥漫性增生,表面光滑或呈结节状,点彩明显,不易出血。牙龈癌(B错)临床可表现为龈缘区溃疡、红肿充血,晚期症状表现范围较大,牙龈、周边黏膜、唇部、下颌颈部、口咽部还有周边骨头皆会被侵犯。化脓性肉芽肿(C错)表现为个别龈乳头的无痛性肿胀、突起的瘤样物,多数病变表面有溃疡和脓性渗出物。牙周脓肿(E错)表现为在牙龈边缘或者是牙龈乳头形成半球形的隆起,质地比较软,按压牙龈的时候从牙龈沟溢脓。以上4中疾病的临床表现均与本病例中不符合,应诊断为孕瘤。"} {"Question":"关于牙龈纤维瘤病增生的牙龈描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颜色正常"},{"key":"B","value":"组织坚韧"},{"key":"C","value":"表面偶呈颗粒状"},{"key":"D","value":"点彩明显"},{"key":"E","value":"易出血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙龈纤维瘤病增生的牙龈可覆盖部分或整个牙冠,以致妨碍咀嚼。增生牙龈的颜色正常,组织坚韧,表面光滑,有时也呈颗粒状或小结节状,点彩明显,不易出血。掌握“牙龈纤维瘤病”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,30岁,主诉:牙龈自动出血。疼痛3天余,并伴有低热,该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙间乳头炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肥大性龈炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性坏死性龈炎"},{"key":"D","value":"疱疹性龈口炎"},{"key":"E","value":"青少年牙周炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎的临床表现。急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎以龈乳头的坏死为其特征性损害,上覆有灰白色污秽的坏死物,龈缘如虫蚀状,坏死去出现灰白色假膜,易于擦去,龈乳头破坏后与龈缘成一直线,如刀切状,病损不波及附着龈,患处牙龈极易出血,疼痛明显,有典型的腐败性口臭,重症患者可有低热(C对)。急性龈乳头炎表现为牙龈乳头发红肿胀,探触和吸吮有出血,有自发性的胀痛和明显的探触痛,牙可有叩痛(A错)。肥大性牙龈炎一般无疼痛(B错)。急性疱疹性龈炎为成簇的小水疱,疱破溃后成为大片浅表溃疡,可伴有皮肤损害(D错)。青少年牙周炎无自动出血和疼痛的症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,25岁,口腔内上下前牙龈乳头消失并凹陷,呈反波浪形,牙龈间乳头颊舌侧分离,可从牙面翻开,下方有牙石、牙垢,无龈坏死。可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疱疹性龈口炎"},{"key":"B","value":"中性粒细胞缺乏引起龈坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性龈缘炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性坏死性龈炎"},{"key":"E","value":"龈乳头炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查慢性坏死性龈炎的临床表现。此病例的表现是慢性坏死性龈炎(D对)的典型表现:龈乳头消失、凹陷,反波浪形,龈乳头颊舌侧分离,可从牙面翻开,而无龈坏死。疱疹性龈口炎(A错)出现粟粒状大小的水疱不会出现龈乳头消失并凹陷,呈反波浪形。中性粒细胞缺乏引起龈坏死(B错)牙龈溃疡糜烂经久不愈,病理检查出现中性粒细胞减少。慢性龈缘炎(C错)不会出现龈乳头消失及反波浪形龈外形,出现龈缘和龈乳头肿胀肥厚。龈乳头炎(E错)也不会出现龈乳头消失及反波浪形龈外形,出现龈乳头发红肿胀。"} {"Question":"男,42岁,牙龈出血疼痛3天,口臭,检查:个别牙龈乳头有灰白色的坏死物。若诊断为坏死性龈炎,患者可出现如下体征,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔呈腐败性口臭"},{"key":"B","value":"低热"},{"key":"C","value":"身体抵抗力下降"},{"key":"D","value":"颌下淋巴结肿大"},{"key":"E","value":"末梢血出现原幼细胞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查坏死性龈炎的体征。末梢血出现原幼细胞(E错,为本题的正确答案)是白血病的特征性表现,该患者已诊断为坏死性龈炎,虽然有自发性出血,但是血液是正常的。坏死性龈炎由于组织坏死有典型的腐败性口臭(A对);炎症感染可出现低热(B对)、身体抵抗力下降(C对)等全身症状;炎症引流至下颌下淋巴结、颌下淋巴结可引起淋巴结的炎症、肿大(D对)。"} {"Question":"急性龈乳头炎的一些临床表现易与牙髓炎混淆,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"明显的自发痛"},{"key":"B","value":"中等程度的冷热刺激疼"},{"key":"C","value":"龈乳头发红肿胀,探触痛明显,易出血"},{"key":"D","value":"胀痛"},{"key":"E","value":"可有轻度叩痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据局部牙龈乳头的红肿、易出血、探触痛的表现及局部刺激因素的存在可诊断急性龈乳头炎。因其表现有疼痛症状,应注意与牙髓炎鉴别。牙髓炎常表现为阵发性放射痛,夜间痛,常存在邻面深龋等引起牙髓炎的病原因素,牙髓温度检测可引起疼痛等。掌握“急性龈乳头炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于白血病龈病损的病理变化叙述有误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈上皮和结缔组织内充满密集的幼稚血细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"可见正常的中性粒细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"可见淋巴细胞和浆细胞的灶性浸润"},{"key":"D","value":"胶原纤维被幼稚血细胞所代替"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管收缩,可见组织坏死"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查白血病的牙龈病损。下列关于白血病龈病损的病理变化叙述有误的是毛细血管收缩,可见组织坏死(E错,为本题的正确答案)。白血病是一种恶性血液疾病,大量增殖的不成熟血细胞充斥骨髓腔并取代了正常的骨髓组织,血液中不成熟血细胞的数量和形态异常,并可浸润至身体各器官和组织,包括牙龈。发生牙龈肿大者,最常见的是急性单核细胞白血病和急性粒细胞白血病,也可见于急性淋巴细胞白血病,有学者报告约有3.6%的白血病患者出现牙龈肿胀。患者常因牙龈肿胀和出血而首先就诊于口腔科。白血病龈病损的病因:白血病患者末梢血中的幼稚血细胞,在牙龈组织内大量浸润积聚,致使牙龈肿大,这是白血病的牙龈病损的原因,而并非牙龈结缔组织本身的增生。由于牙龈肿胀、出血,口内自洁作用差,使菌斑大量堆积,加重了牙龈的炎症。白血病龈病损的病理变化:病理变化为牙龈上皮和结缔组织内充满密集的幼稚血细胞(A对),偶见正常的中性粒细胞(B对)、淋巴细胞和浆细胞的灶性浸润(C对)。结缔组织高度水肿变性,胶原纤维被幼稚血细胞所代替(D对)。毛细血管扩张,血管腔内可见血细胞形成栓塞,并可见组织坏死。"} {"Question":"对于较大需手术切除的妊娠期龈瘤,手术时机应选择在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠期1个月以内"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠期2~3个月"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠期4~6个月"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠期6~8个月"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠期9个月"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠期龈瘤的手术治疗。对于较大需手术切除的妊娠期龈瘤,手术时机应选择在妊娠期4~6个月(C对)。妊娠期龈炎通常始发于妊娠第三个月,8个月时达到高峰,分娩后2个月,龈炎可减轻至妊娠前水平。妊娠期1个月以内或2~3个月易导致流产(AB错),妊娠期6~8个月或9个月易导致早产(DE错),手术尽量选择在4~6个月。"} {"Question":"青春期龈炎好发部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌磨牙颊侧龈缘"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌磨牙腭侧龈缘"},{"key":"C","value":"前牙唇侧龈缘和龈乳头"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌双尖牙颊侧龈缘"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌双尖牙牙间乳头"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查青春期龈炎的好发部位。青春期龈炎是青春期受内分泌影响在菌斑的作用下发生的牙龈炎,好发于前牙唇侧的牙龈乳头和龈缘(C对)。唇侧牙龈肿胀较明显,龈乳头常呈球状凸起,颜色暗红或鲜红,光亮,质地软,探诊出血。其他选项好发部位无特异性(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"青春期龈炎局部刺激因素以什么为主","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不良修复体"},{"key":"B","value":"食物嵌塞"},{"key":"C","value":"牙石"},{"key":"D","value":"菌斑"},{"key":"E","value":"(牙合)创伤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查青春期龈炎的病因。青春期龈炎是受内分泌影响的牙龈炎,主要见于青春期这一年龄段的人群,由于乳恒牙的更替、牙齿排列不齐等,造成牙齿不易清洁,加之该年龄段患者不易保持良好的口腔卫生,所以菌斑(D对)仍是青春期龈炎的主要病因。不良修复体(A错)引起的龈炎常见于进行口腔修复治疗的高龄患者,青少年的牙齿普遍基本健康,一般口内没有修复体存在。食物嵌塞(B错)是引起急性龈乳头炎的局部刺激因素。牙石(C错)是菌斑的附着物,为菌斑的生长提供依托,不是青春期龈炎的刺激因素。(牙合)创伤(E错)是垂直性骨吸收的局部刺激因素。"} {"Question":"某男性患者,29岁,体健。诉牙龈自发出血1月,熬夜3天后出血严重并伴有牙龈疼痛和口臭,伴有低热和全身乏力。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"边缘性龈炎"},{"key":"B","value":"疱疹性龈口炎"},{"key":"C","value":"青少年牙周炎"},{"key":"D","value":"牙间乳头炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎的特点。此患者为青年男性,发病过程急骤,且有牙龈疼痛和口臭,并伴有轻微的全身症状,此患者的表现符合急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎(NUG)(E对)的临床特征。边缘性龈炎(A错)又称慢性龈炎患者常在刷牙或咬硬物时牙龈出血,但一般无自发性出血,无自发痛,牙龈红肿,探诊出血,无全身症状。疱疹性龈口炎(B错)为病毒感染,好发于6岁以下儿童,其特征为口腔黏膜的成簇小水疱。青少年牙周炎(C错)一般发生在青春期左右,有典型牙周病表现。牙间乳头炎(D错)主要为龈乳头的充血肿胀,一般因机械或化学刺激引起。"} {"Question":"边缘性龈炎的最主要治疗原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调整咬合"},{"key":"B","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"去除病因"},{"key":"D","value":"手术治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"调整激素水平"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"去除病因:通过洁治术彻底清除菌斑、牙石,消除造成菌斑滞留和局部刺激牙龈的因素。对于牙龈炎症较重的患者,可配合局部药物治疗,常用的局部药物有1%过氧化氢、0.12%~0.2%氯已定溶液以及碘制剂。对于不伴有全身疾病的慢性龈炎患者,不应全身使用抗菌药物。掌握“慢性龈炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,21岁,上唇短,临床检查:上前牙唇侧牙龈边缘及龈乳头增生肥大,覆盖牙冠的1\/3,质地较韧。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增生性龈炎"},{"key":"B","value":"边缘性龈炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性坏死性龈炎"},{"key":"D","value":"药物性牙龈增生"},{"key":"E","value":"牙龈纤维瘤病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙龈炎的诊断。根据题目中的信息上前牙唇侧牙龈边缘及龈乳头增生肥大,覆盖牙冠的1\/3,质地较韧,可诊断为增生性龈炎(A对)。急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎以龈乳头的坏死为其特征性损害,上覆有灰白色污秽的坏死物,龈缘如虫蚀状,坏死去出现灰白色假膜,易于擦去,龈乳头破坏后与龈缘成一直线,如刀切状,病损不波及附着龈,患处牙龈极易出血,疼痛明显,有典型的腐败性口臭,重症患者可有低热(C错)。药物增生性牙龈炎可表线为龈乳头呈球状、结节状,色呈淡粉红色,质地坚韧、略有弹性,有服药史(D错)。牙龈纤维瘤病龈缘、龈乳头和附着龈广泛增生,甚至达到膜龈联合,增生的牙龈颜色正常,组织坚韧,表面光滑,点彩明显,不易出血(E错)。"} {"Question":"急性龈乳头炎时,临床检查出现患牙有轻度叩痛提示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龈乳头下方牙周膜有炎症和水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"根尖周有炎症"},{"key":"C","value":"有牙周脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"有牙周创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"有急性牙髓炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查急性龈乳头炎的临床表现。由于牙周膜中有可定位疼痛的神经,所以当牙周膜有炎症时叩诊会出现叩痛,急性龈乳头炎临床检查出现患牙有轻度叩痛,提示龈乳头炎症累及下方牙周膜,牙周膜有炎症和水肿(A对)。急性龈乳头炎累及的牙周膜面积小叩诊出现轻度叩痛,而根尖周有炎症(B错)时累及大面积的牙周膜出现重度叩痛。急性龈乳头炎病变属于牙龈病,病损局限于牙龈严重者累及牙周膜,不会引起牙周脓肿(C错)。有牙周创伤(D错)时叩痛明显,而急性龈乳头炎有轻度叩痛,叩痛的疼痛程度不同。有急性牙髓炎(E错)早期阶段患牙对叩痛无不适反应,而处于晚期炎症的患牙,因牙髓炎症的外围已波及根尖部的牙周膜,可出现垂直方向的轻度叩痛,急性龈乳头炎也会出现轻度叩痛,此时不易与急性龈乳头炎鉴别,可通过临床检查鉴别,检查可见龈乳头鲜红脓肿,探触痛明显,易出血可诊断为急性龈乳头炎。"} {"Question":"能引起药物性牙龈增生的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠+硝苯地平"},{"key":"C","value":"苯妥英钠+环孢素"},{"key":"D","value":"硝苯地平+环孢素"},{"key":"E","value":"苯妥英钠+硝苯地平+环孢素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物性牙龈肥大的病因。药物性牙龈肥大是指长期服用某些药物而引起牙龈的纤维性增生和体积增大,常用的为苯妥英钠、环孢素、硝苯地平、维拉帕米(E对),可表现为龈乳头呈球状、结节状,增生的牙龈表面可呈桑葚状或分叶状,一般呈淡粉色,质地坚韧,有弹性,一般不易出血。"} {"Question":"妊娠瘤大,需手术治疗时,手术的时机应尽量选择在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠第1~3个月切除"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠第2~5个月切除"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠第4~6个月切除"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠第5~7个月切除"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠第7~9个月切除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"对一些体积较大的妊娠期龈瘤,若已妨碍进食,则可考虑手术切除。手术时机应尽量选择在妊娠期的4~6个月内,以免引起流产或早产。术中应避免流血过多,术后应严格控制菌斑,以防复发。掌握“妊娠期龈炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"女,28岁,近4个月来全口牙龈逐渐肿大,刷牙时牙龈易出血,偶有牙龈自动出血史。若患者妊娠6个月,诊断为妊娠期龈炎,临床上最可能表现为牙龈色鲜红、光亮。若患者未妊娠,怀疑为白血病在口腔的表现,确诊的方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活检"},{"key":"B","value":"脱落细胞涂片"},{"key":"C","value":"白细胞吞噬功能"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞趋化功能"},{"key":"E","value":"查血象"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查白血病的牙龈病损的诊断。由于白血病患者血液中有不成熟血细胞的数量和形态异常,故可查血象(E对)来确诊。活检(A错)是从患者体内切取、钳取或穿刺等取出病变组织,进行病理学检查的技术,而白血病是恶性血液病,不能通过此种方式确诊。脱落细胞涂片(B错)对白细胞形态无法鉴定,故不能确诊白血病。白细胞吞噬能力(C错)是细胞免疫体外实验法,而非白血病的诊断方法。白细胞趋化功能(D错)是指白细胞向着化学刺激物作定向移动的作用,不能反应血细胞的数目形态。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是冠延长术的禁忌证","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙根比较短"},{"key":"B","value":"牙齿折断达龈下"},{"key":"C","value":"为暴露牙齿断缘需切除的牙槽骨过多"},{"key":"D","value":"剩余牙槽骨高度不足"},{"key":"E","value":"全身情况不佳的患者"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"冠延长术禁忌证:①牙根过短,冠根比例失调;②牙齿折断达龈下过多,为暴露牙齿断缘做骨切除术后,剩余的牙槽骨高度不足以支持牙齿行使功能;③为暴露牙齿断缘需切除的牙槽骨过多,会导致与邻牙不协调或明显地损害邻牙;④全身情况不宜手术。掌握“牙周健康与修复”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙冠延长术后,涉及美容的修复应在术后何时进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"术后4~6周"},{"key":"B","value":"术后6~8周"},{"key":"C","value":"术后8~12周"},{"key":"D","value":"1个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2个月"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙冠延长术后修复体的制作一般在术后4~6周,此时组织愈合、龈缘位置基本稳定。涉及美容的修复应至少在术后2个月后开始。如果过早修复,往往会干扰组织的正常愈合,并在组织充分愈合后导致修复体边缘的暴露。掌握“牙周健康与修复”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙周基础治疗的内容不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"控制菌斑"},{"key":"B","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"拔除无保留价值的患牙"},{"key":"D","value":"调(牙合)"},{"key":"E","value":"永久性松牙固定术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙周基础治疗的内容。牙周基础治疗的内容不包括永久性松牙固定术(E错,为本题的正确答案)。牙周病的治疗过程一般分为四个阶段,基础治疗、牙周手术治疗、修复治疗、牙周支持治疗。控制菌斑(A对)、药物治疗(B对)、拔除无保留价值的患牙(C对)、调(牙合)(D对)属基础治疗,当牙龈的外形和龈缘位置基本稳定,可进行永久性固定修复,永久性松牙固定术属修复治疗,非基础治疗。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,10岁,患麻疹后3天,低热乏力,颌下淋巴结肿大,牙龈疼痛、出血、口腔奇臭,不敢刷牙,检查可见下前牙唇侧牙龈出血,龈缘溃疡。通常该病的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真菌感染"},{"key":"B","value":"病毒感染"},{"key":"C","value":"抵抗力低下+细菌感染"},{"key":"D","value":"HSV-Ⅱ感染"},{"key":"E","value":"确切病因不清,多种因素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性坏死性龈炎的病因。患儿男,10岁,患麻疹(急性传染病)后3天,低热乏力(重度全身症状),颌下淋巴结肿大,牙龈疼痛、出血、口腔奇臭(组织坏死),不敢刷牙,检查可见下前牙唇侧牙龈出血,龈缘溃疡。上述症状,拟诊为急性坏死性龈炎,通常该病的病因为抵抗力低下+细菌感染(C对)。确切病因不清,多种因素(E错)不符合该病特征。真菌感染(A错)可引起原发或继发感染,常与白色念珠菌病有关,主要表现为颊黏膜、腭部、舌头表面或者口咽部表面的白色斑片。病毒感染(B错)可引起以沿单侧周围神经分布的簇集性小水疱为特征,常伴有明显的神经痛的带状疱疹。HSV-Ⅱ感染(D错)仅见于成人,主要引起生殖器疱疹及生殖器炎症。"} {"Question":"修复体放到龈缘以下过多可能出现不良反应中,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙齿松动"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈肿胀"},{"key":"C","value":"牙龈炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"牙龈退缩"},{"key":"E","value":"牙槽嵴顶吸收"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙周健康与修复。牙槽骨吸收过多会造成牙体松动,而修复体放到龈下过多,并不是引起牙齿松动(A错,为本题正确答案)的原因。如果将修复体放到龈缘以下过多,可能出现两种不良反应:①组织为避让冠缘的激惹而发生牙槽嵴顶吸收(E对)和牙龈退缩(D对);②牙龈发生炎症(C对)和肿胀(B对)。"} {"Question":"目前翻瓣术后最常见愈合方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨结合"},{"key":"B","value":"胶原连结"},{"key":"C","value":"长结合上皮愈合"},{"key":"D","value":"新附着"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞结合"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查慢性牙周炎的治疗原则、程序及方法。长结合上皮愈合(C对):在袋内壁与原来暴露于牙周袋内的牙根表面之间有一层长而薄的结合上皮,称为长结合上皮,以半桥粒体和基底板的方式连接。这种愈合方式称为长结合上皮愈合,但并非真正的附着获得。这是翻瓣术后最常见的愈合方式。"} {"Question":"翻瓣术手术纵形切口应位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龈乳头中央"},{"key":"B","value":"颊面中央"},{"key":"C","value":"舌腭侧中央"},{"key":"D","value":"颊面轴角处"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均可"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"纵行切口也称垂直切口,是为了减小组织张力、更好地暴露术区。纵切口的位置应在术区近、远中侧比较健康的牙龈组织上,位于牙的颊面轴角处,一般将龈乳头包括在龈瓣内,以利于术后缝合。切忌在龈乳头中央、或颊面中央处作纵切口,以防止影响愈合,也尽量避免在舌腭侧作纵切口,因可能会伤及血管、神经,出血多、或影响愈合。掌握“慢性牙周炎的治疗原则、程序及方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"GTR手术中用于根面处理的枸橼酸浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10%饱和枸橼酸"},{"key":"B","value":"20%饱和枸橼酸"},{"key":"C","value":"30%饱和枸橼酸"},{"key":"D","value":"50%饱和枸橼酸"},{"key":"E","value":"70%饱和枸橼酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查GTR手术中用于根面处理的枸橼酸浓度。枸橼酸为临床上常用的有机酸,无味,不会引起机体反应和不适,在临床应用中,50%饱和枸橼酸(D对)用于GTR手术中根面处理,可以清洁根面牙石、菌斑,并有消毒灭菌的作用,是常用的根面处理剂。浓度过低的饱和枸橼酸如10%饱和枸橼酸(A错)、20%饱和枸橼酸(B错)、30%饱和枸橼酸(C错)清洁灭菌效果不明显。70%饱和枸橼酸(E错)浓度过高,会引起软硬组织损伤。"} {"Question":"牙周基础治疗后,牙龈肥大增生仍未消退,适用的手术治疗方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"翻瓣术"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈切除术"},{"key":"C","value":"袋壁刮治术"},{"key":"D","value":"植骨术"},{"key":"E","value":"引导性牙周组织再生术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙龈切除术的适应证。牙周基础治疗后,牙龈肥大增生仍未消退,适用的手术治疗方法为牙龈切除术(B对)。牙龈切除术是用手术方法切除增生肥大的牙龈组织或后牙某些部位的中等深度牙周袋,重建牙龈的生理外形及正常的龈沟;牙周基础治疗后,牙龈肥大增生仍未消退,说明简单的基础治疗不能治疗,所以需行牙龈切除术切除增生肥大的牙龈组织。翻瓣术(A错)是用手术方法切除部分牙周袋及袋内壁,并翻起牙龈的黏膜骨膜瓣,在直视下刮净龈下牙石和肉芽组织,从而到达消除牙周袋或使牙周袋变浅的目的。袋壁刮除术(C错)是用治疗牙周袋的方法,并不能去除肥大的牙龈。植骨术(D对)是用于某些牙槽骨病损修复的,不能治疗牙龈肥大。引导性牙周组织再生术(E错)是用手术的方法获得牙周组织的再生,不能治疗牙龈增生肥大。"} {"Question":"四环素族药物具有酶的活性,阻止骨吸收的作用,其抑制的酶主要为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胶原酶"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白酶"},{"key":"C","value":"透明质酸酶"},{"key":"D","value":"水解酶"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸软骨素酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙周病的全身药物治疗-四环素族药物。四环素族药物具有酶的活性,阻止骨吸收的作用,其抑制的酶主要为胶原酶(A对)。近年的研究表明:四环素族药物还能抑制胶原酶及其他基质金属蛋白酶的活性,抑制结缔组织的破坏,阻断骨的吸收促进牙周组织再生。四环素族药物通过与胶原酶活化所必需的金属阳离子Ca²⁺、Zn²⁺螯合,抑制中性粒细胞和细菌所产生的胶原酶;四环素族药物由于其本身为酸性,且具有金属螯合作用,使用这类药物处理根面还能使根面轻度脱矿,牙本质小管开放,使暴露的胶原刺激牙周膜细胞在根面上迁移,直接促进细胞附着与生长。此作用依赖于局部药物浓度和作用持续时间,过高浓度、过长时间的接触反会抑制成纤维细胞的生长。四环素族药物抑制胶原酶的作用不依赖于其抗菌性能,去除了有效抗菌基团后的四环素,即化学改性的四环素仍能抑制胶原酶活性。"} {"Question":"牙周炎患者牙周袋内放药最佳时机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龈上洁治前放药"},{"key":"B","value":"龈上洁治后放药"},{"key":"C","value":"龈下刮治前放药"},{"key":"D","value":"龈下刮治后放药"},{"key":"E","value":"以上时机均可"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周炎患者牙周袋内放药的最佳时机。龈下刮治术是用比较精细的龈下刮治器除去位于牙周袋内及根面上的牙石和菌斑。在龈下刮治后,牙周袋内的大部分细菌和牙石被清除,此时放入牙周局部治疗药物,有利于控制菌斑的发展,促进创口愈合,效果良好。因此牙周炎患者牙周袋内放药最佳时机是龈下刮治后(D对)。"} {"Question":"全身消炎药治疗牙周病主要用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周炎急性炎症期"},{"key":"B","value":"青春期龈炎"},{"key":"C","value":"龈缘炎"},{"key":"D","value":"增生性龈炎"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠期龈炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙周病的药物治疗。全身消炎药治疗牙周病主要用于牙周炎急性炎症期(A对),有助于抗菌消炎,利于病损恢复。青春期龈炎(B错)、增生性龈炎(D错)、妊娠期龈炎(E错)是由于局部菌斑牙石的刺激、激素的变化或相关药物的服用引起,去除局部刺激因素如牙石菌斑为治疗关键,同时控制致病因素,必要时行牙龈成形术;全身用药效果不佳,尤其是妊娠期龈炎要避免全身用药,以免影响胎儿发育。"} {"Question":"龈下牙石易沉积的牙面是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"近中面"},{"key":"B","value":"远中面"},{"key":"C","value":"唇颊面"},{"key":"D","value":"舌腭面"},{"key":"E","value":"舌腭面、邻面"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查龈下牙石。龈下牙石指位于龈缘以下的牙石,多位于牙齿不易清洁的部位,如牙齿的舌腭面和邻面(E对D错)。近中面(A错)、远中面(B错)即邻面间隙隐秘不易清洁龈下易沉积牙石,舌腭面位于牙齿的内侧不易清洁,且下前牙舌侧有唾液腺存在,分泌大量的唾液,唾液中的钙盐沉积形成龈下、龈上舌侧牙石。唇颊面(C错)位于外侧易于清洁,不易形成龈下牙石。"} {"Question":"牙石致病机制中最主要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"压迫牙龈"},{"key":"B","value":"妨碍口腔卫生的保持"},{"key":"C","value":"吸附细菌毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"粗糙表面的机械刺激"},{"key":"E","value":"牙石表面未钙化的菌斑"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙周疾病促进因素。牙石本身对牙龈可能具有一定机械刺激,但研究结果排除了牙石本身作为牙周病原始病因的可能性,牙石的致病作用是继发的,为菌斑的进一步积聚和矿化提供理想的表面。牙石对牙周组织的主要危害来自其表面堆积的菌斑(E对),由于牙石的存在使得菌斑与组织表面紧密接触,引起组织的炎症反应。此外,牙石的多孔结构也容易吸收大量的细菌毒素,牙石也妨碍口腔卫生措施的实施。"} {"Question":"鉴别牙龈增生性疾病的主要依据如下,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主诉及临床表现"},{"key":"B","value":"服药史"},{"key":"C","value":"X线片"},{"key":"D","value":"骨髓象"},{"key":"E","value":"全身病史"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查鉴别牙龈增生性疾病的主要依据。鉴别牙龈增生性疾病的主要依据如下,除外X线片(C错,为本题的正确答案)。牙龈增生性疾病属于软组织增生性疾病,而X线片只反应骨缺损的大小和范围的影像,而不能呈现软组织的影像,故不能用X线片鉴别龈增生性疾病。牙龈增生性疾病有广泛牙龈增生的临床表现(A对),故根据主诉和临床表现即可鉴别。骨髓象(D对)是反应骨髓造血的活跃程度,当发生白血病时,骨髓增生“明显活跃”或“极度活跃”,故可用骨髓象诊断白血病引起的牙龈增生。药物性牙龈肥大有长期服药史(B对)和全身病史(E对),故根据牙龈实质增生特点、服药史、全身病史诊断本病并不困难。"} {"Question":"Ⅲ度骨吸收描述的骨破坏情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽骨吸收在根颈1\/3以内"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽骨吸收超过根长的1\/3,但在根长2\/3以内或达根长1\/2"},{"key":"C","value":"牙槽骨吸收占根长的3\/4以上"},{"key":"D","value":"牙槽骨吸收占根长的1\/2以上,3\/4以内"},{"key":"E","value":"牙槽骨吸收大于根长2\/3"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查骨吸收程度的分类。Ⅲ度骨吸收描述的骨破坏情况是牙槽骨吸收大于根长2\/3(E对)。骨吸收程度代表牙周炎破坏程度,骨吸收程度越大说明牙周炎越严重。骨吸收的程度一般按吸收区占牙根长度的比例来描述,通常分为三度。Ⅰ度:牙槽骨吸收在牙根的颈1\/3以内(A错)。Ⅱ度:骨吸收牙槽骨吸收超过根长1\/3,但在根长2\/3以内,或吸收达根长的1\/2(B错)。Ⅲ:牙槽骨吸收大于根长2\/3。无牙槽骨吸收占根长的3\/4 以上(C错)、牙槽骨吸收占根长的1\/2以上,3\/4以内(D错)的分类方法。"} {"Question":"女,29岁,体健。主诉:近3个月刷牙牙龈易出血,且咀嚼较硬食物时牙龈出血。应做如下检查,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔卫生状况"},{"key":"B","value":"(牙合)力测定"},{"key":"C","value":"牙龈炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"附着丧失"},{"key":"E","value":"探诊深度"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙周组织检查。女,29岁,体健。主诉:近3个月刷牙牙龈易出血,且咀嚼较硬食物时牙龈出血。应做如下检查,除外(牙合)力测定(B错,为本题的正确答案)。(牙合)力测定主要用于检查牙周炎患者(牙合)力大小,以反映其牙周组织的健康状况,该病例中并未确诊患牙有牙周炎,故不需行(牙合)力测定。根据病例描述,患者近3个月刷牙牙龈易出血,且咀嚼较硬食物时牙龈出血,初步考虑是由于牙周组织的炎症导致牙龈出血,故应该检查:1.口腔卫生状况(A对),以了解患者口腔内菌斑、软垢、牙石和色渍沉积情况;2.牙龈炎症(C对)情况,以了解牙龈是否有炎症,以及炎症的严重程度;3.附着丧失(D对),检查患牙有没有附着丧失,有利于确定是否有牙周病;4.探诊深度(E对)有利于初步了解牙周支持组织丧失情况。以上4项综合起来,可以初步确定患者牙龈炎症严重程度,牙龈炎症是由单纯的牙龈炎还是牙周炎导致的,因此都有必要检查。"} {"Question":"(牙合)检查时应检查以下内容,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙列是否完整"},{"key":"B","value":"有无拥挤错位覆(牙合)、覆盖关系"},{"key":"C","value":"覆(牙合)、覆盖关系是否正常"},{"key":"D","value":"(牙合)的类型"},{"key":"E","value":"夜磨牙习惯"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查(牙合)的检查内容。(牙合)检查时应检查以下内容,除了夜磨牙习惯(E错,为本题的正确答案)。夜磨牙习惯的有无需要通过对患者的问诊才能得知,不是(牙合)检查的内容。牙周病患者(牙合)检查的内容包括:第一、正中(牙合)。检查时观察下颌位置是否在正中位,上下颌牙是否达到最广泛且密切接触的(牙合)关系,属于何种(牙合)的类型(D对)。上下前牙的中线是否一致,牙排列是否正常,有无拥挤错位(B对)、扭转等错(牙合)。覆(牙合)、覆盖关系是否正常(C对),有无深覆(牙合)、深覆盖或反(牙合)、对刃(牙合)、锁(牙合)等。第二、检查(牙合)磨耗程度是否均匀。第三、检查牙列是否完整(A对),有无牙松动或移位、牙缺失或牙倾斜等。"} {"Question":"牙面清洁后到新的牙菌斑成熟,可被菌斑显示剂着色大约的时间","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2小时"},{"key":"B","value":"9小时"},{"key":"C","value":"12小时"},{"key":"D","value":"2天"},{"key":"E","value":"12天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"早期菌斑增长较快,成熟时较慢,一般12小时的菌斑便可被菌斑显示剂着色,9天后便形成各种细菌的复杂生态群体,约10~30天的菌斑成熟达到高峰。掌握“牙周炎病因学”知识点。"} {"Question":"与慢性牙周炎关系最密切的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伴放线聚集杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"中间普氏菌"},{"key":"C","value":"螺旋体"},{"key":"D","value":"丝状菌"},{"key":"E","value":"牙龈卟啉单胞菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查各型牙周病有关的致病菌。与慢性牙周炎关系最密切的是牙龈卟啉单胞菌(E对)。局限性侵袭性牙周炎的主要致病菌为伴放线聚集杆菌(A错);妊娠期龈炎有关致病菌为中间普氏菌(B错);坏死性溃疡性龈炎的相关致病菌为齿垢密螺旋体(C错);与龋病和龈上牙石形成有关的细菌是丝状菌(D错);慢性牙周炎的主要致病菌为牙龈卟啉单胞菌。"} {"Question":"牙菌斑作为牙周病始动因素的依据,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"终止刷牙可引起实验性龈炎"},{"key":"B","value":"吸烟与牙周病有关"},{"key":"C","value":"洗必泰漱口液对牙龈炎治疗有效"},{"key":"D","value":"侵袭性牙周炎患者血清中的抗Aa抗体滴度增加"},{"key":"E","value":"根面平整对牙周炎治疗有效"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吸烟与牙周病有关,但不是牙菌斑作为牙周病始动因素的依据。掌握“牙周炎病因学”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙菌斑中“玉米棒”结构主要是由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拟杆菌与链球菌组成"},{"key":"B","value":"微球菌与链球菌组成"},{"key":"C","value":"梭状菌与拟杆菌组成"},{"key":"D","value":"丝状菌与球菌组成"},{"key":"E","value":"螺旋体与球菌组成"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周炎病因学。玉米棒结构,是成熟菌斑表面观察见到的,主要是由丝状菌与球菌组成(D对)。"} {"Question":"菌斑生物膜的独特结构有利于细菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被清除"},{"key":"B","value":"抵抗宿主防御功能"},{"key":"C","value":"与表面活性剂接触"},{"key":"D","value":"被抗生素杀灭"},{"key":"E","value":"接近抗体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牙菌斑生物膜的结构可给菌斑生物膜内不同细菌输送营养物质、清除代谢废物,使细菌发挥各自的致病作用,是不同细菌共同获益的途径。菌斑生物膜具较强的抵抗力,高黏度的基质具有屏障作用,可耐受干燥。抵抗宿主防御成分或药物渗入,使菌斑对抗菌药物的敏感性降低,还可抵抗流水冲刷。掌握“牙周炎病因学”知识点。"} {"Question":"菌斑内细菌间的相互关系","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"共生"},{"key":"B","value":"拮抗"},{"key":"C","value":"竞争"},{"key":"D","value":"共生、拮抗、竞争共存"},{"key":"E","value":"因人而异"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查菌斑内细菌间的相互关系。口腔微生物之间关系错综复杂,其中大多数为正常菌群,也有一些为某些情况下短暂发现的过路菌。寄居在口腔表面或牙周特殊部位的各种微生物,具有三种主要的相互关系:一是呈现相互有力的共生,如提供营养物质或能量来源;二是表现为负性关系的竞争如竞争营养物质和空间位置;另一种是某些微生物抑制或杀死另种微生物的拮抗。所以菌斑内细菌间的相互关系为共生、拮抗、竞争共存(D对ABC错)。由于菌斑的成分在不同人之间相似,所以菌斑内细菌间的相互关系在人与人之间大体相同,都存在共生、拮抗、竞争共存这四种关系,不存在因人而异(E错)的现象。"} {"Question":"龈沟内壁上皮为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非角化的复层鳞状上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"角化的复层鳞状上皮"},{"key":"C","value":"不全角化的复层上皮"},{"key":"D","value":"复层柱状上皮"},{"key":"E","value":"无钉突的复层上皮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙龈上皮-沟内上皮。按照形态和功能划分,牙龈上皮分为3个区:口腔上皮、沟内上皮和结合上皮。其中沟内上皮又称龈沟内壁上皮,为牙龈沟的衬里上皮。龈沟内壁上皮为非角化的复层鳞状上皮(A对),沟内上皮有上皮钉突(E错),但缺乏颗粒层和角化层,且常有许多细胞呈水样变性。不全角化或角化的复层鳞状上皮(B错)见于口腔上皮,位于游离龈的顶端到外表面以及附着龈的表面。不全角化的复层上皮(C错)、复层柱状上皮(D错)均不是牙龈上皮的上皮结构。"} {"Question":"膜龈联合指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"边缘龈和龈乳头之间的交界处"},{"key":"B","value":"边缘龈和附着龈之间的交界处"},{"key":"C","value":"附着龈和龈乳头之间的交界处"},{"key":"D","value":"附着龈和牙槽黏膜之间的交界处"},{"key":"E","value":"边缘龈和牙槽黏膜之间的交界处"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查膜龈联合。膜龈联合指的是附着龈和牙槽黏膜之间的交界处(D对)。附着龈的根方为牙槽黏膜,两者之间有明显的界限,称膜龈联合。膜龈联合的位置在人的一生中基本是恒定的。牙槽黏膜的上皮无角化,上皮薄,无钉突,其下方的结缔组织较为疏松,且血管丰富,因而牙槽黏膜颜色深红,移动度大。牵动唇颊,同时观察黏膜的移动度,即可确定膜龈联合的位置,从而测量附着龈的宽度。"} {"Question":"种植体周袋部位用氯己定冲洗的浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.12%~0.2%"},{"key":"B","value":"0.16%~0.2%"},{"key":"C","value":"0.2%~0.5%"},{"key":"D","value":"0.4%~0.8%"},{"key":"E","value":"0.8%~0.12%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"氯己定的应用:在探诊出血阳性,探诊深度4~5mm,有或无溢脓的种植体部位,除机械治疗外,还应使用氯己定治疗。每日用0.12%~0.2%氯己定含漱,种植体周袋部位用0.2%~0.5%氯己定龈下冲洗,或在感染部位局部应用0.2%氯己定凝胶。一般需3~4周的抗菌剂治疗,可获得治疗效果。掌握“种植体周围组织疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙周病全身治疗的常用药物不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲硝唑"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素"},{"key":"C","value":"羟氨苄青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"螺旋霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"多种维生素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙周病的全身治疗常用抗生素,因为主要致病因素是细菌,选用合适的抗生素,可杀灭侵入牙周袋组织内的微生物。掌握“慢性牙周炎的治疗原则、程序及方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,40岁,体健,吸烟:40支\/日。临床诊断为慢性牙周炎,经牙周系统治疗及局部药物治疗后效果不理想,口腔卫生状况尚可。应最先考虑影响其疗效的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"营养因素"},{"key":"B","value":"咬合关系"},{"key":"C","value":"吸烟"},{"key":"D","value":"使用的药物不当"},{"key":"E","value":"工作紧张"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查不良习惯对慢性牙周炎疗效的影响。患者男,40岁,体健(无营养不良),吸烟:40支\/日(大量吸烟)。临床诊断为慢性牙周炎,经牙周系统治疗及局部药物治疗后效果不理想,口腔卫生状况尚可。上述情况,应最先考虑影响其疗效的因素是吸烟(C对)。营养因素(A错)、咬合关系(B错)、使用的药物不当(D错)、工作紧张(E错),均未见患者有相关情况。"} {"Question":"男,34岁,主诉:近1~2年来自觉全口牙齿松动,咀嚼力量减弱。若此患者诊断为快速进展型牙周炎,造成此患者牙齿松动的最主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈炎症"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽骨的吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性(牙合)创伤"},{"key":"D","value":"继发性(牙合)创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周韧带炎症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查快速进展型牙周炎牙松动的主要原因。牙槽嵴的吸收使牙周支持组织减少,是牙松动最主要的原因。快速进展型牙周炎患者牙槽骨呈中重度吸收(B对),是导致牙齿松动最主要的原因。牙龈炎症(A错)没有牙槽骨的吸收,不会导致牙齿的松动。原发性(牙合)创伤(C错)是指异常的(牙合)力作用于健康的牙周组织导致的创伤,快速进展型牙周炎时,其牙周组织已经遭到了明显的破坏,故不会存在原发性(牙合)创伤。继发性(牙合)创伤(D错)是指(牙合)力作用于病变的牙周组织,超过了病变牙周组织所能耐受的程度,导致的(牙合)创伤,快速进展型牙周炎中牙周组织破坏严重,牙齿松动移位,会导致继发性(牙合)创伤,相应的继发性(牙合)创伤会加剧牙齿的松动移位,但是并不是造成牙齿松动的主要原因。牙周韧带炎症(E错)可以导致牙明显松动,这是由于牙周膜充血水肿及渗出所致,快速进展型牙周炎不一定存在牙周韧带的炎症,因此牙周韧带炎症不是快速进展型牙周炎牙松动的主要原因。"} {"Question":"男性,20岁,临床诊断为局限型侵袭性牙周炎,在牙周基础治疗的同时准备给予全身抗生素治疗,最佳选择是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲硝唑+阿莫西林"},{"key":"B","value":"米诺环素"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"非甾体类抗炎药"},{"key":"E","value":"链霉素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"局限型侵袭性牙周炎的主要致病菌有伴放线放线杆菌,为兼性厌氧菌,甲硝唑对其无抑制和杀菌作用,大量研究表明,四环素族药物对其有效,米诺环素是半合成的四环素族药物,抑菌谱广且抑菌活性强。但是由于我国80年代四环素滥用,导致菌群耐药,至今国内治疗局限性侵袭性牙周炎的主要用药是甲硝唑+阿莫西林。掌握“侵袭性牙周炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙槽间隔的骨嵴顶吸收","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水平型骨吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"垂直型骨吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"凹坑状吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"反波浪形骨吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"弧形骨吸收"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"凹坑状吸收:指牙槽间隔的骨嵴顶吸收,其中央部分破坏迅速,而颊舌侧骨质仍保留,形成弹坑状或火山口状缺损。它的形成可能因邻面的龈谷区是菌斑易堆积、组织防御力薄弱的部位,该处的牙槽骨易发生吸收。此外,相邻两牙间的食物嵌塞或不良修复体等也是凹坑状吸收的常见原因。掌握“慢性牙周炎的病因,表现诊断及预后”知识点。"} {"Question":"除了牙齿移位外,成人牙周炎晚期常出现的伴发症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食物嵌塞"},{"key":"B","value":"继发性创伤"},{"key":"C","value":"急性牙周脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"逆行性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查成人牙周炎晚期常出现的伴发症状。成人牙周炎在新分类法中归为慢性牙周炎。慢性牙周炎患者主要特征为牙周袋形成、牙龈炎症、牙周附着丧失、牙槽骨吸收,晚期患者因牙槽骨的吸收可伴发牙齿移位继而导致食物嵌塞(A对)、继发性咬合创伤(B对)。晚期患者因深牙周袋内炎症的长期存在可导致急性牙周脓肿(C对)、逆行性牙髓炎(D对)等症状 。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"关于牙周病牙槽骨破坏的形式包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水平型吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"反波浪形骨吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"垂直型吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"凹坑状吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙槽骨吸收的方式:①水平型吸收:是较常见的吸收方式。牙槽间隔、唇颊侧或舌侧的牙槽嵴顶呈水平吸收,而使牙槽嵴顶的高度降低,通常形成骨上袋,即牙周袋底在牙槽嵴顶的冠方。②垂直型吸收:也称角形吸收,指牙槽骨发生垂直方向或斜行的吸收,与牙根面之间形成一定角度的骨缺损,牙槽嵴顶的高度降低不多,而靠近牙根侧的骨吸收较多。③凹坑状吸收:指牙槽间隔的骨嵴顶吸收,其中央部分破坏迅速,而颊舌侧骨质仍保留,形成弹坑状或火山口状缺损。它的形成可能因邻面的龈谷区是菌斑易堆积、组织防御力薄弱的部位,该处的牙槽骨易发生吸收。此外,相邻两牙间的食物嵌塞或不良修复体等也是凹坑状吸收的常见原因。④其他形式的骨变化:由于各部位牙槽骨吸收不均匀,使原来整齐而呈薄刃状的骨缘成为参差不齐。正常情况下牙间的骨隔较高,而颊舌侧的骨嵴较低,呈波浪形。当牙间骨隔破坏而下凹,而颊舌面骨嵴未吸收时,使骨嵴呈现反波浪形的缺损。此外,由于外生骨疣或扶壁骨形成、适应性修复等而使唇、颊面的骨增生,使牙槽嵴呈“唇”形或骨架状增厚。这些虽是骨组织对破坏的代偿性修复的表现,但常造成不利于菌斑控制的形态改变。掌握“慢性牙周炎的病因,表现诊断及预后”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性,5岁。诉牙齿自动脱落、牙龈出血。口腔异味明显。检查:口内余留乳牙松动Ⅰ°~Ⅱ°,牙周袋深。X线片示:牙槽骨普遍吸收,牙根细而尖,患儿手掌和足底过度角化、皲裂等,初步诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青春前期牙周炎"},{"key":"B","value":"掌跖角化-牙周破坏综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"Down综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病引起的牙周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"顽固性牙周炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查掌跖角化-牙周破坏综合征的临床表现。患儿牙齿松动且自动脱落,牙龈出血,有深牙周袋,有明显的口腔异味,牙槽骨普遍吸收,牙根细而尖表明牙骨质发育不佳,手掌和足底过度角化、皲裂,患者的典型临床表现符合掌跖角化-牙周破坏综合征(B对)的病变特点。青春前期牙周炎(A错)是侵袭乳牙的不常见的牙周疾病,常在乳牙萌出后很短时期内发生,多见于4岁左右的儿童,普遍的急性增生性龈炎和牙槽骨快速破坏为其特点,可发生乳牙松动脱落,但无手掌和足底过度角化、皲裂的表现。Down综合征(C错)是一种由染色体异常所引起的先天性疾病,患者全口牙齿均有深牙周袋及炎症,下颌前牙较重,有时可伴坏死性龈炎。糖尿病引起的牙周炎(D错)牙周组织的炎症较重,龈缘红肿呈肉芽状增生,易出血和发生牙周脓肿,牙槽骨破坏迅速,导致深牙周袋和牙松动。顽固性牙周炎(E错)是指有些牙周炎患者对常规牙周治疗包括洁治、龈下刮治、牙周手术和抗生素治疗反应很差,或在经过彻底治疗后的短期内疾病继续加重而原因不明,无手掌和足底过度角化、皲裂的现象。"} {"Question":"牙周炎骨吸收在X线片上的表现为牙槽骨","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高度降低"},{"key":"B","value":"形态不变"},{"key":"C","value":"密度增加"},{"key":"D","value":"骨硬板增厚"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周膜变窄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙槽骨吸收的X线表现。牙周炎骨吸收在X线片上的表现为牙槽骨高度降低(A对)。患牙周炎时,由于牙槽骨的破坏,硬骨板常不完整或消失,硬骨板的表现在一定程度上可以反映出疾病的变化,在疾病治疗前或活动期,硬骨板往往消失(D错);待牙周治疗后,硬骨板则重新形成,且呈致密连续影;对于维护期的患者和牙位应该定期复查拍摄X线片,通过观察硬骨板的变化可以间接判断病情的恢复情况及稳定性。牙槽骨吸收的X线表现是:牙槽嵴顶硬骨板密度减低(C错),或呈虫蚀状(B错),高度降低。由于牙槽骨的破坏,牙周膜间隙也相应显示增宽或明显增宽(E错)。"} {"Question":"牙周探诊深度是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龈缘至膜龈联合的距离"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周袋底至牙槽骨嵴顶的距离"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周袋底至釉牙骨质界的距离"},{"key":"D","value":"游离龈沟底至膜龈联合的角化牙龈的距离"},{"key":"E","value":"龈缘至牙周袋底的距离"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙周探诊深度。牙周探诊深度是指龈缘至牙周袋底的距离(E对)。探诊深度:使用专用的牙周探针所测得的龈袋或牙周袋的深度,即龈缘至袋底或龈沟底的距离,是重要的牙周临床指标。"} {"Question":"牙周袋根据其形态以及袋底位置与相邻组织的关系分类中,牙槽骨水平吸收多形成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨上袋"},{"key":"B","value":"骨下袋"},{"key":"C","value":"单面袋"},{"key":"D","value":"复合袋"},{"key":"E","value":"复杂袋"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"牙周袋根据其形态以及袋底位置与相邻组织的关系,可分为骨上袋和骨下袋。牙槽骨水平吸收多形成骨上袋;牙槽骨垂直吸收多形成骨下袋。掌握“牙周疾病检查”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关牙周组织病的概念以下哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周组织病是牙龈,牙周膜,牙骨质,牙槽骨慢性炎症性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周炎一旦患病总是呈持续性破坏过程"},{"key":"C","value":"疾病的进展常呈活跃期和静止期交替出现"},{"key":"D","value":"不同个体对牙周致病因素的敏感度不同"},{"key":"E","value":"菌斑,牙石与牙周组织病关系十分密切"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙周组织病。牙周组织病是牙龈,牙周膜,牙骨质,牙槽骨慢性炎症性疾病(A对),这些疾病包括牙龈病和牙周炎。牙龈病是指只发生在牙龈组织的疾病,而牙周炎则是累及四种牙周支持组织的炎症性、破坏性疾病。牙周炎病变呈静止期和加重期交替出现(C对)(B错,为本题的正确答案)。静止期的特征是炎症反应轻,没有或很少有骨和结缔组织的附着,活动期骨和结缔组织附着丧失以及牙周袋加深。不同个体对牙周致病因素的敏感度不同(D对),口腔卫生差、有吸烟习惯、有糖尿病等人群易患牙周炎。菌斑,牙石与牙周组织病关系十分密切(E对),菌斑是牙周病的始动因子,牙石能促进菌斑的附着,二者能加重牙周组织疾病的进展。"} {"Question":"牙槽窝的游离缘","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽骨"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽窝"},{"key":"C","value":"牙槽嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"牙槽间隔"},{"key":"E","value":"牙根间隔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙槽嵴:牙槽窝的游离缘。掌握“上颌骨解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"2岁半至4岁期间的(牙合)特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙排列不紧密,前牙有间隙"},{"key":"B","value":"切缘及(牙合)面无显著磨耗"},{"key":"C","value":"上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面不平齐"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌第二乳磨牙在下颌第二乳磨牙之后"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查岁半至4岁期间的(牙合)特点。2岁半至4岁期间,乳牙列相邻牙排列紧密(A错),切缘及(牙合)面无显著磨耗(B对),上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面常彼此相齐,成一垂直平面,称齐末平面(C错)。4岁至6岁期间,随着颌骨的生长发育,牙齿之间开始出现间隙,排列逐渐不紧密,上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面不平齐,上颌第二乳磨牙在下颌第二乳磨牙之后(D错),牙的切缘及(牙合)面产生一定的磨耗。"} {"Question":"下列属于牙尖交错位的影响因素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙尖交错(牙合)异常"},{"key":"B","value":"颞下颌关节异常"},{"key":"C","value":"肌功能异常"},{"key":"D","value":"A+B"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙尖交错位的影响因素:①牙尖交错(牙合)异常;②肌功能异常;如一侧咬肌痉挛,可使下颌在牙尖交错位时出现偏斜,上下牙不能达到最广泛、最紧密的接触;③颞下颌关节异常;如髁突发育异常、髁突重度骨质吸收、下颌骨骨折移位等,都会造成咬合接触的异常,上下颌牙不能达到最广泛、最紧密的接触。上下牙的牙尖交错位是不稳定的,它会因(牙合)面磨耗,牙齿位置的改变以及牙齿的缺失等,产生适应性的改变。掌握“牙尖交错位、后退接触位与正中关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"在总义齿的咬合中,出于义齿固位和稳定的需要,通常需要将工作侧和非工作侧的咬合都设计成有咬合接触的类型,这种咬合接触关系称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最大侧向颌位"},{"key":"B","value":"侧(牙合)颌位"},{"key":"C","value":"非工作侧(牙合)干扰"},{"key":"D","value":"侧向平衡(牙合)"},{"key":"E","value":"最大前伸颌位"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在总义齿的咬合中,出于义齿固位和稳定的需要,通常需要将工作侧和非工作侧的咬合都设计成有咬合接触的类型,这种咬合接触关系称为侧向平衡(牙合),非工作侧称为平衡侧。掌握“下颌姿势位、三类颌位与前伸、侧方(牙合)颌位”知识点。"} {"Question":"各牙近远中向的倾斜度的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌中切牙较正"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌侧切牙稍向近中倾斜"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌尖牙的倾斜角度较下颌中切牙大"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌尖牙的倾斜角度较下颌侧切牙大"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙列。下颌中切牙较正(A对),侧切牙稍向近中倾斜(B对),尖牙比前两者都大(CD对),但倾斜度均较上颌前牙小。上下前磨牙与第一磨牙向近中倾斜的程度较小并依次减小,最后与中线接近平行。上下颌第二、第三磨牙向近中倾斜度依次加大。综上,以上均正确(E对,为本题正确答案)"} {"Question":"以下关于尖牙保护(牙合)的叙述中,不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根长且粗大,支持力强是尖牙的有利条件"},{"key":"B","value":"尖牙位居牙弓前部,在咀嚼时构成第Ⅲ类杠杆,能抵御较大的咀嚼力"},{"key":"C","value":"是以成组的牙齿行使功能"},{"key":"D","value":"以尖牙作支撑,对其他牙齿起到保护作用"},{"key":"E","value":"正中关系(牙合)与正中(牙合)协调"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查(牙合)分类及临床意义与面部结构。组牙功能(牙合)是以成组的牙齿行使功能(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"鼻翼耳屏线与眶耳平面的交角约","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5°"},{"key":"B","value":"10°"},{"key":"C","value":"15°"},{"key":"D","value":"30°"},{"key":"E","value":"45°"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查(牙合)分类及临床意义与面部结构。鼻翼耳屏线是指从一侧鼻翼中点到同侧耳屏中点的假想连线,该线与(牙合)平面平行,与眶耳平面的交角约15°(C对)。"} {"Question":"从一侧鼻翼中点到同侧耳屏中点的假想连线,该线与(牙合)平面平行,与眶耳平面的交角约15°的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼻翼耳屏线"},{"key":"B","value":"鼻根耳屏线"},{"key":"C","value":"眶耳平面"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌下缘"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不正确"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"鼻翼耳屏线是指从一侧鼻翼中点到同侧耳屏中点的假想连线,该线与(牙合)平面平行,与眶耳平面的交角约15°。掌握“(牙合)分类及临床意义与面部结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"正常情况下自然牙列对刃(牙合)的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当前牙切缘相对时,后牙无接触或轻接触"},{"key":"B","value":"前牙接触,后牙也接触"},{"key":"C","value":"前不接触,后牙接触"},{"key":"D","value":"前牙不接触,后牙不接触"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"自然牙列对刃(牙合)的特点是正常情况下,当前牙切缘相对时,后牙无接触或轻接触。但是有些个体由于牙列的生理性磨耗,可以由早期的对刃(牙合)后牙无接触,逐渐变为对刃(牙合)后牙有接触(无早接触),形成平衡(牙合)。掌握“牙尖交错(牙合)、前伸(牙合)及侧(牙合)”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙尖交错(牙合)时,下前牙咬在上前牙的唇侧,或下颌后牙的颊尖咬在上颌后牙的颊侧称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"反覆盖"},{"key":"B","value":"反(牙合)"},{"key":"C","value":"锁(牙合)"},{"key":"D","value":"反锁(牙合)"},{"key":"E","value":"对刃(牙合)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牙尖交错(牙合)时,下前牙咬在上前牙的唇侧,或下颌后牙的颊尖咬在上颌后牙的颊侧,称为反(牙合)。下颌牙反盖着上颌牙,则称为反覆盖。掌握“牙尖交错(牙合)、前伸(牙合)及侧(牙合)”知识点。"} {"Question":"正常人每日唾液总量为1000~1500ml,其中腮腺和下颌下腺的分泌量占","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5"},{"key":"B","value":"0.6"},{"key":"C","value":"0.7"},{"key":"D","value":"0.8"},{"key":"E","value":"0.9"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查唾液分泌。正常人每日唾液总量为1000~1500ml,其中腮腺和下颌下腺的分泌量占90%(E对)。正常成人每天的唾液分泌量为1000~1500mL,其中的绝大多数来自三对大唾液腺。在无任何刺激的情况下,唾液的基础分泌为每分钟0.5mL。下颌下腺静止时分泌量最大,占60%~65%;腮腺占22%~30%,但对于进食等刺激的反应大于下颌下腺;舌下腺约占2%~4%;小唾液腺约占7%~8%。"} {"Question":"以下有关面神经的叙述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是运动神经"},{"key":"B","value":"是感觉神经"},{"key":"C","value":"经圆孔出颅"},{"key":"D","value":"以茎乳孔为界,可分为三段"},{"key":"E","value":"支配表情肌的运动"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"面神经为混合性神经,含有三种纤维,即运动纤维、副交感纤维和味觉纤维。面神经穿内耳道入面神经管,经茎乳孔出颅。向前穿过腮腺,呈扇形分布于面部表情肌。以茎乳孔为界,可将面神经分为面神经管段和颅外段。掌握“面神经、舌咽神经、舌下神经的分支与分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"一男性患者,外伤致左侧髁突完全性骨折,此时的髁突向何方移位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"向前,向外"},{"key":"B","value":"向前,向内"},{"key":"C","value":"向后,向外"},{"key":"D","value":"向后,向内"},{"key":"E","value":"向前,向上"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"翼外肌呈水平位,起于蝶骨大翼的颞下面、颞下嵴及翼外板的外面,行向后外,止于髁突颈前方的关节翼肌窝。因此髁突完全骨折后,受翼外肌牵引,髁突向前内移位。掌握“咀嚼肌、颈部肌及口颌系统肌链”知识点。"} {"Question":"舌根部有许多卵圆形滤泡样突起,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌根滤泡"},{"key":"B","value":"舌根乳头"},{"key":"C","value":"舌根淋巴结"},{"key":"D","value":"舌扁桃体"},{"key":"E","value":"腭扁桃体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查舌背表面标志。舌根部有许多卵圆形滤泡样突起,称为舌扁桃体(D对)。舌根滤泡,可能为舌根部淋巴滤泡增生,系咽黏膜的慢性炎症,常为呼吸道慢性炎症的一部分(A错)。舌后1\/3因参与咽囊壁的构成,又称为舌的咽部即舌根。舌后1\/3黏膜无乳头(B错),有许多结节状淋巴结组织,呈卵圆形滤泡状突起,称为舌扁桃体,这些卵圆形滤泡样突起的舌扁桃体是淋巴结组织形成的。舌根淋巴结一般无此提法(C错)。腭扁桃体是淋巴组织与上皮紧密联结构成的淋巴上皮器官,位于腭舌弓与腭咽弓间的扁桃体窝内,即通常所说的扁桃体(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于舌淋巴引流特点,叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌的淋巴引流丰富,最终汇入颈深下淋巴结"},{"key":"B","value":"近舌尖起的淋巴管,注入颈深上淋巴结的部位愈高"},{"key":"C","value":"近舌根起的淋巴管,注入颈深上淋巴结的部位愈高"},{"key":"D","value":"近舌根起的淋巴管,注入颈深上淋巴结的部位愈低"},{"key":"E","value":"以上叙述均不正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"舌的淋巴极为丰富,主要起于粘膜下及肌层,淋巴管最终汇入颈深上淋巴结。舌的淋巴管与颈深上淋巴结的引流关系规律为:愈近舌尖而起的淋巴管,其注入的颈深上淋巴结所在的部位愈低;愈近舌根部而起的淋巴管,其注入的颈深上淋巴结所在部位愈高。掌握“腭、舌、舌下区的局部解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于唇周围肌上组的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"笑肌"},{"key":"B","value":"颏肌"},{"key":"C","value":"降口角肌"},{"key":"D","value":"降下唇肌"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"唇周围肌上组:主要有笑肌、颧大肌、颧小肌、提上唇肌、提上唇鼻翼肌、提口角肌。掌握“表情肌、舌腭肌”知识点。"} {"Question":"当下颌骨被固定时,颏舌骨肌牵引舌骨可","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"向前上"},{"key":"B","value":"向前下"},{"key":"C","value":"向前左"},{"key":"D","value":"向前右"},{"key":"E","value":"无变化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"颏舌骨肌:当下颌骨被固定时,颏舌骨肌牵引舌骨向前上;舌骨被固定时,可牵引下颌骨向下。掌握“咀嚼肌、颈部肌及口颌系统肌链”知识点。"} {"Question":"在翼外肌下缘有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"翼丛和上颌动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌神经及其分支"},{"key":"C","value":"颞深前后神经和咬肌神经穿出"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌动脉穿入和颊神经穿出"},{"key":"E","value":"舌神经和下牙槽神经穿出"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"翼外肌下缘有舌神经和下牙槽神经穿出。掌握“面侧深区及颌面部各间隙的境界”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于舌骨上肌群的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"斜角肌"},{"key":"B","value":"颈阔肌"},{"key":"C","value":"茎突舌骨肌"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状舌骨肌"},{"key":"E","value":"胸锁乳突肌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查舌骨上肌群的解剖特点。属于舌骨上肌群的是茎突舌骨肌(C对)。茎突舌骨肌位于二腹肌后腹的上方并与其平行,为细小的梭状肌。在二腹肌后腹的深侧,肌束起自颞骨茎突,肌纤维斜向前下方,移行于肌腱,止于舌骨大角与体的结合处。在接近止点处,二腹肌中间腱穿过该肌。"} {"Question":"有紧张腭帆,开大咽鼓管作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌腭肌"},{"key":"B","value":"咽腭肌"},{"key":"C","value":"悬雍垂肌"},{"key":"D","value":"腭帆张肌"},{"key":"E","value":"腭帆提肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腭帆张肌:作用为紧张腭帆,开大咽鼓管。掌握“腭、舌、舌下区的局部解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"有使下颌骨向前并降下颌骨作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬肌"},{"key":"B","value":"颞肌"},{"key":"C","value":"翼内肌"},{"key":"D","value":"翼外肌"},{"key":"E","value":"舌骨上肌群"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"翼外肌有上、下两头,上头起于蝶骨大翼的颞下面和颞下嵴;下头起于翼外板的外侧面,向后外方走行,止于髁突颈部的关节翼肌窝、关节囊和关节盘。功能:使下颌骨向前并降下颌骨。掌握“咀嚼肌、颈部肌及口颌系统肌链”知识点。"} {"Question":"有上提腭垂作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌腭肌"},{"key":"B","value":"咽腭肌"},{"key":"C","value":"悬雍垂肌"},{"key":"D","value":"腭帆张肌"},{"key":"E","value":"腭帆提肌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"软腭内有五对腭肌:腭帆张肌:作用为紧张腭帆,开大咽鼓管;腭帆提肌:使软腭上提,咽侧壁向内侧运动;舌腭肌:作用为下降腭帆;咽腭肌:上提咽喉;悬雍垂肌(腭垂肌):上提悬雍垂(腭垂)。掌握“腭、舌、舌下区的局部解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"腭肌形成软腭的主体,由几对肌肉组成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2对"},{"key":"B","value":"3对"},{"key":"C","value":"4对"},{"key":"D","value":"5对"},{"key":"E","value":"6对"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腭肌形成软腭的主体,由腭帆提肌、腭帆张肌、腭垂肌、腭舌肌和腭咽肌等5对肌肉组成。掌握“表情肌、舌腭肌”知识点。"} {"Question":"起于舌骨体和大角的连接处,有茎突舌骨韧带附着","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌骨体上下"},{"key":"B","value":"舌骨大角"},{"key":"C","value":"舌骨小角"},{"key":"D","value":"舌肌"},{"key":"E","value":"舌外肌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"舌骨小角起于舌骨体和大角的连接处,有茎突舌骨韧带附着。掌握“蝶骨、颞骨及舌骨的解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列属于表情肌范畴的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬肌"},{"key":"B","value":"颞肌"},{"key":"C","value":"翼内肌"},{"key":"D","value":"翼外肌"},{"key":"E","value":"口轮匝肌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"唇周围肌按部位分为上组、下组和口轮匝肌。属于表情肌范畴。掌握“表情肌、舌腭肌”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床上常为咽部手术以及寻找或结扎舌动脉的重要解剖标志的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌骨体上下"},{"key":"B","value":"舌骨大角"},{"key":"C","value":"舌骨小角"},{"key":"D","value":"舌肌"},{"key":"E","value":"舌外肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"临床上舌骨大角是咽部手术以及寻找或结扎舌动脉的重要解剖标志。掌握“蝶骨、颞骨及舌骨的解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"在翼外肌两头之间有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"翼丛和上颌动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌神经及其分支"},{"key":"C","value":"颞深前后神经和咬肌神经穿出"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌动脉穿入和颊神经穿出"},{"key":"E","value":"舌神经和下牙槽神经穿出"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"翼外肌两头之间有上颌动脉穿入和颊神经穿出。掌握“面侧深区及颌面部各间隙的境界”知识点。"} {"Question":"下述关于软腭的叙述中哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粘膜下层中所含粘液腺较少"},{"key":"B","value":"腭腱膜位于软腭前1\/3,构成软腭的支架"},{"key":"C","value":"腭肌位于软腭的后2\/3,肌肉细小"},{"key":"D","value":"腭腱膜近硬腭部分坚厚,向后则变薄弱"},{"key":"E","value":"腭裂者软腭肌肉的起始正常,但附着点异常"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"软腭黏膜下层:黏膜下层中含有较多的黏液腺。黏膜下层在腭垂、腭舌弓及腭咽弓处特别疏松。腭腱膜及腭肌:位于黏膜下层深面。腭腱膜位于软腭前1\/3,构成软腭的支架,镶嵌附丽于硬腭后缘,它主要由腭帆张肌的腱膜组成,其他腭肌也附丽其上。腭腱膜近硬腭部分非常坚厚,向后则变薄弱,软腭为之所衬托的部分呈水平状。腭肌位于软腭的后2\/3,前续腭腱膜,共5对,它们是腭帆张肌、腭帆提肌、腭舌肌、腭咽肌和腭垂肌。掌握“腭、舌、舌下区的局部解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"下述关于舌神经与下颌下腺导管的鉴别叙述中,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌神经下方连于下颌下神经节,通过该节,再以节后纤维与下颌下腺相连"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌下腺导管直接发自下颌下腺深部"},{"key":"C","value":"在舌骨舌肌表面,舌神经位于下颌下腺导管上方"},{"key":"D","value":"若将下颌舌骨肌向前拉开,可见舌神经自外上钩绕下颌下腺导管,经其下方转至其内侧和上方"},{"key":"E","value":"舌神经较下颌下腺导管细而略扁,且坚韧"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"舌神经与下颌下腺导管关系密,从解剖关系上可作以下鉴别:①联系:舌神经连于下颌下神经节,导管则直接发自下颌下腺;②位置:在舌骨舌肌表面,舌神经位于导管的上方;③形态:舌神经比下颌下腺导管粗而略扁,且坚韧。掌握“颈部分区、颈筋膜层次及下颌下三角解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"眶下间隙的内界是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼻侧缘"},{"key":"B","value":"眶下缘"},{"key":"C","value":"颧肌"},{"key":"D","value":"咬肌前缘"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌骨牙槽突"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"眶下间隙位于眼眶前部的下方。上界为眶下缘,下界为上颌骨牙槽突,内界为鼻侧缘,外以颧肌为界。掌握“面侧深区及颌面部各间隙的境界”知识点。"} {"Question":"根据面神经在颅外的行程及其与腮腺的关系,将其分为三段,第二段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面神经干从茎乳孔穿出到进入腮腺前的一段"},{"key":"B","value":"在腮腺内"},{"key":"C","value":"显露面神经主干可在此处进行"},{"key":"D","value":"为面神经五组分支从腮腺边缘走出"},{"key":"E","value":"呈放射状分布于面部表情肌的一段"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腮腺与面神经关系密切,根据面神经在颅外的行程及其与腮腺的关系,将其分为三段,第一段指面神经干从茎乳孔穿出到进入腮腺前的一段,显露面神经主干可在此处进行;第二段在腮腺内;第三段为面神经五组分支从腮腺边缘走出,呈放射状分布于面部表情肌的一段。掌握“腮腺咬肌区、腮腺与面神经解剖关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"两侧鼻前孔之间的隆嵴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼻面沟"},{"key":"B","value":"唇面沟"},{"key":"C","value":"颏唇沟"},{"key":"D","value":"鼻唇沟"},{"key":"E","value":"鼻小柱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鼻小柱为两侧鼻前孔之间的隆嵴。掌握“面部表面解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"根据面神经在颅外的行程及其与腮腺的关系,可显露面神经主干的参考标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳突前缘标志"},{"key":"B","value":"鼓乳裂标志"},{"key":"C","value":"外耳道软骨标志"},{"key":"D","value":"茎突标志"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"显露面神经主干的参考标志有乳突前缘标志、鼓乳裂标志、外耳道软骨标志、茎突标志、二腹肌后腹标志。掌握“腮腺咬肌区、腮腺与面神经解剖关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项结构不属于下颌下三角的内容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌下腺"},{"key":"B","value":"面动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"面静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下腺"},{"key":"E","value":"舌神经"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"下颌下三角的内容:下颌下腺、下颌下淋巴结、面静脉、面动脉、舌神经、下颌下腺导管、舌下神经。掌握“颈部分区、颈筋膜层次及下颌下三角解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"起于茎突可限制下颌过度前伸的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颞下颌韧带"},{"key":"B","value":"翼下颌韧带"},{"key":"C","value":"蝶下颌韧带"},{"key":"D","value":"茎突下颌韧带"},{"key":"E","value":"茎突舌骨韧带"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"茎突下颌韧带:又称后韧带,起于茎突,向前下止于下颌角和下颌支后缘,可限制下颌过度前伸。掌握“颞下颌关节的解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"腮腺导管的体表投影为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外耳孔至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1\/3段"},{"key":"B","value":"耳屏至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1\/3段"},{"key":"C","value":"耳垂至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1\/3段"},{"key":"D","value":"外耳孔至鼻翼连线的中1\/3段"},{"key":"E","value":"耳垂至鼻翼连线的中1\/3段"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腮腺导管的体表投影:为耳垂至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1\/3处。掌握“腮腺咬肌区、腮腺与面神经解剖关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"舌腹黏膜下层在舌腹三角区内有血管及神经走行,从外向内排列着","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌神经、舌深静脉、舌深动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"舌神经、舌深动脉、舌深静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"舌深静脉、舌神经、舌深动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"舌深静脉、舌深动脉、舌神经"},{"key":"E","value":"舌深动脉、舌神经、舌深静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"舌腹黏膜下层在舌腹三角区内有血管及神经走行,从外向内排列着舌深静脉、舌神经和舌深动脉,还有黏液腺。掌握“腭、舌、舌下区的局部解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"位于颞深筋膜与颞肌之间的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颞浅间隙"},{"key":"B","value":"颞深间隙"},{"key":"C","value":"颞下间隙"},{"key":"D","value":"翼颌间隙"},{"key":"E","value":"咬肌间隙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"颞浅间隙位于颞深筋膜与颞肌之间。掌握“面侧深区及颌面部各间隙的境界”知识点。"} {"Question":"翼下颌间隙的说法中,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该间隙的额切面呈一底朝上、尖向下的三角形"},{"key":"B","value":"位于咬肌与下颌支之间"},{"key":"C","value":"间隙内的蜂窝组织向上与颞下间隙及颞间隙通连"},{"key":"D","value":"向前通颊间隙"},{"key":"E","value":"向后与咽旁间隙连通"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"翼下颌间隙或称翼颌间隙,位于下颌支与翼内肌之间。前为颞肌及颊肌,借颊肌与口腔分隔,后为腮腺,上界翼外肌下缘,下以翼内肌附丽于下颌支处为界。该间隙的额切面呈一底朝上、尖向下的三角形。间隙内主要有舌神经、下牙槽神经及下牙槽动、静脉通过。间隙内的蜂窝组织向上与颞下间隙及颞间隙通连,向前通颊间隙,向下与舌下、下颌下间隙相通,向后与咽旁间隙连通,向外通咬肌间隙。翼颌间隙尚可经颅底神经血管束通入颅内。掌握“面侧深区及颌面部各间隙的境界”知识点。"} {"Question":"切割运动中生物力学杠杆作用的叙述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以前牙切咬的食物为重点"},{"key":"B","value":"前牙所承受的咀嚼力较小"},{"key":"C","value":"可形成第Ⅲ类杠杆"},{"key":"D","value":"前牙主要进行切割运动"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"切割运动中生物力学杠杆作用:在切割运动中,以前牙切咬的食物为重点,颞下颌关节为支点,升颌肌群以咬肌和颞肌为主要动力点,形成第Ⅲ类杠杆,阻力臂长于动力臂,机械效能较低,但前牙所承受的咀嚼力较小,有利于维护狭小的单根前牙和其牙周组织的健康。掌握“咀嚼过程、类型,咀嚼周期及生物力”知识点。"} {"Question":"从后退接触位到最大前伸位的距离是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10mm"},{"key":"B","value":"12mm"},{"key":"C","value":"8mm"},{"key":"D","value":"14mm"},{"key":"E","value":"13mm"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查从后退接触位到最大前伸位的距离。从后退接触位到最大前伸位的距离是10mm(A对)。后退接触位是从牙尖交错位开始,下颌向后少许移动至最后位;最大前伸位指下颌前伸至最大前伸位并保持咬合接触时的颌位,此时只有后牙接触,前牙不接触。"} {"Question":"下列属于影响下颌运动解剖性因素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理因素"},{"key":"B","value":"(牙合)"},{"key":"C","value":"神经肌肉因素"},{"key":"D","value":"精神紧张因素"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"下颌运动受以下四个因素的影响,即:①右侧颞下颌关节;②左侧颞下颌关节;③(牙合);④神经肌肉因素。其中,第①、②两个制约因素即双侧颞下颌关节是解剖性因素,相对固定,一般情况下不会改变,对下颌运动的范围和方式有重要制约作用;第③因素也属解剖性因素,可在一定范围内因自然的变化(如生理性磨耗和病理性磨损)与医源性改变(如充填、修复、正畸、(牙合)重建等)而发生变化;第④因素是一个因受牙周、关节囊及关节韧带等多种结构中感受器的反馈调节作用而灵活多变的因素。精神紧张因素是干扰选项。掌握“下颌运动的制约因素及记录方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"上颌尖牙牙冠唇面形态中正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"圆五边形"},{"key":"B","value":"唇轴嵴两侧各有一条发育沟"},{"key":"C","value":"近中缘长,近中斜缘短"},{"key":"D","value":"外形高点在颈1\/3与中1\/3交界处"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"上颌尖牙唇面似圆五边形,颈缘呈弧形,近中缘长,近中斜缘短,远中斜缘长,远中缘短。尖牙初萌出时,近、远中斜缘在牙尖顶端相交成的角约为90°。唇面中部由牙尖顶伸至颈1\/3的突起形成唇轴嵴。唇轴嵴两侧各有一条发育沟,唇面的外形高点在中1\/3与颈1\/3交界处的唇轴嵴上。掌握“上下颌前牙的外形及临床应用解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于下颌磨牙髓腔形态的叙述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"近远中径>颊舌径>髓室高度"},{"key":"B","value":"髓室底多见3~4个根管口"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌磨牙的髓室呈矮立方形"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌第三磨牙髓腔变异很大"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查下颌磨牙髓腔的形态特点。下颌第一磨牙与第二磨牙髓腔形态相似,髓室均呈矮立方形(C对),近远中径>颊舌径>髓室高度(A对),多为3~4个根管(B对),而第三磨牙外形变异较多,髓腔形态随外形而异,变化较大(D对)。综上所述,以上均正确(E对,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"上颌前磨牙的髓室形态中哪项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"近远中径大于唇舌径"},{"key":"B","value":"近远中径大于(牙合)龈径"},{"key":"C","value":"近远中径大于颊舌径"},{"key":"D","value":"(牙合)龈径大于唇舌径"},{"key":"E","value":"颊舌径大于近远中径"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查恒前牙、恒前磨牙的髓腔形态及应用解剖。上颌前磨牙的髓腔形态:髓室似立方形,颊舌径大于近远中径(E对AC错)。髓室位于牙冠颈部及根柱内,合龈距离<近远中径<颊舌径(BD错)。髓室顶中部凸向髓腔,最凸处约与颈缘平齐。髓室顶上有颊舌两个髓角。"} {"Question":"牙体外层被釉质覆盖的部分称为牙冠,也称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床牙冠"},{"key":"B","value":"解剖牙冠"},{"key":"C","value":"牙根"},{"key":"D","value":"牙颈"},{"key":"E","value":"釉牙骨质界"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牙体外层被釉质覆盖的部分成为牙冠,也称为解剖牙冠。掌握“牙的组成、分类、功能及牙位记录”知识点。"} {"Question":"某医生拔除患者上颌中切牙和侧切牙时,发现他在同样施用旋转的方式且施力的大小和速度基本一致的情况下,侧切牙的牙根尖三分之一折断在牙槽窝内,分析其原因最有可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"侧切牙的牙根比中切牙的牙根更易折断"},{"key":"B","value":"侧切牙牙根尖1\/3常有弯曲,施用旋转力拔除时较易折断"},{"key":"C","value":"拔除侧切牙时,旋转力施用不够"},{"key":"D","value":"与拔除中切牙和侧切牙的先后顺序有关"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据前牙牙根形态,上颌中切牙牙根圆直,拔除时可以用旋转力拔除,上颌侧切牙牙根可能有弯曲,牙拔除时应仔细。掌握“恒前牙、恒前磨牙的髓腔形态及应用解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"磨牙的继发性牙本质主要沉积在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"髓室顶"},{"key":"B","value":"髓室底"},{"key":"C","value":"髓室高度"},{"key":"D","value":"根管口"},{"key":"E","value":"髓角"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"髓室增龄变化的继发性牙本质沉积方式因牙位而不同,上颌前牙继发性牙本质主要沉积在髓室舌侧壁,其次为髓室顶。磨牙主要沉积在髓室底,其次为髓室顶和侧壁。掌握“髓腔各部分名称、增龄性变化及临床意义”知识点。"} {"Question":"(牙合)面两牙尖三角嵴斜形相连形成的嵴称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切嵴"},{"key":"B","value":"边缘嵴"},{"key":"C","value":"横嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"斜嵴"},{"key":"E","value":"牙尖嵴"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"斜嵴:(牙合)面两牙尖三角嵴斜形相连形成的嵴。掌握“牙的萌出、更替及牙体解剖名词、标志”知识点。"} {"Question":"切牙切端舌侧长条形的釉质隆起,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"边缘嵴"},{"key":"B","value":"切嵴"},{"key":"C","value":"牙尖嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"三角嵴"},{"key":"E","value":"斜嵴"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"切嵴:是切牙切端舌侧长条形的釉质隆起,具有切割功能。掌握“牙的萌出、更替及牙体解剖名词、标志”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于髓腔增龄变化的叙述中,不恰当的说法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙的髓腔髓角高,根尖孔也大"},{"key":"B","value":"青少年恒牙的髓腔比老年者大"},{"key":"C","value":"老年人的髓腔根管粗、根尖孔大"},{"key":"D","value":"青少年恒牙的髓腔髓室大、髓角高"},{"key":"E","value":"老年人的髓腔随着年龄的增长体积逐渐缩小"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"乳牙的髓腔从相对比例看比恒牙者大,髓角高,根尖孔也大些。青少年恒牙的髓腔比老年者大,表现为髓室大、髓角高、根管粗、根尖孔亦大。老年人随着年龄的增长,在髓腔内壁有继发性牙本质向心性沉积,使髓腔的体积逐渐缩小,髓角变低平,根管变细,根尖孔窄小,有的髓腔部分或全部钙化阻塞,给临床治疗带来困难。掌握“髓腔各部分名称、增龄性变化及临床意义”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于第一磨牙解剖特点的叙述,下列说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌第一磨牙向舌侧倾斜"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌第一磨牙是下牙弓中体积最大的牙齿"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌第一磨牙一般为近远中颊根与舌根"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌第一磨牙一般为近远中双根"},{"key":"E","value":"斜嵴是下颌第一磨牙的解剖特征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查第一磨牙的解剖特点。下颌第一磨牙是下牙弓中体积最大的牙齿(B对)。上颌第一磨牙颊面与舌面大小相近,牙冠较直(A错),近中舌尖三角嵴与远中颊尖三角嵴斜形相连形成斜嵴,是上颌第一磨牙的解剖特征(E错),牙根由三根组成,分别为近中颊根、远中颊根和舌根(D错)。下颌第一磨牙牙根为扁而厚的双根(C错),根干较短,近中根比远中根稍大。"} {"Question":"髓室增龄变化的继发性牙本质沉积方式因牙位而不同,磨牙继发性牙本质主要沉积","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"髓室舌侧壁"},{"key":"B","value":"髓室唇侧壁"},{"key":"C","value":"髓室顶和侧壁"},{"key":"D","value":"髓室底"},{"key":"E","value":"髓室顶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"磨牙主要沉积在髓室底,其次为髓室顶和侧壁。掌握“髓腔各部分名称、增龄性变化及临床意义”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙龈将会受食物直接撞击而受伤是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙冠轴面凸度过大"},{"key":"B","value":"牙冠轴面凸度过小"},{"key":"C","value":"牙冠(牙合)外展隙不明显"},{"key":"D","value":"牙冠(牙合)面副沟排溢道不明显"},{"key":"E","value":"牙冠(牙合)楔状隙不明显"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙冠轴面突度的生理意义。牙冠轴面凸度过小(B对)为牙龈将会受食物直接撞击而受伤的原因。咀嚼时,正常的牙冠突度可使排溢的食物经过牙龈表面时对牙龈起到生理性按摩作用,促进牙龈的血液循环,有利于牙龈组织的健康。若牙冠突度过小或无突度,牙龈将会受到食物的直接撞击而受伤;反之,若牙冠突度过大(A错),牙龈会失去食物对其的按摩作用,可能产生失用性萎缩。外展隙(C错)的生理意义是保护牙槽骨和牙冠邻面和保持牙面清洁,防止龋病及牙龈炎的发生,楔状隙又称外展隙(E错)。牙冠牙合面副沟排溢道不明显(D错)与食物撞击致牙龈受伤没有直接联系。"} {"Question":"以下关于乳前牙的临床应用解剖说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体积小,牙冠短小,乳白色"},{"key":"B","value":"颈嵴突出,冠根分明"},{"key":"C","value":"宽冠窄根是乳前牙的特点"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌乳中切牙的解剖标志是宽冠宽根"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌乳尖牙的牙尖偏向远中,与恒尖牙相同"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查乳恒牙鉴别及牙体形态的生理意义。与恒牙比较,乳牙具有下列特点:1.乳牙呈乳白色,体积较同名恒牙小,牙冠短而宽(A对)。2.乳牙颈部缩窄,颈嵴突出,牙根明显缩小,冠根分明(B对)。3. 宽冠窄根是乳前牙的特点(C对),但上颌乳中切牙为宽冠宽根(D对)。4.上颌乳尖牙的近中牙尖嵴长于远中牙尖嵴,是乳尖牙和恒尖牙中牙尖唯一偏远中者(E错,为本题正确答案)。5. 乳磨牙体积依次递增,下颌第二乳磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖和远中尖等大。乳磨牙(牙合)方聚合度大,(牙合)面缩窄, 尖、嵴、窝、沟不清晰。6. 除上颌乳中切牙牙根扁宽外,其余乳前牙牙根细长,根尖均偏唇侧。乳磨牙根干特短,分叉度特大,上颌乳磨牙为三根, 即近、远中颊根和舌根,下颌乳磨牙为二根,即近中根和远中根。"} {"Question":"哪个牙的根尖1\/3偏唇侧,并略偏远中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌乳尖牙"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌乳尖牙"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌乳中切牙"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌第二乳磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌第一乳磨牙"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上颌乳中切牙牙根为宽扁单根,唇面较舌面为宽,根长约为冠长的2倍。根尖1\/3偏唇侧,并略偏远中。宽冠宽根为该牙的重要解剖特征。掌握“上下颌前牙的外形及临床应用解剖”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于磨牙应用解剖的说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上下颌第一磨牙早期龋坏可以拔除,不用及时修复"},{"key":"B","value":"混合牙列期拔牙时应注意鉴别第一磨牙与第一乳磨牙形态,以免误认"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌磨牙断根在取出时容易将断根推入相邻颌面间隙中"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌第三磨牙断根拔除时容易将断根推入下颌管"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌第三磨牙是寻找腮腺导管口的标志,拔除时还要注意牙根数目、方向"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查磨牙的应用解剖。下颌第三磨牙断根拔除时容易将断根推入下颌管(D对)。下颌磨牙根尖与下颌神经管接近,断根拔除时易推入下颌管,不宜使用压力。上、下颌第一磨牙早期龋坏应及时修复,尽量保留,不可轻易拔除(A错),它们的位置关系在建立正常咬合过程中起重要作用。混合牙列期拔牙时应注意鉴别第一磨牙与第二乳磨牙(B错),两者形态相似,位置邻近,容易误认。上颌磨牙断根拔除时易进入上颌窦(C错),不应使用推力。上颌第三磨牙是寻找腭大孔的标志,上颌第二磨牙牙冠颊面正对的颊黏膜为腮腺管口的开口处(E错)。拔除上、下颌磨牙时,应注意牙根的数目、分叉度和方向。"} {"Question":"以下不符合乳牙的髓腔形态特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"髓室大"},{"key":"B","value":"髓壁薄"},{"key":"C","value":"髓角高"},{"key":"D","value":"根管粗"},{"key":"E","value":"根尖孔较小"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙髓腔的形态特点。根尖孔较小(E错,为本题正确答案)不符合乳牙的髓腔形态特点。髓腔较恒牙大,根尖孔亦较大。乳牙髓腔较恒牙者为大,表现为髓室大(A对)、髓壁薄(B对)、髓角高(C对)、根管粗(D对)、根管斜度较大,根尖孔亦大。"} {"Question":"远中舌沟可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌第一前磨牙"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌第二前磨牙"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌第一磨牙"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌第一前磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌第一磨牙"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查恒牙的解剖形态。远中舌沟可见于上颌第一磨牙(C对)。远中舌沟和斜嵴是上颌第一磨牙的解剖特征。上颌第一前磨牙(A错)是前磨牙中唯一的颊尖偏向远中者,且近中沟是其特有的解剖标志。下颌第一前磨牙(D错)可见横嵴和近中舌沟。下颌第一磨牙(E错)为恒牙中萌出最早的牙;是下颌牙弓中体积最大的牙;为(牙合)面尖、嵴、窝、沟、斜面最多的牙。"} {"Question":"上颌第一双尖牙形态中哪一点是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可见近中沟"},{"key":"B","value":"颊面五边形"},{"key":"C","value":"颊尖偏近中"},{"key":"D","value":"颊侧宽于舌侧"},{"key":"E","value":"(牙合)面六边形"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查上颌第一双尖牙的形态特点。颊尖偏近中(C错,为本题正确答案)不符合上颌第一双尖牙的形态特点。上颌第一双尖牙是前磨牙中唯一的颊尖偏向远中者。颊面与尖牙唇面相似为五边形(B对),但牙冠较短小。舌面较颊面小(D对),似卵圆形。牙合面外形为明显的六边形(E对),可见近中沟(A对)由近中点隙发出越过近中边缘嵴至近中面,是上颌第一双尖牙的特有解剖标志。"} {"Question":"贝尔麻痹与中枢性面神经麻痹的鉴别要点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患侧口角下垂,健侧向上歪斜"},{"key":"B","value":"患侧鼻唇沟消失"},{"key":"C","value":"患侧眼睑闭合不全"},{"key":"D","value":"患侧前额皱纹消失,不能蹙眉"},{"key":"E","value":"不能鼓腮,吹气功能障碍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查贝尔麻痹与中枢性面神经麻痹的鉴别要点。由于面神经核上部的细胞接受两侧皮质脑干束的纤维,其轴突组成面神经的运动纤维,支配同侧脸裂以上的表情肌;面神经核下部的细胞则只接受对侧皮质脑干束的纤维,其轴突组成面神经的运动纤维,支配同侧脸裂以下的表情肌。贝尔麻痹(周围性面神经麻痹)是核下瘫,即病损在面神经核以下,则患侧全部表情肌瘫痪包括患侧前额皱纹消失,不能蹙眉(D对)。中枢性面神经麻痹是核上瘫,即病损位于面神经核以上至大脑皮层之间,则患侧脸裂以下的表情肌瘫痪,但不影响闭眼、皱额。贝尔麻痹与中枢性面神经麻痹都可出现的表现为患侧口角下垂,健侧向上歪斜(A错);患侧鼻唇沟消失(B错);患侧眼睑闭合不全(C错);不能鼓腮,吹气功能障碍(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于腭大孔的叙述,哪项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"距硬腭后缘约0.5cm处"},{"key":"B","value":"有腭前神经和血管通过"},{"key":"C","value":"位于上颌第三磨牙腭侧牙槽嵴顶至腭正中缝连线的中点"},{"key":"D","value":"由上颌骨牙槽突与腭骨水平部共同构成"},{"key":"E","value":"是翼腭管的下口"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查上颌骨解剖特点。牙槽突(牙槽骨)两侧上颌牙槽突在中线相接,形成牙槽骨弓,上颌牙槽突与腭骨水平部共同构成腭大孔,有腭前神经通过,腭大孔的表面标志位于上颌第三磨牙腭侧牙龈缘至腭中缝连线的中外1\/3的交点上,距硬腭后缘约0.5cm处;或位于上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中线弓形连线的中点(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"以下关于眶下孔的叙述中哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眶下孔位于眶下缘中点下方约0.5cm处"},{"key":"B","value":"眶下孔内有眶下神经、血管通过"},{"key":"C","value":"眶下孔朝向前内下方,行眶下神经阻滞麻醉时进针方向应为前内下"},{"key":"D","value":"眶下孔向后外上方通入眶下管"},{"key":"E","value":"眶下孔的下方骨面上有尖牙窝"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"眶下孔位于眶下缘中点下方约0.5cm处,孔内有眶下神经、血管通过,是眶下神经阻滞麻醉的有效注射部位,眶下孔向后、上、外方通入眶下管,尖牙窝一般位于前磨牙根尖的上方。掌握“上颌骨解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"下牙槽神经口内法阻滞麻醉时,为使针尖避开下颌小舌的阻挡,触及骨面时针尖应在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌神经沟"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌小舌平面以上"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌小舌平面"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌孔"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查下牙槽神经口内注射法。下牙槽神经口内法阻滞麻醉时,为使针尖避开下颌小舌的阻挡,触及骨面时针尖应在下颌小舌上方(B对)1.0cm处。下颌孔位于下颌支内面中心的后上方,孔呈漏斗状,为下牙槽神经血管进入下颌管的入口;孔前内侧有一细小的尖形骨突,称下颌小舌,有蝶下颌韧带附着。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项肌肉的起始处在尖牙窝上","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颊肌"},{"key":"B","value":"提上唇肌"},{"key":"C","value":"提口角肌"},{"key":"D","value":"提上唇鼻翼肌"},{"key":"E","value":"腭帆提肌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上颌骨上颌体前外面有眶下孔、尖牙窝,眶下孔位于眶下缘中点下方约0.5cm处,孔内有眶下神经、血管通过,是眶下神经阻滞麻醉的有效注射部位,眶下孔向后、上、外方通入眶下管,尖牙窝一般位于前磨牙根尖的上方,为提口角肌起始处。掌握“上颌骨解剖特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"腭前神经出自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腭前孔"},{"key":"B","value":"腭大孔"},{"key":"C","value":"腭小孔"},{"key":"D","value":"蝶腭孔"},{"key":"E","value":"眶下孔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查腭前神经。腭前神经又名腭大神经,出自腭大孔(B对)向前行于上颌骨腭突的附近,分布于上颌后牙及尖牙的腭侧黏骨膜及牙龈,并在上颌尖牙的腭侧黏骨膜内与鼻腭神经吻合。腭前孔(切牙孔)有鼻腭神经穿出(A错)。腭小孔有腭中、后神经穿出(C错)。蝶腭孔有翼腭神经的鼻支通过(D错)。眶下孔有眶下神经通过(E错)。"} {"Question":"在不受性别、年龄的影响下,(牙合)力最大的牙是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第一磨牙"},{"key":"B","value":"第二磨牙"},{"key":"C","value":"第三磨牙"},{"key":"D","value":"中切牙"},{"key":"E","value":"尖牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"(牙合)力大小顺序为:第一磨牙>第二磨牙>第三磨牙>第二前磨牙>第一前磨牙>尖牙>中切牙>侧切牙,其中第一、第二磨牙差别有时不明显。上述(牙合)力次序不受性别、年龄的影响。掌握“咀嚼过程、类型,咀嚼周期及生物力”知识点。"} {"Question":"上下牙咬合时,牙周组织所承受实际咀嚼力量称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"(牙合)力"},{"key":"B","value":"咀嚼效率"},{"key":"C","value":"咀嚼肌力"},{"key":"D","value":"咀嚼周期"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周潜力"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查(牙合)力。上下牙咬合时,牙周组织所承受实际咀嚼力量称为(牙合)力(A对)。1.咀嚼的主要功能之一是粉碎食物,使其能被吞咽和消化。机体在一定时间内,对定量食物嚼细的程度,称为咀嚼效率(B错)。咀嚼效率是咀嚼作用的实际效果,也是衡量咀嚼能力大小的一个重要生理指标。2.参与咀嚼的肌肉所能发挥的最大力量为咀嚼肌力(C错),也称咀嚼力。3.咀嚼运动是复杂的综合性运动,但下颌运动有其一定的程序和重复性,此种程序和重复性称为咀嚼周期(D错)。4.牙周潜力(E错)是指在咀嚼各种食物时,并不需要很大的(牙合)力,而牙齿及牙周支持组织,尚有很大的潜力。"} {"Question":"对咀嚼系统最有利的生物杠杆是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ类"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ类"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ类"},{"key":"D","value":"A+B"},{"key":"E","value":"都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查咀嚼过程、类型,咀嚼周期及生物力。在切割运动中,以前牙切咬的食物为重点,颞下颌关节为支点,升颌肌群以咬肌、颞肌为主要动力点,形成第Ⅲ类杠杆(C对),阻力臂长与动力臂,机械效能低,但前牙所承受的咀嚼力较小,有利于维护狭小的单根前牙和其他牙周组织的健康。"} {"Question":"下列不能影响咀嚼效率的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缺牙的位置"},{"key":"B","value":"牙的功能接触面积"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周组织"},{"key":"D","value":"患者性别"},{"key":"E","value":"颞下颌关节疾病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"影响咀嚼效率的因素①缺牙的位置:前牙缺失对咀嚼效率的影响小于后牙缺失。当不对称分布时,(牙合)单位数小于6时,则出现咀嚼效率低。②牙的功能性接触面积:在咀嚼系统功能正常的情况下,上下颌牙齿的功能性接触面积可以代表牙齿分裂或咀嚼食物的潜在能力,接触面积越大,咀嚼效率越高。③牙周组织:任何疾病或原因使牙周组织受损,导致牙周组织耐受力下降,从而使咀嚼效率降低。④颞下颌关节疾病:由于影响咀嚼运动,导致咀嚼功能不能充分发挥,使咀嚼效率降低。⑤口腔内软组织缺损、炎症、外伤后遗症可影响咀嚼效率。⑥全身的健康状态:全身性疾病或老年体弱者,可引起肌肉的退行性改变,从而影响咀嚼效率。⑦其他因素:过度疲劳、精神紧张和不良咀嚼习惯等,也可影响咀嚼效率。掌握“咀嚼过程、类型,咀嚼周期及生物力”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是影响(牙合)力的因素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性别、年龄"},{"key":"B","value":"釉质钙化的程度"},{"key":"C","value":"咀嚼习惯"},{"key":"D","value":"(牙合)力线的方向"},{"key":"E","value":"张口距离"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"影响(牙合)力因素①性别:一般男性(牙合)力较女性大。②年龄:最大(牙合)力随年龄增加直到青春期。③咀嚼习惯:对(牙合)力有很大影响。咀嚼侧较非咀嚼侧的(牙合)力较大。吃韧性食物时,咀嚼明显发生在第一磨牙和第二前磨牙区。④(牙合)力线的方向:牙齿承受轴向(牙合)力较侧向(牙合)力为大。⑤张口的距离:颌间距离过大过小,皆可影响(牙合)力,使之下降。⑥其他:(牙合)力的大小与面部骨骼有关。掌握“咀嚼过程、类型,咀嚼周期及生物力”知识点。"} {"Question":"全口义齿印模和模型的制作中,以下不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在印模膏阴模的组织面和边缘均匀地刮除2mm左右"},{"key":"B","value":"灌注的模型厚度不超过10mm"},{"key":"C","value":"用铅笔画出两侧翼上颌切迹和腭小凹后2mm的连线"},{"key":"D","value":"用刀沿上述连线刻一深约1~1.5mm的沟"},{"key":"E","value":"沿上述的沟向前逐渐变浅刮除石膏,最宽处约5mm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿印模和模型的制作。全口义齿印模和模型的制作中,以下不正确的是灌注的模型厚度不超过10mm(B错,为本题的正确答案)。模型边缘厚度以3~5mm为宜,模型最薄处不能少于10mm。在印模膏阴模的组织面和边缘均匀地刮除2mm左右(A对);用铅笔画出两侧翼上颌切迹和腭小凹后2mm的连线(C对);用刀沿上述连线刻一深约1~1.5mm的沟(D对);沿上述的沟向前逐渐变浅刮除石膏,最宽处约5mm(E对)均是对全口义齿印模和模型制作的正确描述。"} {"Question":"平衡(牙合)是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正中(牙合)时有上下牙广泛均匀的接触"},{"key":"B","value":"前伸(牙合)时,前后牙均有接触"},{"key":"C","value":"侧方(牙合)时,工作侧和非工作侧均有接触"},{"key":"D","value":"非正中(牙合)时,前后和两侧牙均有接触"},{"key":"E","value":"正中(牙合)和非正中(牙合)时,上下颌相关牙都能同时接触"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查平衡(牙合)。全口义齿平衡(牙合)指在正中(牙合)(A错)及下颌作前伸(牙合)(B错)、侧方(牙合)(D错)等非正中(牙合)(D错)时,上下颌相关的牙都能有接触,以保证义齿在功能时的固位和稳定(E对)。"} {"Question":"上颌前牙的远中向倾斜角度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中切牙=侧切牙=尖牙"},{"key":"B","value":"中切牙>侧切牙>尖牙"},{"key":"C","value":"中切牙>尖牙>侧切牙"},{"key":"D","value":"侧切牙>尖牙>中切牙"},{"key":"E","value":"尖牙>侧切牙>中切牙"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查上颌前牙的远中向倾斜角度。上颌侧切牙颈部的舌向和远中向倾斜皆大于上颌中切牙,上颌尖牙倾斜度介于上颌中切牙和上颌侧切牙之间,即侧切牙>尖牙>中切牙(D对),全口义齿修复上颌前牙排牙时远中向的倾斜规律与自然牙列一致,不仅有利于前牙的美观自然,而且有利于排列成平衡(牙合),保护口腔组织的健康,增强义齿的稳定性。"} {"Question":"与大气压力作用无关的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基托与黏膜的接触面积"},{"key":"B","value":"基托与黏膜的密合度"},{"key":"C","value":"义齿边缘封闭效果"},{"key":"D","value":"基托磨光面磨光程度"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查与大气压力作用有关的因素。基托磨光面是指义齿与唇、颊和舌肌接触的部分,起不到固位的作用,一般基托磨光面应呈凹面,唇、颊、舌肌作用在基托上时能对义齿形成挟持力,使义齿更加稳定,如果磨光面呈凸形,唇、颊、舌肌运动时,将对义齿造成水平力,破坏义齿固位,所以基托磨光面的磨光程度(D错,为本题的正确答案)与大气压力作用无关。当基托与黏膜的密合度(B对)、义齿边缘封闭效果(C对)良好时,在大气压力作用下,两者间可形成功能性负压腔,使义齿获得固位。基托与黏膜的接触面积(A对)与密合程度有关系,故也与大气压力作用有关。"} {"Question":"义齿初戴时,需要选磨调(牙合)的原因,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"任何(牙合)架与患者实际情况均不完全符合"},{"key":"B","value":"义齿制作过程中操作有误"},{"key":"C","value":"人工牙牙尖形态不够标准"},{"key":"D","value":"制作时使用了简单(牙合)架"},{"key":"E","value":"取颌位关系时通常垂直距离预先定高一些"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查选磨调(牙合)的原因。无牙颌患者的牙槽嵴会有一定程度的吸收,为了恢复面下1\/3的合适距离,在取颌位关系时通常垂直距离预先定高一些(E错,为本题的正确答案),以补偿牙槽骨的吸收,也利于排牙,并不是为了选磨调(牙合)。当出现任何(牙合)架与患者实际情况均不完全符合(A对)或义齿制作过程中操作有误(B对)时,需要进行必要的选磨调(牙合),使义齿与患者符合。人工牙牙尖形态不够标准(C对),会影响咬合,使义齿不稳定,也需要进行必要的选磨调(牙合)。使用简单(牙合)架(D对)不能很准确的将颌位关系转移,会导致义齿咬合的偏差,也需要进行必要的选磨调(牙合)。"} {"Question":"65岁女性,全口多数牙缺失,仅余留左上78,且松动Ⅲ°,牙龈红肿,牙槽嵴高度适中,颌间距离正常。修复前应做的工作是拔除左上78。拟采用的修复方法是全口义齿修复。若按正确的方法修复,制取印模的方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上下颌均取功能性印模"},{"key":"B","value":"上下颌均取解剖式印模"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌取功能性印模,下颌取解剖式印模"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌取解剖式印模,下颌取功能性印模"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均可"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿印模的选择。全口义齿制作要制取功能性印模(A对)。功能性印模又称为选择性压力印模,是在软组织受到功能性压力变形状态下的印模,对印模范围内的不同区域采取不同的压力,适当减小缓冲区的压力。解剖式印模(BCD错)是在承托义齿的软硬组织处于非功能状态下取得的印模,为无压力印模,通常用流动性较好的印模材料制取,它可以准确地印记牙和牙槽嵴的解剖形态,据此所做的义齿对牙和所接触的其他组织皆不产生压力,对牙支持式和黏膜支持式义齿都可以采取这种印模。"} {"Question":"下列情况需要进行义齿重衬,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"义齿初戴时不贴合、固位不良时需要重衬"},{"key":"B","value":"全口义齿戴用一段时间后因牙槽嵴吸收导致固位不良"},{"key":"C","value":"义齿折断修理后导致不密合"},{"key":"D","value":"刃状牙槽嵴患者,全口义齿修复后广泛性压痛"},{"key":"E","value":"颌位关系错误"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查需要进行义齿重衬的情况。颌位关系错误(E错,为本题的正确答案)则制作的义齿不稳定,无法行使功能需要重做而不是重衬。义齿初戴时不贴合(A对)、戴用一段时间后牙槽嵴吸收(B对)、义齿折断修理后导致不密合(C对)都会使基托和组织面直接有间隙,不利于固位和稳定,都需要重衬,使其密合。对于刃状牙槽嵴患者,全口义齿修复后广泛性压痛(D对),应采用自凝软衬材料重衬,该材料柔软有弹性,可解除压痛。"} {"Question":"全口义齿的(牙合)平面平分颌间距的主要目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加强义齿的稳定和固位"},{"key":"B","value":"提高咀嚼效率"},{"key":"C","value":"增强义齿强度"},{"key":"D","value":"容易取得平衡(牙合)"},{"key":"E","value":"方便排牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿的(牙合)平面平分颌间距的目的。全口义齿的(牙合)平面平分颌间距,才能使义齿在各个方向受到的力相对平衡,避免以牙槽嵴顶为支点产生翘动,加强义齿的稳定和固位(A对)。提高咀嚼效率(B错)通过使用解剖式牙,达到最广泛的尖窝接触关系来实现;增强义齿强度(C错)通过增加义齿厚度,选用强度高的基托、人工牙材料和使用金属固位网来实现;前牙排成浅覆(牙合)、浅覆盖(D错)容易获得平衡(牙合),这些都与平分颌间距离无关。方便排牙(E错)与全口义齿的(牙合)平面平分颌间距有关,但不是其最主要的目的。"} {"Question":"根据Atwood牙槽嵴吸收程度分级,后部呈凹陷状牙槽嵴属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"零级"},{"key":"B","value":"一级"},{"key":"C","value":"二级"},{"key":"D","value":"三级"},{"key":"E","value":"四级"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查Atwood牙槽嵴吸收程度分级。根据Atwood牙槽嵴吸收程度分级,后部呈凹陷状牙槽嵴属于四级(E对)。Atwood根据无牙颌牙槽嵴的形态,将牙槽嵴吸收程度分为四级:(1)一级(B错):牙槽嵴吸收较少,有一定的高度和宽度,形态丰满者;(2)二级(C错):高度降低,尤其是宽度明显变窄,呈刀刃状的牙槽嵴;(3)三级(D错):高度明显降低,牙槽嵴大部分吸收而低平者;(4)四级:牙槽嵴吸收达基骨,牙槽嵴后部形成凹陷者。"} {"Question":"对全口义齿的固位和支持有利的黏膜情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厚、松软"},{"key":"B","value":"厚、韧"},{"key":"C","value":"薄"},{"key":"D","value":"薄、干燥"},{"key":"E","value":"B或D"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查口腔黏膜的性质与义齿固位。全口义齿黏膜厚度适宜,有一定的韧性(B对)有利于全口义齿的固位和支持,如黏膜过薄(C错)没有弹性,则基托组织面不易贴合,边缘封闭差,义齿固位也差,并容易产生压痛。黏膜厚但松软(A错)时,全口义齿的支持力差。黏膜干燥(D错),则减低义齿的固位。"} {"Question":"患者戴用全口义齿1周后,自诉义齿易松动。在询问病史时,要着重问的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"怎样松动"},{"key":"B","value":"松动程度如何"},{"key":"C","value":"何时义齿松动"},{"key":"D","value":"过去是否戴过义齿"},{"key":"E","value":"是否能吃饭"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查询问病史-固位不良。全口义齿易松动即固位不良。固位不良的原因是多方面的。一方面是由于患者口腔条件差,另一方面是由于义齿本身的问题造成。当患者出现义齿松动现象,询问病史时应着重问何时义齿松动(C对),以此来判断义齿的问题出现在哪里,加以解决。常见的现象及原因如下:1.当口腔处于休息状态时,义齿容易松动脱落。这是由于基托边缘伸展不够,边缘封闭作用不好造成。2.当口腔处于休息状态时,义齿固位尚好,但张口、说话、打哈欠时义齿易脱位,是由于基托边缘过长、过厚、系带区缓冲不够、人工牙排列位置不当等原因造成。3.固位尚好,但在咀嚼食物时,义齿容易脱位这是由于(牙合)不平衡,下颌磨牙后垫部位基托伸展过长等原因造成。"} {"Question":"以下关于无牙颌副承托区的描述中,哪一项不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副承托区指上下颌牙槽嵴的唇颊和舌腭侧(不包括硬区)"},{"key":"B","value":"副承托区和主承托区之间无明显界线"},{"key":"C","value":"副承托区支持力较差,不能承受较大的咀嚼压力"},{"key":"D","value":"此区骨面上有黏膜、黏膜下层,还有肌附着点"},{"key":"E","value":"此区黏膜与骨面贴合紧密,黏膜稳固不动,有利于义齿固位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查无牙颌的功能分区-副承托区。副承托区不能承受较大的咀嚼压力,但是可抵抗义齿所受的水平向压力,有利于义齿稳定;固位主要靠边缘封闭区,此区黏膜与骨面贴合紧密,黏膜稳固不动,有利于义齿固位(E错,为本题的正确答案)。副承托区指上下颌牙槽嵴的唇颊和舌腭侧(不包括硬区)(A对)。副承托区和主承托区是相互延续的,无明显界线(B对)。副承托区黏膜为附着黏膜向非附着黏膜过渡,上皮角化程度低,黏膜下层疏散,黏膜下可含有脂肪、腺体甚至有肌纤维附着点(D对),所以支持力较差,不能承受较大的咀嚼压力(C对)。"} {"Question":"全口义齿初戴时发现下牙弓明显后退其原因可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工牙排列不当"},{"key":"B","value":"病员下颌骨过于后退"},{"key":"C","value":"(牙合)架前后移动"},{"key":"D","value":"确定水平颌位关系时,下颌前伸"},{"key":"E","value":"垂直距离过低"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查下牙弓明显后退的原因。确定水平颌位关系时,若下颌前伸(D对),那么初戴义齿时,当下颌回到正中咬合位置时就会出现下颌义齿后退现象。人工牙排列不当(A错)一般不会导致下牙弓明显后退。患者下颌骨过于后退(B错)时,若义齿制作过程规范,咬合恢复良好,则不会引起下牙弓明显后退,一般也会处于正常范围甚至可以改善下颌骨后退的情况。(牙合)架前后移动(C错)是确定颌位关系过程中必要的操作步骤,不会导致下牙弓后退。垂直距离过低(E错)可致面下1\/3距离减小,咀嚼肌紧张度减低等,但也不会导致下牙弓后退。"} {"Question":"患者戴用全口义齿1周后,自诉义齿易松动。如果病人说明仅在吃饭时义齿易掉,应该重点检查什么","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"检查义齿的平衡(牙合)"},{"key":"B","value":"检查基托边缘伸展"},{"key":"C","value":"检查人工牙的排列"},{"key":"D","value":"检查后堤区怎样"},{"key":"E","value":"检查系带是否让开"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿固位不良的情况及原因。全口义齿易松动即固位不良。如果仅在吃饭时义齿易掉,说明义齿松动是由(牙合)不平衡造成的,当(牙合)不平衡时,牙尖有干扰,使义齿翘动,破坏了边缘封闭,导致义齿在吃饭时易掉。所以应该重点检查义齿的平衡(牙合)(A对)。检查基托边缘伸展(B错)应在当口腔处于休息状态时,义齿容易松动脱落的情况下进行。检查人工牙的排列(C错)、检查后堤区怎样(D错)、检查系带是否让开(E错)应在当口腔处于休息状态时,义齿固位尚好,但张口、说话、打哈欠时义齿易脱位的情况下进行。"} {"Question":"可指导排列人工后牙的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌结节"},{"key":"B","value":"磨牙后垫"},{"key":"C","value":"切牙乳突"},{"key":"D","value":"远中颊角区"},{"key":"E","value":"颊棚区"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查无牙颌的解剖标志。可指导排列人工后牙的是磨牙后垫(B对)。1.磨牙后垫位置稳定,是排列人工牙时确定后牙(牙合)平面和颊舌向位置的参考标志。2.上颌结节(A错):是上颌牙槽嵴两侧远端的圆形骨突,深层有颊肌附着,表面黏膜覆盖,其远中为翼上颌切迹。上颌结节与颊黏膜之间形成颊间隙。上颌义齿的颊侧翼缘应充满在此间隙内。颊侧骨突常形成明显倒凹,妨碍基托伸展者需手术去除过凸部分。上颌结节颊侧对应的颊黏膜下方有下颌骨喙突,确定此处全口义齿基托的厚度时,需要考虑上颌结节和喙突之间的距离,不能妨碍下颌的侧方运动。3.切牙乳突(C错):位于上颌腭中缝的前端,上颌中切牙腭侧的卵圆形的软组织突起。下方为切牙孔,有鼻腭神经和血管通过。切牙乳突与上颌中切牙之间有较稳定的位置关系,中切牙唇面位于切牙乳突中点前8~10mm,上颌两侧尖牙牙尖顶的连线通过切牙乳突中点。切牙乳突位置稳定,是全口义齿排列上颌前牙的重要参考标志。4.远中颊角区(D错):位于磨牙后垫与颊侧前庭沟的结合部,又称咬肌沟。远中颊角区黏膜下方是咬肌前缘。5.颊棚(E错):位于下颌后弓区,前缘是颊系带,后缘是磨牙后垫和远中颊角区,外界是颊侧前庭沟,内侧是后部牙槽嵴。此区域骨质致密。"} {"Question":"全口义齿就位困难的原因有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"倒凹过大"},{"key":"B","value":"垂直距离过高"},{"key":"C","value":"基托边缘过长"},{"key":"D","value":"组织面有小瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿就位困难的原因。基托局部倒凹过大(A对),则不能与牙槽嵴黏膜密合,就位困难。垂直距离过高(B错)即息止颌间隙过小,表现为面下1\/3距离增大、上下唇张开、肌肉张力增大、说话和进食时义齿容易脱位;基托边缘过长(C错)会产生压痛,影像周围软组织的活动导致固位不良;组织面有小瘤(D错)也会产生压痛,这些都不会影响就位。"} {"Question":"全口义齿的前牙要排列成浅覆(牙合),浅覆盖的原因是因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美观"},{"key":"B","value":"有利义齿稳定"},{"key":"C","value":"易于取得前伸(牙合)平衡"},{"key":"D","value":"为了排牙简单、方便"},{"key":"E","value":"可以减少前牙牙槽嵴的吸收"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿的前牙要排列成浅覆(牙合)、浅覆盖的原因。前牙要排列成浅覆(牙合)、浅覆盖,则正中(牙合)时前牙不接触,在前伸(牙合)及侧方(牙合)运动时下牙沿上牙斜面在一定范围内自由滑动,易于取得前伸(牙合)平衡(C对),从而保证义齿稳定,即取得前伸(牙合)平衡是义齿稳定(B错)的前提;美观(A错)主要通过使用解剖式牙、瓷牙并结合患者自身的特点实现;为了排牙简单、方便(D错)主要使用非解剖式牙排成线性(牙合)或舌向集中(牙合)实现;为了减少前牙牙槽嵴的吸收(E错)主要是通过合理的设计、准确的制作实现,这些都与排列成浅覆(牙合)、前覆盖无关。"} {"Question":"关于平衡十定律描述哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"髁导斜度增加,补偿曲线曲度也增加"},{"key":"B","value":"髁导斜度增加,定位平面斜度也增加"},{"key":"C","value":"髁导斜度增加,切导斜度也增加"},{"key":"D","value":"髁导斜度增加,牙尖斜度也增加"},{"key":"E","value":"补偿曲线曲度增加,切导斜度也增加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查平衡(牙合)的理论。髁导斜度和切导斜度间为反变关系,故髁导斜度增加,切导斜度应减小(C错,为本题正确答案)。髁导斜度或切导斜度与其余任何一因素都是正变关系,即髁导斜度增加,补偿曲线曲度也增加(A对),定位平面斜度也增加(B对),牙尖斜度也增加(D对);补偿曲线曲度增加,切导斜度也增加(E对)。"} {"Question":"可导致戴上颌义齿后恶心、唾液增多的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"义齿基托后缘欠密合"},{"key":"B","value":"颊侧系带处,基托缓冲不够"},{"key":"C","value":"磨光面形态不佳"},{"key":"D","value":"后牙排列偏颊侧"},{"key":"E","value":"义齿基托后缘过短"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查戴用义齿初期易出现的问题-恶心。可导致戴上颌义齿后恶心、唾液增多的是义齿基托后缘欠密合(A对)。上颌义齿后缘伸展过长,刺激软腭,或义齿基托后缘与黏膜不密合,其间的唾液刺激黏膜,均可导致戴上颌义齿后恶心、唾液增多。颊侧系带处基托缓冲不够(B错),及义齿磨光面形态不佳(C错),会造成义齿在休息状态时固位良好,张口说话、打哈欠时脱位。后牙排列偏颊侧,会造成咬颊、咬舌(D错)。义齿基托后缘过短可造成义齿在口腔休息状态时脱落(E错)。"} {"Question":"女性,82岁,牙列缺失,牙槽嵴狭窄,全口义齿修复后咀嚼效率低,其原因不可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"年龄过大"},{"key":"B","value":"义齿固位较差"},{"key":"C","value":"垂直距离过低"},{"key":"D","value":"咬合接触点少"},{"key":"E","value":"人工牙过小"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿戴入后问题及处理。全口义齿修复后咀嚼效率的高低与牙槽骨的丰满度、义齿固位力(B对)、义齿垂直距离的高低(C对)、咬合接触面积(D对)、人工牙的型号大小(E对)均有关,而与患者的年龄无直接相关联系(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"拔牙窝完全愈合是在拔牙后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1个月"},{"key":"B","value":"2个月"},{"key":"C","value":"3个月"},{"key":"D","value":"4个月"},{"key":"E","value":"6个月"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙槽嵴骨组织改建的程度在拔牙后前3个月内变化最大,6个月时拔牙窝完全愈合,骨吸收速度显著下降,拔牙后2年吸收速度趋缓,平均吸收速度约为每年0.5mm,缺牙时间越长,牙槽嵴吸收越多。掌握“牙列缺失后的病因及影响”知识点。"} {"Question":"当剩余牙槽嵴重度吸收时,常需要进行种植前","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨增量手术"},{"key":"B","value":"骨移植手术"},{"key":"C","value":"牙槽骨重建术"},{"key":"D","value":"骨尖磨除术"},{"key":"E","value":"骨突磨损术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"全口义齿在行使功能过程中可能出现脱位,在下颌尤其常见。无论下颌剩余牙槽嵴的情况如何,采用种植覆盖全口义齿修复都能够明显改善无牙颌患者的义齿满意度。当患者剩余牙槽嵴没有或只有少量吸收时,可以采用全口义齿,种植覆盖义齿等各种设计方案,当采用种植覆盖义齿设计时,上部结构的选择应考虑颌间距离的限制。当剩余牙槽嵴中度吸收时,各种设计也都是可行的,通常种植覆盖义齿的设计有利于用基托恢复软硬组织的缺损。当剩余牙槽嵴重度吸收时,常需要进行种植前骨增量手术,再进行种植义齿的修复,或选用小直径种植体或短种植体。掌握“种植覆盖全口义齿”知识点。"} {"Question":"种植覆盖全口义齿的固位方式不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠外附着体"},{"key":"B","value":"球帽"},{"key":"C","value":"磁性附着体"},{"key":"D","value":"杆卡"},{"key":"E","value":"套筒冠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查种植覆盖全口义齿的固位方式。种植覆盖全口义齿的固位方式不包括冠外附着体(A错,为本题正确答案)。冠外附着体为可摘局部义齿固位形式。1.种植覆盖全口义齿的固位方式有球帽状附着体(B对)、磁性固位附着体(C对)、杆卡式附着体(D对)、套筒冠附着体(E对)。2.可摘局部义齿按固位形式不同,可分为冠内固位体以及冠外固位体如卡环型固位体、套筒冠固位体、冠外附着体等。"} {"Question":"内聚力作用与哪个因素关系最密切","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基托面积"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽嵴形态"},{"key":"C","value":"基托与黏膜间的密合程度"},{"key":"D","value":"唾液质量"},{"key":"E","value":"黏膜厚度"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"吸附力的作用:吸附力是两种物体分子之间相互的吸引力,包括附着力和内聚力。内聚力是指同分子之间的内聚力。唾液本身分子之间产生内聚力(黏着力),而使全口义齿获得固位。掌握“全口义齿固位及稳定”知识点。"} {"Question":"某患者,戴用全口义齿20年,口腔有黏膜病变,在做新义齿前不需要","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"停戴旧义齿1周"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗黏膜病变"},{"key":"C","value":"检査旧义齿的问题"},{"key":"D","value":"外科牙槽嵴修整术"},{"key":"E","value":"使用组织调整剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿口腔检查及修复前准备。某患者,戴用全口义齿20年,口腔有黏膜病变,在做新义齿前不需要外科牙槽嵴修整术(D错,为本题正确答案)。患者口腔有黏膜病变,要对症治疗。"} {"Question":"一戴用全口义齿患者在做侧方咬合时,平衡侧基托翘动、脱落,其可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正中颌不平衡"},{"key":"B","value":"侧方颌不平衡"},{"key":"C","value":"前伸颌不平衡"},{"key":"D","value":"垂直距离过高"},{"key":"E","value":"义齿固位差"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"全口义齿要求取得平衡(牙合),侧方运动时要求上下颌相关的牙都能同时接触,而平衡侧出现基托翘动,脱落,最可能的原因是侧方颌不平衡。掌握“全口义齿初戴”知识点。"} {"Question":"戴全口义齿出现咬舌现象,需磨改","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上后牙舌尖舌斜面和下后牙舌尖颊斜面"},{"key":"B","value":"上后牙舌尖颊斜面和下后牙舌尖颊斜面"},{"key":"C","value":"上后牙颊尖颊斜面和下后牙颊尖颊斜面"},{"key":"D","value":"上后牙颊尖舌斜面和下后牙颊尖颊斜面"},{"key":"E","value":"上后牙颊尖舌斜面和下后牙舌尖颊斜面"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"咬颊、咬舌:由于后牙缺失时间过久,两颊部向内凹陷,或舌体变大而造成咬颊或咬舌现象,经过戴用一段时间后,常可自行改善。必要时可加厚颊侧基托,将颊部组织推向外侧。如果由于后牙排列覆盖过小,出现咬颊或咬舌时,可磨改上颌后牙颊尖舌侧斜面和下后牙颊尖的颊侧斜面,加大覆盖,解决咬颊现象。咬舌,可磨改上颌后牙舌尖舌侧斜面和下后牙舌尖颊侧斜面。掌握“全口义齿戴入后问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"承担最大咀嚼压力区的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主承托区"},{"key":"B","value":"副承托区"},{"key":"C","value":"缓冲区"},{"key":"D","value":"边缘封闭区"},{"key":"E","value":"后堤区"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"主承托区:包括上下颌牙槽嵴顶的区域,以及除上颌硬区之外的硬腭水平部分。该区域表面通常为附着黏膜,有高度角化的复层鳞状上皮,黏膜下层致密,有一定的弹性,移动度小,能够抵抗义齿基托的压力,是承担义齿咀嚼压力的主要区域。掌握“无牙颌的解剖标志及功能分区”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,女,75岁,戴用全口义齿一月,复查时自述戴牙后一直感觉咀嚼无力,口角下垂,检查发现(牙合)关系正常,息止间隙偏大。原因可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"年龄大不适应"},{"key":"B","value":"人工牙为塑料牙"},{"key":"C","value":"垂直距离过低"},{"key":"D","value":"关节功能紊乱"},{"key":"E","value":"(牙合)关系有误"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿颌位关系及上(牙合)架。垂直距离恢复得过小(C对)表现为面部下1\/3的距离减小,唇红部显窄,口角下垂,鼻唇沟变深,颏部前突。全口义齿戴入口中,看上去患者像没戴义齿似的,息止间隙偏大,咀嚼时用力较大,而咀嚼效能较低。"} {"Question":"使全口义齿获得良好的固位,与下列哪些因素关系重大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"印模是否准确"},{"key":"B","value":"水平颌位记录是否准确"},{"key":"C","value":"垂直距离是否正常"},{"key":"D","value":"排牙位置是否准确"},{"key":"E","value":"基托边缘伸展是否合适"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"准确的印模,要反映口腔解剖形态和周围组织生理功能活动范围,以便使基托与口腔黏膜高度密合,有边缘封闭,从而取得全口义齿良好的固位。水平颌位记录准确能使患者觉得颞下颌关节不紧张、舒适、咀嚼肌力大,咀嚼效能高。排牙要达到的目的是:恢复患者有个体特征的尽可能自然的外观,保存剩余组织结构,达到咀嚼和发音的功能要求。掌握“全口义齿固位及稳定”知识点。"} {"Question":"人工后牙的牙尖斜度过大会导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咀嚼效率降低"},{"key":"B","value":"(牙合)力过大"},{"key":"C","value":"(牙合)力过小"},{"key":"D","value":"侧向力过大"},{"key":"E","value":"早接触"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人工后牙的牙尖斜度过大会导致侧向力过大。无尖牙(牙合)面无高起的牙尖,仅有外展隙,食物溢出沟等。无尖牙可减小侧向力,使(牙合)力主要以垂直方向向牙槽嵴传导。可减少由侧向力造成的义齿不稳定,但咀嚼效能不如解剖式牙。根据牙槽嵴宽窄和高低来选择后牙的牙尖高低和颊舌径宽窄。牙槽嵴窄且低平者,选择半解剖式牙或非解剖式牙,并要减小颊舌径。牙槽嵴高而宽者,可选择解剖式牙尖的后牙。掌握“全口义齿排牙及蜡型试戴”知识点。"} {"Question":"种植体周围龈沟的深度应小于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5mm"},{"key":"B","value":"3mm"},{"key":"C","value":"4mm"},{"key":"D","value":"2mm"},{"key":"E","value":"1mm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查种植义齿修复原则。种植体周围龈沟的深度应小于3mm(B对)。"} {"Question":"与全口义齿稳定无关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"良好的咬合关系"},{"key":"B","value":"适当的基托伸展"},{"key":"C","value":"理想的磨光面形态"},{"key":"D","value":"合理的人工牙排列"},{"key":"E","value":"具有平衡(牙合)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"影响稳定的因素有如下几点:①颌骨的解剖形态;②上下颌弓的位置关系;③承托区黏膜的厚度;④人工牙的排列位置与咬合关系;⑤颌位关系;⑥义齿基托磨光面的形态。而适当的基托伸展有利于义齿的固位,与稳定无关。掌握“全口义齿固位及稳定”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于后堤区的描述,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"后缘位于后颤动线之前"},{"key":"B","value":"前缘位于前颤动线"},{"key":"C","value":"后堤区平均宽8mm"},{"key":"D","value":"黏膜弹性较差"},{"key":"E","value":"后堤区有利于边缘封闭"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"后堤区:此区宽2~12mm,平均8.2mm。有一定的弹性,上颌全口义齿组织面与此区相应的部位可形成后堤,能起到边缘封闭作用。掌握“无牙颌的解剖标志及功能分区”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,80岁,上下无牙颌,下颌牙槽嵴低平。全口义齿修复时基托利用其颊棚区作为主承托区是因为此处","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正好位于人工牙下方"},{"key":"B","value":"骨质致密,骨面与咬合力平行"},{"key":"C","value":"骨质致密,骨面与咬合力垂直"},{"key":"D","value":"可形成良好边缘封闭"},{"key":"E","value":"黏膜厚韧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"颊棚区:颊棚区位于下颌后弓区,由近中的颊系带、远中的磨牙后垫和远中颊角区、外侧的下颌骨外斜嵴和内侧的牙槽嵴所围成的区域。随着牙槽嵴的吸收,牙槽嵴高度降低,颊棚区变得平坦、宽阔,由于其表面骨皮质厚、致密,且与咬合力方向垂直,因此能够承受较大的咀嚼压力。掌握“无牙颌的解剖标志及功能分区”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女,58岁,牙列缺失,要求修复。帮助患者的下颌自然回到正中关系位时,下列哪种方法不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哥特式弓描记法"},{"key":"B","value":"面部外形观察法"},{"key":"C","value":"卷舌后舔法"},{"key":"D","value":"后牙咬合法"},{"key":"E","value":"肌监控仪法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查无牙颌的印模与模型。面部外形观察法(B错,为本题正确答案)可在确定垂直距离的时候作为参考。"} {"Question":"患者,男,58岁,戴用全口义齿一月,固位良好,主诉讲话吐字不清,有时还有哨音,检查咬合关系正常,义齿磨光面光滑,可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"义齿咬合不平衡"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌基托后缘伸展过长"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌前部基托过于光滑"},{"key":"D","value":"前牙覆(牙合)过大"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都有可能"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查全口义齿戴用后可能出现的问题及原因。患者,男,58岁,戴用全口义齿一月,固位良好,主诉讲话吐字不清,有时还有哨音,检查咬合关系正常,义齿磨光面光滑,患者出现发音障碍和哨音可能的原因是上颌前部基托过于光滑(C对)。哨音产生的原因:1.基托前部腭面、前牙舌面过于光滑;2.后部牙弓狭窄,舌活动受阻,舌背、腭面间形成很小的空气排溢通道;3.下前牙排列过于舌倾(D错)。义齿咬合不平衡(A错)会导致黏膜疼痛溃疡、义齿松动等问题。上颌基托后缘伸展过长(B错)容易妨碍周围组织和系带的功能活动,导致局部红肿、溃疡和疼痛。"} {"Question":"全口义齿取模前上颌托盘需盖过两侧翼上颌切迹,后缘应超过颤动线","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2mm"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3mm"},{"key":"C","value":"3~4mm"},{"key":"D","value":"4~5mm"},{"key":"E","value":"5mm以上"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查对上颌无牙颌印模范围和上颌全口义齿基托后缘位置的要求。上颌总义齿后缘的正确位置应在翼上颌切迹与腭小凹后2mm的连线上,即后颤动线处。因此,上颌无牙颌成品托盘的后缘应超过腭小凹和颤动线位置,印模范围应取至腭小凹后3~4mm(C对),以保证在准确的石膏模型上确定义齿基托后缘和制作后堤区。"} {"Question":"固定义齿中修复缺牙的部分称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠内固位体"},{"key":"B","value":"冠外固位体"},{"key":"C","value":"固定连接体"},{"key":"D","value":"活动连接体"},{"key":"E","value":"桥体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查固定局部义齿的组成。固定义齿中修复缺牙的部分称为桥体(E对)。固定局部义齿(固定桥)由固位体、桥体和连接体三部分组成。1.固位体是固定桥粘固或粘接于基牙上的构造,固定桥靠固位体与基牙连结在一起并将(牙合)力通过固位体传给基牙,应有良好的固位力与抗力。固位体一般分为三种类型,即冠外固位体(B错)、冠内固位体(A错)与根内周位体。2.桥体是固定桥的人工牙部分,制作固定桥的目的便是作出桥体,以恢复缺失牙的形态与功能。3.连接体是连接桥体与固位体的部分,因连接方式不同而分为固定连接体(C错)和活动连接体(D错)。"} {"Question":"固定-可摘联合桥","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以自行摘戴的固定桥"},{"key":"B","value":"被称为完全固定桥"},{"key":"C","value":"固位力主要来自粘接材料的粘结力的固定桥"},{"key":"D","value":"一端的固定体为固定连接,另一端的固位体为活动连接的固定桥"},{"key":"E","value":"以各种骨内种植体作为固定桥的支持和固位端制成的固定桥"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"固定-可摘联合桥:其支持形式与双端固定桥相同,义齿承受(牙合)力由基牙承担,但不同之处是该型固定桥可自行摘戴。义齿固位依靠固位体的内外冠之间产生的摩擦力或者磁性固位体的吸力等产生固位。掌握“固定桥的组成和分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"基牙情况较好时,固定义齿桥体颊舌径宽度一般为天然牙的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/3"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/2"},{"key":"C","value":"1\/4"},{"key":"D","value":"2\/3"},{"key":"E","value":"3\/4"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查局部固定义齿桥体设计。咬合面的大小与咀嚼效能有关,也与基牙承担的牙合力大小有关。为了减小牙合力,减轻基牙的负担,保持基牙健康,要求桥体的牙合面面积小于原缺失牙的牙合面面积,可通过适当缩小桥体牙合面的颊舌径宽度和扩大舌侧外展隙来达到此目的。桥体牙合面颊舌径宽度一般为缺失牙的2\/3(D对);基牙条件差时,可减至缺失牙宽度的1\/2。"} {"Question":"粘接固定桥的固位主要是依靠","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"摩擦力"},{"key":"B","value":"轴沟"},{"key":"C","value":"金属翼板环抱作用"},{"key":"D","value":"粘接材料的粘结力"},{"key":"E","value":"粘结和卡环"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查固定桥的设计。粘接固定桥:是利用酸蚀、粘结技术将固定桥直接粘固于基牙上,修复牙列缺损,其固位主要依靠粘结材料的粘结力(D对),而牙体制备的固位形为辅助固位作用。"} {"Question":"固定桥黏固后患者感到胀痛不适的原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬合过度"},{"key":"B","value":"基牙受扭力,接触点过紧"},{"key":"C","value":"桥体龈端接触点过紧"},{"key":"D","value":"黏固剂过厚"},{"key":"E","value":"基牙负担加重"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"如果没有共同就位道,强行戴入会使基牙受到扭力导致疼痛,接触点过紧会导致邻牙疼痛。选项AE和题干中的“胀痛,不适”不符。选项C桥体龈端接触点过紧主要直接压迫和刺激牙龈,形成创伤性炎症,导致黏膜的疼痛。选项D在临床上修复体和牙体之间有一定的空隙,多余的黏结剂就会从空隙被挤压出来,所以被排除。掌握“固定桥修复后出现的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"下颌后牙牙槽狭窄常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鞍式桥体"},{"key":"B","value":"改良盖嵴式桥体"},{"key":"C","value":"盖嵴式桥体"},{"key":"D","value":"船底式桥体"},{"key":"E","value":"悬空式桥体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查固定桥桥体的种类及适应证。下颌后牙牙槽狭窄常用船底式桥体(D对)。船底式桥体:桥体的龈端与牙槽嵴的接触面呈船底形。特点是容易清洁,但船底式桥体颊侧和舌侧的三角形空隙容易滞留食物。鞍式桥体(A错):龈面呈马鞍状骑跨在牙槽嵴顶上,与黏膜接触范围较大,多用于下颌后牙缺牙区牙槽嵴顶狭窄时。改良盖嵴式桥体(B错):又称为牙槽嵴顶型桥体或者改良偏侧型桥体,将唇(颊)侧的接触区扩大至牙槽嵴顶,即前牙的舌隆突或后牙的舌、腭面延长与牙槽嵴顶接触。其特点是可以防止食物进入龈端,自洁作用好,患者感觉舒适,上、下颌固定桥都可以使用该设计。盖嵴式桥体(C错):又称偏侧型桥体,其龈端与唇颊黏膜的一小部分呈线性接触,舌侧呈三角形开放。其特点是接触面积小,食物虽会在舌侧间隙停滞,但设计良好仍可使其自洁作用好。悬空式桥体(E错):此种桥体的龈面与牙槽嵴顶的黏膜不接触,且留出至少3mm以上的间隙,便于食物通过而不聚集,理论上自洁作用良好,又称为卫生桥。尽管如此,其龈面仍可有牙垢和菌斑附着,自洁作用并不理想。此外,它与天然牙的形态差异大,美观性差,舌感不舒服,主要用于失牙区牙槽嵴缺损较大的后牙缺失修复。"} {"Question":"适合选用单端固定桥修复设计的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一侧基牙倾斜度大,松动"},{"key":"B","value":"两端基牙条件良好"},{"key":"C","value":"缺隙小,承受(牙合)力小,基牙条件好"},{"key":"D","value":"固位力主要来源于酸蚀与粘结技术"},{"key":"E","value":"缺隙两端基牙所承受的应力不均匀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查单端固定桥。适合选用单端固定桥修复设计的是缺隙小,承受(牙合)力小,基牙条件好(C对)。单端固定桥可用于缺隙小,承受(牙合)力小,基牙条件好的情况。半固定桥修复的特征是一侧基牙倾斜度大,无法获得共同就位道,但松动牙齿不宜作为基牙(A错)。双端固定桥修复的特点是两端基牙条件良好,可承受咬合压力(B错)。粘接桥的固位力主要来源于酸蚀与粘接技术(D错)。半固定桥两端基牙所承受的应力不均匀(E错),当桥体正中受到垂直向(牙合)力时,固定连接端的基牙所受的力大于活动连接端基牙。因为(牙合)力通过活动连接体的传导,使应力得以分散和缓冲,而固定连接端基牙则承担较大(牙合)力,容易使固定连接端基牙受到创伤。"} {"Question":"上前牙牙槽嵴吸收多常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鞍式桥体"},{"key":"B","value":"改良盖嵴式桥体"},{"key":"C","value":"盖嵴式桥体"},{"key":"D","value":"船底式桥体"},{"key":"E","value":"悬空式桥体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查固定桥桥体的种类及适应证。上前牙牙槽嵴吸收多常用盖嵴式桥体(C对)。盖嵴式桥体:又称偏侧型桥体,其龈端与唇颊黏膜的一小部分呈线性接触,舌侧呈三角形开放。其特点是接触面积小,食物虽会在舌侧间隙停滞,但设计良好仍可使其自洁作用好。鞍式桥体(A错):龈面呈马鞍状骑跨在牙槽嵴顶上,与黏膜接触范围较大,多用于下颌后牙缺牙区牙槽嵴顶狭窄时。改良盖嵴式桥体(B错):又称为牙槽嵴顶型桥体或者改良偏侧型桥体,将唇(颊)侧的接触区扩大至牙槽嵴顶(加大牙槽嵴负担),即前牙的舌隆突或后牙的舌、腭面延长与牙槽嵴顶接触。其特点是可以防止食物进入龈端,自洁作用好,患者感觉舒适,上、下颌固定桥都可以使用该设计。船底式桥体(D错):桥体的龈端与牙槽嵴的接触面呈船底形。特点是容易清洁,但船底式桥体颊侧和舌侧的三角形空隙容易滞留食物,用于下颌牙槽嵴狭窄的病例。悬空式桥体(E错):此种桥体的龈面与牙槽嵴顶的黏膜不接触,且留出至少3mm以上的间隙,便于食物通过而不聚集,理论上自洁作用良好,又称为卫生桥。尽管如此,其龈面仍可有牙垢和菌斑附着,自洁作用并不理想。此外,它与天然牙的形态差异大,美观性差,舌感不舒服,主要用于失牙区牙槽嵴缺损较大的后牙缺失修复。"} {"Question":"固定桥粘固后短时间内出现咬合时疼痛,首先要检查的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖状况"},{"key":"B","value":"咬合状况"},{"key":"C","value":"牙龈状况"},{"key":"D","value":"牙槽骨状况"},{"key":"E","value":"缺牙区牙槽嵴黏膜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"固定桥粘固后短期内出现咬合疼痛,多为早接触点引起的创伤性牙周膜炎,经过调(牙合)处理后,疼痛会很快消失。若未及时调(牙合),有时会因创伤而引起急性牙周膜炎,疼痛加剧,必要时需在局麻下拆除固定桥,待痊愈后重做。所以固定桥粘固后短期疼痛应首先检查的是咬合情况。掌握“固定桥修复后出现的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"女,55岁。因右上67缺失,行右上4567固定义齿修复,一年后基牙有咬合痛,松动。其主要原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"设计不合理"},{"key":"B","value":"固位力不够"},{"key":"C","value":"基牙数目少"},{"key":"D","value":"末端侧下沉"},{"key":"E","value":"咬合早接触"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查固定义齿修复可能出现的问题及原因。此患者右上67缺失,行右上4567固定义齿修复,此为单端固定桥设计。后牙末端游离缺失的患者,用单端固定桥修复,桥体受力,产生的杠杆作用大,容易造成基牙牙周组织损伤如疼痛、松动等。76缺失,如果8的条件差或缺失,均不宜设计固定桥修复。即使8能够作基牙,458为基牙修复67的固定桥在支持和固位方面仍达不到要求,不宜采用,因此基牙咬合痛,松动的主要原因为设计不合理(A对)。固位力不够(B错)、基牙数目少(C错)、末端侧下沉(D错)、咬合早接触(E错)也可能造成基牙疼痛、松动,但此患者基牙松动的最根本原因还是设计不合理。"} {"Question":"设计双端固定桥时,增加基牙主要目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为了分担Ⅱ度以上松动基牙的负担"},{"key":"B","value":"为了尽量分散(牙合)力;把基牙负担降到最小限度"},{"key":"C","value":"为了减轻弱侧基牙的负荷以分散(牙合)力"},{"key":"D","value":"为了对称美观"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"双端固定桥两端的固位力应基本相等,若两端的固位力相差悬殊,则固位力弱的一端固位体易松动。其后果是松动端固定桥基牙产生继发龋,甚至损及牙髓,而稳固端基牙的牙周组织往往也受到损害。若一端固位体的固位力不足时,首先应设法提高固位力,必要时增加桥基牙数目,以达到与另一端固位体的固位力相均衡。掌握“固定桥的生理基础”知识点。"} {"Question":"某患者,男,40岁,22、23缺失行固定烤瓷桥修复,应选择以下哪种治疗方案","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"21、24做基牙"},{"key":"B","value":"11、21、24做基牙"},{"key":"C","value":"11、24、25做基牙"},{"key":"D","value":"11、21、24、25做基牙"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均可"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查固定桥的生理基础。21、24的牙周膜面积小于22、23,要增加基牙,因此选11、21、24做基牙(B对)。固定桥修复设计选择基牙时,应主要从支持与固位、共同就位道两方面进行考虑。对于本病例,选择3颗基牙即可达到修复效果,因此11、21、24、25做基牙(D错)不符合题干要求。"} {"Question":"在相同条件下,如果固定桥桥体的厚度减半,则其挠曲变形量变为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加至原来的2倍"},{"key":"B","value":"增加至原来的4倍"},{"key":"C","value":"增加至原来的6倍"},{"key":"D","value":"增加至原来的8倍"},{"key":"E","value":"增加至原来的27倍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"相同条件下,桥体挠曲形变量与桥体的厚度的立方呈反比,与桥体长度的立方成正比。掌握“固定桥的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于固定桥连接体的说法中正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不是固定桥结构中的应力集中区"},{"key":"B","value":"为增加强度连接体应向龈端延伸至龈缘处"},{"key":"C","value":"都是整体铸造而成"},{"key":"D","value":"连接体的外形应圆钝"},{"key":"E","value":"连接体的截面积小于4mm2"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"答案A不是固定桥结构中的应力集中区,说法错误,固定桥结构的应力集中区在连接体处,基牙及支持组织的应力集中区在基牙颈周骨皮质处、基牙根尖处、牙槽嵴顶处、旋转中心处。答案B错误,固定桥的连接体位于基牙的近中或远中面,相当于天然牙的邻面接触区,所以连接体的四周应圆钝和高度抛光,形成正常的唇颊、舌腭外展隙和邻间隙。答案C固定桥连接体分为固定连接体、活动连接体。其中固定连接体的制作工艺可以是整体铸造连接也可以是焊接连接。答案E固定连接体相当于天然牙的邻面接触区,其截面积为4~10mm2。掌握“固定桥的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"固定义齿修复的最佳时间一般是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拔牙后3周"},{"key":"B","value":"拔牙后4周"},{"key":"C","value":"拔牙后6周"},{"key":"D","value":"拔牙后2个月"},{"key":"E","value":"拔牙后3个月"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查固定义齿修复的最佳时间。固定义齿修复的最佳时间一般是拔牙后3个月(E对),此时,创面愈合良好,牙槽嵴吸收趋于稳定,可以进行修复治疗。牙槽嵴的吸收一般在牙缺失后头3个月最快,若拔牙后时间过短,不足3个月(ABCD错),在牙槽嵴吸收活动期时行固定义齿修复,则容易出现牙槽嵴吸收加剧,义齿修复后出现邻牙活动,桥体与牙槽嵴距离过大,容易积存食物,并发牙龈炎等不利影响。"} {"Question":"男,43岁。右下后牙固定义齿修复2年,松动,咬合不适。查:45、44缺失,46~43固定桥,43的3\/4冠固位体松动,龋坏,46全冠固位体未见异常。43固位体松动的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桥体过长"},{"key":"B","value":"咬合力过大"},{"key":"C","value":"固位力不均衡"},{"key":"D","value":"基牙松动"},{"key":"E","value":"基牙支持力不足"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查固定义齿松动的原因。患者右下后牙固定义齿修复2年,松动,咬合不适。检查可知45、44缺失(非游离端缺失),46~43固定桥(双端固定桥),43的3\/4冠固位体松动,龋坏(一端松动龋坏,固位力变差),46全冠固位体未见异常(一端稳固)。43固位体松动的原因是固位力不均衡(C对)。少一个基牙导致固位体松动。咬合力过大(B错)可能伤及牙周组织。桥体过长(A错)可能导致桥体弯曲下沉。基牙松动(D错)可通过调牙合以减轻负担,但不会导致固位体松动。基牙支持力不足(E错)应考虑更换支持条件较好的基牙。"} {"Question":"前磨牙固定桥的连接体位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切1\/3偏舌侧"},{"key":"B","value":"切1\/3偏唇侧"},{"key":"C","value":"中1\/3偏舌侧"},{"key":"D","value":"中1\/3偏(牙合)方"},{"key":"E","value":"近(牙合)缘偏颊侧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"前磨牙固定桥的连接体面积介于磨牙与前牙之间,位于邻面的中1\/3偏(牙合)方。掌握“固定桥的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"Nelson主张","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以(牙合)力比值决定基牙数目"},{"key":"B","value":"以缺牙数决定基牙数目、"},{"key":"C","value":"以牙周膜面积决定基牙数目"},{"key":"D","value":"以缺牙部位决定基牙数目"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"Nelson根据各牙的(牙合)力、牙冠及牙根形态,以及牙周组织等,以上、下第一磨牙压力比值100为基准,制定出各牙(牙合)力的相关比值。并提出“桥基牙(牙合)力比值总和的两倍,应等于或大于固定桥各基牙及缺失牙(牙合)力比值的总和”。即基牙的数量应根据基牙与缺失牙(牙合)力的比值大小来衡量。掌握“固定桥的生理基础”知识点。"} {"Question":"应用于下颌牙槽嵴狭窄病例的固定义齿桥体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"船底式桥体"},{"key":"B","value":"悬空式桥体"},{"key":"C","value":"改良鞍式桥体"},{"key":"D","value":"盖嵴式桥体"},{"key":"E","value":"改良盖嵴式桥体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查桥体的形态设计。应用于下颌牙槽嵴狭窄病例的固定义齿桥体是船底式桥体(A对)。1.船底式桥体用于下颌牙槽嵴狭窄的病例。2.悬空式桥体(B错)又称为卫生桥,它与天然牙的形态差异大,美观性差,舌感不舒服,主要用于失牙区牙槽嵴缺损较大的后牙缺失修复。3.改良鞍式桥体(C错)接近天然牙冠外形,美观、舒适、自洁作用好,是一种理想的桥体形式,也是临床采用较多的一种桥体形式。4.盖嵴式桥体(D错)又称偏侧型桥体,主要用于上颌前牙牙槽嵴吸收较多者。5.改良盖嵴式桥体(E错)又称为牙槽嵴顶型桥体或者改良偏侧型桥体,其特点是可以防止食物进人龈端,自洁作用好,患者感觉舒适,上、下颌固定桥都可以使用该设计。"} {"Question":"悬空式桥体与黏膜的关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与黏膜面状接触"},{"key":"B","value":"离开黏膜1mm"},{"key":"C","value":"离开黏膜2mm"},{"key":"D","value":"离开黏膜3mm"},{"key":"E","value":"离开黏膜3mm以上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"此种桥体的龈面与牙槽嵴顶的粘膜不接触,且留出至少3mm以上的空间,便于食物通过而不聚集,自洁作用良好,又称卫生桥。掌握“固定桥的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"缺牙区牙槽嵴愈合良好方可制作固定义齿,固定桥制作应在拔牙后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半月"},{"key":"B","value":"1月"},{"key":"C","value":"3月"},{"key":"D","value":"6月"},{"key":"E","value":"1年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查缺牙区的牙槽嵴。缺牙区牙槽嵴愈合良好方可制作固定义齿,固定桥制作应在拔牙后3月(C对),因为一般来说,缺牙区的牙槽嵴在拔牙或手术后3月完全愈合。过早修复的话,牙槽嵴的吸收还未稳定,易引起修复后固定桥及基牙的不稳定,过晚修复的话,由于牙槽骨失去了生理性刺激,吸收速度会加快,不利于邻牙及咬合的稳定。而牙槽嵴修整术应在拔牙术后1月(B错)进行。"} {"Question":"粘接固定桥","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以自行摘戴的固定桥"},{"key":"B","value":"被称为完全固定桥"},{"key":"C","value":"固位力主要来自粘接材料的粘结力的固定桥"},{"key":"D","value":"一端的固定体为固定连接,另一端的固位体为活动连接的固定桥"},{"key":"E","value":"以各种骨内种植体作为固定桥的支持和固位端制成的固定桥"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"粘接固定桥:是利用酸蚀、粘接技术将固定桥直接粘固于基牙上,修复牙列缺损。其固位主要依靠粘接材料的粘结力,而牙体预备的固位形起辅助固位作用。粘接固定桥与传统固定桥相比,牙体预备时磨削牙体组织少,减少牙髓损伤。掌握“固定桥的组成和分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"作为固定桥的基牙,必须是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活髓牙"},{"key":"B","value":"牙体组织健康,完整无缺"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周组织健康"},{"key":"D","value":"基牙排列正常无倾斜"},{"key":"E","value":"基牙不能咬合过紧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查固定桥基牙的选择。基牙要承担自身的和桥体的(牙合)力,牙周组织健康(C对)是基牙选择的最关键因素和必要条件。活髓(A错)是基牙最理想的状态,但是若牙髓有病变,经完善治疗和长时间观察后,证实不影响固位者,也可用作基牙。存在牙体组织缺损的牙(B错),治疗后不影响固位者,可以用作基牙。基牙排列正常无倾斜(D错)是最好的,但是有一定的倾斜角度,通过调整就位道也可以作为基牙,所以这不是必须的。基牙不存在咬合过紧(E错)是最好的,但是存在咬合过紧时,通过调节也可以作为基牙,所以这不是必须的。"} {"Question":"关于固定桥桥体龈端的描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尽量减小与黏膜的接触面积"},{"key":"B","value":"紧贴黏膜,稍微加压"},{"key":"C","value":"高度抛光"},{"key":"D","value":"唇颊侧颈缘线与邻牙一致"},{"key":"E","value":"扩大舌侧邻间隙"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"固定桥桥体有便于清洁的外形和良好的光洁度,符合口腔卫生需求。龈面大小适宜,接触式桥体应与黏膜密合而不压迫黏膜。桥体的颈缘线应该与邻牙相协调,才能达到良好的美观效果。后牙舌腭侧邻间隙应该扩大,以便食物溢出和清洁。掌握“固定桥的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"种植固定桥","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以自行摘戴的固定桥"},{"key":"B","value":"被称为完全固定桥"},{"key":"C","value":"固位力主要来自粘接材料的粘结力的固定桥"},{"key":"D","value":"一端的固定体为固定连接,另一端的固位体为活动连接的固定桥"},{"key":"E","value":"以各种骨内种植体作为固定桥的支持和固位端制成的固定桥"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"种植固定桥:利用植入颌骨内或牙槽窝内的种植体作为固定桥的支持和固位端,然后制作固定桥,修复牙列缺损。掌握“固定桥的组成和分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"固定义齿修复后引起龈炎的原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菌斑附着"},{"key":"B","value":"龈组织受压"},{"key":"C","value":"接触点不正确"},{"key":"D","value":"粘接剂未去净"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"龈炎:固定桥粘固后引起的牙龈充血、水肿,患者刷牙、咀嚼食物时出现少量出血。(1)粘接剂未去净:固定桥粘固后,位于牙间隙内的多余粘固剂没去净,刺激龈组织引起炎症。(2)菌斑附着:固位体边缘不密合,或全冠固位体、桥体颊舌侧轴面外形恢复不正确,自洁作用遭破坏,引起龈缘菌斑附着,造成局部炎症。(3)龈组织受压:固位体边缘或桥体龈端过长,直接压迫和刺激牙龈,形成创伤性炎症。(4)接触点不正确:固位体与邻牙接触点位置恢复不正确或接触点松,引起食物嵌塞而导致龈炎。掌握“固定桥修复后出现的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"种植义齿主要由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基台"},{"key":"B","value":"螺丝"},{"key":"C","value":"修复体"},{"key":"D","value":"种植体"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"种植义齿的组成:种植义齿主要由种植体、基台、螺丝和修复体组成。掌握“种植义齿的组成和修复治疗原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"右上2缺失,间隙约2mm,右上3完好,牙槽骨正常,可选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"种植固定桥"},{"key":"B","value":"固定-可摘联合桥"},{"key":"C","value":"半固定桥"},{"key":"D","value":"单端固定桥"},{"key":"E","value":"双端固定桥"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"单端固定桥:又称悬臂固定桥。此种固定桥仅一端有固位体,桥体与固位体之间为固定连接。固定桥粘固在一端基牙上,桥体受力时由该端基牙承受,桥体另一端与邻牙接触或无邻牙接触,形成完全游离端。掌握“固定桥的组成和分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪项不是铸造全冠的适应证","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固定义齿的固位体"},{"key":"B","value":"修改牙齿外形"},{"key":"C","value":"恢复咬合"},{"key":"D","value":"牙本质过敏"},{"key":"E","value":"残根"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查铸造全冠的适应证。对于残根(E错,为本题正确答案),自身无法提供足够的抗力形和固位形,不能直接使用铸造全冠进行修复,可以考虑能否进行桩核冠修复,否则只能拔除。铸造全冠的适应症很广泛,可以用来作为固定义齿的固位体(A对),牙周夹板的固位体;若牙齿外形、咬合等不满意,可用全冠来修改牙齿外形(B对),恢复咬合(C对),满足对美观和功能的需求;可以用来治疗牙本质过敏(D对),将整个敏感的基牙保护起来,免受外界刺激。"} {"Question":"以下关于全冠固位的说法哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全冠固位力主要来自于摩擦力和粘接力、约束力"},{"key":"B","value":"摩擦力是最主要的固位力"},{"key":"C","value":"摩擦力大小与修复体与预备体的密合度有关"},{"key":"D","value":"全冠的(牙合)面形态与固位有关"},{"key":"E","value":"预备体的颊舌径与固位无关"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙体缺损修复体的固位原理。预备体的颊舌径与固位有关(E错,为本题的正确答案),颊舌径越大,全冠获得的粘着力也越大。使全冠获得固位的固位力有约束力、摩擦力和粘接力,其中全冠固位力主要来自于摩擦力和粘接力(A对)。摩擦力是全冠最主要的固位力(B对)。摩擦力大小与修复体与预备体的密合度有关(C对),二者之间越密合,摩擦力越大。另外,全冠的(牙合)面形态与固位有关(D对),(牙合)面的面积越大,粘接表面积越大,越能获得较大的粘着力。"} {"Question":"锐利边缘易造成的损伤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙龈炎"},{"key":"B","value":"食物嵌塞"},{"key":"C","value":"全身健康"},{"key":"D","value":"垂直距离变短"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔黏膜软组织"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牙体缺损可直接影响患者的功能、美观、发音和心理状态等。锐利边缘容易刮伤口腔黏膜和舌等软组织。掌握“牙体缺损病因及影响”知识点。"} {"Question":"多见于舌侧尖、腭侧尖及舌面的缺损主要原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龋病"},{"key":"B","value":"外伤"},{"key":"C","value":"磨损"},{"key":"D","value":"酸蚀症"},{"key":"E","value":"楔状缺损"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"内源性酸损害常见于上消化道疾病患者长期反酸等引起口腔牙齿的酸蚀,多见于舌侧尖、腭侧尖及舌面的缺损。掌握“牙体缺损病因及影响”知识点。"} {"Question":"修复体粘固剂溶解引发了过敏性疼痛,最好的处理方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"观察"},{"key":"B","value":"降低咬合"},{"key":"C","value":"补充粘固剂"},{"key":"D","value":"拆除重新修复"},{"key":"E","value":"行根管治疗术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查修复体戴入后的问题及处理。粘固剂溶解者,最好拆除重新修复(D对)。"} {"Question":"用于粘接暂时修复体的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸锌水门汀"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化锌丁香油水门汀"},{"key":"C","value":"树脂水门汀"},{"key":"D","value":"玻璃离子水门汀"},{"key":"E","value":"聚羧酸锌水门汀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查暂时修复体的试戴与粘固。用于粘接暂时修复体的是氧化锌丁香油水门汀(B对)。暂时粘固水门汀一般为氧化锌丁香酚水门汀,它有良好的安抚、镇痛、封闭作用。但由于丁香酚可以阻碍树脂的聚合,对于今后将采用树脂类粘接剂粘固或粘接的情况,在暂时粘固时须选择不含丁香酚的暂时粘固水门汀。目前,很多用于暂时粘固的水门汀均由两组分膏剂(基质和催化剂)组成;使用时通过适当比例混合,操作非常简便;同时它还具有易就位、易凝固、易清理等优点。"} {"Question":"如全冠试戴时出现翘动,可能的原因,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全冠组织面有金属瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"邻接过紧"},{"key":"C","value":"预备体轴壁聚合度大"},{"key":"D","value":"未完全就位"},{"key":"E","value":"石膏代型磨损"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查全冠试戴时出现翘动的原因。预备体轴壁聚合度大(C错,为本题的正确答案)会导致全冠固位力差,容易脱落,并不会出现翘动。全冠组织面有金属瘤(A对)、邻接过紧(B对)、未完全就位(D对)、石膏代型磨损(E对)都会形成支点,出现翘动。"} {"Question":"男性,35岁。右下一后牙龋坏3年,充填物反复脱落。检查:46牙冠远中及舌侧大面积龋坏缺损,叩痛(-),无松动,临床冠较长。X线片示根管治疗完善,根长及牙槽骨高度正常。该患者最适合的修复方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嵌体"},{"key":"B","value":"全瓷冠"},{"key":"C","value":"金属全冠"},{"key":"D","value":"金属烤瓷全冠"},{"key":"E","value":"桩核金属烤瓷冠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患牙根管治疗后,牙冠远中及舌侧大面积缺损,缺损范围大,牙冠剩余牙体组织强度差,直接采用全冠修复时冠部牙体组织的抗力不足,更不能采用嵌体修复。正确的修复方法是,去除牙冠部分薄弱的牙体组织,进行桩核金属烤瓷冠修复。掌握“牙体缺损修复体固位及适应、禁忌证”知识点。"} {"Question":"龈下边缘不适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金瓷冠的唇侧边缘"},{"key":"B","value":"牙冠短者"},{"key":"C","value":"缺损至龈下"},{"key":"D","value":"牙体较小者"},{"key":"E","value":"龈沟浅者"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查修复体试戴、磨光与粘固。龈下边缘对牙周有一定的刺激,不适用于龈沟浅者(E错,为本题正确答案)。龈沟浅者易损伤结合上皮。"} {"Question":"全冠粘固较长时间后出现过敏性疼痛,导致其发生的原因中最不可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继发龋"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈退缩"},{"key":"C","value":"邻接关系不良"},{"key":"D","value":"粘固剂溶解"},{"key":"E","value":"修复体破损"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"修复体使用之后出现过敏性疼痛。继发性龋:多由于牙体预备时龋坏组织未去净,或未做预防性扩展。牙龈退缩:修复时牙龈有炎症、水肿或粘固后牙龈萎缩等,均造成牙本质暴露,引起激发性疼痛。粘固剂脱落或溶解:修复体不密合、松动;粘固剂或粘固操作不良,粘固剂溶解、脱落、失去封闭作用。掌握“修复体戴入后的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"洞缘斜面的倾斜度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"30°"},{"key":"B","value":"45°"},{"key":"C","value":"60°"},{"key":"D","value":"70°"},{"key":"E","value":"25°"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查洞缘斜面的倾斜度。洞缘斜面是在箱状洞形的洞面角处做成的斜面,其作用是为了防止无支持的牙釉柱折断,以保护薄弱的洞壁和脆弱的牙尖,也可使修复体边缘与洞形边缘更密合,使黏固剂不易被唾液所溶解。根据釉柱的方向与材料的强度和性能,在洞的边缘上做成长短、斜度不同的斜面,一般(牙合)面的洞缘斜面与轴壁约成45°(B对),金属材料的修复体强度比较大,适合预备成洞缘斜面,而烤瓷或者全瓷材料的修复体强度比较小,易崩瓷,不适合预备成洞缘斜面。在所有嵌体的洞缘处做45°,宽0.5-1毫米的短斜面,使最终的嵌体边缘外形连续准确而完整。如果斜面坡度过大做成60°(C错)、70°(D错),则相对的降低了洞的深度,会削弱固位。若果斜面坡度过小做成30°(A错)、25°(E错),会减低修复体边缘的强度。"} {"Question":"以下哪种情况适宜做全瓷覆盖","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"深覆(牙合)、覆盖小"},{"key":"B","value":"覆(牙合)、覆盖正常"},{"key":"C","value":"(牙合)力较大的前牙"},{"key":"D","value":"固定桥的固位体"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"原则上所有需要金瓷烤瓷冠修复的患者,只要在经济条件允许情况下,都可考虑全瓷冠修复。深覆(牙合)、咬合紧,没有矫正而且又无法预备处足够间隙的患牙,为其禁忌症。深覆(牙合),覆盖小、(牙合)力较大的前牙、固定桥的固位体,三项均需要对牙齿切磨较多牙体组织才能达到全瓷覆盖效果,操作难度大,并且不利于牙周组织健康,所以。覆(牙合)、覆盖正常时才可使用全瓷覆盖。掌握“牙体缺损修复体固位及适应、禁忌证”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于钉道位置的说法不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在釉牙本质界以内0.5~1.0mm"},{"key":"B","value":"最好在轴角处制备"},{"key":"C","value":"距洞壁至少0.5mm以上"},{"key":"D","value":"钉道间距离在2mm左右即可"},{"key":"E","value":"钉道方向应与牙轴面平行"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查钉洞固位形。关于钉道位置的说法不正确的是钉道间距离在2mm左右即可(D错,为本题的正确答案)。钉道要有适宜的深度,过浅修复体固位不足,过深易损伤牙髓,适宜深度为釉牙本质界以内0.5~1.0mm(A对)。轴角处釉质较厚,最好在轴角处制备(B对),可减少对牙髓的损伤。钉道距洞壁应有一定的距离,以保证牙体组织的强度防止折裂,距洞壁至少0.5mm以上(C对)。为增强固位,钉道分布越分散,可获得的固位力越大。钉道方向应尽量与牙轴面平行(E对),以免穿髓,且利于就位,即与就位道平行。"} {"Question":"性能粘结力强,不溶于水,封闭性好的粘结材料","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸锌粘固剂"},{"key":"B","value":"树脂类粘固剂"},{"key":"C","value":"聚羧酸粘固剂"},{"key":"D","value":"玻璃离子粘固剂"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化锌丁香油粘固剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"树脂类粘固剂:其粘结力强,不溶于水,封闭性好,但应注意冠边缘残余粘接剂刺激龈组织的问题。掌握“修复体试戴、磨光与粘固”知识点。"} {"Question":"增强桩冠固位的方法哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尽可能多保存残留牙冠组织,以增加冠桩的长度"},{"key":"B","value":"根管预备成椭圆形,减小根管壁的锥度"},{"key":"C","value":"尽可能利用根管的长度,需要时冠桩可达根尖"},{"key":"D","value":"根颈部做肩台预备,增加冠的稳定性"},{"key":"E","value":"用铸造冠桩增加冠桩与根管壁的密合度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查增强桩冠固位的方法。根管长度应适当增长,一般桩的长度不短于临床牙冠的长度,骨内桩长度大于骨内根长度的1\/2,必须保留不少于4毫米的根充材料隔离口腔与根尖周。如果为了尽可能利用根管的长度,冠桩达根尖(C错,为本题的正确答案)会破坏根尖封闭,引起根尖周病变。增强桩冠固位可以尽可能多保存残留牙冠组织,使根尖到可用牙冠的高度增加,以增加冠桩的长度(A对),同时能够获得足够的牙本质肩领,增强剩余牙体组织的抗折力。椭圆形结构比圆形结构有更好的固位力,根管预备成椭圆形,相对圆形来说固位更稳定;减小根管壁的锥度(B对),若预备的桩锥度太大,根管桩不但容易脱出而且强度不好易折断。根颈部做肩台预备,使牙冠有一定的支撑,以增加冠的稳定性(D对)。铸造冠桩是根据预备好的桩道取模然后加工制作,相对于成品的玻璃纤维桩精确度更高,不仅可以增加冠桩与根管壁的密合度(E对),同时还可以增强冠桩的强度。"} {"Question":"下列哪一种情况,必须作牙体缺损的修复","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左下6近中舌尖缺损,已作根管治疗,无症状"},{"key":"B","value":"左上4舌尖缺损少许,无过敏症状"},{"key":"C","value":"左上2唇面釉质缺损少许,无症状"},{"key":"D","value":"左上2远中切角缺损有叩痛,松动Ⅲ度"},{"key":"E","value":"左下7近中及远中颊尖缺损,已侵及髓室"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙体缺损的修复。牙体缺损是口腔的常见病和多发病,一般情况下可以采用充填的方法进行治疗。当牙体缺损严重,充填不易成功或需要达到更高的美观要求时,则应采用修复治疗的方法。已作根管治疗的牙(A对),失去了牙髓,也就失去了持续营养源,且牙齿脆性增加、抗弯性降低,硬度降低,易发生牙体损坏;为保护余留的牙体组织,必须做修复体保护。当左上4舌尖缺损少许,无过敏症状(B错)及左上2唇面釉质缺损少许,无症状(C错)时,无需处理,注意保护即可。当左上2远中切角缺损有叩痛,松动Ⅲ度时(D错),牙应拔除。当左下7近中及远中颊尖缺损,已侵及髓室(E错)时,视牙髓状况,行间接盖髓术或根管治疗术,最后充填。"} {"Question":"以下哪项不是牙体缺损修复中增加修复体抗力的措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用优良材料"},{"key":"B","value":"避免应力集中"},{"key":"C","value":"增加牙尖斜度"},{"key":"D","value":"避免铸件缺陷"},{"key":"E","value":"金瓷冠的金瓷衔接区远离(牙合)接触点"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙体缺损修复中增加修复体抗力的措施。增加牙尖斜度(C错,为本题的正确答案)会使修复体受到较大的侧向力和咬合压力,导致应力集中,增加修复体折裂的危险,故应避免应力集中(B对)。金瓷冠的金瓷衔接区应远离(牙合)接触点(E对),此处是应力集中区,否则容易绷瓷或折裂。也应避免铸件缺陷(D对),否则会降低修复体的抗力,容易折断。使用优良材料(A对)可以提高修复体的机械性能,增加抗力。"} {"Question":"下列属于双面嵌体的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"(牙合)面嵌体"},{"key":"B","value":"邻(牙合)嵌体"},{"key":"C","value":"颈部嵌体"},{"key":"D","value":"邻(牙合)舌嵌体"},{"key":"E","value":"高嵌体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查嵌体的分类。下列属于双面嵌体的是邻(牙合)嵌体(B对)。根据嵌体覆盖牙面数目和位置分类:(1)单面嵌体:如(牙合)面嵌体、颊面嵌体、邻嵌体等。(2)双面嵌体:如近中(牙合)嵌体(简称为MO嵌体),远中(牙合)嵌体(OD嵌体),颊(牙合)嵌体(BO嵌体),舌(牙合)嵌体(LO嵌体)。(3)多面嵌体:如邻(牙合)邻嵌体(简称MOD嵌体),颊(牙合)舌嵌体(简称BOL嵌体)等。(牙合)面嵌体(A错)属于单面嵌体。颈部嵌体(C错)属于单面嵌体。邻(牙合)舌嵌体(D错)属于多面嵌体。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,右下第一磨牙死髓牙,经根管治疗后以PFM全冠修复,经牙体制备取模后,在全冠初戴之前,尚需作何种处理","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不需做任何处理"},{"key":"B","value":"用塑料全冠作暂时保护性修复"},{"key":"C","value":"用金属全冠作保护性修复"},{"key":"D","value":"制作活动义齿保持间隙"},{"key":"E","value":"制作间隙保持器"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查暂时修复体。死髓牙牙体组织易发生折断,尤其经过牙体预备后,预备体体积明显减小,牙折的可能性更大,因此在全冠初戴之前,用塑料全冠作暂时保护性修复(B对),不能不做任何处理(A错)。金属全冠用于永久修复(C错)。塑料全冠暂性修复体也有维持间隙、防止邻牙倾斜、防止对颌牙伸长的功能,无需再制作活动义齿(D错)或间隙保持器(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下关于增加冠桩固位的方法,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根管口预备一小肩台"},{"key":"B","value":"增加桩与管壁的密合度"},{"key":"C","value":"选用优良粘接剂"},{"key":"D","value":"尽可能保留残冠硬组织"},{"key":"E","value":"尽可能去除残冠硬组织"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查增加冠桩固位的方法。关于增加冠桩固位的方法不正确的是尽可能去除残冠硬组织(E错,为本题的正确答案)。剩余牙体组织的量和牙本质肩领的形成对于冠桩的远期效果意义重大,尽可能保留残冠硬组织(D对)并在根管口预备一小肩台(A对),即形成牙本质肩领,可以增加接触面积,增强固位,也可以提高牙齿的完整性,增加患牙的抗折强度,防止冠根折断。增加桩与管壁的密合度(B对),以减少受力时的不稳定,利于固位。粘接力是桩核固位力的重要来源之一,选用优良粘接剂(C对)以提高粘接力,可增加固位。"} {"Question":"对烤瓷合金的要求不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弹性模量小"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿性好"},{"key":"C","value":"收缩变形小"},{"key":"D","value":"铸造性能好"},{"key":"E","value":"不易变形和磨损"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查烤瓷合金的要求。烤瓷合金应具有较高的弹性模量(A错,为本题的正确答案)和湿润性好(B对)以及收缩变形小(C对),这样有助于合金与瓷粉的牢固结合。此外,烤瓷合金还应具有铸造性能好(D对)的特点,这样不仅有助于合金与瓷粉的结合,还可使烤瓷牙的制作工艺简单化,减少成本。另外,烤瓷合金应不易变形和磨损(E对),这样有利于其在口腔中存在较长时间,有利于咀嚼功能的恢复。"} {"Question":"一患者,右上4近中颊大面积银汞充填,死髓牙,患者美观要求高,最佳修复设计是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金合金全冠"},{"key":"B","value":"树脂嵌体"},{"key":"C","value":"金属烤瓷冠"},{"key":"D","value":"塑料全冠"},{"key":"E","value":"3\/4冠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查金属烤瓷冠的适应证。患者,右上4近中颊大面积银汞充填,死髓牙,患者美观要求高,最佳修复设计是金属烤瓷冠(C对)。患牙近中颊面大部分缺损,缺损范围大,剩余牙体组织强度差,采用嵌体修复(B错)和3\/4冠修复(E错)抗力不足,应选择全冠修复。塑料全冠(D错)不用于永久修复,多用于暂时性修复。且患者对美观要求高,不适合采用金合金全冠(A错),因而宜采用外观逼真,色泽美观,且耐磨性,抗折力较强的金属烤瓷冠。"} {"Question":"全冠龈上边缘的缺点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"易产生继发龋"},{"key":"B","value":"容易造成菌斑附着"},{"key":"C","value":"边缘不易密合"},{"key":"D","value":"在前牙区不美观"},{"key":"E","value":"易形成肩台"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查全冠龈上边缘的缺点。全冠龈上边缘冠边缘暴露,不美观,不适合用于美观要求高的前牙区(D对)这是全冠龈上边缘的缺点。全冠龈上边缘的优点有边缘菌斑易清洁,不容易造成菌斑附着(B错);不易产生继发龋(A错)增加了修复的成功性;肩台位于龈上可在直视下预备,易形成肩台(E错);由于肩台容易制备,且容易获得准确的阴模,冠边缘与肩台易密合(C错)。"} {"Question":"在一般条件下,下列哪类冠桩固位最好","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"光滑柱形"},{"key":"B","value":"槽柱形"},{"key":"C","value":"铸造冠桩"},{"key":"D","value":"螺纹桩"},{"key":"E","value":"弯制冠桩"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查桩的形状与表面结构。桩的形态主要有柱形桩核锥形桩。根据桩的表面形态又可分为光滑柱形、曹柱形、锥形、螺纹形等。螺纹桩(D对)可以旋转嵌入根管内壁产生主动固位,固位最好。光滑柱形(A错)、槽柱形(B错)、铸造冠桩(C错)、弯制冠桩(E错)都是被动就位,较之主动就位,固位力差些。"} {"Question":"修复体牙体预备的固位形不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"箱形固位"},{"key":"B","value":"鸠尾固位"},{"key":"C","value":"倒凹固位"},{"key":"D","value":"钉洞固位"},{"key":"E","value":"沟形固位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙体缺损修复体常用的固位形。倒凹固位(C错,为本题的正确答案)是充填修复的固位形,而修复体的牙体预备不能有倒凹,否则将无法就位。修复体牙体预备的固位形包括环抱固位形即箱形固位(A对)、鸠尾固位(B对)、钉洞固位(D对)、沟形固位(E对)。"} {"Question":"牙体缺损的病因临床上容易忽视的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龋病"},{"key":"B","value":"牙隐裂"},{"key":"C","value":"酸蚀症"},{"key":"D","value":"发育畸形"},{"key":"E","value":"楔状缺损"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"一般来说,临床上容易忽视的是隐裂牙,多见于后牙。其表面有不易发现的裂纹,早期可出现牙本质敏感症状,如遇到较大的(牙合)力或外力,则极易产生牙折。此外,对于大面积充填的无髓牙,正常的咬合力也可导致牙折。掌握“牙体缺损病因及影响”知识点。"} {"Question":"在确定固定修复体龈缘位置时,必须考虑的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美观"},{"key":"B","value":"固位"},{"key":"C","value":"牙冠外形"},{"key":"D","value":"年龄"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"美观、固位、牙冠外形、年龄等都要作为固定修复体龈缘位置确定的考虑因素。掌握“修复体试戴、磨光与粘固”知识点。"} {"Question":"全冠粘固后很快出现过敏性疼痛,导致其发生的原因中最不可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"取印模时刺激"},{"key":"B","value":"粘固剂刺激"},{"key":"C","value":"患牙为活髓牙"},{"key":"D","value":"消毒剂刺激"},{"key":"E","value":"牙体预备时水喷雾不够"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"修复体粘固后过敏性疼痛原因。①若患牙为活髓牙,在经过牙体切割后,暴露的牙本质遇冷、热刺激会出现牙本质过敏现象。②若牙体预备时损伤大,术后未采取保护措施,牙髓常常充血处于激惹状态。③粘固时,消毒药物刺激、戴冠时的机械刺激、冷刺激加上粘固剂中的游离酸刺激,会引起患牙短时疼痛。待粘固剂充分结固后,疼痛一般可自行消失。由于粘固剂为热、电的不良导体,在口内对患牙起到保护作用,遇冷热不再出现疼痛。④若粘固后牙长时间持续疼痛,说明牙髓受激惹严重,或可发展为牙髓炎。取印模时刺激应出现在取膜时,而不是冠戴入后。掌握“修复体戴入后的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"与银汞合金充填比较铸造嵌体的优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"机械性能优良"},{"key":"B","value":"固位好"},{"key":"C","value":"边缘线短"},{"key":"D","value":"牙体切割少"},{"key":"E","value":"制作方便"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查嵌体的优点。与银汞充填体相比,金属合金嵌体在强度、耐久性上更优越,嵌体的机械性能优良(A对)。银汞合金充填体与牙体组织没有粘结性,是靠材料与洞壁间的摩擦力和机械扣锁固位;铸造嵌体是靠摩擦力与粘结力固位,嵌体适用于牙体缺损较小的修复治疗,因而洞型粘结面积较小,所产生的粘结力也较小,两者相比较而言,银汞充填采用的倒凹固位、鸠尾固位等固位形所产生的机械固位力要大于粘结力,因而银汞合金充填的固位要比铸造嵌体好(B错)。与充填体相比,嵌体的边缘线长(C错),发生龋坏的几率更大。嵌体是间接修复体,需要一定的扩展预备才能顺利戴入,因此嵌体牙体预备时需要去除倒凹,当缺损范围相同时,需要比充填洞型牙体切割多(D错)。银汞合金可以直接充填,铸造嵌体要牙体制备、印模制取,还要制作嵌体,最后才能粘固,相较于银汞充填而言,嵌体制作不方便(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下关于鸠尾固位形的说法哪个是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可增加修复体的固位力"},{"key":"B","value":"可防止修复体的水平脱位"},{"key":"C","value":"鸠尾峡的宽度为(牙合)面宽度的1\/2左右"},{"key":"D","value":"鸠尾峡应位于(牙合)面牙尖三角嵴之间"},{"key":"E","value":"鸠尾的制备对预备体的抗力有影响"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查鸠尾固位形。关于鸠尾固位形的说法错误的是鸠尾峡的宽度为(牙合)面宽度的1\/2左右(C错,为本题的正确答案)。鸠尾是一种常用的修复体的固位形,在邻(牙合)洞时使用,目的是为了增加修复体的固位力(A对),同时鸠尾扣可以防止水平脱位(B对)。鸠尾扣的大小、形状应根据(牙合)面形态而定,在(牙合)面沟槽处可适当扩展,尽量保留牙尖三角嵴,位于(牙合)面牙尖三角嵴之间(D对),自然形成鸠尾扣;鸠尾峡宽度也要根据(牙合)面的宽度而定,磨牙一般为颊舌尖宽度的1\/3左右,前磨牙为1\/2左右。鸠尾为固位形,但鸠尾的制备对抗力也有一定的影响,制备的过窄,修复体容易折断,过宽则降低预备体的抗力,牙尖容易折裂(E对)。"} {"Question":"最不密合的边缘是什么","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浅凹"},{"key":"B","value":"深凹"},{"key":"C","value":"带斜面的直角"},{"key":"D","value":"肩台"},{"key":"E","value":"刃状"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查修复体龈边缘设计应合乎牙周组织健康的要求。最不密合的是肩台边缘(D对)。肩台边缘:一般为90°直角肩台,宽1mm,边缘位置明确;磨牙多,边缘强度好。"} {"Question":"某患者,右上中切牙牙冠3\/4缺损,无叩痛,无松动,牙龈无红肿,X线示该牙已经过完善的根管治疗,根尖无阴影,最适合的治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嵌体"},{"key":"B","value":"3\/4冠"},{"key":"C","value":"开面冠"},{"key":"D","value":"桩核+全冠"},{"key":"E","value":"全冠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查桩核冠的适应证。桩核冠可增加牙体组织抗力和固位,防止剩余牙体组织过薄而发生冠折。因此最佳治疗方案应选择桩核+全冠修复(D对)。根据题干,患牙牙冠缺损3\/4,剩余牙体组织较少,抗力不足,直接全冠修复(E错)易造成冠折,且全冠固位不良。嵌体修复(A错)无法形成足够抗力形和固位形,易脱落,3\/4冠(B错)及开面冠(C错)固位力不及全冠修复,因为更不适合。"} {"Question":"压应力结合占金-瓷结合强度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.6"},{"key":"B","value":"0.49"},{"key":"C","value":"0.26"},{"key":"D","value":"0.22"},{"key":"E","value":"0.03"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"压应力结合:由于陶瓷的热膨胀系数略小于烤瓷合金,瓷粉烧结后冷却时金属的收缩量大于陶瓷,使陶瓷承受一定的压力。在合金与陶瓷的结合界面处,陶瓷内部的压应力构成了合金与陶瓷的结合力,占金-瓷结合强度的26%。掌握“修复材料、金瓷结合及树脂粘结机制”知识点。"} {"Question":"人造冠完全到位的标志,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咬合基本良好"},{"key":"B","value":"无翘动"},{"key":"C","value":"边缘密合"},{"key":"D","value":"边缘达到设计位置"},{"key":"E","value":"接触点松紧度适当"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查人造冠完全到位的标志。人造冠完全到位的标志,不包括接触点松紧度适当(E错,为本题正确答案)。修复体就位的标志是咬合基本良好(A对),稳定无翘动(B对),边缘密合(C对),龈边缘达到设计位置(D对)。"} {"Question":"与普通桩冠相比,桩核冠的优点为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固位力强"},{"key":"B","value":"做固定桥固位体时易形成共同就位道"},{"key":"C","value":"制作方便"},{"key":"D","value":"可用于咬合紧时"},{"key":"E","value":"强度好"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查桩核冠与普通桩冠的区别。与普通桩冠相比,桩核冠的优点为做固定桥固位体时易形成共同就位道(B对)。桩核冠相对于普通桩冠的优点为:如人造冠需要重做,可以换冠而不用换桩核;牙的轻度错位可通过改变核的方向的办法使冠恢复到正常位置,以形成共同就位道。桩核与冠是分别完成的,可将不能做全冠大面积牙体缺损的以全冠形式进行修复。普通桩冠的固位力和桩核冠的固位力没有明显差异(A错)。普通桩冠由于通常为一体式,制作较方便(C错)。桩冠与桩核冠都可用于咬合紧的情况(D错),可选择金属冠。桩冠和桩核冠的强度均可,无明显差异(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,右上7远中舌侧大面积龋坏缺损,已经进行根管治疗,原银汞充填物经常脱落,现要求全冠修复。检查:无叩痛,无松动,咬合距离正常,临床牙冠较高,不宜采用的修复方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"铸造金属全冠"},{"key":"B","value":"塑料全冠"},{"key":"C","value":"金属烤瓷全冠"},{"key":"D","value":"锤造金属全冠"},{"key":"E","value":"嵌体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查暂时修复与永久修复的制作方法。塑料全冠(B错,为本题的正确答案)易变色,磨损,脱落,多用于暂时性修复,不用于永久性修复。后牙咬合力大,患牙牙体组织缺损面积大,应选择耐磨,可承受较大咬合力的修复方法,如嵌体冠(E对)、铸造金属全冠(A对)、锤造金属全冠(D对)和金属烤瓷冠(C对)等。"} {"Question":"做嵌体牙体预备时,错误的做法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去尽病变腐质"},{"key":"B","value":"轴面最大周径线降至龈缘"},{"key":"C","value":"提供良好的固位形和抗力形"},{"key":"D","value":"适当磨改异常的对颌牙"},{"key":"E","value":"预防性扩展"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查嵌体的牙体预备。做嵌体牙体预备时,错误的做法是轴面最大周径线降至龈缘(B错,为本题的正确答案)。将轴面最大周颈线降至龈缘,不是嵌体牙体预备的要求,而是铸造金属全冠颊舌面预备的要求,目的是为了消除倒凹。嵌体牙体预备,首先应去尽病变腐质(A对),然后进行预防性扩展(E对)以形成底平、壁直、点线角清楚的固位洞形,以提供良好的固位形和抗力形(C对)。做嵌体牙体预备时,应适当磨改异常的对颌牙(D对),否则可能会影响咬合关系的恢复。"} {"Question":"女性,35岁。上颌右侧第二磨牙(牙合)面纵向隐裂且累及牙髓,临床牙冠较短,咬合紧,根管治疗已完成。该病例的最适修复体设计是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"邻(牙合)瓷嵌体"},{"key":"B","value":"邻(牙合)合金嵌体"},{"key":"C","value":"全瓷冠"},{"key":"D","value":"铸造金属全冠"},{"key":"E","value":"金属烤瓷全冠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查修复体设计。女性,35岁。上颌右侧第二磨牙(后牙)(牙合)面纵向隐裂且累及牙髓,临床牙冠较短,咬合紧(牙体抗力不足),根管治疗已完成。该病例的最适修复体设计是铸造金属全冠(D对)。铸造金属全冠具有材料强度大、制作精密、固位力强、牙体磨切相对较少等优点。该病例患牙为有隐裂的无髓牙,剩余牙体组织无法提供足够的抗力,不适合嵌体修复(AB错)。全瓷冠(C错)和金属烤瓷全冠(E错)需要较大的(牙合)面修复间隙,而患牙临床牙冠短,咬合紧,无法获得较大的修复间隙,且患牙位置靠后,对美观要求不高。因此,最适合的修复方式是铸造金属全冠。"} {"Question":"下列有关食物嵌塞的临床症状,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔异味"},{"key":"B","value":"牙龈红肿"},{"key":"C","value":"龈乳头炎"},{"key":"D","value":"持续性胀痛"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"症状:龈乳头炎,挤压感和持续性胀痛;牙龈红肿、出血;牙龈退缩;口腔异味。掌握“修复体戴入后的问题及处理”知识点。"} {"Question":"瓷全冠属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金属全冠"},{"key":"B","value":"非金属全冠"},{"key":"C","value":"混合全冠"},{"key":"D","value":"核冠"},{"key":"E","value":"桩冠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查全瓷冠。瓷全冠是以陶瓷材料,即非金属材料(B对)制成的覆盖整个牙冠表面的修复体。金属全冠(A错)是由铸造工艺完成的覆盖整个牙冠表面的金属修复体。混合全冠(C错)是由多种材料制成的全冠修复体,如烤瓷熔附金属全冠。而核冠(D错)和桩冠(E错)均属于桩核冠的一部分,虽可以用全瓷材料制作但不属于全冠。"} {"Question":"缺损多发生在牙唇面、颊面的牙颈部其病多为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龋病"},{"key":"B","value":"外伤"},{"key":"C","value":"磨损"},{"key":"D","value":"酸蚀症"},{"key":"E","value":"楔状缺损"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"楔状缺损:多发生在牙唇面、颊面的牙颈部,尤其是尖牙和前磨牙。病因有机械摩擦、酸蚀和应力集中等。常伴有牙本质敏感和牙龈退缩等症状,重者也可出现牙髓暴露甚至引起牙折。掌握“牙体缺损病因及影响”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床中常用的暂时粘固剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸锌水门汀"},{"key":"B","value":"羧酸锌水门汀"},{"key":"C","value":"玻璃离子黏固剂"},{"key":"D","value":"氧化锌丁香油水门汀"},{"key":"E","value":"复合树脂粘结剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"暂时冠的粘固应使用专用的暂时粘固剂,既要保证在戴用期间不松动脱落,又要方便在正式修复体试戴前取下。常用的暂时粘固剂是氧化锌丁香油水门汀,丁香油酚对牙髓有很好的安抚作用,可避免牙本质敏感。掌握“暂时冠及印模与模型”知识点。"} {"Question":"多生牙修复治疗时应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"观察"},{"key":"B","value":"牙髓治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"不作处理"},{"key":"D","value":"调磨后仍影响修复考虑拔除"},{"key":"E","value":"无需处理直接拔除"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查修复前准备。如错位牙、多生牙、倾斜牙、阻生牙等经过调磨或正畸治疗后,仍然严重影响修复治疗时应考虑拔除(D对)。"} {"Question":"某患者,46(牙合)面大面积龋坏,要求修复,检查46探(-),叩(++),46根尖部牙龈上有瘘道,牙周结石Ⅱ度牙龈红肿,在修复前准备工作中,不必要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线牙片"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"根管治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"曲面断层片"},{"key":"E","value":"给患者讲明治疗方案"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查修复前准备。患牙46牙体缺损,选择X线牙片即可,无需拍摄曲面断层片(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,外伤导致21牙冠切2\/3缺损,在其修复初诊时不必问诊的内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"目前的自觉症状"},{"key":"B","value":"要求解决的主要问题"},{"key":"C","value":"以前的治疗情况"},{"key":"D","value":"曾经接受过的检查"},{"key":"E","value":"发生外伤时是否意识清楚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"对于牙体缺损的修复治疗,在初诊时对于发生意外时是否已是清楚是不必过问的,与初诊以及随后的修复治疗意义不大。掌握“修复学病史采集”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔内检查的内容包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"余留牙及咬合关系情况"},{"key":"B","value":"缺牙部位的情况"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔黏膜及软组织情况"},{"key":"D","value":"颌骨及颌弓关系情况"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"口腔内的检查:余留牙及咬合关系情况;缺牙部位的情况;口腔黏膜及软组织的情况;颌骨及颌弓关系情况;对原有修复体的检查。掌握“修复学临床检查”知识点。"} {"Question":"Ⅱ度松动牙的松动幅度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不超过1mm"},{"key":"B","value":"1~2mm"},{"key":"C","value":"2~3mm"},{"key":"D","value":"3~4mm"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查修复学临床检查。松动度的检查:以牙松动幅度计算:Ⅰ度松动:松动幅度不超过1mm。Ⅱ度松动:松动幅度为1~2mm(B对)。Ⅲ度松动:松动幅度大于2mm。"} {"Question":"正常人的开口度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3.7~4.5cm"},{"key":"B","value":"4.7~5.5cm"},{"key":"C","value":"2.7~3.5cm"},{"key":"D","value":"5.5~6.5cm"},{"key":"E","value":"1.5~2.5cm"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查开口度。正常人的开口度为37~45mm(3.7~4.5cm)(A对),低于该值(CE错)表明有张口受限,大于该值(BD错)表明开口过度。"} {"Question":"患者,男,25岁,自述后牙咀嚼无力,检查下颌后磨牙缺失,其余牙体健康,但牙齿排列不齐,口腔卫生差,牙石(+++)。修复前口腔的一般处理为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洁治"},{"key":"B","value":"正畸治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"心理辅导"},{"key":"D","value":"调磨牙尖"},{"key":"E","value":"余留牙拔除"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查修复前准备。保证良好的口腔卫生:口腔卫生状况直接关系到牙龈、牙周组织的健康以及修复效果和修复体的使用寿命。同时,牙结石、软垢等在牙面上的大量附着,将影响印模的准确性,所以修复前对牙结石和软垢应彻底洁治(A对)清除。"} {"Question":"卡环还可用于防止食物嵌塞的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"联合卡环"},{"key":"B","value":"延伸卡环"},{"key":"C","value":"圈形卡环"},{"key":"D","value":"三臂卡环"},{"key":"E","value":"对半卡环"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"联合卡环:由两个卡环通过共同的卡环体连接而成。卡环体位于相邻两基牙的(牙合)外展隙,并与伸向(牙合)面的(牙合)支托相连接。适用于非缺隙侧,基牙牙冠短而稳固,或相邻两牙之间有间隙者,联合卡环还可用于防止食物嵌塞。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"延伸卡环又称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单臂卡环"},{"key":"B","value":"双臂卡环"},{"key":"C","value":"长臂卡环"},{"key":"D","value":"三臂卡环"},{"key":"E","value":"多臂卡环"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"长臂卡环:又称延伸卡环,用于近缺隙基牙松动或外形无倒凹无法获得足够固位力者。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"后腭杆位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌硬区之前"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌硬区"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌硬区之后,颤动线之前"},{"key":"D","value":"颤动线"},{"key":"E","value":"颤动线之后"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查后腭杆。后腭杆位于上颌硬区(又叫腭隆突或上颌隆突)之后,颤动线之前(C对)。前腭杆位于上颌硬区之前(A错)。上颌硬区(B错)黏膜覆盖薄,义齿容易以此为支点翘动和压痛,应避开。位于颤动线(D错)处会产生黏膜压痛。位于颤动线之后(E错),黏膜活动度大且容易恶心。"} {"Question":"回力卡环卡环臂尖端位于基牙的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颊面倒凹区"},{"key":"B","value":"舌面倒凹区"},{"key":"C","value":"近中面倒凹区"},{"key":"D","value":"远中面倒凹区"},{"key":"E","value":"邻间隙倒凹区"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"回力卡环:常用于后牙游离端缺失,基牙为前磨牙或尖牙,牙冠较短或为锥形牙。卡环臂尖端位于基牙的唇(颊)面倒凹区,绕过基牙的远中面与支托相连接,再转向舌面的非倒凹区,在基牙近中舌侧通过连接体与腭(舌)杆相连。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"侧腭杆离开龈缘的距离至少是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2mm"},{"key":"B","value":"2~4mm"},{"key":"C","value":"4~6mm"},{"key":"D","value":"6~8mm"},{"key":"E","value":"8~10mm"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查局部义齿连接体。侧腭杆:位于上颌硬区的两侧,离开龈缘应有4~6mm(C对),并且与牙弓平行,用于连接前、后腭杆,一侧或两侧(双杆)均可。其强度好,不易变形,戴用舒适。"} {"Question":"下面对RPD基托伸展范围的叙述哪项不对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尽量缩小基托范围"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌后牙游离端后缘伸展到翼上颌切迹"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌后缘远中颊侧盖过上颌结节"},{"key":"D","value":"边缘伸入组织倒凹区"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌后缘覆盖磨牙后垫1\/2~2\/3"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查RPD的基托伸展范围。RPD(可摘局部义齿)基托的伸展范围根据缺牙部位、数目等具体情况有所不同,缺牙区基托不应进入组织倒凹区(D错,为本题的正确答案)。RPD包括牙支持式、黏膜支持式、混合支持式,当牙支持时应尽量缩小基托范围(A对),使患者感到轻巧、舒适、美观。混合支持的游离端义齿,在不影响唇、颊、舌软组织活动的原则下,基托范围应尽量伸展以分散(牙合)力、争取尽可能大范围的基托下黏膜组织支持,如:上颌后牙游离端后缘伸展到翼上颌切迹(B对)、上颌后缘远中颊侧盖过上颌结节(C对)、下颌后缘覆盖磨牙后垫1\/3~1\/2(E对),这样既不影响翼上颌切迹、上颌结节和磨牙后垫的正常生理功能,还可有效扩大基托面积,达到分散(牙合)力、保护软组织的目的。"} {"Question":"以下关于储金球的说法哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可补偿合金凝固收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"可避免铸件缩孔"},{"key":"C","value":"直径略大于铸件蜡型最厚处"},{"key":"D","value":"位置距蜡型1mm"},{"key":"E","value":"应在铸圈的温度中心区"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查储金球。蜡型是要离开热力中心区的,因此储金球要距离蜡型1.5~2mm(D错,为本题的正确答案)。放置储金球的目的是为了补偿合金凝固收缩(A对),避免铸件缩孔(B对),直径应该等于或略大于铸件蜡型最厚处(C对),这样才能保证完全补偿铸件收缩,且储金球必须位于铸圈的温度中心区(E对)(即热力中心区),这样才能使储金球里的金属保持熔融状态。"} {"Question":"多适用于牙周夹板的卡环","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"倒钩卡环"},{"key":"B","value":"三臂卡环"},{"key":"C","value":"连续卡环"},{"key":"D","value":"联合卡环"},{"key":"E","value":"对半卡环"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"连续卡环:多用于牙周夹板,放置在两个以上的余留牙上。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"大连接体所起的作用中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连接义齿各部件"},{"key":"B","value":"起支持、稳定作用"},{"key":"C","value":"增加义齿强度"},{"key":"D","value":"传导力和分散力量"},{"key":"E","value":"利于人工牙的排列"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"大连接体的作用:连接义齿各部分成一整体,传递和分散(牙合)力至基牙和邻近的支持组织,以减少基牙在功能状态时所承受的扭力和负荷。因使用大连接体,可减小基托面积,并可增加义齿的强度。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"基托可以加强义齿的固位和稳定作用,其原因描述中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基托与黏膜之间存在唾液,三者间有吸附力"},{"key":"B","value":"基托与基牙及邻近牙接触可以形成抵抗义齿移位的力量"},{"key":"C","value":"基托有防止义齿翘动的间接固位作用"},{"key":"D","value":"基托进入制锁区"},{"key":"E","value":"基托进入组织倒凹区"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"基托进入倒凹区,致使义齿不能戴入。掌握“局部义齿的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列有关可摘局部义齿小连接体说法,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不能妨碍咬合"},{"key":"B","value":"不能滞留食物"},{"key":"C","value":"增强支持和稳定"},{"key":"D","value":"避免影响义齿就位"},{"key":"E","value":"位于牙齿邻间隙内的非倒凹区"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小连接体:小连接体的作用是把金属支架上的各部件,如卡环、支托、基托等与大连接体相连接。它与大连接体应呈直角、圆钝相连。小连接体垂直越过龈缘并缓冲。小连接体要有足够的硬度,位于牙齿邻间隙内的非倒凹区,避免影响义齿就位。不影响舌的运动,不干扰口腔软硬组织的解剖外形,不能妨碍咬合,也不能滞留食物。与基牙轴面建立导平面与导平面板的关系,帮助确定就位道,增强固位和稳定。掌握“局部义齿连接体”知识点。"} {"Question":"塑料基托厚度一般为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5mm"},{"key":"B","value":"1.0mm"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5mm"},{"key":"D","value":"2.0mm"},{"key":"E","value":"3.0mm"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查塑料基托的厚度。塑料基托厚度一般为2.0mm(D对),应有一定的厚度保持其抗挠曲强度,过薄易折裂,过厚不舒适。金属基托由于其机械性能好,能承担较大(牙合)力而不致变形、折裂,故厚度一般为0.5mm(A错),边缘可稍厚至1.0mm(B错)。"} {"Question":"基托与唾液、唾液与黏膜间的附着力称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"摩擦力"},{"key":"B","value":"吸附力"},{"key":"C","value":"表面张力"},{"key":"D","value":"大气压力"},{"key":"E","value":"重力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吸附力:包括基托与唾液、唾液与黏膜间的附着力,以及唾液分子间的内聚力。掌握“局部义齿人工牙及基托”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下不属于可摘局部义齿适应症的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"游离端缺失的患者"},{"key":"B","value":"牙列缺损过渡性修复"},{"key":"C","value":"伴有软组织缺损者"},{"key":"D","value":"化妆性义齿"},{"key":"E","value":"未治愈的口腔黏膜病患者"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"有口腔黏膜病变或其他软硬组织病变,未治愈或未得到有效控制的患者,是可摘局部义齿的禁忌证。答案为E。掌握“局部义齿的适应证与禁忌证”知识点。"} {"Question":"义齿固位力与卡环臂进入基牙倒凹的深度和倒凹的坡度有关,一般","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"倒凹的深度应大于1mm,倒凹的坡度应小于10°"},{"key":"B","value":"倒凹的深度应大于1mm,倒凹的坡度应小于20°"},{"key":"C","value":"倒凹的深度应小于1mm,倒凹的坡度应小于10°"},{"key":"D","value":"倒凹的深度应小于1mm,倒凹的坡度应小于20°"},{"key":"E","value":"倒凹的深度应小于1mm,倒凹的坡度应大于20°"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查可摘局部义齿基牙倒凹的深度和坡度。义齿固位力与卡环臂进入基牙倒凹的深度和倒凹的坡度有关,一般倒凹的深度应小于1mm,倒凹的坡度应大于20°(E对)。基牙的倒凹深度不超过1mm,坡度应大于20°;锥形牙、过小牙等牙冠固位形态差的牙一般不宜选作基牙。"} {"Question":"使用可摘局部义齿最容易造成疼痛的部位不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尖牙唇侧"},{"key":"B","value":"牙槽嵴顶"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌隆突"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌结节颊侧"},{"key":"E","value":"内斜嵴处"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查使用可摘局部义齿最容易造成疼痛的部位。牙槽嵴顶(B错,为本题的正确答案)表面覆盖着高度角化的复层鳞状上皮,其下有致密的黏膜下层所附着,能承受咀嚼压力,抵抗义齿基托的碰撞而不致造成组织的创伤,使用可摘局部义齿后正常情况下不会出现疼痛。使用可摘局部义齿最容易造成疼痛的部位:①基牙唇侧(A对),尤其是卡环臂与基牙接触的牙颈部,可因卡环过紧,与基牙产生过度摩擦和推力导致基牙疼痛;②上颌隆突(C对)即硬区、上颌结节颊侧(D对)、内斜嵴处(E对)等骨性隆突区,这些部位不仅骨质突起,而且表面覆盖很薄的黏膜,弹性差,不能承受咀嚼压力。"} {"Question":"老年男性,65岁,因牙列缺损到修复科就诊,目的恢复咀嚼功能。检查见双侧上颌磨牙缺失,上颌牙槽嵴低平,拟行可摘局部义齿进行修复。则在排牙的时候应该将人工牙排列成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尖对尖"},{"key":"B","value":"正常(牙合)"},{"key":"C","value":"反(牙合)"},{"key":"D","value":"靠近唇侧"},{"key":"E","value":"靠近腭侧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"单侧或双侧多数牙游离缺失,后牙应排在牙槽嵴上。如上颌牙槽骨吸收较多,应排成反(牙合)关系。否则,排在牙槽嵴的颊侧过多,可加速牙槽骨吸收,并影响义齿固位,且易造成基托折裂。掌握“局部义齿颌位关系记录及人工牙选择”知识点。"} {"Question":"一患者右下6缺失,右下5和右下7健康,缺隙正常。可摘局部义齿的支点线可以设计成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"斜线式"},{"key":"B","value":"直线式"},{"key":"C","value":"横线式"},{"key":"D","value":"纵线式"},{"key":"E","value":"平面式"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查可摘局部义齿的Cummer分类。一患者右下6缺失,右下5和右下7健康,缺隙正常。可摘局部义齿的支点线可以设计成纵线式(D对)。可摘局部义齿的Cummer分类:第一类:支点线斜割牙弓,即斜线式(A错)。第二类:支点线横割牙弓,即横线式(C错)。第三类:支点线位于牙弓的一侧而呈前后方向者,即纵线式。第四类:支点线构成多边形,即平面式(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列对可摘局部义齿大连接体的要求,除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杆的边缘应圆钝"},{"key":"B","value":"一般呈圆形或卵圆形"},{"key":"C","value":"不能妨碍唇、颊、舌的运动"},{"key":"D","value":"有一定的强度、质地坚韧、不变形"},{"key":"E","value":"不能压迫上颌腭隆突、下颌舌隆突及其他骨性突起"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"对大连接体的要求①有一定的强度、质地坚韧、不变形、不断裂;②不能妨碍唇、颊、舌的运动;③根据不同的位置、受力情况和组织情况,可呈不同的大小、外形和厚度,一般呈扁平形或板条形。连接杆的弹性随长度而增加。因此,若杆的长度增加,应相应地增加厚度。杆的边缘应圆钝;④不能进入软组织倒凹,以免影响义齿就位和压伤软组织。不能压迫上颌腭隆突、下颌舌隆突及其他骨性突起。掌握“局部义齿连接体”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙列缺损Kennedy分类第一类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单侧游离端缺失"},{"key":"B","value":"双侧游离端缺失"},{"key":"C","value":"单侧非游离端缺失"},{"key":"D","value":"双侧非游离端缺失"},{"key":"E","value":"前牙缺失"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查Kennedy牙列缺损分类。属于Kennedy分类的第一类的是双侧游离端缺失(B对),属于Kennedy分类的第二类的是单侧游离端缺失(A错),属于Kennedy分类的第三类的是单侧非游离端缺失(C错),属于Kennedy分类的第四类的是前牙缺失(E错)且跨过中线。而双侧非游离端缺失(D错)则属于第三类一亚类。"} {"Question":"可摘局部义齿基托不具备的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"承担和集中(牙合)力"},{"key":"B","value":"保护黏膜及牙槽骨"},{"key":"C","value":"连接义齿各部成一整体"},{"key":"D","value":"增强义齿的固位和稳定"},{"key":"E","value":"修复缺损的软、硬组织"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查可摘局部义齿基托的功能。基托可以承担、传递与分散人工牙的咬合力,而不是集中(牙合)力(A错,为本题的正确答案)。基托是可摘局部义齿的主要组成部分之一。可摘局部义齿的基托可以保护黏膜及牙槽骨(B对),减缓牙槽骨的吸收。基托还有连接功能,连接义齿各部成一整体(C对)并且可增强义齿的固位和稳定(D对)。基托有时可修复缺损的软、硬组织(E对)。此外,基托可以承担、传递与分散人工牙的咬合力。"} {"Question":"修复Kennedy第一类、第二类缺损的主要难点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止义齿对基牙的损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"防止义齿对牙槽嵴的损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"防止义齿沿支点线旋转"},{"key":"D","value":"防止义齿(牙合)向移位"},{"key":"E","value":"防止义齿龈向移位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查修复Kennedy第一类、第二类缺损的难点。修复Kennedy第一类、第二类缺损的主要难点是防止义齿沿支点线旋转(C对)。Kennedy第一类牙列缺损的义齿由天然牙与黏膜混合支持,多为Cummer分类的横线式或斜线式;Kennedy第二类牙列缺损的义齿由天然牙与黏膜混合支持,多个后牙缺失的修复常设计成Cummer分类的斜线式,单个后牙缺失修复则多为纵线式。可摘局部义齿的Cummer分类:第一类:支点线斜割牙弓,即斜线式。第二类:支点线横割牙弓,即横线式。第三类:支点线位于牙弓的一侧而呈前后方向者,即纵线式。第四类:支点线构成多边形,即平面式。Cummer分类除平面式以外的其他三类义齿,其支托连线形成转动轴,在力不平衡的情况下易使义齿形成绕转动轴的转动。"} {"Question":"下列有关尖牙卡环的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用于尖牙"},{"key":"B","value":"丝材的弹性好,固位力较强"},{"key":"C","value":"向下向前进入唇面近中倒凹"},{"key":"D","value":"由近中切支托顺舌面近中边缘嵴向下"},{"key":"E","value":"经舌隆突、舌面远中边缘嵴向上至远中切角"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尖牙卡环:用于尖牙,尤其是下颌尖牙。卡环由近中切支托顺舌面近中边缘嵴向下,经舌隆突、舌面远中边缘嵴向上至远中切角,向下向前进入唇面近中倒凹。小连接体在远中邻面与卡环臂相连。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"义齿基托的功能不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连接义齿各部件成一整体"},{"key":"B","value":"承担传递分散(牙合)力"},{"key":"C","value":"修复缺损的软硬组织"},{"key":"D","value":"直接有效的固位作用"},{"key":"E","value":"间接固位作用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"基托的功能:排列人工牙,连接义齿各部件成一个整体。承担、传递和分散人工牙承受的(牙合)力。修复缺损的牙槽骨、颌骨和软组织。利用基托与黏膜之间的吸附力,基托与基牙及邻近牙接触形成的摩擦力和约束力,加强义齿的固位与稳定。也有防止义齿旋转和翘动的间接固位作用。掌握“局部义齿人工牙及基托”知识点。"} {"Question":"除整铸支架可摘局部义齿以外,我国目前可摘局部义齿设计的基本形式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"铸造卡环"},{"key":"B","value":"锻丝卡环"},{"key":"C","value":"RPI卡环"},{"key":"D","value":"RPA卡环"},{"key":"E","value":"杆型卡环"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"锻丝卡环是我国目前除整铸支架可摘局部义齿以外,可摘局部义齿设计的基本形式。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"可摘局部义齿大连接体的种类包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌板"},{"key":"B","value":"腭板"},{"key":"C","value":"舌杆"},{"key":"D","value":"腭杆"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"大连接体的种类:①腭杆;②腭板;③舌杆;④舌板。掌握“局部义齿连接体”知识点。"} {"Question":"右下颌5-8缺失,余留牙正常,基牙应选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"43,44"},{"key":"B","value":"43,44,34"},{"key":"C","value":"43,44,34,35"},{"key":"D","value":"43,44,34,37"},{"key":"E","value":"44,34,37"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"此题考虑到基牙选择的要求,选44,为最近基牙,为了稳定要选其他2颗基牙,而43一般不选择,37做对侧最远基牙,而3颗基牙保持稳定,选择44对称基牙34做基牙达到平面型设计。掌握“局部义齿的设计”知识点。"} {"Question":"其优点是制作工艺简单,便于修改和添加。缺点是体积较大,异物感明显。为以上哪种类型的义齿","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金属铸造支架式义齿"},{"key":"B","value":"黏膜支持式义齿"},{"key":"C","value":"牙与黏膜混合支持式义齿"},{"key":"D","value":"胶连式义齿"},{"key":"E","value":"牙支持式义齿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胶连式义齿的优点是制作工艺简单,价格低廉,便于修改和添加。缺点是体积较大,覆盖组织多,异物感明显,舒适性差,不易自洁,且强度差,易损坏。掌握“局部义齿类型,肯氏分类及模型观测”知识点。"} {"Question":"哪种情况下舌杆需离开黏膜0.3~0.4mm","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为垂直型,非游离缺失"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为垂直型,游离缺失"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为斜坡型,非游离缺失"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为斜坡型,游离缺失"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为倒凹型"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查舌杆与黏膜的关系。为防止义齿受力下沉后舌杆压迫软组织,舌杆与黏膜间应预留适当的缓冲间隙。缓冲量根据下颌舌侧牙槽骨的三种形态有所不同。斜坡型者舌杆与黏膜稍分离,缓冲量一般为0.3~0.5mm;如果两侧是单个后牙非游离缺失或间隔缺失,可用缺隙两侧邻牙做基牙,制作活动桥,则不需要使用舌杆。所以下颌舌侧牙槽骨形态为斜坡型,游离缺失(D对C错)舌杆需离开黏膜0.3~0.4mm。垂直型者(AB错)无论是否是游离缺失,舌杆都应与黏膜平行接触,缓冲量最小。对于倒凹形者(E错)舌杆应该在倒凹之上或在倒凹区留出空隙并在骨突区充分缓冲。"} {"Question":"男,67岁,46缺失,牙槽嵴中度丰满,平整,余留牙正常,可摘局部义齿设计为47卡臂卡环,(牙合)支托窝应预备在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颊沟"},{"key":"B","value":"中央窝"},{"key":"C","value":"舌沟"},{"key":"D","value":"远中(牙合)边缘嵴"},{"key":"E","value":"近中(牙合)边缘嵴"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查(牙合)支托。男,67岁,46缺失,牙槽嵴中度丰满,平整,余留牙正常,可摘局部义齿设计为47卡臂卡环,(牙合)支托窝应预备在近中(牙合)边缘嵴(E对)。若上、下颌牙咬合过紧,无法获得支托间隙,可将(牙合)支托设置在磨牙的颊、舌侧(AC错)。(牙合)支托不能设置在磨牙的(牙合)面中央窝(B错)。患者46缺失,若在缺隙近中的基牙上设置支托,则(牙合)支托窝应制备在基牙的远中(牙合)边缘嵴上(D错);若在47上设置卡环,(牙合)支托窝应预备在47的近中(牙合)边缘嵴上。"} {"Question":"双侧游离端缺失属于Kennedy分类的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第一类"},{"key":"B","value":"第二类"},{"key":"C","value":"第三类"},{"key":"D","value":"第四类"},{"key":"E","value":"第一类一分类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查Kennedy牙列缺损分类。双侧游离端缺失属于Kennedy分类的第一类(A对),单侧游离端缺失属于Kennedy分类的第二类(B错),单侧非游离端缺失属于Kennedy分类的第三类(C错),前牙缺失且跨过中线属于Kennedy分类的第四类(D错),即除主要缺隙外,如还有一个缺隙则为第一亚类(E错)。"} {"Question":"回力卡环与反回力卡均为铸造卡环将起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应力集中的作用"},{"key":"B","value":"应力中断的作用"},{"key":"C","value":"固位支持的作用"},{"key":"D","value":"固位稳定的作用"},{"key":"E","value":"稳定支持的作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"回力卡环:常用于后牙游离端缺失,基牙为前磨牙或尖牙,牙冠较短或为锥形牙。卡环臂尖端位于基牙的唇(颊)面倒凹区,绕过基牙的远中面与支托相连接,再转向舌面的非倒凹区,在基牙近中舌侧通过连接体与腭(舌)杆相连:卡环臂尖端位于基牙舌面倒凹区时,与远中支托相连,转向近中颊侧通过连接体与基托相连者称反回力卡。两者均为铸造卡环,由于远中支托不与基托相连接,(牙合)力则通过人工牙和基托传到黏膜和颌骨上,减轻基牙的负荷,起应力中断的作用。掌握“局部义齿固位体”知识点。"} {"Question":"一足部患有严重溃疡的糖尿病病人,经治疗病情未减轻,且有发生败血症的危险。此时为保证病人的生命而需要对病人截肢。这里包含的冲突是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利原则与公正原则的冲突"},{"key":"B","value":"有利原则与尊重原则的冲突"},{"key":"C","value":"不伤害原则与有利原则的冲突"},{"key":"D","value":"不伤害原则与公正原则的冲突"},{"key":"E","value":"不伤害原则与尊重原则的冲突"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在医学实践中,不伤害是指在诊治、护理过程中不使患者的身心受到损伤。有利原则又称有益原则。在医学实践中,有利原则有狭义和广义之分。狭义的有利原则是指医务人员履行对患者有利的德行,即医务人员的诊治、护理行为对患者确有助益,既能减轻痛苦或同时又能促进康复;广义的有利原则不仅对患者有利,而且医务人员的行为有利于医学事业和医学科学的发展,有利于促进人群、人类的健康和福利。然而,通常有利原则首先是指狭义的说法。由上看出,有利原则比不伤害原则的内容广泛,层次也高。掌握“医学伦理的基本原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"“救死扶伤”一词最早出自于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《希波克拉底》誓言"},{"key":"B","value":"《报任少卿书》"},{"key":"C","value":"《黄帝内经》"},{"key":"D","value":"《大医精诚》"},{"key":"E","value":"《伤寒杂病论》"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"“救死扶伤”一词最早出自汉代司马迁的《报任少卿书》,其中写道“与单于连战十有余日,所杀过半当,虏救死扶伤不给”。掌握“医学伦理的指导原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于医学伦理指导原则描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"“防病治病”是宗旨"},{"key":"B","value":"“救死扶伤”是宗旨"},{"key":"C","value":"“实行社会主义人道主义”是理念"},{"key":"D","value":"“全心全意”是理念"},{"key":"E","value":"“为人民身心健康服务”是目标"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"医学伦理指导原则“防病治病”是手段,“救死扶伤”是宗旨,“实行社会主义人道主义”和“全心全意”是理念,“为人民身心健康服务”是目标,只有在宗旨和理念明确,手段正当并实施的前提下,才能确保目标的达成。掌握“医学伦理的指导原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床实践中,谁有权优先获取可供移植的器官,优先考虑的因素中除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医学标准"},{"key":"B","value":"捐献意愿"},{"key":"C","value":"移植的科研价值"},{"key":"D","value":"捐献事实"},{"key":"E","value":"登记时序"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在临床实践中,谁有权优先获取可供移植的器官,一般可考虑以下因素:1.医学标准;2.捐献意愿;3.捐献事实;4.登记时序;5.年龄因素;还有一些其他因素,如“受者的家庭地位及作用”、“受者的社会价值”、“受者的经济支付能力”、“移植的科研价值”、“受者等待的时间”、“移植后的余年寿命”等只能作为辅助因素,不能作为优先选择的标准。掌握“人体器官移植伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"收集丈夫或自愿献精者的精液,由医师注入女性生殖道,达到受孕的技术是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体外受精"},{"key":"B","value":"克隆技术"},{"key":"C","value":"人工授精"},{"key":"D","value":"异体受孕"},{"key":"E","value":"代孕母亲"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"人工授精:收集丈夫或自愿献精者的精液,由医师注入女性生殖道,以达到受孕目的的一种技术。掌握“人类生殖技术伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"某女患头痛数月,遇上感冒和月经来潮时疼痛加重,于是出于彻底检查的目的来院坚决要求作CT检查,被医师拒绝。医师开出脑电图检查单和请耳鼻喉科会诊单。病人大为不满。为形成正常医患关系,该医师应该","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维持契约关系,完全按病人要求办,开单作CT检查"},{"key":"B","value":"维持契约关系,坚决按医生意见办,脑电图检查后再定"},{"key":"C","value":"维持契约信托关系,说服患者先行体格检查再定"},{"key":"D","value":"维持信托关系,对不信赖者拒绝接诊"},{"key":"E","value":"维持信托关系,先查Cr和脑电图、进行会诊,然后体检"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"医患信托关系是医务人员和医疗机构受患者的信任和委托,保障患者在医疗活动中的健康利益不受损害并有所促进的一种关系。患者的求医行为隐含着对医方的希望和信任,而医方的特殊职业性质和职业信誉,要求其必须接受患者的托付,并以救死扶伤的人道主义精神尽可能地实现患方的希望和托付,这也是医方的义务和责任。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"某肝癌患者病情已到晚期,处于极度痛苦之中,自认为是肝硬化,寄希望于治疗。病情进展和疼痛发作时,多次要求医生给以明确说法和治疗措施。此时,医生最佳的伦理选择应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正确对待保密与讲真话的关系,经家属同意后告知实情,重点减轻病痛"},{"key":"B","value":"恪守保密原则,继续隐瞒病情,直至患者病死"},{"key":"C","value":"遵循病人自主原则,全面满足病人要求"},{"key":"D","value":"依据知情同意原则,应该告知病人所有信息"},{"key":"E","value":"依据有利原则,劝导病人试用一些民间土方"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"对于病人的病情,伦理的选择应该适当保守秘密,前提是经过家属或者监护人同意。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"某中学生,15岁。经骨髓穿刺检查诊断为“急性淋巴细胞白血病”,给以常规治疗,症状无缓解。医生告诉家长,此病目前尚无理想的治疗方法,医院正在尝试使用一种疗效不肯定、有一定风险的药物,其家长表示愿意做这种试验性治疗,但没有履行书面承诺手续,治疗二天后,病人病重,抢救无效,死亡。此后,家属否认曾同意这种治疗方案,称是“拿病人做试验”,要追究医生责任,于是造成医疗纠纷。病人家属称本案是“拿病人做试验”并告上法庭,理由如下,但其真实的思想最可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"家长没有书面承诺,说明对该方案有保留意见"},{"key":"B","value":"抢救不够及时,拖延了时间"},{"key":"C","value":"家长没签字,医生必须承担患儿死亡的责任"},{"key":"D","value":"要求减免住院费用"},{"key":"E","value":"医生所做的试验缺乏临床数据积累"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"由于失去亲人,家属最可能的要求可能为经济补偿。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"某中学生,15岁。经骨髓穿刺检查诊断为“急性淋巴细胞白血病”,给以常规治疗,症状无缓解。医生告诉家长,此病目前尚无理想的治疗方法,医院正在尝试使用一种疗效不肯定、有一定风险的药物,其家长表示愿意做这种试验性治疗,但没有履行书面承诺手续,治疗二天后,病人病重,抢救无效,死亡。此后,家属否认曾同意这种治疗方案,称是“拿病人做试验”,要追究医生责任,于是造成医疗纠纷。就本案分析,医生做出选择的伦理依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"研究目的是正确的"},{"key":"B","value":"符合知情同意的原则"},{"key":"C","value":"符合受试者利益的原则"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗期间,医生是积极负责的"},{"key":"E","value":"以上各点都符合临床医学研究原则,没有错误"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"实行知情同意是一个在医生与病人(有时包括病人家属)之间相互交流、协商,有时包括耐心说服的过程。题目中说明了问题“医生做出选择的伦理依据”从医生的角度讲已经做到了知情同意的原则,没有履行书面承诺属于问责的部分,与医生的出发点无关。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于医患双方权利与义务的下述口号和做法中,不可取的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医者不是上帝"},{"key":"B","value":"患者是上帝"},{"key":"C","value":"把维护患者正当权利放在第一位"},{"key":"D","value":"医者的正当权益也必须得到保证"},{"key":"E","value":"患者的权利往往意味着医者的义务"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"作为患者,有其应该享有的权利,也有其应该履行的义务,患者不是上帝,医务人员不能对患者的所有要求进行满足。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"最能反映医患关系性质的是医务人员与患者之间的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"信托关系"},{"key":"B","value":"陌生人之间的关系"},{"key":"C","value":"主动-被动关系"},{"key":"D","value":"类似父(母)子间的关系"},{"key":"E","value":"商品关系"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"医患信托关系是医务人员和医疗机构受患者的信任和委托,保障患者在医疗活动中的健康利益不受损害并有所促进的一种关系。医患关系不同于一般的法律合同关系、单纯的契约关系,它要以医患间的真诚信任为基础,而不是完全依靠法律的外在约束。但是在市场经济条件下,也揭示了医患关系的信托性质,说明忽视或背离信托性质的医患关系只能是一种矛盾的、不和谐的关系。掌握“医患关系伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关公共卫生伦理学哪项理解不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强调资源分配的公平"},{"key":"B","value":"研究对象是社会公众、健康人"},{"key":"C","value":"关注问题有预防、防止伤害发生、传染病流行"},{"key":"D","value":"研究侧重在影响健康的行为、生活方式等社会因素,落足于政策制定"},{"key":"E","value":"涉及单一的医患关系"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"社群主义:评估公共政策好坏的关键就是是否有助于创造适合于个人生活于其中的社会形式。这种观点被称之为社群主义或“共同体主义”,它既不以权力也不依靠结果或健康福利为基础,而是侧重于灌输美德和以培育良好社区为宗旨。此为公共卫生伦理的理论基础。公共卫生伦理涉及到社会群体性的关系,不仅仅是单一的医患关系。掌握“公共卫生伦理含义、理论基础与原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"2002年,美国公共卫生学会正式提出\"公共卫生伦理实践的原则\"共","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6条"},{"key":"B","value":"8条"},{"key":"C","value":"10条"},{"key":"D","value":"12条"},{"key":"E","value":"16条"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"2002年,美国公共卫生学会正式提出12条\"公共卫生伦理实践的原则\",这些原则指明了公共卫生的性质与特点、公共卫生机构及其从业人员的责任和义务、公共卫生方案和政策应遵循的核心价值和理念等。掌握“公共卫生伦理含义、理论基础与原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"突发公共卫生事件不具有的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"突发性"},{"key":"B","value":"群体性"},{"key":"C","value":"时效性"},{"key":"D","value":"危害性"},{"key":"E","value":"不确定性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查公共卫生工作伦理要求。时效性(C错,为本题正确答案)是指信息仅在一定时间段内对决策具有价值的属性。与突发公共卫生事件无关,属于干扰选项。一般说来,突发公共卫生事件是突然发生的(A对),具有很强的不确定性(E对);其次,突发公共卫生事件的发生呈现群体性(B对),目标对象往往是不特定的社会群体;再次,突发公共卫生事件可能导致全国性或全球性的公共卫生危机;最后,突发公共卫生事件不但会对公众健康造成严重损害,严重时还会影响社会安定,破坏社会正常秩序,具有危害性(D对)。"} {"Question":"主张以行动者的行为所产生的可能或实际效果作为道德价值之基础或评价标准的是伦理学基本理论中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"义务论"},{"key":"B","value":"效果论"},{"key":"C","value":"美德论"},{"key":"D","value":"规范论"},{"key":"E","value":"阶级论"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"效果论又称目的论,主张以行动者的行为所产生的可能或实际效果作为道德价值之基础的或评价标准。掌握“伦理学”知识点。"} {"Question":"生物医学研究伦理审查的监督管理内容除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伦理委员会是否建立伦理审查制定"},{"key":"B","value":"伦理审查内容和程序是否符合要求"},{"key":"C","value":"伦理审查结果执行情况"},{"key":"D","value":"伦理审查文档管理情况"},{"key":"E","value":"对受试者的研究中可能承担的风险是否有预防和应对措施"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"生物医学研究伦理审查的主要监督检查以下内容:1)医疗卫生机构是否按照要求设立伦理委员会,并进行备案。2)伦理委员会是否建立伦理审查制度。3)伦理审查内容和程序是否符合要求。4)审查的研究项目是否如实在我国医学研究登记备案信息系统进行登记。5)伦理审查结果执行情况。6)伦理审查文档管理情况。7)伦理委员会委员的伦理培训、学习情况。8)对国家和省级医学伦理专家委员会提出的改进意见或者建议是否落实。9)其他需要监督检查的相关内容。掌握“医学伦理委员会及医学伦理审查”知识点。"} {"Question":"人体试验的道德原则,下列除外哪一项均正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"知情同意原则"},{"key":"B","value":"控制风险原则"},{"key":"C","value":"保护隐私原则"},{"key":"D","value":"医学发展至上"},{"key":"E","value":"特殊保护原则"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"我国《办法》将涉及人的生物医学研究应该遵循的伦理问题原则具体化为以下六个方面:知情同意原则;控制风险原则;免费和补偿原则;保护隐私原则;依法赔偿原则;特殊保护原则。掌握“涉及人和动物的医学实验伦理”知识点。"} {"Question":"生物医学研究伦理审查的内容除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"研究者的资格、经验、技术能力等是否符合试验要求"},{"key":"B","value":"受试者可能遭受的风险程度与研究预期的收益相比是否在合理范围之内"},{"key":"C","value":"是否有对受试者个人信息及相关资料的保密措施"},{"key":"D","value":"是否有对受试者遵循的伦理要求"},{"key":"E","value":"受试者参加研究的合理支出是否得到了合理补偿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"伦理审查的内容:按照《办法》第二十条之规定,伦理审查的重点内容包括:1)研究者的资格、经验、技术能力等是否符合试验要求。2)研究方案是否科学,并符合伦理原则的要求。中医药项目研究方案的审查,还应当考虑其传统实践经验。3)受试者可能遭受的风险程度与研究预期的受益相比是否在合理范围之内。4)知情同意书提供的有关信息是否完整易懂,获得知情同意的过程是否合规恰当。5)是否有对受试者个人信息及相关资料的保密措施。6)受试者的纳入和排除标准是否恰当、公平。7)是否向受试者明确告知其应当享有的权益,包括在研究过程中可以随时无理由退出且不受歧视的权利等。8)受试者参加研究的合理支出是否得到了合理补偿;受试者参加研究受到损害时,给予的治疗和赔偿是否合理、合法。9)是否有具备资格或者经培训后的研究者负责获取知情同意,并随时接受有关安全问题的咨询。10)对受试者在研究中可能承受的风险是否有预防和应对措施。11)研究是否涉及利益冲突。12)研究是否存在社会舆论风险。13)需要审查的其他重点内容。掌握“医学伦理委员会及医学伦理审查”知识点。"} {"Question":"在临床医学研究开始之前,必须要把研究方案提交到哪个部门进行审查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医院党委"},{"key":"B","value":"科研处"},{"key":"C","value":"科研评定委员会"},{"key":"D","value":"伦理委员会"},{"key":"E","value":"病人所在病房的领导"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查医学研究的伦理审查。在临床医学研究开始之前,必须要把研究方案提交到伦理委员会进行审查(D对)。涉及人体受试者的生物医学研究的国际伦理学准则明确规定,实验者必须向伦理审查委员会报告的第一类信息是:“在当前知识允许的情况下清楚地说明研究的目标以及进行研究的理由”。"} {"Question":"慢性轻度铅中毒患者的处理原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"驱铅治疗,调离铅作业"},{"key":"B","value":"驱铅治疗后一般不必调离铅作业"},{"key":"C","value":"积极治疗,必须调离"},{"key":"D","value":"密切观察"},{"key":"E","value":"对症处理"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"慢性轻度铅中毒患者的处理原则是驱铅治疗后一般不必调离铅作业(B对)。根据《职业性慢性铅中毒诊断标准(GBZ37-2002)》劳动能力鉴定,慢性轻度铅中毒患者的处理原则是驱铅治疗后一般不必调离铅作业(B对DE错)。铅吸收时可继续原工作,3~6月复查一次。慢性中度中毒时驱铅治疗后原则上调离铅作业(A错)。慢性重度中毒时必须调离铅作业,并根据病情给予治疗和休息(C错)。"} {"Question":"女性,35岁,2月来发热,乏力伴消瘦,左颈、两侧腋窝和腹股沟部位可触及数个黄豆和蚕豆大小淋巴结,脾肋下3cm,血象正常,血沉80mm\/h,胸部X线检查阴性,肝区B超正常,淋巴结活检为混合细胞型,淋巴瘤分期为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅱ期A"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ期B"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ期A"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ期B"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅳ期A"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"①Ⅰ期:病变仅限于一个淋巴结区(Ⅰ)或淋巴结外单一器官(IE);②Ⅱ期:病变累及横膈同一侧两个或更多淋巴结区(Ⅱ)或病变局限侵犯淋巴结以外器官及横膈同侧一个以上淋巴结区(ⅡE);③Ⅲ期:膈上下都已有淋巴结病变(Ⅲ)可以同时(Ⅲ)伴有脾累及(ⅢS)或淋巴结以外某一器官受累,加上膈两侧淋巴结受累(ⅢE);④Ⅳ期:病变已侵犯多处淋巴结及淋巴结以外的部位,如累及肺、肝及骨髓等。各期按全身症状的有无分别为A、B两组。B组症状包括:①发热38℃以上,连续3天以上,且无感染原因;②6个月内体重减轻10%以上;③盗汗。掌握“淋巴瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"可导致输血反应的天然抗体类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IgM"},{"key":"B","value":"IgG"},{"key":"C","value":"IgD"},{"key":"D","value":"IgE"},{"key":"E","value":"IgA"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"可导致输血反应的天然抗体类型是IgM(A对)。ABO血型抗体有“天然抗体”与“免疫性抗体”之分。所谓“天然抗体”是指没有可察觉的免疫刺激,而“天然”存在于人体内血清中。这些刺激源,如细菌,广泛分布于自然环境,它可以存在于灰尘、食物及各种物体,所以在通常情况下不会被人察觉。由于很多细菌有类似于人类HAB抗原的抗原性,因此对人体是一种强有力且持续不断可免疫的刺激。在这种外来刺激情况下,人体将产生对这些异己的HAB抗原的同种抗体。而“免疫性抗体”则是指经A或B抗原特异性免疫刺激产生的抗A或抗B抗体,这种抗体来自母胎ABO血型不合的妊娠,输入了ABO血型不合的红细胞或注射了纯化的血型物质及含有血型活性物质的病毒或细菌产物等。“天然抗体”多趋向于IgM,而“免疫性抗体”则常是IgG。"} {"Question":"女,48岁。肝炎肝硬化8年,近2个月腹围明显增大,1周来少尿,血肌酐升高,无腹痛及发热,CT提示肝硬化腹水,AFP及血常规正常,最可能的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝癌"},{"key":"B","value":"肝炎活动"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"腹膜转移癌"},{"key":"E","value":"原发性胸膜炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝肾综合征(HRS)临床特征性表现为“三低一高”,即少尿或无尿、低尿钠、稀释性低血钠和氮质血症,肾脏本身无重要病理改变。掌握“肝硬化”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,29岁。近3个月来反复出现腹痛、腹泻,大便每日1~3次,无黏液脓血。查体:右下腹压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张,肛周见瘘管。胃肠钡餐:回盲部线样征。下列诊断可能性最大的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"B","value":"克罗恩病"},{"key":"C","value":"小肠淋巴瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米巴性肠病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"克罗恩病最常累及回肠末段与邻近右侧结肠。临床上表现为腹痛(多位于右下腹或脐周)、腹泻(粪便多为糊状,无黏液脓血)、腹部包块、瘘管形成、肛门直肠周围病变,以及发热、消痩、贫血等全身症状,X线钡餐检查示病变呈节段性,可见黏膜粗乱,纵行溃疡,鹅卵石征及“线样征”等,由此可见该患者最可能的诊断为克罗恩病。掌握“炎症性肠病(克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎)”知识点。"} {"Question":"肝硬化时,脾肿大的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾窦扩张红细胞瘀滞"},{"key":"B","value":"脾窦巨噬细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"脾内淋巴细胞聚集"},{"key":"D","value":"脾内纤维组织增生"},{"key":"E","value":"脾小体多量中性粒细胞浸润"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查肝硬化的临床表现。肝硬化时,脾肿大的主要原因是脾窦扩张红细胞瘀滞(A对),因脾静脉回流阻力增加及门静脉压力逆传到脾,使脾脏被动淤血性肿大,从而脾组织和脾内纤维组织增生(D错)。此外,肠道抗原物质经门-体侧支循环进人体循环,被脾脏摄取,抗原刺激脾窦巨噬细胞增多(B错),脾内淋巴细胞聚集(C错),形成脾功能亢进、脾大。"} {"Question":"对细菌性痢疾来说哪项是对的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"潜伏期1~2天"},{"key":"B","value":"近年来在临床上很少见"},{"key":"C","value":"粪便中有大量单核细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"通常结肠与小肠均有炎症"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗菌痢,首选氯霉素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"B选项:多见。C选项:镜检有大量脓细胞、红细胞与巨噬细胞。D选项:细菌性痢疾病变部位主要发生于大肠,尤以乙状结肠和直肠为重。E选项:首选喹诺酮类。掌握“细菌性痢疾”知识点。"} {"Question":"艾滋病的孕妇引起胎儿感染属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医源性传播"},{"key":"B","value":"垂直传播"},{"key":"C","value":"水平传播"},{"key":"D","value":"接触传播"},{"key":"E","value":"间接传播"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查艾滋病的传播途径。艾滋病的孕妇引起胎儿感染属于垂直传播(B对)。医源性传播(A错)指在医疗、预防工作中,由于未能严格执行规章制度和操作规程,而人为地造成某些传染病的传播。水平传播(C错)包括呼吸道传播、消化道传播、接触传播、虫媒传播、血液、体液传播等。接触传播(D错)指易感者与被病原体污染的水或土壤接触时获得感染,如钩端螺旋体病、血吸虫病和钩虫病等,或日常生活的密切接触也有可能获得感染。间接传播(E错)是指传染源不与被感染者直接接触,由媒介(像苍蝇等)参与,或是公用物品等传播疾病。"} {"Question":"系统性红斑狼疮的主要临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"育龄女性多发"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤黏膜与关节表现"},{"key":"C","value":"肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"浆膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"贫血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查系统性红斑狼疮。SLE中,80%在病程中出现皮疹、关节痛是常见症状(B对)。有临床表现的肾炎占60%。半数以上急性发作期出现浆膜炎。"} {"Question":"女性,32岁,不慎被机器将长发辫卷入造成大块头皮撕脱。最恰当的救治步骤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"及时清创,复位缝合"},{"key":"B","value":"补液,抗感染"},{"key":"C","value":"止痛药物"},{"key":"D","value":"创口敷料覆盖加压包扎"},{"key":"E","value":"密切观察生命体征变化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查头皮撕脱伤的治疗。女性,32岁,不慎被机器将长发辫卷入造成大块头皮撕脱,应诊断为头皮撕脱伤。最恰当的救治步骤是及时清创,复位缝合(A对)。补液,抗感染(B错)、止痛药物(C错)、创口敷料覆盖加压包扎(D错)、密切观察生命体征变化(E错)均为创伤后的处理方法,但不属于最恰当的救治步骤。"} {"Question":"系统性红斑狼疮患者的典型皮肤损害为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环形红斑"},{"key":"B","value":"结节性红斑"},{"key":"C","value":"面部蝶形红斑"},{"key":"D","value":"多形性红斑"},{"key":"E","value":"网状青斑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"皮肤与黏膜呈蝶形分布于鼻梁和双颧颊部的红斑是SLE特征性的改变。掌握“系统性红斑狼疮”知识点。"} {"Question":"严重烧伤引起的第一位死因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"休克"},{"key":"B","value":"急性呼吸衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾功能衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"败血症"},{"key":"E","value":"水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"感染是烧伤救治中的突出问题。感染如未能控制,其结果是内脏并发症接二连三,终因脓毒性休克、多器官功能衰竭而死亡。掌握“火器伤、热烧伤”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是外科感染的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多由几种细菌引起的混合感染"},{"key":"B","value":"常有明显的局部症状"},{"key":"C","value":"病变往往集中在某个局部,而后化脓,坏死"},{"key":"D","value":"不会引起严重的全身感染"},{"key":"E","value":"一般指需要手术治疗的感染性疾病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"外科感染分为局部感染和全身感染,感染轻微可无全身症状,感染严重时可以产生全身的炎症反应。掌握“外科感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性化脓性骨髓炎病原菌占首位的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"B","value":"产气荚膜杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"白色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"乙型溶血链球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性化脓性骨髓炎一般为血源性感染,病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为最多(占80%~90%),一型溶血性链球菌占第二位。掌握“骨与关节化脓性感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"一工人劳动时踏铁钉刺伤足底半日,出血已止,伤口创缘稍肿胀,伤口污染较明显,来院急诊。下列哪项处理是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清创后不予缝合"},{"key":"B","value":"清创后一期缝合"},{"key":"C","value":"注射破伤风抗毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"给予抗菌药物"},{"key":"E","value":"限制活动,抬高患肢"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"污染伤口在清创后行延期缝合,给予抗菌药物,注射破伤风疫苗等措施。掌握“创伤和战伤”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,60岁,颈后局限性肿痛6天,伴有畏寒、发热38.5℃,就诊时已用抗生素治疗3天,体格检查见颈后发际下方肿胀,皮肤红肿,质地坚韧,界限不清,其中央多个小脓头伴坏死组织,白细胞数16×109\/L,中性粒细胞(0.9)。此时最恰当的治疗选择是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继续抗生素静脉应用"},{"key":"B","value":"理疗"},{"key":"C","value":"做+形切口引流"},{"key":"D","value":"外敷中药膏"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"题中患者临床表现符合痈的特点,并且已经出现多个脓点,符合切开引流的指征。掌握“软组织急性感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"深部脓肿的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"局部红、肿、热、痛明显"},{"key":"B","value":"局部波动感明显"},{"key":"C","value":"全身中毒症状"},{"key":"D","value":"局部水肿、压痛明显,穿刺可抽出脓液"},{"key":"E","value":"局部仅有水肿现象,但无压痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"深部脓肿波动感可不明显,但局部有压痛,可有发热与白细胞计数增加,穿刺有脓液抽出。掌握“外科感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素呈脉冲式,脉冲间隔为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"30~60秒"},{"key":"B","value":"60~90秒"},{"key":"C","value":"60~90分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"60~90小时"},{"key":"E","value":"60~90天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素的分泌呈脉冲式,脉冲间隔为60~90分钟。生理作用是调节垂体促性腺激素的合成和分泌。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"女,28岁,诉妊娠4+月,昨搬重物后,腰酸,下坠感,今上午下腹始有阵痛,持续加重,半小时前阴道有流液,量较多,湿透内裤,急诊来院如确诊胎膜已破,此患者最适当处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安胎"},{"key":"B","value":"刮宫"},{"key":"C","value":"用宫缩药物尽早使胚胎、胎盘组织排出"},{"key":"D","value":"抗炎"},{"key":"E","value":"输血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"难免流产一旦确诊,应尽早使胚胎及胎盘组织完全排出。早期流产应及时行负压吸宫术,对妊娠产物进行认真检查,并送病理检查。晚期流产,因子宫较大,吸宫或刮宫有困难者,可用缩宫素10单位加于5%葡萄糖液500ml内静脉滴注,促使子宫收缩。当胎儿及胎盘排出后需检查是否完全,必要时刮宫以清除宫腔内残留的妊娠产物。掌握“自然流产”知识点。"} {"Question":"胎儿附属物的描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎膜由绒毛膜和羊膜组成"},{"key":"B","value":"脐带长平均约55cm"},{"key":"C","value":"脐带是母儿间物质交换的通道"},{"key":"D","value":"脐带断面中央有两条脐静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"脐带直径0.8~2.0cm"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脐带断面中央有一条脐静脉,两侧有两条脐动脉。掌握“妊娠生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者47岁,近二年月经周期紊乱,血量多,此次又阴道流血20余天,伴头晕,心悸,查体:轻度贫血貌,子宫、附件正常该患者首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫肌瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈息肉"},{"key":"C","value":"无排卵功血"},{"key":"D","value":"有排卵功血"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫腺肌症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"无排卵性功能失调性子宫出血,简称“无排卵性功血”,是指由于调节生殖的神经内分泌系统功能紊乱所导致的不规则子宫出血。多见于青春期和更年期。查体:子宫、附件正常,故首先考虑功血。处于更年期,故首先考虑无排卵功血。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女性,26岁,停经45天,突感下腹坠痛及肛门坠胀感,少量阴道流血及头晕呕吐半天。体格检查:面色苍白,BP80\/40mmHg,腹肌略紧张,下腹压痛。妇科检査:阴道少量血性物,宫颈举痛(+)穹窿饱满,子宫稍大,附件区触诊不满意。本例最恰当的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输血治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"同时手术探查纠正休克"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉输液"},{"key":"D","value":"中医治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"应用抗生素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查异位妊娠。异位妊娠的主要症状为:停经、腹痛、阴道流血、晕厥与休克,下腹包块。考虑有内出血行后穹窿穿刺抽出不凝血,应纠正休克同时施行剖腹探查(B对)。"} {"Question":"停经5周,子宫稍大,软,附件可触及包块,妊娠试验阳性,清宫术中宫腔吸出物约5g,下沉于水中,当晚突然下腹撕裂样痛,肛门坠胀感,血压下降,诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫内膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫穿孔"},{"key":"C","value":"血液流入腹腔"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫颈管裂伤"},{"key":"E","value":"输卵管妊娠破裂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"宫腔吸出物约5g,下沉于水中,提示没有绒毛膜,可以排除宫腔内妊娠。吸出物可以沉水说明是蜕膜,没有绒毛。故诊断为异位妊娠。子宫穿孔是人工流产操作中的并发症,题干中没有相关提示,故排除。掌握“异位妊娠”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于流产,下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完全流产,有腹痛,宫口松"},{"key":"B","value":"先兆流产,出血量少,宫口闭"},{"key":"C","value":"不全流产,宫口闭,出血少"},{"key":"D","value":"难免流产,宫口闭,出血少"},{"key":"E","value":"稽留流产,胚胎死亡达4周以上未自然排出"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"A应是腹痛逐渐消失。宫颈口己闭。C应是子宫出血持续不止,宫颈口已扩张,不断有血液自宫颈口内流出;D阴道流血量增多宫颈口已扩张;E无4周的定义掌握“自然流产”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于妊娠合并心脏病叙述哪项不对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠合并心脏病是孕产妇死亡的主要原因之一"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠32~34周血容量增加达高峰"},{"key":"C","value":"分娩第二期比第一期心脏负担重"},{"key":"D","value":"分娩第三期心脏负担仍很重"},{"key":"E","value":"产后2~3天心脏负担减轻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠合并心脏病。产后3内仍是心脏负担较重的时期(E错,为本题的正确答案)。妊娠期、分娩期及产褥期均可能使心脏病患者的心脏负担加重而诱发心力衰竭,妊娠合并心脏病是孕产妇死亡的主要原因之一(A对)。孕妇的总血容量较非妊娠期增加,一般自妊娠第6周开始,妊娠32~34周血容量增加达高峰(B对)。第二产程时由于孕妇屏气,先天性心脏病孕妇有时可因肺循环压力增加,使原来左向右分流转为右向左分流而出现发绀,故分娩第二期比第一期心脏负担重(C对)。胎儿胎盘娩出后,子宫突然缩小,胎盘循环停止,回心血量增加。另外,腹腔内压骤减,大量血液向内脏灌注,造成血流动力学急剧变化此时患心脏病孕妇极易发生心力衰竭,故分娩第三期心脏负担仍很重(D对)。"} {"Question":"脐带中的静脉数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1条"},{"key":"B","value":"2条"},{"key":"C","value":"3条"},{"key":"D","value":"4条"},{"key":"E","value":"5条"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脐带断面中央有一条脐静脉,两侧有两条脐动脉。掌握“妊娠生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"不完全流产","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"易引起DIC"},{"key":"B","value":"易引起失血性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"易引起颈管粘连"},{"key":"D","value":"易引起迷走神经综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"最易致肠管损伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"不全流产:难免流产继续发展,部分妊娠物排出宫腔,且部分残留于宫腔内或嵌顿于宫颈口处,或胎儿排出后胎盘滞留宫腔或嵌顿于宫颈口,影响子宫收缩,导致大量出血,甚至发生休克。掌握“自然流产”知识点。"} {"Question":"初产妇,孕37周,清晨骤醒发现躺在血中,急诊入院,查血压12\/8kPa(90\/60mmHg),脉搏120次\/分,神清,胎心音160次\/分,阴道少量活动性流血其胎方位下述哪种可能性最少","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"LOT,胎头高浮"},{"key":"B","value":"ROA,先露已衔接"},{"key":"C","value":"臀位"},{"key":"D","value":"横位"},{"key":"E","value":"ROP,先露未入盆"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"清晨骤醒发现躺在血中,这句话提示是妊娠晚期无痛性阴道流血,诊断为前置胎盘。由于胎盘前置,故胎头一般不会衔接。掌握“前置胎盘”知识点。"} {"Question":"子宫肌瘤最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红色变性"},{"key":"B","value":"继发性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"浆膜下肌瘤蒂扭转"},{"key":"D","value":"肌瘤压迫输尿管引起肾盂积水"},{"key":"E","value":"肌瘤恶变"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"子宫肌瘤时由于患者长期月经过多可导致继发性贫血,出现乏力、心悸等症状。掌握“子宫肌瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"初孕妇,妊娠38周,妊高征头痛眼花1周,尿蛋白(+++),尿雌三醇5.9mg\/24h,监护结果:胎心晚期减速,此时恰当处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"改善胎盘功能,维持妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗妊高征待症状好转后剖官产"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗妊高征的同时立即剖宫产"},{"key":"D","value":"催产素引产"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗妊高征待病情好转后引产"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"尿雌三醇测定正常范围:正常妊娠29周尿E3迅速增加,正常足月妊娠E3排出量平均值为88.7nmol\/24h(24.2mg\/24h)。临床意义:减少正常足月妊娠E3含量,连续多次均在37nmol\/24h(10mg\/24h)以下,提示胎盘功能减退;在22.2nmol\/24h(6mg\/24h)以下,提示胎盘功能显著减退。胎心晚期减速提示胎儿窘迫,再加上胎盘功能显著减退,所以此时应立即剖宫产。掌握“娠期高血压疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"米非司酮治疗子宫肌瘤的每日的用量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5mg"},{"key":"B","value":"7.5mg"},{"key":"C","value":"10mg"},{"key":"D","value":"12.5mg"},{"key":"E","value":"18mg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"米非司酮:每日12.5mg口服,可作为术前用药或提前绝经用。因有增加子宫内膜增生的风险,不可长期使用。掌握“子宫肌瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"月经的第24~28天,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经期"},{"key":"B","value":"增殖期"},{"key":"C","value":"分泌期"},{"key":"D","value":"分泌晚期"},{"key":"E","value":"月经周期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"分泌期晚期:月经周期第24~28日。月经周期第24~28日。此期为月经来潮前期,相当于黄体退化阶段。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于蜕膜,哪项描述是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受精卵着床后,子宫内膜转变为蜕膜"},{"key":"B","value":"底蜕膜发育成为胎盘的母体部分"},{"key":"C","value":"包蜕膜覆盖在胚泡表面"},{"key":"D","value":"真蜕膜覆盖子宫腔其他部分的蜕膜"},{"key":"E","value":"包蜕膜妊娠16~18周包蜕膜与真蜕膜逐渐融合"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"受精卵着床后,子宫内膜迅速发生蜕膜变。按蜕膜与胚泡的部位关系,将蜕膜分为三部分:①底蜕膜(与胚泡极滋养层接触的子宫肌层的蜕膜,以后发育成为胎盘的母体部分);②包蜕膜(覆盖在胚泡表面,妊娠14~16周包蜕膜与真蜕膜逐渐融合,宫腔功能消失);③真蜕膜(底蜕膜及包蜕膜以外覆盖子宫腔其他部分的蜕膜)。掌握“妊娠生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"决定对重度子痫前期患者实施扩容治疗前,下列何种检查最关键","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眼底检查"},{"key":"B","value":"24小时尿蛋白定量"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆总蛋白测定"},{"key":"D","value":"血细胞比容(红细胞压积)"},{"key":"E","value":"心电图检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"妊高症扩容治疗:扩容治疗的指征是血液浓缩(血细胞比容≥0.35,全血粘度比重≥3.6,血浆粘度比重≥1.6及尿比重>1.020)。常用扩容剂有血清蛋白、血浆、全血、右旋糖酐及平衡液等。应在解痉基础上扩容,扩容治疗时严密观察脉搏、呼吸、血压及尿量,防止肺水肿和心衰发生。掌握“娠期高血压疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项应考虑为功血","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经过多+进行性痛经"},{"key":"B","value":"月经周期紊乱+贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"月经过多+甲低"},{"key":"D","value":"月经过多+子宫增大不平"},{"key":"E","value":"月经不调+卵巢囊肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"功能性子宫出血,简称功血,是一种常见的妇科疾病。是指异常的子宫出血,经诊查后未发现有全身及生殖器官器质性病变,而是由于神经内分泌系统功能失调所致。常表现为月经周期不规律、经量过多、经期延长或不规则出血。根据排卵与否,通常将功血分为无排卵型及排卵型两大类,前者最为多见,约占80~90%,主要发生在青春期及更年期,后者多见于生育期妇女。A答案是子宫内膜异位症的表现,D答案是子宫增大不平,不是子宫内膜增生,据D答案的描述来看,很可能是子宫肌瘤。CE两个答案没有特异性。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"妊娠期凝血因子的变化,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ均增加"},{"key":"B","value":"凝血因子Ⅺ,ⅩⅢ降低"},{"key":"C","value":"血小板数增加"},{"key":"D","value":"凝血时间无明显改变"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠期纤溶酶原显著增加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"妊娠期血液处于高凝状态:①凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ增加,仅凝血因子Ⅺ、ⅩⅢ降低;②血小板数无明显改变;③血浆纤维蛋白原含量比非孕妇女约增加50%;④妊娠晚期凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间轻度缩短,凝血时间无明显改变;⑤妊娠期纤溶酶原显著增加,优球蛋白溶解时间明显延长,表明妊娠期间纤溶活性降低;⑥于妊娠末期红细胞沉降率加快。掌握“妊娠生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女性,14岁,12岁月经初潮。月经周期紊乱,经期长短不一已有1年。肛门检查:子宫发育正常,双侧附件(-),最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄体萎缩不全"},{"key":"B","value":"无排卵性功能失调性子宫出血"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫黏膜下肌瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"黄体功能不全"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫内膜息肉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"月经周期紊乱,经期长短不一已有1年,双侧附件(-),考虑患者为青春期无排卵性功血。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"40岁患功血,下述哪种变化以手术切除子宫为佳","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增殖期子宫内膜"},{"key":"B","value":"萎缩型子宫内膜"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫内膜复杂型不典型增生"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫内膜单纯型不典型增生"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫内膜剥脱不全"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"C答案属于癌前病变,故以手术切除子宫为佳。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"妊娠32周的重度子痫前期孕妇,恰当的处理应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"积极治疗,等待产程发动"},{"key":"B","value":"积极治疗24~48小时,症状无明显改善时应终止妊娠"},{"key":"C","value":"积极治疗一周后,予以引产"},{"key":"D","value":"立即引产"},{"key":"E","value":"立即行剖宫术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"重度子痫前期患者:妊娠<26周经治疗病情不稳定者建议终止妊娠;妊娠26~28周根据母胎情况及当地母儿诊治能力决定是否期待治疗;妊娠28~34周,如病情不稳定,经积极治疗24~48小时病情仍加重,促胎肺成熟后终止妊娠;如病情稳定,可考虑期待治疗,并建议转至具备早产儿救治能力的医疗机构;妊娠≥34周患者,胎儿成熟后可考虑终止妊娠;妊娠37周后的重度子痫前期应终止妊娠。掌握“娠期高血压疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"激素避孕使用的药物成分主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雄激素"},{"key":"B","value":"醛固酮"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"促性腺激素释放激素"},{"key":"E","value":"雌激素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"激素避孕使用的成分是雌激素和孕激素。掌握“激素避孕”知识点。"} {"Question":"25岁原发不孕,月经周期不规则,妇科检查正常,基础体温呈单相,诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄体功能不足"},{"key":"B","value":"无排卵型功血"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫内膜不规则脱落"},{"key":"D","value":"有排卵型功血"},{"key":"E","value":"排卵型功血,月经过多"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"月经不规则是诊断功血的重要依据之一。基础体温呈单相,这个现象提示了患者无排卵。故本题选B。而黄体功能不足的基础体温是呈双相的,故不选。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"从月经初潮到生殖器官发育成熟的时期,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"幼年期"},{"key":"B","value":"青春期"},{"key":"C","value":"性成熟期"},{"key":"D","value":"绝经后期"},{"key":"E","value":"绝经过渡期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"月经初潮为青春期的重要标志。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女性,28岁。停经43天,阴道少量流血2天,突感下腹部剧痛,伴肛门坠胀,恶心呕吐。查体:面色苍白,BP80\/40mmHg,后穹隆穿刺抽出不凝血5ml,诊断为异位妊娠,出血性休克。最佳处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纠正休克同时手术"},{"key":"B","value":"待血压正常手术"},{"key":"C","value":"保守治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉输液,输血"},{"key":"E","value":"自体输血及抗感染治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"异位妊娠的治疗原则以手术治疗为主,应该妇女同时存在出血性休克,故应在抗休克同时进行手术,选A。掌握“异位妊娠”知识点。"} {"Question":"世界卫生组织将卵巢功能开始衰退直至绝经后1年内的时期称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绝经过渡期"},{"key":"B","value":"性成熟期"},{"key":"C","value":"绝经后期"},{"key":"D","value":"老年期"},{"key":"E","value":"围绝经期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"世界卫生组织将卵巢功能开始衰退直至绝经后1年内的时期称为围绝经期。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女性,45岁,既往月经正常,近1年来经期延长10~15天,量多,此次停经50天,后有阴道出血20天,血红蛋白80g\/L,盆腔检查(-),基础体温单相。为排除宫体癌应该进行下列何项辅助诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹腔镜检查并作活检"},{"key":"B","value":"分段诊刮并送病理"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫输卵管造影"},{"key":"D","value":"CA125测定"},{"key":"E","value":"超声检查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"分段诊刮并组织病理报告一直是了解绝经前阴道不规则出血内膜状况的重要诊断手段,并且是判断绝经后出血原因的金指标。掌握“功能失调性子宫出血”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性卵巢功能成熟,生育能力旺盛的时期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"幼年期"},{"key":"B","value":"青春期"},{"key":"C","value":"性成熟期"},{"key":"D","value":"更年期"},{"key":"E","value":"老年期"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"性成熟期是卵巢生殖功能与内分泌功能最旺盛时期。18岁开始,历时约30年,此期卵巢功能成熟,出现周期性排卵。生殖器官各部及乳房,在卵巢分泌的性激素作用下发生周期性变化。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于自然流产的症状,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠13周后,先阴道流血后腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"晚期流产一般出血不多"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠8~12周阴道流血较多"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠8周前出血不多"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠8周后不完全流产较多"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"妊娠不足28周、胎儿体重不足1000g而终止称流产。流产的主要症状是阴道流血和腹痛。晚期流产时,一般出血不多,特点是往往先有腹痛,然后出现阴道流血。血逐渐停止,腹痛逐渐消失。妇科检查宫颈口已关闭,子宫接近正常大小。本例A明显错误。掌握“自然流产”知识点。"} {"Question":"晚期流产的常见原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宫颈内口松弛"},{"key":"B","value":"黄体功能不全"},{"key":"C","value":"严重感染"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺功能减退"},{"key":"E","value":"不良刺激"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"宫颈内口松弛和宫颈重度裂伤引发胎膜早破,导致晚期流产,为最常见的原因。掌握“自然流产”知识点。"} {"Question":"28岁,初孕妇。孕32周,因全身水肿及头痛来诊,妊娠前即有面部及下肢水肿,查血压21.3\/14.7kPa(160\/110mmHg),尿液检查常规蛋白(+++),可见颗粒管型及红细胞。经治疗孕37周自然分娩,产后6周,血压降至17\/10kPa(128\/75mmHg),尿蛋白(++),水肿(+)。下列诊断以哪种可能性大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子痫前期"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠合并肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肾炎基础上并发子痫前期"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠合并慢性高血压"},{"key":"E","value":"原发性高血压基础上并发子痫前期"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"C答案的基础疾病是慢性肾炎,A答案的基础疾病是原发性高血压。蛋白尿、血尿、高血压、水肿为慢性肾小球肾炎的临床表现。本例“孕32周。因全身水肿及头痛来诊,妊娠前即有面部及下肢水肿,查血压21.3\/14.7kPa(160\/110mmHg),尿液检查常规蛋白(+++),可见颗粒管型及红细胞。”均符合慢性肾小球肾炎的临床表现及实验室检查。血压高于160\/110mmHg;尿蛋白高于5.0\/24h或(+++);血肌酐高于106μmol\/L;血小板低于100×109\/L;持续性头痛或视觉障碍;持续性上腹疼痛,肝包膜下血肿或肝破裂症状。“产后6周,血压降至17\/10kPa(128\/75mmHg),尿蛋白(++),水肿(+)。”题中所给临床表现及检查符合子痫前期重度的临床表现。因为题干中提示“妊娠前即有面部及下肢水肿”,故本题诊断为慢性肾炎基础上并发子痫前期。掌握“娠期高血压疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于成熟卵泡,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"排卵前卵泡即成熟卵泡"},{"key":"B","value":"卵泡液急剧增多"},{"key":"C","value":"体积显著增大"},{"key":"D","value":"卵泡期,需7~14日"},{"key":"E","value":"为卵泡发育的最后阶段"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"排卵前卵泡即成熟卵泡,也称为格拉夫卵泡,为卵泡发育的最后阶段,卵泡液急骤增加,卵泡腔增大,卵泡体积显著增大,直径达18~23mm,卵泡向卵巢表面突出。自月经第1日至卵泡发育成熟,称为卵泡期,需10~14日。掌握“女性生殖系统生理”知识点。"} {"Question":"后囟一般于生后多久时闭合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2~4周"},{"key":"B","value":"4~6周"},{"key":"C","value":"6~8周"},{"key":"D","value":"8~12周"},{"key":"E","value":"1~1岁半"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"后囟:出生时很小或已经闭合,一般于生后6~8周时闭合。掌握“骨骼发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"小儿先会看、听、感觉事物,逐渐发展到有记忆、思维、分析和判断,遵循了生长发育的哪一项规律","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由上到下"},{"key":"B","value":"由近到远"},{"key":"C","value":"由粗到细"},{"key":"D","value":"由低级到高级"},{"key":"E","value":"由简单到复杂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小儿先会看、听、感觉事物,逐渐发展到有记忆、思维、分析和判断,遵循了生长发育由低级到高级的规律。掌握“小儿生长发育规律”知识点。"} {"Question":"以牛乳为基础的改造奶制品,使宏量营养素成分尽量“接近”于人乳,适合于0~6个月婴儿人工喂养的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"母乳喂养"},{"key":"B","value":"牛乳喂养"},{"key":"C","value":"婴儿配方奶粉"},{"key":"D","value":"羊乳喂养"},{"key":"E","value":"马乳喂养"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"婴儿配方奶粉:是以牛乳为基础的改造奶制品,使宏量营养素成分尽量“接近”于人乳,适合于年幼婴儿喂养,为0~6个月婴儿人工喂养的首选。掌握“婴儿喂养方法”知识点。"} {"Question":"从出生到生后28天","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"新生儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"D","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"E","value":"学龄前期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查小儿年龄分期。新生儿期(B对):自胎儿娩出脐带结扎开始至生后28天内,按年龄划分,此期实际包含在婴儿期之内。"} {"Question":"小儿3个脊柱自然弯曲随韧带的发育而固定是在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3个月"},{"key":"B","value":"6个月"},{"key":"C","value":"9个月"},{"key":"D","value":"12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"6~7岁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"至6~7岁时3个脊柱自然弯曲才随韧带的发育而固定。掌握“骨骼发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"能有目标地扔皮球的月龄","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7月"},{"key":"B","value":"9月"},{"key":"C","value":"12月"},{"key":"D","value":"15月"},{"key":"E","value":"18月"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"2个月开始抬头;4个月手能握持玩具;5个月扶腋下能站得直,两手各握一玩具;6个月能独坐一会儿,用手摇玩具;7个月会翻身,独坐很久,将玩具换手;8个月会爬,会拍手及扶栏杆站起;9个月试独站;10~11个月推车走几步,用拇、示指对指拿东西,可独站片刻;1周岁左右逐渐会走,弯腰取东西,会将圆圈套在木棍上;1.5岁后会蹲着玩,爬台阶,有目标地扔皮球;2岁左右会双脚跳,会用勺子吃饭;3岁会跑,骑三轮车等。掌握“运动和语言发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"某健康小孩,身高110cm,其年龄大约应为几岁","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3岁"},{"key":"B","value":"4岁"},{"key":"C","value":"5岁"},{"key":"D","value":"6岁"},{"key":"E","value":"7岁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查正常儿童身高估计公式。某健康小孩,身高110cm,根据身高估计公式:身高(㎝)=年龄(岁)×7+75,年龄(岁)=(身高(㎝)-75)÷ 7,可得知其年龄大约应5岁(C对)。"} {"Question":"治疗佝偻病肌注维生素D,肌注法剂量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"20万IU~30万IU一次"},{"key":"B","value":"10万IU~20万IU一次"},{"key":"C","value":"30万IU~40万IU一次"},{"key":"D","value":"40万IU~50万IU一次"},{"key":"E","value":"50万IU一次"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"注射法治疗佝偻病:肌注维生素D,20万~30万IU,一般1次即可,1个月后随访若明显好转,改预防量1:3服维持,若好转不明显,可再肌注1次。掌握“维生素D缺乏性佝偻病”知识点。"} {"Question":"健康儿,能大笑,开始能发出“爸爸”、“妈妈”之复音,脊柱出现第二个生理弯曲,对“再见”还不懂,其年龄可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3~4个月"},{"key":"B","value":"5~6个月"},{"key":"C","value":"7~8个月"},{"key":"D","value":"9~10个月"},{"key":"E","value":"11~12个月"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"新生儿已会哭叫,2个月发喉音,3~4个月咿呀发音,5~6个月会发单音,7~8个月能无意识发出复音,如“爸爸”、“妈妈”,9个月能听懂“再见”等。掌握“运动和语言发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"冬季出生一男婴,足月顺产,现已4个月,体重5.8kg,只母乳喂养,未添加辅食,近日来,婴儿多烦躁,易激惹,夜惊,多汗,血钙、碱性磷酸酶正常,血磷低,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"惊吓"},{"key":"B","value":"营养不良"},{"key":"C","value":"佝偻病活动期"},{"key":"D","value":"佝偻病早期"},{"key":"E","value":"先天性佝偻病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"佝偻病初期(早期)多见于6个月以内,特别是<3个月的婴儿,主要表现为非特异性的神经兴奋性增高症状,如易激惹,烦躁,睡眠不安,夜间惊啼,多汗(与季节无关),枕秃(因烦躁及头部多汗致婴儿常摇头擦枕)。血钙正常或稍低,血磷低,钙磷乘积稍低(30~40),血清25-(0H)D3,下降,碱性磷酸酶正常或增高。此期无骨骼改变,X线片检查多正常,或仅见临时钙化带模糊。掌握“维生素D缺乏性佝偻病”知识点。"} {"Question":"脊髓灰质炎混和疫苗在一岁以内应接种几次","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1次"},{"key":"B","value":"2次"},{"key":"C","value":"3次"},{"key":"D","value":"4次"},{"key":"E","value":"5次"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"2个月时脊髓灰质炎三型混合疫苗(第1次)。3个月时脊髓灰质炎三型混合疫苗(第2次)。4个月时脊髓灰质炎三型混合疫苗(第3次)。掌握“儿童保健原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"将玩具从一手换入另一手的月龄","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7月"},{"key":"B","value":"9月"},{"key":"C","value":"12月"},{"key":"D","value":"15月"},{"key":"E","value":"18月"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"7个月会翻身,独坐很久,将玩具换手。掌握“运动和语言发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"婴儿出生后前3个月每月增长约","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"200~300g"},{"key":"B","value":"300~400g"},{"key":"C","value":"500~600g"},{"key":"D","value":"700~800g"},{"key":"E","value":"800~1000g"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"婴儿出生后前3个月每月增长700~800g,4~6个月每月增长500~600g,后半年(7~12个月)每月增长300~400g。掌握“体格生长常用指标”知识点。"} {"Question":"儿童膳食中,糖类所供给的能量比例,婴儿期一般占总能量的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"35%~45%"},{"key":"B","value":"40%~45%"},{"key":"C","value":"40%~50%"},{"key":"D","value":"50%~55%"},{"key":"E","value":"55%~65%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"儿童膳食中,糖类所供给的能量比例,婴儿期一般占总能量的40%~50%,2岁以上应占总能量的55%~65%。掌握“儿童营养基础”知识点。"} {"Question":"引起小儿佝偻病的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缺钙"},{"key":"B","value":"缺乏维生素D"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状旁腺功能不全"},{"key":"D","value":"食物中热能和蛋白质不足"},{"key":"E","value":"食物中钙磷比例不当"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"维生素D缺乏性佝偻病是由于儿童体内维生素D不足使钙、磷代谢紊乱,产生的一种以骨骼病变为特征的全身慢性营养性疾病,主要见于2岁以下婴幼儿。掌握“维生素D缺乏性佝偻病”知识点。"} {"Question":"由A组溶血性链球菌导致的小儿急性上呼吸道感染,可继发的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风湿热"},{"key":"B","value":"中耳炎"},{"key":"C","value":"鼻窦炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"心力衰竭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"A组溶血性链球菌感染导致的急性上呼吸道感染,可继发急性肾小球肾炎和风湿热。掌握“急性上呼吸道感染”知识点。"} {"Question":"佝偻病颅骨软化多发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~3个月"},{"key":"B","value":"3~6个月"},{"key":"C","value":"6~9个月"},{"key":"D","value":"6~12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"12个月以上"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"佝偻病活动期(激期)头部颅骨软化:多见于3~6个月婴儿,因此时颅骨发育最快,软化部分常发生在枕骨或顶骨中央,约6个月时颅骨软化逐渐消失。掌握“维生素D缺乏性佝偻病”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,23岁,学生,1周前因淋雨后感冒,自服康泰克后好转。3天前开始出现寒战、发热,伴右胸痛、右上腹痛而到校医务室就诊。查体:T39℃,全身皮肤无黄染,右下肺呼吸音减弱,未闻及干湿哕音,右上腹叩击痛(+),肝脾未触及,双肾区叩击痛(-)。WBC15×109\/L,尿蛋白(+),尿沉渣涂片(-)。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"肺脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"急性尿路感染"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者为青年急性发病,有明显受凉诱因后寒战、发热,伴全身肌肉酸痛,肺部有呼吸音减弱体征,血WBC及中性粒细胞均高,因此肺炎的可能性最大;肺炎链球菌肺炎炎症累及膈胸膜时可出现上腹部压痛,该患者虽然有右上腹叩击痛(+),但全身皮肤无黄染,肝脾未触及,故可暂时排除急腹症,肝脓肿、急性尿路感染、急性胆囊炎可排除;患者尿蛋白(+)可为高热所致,尿沉渣涂片(-),且无尿频、尿急、尿痛三联症,急性尿路感染可排除。掌握“肺炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性脓胸最常继发于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺部感染"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部开放性损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"膈下脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"脓毒血症"},{"key":"E","value":"胸外科手术后"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脓胸的致病菌多来自肺内感染灶,也有少数来自胸内和纵隔内其他脏器或身体其他部位病灶,直接或经淋巴侵入胸膜引起感染化脓;继发于脓毒血症或败血症的脓胸,则多通过血行播散。感染方式包括外伤、手术污染:膈下、肝、纵隔的脓肿,化脓性心包炎等,经淋巴管侵入;血源性播散。故选A。掌握“脓胸”知识点。"} {"Question":"由于肺气肿患者大多数都同时伴有咳嗽、咳痰病史,很难与慢性支气管炎的界限绝对分开,因此,临床上将他们统称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肺源性心脏病"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性支气管哮喘"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性呼吸衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"由于肺气肿患者大多数同时伴有咳嗽、咳痰病史,很难与慢性支气管炎的界限绝对分开,因此,临床上将他们统称为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺或COPD)。掌握“慢性阻塞性肺疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"在医院外部罹患的感染性肺实质炎症,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"社区获得性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"医院获得性肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"医院内肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"结核性肺炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"社区获得性肺炎(CAP)是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。掌握“肺炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"支气管哮喘的临床症状描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸气性呼吸困难"},{"key":"B","value":"发作性胸闷和咳嗽"},{"key":"C","value":"发作欺无哮鸣音"},{"key":"D","value":"正午出现剧烈发作"},{"key":"E","value":"使用支气管舒张药无效"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"支气管哮喘症状:发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难或发作性胸闷和咳嗽是哮喘的主要症状,其症状特点表现为常在夜间及凌晨发作和加重,可在数分钟内发作,经数小时至数天。用支气管舒张药后或自行缓解。咳嗽变异型哮喘患者则仅表现为咳嗽。运动性哮喘则多在运动后出现胸闷、咳嗽和呼吸困难。掌握“支气管哮喘”知识点。"} {"Question":"某女性患者,59岁。间断喘息发作5年,无明显规律,发作间期无不适。此次因“气喘6小时”急诊入院。查体:T36.8℃,端坐呼吸,口唇发绀,双侧呼吸音低,呼气相显著延长,未闻及哮鸣音。临床诊断为支气管哮喘,治疗该病最有效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"B","value":"色甘酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"曲尼司特"},{"key":"D","value":"布地奈德"},{"key":"E","value":"氨茶碱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查支气管哮喘的治疗。某女性患者,59岁。间断喘息发作5年,无明显规律,发作间期无不适。此次因“气喘6小时”急诊入院。查体:T36.8℃,端坐呼吸,口唇发绀,双侧呼吸音低,呼气相显著延长,未闻及哮鸣音。临床诊断为支气管哮喘,治疗该病最有效的药物是布地奈德(D对),属于糖皮质激素,可作用于气道炎症形成过程中的诸多环节,有效抑制气道炎症。。沙丁胺醇(A错)属于短效β2受体激动剂,是治疗哮喘急性发作的首选药。色甘酸钠(B错)无扩张气道作用,可通过稳定肥大细胞膜、抑制气道感觉神经末梢与气道神经源性炎症、阻断炎症细胞介导的反应来抑制气道痉挛,可作为预防哮喘发作的药物。曲尼司特(C错)属于白三烯阻断药,可用于成人和12岁以上儿童支气管哮喘的长期治疗和预防。氨茶碱(E错)可通过抑制磷酸二酯酶,提高平滑肌细胞内的环腺苷酸浓度,拮抗腺苷受体,增强呼吸肌的力量以及增强气道纤毛清除功能等,从而起到舒张支气管和气道抗炎作用,是目前治疗哮喘的有效药物之一。"} {"Question":"慢性肾小球肾炎患者理想的血压控制目标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"130\/80mmHg以下"},{"key":"B","value":"130\/80mmHg以上"},{"key":"C","value":"140\/90mmHg以下"},{"key":"D","value":"140\/90mmHg以上"},{"key":"E","value":"160\/100mmHg以下"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"理想的血压控制目标为130\/80mmHg以下(若尿蛋白大于1g\/d,应更低)。掌握“慢性肾小球肾炎、肾病综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者女,40岁。寒战、发热、腰痛伴尿频、尿急4天。体温39℃,心肺无异常。肝脾肋下未触及。两侧肋脊角有叩击痛。尿液检查:蛋白(-),镜检红细胞2~5\/HP、白细胞10~15\/HP。诊断应首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性膀胱炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肾结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肾癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性肾盂肾炎时常有寒战、发热、腰痛伴尿频、尿急,其中腰痛是急性肾盂肾炎所特有的。掌握“急性肾孟肾炎、尿路结石及慢性肾衰竭”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床表现呈多样性,主要表现为血尿、蛋白尿、可伴有水肿、高血压、肾功能不全,病情迁延,肾功能逐步恶化,进入尿毒症的为下列哪项疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性肾病综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"继发性肾病综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"肾结核"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性肾小球肾炎的临床表现呈多样性,主要表现为血尿、蛋白尿、可伴有水肿、高血压、肾功能不全,病情迁延,肾功能逐步恶化,进入尿毒症。掌握“慢性肾小球肾炎、肾病综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于继发性肾病综合征的特点下列说法错误的一项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"过敏性紫癜好发于青少年"},{"key":"B","value":"系统性红斑狼疮好发于青壮年女性"},{"key":"C","value":"乙肝病毒相关性肾炎其肾脏病理以膜性肾炎最为多见"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病肾病多见于10年以上病程的糖尿病患者"},{"key":"E","value":"肾淀粉样变肾脏受累进展急速"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"继发性肾病综合征的原因及主要特点为:过敏性紫癜好发于青少年;系统性红斑狼疮好发于青壮年女性;乙肝病毒相关肾炎可发生于任何年龄,儿童和青少年中多见,肾脏病理以膜性肾病最为多见;糖尿病肾病多见于病程10年以上的糖尿病患者;肾淀粉样变是一种全身性疾病,肾脏受累进程多缓慢。掌握“慢性肾小球肾炎、肾病综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"男性,35岁,劳力性呼吸困难,心悸,气短,少尿,下肢浮肿1年余,1周前咽痛、咳嗽、咯黄痰后呼吸困难加重,夜间不能平卧。超声心动图示,左右心室扩张,弥漫性运动不良,左心室射血分数30%。口服地高辛0.25mg,1次\/d,既往无任何特殊病史。导致近期病情加重的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染"},{"key":"B","value":"过劳"},{"key":"C","value":"电解质紊乱"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌炎症"},{"key":"E","value":"洋地黄中毒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"出现感染(咽痛、咳嗽、咯痰)后病情加重。掌握“心力衰竭”知识点。"} {"Question":"感染性心内膜炎最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌性动脉瘤破裂"},{"key":"C","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"肾功能不全"},{"key":"E","value":"脾破裂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"感染性心内膜炎最常见的并发症是心力衰竭,主要有瓣膜关闭不全所致,主动脉瓣受损者最常发生(75%),其次为二尖瓣(50%)和三尖瓣(19%);瓣膜穿孔或者腱索断裂导致急性瓣膜关闭不全时可诱发急性左心衰竭。掌握“自体瓣膜感染性心内膜炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于中心静脉压(CVP)的意义,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CVP的正常值为5~10cmH₂O"},{"key":"B","value":"在低血压情况下,CVP低于5cmH₂O时,表示心功能不全"},{"key":"C","value":"在低血压情况下,CVP低于5cmH₂O时,表示血容量不足"},{"key":"D","value":"高于15cmH₂O时,提示心功能不全"},{"key":"E","value":"高于20cmH₂O时,则表示有充血性心力衰竭"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中心静脉压(CVP):CVP的正常值为5~10cmH₂O。在低血压情况下,CVP低于5cmH₂O时,表示血容量不足,高于15cmH₂O时,提示心功能不全、静脉血管床过度收缩或肺循环阻力增加;高于20cmH₂O时,则表示有充血性心力衰竭。为取得可靠结果,应作连续测定,进行动态观察。掌握“休克”知识点。"} {"Question":"冠心病临床分型不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌梗死"},{"key":"C","value":"缺血性心肌病"},{"key":"D","value":"猝死"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"冠心病临床上分为:隐匿型或无症状型冠心病、心绞痛、心肌梗死、缺血性心肌病、猝死五种。掌握“冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病”知识点。"} {"Question":"恶性或急进型高血压患者血压(舒张压)持续","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"≥130mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"≤130mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"<130mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":">130mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"≥150mmHg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查原发性高血压。少数恶性或急进型高血压患者病情急骤发展,舒张压持续≥130mmHg(A对)。"} {"Question":"尿量为多少时,表明休克已经纠正","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"60ml\/h"},{"key":"B","value":"50ml\/h"},{"key":"C","value":"30ml\/h"},{"key":"D","value":"25ml\/h"},{"key":"E","value":"20ml\/h"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查休克。当尿量维持在30ml\/h(C对)以上时,表明休克已经纠正。"} {"Question":"男性,52岁,突起头痛、视物模糊、失语,血压28.0\/17.3kPa(210\/130mmHg)。降压药物应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝普钠"},{"key":"B","value":"速尿"},{"key":"C","value":"心得安"},{"key":"D","value":"异搏定"},{"key":"E","value":"巯甲丙脯酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"硝普钠使用:①用于高血压急症,如高血压危象、高血压脑病、恶性高血压、嗜铬细胞瘤手术前后阵发性高血压等的紧急降血压,也用于外科麻醉期间进行控制性降压;②用于急性心力衰竭,包括急性肺水肿。宜用于急性心肌梗塞或瓣膜(二尖瓣或主动脉瓣)关闭不全时的急性心力衰竭。掌握“原发性高血压”知识点。"} {"Question":"原发性高血压在高血压中所占比例为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.7"},{"key":"B","value":"0.75"},{"key":"C","value":"0.8"},{"key":"D","value":"0.85"},{"key":"E","value":"0.9"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"高血压可分为原发性高血压(即高血压病)和继发性高血压(即症状性高血压)两大类,原发性高血压占高血压的90%以上,继发性高血压指的是某些确定的疾病和原因引起的血压升高,约占高血压不到10%。掌握“原发性高血压”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性失血所致病人休克时,提示失血量至少已达总血量的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10%"},{"key":"B","value":"10%~20%"},{"key":"C","value":"20%~40%"},{"key":"D","value":">40%"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查失血性休克。急性失血所致病人休克时,提示失血量至少已达总血量的20%~40%(C对)。失血性休克在外科休克中很常见。多见于大血管破裂、腹部损伤引起的肝、脾破裂、胃、十二指肠出血、门静脉高压症所致的食管、胃底曲张静脉破裂出血等。大量血液丢失,导致有效循环血量的不足。通常在迅速失血超过全身总血量的20%时,即发生休克。"} {"Question":"患者,女性,22岁。突然发热,腰痛,卧床不起,尿蛋白(-),红细胞10\/HP,白细胞20~30\/HP。下列哪项不符合急性肾盂肾炎","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"尿白细胞管型"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱刺激征"},{"key":"D","value":"高血压"},{"key":"E","value":"肾区叩痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急性肾盂肾炎。高血压(D错,为本题的正确答案)除原发性外,可引起继发性高血压的肾脏疾病有肾小球肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎、肾动脉狭窄等。患者,女性,22岁。突然发热,腰痛,卧床不起,尿蛋白(-),红细胞10\/HP,白细胞20~30\/HP,应考虑诊断为急性肾盂肾炎。急性肾盂肾炎的临床表现包括(1)全身症状:发热(A对)、寒战、头痛、全身酸痛、恶心、呕吐等,体温多在38.0℃以上,多为弛张热,也可呈稽留热或间歇热。部分患者出现革兰阴性杆菌败血症。(2)泌尿系统症状:尿频、尿急、尿痛(膀胱刺激征)(C对)、排尿困难、下腹部疼痛、腰痛等。腰痛程度不一,多为钝痛或酸痛。部分患者膀胱刺激症状不典型或缺如。(3)体格检査:除发热、心动过速和全身肌肉压痛外,还可发现一侧或两侧肋脊角或输尿管点压痛和(或)肾区叩击痛(E对)。常规检查可见尿液常混浊,可有异味,可有白细胞尿、血尿、蛋白尿部分肾盂肾炎患者尿中可见白细胞管型(B对)。"} {"Question":"男性,42岁,患重型急性胰腺炎,并发休克36h,经抗休克治疗后行胰腺和其周围坏死组织清除、腹腔引流术。术后心率106次\/分,血压12.8\/8kPa(96\/60mmHg),中心静脉压0.98kPa(10cmH2O),呼吸22次\/分,动脉血氧分压11.5kPa(66mmHg),尿量每小时少于20ml,尿比重1.002。考虑病人已发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心功能不全"},{"key":"B","value":"肺功能衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"肾功能衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"血容量不足"},{"key":"E","value":"体内抗利尿激素分泌过多"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"因为此患者急性胰腺炎并发休克,尿量低于25ml\/h,所以可以判断此患者出现了急性肾衰竭。掌握“休克”知识点。"} {"Question":"诊断休克的主要依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床表现"},{"key":"B","value":"脉率变快"},{"key":"C","value":"血压下降"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉氧分压60mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"尿少"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"休克的诊断关键是及时发现早期临床症状。凡是遇到严重损伤、大量出血、重度感染以及过敏病人和有心脏病病史者,应该想到并发休克的可能;临床观察中对于有出汗、兴奋、心率加快、脉压小或尿少等症状者,应疑有休克。若病人出现神智淡漠、反应迟钝、皮肤苍白、呼吸浅快、收缩压降至90mmHg以下及尿少者,则标志病人已经进入休克抑制期。掌握“休克”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于血压的测量正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"测量安静休息坐位时上臂肱动脉部位血压"},{"key":"B","value":"测量安静休息坐位时上臂肱静脉部位血压"},{"key":"C","value":"测量安静休息坐位时桡动脉部位血压"},{"key":"D","value":"测量安静休息坐位时桡静脉部位血压"},{"key":"E","value":"测量安静休息坐位时颈动脉部位血压"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"高血压诊断主要根据诊室测量的血压值,采用经核准的水银柱或电子血压计,测量安静休息坐位时上臂肱动脉部位血压。必要时,如疑似直立性低血压的患者还应测量平卧位和站立位血压。高血压的诊断必须是在未用降压药物情况下2次以上非同日多次血压测定所得的平均值为依据。掌握“原发性高血压”知识点。"} {"Question":"抢救左心衰急性肺水肿时,下列措施中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"取下肢下垂坐位"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉注射毛花苷C"},{"key":"C","value":"低流量间断给氧"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉注射呋塞米"},{"key":"E","value":"安慰患者,稳定情绪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"抢救左心衰急性肺水肿时的给氧方法是高流量鼻管给氧或加压给氧。掌握“心力衰竭”知识点。"} {"Question":"某男性患者,37岁,体检查出空腹血糖9.79mmol\/L,尿糖(++),本人无明显不适。入院复查餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白,医师诊断为2型糖尿病,并给予磺酰脲类降糖药。磺酰脲类降糖药的作用机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加速胰岛素合成"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制糖原分解"},{"key":"C","value":"刺激胰岛B细胞释放胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制葡萄糖吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"提高葡萄糖的转运能力"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查磺酰脲类降糖药的作用机制。某男性患者,37岁,体检查出空腹血糖9.79mmol\/L(正常值为<6.1mmol\/L),尿糖(++)(正常为尿糖阴性),本人无明显不适。入院复查餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白,医师诊断为2型糖尿病,并给予磺酰脲类降糖药。磺酰脲类降糖药的作用机制是刺激胰岛B细胞释放胰岛素(B对AE错)。抑制糖原分解(B错)可见于双胍类药物。抑制葡萄糖吸收(D错)可见于α-葡萄糖苷酶。"} {"Question":"患者,女性,20岁。1型糖尿病患者,出现恶心、厌食2天,神志不清1小时,查体面色潮红,呼吸深快,意识障碍。诊断方面最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳酸性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病高渗性昏迷"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病合并尿毒症酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"低血糖昏迷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查糖尿病酮症酸中毒。女性患者,20岁。1型糖尿病患者,出现恶心、厌食2天,神志不清1小时,查体面色潮红,呼吸深快,意识障碍,结合患者病史和临床表现,诊断方面最可能是糖尿病酮症酸中毒(B对)。乳酸性酸中毒(A错)可见于大量服用双胍类药物的糖尿病患者,是糖尿病的一种急性并发症。糖尿病高渗性昏迷(C错)常见于老年2型糖尿病患者,起病缓慢,最初表现为多饮、多尿,但多食不明显或反而食欲减退,逐渐出现严重脱水和神经精神症状,患者反应迟钝、烦躁或淡漠,逐渐陷入昏迷、抽搐,晚期尿少甚至尿闭,与糖尿病酮症酸中毒相比,失水更为严重,神经精神症状更为突出。糖尿病合并尿毒症酸中毒(D错)可见于病史较长的糖尿病患者,是导致终末期肾衰的常见病因,是1型糖尿病的主要死因。低血糖昏迷(E错)可见于1型糖尿病胡拿着胰岛素使用不当,,可表现为出汗、饥饿、感觉异常、流涎、颤抖、心悸、紧张、焦虑、软弱无力、面色苍白、心率加快、四肢冰凉及脑功能障碍表现,根据低血糖典型表现(Whipple三联征:1.低血糖症状;2.发作时血糖低于2.8mmol\/L;3.供糖后低血糖症状迅速缓解)可以确诊。"} {"Question":"临床上出现周缘扩展现象和尼氏征阳性的病变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脓疱"},{"key":"B","value":"血疱"},{"key":"C","value":"水疱"},{"key":"D","value":"基层下疱"},{"key":"E","value":"棘层内疱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"用手指轻推外表正常的皮肤与黏膜,即可迅速形成水疱.或使原有的水疱在皮肤上移动。这种现象称尼科尔斯基征,即尼氏征阳性。常见于天疱疮。掌握“口腔黏膜基本病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"上皮浅层破坏,未侵犯上皮全层为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"糜烂"},{"key":"C","value":"皲裂"},{"key":"D","value":"假膜"},{"key":"E","value":"棘层松解"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"上皮浅层破坏,未侵犯上皮全层叫糜烂。黏膜或皮肤表层坏死而脱落形成凹陷为溃疡。掌握“口腔黏膜基本病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"口腔念珠菌病的主要病理特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上皮变性坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"上皮内念珠菌的菌丝"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮内微小脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"上皮内念珠菌的白色斑膜"},{"key":"E","value":"上皮角化层水肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"病理变化:黏膜病变一般为亚急性或慢性炎症。念珠菌侵入组织,引起上皮表层水肿,角化层内有中性粒细胞浸润,常形成微小脓肿。上皮棘层增生,上皮钉突呈圆形,基底膜部分被炎症破坏。在角化层或上皮的外1\/3处可见菌丝,菌丝与上皮表面多呈垂直型或呈一定角度,HE染色不甚清晰,PAS染色为强阳性。结缔组织中有充血的毛细血管及大量淋巴细胞、浆细胞和中性粒细胞浸润。急性假膜性念珠菌病的白色假膜在镜下为上皮变性坏死,并有大量念珠菌的菌丝和孢子。病变处可作涂片检查,方法为轻轻刮白色斑膜的表层,放置于清洁的载玻片上,滴加10%~15%氢氧化钾(或氢氧化钠)溶液,再加盖玻片,放于光学显微镜下观察菌丝及孢子。掌握“口腔念珠菌病与肉芽肿性唇炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"上皮浅层破坏,未侵犯上皮全层,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"棘层内疱"},{"key":"B","value":"基层下疱"},{"key":"C","value":"角化不良"},{"key":"D","value":"异常增生"},{"key":"E","value":"糜烂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"上皮浅层破坏,未侵犯上皮全层叫糜烂。掌握“口腔黏膜基本病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"哪样不是OLP的组织病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"错角化或不典型增生"},{"key":"B","value":"上皮过角化"},{"key":"C","value":"不全角化"},{"key":"D","value":"基底细胞液化变性"},{"key":"E","value":"固有层结缔组织中有密集的淋巴细胞浸润带"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查扁平苔藓的病理变化。错角化或不典型增生(A错,为本题的正确答案)不是OLP的组织病理表现。扁平苔藓(OLP)是一种慢性的口腔黏膜慢性炎症,皮肤和黏膜可同时发病,好发于中年女性,为癌前状态。典型病理表现为:扁平苔藓的基本病变过程是T淋巴细胞聚集于上皮和结缔组织交界处,并引发基底层细胞的破坏。最具特征性的病理改变是基底细胞液化变性(D对)和淋巴细胞在紧邻上皮的固有层呈带状浸润。表面上皮在长期炎症的作用下,可出现多种形态变化,一般炎症较轻时上皮增生、过度角化,炎症破坏较重时则出现上皮萎缩、糜烂和溃疡。镜下观察,可见上皮表面过度角化(B对),以不全角化多见(C对);棘层可增生、萎缩或两者并存,以增生多见;上皮钉突可以消失,也可呈不规则延长,有时变尖呈锯齿状;基底层细胞空泡性变和液化变性,基底膜和基底细胞层模糊不清,有时甚至形成上皮下疱;在基底层和固有层交界区可见散在或成簇的嗜伊红胶样小体,是凋亡的基底层细胞;固有层见密集的淋巴细胞浸润带(E对),局限于上皮下方,一般不累及黏膜下层;另外,常可见淋巴细胞游走至上皮细胞间,这些细胞与基底细胞的破坏直接相关。免疫组织化学研究显示上皮及固有层淋巴细胞比例(T4\/T8)增高。"} {"Question":"直接免疫荧光染色技术,可见黏膜病变部位及相邻部位的上皮棘层细胞层呈翠绿色的网状荧光带图形,为以上哪种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天疱疮"},{"key":"B","value":"白斑"},{"key":"C","value":"扁平苔藓"},{"key":"D","value":"红斑"},{"key":"E","value":"良性黏膜类天疱疮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查天疱疮。直接免疫荧光染色技术,可见黏膜病变部位及相邻部位的上皮棘层细胞层呈翠绿色的网状荧光带图形,为天疱疮(A对)。天疱疮采用直接免疫荧光染色技术,可见黏膜病变部位及相邻部位的上皮棘层细胞层呈翠绿色的网状荧光带图形。良性黏膜类天疱疮(E错)采用直接免疫荧光染色技术,可见黏膜病变部位的上皮基底膜区域有免疫球蛋白及补体沉淀,呈翠绿色的网状荧光带,为抗基底膜抗体阳性,为特异性诊断标志。"} {"Question":"上皮的棘层、基底层或固有层镜下可见Civatte小体的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白斑"},{"key":"B","value":"红斑"},{"key":"C","value":"天疱疮"},{"key":"D","value":"盘状红斑狼疮"},{"key":"E","value":"扁平苔藓"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查口腔扁平苔藓与慢性盘状红斑狼疮。扁平苔藓镜下见在上皮的棘层、基底层或固有层可见胶样小体或称Civatte小体(E对),呈圆形或卵圆形。"} {"Question":"上皮细胞没有细胞间桥,细胞肿胀呈圆形,核染色深,常有胞质晕环绕着核周围,这种游离为单个或数个成团的细胞,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Civatte小体"},{"key":"B","value":"肖曼小体"},{"key":"C","value":"天疱疮细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"狼疮带"},{"key":"E","value":"基层下疱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"天疱疮的病理特征为棘层松解和上皮内疱形成。由于疱壁薄且脆弱易破,以及有周缘扩展现象,很难切取到完整的疱,但镜下仍然见到松解的棘细胞,这种上皮细胞没有细胞间桥,细胞肿胀呈圆形,核染色深,常有胞质晕环绕着核周围,这种游离为单个或数个成团的细胞,称为天疱疮细胞(又称Tzanck细胞)。掌握“口腔黏膜下纤维化与天疱疮,类天疱疮”知识点。"} {"Question":"上皮有过度角化,粒层明显,角化层剥脱,可见角质栓塞,棘层变薄,基底细胞液化变性,基底膜不清晰,是以上哪种疾病的病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性盘状红斑狼疮"},{"key":"B","value":"良性黏膜类天疱疮"},{"key":"C","value":"扁平苔藓"},{"key":"D","value":"白斑"},{"key":"E","value":"红斑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性盘状红斑狼疮上皮表面有过度角化或不全角化,粒层明显,角化层可有剥脱,有时可见角质栓塞;上皮变薄,可见上皮钉突增生、伸长;基底细胞发生液化、变性,基底膜不清晰。掌握“口腔扁平苔藓与慢性盘状红斑狼疮”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于基层下疱的描述中,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可见于多形渗出性红斑"},{"key":"B","value":"疱在基底层之下"},{"key":"C","value":"可见于天疱疮"},{"key":"D","value":"基底细胞变性"},{"key":"E","value":"上皮全层与固有层分离"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"基层下疱:疱在基底层之下,基底细胞变性,使上皮全层与固有层分离。见于黏膜良性类天疱疮、多形渗出性红斑。掌握“口腔黏膜基本病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"某些根尖周炎的患者在抵抗力强,感染轻微的低度刺激下,可呈现修复性反应,对于此反应的描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖牙骨质吸收处重新沉积"},{"key":"B","value":"骨小梁增生,骨髓腔缩小"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓被纤维组织取代"},{"key":"D","value":"牙骨质在根面被吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"X线片显示阻射区与周围正常骨分界不清"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急慢性根尖周炎。牙骨质在根面被吸收(D错,为本题正确答案)不是根尖周炎的修复性反应。致密性骨炎属于牙齿慢性根尖周炎的修复性反应。表现为炎症减轻,吸收处骨质重新沉积,骨小梁增生,骨髓腔缩小,骨髓被纤维组织取代。与此同时牙骨质也可在根面沉积,产生牙骨质过度增生。X线片可见修复区域周围正常骨分界不清。"} {"Question":"根尖肉芽肿的上皮主要来源于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缩余釉上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"Malassez上皮剩余"},{"key":"C","value":"牙龈上皮"},{"key":"D","value":"牙板上皮"},{"key":"E","value":"腺上皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查根尖肉芽肿的上皮来源。根尖肉芽肿的上皮主要来源于Malassez上皮剩余(B对)。1.根尖肉芽肿的上皮来源:①Malassez上皮剩余;②经瘘道口长入的口腔黏膜上皮或皮肤的表皮;③牙周袋壁上皮;④呼吸道上皮。2.牙源性囊肿的衬里上皮来源于牙源性上皮剩余,但不同囊肿可能来源于不同的上皮剩余:①牙板上皮(D错)剩余或Serres上皮剩余可发生发育性根侧囊肿和牙龈囊肿;②缩余釉上皮(A错)发生的囊肿有含牙囊肿、萌出囊肿以及炎性牙旁囊肿;③Malassez上皮剩余发生根尖周囊肿、残余囊肿和炎性根侧囊肿。"} {"Question":"多为未经治疗的牙髓炎的牙齿的自然结局是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根尖周肉芽肿"},{"key":"B","value":"根尖周脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"致密性骨炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓坏死"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查急慢性根尖周炎。牙髓坏死(E对)多为未经治疗的牙髓炎的自然结局。牙髓坏死多由于炎症的持续发展形成一个不断扩大的液化坏死区,加上引流不畅,牙髓压力升高,最终使整个牙髓坏死。"} {"Question":"关于牙本质龋描述哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙本质内含有机物较多,除了有无机晶体的溶解外,还存在有机基质的分解破坏"},{"key":"B","value":"牙本质龋是沿着牙本质小管快速进展"},{"key":"C","value":"防御性反应可表现为硬化牙本质的形成"},{"key":"D","value":"由表层至深层可分为透明层、暗层、病损体部、表层"},{"key":"E","value":"牙本质龋在病理形态上是一个三角形病变,三角形的顶指向牙髓腔"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙本质龋。关于牙本质龋描述由表层至深层可分为透明层、暗层、病损体部、表层(D错,为本题正确答案)是错误的。一般可将牙本质龋的病理改变由病损深部向表面分为四层结构:①透明层;②脱矿层;③细菌侵入层;④坏死崩解层。"} {"Question":"镜下观察早期平滑面釉质龋纵断磨片,其病损结构由内向外可分为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"透明层、暗层、病损体部、表层"},{"key":"B","value":"透明层、病损体部、暗层、表层"},{"key":"C","value":"坏死崩解层、细菌侵入层、脱矿层、透明层"},{"key":"D","value":"透明层、细菌侵入层、脱矿层、坏死崩解层"},{"key":"E","value":"透明层、脱矿层、细菌侵入层、坏死崩解层"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质龋。镜下观察早期平滑面釉质龋纵断磨片,其病损结构由内向外可分为透明层、暗层、病损体部、表层(A对)。结合透射光显微镜、偏光显微镜、显微放射摄影观察早期平滑面釉质龋纵断磨片,由深层至表层病变可分为四层,即透明层、暗层、病损体部、表层。"} {"Question":"关于牙本质龋中的脱矿层的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脱矿后色素不易沉着"},{"key":"B","value":"成牙本质细胞突起在细菌酶的作用下可发生脂肪变性"},{"key":"C","value":"扩张的小管可排列成串珠状"},{"key":"D","value":"牙本质小管形态较完整"},{"key":"E","value":"是牙本质龋最深层的改变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙本质龋。关于牙本质龋中的脱矿层的描述中,正确的是牙本质小管形态较完整(D对)。脱矿层位于透明层的表面,是在细菌进入前,酸的扩散所导致的脱矿改变,此层牙本质小管形态仍然比较完整,牙本质脱矿后,由于细菌产物与牙本质中蛋白质相互作用的结果,色素容易沉着(A错),脱矿层可被染成棕黄色。成牙本质细胞突起在细菌酶的作用下可发生脂肪变性(B错)是透明层的表现,不是脱矿层的表现。透明层为牙本质龋最深层、最早出现的改变(E错)。细菌侵入层位于脱矿层表面,细菌侵入小管并繁殖,有的小管被细菌所充满,小管扩张呈串珠状(C错)。"} {"Question":"牙本质龋的病理改变中脂肪变性层属于哪一层结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"死区"},{"key":"B","value":"透明层"},{"key":"C","value":"脱矿层"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌侵入层"},{"key":"E","value":"坏死崩解层"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙本质龋。牙本质龋的病理改变中脂肪变性层属于透明层(B对)结构。透明层:有时,在细菌侵入之前,部分区域牙本质小管内成牙本质细胞突起在细菌酶的作用下,细胞膜等有机成分发生脂肪变性,光镜下呈云雾状,曾称此区域为脂肪变性层。在脂肪变性的基础上,也可发生矿物盐晶体的沉着,形成透明层。脱矿层(C错),部分小管内成牙本质细胞突起在龋形成的早期阶段变性、坏死,小管内较空虚,内含空气和死亡的成牙本质细胞突起残余,透射光下观察牙本质磨片,此区呈暗黑色不透光,称死区(A错)。细菌侵入层(D错)位于脱矿层表面,牙本质小管内有细菌侵入,细菌甚至进入牙本质小管分支,显微镜下见,细菌侵犯前沿的形态不规则。坏死崩解层(E错)为牙本质龋损的最表层,随着液化坏死灶扩大,数量增多,细菌不再局限于小管内,而侵入管周、管间牙本质,在此区几乎无正常牙本质结构保留,牙本质完全崩解破坏,只残留一些坏死崩解组织和细菌,龋洞开始从釉牙本质界处形成。"} {"Question":"关于窝沟龋形态的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈三角形,底部向着窝沟壁"},{"key":"B","value":"呈三角形,顶部向着釉牙本质界"},{"key":"C","value":"呈三角形,顶部向着窝沟壁"},{"key":"D","value":"呈同心圆形"},{"key":"E","value":"没有固定形状"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质龋。关于窝沟龋形态的描述,正确的是呈三角形,顶部向着窝沟壁(C对)。窝沟龋龋损形态与平滑面不同,也呈三角形,但基底部朝向釉牙本质界,顶部向着窝沟壁。"} {"Question":"平滑面龋损多见于牙冠的什么部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"邻面接触点上方"},{"key":"B","value":"邻面接触点下方"},{"key":"C","value":"唇面近(牙合)缘1\/3"},{"key":"D","value":"颊面中1\/3处"},{"key":"E","value":"牙根面"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"平滑面龋多见于牙齿邻面接触点下方、颊舌面近龈缘牙颈部。掌握“牙釉质龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于平滑面龋的描述中,正确的说法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多见于颊舌面近牙冠部"},{"key":"B","value":"病变呈口小底大的形态"},{"key":"C","value":"龋斑能自行恢复"},{"key":"D","value":"龋缘处的龋斑呈圆形"},{"key":"E","value":"多发生在邻面接触点的下方"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙釉质龋。以下关于平滑面龋的描述中,正确的说法是多发生在邻面接触点的下方(E对)。平滑面龋多见于牙邻接面接触点下方、颊舌面近龈缘牙颈部。早期表现为牙表面白垩色不透明区,与周围正常的透明釉质不同,这种不透光是由于釉质的脱钙使其光折射率改变。"} {"Question":"龋病组织颜色深,呈棕黑色,质地较硬,成人及老年人多数患的龋病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性龋"},{"key":"B","value":"窝沟龋"},{"key":"C","value":"原发龋"},{"key":"D","value":"静止性龋"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性龋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性龋也称缓慢进展性龋,病变进展慢,病变组织颜色深,呈棕褐色、棕黑色,质地较硬。一般成人及老人龋病多见此类型。掌握“牙釉质龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"能形成半月板的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浆液腺泡"},{"key":"B","value":"黏液腺泡"},{"key":"C","value":"混合性腺泡"},{"key":"D","value":"闰管"},{"key":"E","value":"分泌管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"混合性腺泡:由黏液细胞和浆液细胞组成。前者组成腺泡之大部分,紧接闰管;后者呈新月状覆盖于腺泡的盲端表面,又名半月板。浆液细胞的分泌物有细胞间小管通入腺泡腔内。掌握“唾液腺组织结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"正常腮腺组织内淋巴结的髓质内出现导管以及腺泡样结构占","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1%~5%"},{"key":"B","value":"5%~10%"},{"key":"C","value":"5%~15%"},{"key":"D","value":"10%~15%"},{"key":"E","value":"15%~20%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"正常腮腺组织内,经常出现小的淋巴结。其中,5%~10%淋巴结的髓质内出现导管以及腺泡样结构;有时淋巴结呈壳样包绕在腮腺腺叶外围。掌握“唾液腺组织学特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"分为深浅两叶,其中有面神经穿过的腺体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颊腺"},{"key":"B","value":"舌腺"},{"key":"C","value":"腭腺"},{"key":"D","value":"腮腺"},{"key":"E","value":"唇腺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腮腺分为深浅两叶,其间有面神经穿过。掌握“唾液腺组织学特点”知识点。"} {"Question":"病损可分为疱型与苔藓型,疱型是上皮与结缔组织间形成基底下疱,苔藓型上皮萎缩,基底细胞水肿,见胶样小体,为以上哪项病理特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周萎缩"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周炎"},{"key":"C","value":"增生性龈炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性龈炎"},{"key":"E","value":"剥脱性龈病损"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙龈疾病。病损可分为疱型与苔藓型,疱型是上皮与结缔组织间形成基底下疱,苔藓型上皮萎缩,基底细胞水肿,见胶样小体,为剥脱性龈病损(E对)。剥脱性龈病损可分为疱型与苔藓型。疱型是上皮与结缔组织间形成基底下疱,苔藓型者,上皮萎缩,基底细胞水肿,基底层附近常见胶样小体,病变符合于疱型或萎缩型扁平苔藓。"} {"Question":"牙槽骨出现活跃的破骨细胞性骨陷窝,是以下哪项病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周炎静止期"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周炎活动期"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周变性"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周萎缩"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查活动期牙周炎的病理变化。牙槽骨出现活跃的破骨细胞性骨陷窝,是牙周炎活动期(B对)的病理表现。牙周炎活动期的病理变化包括牙槽骨出现活跃的破骨细胞性骨陷窝,牙槽嵴顶及固有牙槽骨可见多数吸收、破坏这一特点。掌握“牙周炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"结合上皮下方的胶原纤维水肿、变性、消失,是以下哪项病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周炎静止期"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周炎活动期"},{"key":"C","value":"牙周变性"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周萎缩"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查活动期牙周炎的病理变化。结合上皮下方的胶原纤维水肿、变性、消失,是牙周炎活动期(B对)的病理表现。牙周炎活动期的病理变化包括沟内上皮及结合上皮下方的胶原纤维水肿、变性、消失,大部分已被炎症细胞取代,牙槽嵴顶骨吸收明显这一特点。"} {"Question":"目前已公认牙周炎是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多因素致病的感染性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"与遗传有关的疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"伴有细菌感染的组织变性"},{"key":"D","value":"牙合创伤是主要致病因素之-"},{"key":"E","value":"由细菌及其产物导致的疾病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查牙周炎。目前已公认的牙周炎是一种由菌斑生物膜等多因素所引起的感染性的疾病(A对)而不是伴有细菌感染的组织变性(C错)。菌斑微生物在牙周病的发病过程中是必须的因素,但其单独存在并不意味着牙周病必然发生,在一些引起牙周病的危险因素共同作用下最终导致牙周病的发生。遗传(B对)、(牙合)创伤(D对)被认为是牙周炎的危险因素,在一定程度上能促进牙周炎的发生。牙周炎是由多种因素引起的,由细菌及其产物导致的疾病(E错)的说法太片面。"} {"Question":"甲状舌管囊肿发生最多见的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸锁乳突肌区"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌角区"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状舌骨区"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌中切牙牙槽骨区"},{"key":"E","value":"鼻底部"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"甲状舌管囊肿可发生在舌盲孔与甲状腺之间导管经过的任何部位,以甲状舌骨区发生者最多见。掌握“甲状舌管囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"颌骨囊肿的囊壁无角化,无上皮钉突,类似于缩余釉上皮,纤维囊壁内炎症不明显,属于哪种疾病的病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼻腭管囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"黏液囊肿"},{"key":"C","value":"含牙囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖囊肿"},{"key":"E","value":"多形性腺瘤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"含牙囊肿又称滤泡囊肿,肉眼见囊壁较薄,囊腔内含有牙冠,囊壁附着于牙颈部,囊液多呈黄色;镜下见纤维结缔组织囊壁内衬较薄的复层扁平上皮,无角化,无上皮钉突,类似于缩余釉上皮;纤维囊壁内炎症不明显。掌握“牙源性囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"甲状舌导管于胚胎第几周时开始退化,消失","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚胎第4周"},{"key":"B","value":"胚胎第5周"},{"key":"C","value":"胚胎第6周"},{"key":"D","value":"胚胎第7周"},{"key":"E","value":"胚胎第8周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"甲状舌导管于胚胎第6周时开始退化,消失。掌握“甲状舌管囊肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质与有细胞固有纤维牙骨质不规则交替沉积形成的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无细胞无纤维牙骨质"},{"key":"B","value":"无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质"},{"key":"C","value":"有细胞固有纤维牙骨质"},{"key":"D","value":"无细胞固有纤维牙骨质"},{"key":"E","value":"有细胞混合性分层牙骨质"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"有细胞混合性分层牙骨质为无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质和有细胞固有纤维牙骨质不规则交替沉积而成,通常分布在根分歧区及根尖区。掌握“牙骨质”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于牙髓组织不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是疏松的结缔组织"},{"key":"B","value":"血管和神经非常丰富"},{"key":"C","value":"牙髓神经有定位能力"},{"key":"D","value":"有增龄性变化"},{"key":"E","value":"随年龄的增长细胞成分减少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙髓内的神经大多数是有髓神经,传导痛觉;少数为无髓神经(交感神经),可调节血管的收缩和舒张,但是牙髓神经没有定位感受器,故牙髓神经疼痛无法进行定位。掌握“牙髓”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于釉牙本质界处的小弧线的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于牙釉质"},{"key":"B","value":"位于牙本质"},{"key":"C","value":"凹面向着牙釉质"},{"key":"D","value":"凹面向着牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"小凹线间的嵴在冠部不明显"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"釉牙本质界电镜扫描可见釉质形成许多弧形外突,与其相对的是牙本质表面的小凹,小凹间有突出的嵴,这些嵴在咬合力最大的冠部牙本质更突出。掌握“牙釉质”知识点。"} {"Question":"可以降低釉质行使功能时的剪切力,并且此处的釉质晶体和牙本质晶体混杂排列的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉质牙骨质界"},{"key":"B","value":"釉质牙本质界"},{"key":"C","value":"牙本质牙骨质界"},{"key":"D","value":"牙颈部"},{"key":"E","value":"绞釉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"釉质牙本质界(釉牙本质界)处交界的形态和性质可以降低釉质行使功能时所受到的剪切力,电镜观察见釉牙本质界处的釉质晶体和牙本质晶体混杂排列。掌握“牙釉质”知识点。"} {"Question":"正常生理情况下,牙骨质比牙槽骨具有更强的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸收能力"},{"key":"B","value":"改建能力"},{"key":"C","value":"重塑能力"},{"key":"D","value":"抗吸收能力"},{"key":"E","value":"抗骨折能力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常生理情况下,牙骨质不像骨组织可以不断的改建和重塑,而是较固有牙槽骨具有更强的抗吸收能力。掌握“牙骨质”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关釉质的特点,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基质中含有胶原"},{"key":"B","value":"抗磨性强"},{"key":"C","value":"无细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"高度矿化的硬组织"},{"key":"E","value":"上皮细胞分泌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查釉质的特点。釉质基质由单一的蛋白质构成,不含胶原(A错,为本题的正确答案),为覆盖于牙冠的高度矿化的硬组织(D对),耐磨性强(B对),是龋病最先侵及的组织,也是全身唯一无细胞性(C对)、由上皮细胞分泌(E对)矿化的组织。"} {"Question":"可呈片状、贯穿整个釉质厚度的结构缺陷是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉板"},{"key":"B","value":"釉丛"},{"key":"C","value":"釉梭"},{"key":"D","value":"牙面平行线(釉质横纹)"},{"key":"E","value":"生长线"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"釉板是片状、贯穿整个釉质厚度的结构缺陷,自釉质表面延伸至釉质不同的深度,可达釉牙本质界。掌握“牙釉质”知识点。"} {"Question":"外伤露髓的年轻恒牙之所以能够进行活髓切断术,其生理基础在于牙髓中存在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成牙本质细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"成纤维细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"成牙骨质细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"未分化间叶细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管细胞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙髓是结缔组织,是有修复再生的能力的,对于新鲜暴露的牙髓,经过适当的临床治疗后,牙髓内的未分化间叶细胞可分化为成牙本质细胞,形成牙本质桥。掌握“牙髓”知识点。"} {"Question":"修复性牙本质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在成牙本质细胞和矿化牙本质之间是一层未钙化的牙本质"},{"key":"B","value":"牙本质钙质小球之间遗留的未钙化间质"},{"key":"C","value":"在冠部靠近釉质和根部靠近牙骨质最先形成的部分"},{"key":"D","value":"牙齿发育完成后形成的牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"釉质表面因磨损、酸蚀、龋病等而遭受破坏时,部分成牙本质细胞继续形成的牙本质"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查修复性牙本质。釉质表面因磨损、酸蚀、龋病等而遭受破坏时,牙髓深层未分化细胞取代变性细胞,与部分尚有功能的成牙本质细胞形成修复性牙本质(E对)。在成牙本质细胞和矿化牙本质之间有一层未钙化的牙本质,为前期牙本质(A错)。牙本质钙质小球之间遗留的未钙化间质,为球间牙本质(B错)。在冠部靠近釉质和根部靠近牙骨质最先形成的部分,为原发性牙本质(C错)。牙齿发育完成后形成的牙本质,为继发性牙本质(D错)。"} {"Question":"嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿好发部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌角"},{"key":"B","value":"颈部中线"},{"key":"C","value":"腭中缝"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌窦"},{"key":"E","value":"腮腺区"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿腮腺区、耳后等为多发部位病损。掌握“血管瘤及嗜酸性淋巴肉芽肿”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,60岁,唇部有一包块,常有溃疡,边缘较硬,与周围组织粘连,不活动。镜下可见癌细胞向黏膜下层浸润生长,呈团块状排列,形成癌巢,中间可见角化珠。癌巢周边立方状基底细胞中可见核分裂相。病理诊断为:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鳞状细胞癌"},{"key":"B","value":"基底细胞癌"},{"key":"C","value":"乳头状瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"腺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"未分化癌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查鳞状细胞癌。此患者发病部位为唇部,且唇部包块与周围组织粘连,不活动,可初步诊断为唇癌。镜下见癌细胞向黏膜下层浸润生长,呈团块状排列,形成癌巢,中间可见角化珠。此患者上述临床症状及镜下表现符合鳞状细胞癌(A对)的特点。基底细胞癌(B错)多见于颌面部皮肤,镜下见癌细胞体积小,胞浆少,有特征性的外侧细胞栅栏和环绕癌巢周围的疏松纤维粘液间质,与题干描述不符。乳头状瘤(C错)镜下可见肿瘤呈乳头状增生,乳头中心为伴有毛细血管的纤维组织,细胞间质可见鳞状上皮化生,与题干描述不符。腺癌(D错)、未分化癌(E错)的病理改变(《口腔组织病理学(第八版)》未明确说明。"} {"Question":"疣状癌的好发部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下唇黏膜"},{"key":"B","value":"颊黏膜"},{"key":"C","value":"舌背黏膜"},{"key":"D","value":"牙龈黏膜"},{"key":"E","value":"牙槽黏膜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查疣状癌。疣状癌的好发部位是下唇黏膜(A对)。疣状癌为一种非转移性的高分化鳞癌的亚型,以外生性、疣状缓慢生长和边缘推压为特征。烟草可能是口腔疣状癌的主要病因学因素。疣状癌以老年男性下唇多见,颊(B错)、舌背(C错)、牙龈(D错)、牙槽黏膜(E对)均可发生。病变开始时为边界清楚、细的白色角化斑块,迅速变厚,发展成钝的乳头状或疣状,表面突起。"} {"Question":"复层鳞状上皮由表层向内的排列顺序为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颗粒层、角化层、棘层和基底层"},{"key":"B","value":"角化层、颗粒层、棘层和基底层"},{"key":"C","value":"颗粒层、棘层、角化层和基底层"},{"key":"D","value":"基底层、棘层、颗粒层和角化层"},{"key":"E","value":"基底层、角化层、棘层和颗粒层"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"复层鳞状上皮由表层向内的排列顺序为角化层、颗粒层、棘层和基底层。掌握“口腔黏膜基本结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"咀嚼黏膜包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬腭和牙龈"},{"key":"B","value":"颊黏膜"},{"key":"C","value":"口底黏膜"},{"key":"D","value":"舌黏膜"},{"key":"E","value":"软腭黏膜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"咀嚼黏膜包括硬腭和牙龈黏膜,承受咀嚼压力,特点是上皮较厚,上皮表层有正角化或不全角化,有粒层,细胞间隙宽并见细胞间桥;固有层厚,胶原纤维粗大,排列紧密呈网状,固有层的乳头多而长,与上皮钉突呈指状镶嵌,形成良好的机械附着,可有效地防止上皮在外力作用下与下面的结缔组织分开。咀嚼黏膜或借固有层直接附在骨膜上,形成黏骨膜或借黏膜下层与骨膜相连。掌握“口腔黏膜基本结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"黏膜固有层血管增生,扩张及充血形成的病变","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疱"},{"key":"B","value":"溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"斑"},{"key":"D","value":"糜烂"},{"key":"E","value":"角化不良"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查口腔黏膜疾病的临床基本病损。黏膜固有层血管增生,扩张及充血形成的病变为斑(C对)。斑是指皮肤黏膜上的颜色改变,红斑为黏膜固有层血管扩张、增生和充血。疱(A错):黏膜内贮存液体而成疱性病损,疱损直径小于1cm。溃疡(B错):是黏膜上皮的完整性发生连续性缺损或破坏,因其表层坏死脱落而形成凹陷。糜烂(D错):是黏膜的一种表浅缺损,为上皮的部分损伤,不损及基底细胞层。角化不良(E错):指表皮或附属器个别角质形成细胞未至角质层,即显示过早角化。"} {"Question":"关于口腔黏膜,以下哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咀嚼黏膜的上皮较厚,可角化"},{"key":"B","value":"唇红部上皮有角化"},{"key":"C","value":"颊黏膜可发生异位增生的皮脂腺"},{"key":"D","value":"舌腹黏膜属于特殊黏膜"},{"key":"E","value":"唇的黏膜下层较厚,内含混合性腺体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口腔黏膜。舌腹黏膜属于被覆黏膜,舌背黏膜属于特殊黏膜(D错,为本题的正确答案)。咀嚼黏膜上皮较厚,可正角化或不全角化(A对)。唇红部上皮薄,有角化(B对)。颊黏膜可发生异位增生的皮脂腺(C对),呈成簇的粟粒状淡黄色小颗粒。唇的黏膜下层较厚,内含小唾液腺的混合性腺体(E对)。"} {"Question":"正常时不明显,一旦发生炎症则可引起肿痛的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丝状乳头"},{"key":"B","value":"菌状乳头"},{"key":"C","value":"轮廓乳头"},{"key":"D","value":"叶状乳头"},{"key":"E","value":"味蕾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"叶状乳头:位于舌侧缘的后部。在人类此乳头已退化为5~8条平行的皱襞。正常时此乳头不明显,一旦发生炎症则可引起肿痛。掌握“口腔黏膜分类及组织结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"牙周膜中具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成骨细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周膜干细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮剩余细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"成牙骨质细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"成纤维细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查牙周膜干细胞的特点。牙周膜干细胞(B对)是牙周膜中具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞。成纤维细胞(E错)是牙周膜中数量最多、功能最重要的细胞,具有独特且高效的合成与分解胞外基质中胶原蛋白的能力。成牙骨质细胞(D错)分布在邻近牙骨质的牙周膜中,细胞扁平,胞核圆或卵圆形,平铺在根面上,在牙骨质形成时近似立方状。上皮剩余(C错)是牙根发育期上皮根鞘残留下的上皮细胞,为牙周膜中邻近牙骨质的纤维间隙中小的上皮条索或上皮团,与牙根表面平行排列,也称Malassez上皮剩余。成骨细胞(A错)在骨形成时,于邻近牙槽骨表面大量存在,呈立方状,胞核大,核仁明显,胞质嗜碱性,静止期的成骨细胞为梭形。"} {"Question":"数目最多,力量最强大的纤维,起悬吊牙齿的作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽嵴组"},{"key":"B","value":"水平组"},{"key":"C","value":"斜行组"},{"key":"D","value":"根间组"},{"key":"E","value":"根尖组"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"斜行组:是牙周膜中数量最多、力量最强的一组纤维。除牙颈部和根尖区外,纤维方向向根方倾斜约45°角,埋入牙槽骨的一端近牙颈部,将牙悬吊在牙槽窝内。这种结构可将牙承受的咀嚼压力转变为牵引力,均匀地分散到牙槽骨上。掌握“牙周膜”知识点。"} {"Question":"以上牙周膜纤维中符合牙槽嵴组纤维的特点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周膜中数量最多、力量最强的一组纤维"},{"key":"B","value":"呈放射状止于根尖周围的牙槽骨"},{"key":"C","value":"是维持牙齿直立的主要力量,防止牙齿侧方移动"},{"key":"D","value":"可以防止牙齿根部向冠方移动的作用"},{"key":"E","value":"主要分布在牙齿的颊舌侧,邻面无此纤维"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查牙周膜。牙槽嵴组:纤维起自牙槽嵴顶,呈放射状向牙冠方向走行,止于牙颈部的牙骨质。此纤维存在于颊舌侧,在邻面无此纤维(E对)。"} {"Question":"牙周膜中来源于残留的上皮细胞成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成纤维细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"上皮剩余"},{"key":"C","value":"成骨细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"成牙骨质细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"间充质细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"上皮剩余:在牙周膜中,邻近牙根表面的纤维间隙中可见到小的上皮条索或上皮团,与牙根表面平行排列,即上皮剩余,也称Malassez上皮剩余。这是牙根发育期间上皮根鞘残留下来的上皮细胞。掌握“牙周膜”知识点。"} {"Question":"以上牙周膜纤维中符合根间组纤维的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙周膜中数量最多、力量最强的一组纤维"},{"key":"B","value":"呈放射状止于根尖周围的牙槽骨"},{"key":"C","value":"是维持牙齿直立的主要力量,防止牙齿侧方移动"},{"key":"D","value":"可以防止牙齿根部向冠方移动的作用"},{"key":"E","value":"主要分布在牙齿的颊舌侧,邻面无此纤维"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周膜。根间组:只存在于多根牙,起自根分叉处的牙根间骨隔顶,止于根分叉区牙骨质,有防止牙根向冠方移动的作用(D对)。"} {"Question":"密质骨的特点,描述错误的一项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"密质骨表面为平行骨板"},{"key":"B","value":"密质骨在上颌牙槽骨的唇面很薄"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌骨比下颌骨密质骨厚而致密"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌的密质骨舌侧骨板比颊侧厚"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌舌侧密质骨较唇侧厚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙槽骨。密质骨是牙槽骨的外表部分,即颌骨内、外骨板延伸的部分。密质骨表面为平行骨板,深部有致密的不同厚度的哈弗系统的骨。密质骨在上颌牙槽骨的唇面,尤其前牙区密质骨很薄,有许多血管和神经穿过的滋养管,而舌侧增厚。在下颌骨则相反,密质骨比上颌厚而致密(C错,为本题正确答案),小孔很少,所以在施行局部麻醉时,在上颌前牙用局部浸润麻醉的效果比下颌好。通常下颌的密质骨,其舌侧骨板比颊侧厚,但在磨牙区由于担负较大的咀嚼力,磨牙颊侧骨板也增厚。"} {"Question":"牙周膜中维持牙直立的主要力量且呈水平方向的主纤维是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽嵴组"},{"key":"B","value":"水平组"},{"key":"C","value":"斜行组"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖组"},{"key":"E","value":"根间组"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"水平组:在牙槽嵴纤维的根方,呈水平方向分布,与牙弓的(牙合)平面大致平行。一端埋入牙骨质,另一端埋入牙槽骨中,是维持牙直立的主要力量,并与牙槽嵴纤维共同对抗侧方力,防止牙齿侧方移动。掌握“牙周膜”知识点。"} {"Question":"组织学上,有序的活体骨和与负重的种植体之间直接的结构和功能的连接,二者之间无任何软组织,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龈界面"},{"key":"B","value":"袖口"},{"key":"C","value":"骨整合"},{"key":"D","value":"种植体-软组织界面"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查种植体周围组织。组织学上,骨整合(C对)是指有序的活体骨和与负重的种植体之间直接的结构和功能的连接,二者之间无任何软组织。"} {"Question":"牙槽龈组纤维","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纤维起于釉质牙骨质界下方的牙骨质,向外下方走行"},{"key":"B","value":"自牙颈部牙骨质,向牙冠方向散开,广泛地分布于牙龈固有层中"},{"key":"C","value":"自牙槽嵴向冠方牙龈固有层展开,止于游离龈"},{"key":"D","value":"起自根分叉处的牙根间骨隔顶,至根分叉区牙槽骨"},{"key":"E","value":"自牙颈部的牙骨质,越过牙槽嵴,止于牙槽突"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查牙龈纤维-牙槽龈组。牙槽龈组纤维自牙槽嵴向冠方牙龈固有层展开,止于游离龈(C对)。牙龈纤维:龈牙组,自牙颈部牙骨质,向牙冠方向散开,止于游离龈和附着龈的固有层,广泛地分布牙龈固有层中(B错);牙槽龈组,自牙槽嵴向冠方牙龈固有层展开,止于游离龈;牙骨膜组,自牙颈部的牙骨质,越过牙槽嵴,止于牙槽突(E错)。牙周膜纤维:牙槽嵴组,起于釉质牙骨质界下方的牙骨质,向外下方走行(A错);根间组,起自根分叉处的牙根间骨隔顶,止于根分叉区牙骨质(D错)。"} {"Question":"关于固有牙槽骨不正确的为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"衬于牙槽窝的内壁"},{"key":"B","value":"又称筛状板"},{"key":"C","value":"属于束状骨"},{"key":"D","value":"X线上称硬骨板"},{"key":"E","value":"X线片上为围绕牙根的黑色透光带"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"固有牙槽骨在X线片上表现为围绕牙根连续的致密白线,又称为“硬骨板”衬于牙槽窝内壁,包绕牙根与牙周膜相邻,在牙槽嵴处与外骨板相连,为一层多孔的骨板,又称“筛状板”,有大量的胶原纤维埋入,故又称“束骨”。掌握“牙槽骨”知识点。"} {"Question":"位于多根牙的根分叉之间,防止牙根向冠方移动的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽嵴组"},{"key":"B","value":"水平组"},{"key":"C","value":"斜行组"},{"key":"D","value":"根间组"},{"key":"E","value":"根尖组"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根间组:只存在于多根牙,起自根分叉处的牙根间骨隔顶,止于根分叉区牙骨质,有防止牙根向冠方移动的作用。掌握“牙周膜”知识点。"} {"Question":"由于感染梅毒螺旋体引起的半月形切牙的疾病为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟斑牙"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素牙"},{"key":"C","value":"特纳牙"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性乳光牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"哈钦森牙"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"先天性梅毒牙是由于梅毒螺旋体感染牙胚,侵犯成釉器使釉质发育障碍,在恒切牙、第一恒磨牙釉质产生特征性的发育不全改变。病变切牙称哈钦森切牙,切缘中间常有一新月形凹陷或深裂隙。掌握“四环素牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"釉基质形成正常但无明显的矿化,分常染色体显性、常染色体隐性两种亚型为下列哪种类型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉质形成不全"},{"key":"B","value":"釉质成熟不全"},{"key":"C","value":"釉质钙化不全"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性乳光牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"畸形中央尖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"釉质钙化不全型:釉基质形成正常但无明显的矿化,分常染色体显性、常染色体隐性两种亚型。掌握“釉质形成缺陷(釉质发育不全)”知识点。"} {"Question":"有在高氟区生活史,且恒牙症状较严重,但是乳牙症状相对较轻的牙釉质结构异常的疾病为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟斑牙"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素牙"},{"key":"C","value":"特纳牙"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性乳光牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"哈钦森牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"因为有胎盘屏障,故氟不易穿过胎盘造成乳牙的氟牙症,但恒牙会受到影响。掌握“四环素牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于遗传性乳光牙本质的病理表现,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉牙本质界呈波浪形"},{"key":"B","value":"可伴有形成不全或钙化不全缺陷"},{"key":"C","value":"髓室、根管变大"},{"key":"D","value":"牙本质中无其他组织"},{"key":"E","value":"髓腔表面见大量不典型的成牙骨质细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"髓腔表面见少量不典型的成牙本质细胞,细胞可被包埋在有缺陷的牙本质中。异常牙本质的过多形成导致髓室、根管产生部分乃至完全消失。牙本质中可见含血管,为残留的成牙本质细胞和牙髓。釉牙本质界呈直线而非波浪形。大部分患者的釉质正常,约1\/3患者有形成不全或钙化不全缺陷。掌握“氟牙症、先天性梅毒牙与牙本质形成缺陷”知识点。"} {"Question":"四环素牙萌出时呈","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亮蓝色"},{"key":"B","value":"亮黄色"},{"key":"C","value":"乳白色"},{"key":"D","value":"透明色"},{"key":"E","value":"亮绿色"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"四环素受累牙萌出时呈现了亮黄色。掌握“四环素牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"能够导致恒牙变成四环素牙的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚胎8周"},{"key":"B","value":"胚胎29周之前"},{"key":"C","value":"胚胎29周至出生"},{"key":"D","value":"出生之前"},{"key":"E","value":"出生至8岁之前"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在出生至8岁之间摄入四环素,可导致恒牙变色,故在此期间特别注意慎用四环素。掌握“四环素牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"氟斑牙多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恒牙"},{"key":"B","value":"切牙"},{"key":"C","value":"年轻恒牙"},{"key":"D","value":"磨牙"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查氟斑牙的临床表现。氟斑牙多见于恒牙(A对),发生在乳牙(E错)者甚少。氟牙症的临床表现是同一时期萌出牙的牙釉质上有白垩色到褐色的斑块,严重者还并发牙釉质的实质缺损。由于是发生于同一时期萌出牙,并不单指切牙(B错)、磨牙(D错)、年轻恒牙(C错)等。"} {"Question":"釉质形成缺陷症的遗传类型中表现为X染色体相关型的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成釉蛋白基因突变"},{"key":"B","value":"釉蛋白基因突变"},{"key":"C","value":"釉丛蛋白基因突变"},{"key":"D","value":"编码釉原蛋白的AMELX基因突变"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"釉质形成缺陷症的遗传类型最常见为常染色体显性型,主要与成釉蛋白、釉蛋白、釉丛蛋白的编码基因突变相关;较少见为X染色体相关型,主要与编码釉原蛋白的X染色体上的AMELX基因突变相关。掌握“釉质形成缺陷(釉质发育不全)”知识点。"} {"Question":"若在7岁之前居住地的饮水中氟含量高于1ppm,则会造成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"釉质钙化不全"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素牙"},{"key":"C","value":"牙本质形成不全"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性乳光牙本质"},{"key":"E","value":"易龋齿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"氟牙症,又称斑釉牙、氟斑牙。在牙齿发育阶段,如果饮用水中氟含量高于1ppm,氟离子可导致釉质形成不全和钙化不全,这种釉质的发育障碍即为氟牙症。掌握“氟牙症、先天性梅毒牙与牙本质形成缺陷”知识点。"} {"Question":"不属于成釉细胞瘤常见分类的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滤泡型"},{"key":"B","value":"丛状型"},{"key":"C","value":"溃疡型"},{"key":"D","value":"棘皮瘤型"},{"key":"E","value":"颗粒细胞型"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"成釉细胞瘤的组织结构和细胞形态变异较大,可有多种表现包括:滤泡型、丛状型、棘皮瘤型、颗粒细胞型、基底细胞型、角化成釉细胞瘤。无溃疡型。掌握“成釉细胞瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪项为牙源性肿瘤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含牙囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"萌出囊肿"},{"key":"C","value":"黏液囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"黏液纤维瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"Warthin瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙源性黏液瘤又称为黏液瘤或黏液纤维瘤,发生于颌骨的黏液瘤与牙源性间叶组织在形态学上的相似以及肿瘤中有时可见的牙源性上皮剩余,均提示该瘤是牙源性的。掌握“牙源性黏液瘤、成牙骨质细胞瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"受刺激可增值为颌骨囊肿和牙源肿瘤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成牙骨质细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"牙周膜干细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"成骨细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"上皮剩余"},{"key":"E","value":"成纤维细胞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查牙周膜的组织结构。受刺激可增值为颌骨囊肿和牙源肿瘤的是上皮剩余(D对)。上皮剩余在牙周膜中,邻近牙骨质的纤维间隙中可见到小的上皮条索或上皮团,与牙根表面平行排列,也称 Malassez上皮剩余。这是牙根发育期上皮根鞘残留下的上皮细胞。牙骨质细胞(A错)分布在邻近牙骨质的牙周膜中,细胞扁平,胞核圆或卵圆形。细胞平铺在根面上,在牙骨质形成时近似立方状。牙周膜干细胞(B错)是存在于牙周膜中的一种未分化的间充质干细胞,具有自我更新及多向分化潜能,不仅能够维持牙周组织的稳态,而且参与牙周组织的再生成。成骨细胞(C错)同身体其他骨骼一样,在骨形成时,邻近牙槽骨表面有许多成骨细胞。形态立方状,胞核大,核仁明显,胞质嗜碱性,静止期的成骨细胞为梭形。成纤维细胞(E错)是牙周膜中数量最多、功能最重要的细胞,具有独特且高效的合成与分解胞外基质中胶原蛋白的能力。"} {"Question":"关于急性牙髓炎的病理变化不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成牙本质细胞层完好无损"},{"key":"B","value":"具有浆液性炎症的特征"},{"key":"C","value":"可见血管扩张充血,通透性增加"},{"key":"D","value":"液体成分渗出,组织水肿"},{"key":"E","value":"水肿液集聚于微血管周围和结缔组织间"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"急性牙髓炎的病理变化:由龋所致的早期病变局限在龋洞下方,具有浆液性炎症的特征,可见血管扩张充血,通透性增加,液体成分渗出,组织水肿,水肿液集聚于微血管周围和结缔组织间,沿着血管壁有白细胞游出和纤维蛋白渗出,成牙本质细胞层有变性破坏。掌握“急、慢性牙髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性牙髓炎主要病理变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴细胞浸润"},{"key":"B","value":"浆细胞浸润"},{"key":"C","value":"肉芽组织形成"},{"key":"D","value":"巨噬细胞浸润"},{"key":"E","value":"中性粒细胞浸润"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查急性牙髓炎的病理变化。急性牙髓炎主要病理变化是中性粒细胞浸润(E对)。急性牙髓炎的病理变化:早期病变局限在受刺激部位相对应的牙髓,如龋损下方,牙髓血管扩张充血,血管通透性增加,液体渗出,组织水肿,沿血管壁周围有纤维蛋白渗出,这时称急性浆液性牙髓炎。随着炎症加重,血流速度减慢,细胞沿血管壁排列,成牙本质细胞变性坏死,受损的组织、细胞和炎细胞释放大量炎性介质和细胞因子,如组胺、5-羟色胺、白细胞介素、肿瘤坏死因子、白三烯、前列腺素转化生长因子等,这些细胞因子和炎症介质进一步增加血管的通透性,趋化更多的中性粒细胞向炎症中心集中。单核细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞也浸润到病变中。中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等在杀灭细菌的同时释放溶酶体酶和蛋白水解酶,使局部组织液化坏死,形成脓肿。早期脓肿局限,脓腔内有密集的中性粒细胞浸润,其余牙髓水肿伴炎细胞浸润。这时若得以及时治疗,还可以保存部分牙髓,否则,炎症迅速向周围扩散,中性粒细胞广泛浸润至整个牙髓组织,形成多处小脓肿,此时,若炎性渗出未得到及时引流,髓腔压力极度增加,最终使整个牙髓液化坏死,此时称为急性化脓性牙髓炎。"} {"Question":"以下选项哪一个是由病理性牙髓充血发展而来","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙发育期间"},{"key":"B","value":"月经期"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠期牙髓"},{"key":"D","value":"急性牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"高空飞行"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急性牙髓炎。急性牙髓炎(D对)是由病理性牙髓充血发展而来。牙髓充血有生理性与病理性两种,生理性充血见于牙发育期、月经期、妊娠期牙髓,此外,高空飞行时由于气压下降,牙髓呈现暂时充血状态。而急性牙髓炎多数由牙髓病理性充血发展而来,或为慢性牙髓炎的急性发作。"} {"Question":"有关慢性化脓性骨髓炎不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可伴有开口受限"},{"key":"B","value":"毒力弱的细菌感染引起"},{"key":"C","value":"来自于急性骨髓炎治疗不当"},{"key":"D","value":"表现不同程度的疼痛和肿胀"},{"key":"E","value":"X线显示溶骨性破坏或穿凿性破坏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性化脓性骨髓炎:可来自于急性骨髓炎治疗不当,或由毒力弱的细菌感染引起。下颌磨牙区好发,患部可表现不同程度的疼痛和肿胀。相应的面部有炎症浸润、瘘管流脓,可伴有不同程度的开口受限。如果死骨形成广泛,可导致病理性骨折。X线表现为虫蚀状骨吸收,有局灶性阻射影。伴有骨新生时,则有骨硬化的表现。掌握“急慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性化脓性骨髓炎的主要感染来源","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医源性感染"},{"key":"B","value":"血源性感染"},{"key":"C","value":"腺源性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"牙源性感染"},{"key":"E","value":"损伤性感染"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎。急性化脓性骨髓炎:多来自于牙源性感染(D对),常继发急性根尖周脓肿和根尖周肉芽肿或根尖周囊肿等慢性根尖病变,少数情况亦可由外伤后感染和血行感染(B错)引起。病原菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌。"} {"Question":"结核性骨髓炎X线表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈现为境界明显的密度减低区,有时表现为多房性骨吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"颌骨膨胀病变部位边缘模糊,不整齐,下颌骨可形成囊肿样腔洞"},{"key":"C","value":"虫蚀状骨吸收,有局灶性阻射影,伴有骨新生时,则有骨硬化的表现"},{"key":"D","value":"圆形界限清楚的阻射区,局限于一个或两个牙的根尖区,与牙根容易区分"},{"key":"E","value":"病变骨区阻射性降低,呈磨玻璃样改变,病变与周围正常骨的界限不明显"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查结核性骨髓炎及放射性骨髓炎。结核性骨髓炎X线表现为颌骨膨胀病变部位边缘模糊,不整齐,下颌骨可形成囊肿样腔洞(B对)。"} {"Question":"以下哪项疾病的特点是一组含多核巨细胞的颌骨病变,多数为非肿瘤性、修复性疾病,单纯刮治即可治愈,很少复发","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜酸性肉芽肿"},{"key":"B","value":"骨巨细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"汉-许-克病"},{"key":"D","value":"巨细胞肉芽肿"},{"key":"E","value":"勒-雪病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"巨细胞肉芽肿过去曾被称为巨细胞修复性肉芽肿,是指一组含多核巨细胞的颌骨病变,多数为非肿瘤性、修复性疾病,发展缓慢,不穿破骨皮质,单纯刮治即可治愈,很少复发。掌握“颌骨的非肿瘤性疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"慢性化脓性骨髓炎X线表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈现为境界明显的密度减低区,有时表现为多房性骨吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"颌骨膨胀病变部位边缘模糊,不整齐,下颌骨可形成囊肿样腔洞"},{"key":"C","value":"虫蚀状骨吸收,有局灶性阻射影,伴有骨新生时,则有骨硬化的表现"},{"key":"D","value":"圆形界限清楚的阻射区,局限于一个或两个牙的根尖区,与牙根容易区分"},{"key":"E","value":"病变骨区阻射性降低,呈磨玻璃样改变,病变与周围正常骨的界限不明显"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"慢性化脓性骨髓炎:下颌磨牙区好发,患部可表现不同程度的疼痛和肿胀。相应的面部有炎症浸润、瘘管流脓,可伴有不同程度的开口受限。如果死骨形成广泛,可导致病理性骨折。X线表现为虫蚀状骨吸收,有局灶性阻射影。伴有骨新生时,则有骨硬化的表现。掌握“结核性骨髓炎及放射性骨髓炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"侧舌隆突出现的时间是胚胎","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第四周"},{"key":"B","value":"第五周"},{"key":"C","value":"第六周"},{"key":"D","value":"第七周"},{"key":"E","value":"第八周"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胎儿发育到第四周,下颌弓的内表面因下方的间充质增生,长出三个膨隆的突起,两侧两个对称的突起体积较大,称侧舌隆突。掌握“腭部与舌的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关颌裂说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颌裂仅发生于上颌"},{"key":"B","value":"常伴有唇裂或腭裂"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌裂罕见"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌裂为前腭突与上颌突未能联合"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌裂为前腭突与上颌突部分联合"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"颌裂:颌裂可发生于上颌,也可发生于下颌,但上颌裂常见。上颌裂为前腭突与上颌突未能联合或部分联合所致,常伴有唇裂或腭裂。下颌裂为两侧下颌突未联合或部分联合的结果,罕见。掌握“腭部与舌的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"腮腺导管开口位于上颌第一恒磨牙相对的颊黏膜处为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成人"},{"key":"B","value":"12岁"},{"key":"C","value":"在3~4岁"},{"key":"D","value":"胚胎第6周"},{"key":"E","value":"胚胎第6周末"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查唾液腺的发育。腮腺导管开口位于上颌第一恒磨牙相对的颊黏膜处为在12岁(B对)。腮腺导管开口的位置随个体发育而稍有变化。在3~4岁(C错)时腮腺导管开口位于上颌第二乳磨牙相对的颊黏膜。成人(A错)时腮腺导管开口位于上颌第二恒磨牙相对的颊黏膜处。腮腺在胚胎第6周(D错)开始发育。下颌下腺在胚胎第6周末(E错)开始发育。"} {"Question":"第2、3、4鳃弓形成了一个大的位于中线的突起,此突起最后形成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌体"},{"key":"B","value":"舌根"},{"key":"C","value":"界沟"},{"key":"D","value":"口咽膜"},{"key":"E","value":"奇结节"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"舌根来自于第2、3、4鳃弓形成的一个大的位于中线的突起。这个突起随着舌的发育形成舌根。掌握“腭部与舌的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"出现在胚胎第12周,迅速形成一个锥形软骨团,占据发育中升支的大部分的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"髁突软骨"},{"key":"B","value":"喙突软骨"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌软骨"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌软骨"},{"key":"E","value":"侧舌隆突"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"髁突软骨出现在胚胎第12周,迅速形成一个锥形(或胡萝卜形)软骨团,占据发育中升支的大部分。掌握“唾液腺与颌骨的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"胚胎第4周,额鼻突的末端被两个凹陷分成三个突起,中间的称为中鼻突,两侧的称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球状突"},{"key":"B","value":"侧鼻突"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌突"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌突"},{"key":"E","value":"额鼻突"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胚胎第4周末,额鼻突的末端被两个凹陷分别分成三个突起,中间的称为中鼻突,两侧的称为侧鼻突。掌握“面部的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"上颌骨的发育来源于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第1鳃弓"},{"key":"B","value":"第2鳃弓"},{"key":"C","value":"第3鳃弓"},{"key":"D","value":"第4鳃弓"},{"key":"E","value":"第5鳃弓"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"上颌骨发育自第1鳃弓。掌握“唾液腺与颌骨的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"面部的发育始于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚胎第3周"},{"key":"B","value":"胚胎第4周"},{"key":"C","value":"胚胎第5周"},{"key":"D","value":"胚胎第6周"},{"key":"E","value":"胚胎第8周"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"面部的发育始于胚胎第3周。掌握“面部的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"甲状舌管始于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚胎第3周"},{"key":"B","value":"胚胎第4周"},{"key":"C","value":"胚胎第5周"},{"key":"D","value":"胚胎第6周"},{"key":"E","value":"胚胎第7周"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胚胎第4周,奇结节和联合突之间中线处的表面内胚层上皮向深部增生,形成管状上皮条索,称甲状舌管。掌握“腭部与舌的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"上下颌突部分联合则形成大口畸形,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唇裂"},{"key":"B","value":"横面裂"},{"key":"C","value":"斜面裂"},{"key":"D","value":"侧鼻裂"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌裂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"上下颌突未联合或部分联合,发生横面裂,如为部分联合则形成大口畸形。掌握“面部的发育”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于慢性化脓性唾液腺炎的发病因素说法错误的一项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可由结石、异物、瘢痕挛缩等堵塞导管所致"},{"key":"B","value":"可因放射线损伤后继发感染所致"},{"key":"C","value":"可由急性唾液涎腺炎转变而来"},{"key":"D","value":"长期口吹乐器容易引致逆行感染"},{"key":"E","value":"为自身免疫性疾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性化脓性唾液腺炎可由结石、异物、瘢痕挛缩等堵塞导管和放射线损伤后继发感染而发病;也可由急性唾液腺炎进展而来。长期口腔内压力增高如口吹乐器等,可逆行感染发生慢性唾液腺炎。掌握“慢性唾液腺炎的病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪项不属于多形性低度恶性腺癌的结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小叶状结构"},{"key":"B","value":"筛状结构"},{"key":"C","value":"腺泡样结构"},{"key":"D","value":"条索状结构"},{"key":"E","value":"乳头或乳头囊状结构"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"多形性低度恶性腺癌明显的特征是不同病例或同一病例内组织结构的多形性,包括:小叶状结构、乳头或乳头囊状结构、筛状结构、条索状结构和小导管样结构。掌握“多形性低度恶性腺癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列细胞类型中不属于多形性腺瘤镜下肿瘤细胞类型的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺上皮细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"肌上皮细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"泡沫细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"黏液样组织"},{"key":"E","value":"软骨样组织"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查多形性腺瘤。泡沫细胞(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于多形性腺瘤镜下肿瘤细胞类型,属于根尖周肉芽肿中的细胞成分。多形性腺瘤镜下细胞的类型多样,组织结构复杂,其基本结构为腺上皮(A对)、肌上皮(B对)、黏液、黏液样组织(D对)和软骨样组织(E对)五种。"} {"Question":"以上属于副黏液病毒感染的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性化脓性腮腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性复发性腮腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性腮腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"舍格伦综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"腮腺放线菌病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查流行性腮腺炎。流行性腮腺炎(C对)是由副黏液病毒感染引起的疾病,多发生于儿童。急性化脓性腮腺炎(A错)的致病菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌。慢性复发性腮腺炎(B错)病因不明,与自身免疫病有关,先天性、广泛性导管扩张可为诱因。舍格伦综合征(D错)是一种自身免疫性疾病,病因不明。腮腺放线菌病(E错)是一类慢性化脓性肉芽肿性疾病,为衣氏放线菌感染所致。"} {"Question":"舍格伦综合征区别于其他涎腺慢性炎症的病理表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从腺小叶中心淋巴细胞密集浸润"},{"key":"B","value":"腺小叶内导管形成上皮肌上皮岛"},{"key":"C","value":"腺小叶内腺泡全部消失,小叶轮廓仍保留,腺小叶缺乏纤维结缔组织"},{"key":"D","value":"腺小叶内导管增生扩张,形成囊腔或变性液化"},{"key":"E","value":"病变小叶与正常腺小叶有界限,但无被膜间隔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"舍格伦综合征腺体的镜下观:小叶内腺泡全部消失,而为淋巴细胞、组织细胞所取代,但小叶外形轮廓仍保留。腺小叶内缺乏纤维结缔组织修复,此表现可区别于腺体其他慢性炎症。掌握“坏死性唾液腺化生与舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于沃辛瘤的病理表现的说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质地柔软,囊性感"},{"key":"B","value":"包膜完整,界限清楚"},{"key":"C","value":"剖面暗红,囊内有黏液"},{"key":"D","value":"囊腔结构,大小不一"},{"key":"E","value":"内衬上皮单层细胞排列"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"沃辛瘤肿瘤呈圆形或卵圆形,质地柔软,可有囊性感。包膜完整,界限清楚。剖面常有大小不等的囊腔,呈灰褐色或暗红色。囊内可有黏液样物溢出。光镜观察,肿瘤由上皮和淋巴样组织构成。肿瘤上皮细胞形成大小和形态不一的腺管或囊腔样结构,有乳头突入囊腔。囊腔内衬上皮由双层细胞构成。掌握“沃辛瘤及嗜酸性腺瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列疾病的病理表现中能够观察到含有嗜伊红颗粒的大嗜酸性粒细胞的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多形性腺瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"沃辛瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性多形性腺瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"腺泡细胞癌"},{"key":"E","value":"粘液表皮样癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"沃辛瘤又称腺淋巴瘤,瘤体内常含有大小不等的囊腔样结构,腔内侧细胞为胞质内含有嗜伊红颗粒的大嗜酸性粒细胞。掌握“沃辛瘤及嗜酸性腺瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列属于唾液腺良性肿瘤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性唾液腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"唾液腺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性腮腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"坏死性唾液腺化生"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜酸性腺瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"嗜酸性腺瘤是由胞质内含大量特征鲜明的嗜伊红颗粒的上皮细胞(大嗜酸性粒细胞)构成的唾液腺良性肿瘤,又称大嗜酸性粒细胞腺瘤、大嗜酸性粒细胞瘤。掌握“沃辛瘤及嗜酸性腺瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于慢性化脓性唾液腺炎的病理表现说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导管扩张,导管内有炎症细胞浸润"},{"key":"B","value":"导管周围及纤维间质中有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润"},{"key":"C","value":"导管周围及纤维间质中形成淋巴滤泡"},{"key":"D","value":"腺泡增生,扩大,纤维结缔组织减少"},{"key":"E","value":"小叶内导管上皮增生,可见鳞状化生"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性化脓性唾液腺炎镜下见唾液腺导管扩张,导管内有炎症细胞;导管周围及纤维间质中有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,或形成淋巴滤泡;腺泡萎缩、消失被增生的纤维结缔组织取代;小叶内导管上皮增生,并可见鳞状化生。掌握“慢性唾液腺炎的病理变化”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性,54岁,双侧腮腺肿大10余年。镜下见涎腺内大量淋巴组织增生,破坏腺泡,腺导管增生形成上皮岛,病变中无纤维修复现象。最可能的病理诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性涎腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"坏死性涎腺化生"},{"key":"C","value":"涎腺症"},{"key":"D","value":"舍格伦综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"涎腺结核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"舍格伦综合征早期淋巴细胞浸润于腺泡之间,进而使腺泡破坏。密集的淋巴细胞形成滤泡。病变严重时,小叶内腺泡全部消失,而为淋巴细胞、组织细胞所取代,腺小叶内缺乏纤维结缔组织修复。小叶内导管上皮增生,形成实质性上皮团片即上皮肌上皮岛。而慢性涎腺炎可能有淋巴细胞浸润,但纤维性修复现象较明显,也无上皮岛样改变;涎腺结核时可有淋巴细胞浸润,但还有上皮样细胞和多核巨细胞的结节。涎腺症和坏死性涎腺化生无大量的淋巴细胞浸润。掌握“坏死性唾液腺化生与舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"慢性复发性腮腺炎若挤压患侧腺体,导管口流出的液体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"絮状唾液"},{"key":"B","value":"少量黏稠而有咸味液体"},{"key":"C","value":"胶冻状液体"},{"key":"D","value":"黏稠脓性分泌物"},{"key":"E","value":"含有“硫磺颗粒”的脓液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"慢性复发性腮腺炎挤压腺体流出胶冻状液体。掌握“坏死性唾液腺化生与舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"多形性低度恶性腺癌肿瘤细胞主要由哪些细胞构成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺上皮、肌上皮、软骨样组织"},{"key":"B","value":"肿瘤性肌上皮细胞和肿瘤性导管上皮细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜伊红颗粒的大嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"腺泡样细胞、闰管样细胞、空泡样细胞、透明细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"黏液细胞、表皮样细胞和中间细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"多形性低度恶性腺癌肿瘤细胞主要由肿瘤性肌上皮细胞和肿瘤性导管上皮细胞构成。掌握“多形性低度恶性腺癌”知识点。"} {"Question":"慢性硬化性下颌下腺炎检查时压迫患侧腺体,导管口流出的液体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"絮状唾液"},{"key":"B","value":"少量黏稠而有咸味液体"},{"key":"C","value":"胶冻状液体"},{"key":"D","value":"黏稠脓性分泌物"},{"key":"E","value":"含有“硫磺颗粒”的脓液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性硬化性下颌下腺炎在检查时若压迫腺体,导管口流出黏稠的脓性分泌物。掌握“坏死性唾液腺化生与舍格伦综合征”知识点。"} {"Question":"恶性多形性腺瘤光镜表现最常见的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺上皮样组织"},{"key":"B","value":"肌上皮样组织"},{"key":"C","value":"黏液样组织"},{"key":"D","value":"低分化腺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"软骨样组织"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"恶性多形性腺瘤光镜表现为多形性腺瘤组织学结构中有数量不等的恶性成分,最常见的是低分化腺癌(唾液腺导管癌或非特异性腺癌)或未分化癌。掌握“基底细胞腺瘤及恶性多形性腺瘤”知识点。"} {"Question":"当牙冠发育完成时,牙根处的内釉上皮和外釉上皮在颈环处增生,这些增生的双层细胞称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Malassez上皮剩余"},{"key":"B","value":"Serre上皮剩余"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮隔"},{"key":"D","value":"上皮根鞘"},{"key":"E","value":"结合上皮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"当牙冠发育即将完成时,牙根处的内釉上皮和外釉上皮在颈环处增生,向未来的根尖孔方向生长,这些增生的双层细胞称为上皮根鞘。掌握“牙体、牙周组织的形成”知识点。"} {"Question":"上皮根鞘残留在牙周膜中称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"福代斯斑"},{"key":"B","value":"牙源性囊肿"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮剩余"},{"key":"D","value":"侧支根管"},{"key":"E","value":"牙颈部牙本质敏感症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查上皮根鞘。上皮根鞘残留在牙周膜中称为上皮剩余(C对)。上皮根鞘对于牙根的正常发育是很重要的。(1)上皮根鞘的连续性受到破坏,或在根分叉处上皮隔的舌侧突起融合不全,则不能诱导分化出成牙本质细胞,而引起该处牙本质缺损,牙髓和牙周膜直接通连,这时形成侧支根管(D错)。(2)如果上皮根鞘上皮在规定时间没有发生断裂,仍附着在根部牙本质的表面,则牙囊的间充质细胞不能与该处牙本质接触,也就不能分化出成牙骨质细胞形成牙骨质。这样在牙根表面特别在牙颈部,牙本质暴露,引起牙颈部过敏(E错)。(3)上皮根鞘残留在牙周膜中称为上皮剩余。"} {"Question":"能够将外界刺激传递到牙髓并且引起相应症状的机制,是以上哪种复合体的功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙髓-牙本质复合体"},{"key":"B","value":"牙根-牙周膜复合体"},{"key":"C","value":"牙槽骨-牙周膜复合体"},{"key":"D","value":"年轻恒牙根尖乳头"},{"key":"E","value":"发育期根端复合体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"牙髓牙本质复合体中牙本质突起可以将感受到的刺激传递至牙髓,并引起相应的症状。掌握“牙体、牙周组织的形成”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪种病变X线片表现为根尖周圆形低密度透射区,边缘有一薄层密质白线","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性根尖周炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性根尖脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"根尖肉芽肿"},{"key":"D","value":"根尖囊肿"},{"key":"E","value":"牙骨质增生"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查根尖周囊肿。根尖囊肿(D对)X线片表现为根尖周圆形低密度透射区,边缘有一薄层密质白线。根尖周囊肿:①无自觉症状,叩诊可有异样感。②囊肿发展较大时,根尖部相应的组织膨隆,扪有乒乓球感。③X线检查:根尖周圆形透射区(豌豆大至鸡蛋大),有阻射的白线围绕。④根管治疗时根管内流出淡黄色清亮囊液,其涂片镜下见胆固醇结晶。"} {"Question":"许勒位片用来检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关节外侧1\/3"},{"key":"B","value":"髁突器质性病变"},{"key":"C","value":"髁突高位骨折及髁突肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"对比两侧髁突内外径向的影像"},{"key":"E","value":"髁突骨折、发育不足、肉瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查X线平片检查。许勒位片用来检查关节外侧1\/3(A对)。髁状突器质性改变(B错)、髁突高位骨折及髁突肿瘤(C错),多用髁状突经咽侧位片。对比两侧髁突内外径向的影像(D错),髁突骨折、发育不足、肉瘤(E错),多用下颌骨开口后前位。"} {"Question":"唾液腺造影的禁忌证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性炎症"},{"key":"C","value":"涎瘘"},{"key":"D","value":"急性化脓性腮腺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"口干"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"唾液腺造影术禁忌证:对碘过敏者;唾液腺急性炎症期间;唾液腺导管阳性结石,以避免注射造影剂时将结石向后推移。掌握“唾液腺造影技术、CT及MRI”知识点。"} {"Question":"下颌根尖片无法看到的解剖结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颏嵴"},{"key":"B","value":"喙突"},{"key":"C","value":"营养管"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌管"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌骨外斜线"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查下颌根尖片。喙突(B错,为本题正确答案)是下颌根尖片无法看到的解剖结构。下颌根尖片所见有关颌骨正常解剖结构有:颏棘、颏嵴(A对)、营养管(C对)等结构;在下颌前磨牙位根尖片常可见颏孔;在下颌磨牙位根尖片常可见下颌骨外斜线(E对)、下颌管(D对)及下颌骨下缘等结构。"} {"Question":"颞下颌关节侧斜位片不能显示的组织结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关节窝"},{"key":"B","value":"关节结节"},{"key":"C","value":"髁状突"},{"key":"D","value":"喙突"},{"key":"E","value":"关节间隙"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查颞下颌关节侧斜位片显示的组织结构。因喙突(D错,为本题的正确答案)位于颞下颌关节内侧,故此片不能显示。颞下颌关节侧斜位片又称许勒位片,因其投照技术此片显示颞下颌关节外侧1\/3侧斜位影像,可以同时显示关节窝(A对)、关节结节(B对)、髁状突(C对)及关节间隙(E对)。临床上髁状突骨折、脱位、肿瘤、先天畸形以及颞下颌关节紊乱病常用此片。"} {"Question":"男,11岁,因牙齿排列不齐要求正畸治疗,检查见前牙拥挤,适于观察混合牙列乳恒牙交替情况的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"曲面体层"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌侧位体层"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌后前位体层第一磨牙层"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌后前位体层翼突层"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌体腔"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查曲面体层摄影检查。全口牙位曲面体层片(A对)可以在一张胶片上显示全口牙齿、双侧上下颌骨、上颌窦及颞下颌关节等,可以清晰地显示混合牙列乳恒牙及牙胚的位置,数目和发育情况,适用于观察混合牙列乳恒牙交替情况。上颌侧位体层(B错)常用于检查上颌骨、上颌窦、翼腭窝及颞下颌窝病变。上颌后前位体层第一磨牙层(C错)常用于观察上颌病变及其与上颌窦、筛窦、眶底、鼻腔和颅底的关系。上颌后前位体层翼突层(D错)常用于观察上颌肿瘤是否累及翼突及颅底。下颌体腔位(E错)多用于观察下颌的病损,不能全面观察混合牙列乳恒牙交替情况。"} {"Question":"骨折线从鼻背、眶部,经颧骨上达翼突属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"LeFortⅠ型"},{"key":"B","value":"LeFortⅡ型"},{"key":"C","value":"LeFortⅢ型"},{"key":"D","value":"颅前窝骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"颅中窝骨折"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查上颌骨骨折的影像表现。骨折线从鼻背、眶部,经颧骨上达翼突属于LeFortⅢ型(C对)。LeFortⅢ型:骨折线横过鼻背、眶部,经颧骨上方达翼突。"} {"Question":"X线片中表现为骨质破坏沿着牙槽突开始破坏,类似牙周病样骨质吸收表现的是系统性疾病中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜酸性肉芽肿-颌骨体型"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜酸性肉芽肿-牙槽突型"},{"key":"C","value":"骨纤维异常增殖症"},{"key":"D","value":"局限性侵袭性牙周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性中央性颌骨骨髓炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查嗜酸性肉芽肿。X线片中表现为骨质破坏沿着牙槽突开始破坏,类似牙周病样骨质吸收表现的是系统性疾病中的嗜酸性肉芽肿-牙槽突型(B对)。嗜酸性肉芽肿又称局限性组织细胞增生症,颌骨的病变X线表现分为牙槽突型及颌骨体型两类。牙槽突型病变从牙槽突开始,沿着牙槽突破坏骨质,类似牙周病样骨质吸收表现。颌骨体型病变常开始于下颌体内,以溶骨性破坏为主,可有颌骨膨胀,骨膜反应及密质骨断裂。"} {"Question":"一生中发展最成熟、精力最充沛年龄阶段","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴幼儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"儿童期"},{"key":"C","value":"青年期"},{"key":"D","value":"中年期"},{"key":"E","value":"老年期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年期是一生中发展最成熟、精力最充沛、工作能力最强,同时也是社会负担、心理压力最大的年龄阶段。中年人是整个社会的中坚力量。掌握“不同年龄阶段心理卫生”知识点。"} {"Question":"第一反抗期是在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿期"},{"key":"D","value":"学龄期"},{"key":"E","value":"乳儿期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"幼儿期:3岁到6~7岁的儿童处于幼儿期。7~8岁的儿童脑重已接近1300克。因此,7~8岁前是智力发展的关键期。语汇量和语法结构发生了质变。思维出现了简单的逻辑思维和判断推理,模仿力极强,并出现了独立的愿望,开始自行其是,称为“第一反抗期”。掌握“不同年龄阶段心理卫生”知识点。"} {"Question":"心身疾风怒涛的时期","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"幼儿"},{"key":"B","value":"儿童"},{"key":"C","value":"中年"},{"key":"D","value":"老年"},{"key":"E","value":"青少年"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青少年心身发展快,达到了一生中的最高峰。但由于变化快,稳定性差,又像一个疾风怒涛的时期。掌握“不同年龄阶段心理卫生”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者,男性。35岁。近3个月来经常感到不明原因地紧张、害怕、思虑多,不能控制地胡思乱想,但想法是自己的。患者为此感到苦恼,主动就诊。患者存在的主要症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"焦虑症状"},{"key":"B","value":"强迫症状"},{"key":"C","value":"强制思维"},{"key":"D","value":"恐惧症状"},{"key":"E","value":"惊恐发作"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"题干的病历中患者对其存在的症状感到痛苦,主动求治,说明患者的自知力完整。大脑内出现的不能自控的想法是自己的,而非他人的,也不是别人强加于患者的,可以排除强制思维的可能。尽管患者的想法是不能控制的,但并没有明显的抵抗,也就是说患者没有表现出明显的控制这些想法的愿望和动机,同时其脑内的想法变化不定,并不符合强迫观念的特点。虽然患者表现出紧张、害怕的情绪,但其紧张、害怕的情绪并没有客观对象,患者也没有明显的回避行为,不是恐惧的表现。惊恐发作往往是突然出现的紧张、害怕,呈发作性病程,而非持续性,该病历也不符合这一病程特点,可以排除惊恐发作的可能。该患者是没有明确客观对象的担心、紧张、害怕,脑内思虑多、飘忽不定,控制愿望不强烈,病程呈持续性,体现了广泛性焦虑的临床特点。掌握“患者一般心理问题及不同年龄阶段患者心理”知识点。"} {"Question":"心理健康的首要标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"智力正常"},{"key":"B","value":"情绪良好"},{"key":"C","value":"人际和谐"},{"key":"D","value":"社会适应"},{"key":"E","value":"人格完整"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"智力正常是人正常生活的最基本的心理条件,是心理健康的首要标准。掌握“心理健康概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于医患关系的叙述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"昏迷病人和医生间的医患关系属指导-合作型"},{"key":"B","value":"病人可提出自己的要求和建议,医生应绝对服从病人的意愿"},{"key":"C","value":"随着病情变化,可由一种模式转向另一种模式"},{"key":"D","value":"休克病人和医生间的医患关系属指导-合作型"},{"key":"E","value":"病人应遵从医生的安排"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"随着病情变化,医患模式可进行转化。掌握“医患沟通的理论、技术与其应用以及医患关系模式”知识点。"} {"Question":"一个昏迷病人被送到医院,医生对他进行处理,这种医患关系属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动-被动型"},{"key":"B","value":"指导-合作型"},{"key":"C","value":"共同参与型"},{"key":"D","value":"强制-被动型"},{"key":"E","value":"指导-参与型"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"主动-被动型:这是一种最常见的单向性的,以生物医学模式为指导思想的医患关系,在现代医学实践中仍普遍存在,其特征为“医生为病人做什么”。这种模式主要适用于昏迷、休克、全麻、有严重创伤及精神病人的医疗过程,这种病人或失去意识或不能表达自己的要求,只能听命于医生的安排。掌握“医患沟通的理论、技术与其应用以及医患关系模式”知识点。"} {"Question":"应提倡的医患关系模式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动-被动型"},{"key":"B","value":"指导-合作型"},{"key":"C","value":"共同参与型"},{"key":"D","value":"根据具体情况确定"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医患关系模式要以病人的人格特征和疾病的性质为原则来建立,随着病情变化,它不是一成不变的,常常可以由一种模式转向另一种模式。掌握“医患沟通的理论、技术与其应用以及医患关系模式”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列情况不易导致医患交往障碍的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生对病人的病痛缺乏应有的同情和责任感"},{"key":"B","value":"以对方能否带来物质利益而确定关系的好坏"},{"key":"C","value":"病人情绪不稳,容易激惹,反应敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"病人过分挑剔或过分冷淡"},{"key":"E","value":"医生耐心解释病情"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"影响医患关系的因素有很多,包括医患之间缺乏信任和理解,部分医生更多考虑医疗机构和自身的利益,以及病人本身对医生的缺乏理解,不了解医学和疾病的复杂性等。但医生耐心解释病情不会导致医患交往困难。掌握“医患关系概述及医患交往的形式和水平”知识点。"} {"Question":"把医患关系概括为“传统模式”和“人本模式”两种类型的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"罗伯特-维奇"},{"key":"B","value":"布朗斯坦"},{"key":"C","value":"萨斯-荷伦德"},{"key":"D","value":"弗艾德"},{"key":"E","value":"迪肯"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"布朗斯坦在其编著的《行为科学在医学中的应用》一书中,把医患关系概括为“传统模式”和“人本模式”两种类型。掌握“医患沟通的理论、技术与其应用以及医患关系模式”知识点。"} {"Question":"遵循“道德原则”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"本我"},{"key":"B","value":"自我"},{"key":"C","value":"超我"},{"key":"D","value":"无我"},{"key":"E","value":"忘我"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"“超我”代表良心或道德力量的人格结构部分,“超我”的活动遵循“道德原则”。掌握“心理治疗的理论基础”知识点。"} {"Question":"常见的心理咨询方式不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门诊心理咨询"},{"key":"B","value":"信函心理咨询"},{"key":"C","value":"电话心理咨询"},{"key":"D","value":"专题心理咨询"},{"key":"E","value":"固定心理咨询"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"常用的心理咨询的方式有以下几种:1)门诊心理咨询;2)信函心理咨询;3)电话心理咨询;4)专题心理咨询;5)互联网心理咨询。E项为干扰项,没有这种心理咨询方式。掌握“临床心理咨询”知识点。"} {"Question":"在梦中将潜意识的欲望或意念用其他甚至相反的形式表现出来的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"象征"},{"key":"B","value":"移置"},{"key":"C","value":"凝缩"},{"key":"D","value":"投射"},{"key":"E","value":"变形"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"变形:指在梦中将潜意识的欲望或意念用其他甚至相反的形式表现出来。掌握“心理治疗原则、主要方法及应用”知识点。"} {"Question":"来访者来询问:\"我该与谁结婚?\"\"我应该离婚吗?\"问题时,心理治疗师应保持","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支持原则"},{"key":"B","value":"反对原则"},{"key":"C","value":"\"中立\"原则"},{"key":"D","value":"保密原则"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"\"中立\"原则:心理治疗的目的是要帮助病人自我成长,心理治疗师不是\"救世主\",因此在心理治疗过程中,不能替病人作任何选择,而应保持某种程度的\"中立\"。例如当遇到来访者来询问:\"我该与谁结婚?\"\"我应该离婚吗?\"等问题时,要让来访者自己作出决定。掌握“心理治疗原则、主要方法及应用”知识点。"} {"Question":"合格的心理治疗家是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受过系统训练"},{"key":"B","value":"患者的利益至上"},{"key":"C","value":"有建立和睦关系的能力"},{"key":"D","value":"要恰当估计自己的能力"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查对合格的心理治疗家的要求。合格的心理治疗家是受过系统训练(A对),掌握了一定的专业理论和技能,有建立和睦关系的能力(C对),可以帮助患者治疗心理疾病,并且可以恰当估计自己的能力(D对),以患者的利益至上(B对)的专业人员。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"属于心理治疗原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真诚原则"},{"key":"B","value":"保密原则"},{"key":"C","value":"“中立”原则"},{"key":"D","value":"回避原则"},{"key":"E","value":"以上四项都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"心理治疗的原则:①真诚原则;②保密原则;③“中立”原则;④回避原则。掌握“心理治疗原则、主要方法及应用”知识点。"} {"Question":"心理评估中最常用的一种基本方法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"会谈法"},{"key":"B","value":"观察法"},{"key":"C","value":"作品分析法"},{"key":"D","value":"心理测验法"},{"key":"E","value":"调查法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"会谈法也称作“交谈法”、“晤谈法”等。其基本形式是主试者与被评估者面对面的语言交流,也是心理评估中最常用的一种基本方法。掌握“心理评估概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"一种心理测量的工具称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理评估"},{"key":"B","value":"心理鉴定"},{"key":"C","value":"心理测验"},{"key":"D","value":"心理观察"},{"key":"E","value":"心理调查"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查心理测验。一种心理测量的工具称为心理测验(C对B错)。心理评估(A错)是依据心理学的理论和方法对人的心理品质及水平所作出的鉴定;所谓心理品质包括心理过程和人格特征等内容,如情绪状态、记忆、智力、性格等。心理观察(D错)是通过对被评估者的行为表现直接或间接(通过摄录像设备等)的观察或观测而进行心理评估的一种方法。心理调查(E错)有些资料不可能从当事人那里获得时,就要从相关的人或材料那里得到。"} {"Question":"是一种间接的、迂回的方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"会谈法"},{"key":"B","value":"观察法"},{"key":"C","value":"作品分析法"},{"key":"D","value":"心理测验法"},{"key":"E","value":"调查法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"调查法:调查的含义是当有些资料不可能从当事人那里获得时,就要从相关的人或材料那里得到。因此,调查是一种间接的、迂回的方式。掌握“心理评估概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"目前最常用的智力高低表示法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"比率智商"},{"key":"B","value":"离差智商"},{"key":"C","value":"百分位数"},{"key":"D","value":"智力年龄"},{"key":"E","value":"项目数"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"智商有两种计算方式:一种是“年龄智商”,也称为“比率智商”,它是以一个人的年龄为参照标准来对智力进行衡量。由于一个人的智力在成年时不会随着实际年龄持续增长,因此年龄智商在实际应用中会受到很大限制,它不适合用于成年人。后来韦克斯勒在编制智力测验时发展了“离差智商”来取代“年龄智商”。故离差智商是目前比较常用的智力高低表示方法。掌握“常用的心理测验及临床评定测量表”知识点。"} {"Question":"心理学的研究对象是人的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理活动和行为"},{"key":"B","value":"情绪和行为"},{"key":"C","value":"心理活动和观念"},{"key":"D","value":"智力和观念"},{"key":"E","value":"智力和情绪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心理学研究人的心理现象及其发生发展规律的科学。掌握“医学心理学概述、任务与观点”知识点。"} {"Question":"有的人得病,难以适应,有的人则“游刃有余”,很快渡过“难关”符合的观点为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心身统一的观点"},{"key":"B","value":"认知评价的观点"},{"key":"C","value":"社会对个体影响的观点"},{"key":"D","value":"个性特征作用的观点"},{"key":"E","value":"情绪因素作用的观点"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"个性特征作用的观点:面对同样的社会应激,有的人得病,难以适应,有的人则“游刃有余”,很快渡过“难关”,这之中与个性特征有着十分密切的关系。个性的研究,使医学心理学更具特色。掌握“医学心理学概述、任务与观点”知识点。"} {"Question":"一位心理学专家为了对一3岁幼儿作心理评估,去孩子所在的幼儿园观看该幼儿在游戏中的表现,这种心理评估的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现状调查法"},{"key":"B","value":"自由式会谈法"},{"key":"C","value":"实验研究法"},{"key":"D","value":"观察研究法"},{"key":"E","value":"心理测验法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"观察研究是指一般在完全自然或不加控制的条件下,对人的可观察到的行为进行观测和记录。例如,可以通过单向玻璃来观察。该法的优点是简便、易行,可得到许多基本的、比较真实的资料;不足的是不适于准确评定人内心的认知情感,常带有主观性和偶然性。有时对某些行为的观察是不现实,或难以得到被观察者的同意。掌握“医学心理学研究方法及其应用”知识点。"} {"Question":"患者虽躯体疾病已康复,但患者的依赖性加强,安心于已适应的患者生活模式,不愿返回原来的工作环境,这属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"角色行为适应"},{"key":"B","value":"角色行为缺如"},{"key":"C","value":"角色行为强化"},{"key":"D","value":"角色行为减退"},{"key":"E","value":"角色行为异常"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"角色行为强化:患者虽然躯体疾病已康复,但患者的依赖性加强和自信心减弱,对承担原来的社会角色恐慌不安,心理上产生了“衰弱感”或想继续享受“舒适感”,安心于已适应的患者生活模式,不愿重返原来的生活环境。掌握“患者角色和求医行为”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于临终关怀符合伦理学的原因,说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以减轻家庭的经济负担"},{"key":"B","value":"可以减轻病人的痛苦"},{"key":"C","value":"缩短病人的痛苦的生命时限"},{"key":"D","value":"可以节约卫生资源"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法都不对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查临终关怀符合伦理学的原因。临终关怀的目的是使临终病人的生命质量得到提高,尽量舒适地走完最后的生命旅程,是符合人性化的要求的。实施了临终关怀,客观上可以达到这样的效果,比如可以减轻家庭的经济负担(A错)、可以减轻病人的痛苦(B错)、缩短病人的痛苦时间(C错),甚至可以节约卫生资源(D错)。但这不是进行临终关怀的初衷和目的。(ABCD均错,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"《红楼梦》中的林黛玉,其动作稳定缓慢,观察事物细致入微,敏感多疑,孤独多虑,情感体验深刻且持久。林黛玉的气质类型属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多血质"},{"key":"B","value":"粘液质"},{"key":"C","value":"胆汁质"},{"key":"D","value":"抑郁质"},{"key":"E","value":"兴奋质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"抑郁质的外部表现:敏感胆怯,情感体验深,稳定而不易表露,动作缓慢,有时近于呆板,易伤感,孤僻,善观察细小事。掌握“人格”知识点。"} {"Question":"意志行动的核心是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未运动"},{"key":"B","value":"随意运动"},{"key":"C","value":"非随意运动"},{"key":"D","value":"有目的的行动"},{"key":"E","value":"克服困难的行动"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"意志行动的核心是克服困难的行动。掌握“意志过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"\"感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心\"。这种情绪状态是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心境"},{"key":"B","value":"激情"},{"key":"C","value":"应激"},{"key":"D","value":"美感"},{"key":"E","value":"悲哀"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心境:心境是指微弱、持久、带有渲染性的情绪状态。心境不同于其他情绪状态的显著特点是其不具有特定的对象性,即不针对任何特定事物,使人的一切体验和活动都染上这一色彩。“人逢喜事精神爽”、“感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心”即心境。心境持续的时间有很大差别,其长短依赖于引起心境的客观环境和主体的个性特点。心境产生看似没有明确的原因,但细究起来总是事出有因,有时是激烈情绪之后的余波,有时则是生活中大大小小的事件的积累,有些则是个人的气质、性格所致,甚至气候、环境、色彩等也能影响人的心境。掌握“情绪过程”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于尊重原则,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重原则不包括尊重那些没到法定年龄的人和他们的决定"},{"key":"B","value":"尊重原则是指尊重那些值得尊重的人和他们的决定"},{"key":"C","value":"尊重原则是指尊重所有的人和他们的决定"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重原则也包括尊重那些没到法定年龄的人,有时甚至还包括他们的有些决定"},{"key":"E","value":"尊重原则与有利原则冲突时,绝对要以尊重原则为主"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查尊重原则。关于尊重原则正确的是尊重原则也包括尊重那些没到法定年龄的人,有时甚至还包括他们的有些决定(D对)。尊重原则也包括尊重那些没到法定年龄的人(A错),有时甚至还包括他们的有些决定;尊重原则是指尊重所有的人和他们的合理的决定(BC错);尊重原则与有利原则冲突时,可以根据患方错误决策可能导致的严重后果的不同情况,适当行使劝导、限制、干涉等“家长权”;医方尊重病人自主权,绝不意味着放弃或者减轻自己的道德责任,也不意味着完全听命于病人或家属的错误意愿和要求,而是要充分考虑病人利益,积极承担医生应尽的责任,要对利害得失全面衡量,选择受益最大、伤害最小的医学决策(E错)。"} {"Question":"十二指肠溃疡属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内科心身疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"儿科心身疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"外科心身疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔科心身疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤科心身疾病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"内科心身疾病:原发性高血压、原发性低血压、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病、阵发性心动过速、胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡、神经性呕吐、神经性厌食症、溃疡性结肠炎、过敏性结肠炎;支气管哮喘、过度换气综合征、偏头痛、肌紧张性头痛、自主神经失调症、甲状腺功能亢进、艾迪生病、副甲状腺功能亢进、副甲状腺功能低下、垂体功能低下、糖尿病。掌握“心身疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"心身疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理社会因素在发病、发展过程中起重要作用的躯体器质性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"由心理社会因素引起的精神疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"由心理社会因素引起的器官系统的功能性改变"},{"key":"D","value":"由心理社会因素引起的神经症"},{"key":"E","value":"由心理社会因素引起的生理反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心身疾病是心理社会因素在发病、发展过程中起重要作用的躯体器质性疾病。掌握“心身疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"人们在遇到压力、痛苦、困境时,引起自杀的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逃避应激源"},{"key":"B","value":"排除应激源"},{"key":"C","value":"难以应对应激源"},{"key":"D","value":"没意识到应激源"},{"key":"E","value":"想超越应激源"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"逃避应激源是心理应激状态下的一种行为反应。回避与逃避:回避是指事先知道应激源将会出现,立即采取行动,避免与应激源的接触;逃避是指已经接触应激源后,采取行动远离应激源。两种方式都是为了避免发生强烈的应激反应所造成的心理和身体的伤害。掌握“心理应激”知识点。"} {"Question":"挫折与心理冲突","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境性应激源"},{"key":"B","value":"心理性应激源"},{"key":"C","value":"社会性应激源"},{"key":"D","value":"职业性应激源"},{"key":"E","value":"生活性应激源"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心理性应激源:如挫折与心理冲突。挫折是由于各种障碍造成动机行为而不能达到目的或趋向目标的进程受阻而延搁时产生的紧张状态和情绪反应。心理冲突包括双趋冲突、双避冲突、趋避冲突和多重趋避冲突。掌握“心理应激”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关应激的生理反应说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激素水平升高"},{"key":"B","value":"引发病理性改变"},{"key":"C","value":"降低心的血流供应"},{"key":"D","value":"广泛影响体内各系统的功能"},{"key":"E","value":"持续的应激引起机体生理功能的紊乱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"应激源作用于人体时,中枢神经系统对应激信息接受、整合,传递至下丘脑,下丘脑通过交感-肾上腺髓质系统,释放大量儿茶酚胺,增加心、脑、骨骼肌的血流供应。同时,下丘脑分泌的神经激素可兴奋垂体-肾上腺皮质系统,导致激素水平升高,广泛影响体内各系统的功能。严重而持续的应激可引起机体生理功能的紊乱和失衡,以至于引发病理性改变。掌握“心理应激”知识点。"} {"Question":"常常由于人与工作岗位的要求不相适应而造成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境性应激源"},{"key":"B","value":"心理性应激源"},{"key":"C","value":"社会性应激源"},{"key":"D","value":"职业性应激源"},{"key":"E","value":"生活性应激源"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"职业性应激源指与工作有关的应激源,常常由于人与工作岗位的要求不相适应而造成。当然,不良的作业环境、人际关系障碍、组织的激励机制、组织结构也是重要的应激源。掌握“心理应激”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床场所提高不愿戒烟者戒烟动机的快速干预策略及措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5A方案"},{"key":"B","value":"5W方案"},{"key":"C","value":"5B方案"},{"key":"D","value":"5S方案"},{"key":"E","value":"5R方案"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"对于目前还不愿意戒烟的人而言,干预的目的是帮助他们提高戒烟的动机。临床场所提高不愿戒烟者戒烟动机的快速干预策略及措施可归纳为五个“R”(“5R’S”),即:Relevance(相关性)使患者认识到戒烟与他们密切相关;Risk(危险性)使患者认识到吸烟的潜在健康危害;Rewards(益处)使患者认识到戒烟的益处;Roadblocks(障碍)应该使患者认识到戒烟的过程中可能会遇到的障碍以及可以为他们提供的治疗手段;Repetition(反复)利用每次与患者接触或者沟通的机会,反复加强戒烟动机的干预,不断鼓励吸烟者积极尝试戒烟。掌握“干预基本模式及烟草行为干预”知识点。"} {"Question":"使用烟草一定时间后,就可以成瘾,它是一种慢性高复发性疾病,其本质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物依赖"},{"key":"B","value":"精神依赖"},{"key":"C","value":"尼古丁依赖"},{"key":"D","value":"烟焦油依赖"},{"key":"E","value":"苯依赖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"使用烟草一定时间后,就可以成瘾,即所谓的烟草依赖疾病。它是一种慢性高复发性疾病,其本质是尼古丁依赖。掌握“干预基本模式及烟草行为干预”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪项是指医务人员在临床场所对“健康者”和无症状“患者”的健康危险因素进行评价,实施个性化的预防干预措施来预防疾病和促进健康","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床预防服务"},{"key":"B","value":"社区预防服务"},{"key":"C","value":"社会预防服务"},{"key":"D","value":"国家预防服务"},{"key":"E","value":"群体预防服务"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"临床预防服务:是指医务人员在临床场所对“健康者”和无症状“患者”的健康危险因素进行评价,实施个性化的预防干预措施来预防疾病和促进健康。掌握“临床预防服务概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"营养就是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多摄入各种有利于健康的食物"},{"key":"B","value":"机体从外界摄取食物为满足自身的生理需要"},{"key":"C","value":"为了健康和生长发育,多吃营养品,滋补品"},{"key":"D","value":"机体从外界摄取食物以满足自身生理需要所必需的生物学过程"},{"key":"E","value":"多吃营养品,滋补品,提高机体的抵抗力和免疫力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"营养指人体摄取、消化、吸收、利用食物中的营养物质以满足机体生理需要的生物学过程。掌握“合理营养指导”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪项是指对个体或群体的健康进行全面监测、分析、评估、提供健康咨询、指导以及对健康危险因素进行干预的全过程","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康管理"},{"key":"B","value":"健康咨询"},{"key":"C","value":"健康教育"},{"key":"D","value":"健康评估"},{"key":"E","value":"疾病预防"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"健康管理是指对个体或群体的健康进行全面监测、分析、评估、提供健康咨询、指导以及对健康危险因素进行干预的全过程。掌握“临床预防服务概述”知识点。"} {"Question":"一定时期内,患某病的全部患者因该病死亡者所占的比例","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患病率"},{"key":"B","value":"病死率"},{"key":"C","value":"续发率"},{"key":"D","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"E","value":"感染率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"病死率表示一定时期内,患某病的全部患者中因该病死亡者所占的比例。掌握“流行病学资料与疾病分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"疾病三间分布包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"时间分布、人群分布、地区分布"},{"key":"B","value":"空间分布、时间分布、人群分布"},{"key":"C","value":"人群分布、地区分布、种族分布"},{"key":"D","value":"地区分布、空间分布、人群分布"},{"key":"E","value":"人群分布、地区分布、期间分布"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"疾病三间分布:①地区分布;②时间分布;③人群分布。掌握“流行病学资料与疾病分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"描述疾病流行强度的术语有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散发、流行、暴发、大流行"},{"key":"B","value":"周期性、季节性、流动性"},{"key":"C","value":"发病率、患病率、死亡率"},{"key":"D","value":"传染性、侵袭性、易感性"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均错"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"疾病的流行强度是指某疾病在某地区、某人群中,一定时期内发病数量的变化及各病例间联系的程度。包括散发、流行、大流行、暴发。掌握“流行病学资料与疾病分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪种方法是在临床上医务人员通过详尽的检查及调查等方法收集信息、资料,经过整理加工后对患者病情的基本认识和判断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诊断"},{"key":"B","value":"筛检"},{"key":"C","value":"调查"},{"key":"D","value":"问卷"},{"key":"E","value":"检测"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"诊断是指在临床上医务人员通过详尽的检查及调查等方法收集信息、资料,经过整理加工后对患者病情的基本认识和判断。掌握“流行病的诊断和筛检试验及疾病监测”知识点。"} {"Question":"2008年共发生200例某病病人,在2008年年初已知有800例病人,年内因该病死亡40例,年中人口数1000万,如果该病的发生和因该病死亡的事件均匀分布在全年中,则2008年期间该病的患病率(1\/10万)是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2.0"},{"key":"B","value":"8.0"},{"key":"C","value":"10"},{"key":"D","value":"1.6"},{"key":"E","value":"0.4"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查患病率。2008年共发生200例某病病人,在2008年年初已知有800例病人,年内因该病死亡40例,年中人口数1000万,如果该病的发生和因该病死亡的事件均匀分布在全年中,则2008年期间该病的患病率(1\/10万)是10(C对)。患病率是指某特定时间内总人口中某病新旧病例之和所占的比例。患病率可按观察时间的不同分为期间患病率和时点患病率两种。患病率=(特定时间点某人群中某病的新旧病例数\/同期观察人口)✕K,其中K=100%、1000‰、10000\/万或100000\/10万等。患病率=(200+800)\/100✕100000\/10万=10。"} {"Question":"某医师开展心血管疾病的危险因素调查不属于环境因素的危险因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微量元素"},{"key":"B","value":"病毒感染"},{"key":"C","value":"社会心理因素"},{"key":"D","value":"寒冷"},{"key":"E","value":"年龄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"环境危险因素包括水、土壤、空气和食物,而年龄不在其中。掌握“环境卫生与职业卫生”知识点。"} {"Question":"沙门菌属食物中毒的主要临床表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸数频,面色苍白"},{"key":"B","value":"共济失调,全身麻痹瘫痪"},{"key":"C","value":"视力模糊,眼睑下垂,复视"},{"key":"D","value":"呕吐,腹痛,腹泻,黄绿色水样便"},{"key":"E","value":"酒醉步,自主神经功能紊乱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"沙门菌属食物中毒的临床表现:潜伏期一般为4到48小时,发病越快病情常越重。中度初期表现为头痛、恶心、食欲减退、继而出现呕吐、腹痛、腹泻和发热。腹泻一日可数次至十余次,主要为黄色或黄绿色水样便,有恶臭,有时带有黏液和脓血。掌握“食品安全”知识点。"} {"Question":"将多种渠道筹集的经费(保险费)集中起来形成基金(医疗保险基金),用于补偿个人(被保险人)因病或其他损伤所造成的经济损失的一种制度,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养老保险"},{"key":"B","value":"社会福利"},{"key":"C","value":"社会保险"},{"key":"D","value":"医疗保险"},{"key":"E","value":"商业保险"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医疗保险是将多种渠道筹集的经费(保险费)集中起来形成基金(医疗保险基金),用于补偿个人(被保险人)因病或其他损伤所造成的经济损失的一种制度。掌握“医疗保障”知识点。"} {"Question":"我国的卫生系统组成包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生服务"},{"key":"B","value":"医疗保障"},{"key":"C","value":"卫生执法监督"},{"key":"D","value":"以上均包括"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不包括"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"我国的卫生系统由卫生服务、医疗保障和卫生执法监督三部分组成。掌握“卫生系统及功能”知识点。"} {"Question":"有五个不同职业人群的冠心病患病率资料,若比较不同职业人群的冠心病患病率是否相同,若图示对比不同职业人群的冠心病患病率的高低,应绘制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普通线形图"},{"key":"B","value":"直条图"},{"key":"C","value":"直方图"},{"key":"D","value":"圆图"},{"key":"E","value":"散点图"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查统计图。有五个不同职业人群的冠心病患病率资料,若比较不同职业人群的冠心病患病率是否相同,若图示对比不同职业人群的冠心病患病率的高低,应绘制直条图(B对)。普通线形图(A错)是用线段的升降来表示指标(变量)的连续变化情况,适用于描述一个变量随另一个变量变化的趋势。直方图(C错)是用直条矩形面积代表各组频数,各矩形面积总和代表频数的总和,主要用于表示连续变量频数分布情况。圆图(D错)是把圆的总面积作为100%,表示事物的全部,而圆内各扇形面积用来表示全体中各部分所占的比例常用于描述构成比资料。散点图(E错)是用点的密集程度和变化趋势表示两指标之间的直线或曲线关系。"} {"Question":"从同一个总体中随机抽出观察数相等的多个样本,样本率与总体率、各样本率之间往往会有差异,这种差异被称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"统计偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"计数偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"率的抽样误差"},{"key":"D","value":"测量误差"},{"key":"E","value":"计算误差"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"从同一个总体中随机抽出观察数相等的多个样本,样本率与总体率、各样本率之间往往会有差异,这种差异被称为率的抽样误差。掌握“分类资料的统计描述与推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"符号秩和检验中差数总体的中位数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0"},{"key":"B","value":"1"},{"key":"C","value":"2"},{"key":"D","value":"3"},{"key":"E","value":"4"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"符号秩和检验基本思想是:假设两种处理效应相同,则每对变量的差数的总体是以0为中心对称分布的,这时差数总体的中位数为0。掌握“秩和检验、直线回归和线性分析”知识点。"} {"Question":"常用的表示一组同质观察值的平均水平的指标包括,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"几何均数"},{"key":"B","value":"百分位数"},{"key":"C","value":"中位数"},{"key":"D","value":"均数"},{"key":"E","value":"标准差"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"集中趋势指标是用于描述一组同质观察值的平均水平或集中位置的指标。平均数是描述数值变量资料集中趋势的一类应用最广泛的指标体系。常用的平均数包括:算术均数、几何均数与中位数和百分位数。而标准差是反映一组观察值的离散程度。掌握“定量资料的统计描述和推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"对偏态分布的计量资料,为较好地代表其平均水平应该用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"均数"},{"key":"B","value":"几何均数"},{"key":"C","value":"中位数"},{"key":"D","value":"百分位数"},{"key":"E","value":"众数"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中位数:是一组由小到大按顺序排列的观察值中位次居中的数值,用M表示。在全部观察值中,小于和大于中位数的观察值个数相等。可用于描述任何分布,特别是偏态分布资料以及频数分布的一端或两端无确切数据资料的中心位置。掌握“定量资料的统计描述和推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"整理资料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"获得原始资料"},{"key":"B","value":"统计设计"},{"key":"C","value":"统计归纳,进行分组和汇总"},{"key":"D","value":"撰写文章"},{"key":"E","value":"计算统计指标,选择合适的检验方法并作出恰当的结论"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"资料整理的目的是将搜集到的原始资料系统化、条理化,便于进一步计算统计指标和深入分析。包括审查与设计分组。分组方式常用质量分组(按属性和类别分组)与数量分组(按数值大小分组)。掌握“统计基本概念和步骤”知识点。"} {"Question":"统计表的基本结构不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表号及标题"},{"key":"B","value":"标目"},{"key":"C","value":"人称"},{"key":"D","value":"数字"},{"key":"E","value":"线条"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"统计表的基本结构包括:表号及标题、标目、线条、数字、备注。掌握“统计表和统计图”知识点。"} {"Question":"某市8岁正常男孩体重均有95%的人在18.39~29.45公斤,其标准差是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2.14"},{"key":"B","value":"5.14"},{"key":"C","value":"2.82"},{"key":"D","value":"0.95"},{"key":"E","value":"无法计算"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"参考值范围又称正常值范围:医学上常把绝大多数正常人的某指标值范围称为该指标的正常值范围。\n对于正态分布资料,计算95%的正常值范围的公式为:均数±1.96×标准差。\n本题中该市8岁正常男孩体重95%正常值范围是18.39~29.45公斤,所以:\n均数+1.96×标准差=29.45;\n均数-1.96×标准差=18.39;\n把两式相减,得到:1.96×标准差+1.96×标准差=29.45-18.39;\n3.92×标准差=11.06;标准差=2.82。掌握“定量资料的统计描述和推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪种资料属于分类资料的统计描述","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变异系数"},{"key":"B","value":"构成比"},{"key":"C","value":"极差"},{"key":"D","value":"标准差"},{"key":"E","value":"中位数"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"率、构成比、相对比等资料属于常用相对数,常用相对数属于分类资料的统计描述。掌握“分类资料的统计描述与推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"通过对样本实际数据排队编秩后,基于秩次进行比较的非参数检验称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡方检验"},{"key":"B","value":"t检验"},{"key":"C","value":"P检验"},{"key":"D","value":"z检验"},{"key":"E","value":"秩和检验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"秩和检验是通过对样本实际数据排队编秩后,基于秩次进行比较的非参数检验。掌握“秩和检验、直线回归和线性分析”知识点。"} {"Question":"平均数表示一群性质相同的变量值的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"离散趋势"},{"key":"B","value":"精密水平"},{"key":"C","value":"分布情况"},{"key":"D","value":"集中趋势"},{"key":"E","value":"离散程度"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"平均数是描述一组同质观察值的平均水平或集中位置的指标,所以平均数是描述数值变量资料集中趋势的一类应用最广泛的指标体系。掌握“定量资料的统计描述和推断”知识点。"} {"Question":"当一种疗效可以延长患者生命,但不能治愈疾病,这样在人群中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该病的发病率会上升"},{"key":"B","value":"该病的患病率会升高"},{"key":"C","value":"该病的发病率、患病率都会升高"},{"key":"D","value":"该病的患病率会降低"},{"key":"E","value":"该病的发病率会降低"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查疾病统计指标。当一种疗效可以延长患者生命,但不能治愈疾病,这样在人群中该病的患病率会升高(B对)。患病率也称现患率,表示某一时点某人群中患某病的频率。发病率表示在一定期间内,一定人群中某病新发生的病例出现的频率。"} {"Question":"1条mRNA模板链都可附着的核蛋白体量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10~30个"},{"key":"B","value":"20~50个"},{"key":"C","value":"10~100个"},{"key":"D","value":"30~100个"},{"key":"E","value":"30~150个"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"无论在原核细胞还是真核细胞内,1条mRNA模板链都可附着10~100个核蛋白体,这些核蛋白体依次结合起始密码子并沿5’→3’方向读码移动,同时进行肽链合成。掌握“蛋白质的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"蛋白质生物合成的“装配机”是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"mRNA"},{"key":"B","value":"tRNA"},{"key":"C","value":"核糖体"},{"key":"D","value":"编码氨基酸"},{"key":"E","value":"DNA"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"蛋白质的生物合成是一个由多种分子参与的复杂过程。20种被编码氨基酸是蛋白质生物合成的基本原料,mRNA、tRNA和核糖体分别是蛋白质生物合成的模板、“适配器”和“装配机”。掌握“蛋白质的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"肌红蛋白分子中主要的二维结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢键、盐键、疏水键和二硫键"},{"key":"B","value":"“S”型"},{"key":"C","value":"加热"},{"key":"D","value":"双曲线"},{"key":"E","value":"α-螺旋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"存在于红色肌肉组织中的肌红蛋白(Mb),是由153个氨基酸残基构成的单链蛋白质,含有一个血红素辅基,能够进行可逆的氧合与脱氧。X射线衍射法测定了它的空间构象,多肽链中α-螺旋占75%,形成A至H的8个螺旋区,两个螺旋区之间有一段无规卷曲,脯氨酸位于拐角处。掌握“蛋白质结构与功能关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"多种辅酶的组成成分中均含有不同的B族维生素,例如构成NAD+的维生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸吡哆醛"},{"key":"B","value":"核黄素"},{"key":"C","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"D","value":"尼克酰胺"},{"key":"E","value":"硫胺素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"多种辅酶的组成成分中均含有不同的B族维生素,例如构成NAD+的维生素是烟酰胺尼克酰胺。掌握“辅酶与酶促反应”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪一项是体内氨的解毒产物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"谷氨酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"酪氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"谷氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"谷胱甘肽"},{"key":"E","value":"天冬酰胺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"谷氨酰胺是氨的解毒产物,也是氨的储存及运输的形式。掌握“氨基酸及氨的代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"氨的去路主要是在肝中合成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非必需氨基酸"},{"key":"B","value":"必需氨基酸"},{"key":"C","value":"NH4+随尿排出"},{"key":"D","value":"尿素"},{"key":"E","value":"嘌呤、嘧啶、核苷酸等"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"氨的去路主要是在肝中合成尿素,再由肾排出体外。掌握“氨基酸及氨的代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"一种氨基酸可具有两个或两个以上的密码子指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"方向性"},{"key":"B","value":"连续性"},{"key":"C","value":"简并性"},{"key":"D","value":"通用性"},{"key":"E","value":"摆动性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"遗传密码具有以下重要特点:方向性(5’→3’);连续性(密码子及密码子的各碱基之间没有间隔);简并性(一种氨基酸可具有两个或两个以上的密码子);通用性(遗传密码基本上适用于生物界的所有物种);摆动性(第3位密码子与第1位反密码子之间的配对并不严格)。掌握“蛋白质的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"氨基酸首先通过连续的转氨基作用将氨基转移给草酰乙酸,生成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天冬氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"氨基甲酰磷酸"},{"key":"C","value":"谷氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"次黄嘌呤核苷酸"},{"key":"E","value":"赖氨酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"氨基酸首先通过连续的转氨基作用将氨基转移给草酰乙酸,生成天冬氨酸;天冬氨酸与次黄嘌呤核苷酸(IMP)反应生成腺苷酸代琥珀酸,后者经过裂解,释放出延胡索酸并生成腺嘌呤核苷酸(AMP)。掌握“氨基酸及氨的代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"人血浆内蛋白质总浓度大约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"40~55g\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"50~55g\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"55~60g\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"70~75g\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"75~90g\/L"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人血浆内蛋白质总浓度大约为70~75g\/L,它们是血浆主要的固体成分。掌握“血液成分及血浆蛋白”知识点。"} {"Question":"血浆细胞合成的蛋白质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"γ-球蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"凝血酶原"},{"key":"D","value":"纤维粘连蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"纤维蛋白原"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"绝大多数血浆蛋白质在肝合成,如白蛋白、纤维蛋白原和纤连蛋白等。还有少量的蛋白质是由其他组织细胞合成的,如γ-球蛋白是由浆细胞合成的。掌握“血液成分及血浆蛋白”知识点。"} {"Question":"由病毒携带、将宿主DNA片段从一个细胞转移至另一细胞的现象或机制,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"转座作用"},{"key":"B","value":"重组作用"},{"key":"C","value":"转化作用"},{"key":"D","value":"接合作用"},{"key":"E","value":"转导作用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"由病毒携带、将宿主DNA片段从一个细胞转移至另一个细胞的现象或机制,称为转导作用。掌握“DNA重组与基因工程”知识点。"} {"Question":"能够自动获取外源DNA,使细胞获得新的遗传表型,此种作用称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"接合作用"},{"key":"B","value":"转导作用"},{"key":"C","value":"转化作用"},{"key":"D","value":"重组作用"},{"key":"E","value":"转座作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"通过自动获取或人为地供给外源DNA,是细胞或培养的受体细胞获得新的遗传表型,这就是转化作用。掌握“DNA重组与基因工程”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于抑癌基因的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最早发现的是Rb基因"},{"key":"B","value":"能抑制细胞过度生长"},{"key":"C","value":"突变后可导致肿瘤形成"},{"key":"D","value":"可诱导细胞凋亡"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抑癌基因。抑癌基因编码产物的功能主要有诱导细胞分化、维持基因组稳定、触发或诱导细胞凋亡(D对)等,总体上抑癌基因对生长起着负调控作用,能抑制细胞的过度生长(B对)。若肿瘤抑制基因发生突变,则不能表达正常产物,或者其编码蛋白产物的活性受到抑制,使细胞增殖调控失衡,导致肿瘤发生(C对);最早发现的抑癌基因为Rb基因(A对)。(ABCD均对,故E为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列关于肿瘤的产生因素除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癌基因激活"},{"key":"B","value":"癌基因过量表达"},{"key":"C","value":"抑癌基因的丢失"},{"key":"D","value":"抑癌基因的失活"},{"key":"E","value":"抑癌基因的激活"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"癌基因激活与过量表达与肿瘤的形成有关,然而抑癌基因的丢失或失活也可能导致肿瘤发生。掌握“癌基因与抑癌基因以及生长因子”知识点。"} {"Question":"肿瘤抑制基因存在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正常细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"癌变细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"坏死细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"癌基因中"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在正常细胞中存在一类肿瘤抑制基因,当这种基因缺失或变异时,抑瘤功能丧失,导致肿瘤生成。而在两种不同肿瘤细胞杂交融合后,由于它们缺失的抑癌基因不同,在形成的杂交体中,各自缺失的抑癌基因发生交叉互补,所以也不会形成肿瘤。掌握“癌基因与抑癌基因以及生长因子”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列不属于细胞癌基因分类的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"src家族"},{"key":"B","value":"ras家族"},{"key":"C","value":"myc家族"},{"key":"D","value":"sih家族"},{"key":"E","value":"myb家族"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"细胞癌基因根据功能来分类,可分为以下五个家族:src家族、ras家族、myc家族、sis家族和myb家族。掌握“癌基因与抑癌基因以及生长因子”知识点。"} {"Question":"DNA突变分类包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"错配"},{"key":"B","value":"缺失"},{"key":"C","value":"插入"},{"key":"D","value":"重排"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"DNA突变可分为错配、缺失、插入和重排等几种类型。掌握“概述及DNA的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"RNA是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脱氧核糖核苷"},{"key":"B","value":"脱氧核糖核酸"},{"key":"C","value":"核糖核酸"},{"key":"D","value":"脱氧核糖核苷酸"},{"key":"E","value":"核糖核苷酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"核糖核酸:由至少几十个核糖核苷酸通过磷酸二酯键连接而成的一类核酸,因含核糖而得名,简称RNA。掌握“核苷酸”知识点。"} {"Question":"DNA复制方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完全复制"},{"key":"B","value":"二分裂复制"},{"key":"C","value":"半保留复制"},{"key":"D","value":"半数有效复制"},{"key":"E","value":"相似保留复制"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"DNA复制为半保留复制方式,使子代细胞得到和亲代相一致的遗传物质,使复制具有高保真性。掌握“概述及DNA的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"在真核生物中,经RNA聚合酶Ⅱ催化产生的转录产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"mRNA"},{"key":"B","value":"18SrRNA"},{"key":"C","value":"28SrRNA"},{"key":"D","value":"tRNA"},{"key":"E","value":"全部RNA"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"RNA聚合酶Ⅱ位于核内,催化转录生成hnRNA,然后加工成mRNA并输送给胞质的蛋白质合成体系。掌握“RNA的生物合成”知识点。"} {"Question":"真核生物的核糖体中rRNA包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5S、16S和23SrRNA"},{"key":"B","value":"5S、5.8S、18S和28SrRNA"},{"key":"C","value":"5.8S、16S、18S和23SrRNA"},{"key":"D","value":"5S、16S、18S和5.8SrRNA"},{"key":"E","value":"5S、5.8S和28SrRNA"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"真核细胞的核糖体较原核细胞核糖体都大得多。真核细胞核糖体的沉降系数为80S,也是由大小两个亚基构成。40S小亚基含18SrRNA及30多种蛋白质,60S大亚基含3种rRNA(28S,5.8S,5S)以及大约45种蛋白质。掌握“RNA”知识点。"} {"Question":"胆固醇体内代谢的主要去路是在肝中转化为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙酰CoA"},{"key":"B","value":"NADPH"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"D","value":"粪固醇"},{"key":"E","value":"胆汁酸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"胆固醇在肝脏可转化为胆汁酸,这是胆固醇在体内代谢的主要去路。胆汁酸盐随胆汁排入肠道,参与脂类的消化吸收,其中一小部分受肠道细菌作用还原成粪固醇被排出体外。掌握“甘油磷脂、胆固醇和血脂蛋白代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列为抗脂解激素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰高血糖素"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"促肾上腺皮质激素"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"胰岛素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脂肪细胞中储存的甘油三酯经一系列脂肪酶依次催化,逐步水解释出甘油和游离脂肪酸,运送到全身各组织利用,此过程称为脂肪动员。在脂肪动员过程中,胰岛素、前列腺素可以抑制其活性,称为抗脂解激素。掌握“脂肪的分解代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"HDL2是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"运送内源性TG"},{"key":"B","value":"运送内源性Ch"},{"key":"C","value":"运送外源性TG"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质含量最高"},{"key":"E","value":"与冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生率呈负相关"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"HDL2指的是高密度脂蛋白2,与冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生率呈负相关。掌握“甘油磷脂、胆固醇和血脂蛋白代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"体内脂肪大量动员时,肝内乙酰辅酶A主要生成的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖"},{"key":"B","value":"酮体"},{"key":"C","value":"胆固醇"},{"key":"D","value":"脂肪酸"},{"key":"E","value":"二氧化碳和水"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查甘油三酯代谢。体内脂肪大量动员时,肝内乙酰辅酶A主要生成的物质是酮体(B对),酮体的生成以脂肪酸β-氧化产生的大量乙酰CoA为原料,在肝线粒体由酮体合成酶系催化完成。葡萄糖(A错)生成可见于肝内的葡糖-6-磷酸酶水解糖原分解产生的葡糖-6-磷酸。胆固醇(C错)生成的主要场所为肝,合成的基本原料为乙酰CoA和NADPH。脂肪酸(D错)的生成主要来源为小肠消化吸收的外源性脂肪酸和肝合成的内源性脂肪酸,主要合成场所为肝脏。二氧化碳和水(E错)生成主要见于葡萄糖彻底氧化。"} {"Question":"HDL是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"运送内源性TG"},{"key":"B","value":"运送内源性Ch"},{"key":"C","value":"运送外源性TG"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质含量最高"},{"key":"E","value":"与冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生率呈负相关"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"高密度脂蛋白(HDL)是血液中密度最高,颗粒最小的一种脂蛋白,是血脂代谢的基础物质,专门在体内结合多余血脂,转运体外,清除血液垃圾;且由于体积小,能穿透动脉内膜将沉积在里面的胆固醇清除掉并携带出血管壁,修复血管内皮破损细胞,恢复血管弹性,具有清除血管内多余血脂,清除血垢,清洁血管的作用。掌握“甘油磷脂、胆固醇和血脂蛋白代谢”知识点。"} {"Question":"常见酶催化基团有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羧基、羰基、醛基、酮基"},{"key":"B","value":"羧基、羟基、咪唑基、巯基"},{"key":"C","value":"羧基、羰基、酮基、酰基"},{"key":"D","value":"亚氨基、羧基、巯基、羟基"},{"key":"E","value":"羟基、羰基、羧基、醛基"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"酶活性中心的必需基团有两类,结合基团和催化基团。活性中心内的必需基团可同时具有这两方面的功能。组氨酸残基的咪唑基、丝氨酸残基的羟基、半胱氨酸残基的巯基以及谷氨酸残基的γ-羧基是构成酶活性中心的常见基团。掌握“酶的催化”知识点。"} {"Question":"发挥转运作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"mRNA"},{"key":"B","value":"rRNA"},{"key":"C","value":"核糖体"},{"key":"D","value":"miRNA"},{"key":"E","value":"tRNA"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查RNA。发挥转运作用的是tRNA(E对)。RNA一般是DNA的转录产物。(1)编码RNA是指mRNA(A错),它是细胞质中蛋白质合成的模板。真核细胞核中的hnRNA经过一系列的修饰后成为成熟的mRNA。真核成熟mRNA含有5´-帽结构、编码区和3´多聚(A)尾结构。mRNA编码区中的每3个核苷酸构成了一个密码子,决定了新生多肽链上的一个氨基酸。(2)非编码RNA主要有tRNA、rRNA和一些参与RNA剪接和修饰的小RNA。①tRNA在蛋白质合成过程中作为氨基酸的载体,为新生多肽链提供合成底物。mRNA密码子与tRNA的反密码子通过碱基互补关系相互识别。②rRNA(B错)与核糖体蛋白共同构成了核糖体,核糖体(C错)是蛋白质合成的场所。核糖体为mRNA、tRNA和肽链合成所需要的多种蛋白质因子提供结合位点和相互作用所需要的空间环境。③其他非编码RNA包括snRNA、snoRNA、scRNA、miRNA(D错)、lncRNA等,它们的主要生物学功能是参与基因表达调控。"} {"Question":"体内糖、脂肪、氨基酸彻底氧化的共同途径是通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖酵解途径"},{"key":"B","value":"三羧酸循环"},{"key":"C","value":"磷酸戊糖途径"},{"key":"D","value":"糖原合成途径"},{"key":"E","value":"糖异生途径"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查糖的代谢。体内糖、脂肪、氨基酸彻底氧化的共同途径是通过三羧酸循环(B对)。三羧酸循环是需氧生物体内普遍存在的环状代谢途径。因为此代谢途径中有几个中间代谢物具有三个羧基,故称三羧酸循环。此途径在真核细胞的线粒体中进行,催化每一步反应的酶均位于线粒体内。循环的第一步反应是乙酰辅酶A的乙酰基(2碳化合物)与草酰乙酸(4碳化合物)缩合生成柠檬酸(6碳化合物),后者经异构化并脱氢、脱羧生成α-酮戊二酸(5碳化合物),再脱氢、脱羧生成琥珀酸(4碳化合物)。琥珀酸进一步经两次脱氢、一次水化又重新生成草酰乙酸。草酰乙酸又可和另1分子乙酰辅酶A作用再生成柠檬酸,这样就形成了一个循环。是三大营养物质分解产能的共同通路;是糖、脂肪、氨基酸代谢联系的枢纽。"} {"Question":"以下哪种不是单克隆抗体的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"识别一种抗原表位"},{"key":"B","value":"来源广泛,制备容易"},{"key":"C","value":"纯度高"},{"key":"D","value":"效价高"},{"key":"E","value":"特异性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"单克隆抗体的优点:结构均一、纯度高、特异性强、效价高、少或无血清交叉反应、制备成本低。掌握“各类球蛋白的特性和功能”知识点。"} {"Question":"IgA分为两类,分别为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清型IgA和分泌型IgA"},{"key":"B","value":"体液型IgA和分泌型IgA"},{"key":"C","value":"血清型IgA和合成型IgA"},{"key":"D","value":"体液型IgA和合成型IgA"},{"key":"E","value":"单一型IgA和复杂型IgA"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"IgA有血清型IgA和分泌型IgA两类。掌握“各类球蛋白的特性和功能”知识点。"} {"Question":"上皮内淋巴细胞γδT细胞的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拮抗作用"},{"key":"B","value":"协同作用"},{"key":"C","value":"吞噬作用"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞毒作用"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"上皮内淋巴细胞(IEL)是存在于小肠黏膜上皮内的一类独特的细胞群,包括αβT细胞(约占IEL的40%)和γδT细胞(约占IEL的60%)。γδT细胞有细胞毒作用,在免疫监视和黏膜免疫中具有重要作用。掌握“黏膜免疫”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于Ⅱ型超敏反应的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新生儿溶血症"},{"key":"B","value":"血清病"},{"key":"C","value":"SLE"},{"key":"D","value":"过敏性鼻炎"},{"key":"E","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"临床上常见的Ⅱ型超敏反应疾病有:输血反应,新生儿溶血症、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、药物过敏性血细胞减少症、药物过敏性血细胞减少症等。掌握“概述及Ⅰ型超敏反应”知识点。"} {"Question":"婴幼儿易患呼吸道感染的原因之一是其局部缺乏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IgA"},{"key":"B","value":"IgG"},{"key":"C","value":"IgM"},{"key":"D","value":"IgD"},{"key":"E","value":"IgE"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查婴幼儿易患呼吸道感染的原因。婴幼儿易患呼吸道感染的原因之一是其局部缺乏IgA(A对)。IgG(B错)是再次免疫应答的产生的主要抗体,是抗感染的“主力军”,可穿过胎盘屏障,在新生儿抗感染免疫中起重要作用。IgM(C错)是个体发育过程中最早合成和分泌的抗体,也是初次应答中最早出现的抗体,是机体抗感染的 “先头部队”。IgD(D错)中的膜结合型IgD是B细胞分化发育成熟的标志。IgE(E错)是正常人血清含量最少的Ig,参与I型超敏反应,可能与机体抗寄生虫免疫有关。"} {"Question":"Ⅰ型超敏反应的发生机制中致敏是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进入机体的变应原刺激B细胞产生的特异性IgE抗体"},{"key":"B","value":"进入机体的变应原刺激B细胞产生的特异性IgA抗体"},{"key":"C","value":"进入机体的变应原刺激B细胞产生的特异性IgM抗体"},{"key":"D","value":"进入机体的变应原刺激T细胞产生的特异性IgE抗体"},{"key":"E","value":"进入机体的变应原刺激T细胞产生的特异性IgA抗体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"致敏:进入机体的变应原刺激B细胞产生的特异性IgE抗体。该IgE抗体以其Fc段与肥大细胞或嗜碱性粒细胞表面的FcεRⅠ结合,这种结合累积到一定程度,机体就进入了致敏状态。致敏状态可维持数月甚至更长。掌握“概述及Ⅰ型超敏反应”知识点。"} {"Question":"药物通过口服、注射或局部涂搽、含漱等不同途径进入体内,使过敏体质者发生变态反应而引起的口腔黏膜及皮肤的超敏反应性疾病,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"过敏性接触性口炎"},{"key":"B","value":"药物过敏性口炎"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"固定性药疹"},{"key":"E","value":"营养不良性口炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"药物过敏性口炎是药物通过口服、注射或局部涂搽、含漱等不同途径进入体内,使过敏体质者发生变态反应而引起的口腔黏膜及皮肤的超敏反应性疾病。掌握“常见口腔过敏反应性疾病”知识点。"} {"Question":"与Ⅰ型超敏反应发生无关的细胞","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜中性粒细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"B细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"嗜碱性粒细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"CD4+Th2细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查与Ⅰ型超敏反应发生有关的细胞。嗜中性粒细胞(B错,为本题的正确答案)主要参与机体的炎症反应,并不参与Ⅰ型超敏反应。Ⅰ型超敏反应,又称变态反应或速发型超敏反应是由IgE介导,肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞(D对)释放生物活性介质引起的局部或全身反应;变应原刺激的Th2型反应可产生大量IL-4等细胞因子,诱导特异性B细胞(C对)向IgE类别转换并增殖、分化成产生IgE的CD4+Th2细胞(E对);另外,嗜酸性粒细胞(A对)还能释放组胺酶和芳基硫酸酯酶,灭活肥大细胞释放的组胺和LT,对I型超敏反应起到一定的抑制作用。"} {"Question":"未成熟B细胞表达的抗体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IgM"},{"key":"B","value":"IgM、IgD"},{"key":"C","value":"IgG"},{"key":"D","value":"IgA"},{"key":"E","value":"IgE"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查各类抗体的特性与功能。未成熟B细胞表达的抗体是IgM(A对)。1.IgG(C错)于出生后3个月开始合成,3~5岁接近成人水平,是血清和胞外液中含量最高的Ig。IgG半寿期约20~23天,是再次免疫应答产生的主要抗体,其亲和力高,在体内分布广泛,是机体抗感染的“主力军”。2.IgM占血清免疫球蛋白总量的5%~10%,血清浓度约1mg\/ml。单体IgM以膜结合型(mIgM)表达于B细胞表面,构成B细胞抗原受体(BCR),只表达mIgM是未成熟B细胞的标志。IgM是个体发育过程中最早合成和分泌的抗体,在胚胎发育晚期的胎儿即能产生IgM,故脐带血某些病毒特异性IgM水平升高提示胎儿有宫内感染。IgM也是初次体液免疫应答中最早出现的抗体,是机体抗感染的“先头部队”;血清中检出病原体特异性IgM,提示新近发生感染,可用于感染的早期诊断。3.SIgA(D错)合成和分泌的部位在肠道、呼吸道乳腺、唾液腺和泪腺,因此主要存在于胃肠道和支气管分泌液、初乳唾液和泪液中。SIgA是外分泌液中的主要抗体类别,参与黏膜局部免疫,通过与相应病原微生物结合,阻止病原体黏附到细胞表面,从而在局部抗感染中发挥重要作用,是机体抗感染的“边防军”。SIgA在黏膜表面也有中和毒素的作用。新生儿易患呼吸道、胃肠道感染可能与IgA合成不足有关。婴儿可从母亲初乳中获得SIgA,是重要的自然被动免疫。4.IgD分为两型:血清型IgD的生物学功能尚不清楚;膜结合型IgD(mIgD)是B细胞分化发育成熟的标志,未成熟B细胞仅表达mIgM,成熟B细胞可同时表达mIgM和mIgD,称为初始B细胞;B细胞活化后其表面的mIgD逐渐消失。5.IgE(E错)的重要特征在于它是一类亲细胞抗体,其CH2和CH3结构域可与肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞上的高亲和力FcεRI结合,当结合再次进入机体的抗原后可引起I型超敏反应。此外,IgE可能与机体抗寄生虫免疫有关。"} {"Question":"下列哪种属于自然被动免疫","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射丙种球蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"注射抗毒素血清"},{"key":"C","value":"从母体经胎盘得到的抗体"},{"key":"D","value":"接种类毒素产生的抗体"},{"key":"E","value":"接种疫苗产生的抗体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"注射与接种的均为人工免疫的方法,而胎儿时期从母体胎盘中得到的抗体属于自然被动免疫的类别。掌握“免疫预防及免疫治疗”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于免疫调节治疗类风湿关节炎的方法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射TNF-α"},{"key":"B","value":"注射LAK"},{"key":"C","value":"注射CTL"},{"key":"D","value":"注射肿瘤相关Ag疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"注射McAb-125I"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"治疗用抗体:抗毒素血清主要用于治疗细菌外毒素所致疾病,如破伤风和白喉。抗TNF-α单克隆抗体可治疗类风湿关节炎。抗CD20单克隆抗体可治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤;抗VEGF单克隆抗体可治疗转移性结肠直肠癌:抗IgE单克隆抗体可治疗持续性哮喘。掌握“免疫预防及免疫治疗”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪种物质是抗原","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"溶血素"},{"key":"C","value":"抗毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"凝集素"},{"key":"E","value":"类毒素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"类毒素属于抗原。掌握“抗原基本概念、分类、超抗原及佐剂”知识点。"} {"Question":"DiGeorge综合征属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B细胞缺陷病"},{"key":"B","value":"T细胞缺陷病"},{"key":"C","value":"联合免疫缺陷病"},{"key":"D","value":"吞噬细胞缺陷病"},{"key":"E","value":"补体缺陷病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"DiGeorge综合征是由于先天性胸腺发育不全引起的T细胞缺陷病。患儿唇和耳等发育不良,T细胞数目降低,B细胞数目正常。临床表现为易反复感染病毒、真菌、原虫及胞内寄生菌。掌握“免疫缺陷概述及原发性、获得性免疫缺陷病”知识点。"} {"Question":"骨髓功能缺陷会导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分散免缺陷或联合免疫缺陷"},{"key":"B","value":"体液免缺陷或脑液免疫缺陷"},{"key":"C","value":"体液免缺陷或联合免疫缺陷"},{"key":"D","value":"脑液免缺陷或联合免疫缺陷"},{"key":"E","value":"联合免疫缺陷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"骨髓功能缺陷会导致体液免缺陷或联合免疫缺陷。掌握“中枢和外周免疫器官”知识点。"} {"Question":"T细胞分化、发育、成熟的场所是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴结"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腺"},{"key":"D","value":"脾脏"},{"key":"E","value":"黏膜淋巴组织"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胸腺是T细胞分化、发育、成熟的主要场所。从骨髓迁入T细胞前体(胸腺细胞)→皮质→髓质移行,在胸腺微环境经过阴性与阳性选择过程,约10%的胸腺细胞获得自身免疫耐受和限制性抗原识别能力,发育成熟为初始T细胞。掌握“中枢和外周免疫器官”知识点。"} {"Question":"B细胞分化成熟的场所是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴结"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腺"},{"key":"D","value":"外周免疫器官"},{"key":"E","value":"脾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中枢和外周免疫器官。骨髓(A对)是各类血细胞和免疫细胞发生及成熟的场所,是机体重要的中枢免疫器官。骨髓中的造血干细胞最初分化为髓样干细胞和淋巴样干细胞,后者分化为祖B细胞核祖T细胞。祖B细胞在骨髓内继续分化为成熟B细胞。"} {"Question":"下列不属于Th2细胞分泌细胞因子的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IL-4"},{"key":"B","value":"IL-5"},{"key":"C","value":"IL-6"},{"key":"D","value":"IL-10"},{"key":"E","value":"IFN-γ"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"Th2:在IL-4的诱导下,Th分化为Th2。Th2通过分泌IL-4、5、6、10促进B细胞的增殖、分化和抗体的生成。Th2分泌的IL-4和IL-5可诱导IgE的生成和嗜酸性粒细胞的活化,在变态反应及抗寄生虫感染中发挥重要作用。特应性皮炎和支气管哮喘与Th2细胞因子分泌过多有关。掌握“T淋巴细胞”知识点。"} {"Question":"γδT细胞主要分布于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤"},{"key":"B","value":"心脏"},{"key":"C","value":"脾脏"},{"key":"D","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"E","value":"肾脏"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"γδT细胞:γδT细胞主要分布于皮肤和黏膜组织,其TCR缺乏多样性,只能识别由CD1分子提呈的糖脂、病毒糖蛋白、分枝杆菌的磷酸糖和热休克蛋白(HSP)等,无MHC限制性。γδT细胞可杀伤病毒或细胞内细菌感染的靶细胞、异常表达CD1分子的靶细胞以及某些肿瘤细胞。γδT细胞表达NKG2D。掌握“T淋巴细胞”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于T细胞活化的第二信号的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD4与MHC-Ⅱ分子间的互相作用"},{"key":"B","value":"CD8与MHC-Ⅰ分子间的互相作用"},{"key":"C","value":"TCR-CD3复合物与抗原肽-MHC复合物间相互作用"},{"key":"D","value":"IL-2与相应受体间的相互作用"},{"key":"E","value":"协同刺激分子与相应受体间的相互作用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"抗原与B细胞的BCR结合产生的信号为B细胞活化的第一信号,但B细胞的充分活化还需要Th细胞和B细胞表面的协同刺激分子相互作用产生的第二信号。掌握“T淋巴细胞”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列属于细胞凋亡检测的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"MTT比色法"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞病变抑制法"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞增殖法"},{"key":"D","value":"琼脂糖凝胶电泳法"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"细胞凋亡检测:琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、FACS法、TUNEL法。掌握“免疫学检测技术”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下器官抗原在正常状态下不进入血液和淋巴液的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌肉"},{"key":"B","value":"心脏"},{"key":"C","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"D","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"E","value":"胆囊"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"与免疫系统相对隔绝部位的抗原如脑、睾丸、眼球、心肌和子宫抗原在正常状态下不进入血液循环和淋巴液。掌握“常见口腔自身免疫性疾病及自身免疫性疾病的治疗”知识点。"} {"Question":"促进造血干细胞增生分化的细胞因子是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IL-2"},{"key":"B","value":"IFN-r"},{"key":"C","value":"IL-4"},{"key":"D","value":"SCF"},{"key":"E","value":"IL-10"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"干细胞因子(SCF)促进造血干细胞和组细胞增生分化,促进肥大细胞存活、增殖和活化。掌握“细胞因子及受体”知识点。"} {"Question":"能使细胞获得抗病毒能力的细胞因子","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白细胞介素"},{"key":"B","value":"干扰素"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤坏死因子"},{"key":"D","value":"集落刺激因子"},{"key":"E","value":"趋化因子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"干扰素(IFN)因能干扰病毒在宿主细胞内复制而得名,是能使细胞获得抗病毒能力的细胞因子。掌握“细胞因子及受体”知识点。"} {"Question":"IgE的转换因子","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IL–1"},{"key":"B","value":"IL–2"},{"key":"C","value":"IL–4"},{"key":"D","value":"IL–5"},{"key":"E","value":"IL–6"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"IL-4诱导B细胞分泌的抗体类别向IgE转换。掌握“细胞因子及受体”知识点。"} {"Question":"对免疫细胞具有趋化和激活作用细胞因子","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白细胞介素"},{"key":"B","value":"干扰素"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤坏死因子"},{"key":"D","value":"集落刺激因子"},{"key":"E","value":"趋化因子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"趋化因子,也称趋化性细胞因子,对免疫细胞具有趋化和激活作用。掌握“细胞因子及受体”知识点。"} {"Question":"肠道菌群是定居在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消化道"},{"key":"B","value":"胃"},{"key":"C","value":"小肠"},{"key":"D","value":"胰腺"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脏"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肠道菌群是定居在人消化道中菌群的集合。人肠道细菌的种类可达300~1000种。肠道细菌促进肠道黏膜免疫系统的早期发育,促进肠黏膜相关的淋巴组织中的B细胞产生针对病原体的抗体。掌握“细胞因子及受体”知识点。"} {"Question":"B细胞形成生发中心,在抗原刺激后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1周左右形成"},{"key":"B","value":"2周左右形成"},{"key":"C","value":"3周左右形成"},{"key":"D","value":"4周左右形成"},{"key":"E","value":"5周左右形成"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"TD抗原诱导的体液免疫应答:Th细胞对B细胞的辅助作用发生于外周淋巴器官的T细胞区和生发中心。B细胞在Th细胞辅助下活化后进入初级淋巴小结,分裂增殖,形成生发中心(在抗原刺激后1周左右形成)。掌握“B细胞、T细胞介导的免疫应答”知识点。"} {"Question":"在固有免疫系统中,能够对细菌、微生物等进行吞噬杀伤的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"角质细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"肥大细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"B细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"固有免疫系统的中性粒细胞和单核巨噬细胞可对细菌等微生物进行吞噬杀伤。掌握“免疫应答基本概念、固有及适应性免疫应答”知识点。"} {"Question":"组织屏障不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤屏障"},{"key":"B","value":"黏膜屏障"},{"key":"C","value":"血脑屏障"},{"key":"D","value":"胎盘屏障"},{"key":"E","value":"角膜屏障"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"组织屏障包括皮肤黏膜屏障、血脑屏障和胎盘屏障。掌握“免疫应答基本概念、固有及适应性免疫应答”知识点。"} {"Question":"急性排斥反应多发生于同种异基因组织移植术后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"数分钟至24小时"},{"key":"B","value":"数天至2周左右"},{"key":"C","value":"1个月内"},{"key":"D","value":"数月"},{"key":"E","value":"数年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"超急性排斥反应是在移植器官与受者血管接通后数分钟至24小时内发生的排斥反应;急性排斥反应一般在移植后的数天至2周左右出现,多发于术后1个月内;慢性排斥反应是发生在移植后数周、数月至数年的排斥反应。掌握“移植免疫”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构提交的医疗事故技术鉴定资料指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医嘱单"},{"key":"B","value":"检验报告"},{"key":"C","value":"手术同意书"},{"key":"D","value":"封存保留的输液药物"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医疗机构应当提交下列有关医疗事故技术鉴定的材料:①住院患者的病程记录、死亡病例讨论记录、疑难病例讨论记录、会诊意见、上级医师查房记录等病历资料原件;②住院患者的住院日志、体温单、医嘱单、化验单(检验报告)、医学影像检查资料、特殊检查同意书、手术同意书、手术及麻醉记录单、病理资料、护理记录等病历资料原件;③抢救急危患者,在规定时间内补记的病历资料原件;④封存保留的输液、注射用物品和血液、药物等实物,或者依法具有检验资格的检验机构对这些实物作出的检验报告;⑤与医疗事故技术鉴定有关的其他材料。在医疗机构建有病历档案的门诊、急诊患者,其病历资料由医疗机构提供;没有在医疗机构建立病历档案的,由患者提供。医患双方应当依照规定提交相关材料。掌握“医疗事故的技术鉴定”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构在作出受理决定之日起多长时间之内需要递交鉴定材料并通知申请人","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3日"},{"key":"B","value":"5日"},{"key":"C","value":"7日"},{"key":"D","value":"14日"},{"key":"E","value":"21日"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"需要进行医疗事故技术鉴定的,卫生行政部门应当自作出受理决定之日起5日内将有关材料交由负责医疗事故技术鉴定工作的医学会组织鉴定并书面通知申请人。掌握“医疗事故行政处理、监督与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"主要学科的专家一般不得少于鉴定组成员的二分之一遵循了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回避原则"},{"key":"B","value":"公正原则"},{"key":"C","value":"合议制原则"},{"key":"D","value":"医学会原则"},{"key":"E","value":"独立鉴定原则"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"合议制原则:专家鉴定组进行医疗事故技术鉴定,实行合议制。专家鉴定组人数应当为单数,涉及的主要学科的专家一般不得少于鉴定组成员的二分之一;涉及死因、伤残等级鉴定的,并应当从专家库中随机抽取法医参加专家鉴定组。掌握“医疗事故的技术鉴定”知识点。"} {"Question":"国务院发布《医疗事故处理条例》施行于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"37135"},{"key":"B","value":"37500"},{"key":"C","value":"37865"},{"key":"D","value":"38231"},{"key":"E","value":"38596"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"为了正确处理医疗事故,保护患者和医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益,维护医疗秩序,保障医疗安全,促进医学科学的发展,2002年4月4日国务院发布了《医疗事故处理条例》,自2002年9月1日起施行。掌握“医疗事故处理概述、预防与处置”知识点。"} {"Question":"按诊疗同意制度,无法取得患者意见又无家属或者关系人在场,或者遇到其他特殊情况时,处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以由经治医生决定施行"},{"key":"B","value":"可以由经治医生与其他医生商量后决定施行"},{"key":"C","value":"经治医师提出处置方案后,由无利害关系的人二人以上在场见证情况下施行"},{"key":"D","value":"经治医师提出处置方案,取得医疗机构负责人批准后实施"},{"key":"E","value":"经治医师决定,其他医护人员在场见证情况下施行"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在施行手术、特殊检查或者特殊治疗时,如无法取得患者意见又无家属或者关系人在场,或者遇到其他特殊情况时,经治医师应当提出医疗处置方案,在取得医疗机构负责人或者被授权负责人的批准后实施。掌握“医疗机构概述及机构执业”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构施行特殊治疗时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以由经治医生决定施行"},{"key":"B","value":"可以由本科在科主任主持下讨论决定施行"},{"key":"C","value":"由医院决定施行"},{"key":"D","value":"可以征求患者意见"},{"key":"E","value":"必须征得患者同意"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医疗机构施行特殊治疗时必须征得患者同意。并应当取得其家属或者关系人容易并签字后才能实施。掌握“医疗机构概述及机构执业”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构的下列行为中,不违反《医疗机构管理条例》的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未将执业许可证、收费标准等悬挂于明显处所"},{"key":"B","value":"工作人员上岗工作未按规定佩带标牌"},{"key":"C","value":"未按规定办理校验手续"},{"key":"D","value":"擅自增加医师人数"},{"key":"E","value":"擅自涂改执业许可证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题除了D项,其他四项均为违反医疗机构执业规则的行为。掌握“医疗机构概述及机构执业”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构负责人在购销药品时暗自收取回扣,对其依法予以处分的机关是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"工商行政管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"劳动保障管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"公安局"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医疗机构执业期间如果出现违法状况,则均由卫生行政部门依法予以处分。掌握“医疗机构登记和校验及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构实施手术、特殊检查或者特殊治疗时,如果无法取得患者意见又无家属或关系人在场时,应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经治医师提出医疗处置方案,在取得医疗机构负责人或者被授权负责人的批准后实施"},{"key":"B","value":"经治医师提出医疗处置方案,在取得群众认可后实施"},{"key":"C","value":"经治医师提出医疗处置方案,在取得第三人证实后实施"},{"key":"D","value":"经治医师提出医疗处置方案,在取得县级以上卫生行政部门批准后实施"},{"key":"E","value":"经治医师提出医疗处置方案,在取得同行讨论后批准实施"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"施行手术、特殊检查或者特殊治疗时,必须征得患者同意,并应当取得其家属或者关系人同意并签字;无法取得患者意见时,应当取得家属或者关系人同意并签字;无法取得患者意见又无家属或者关系人在场,或者遇到其他特殊情况时,经治医师应当提出医疗处置方案,在取得医疗机构负责人或者被授权负责人员的批准后实施。掌握“医疗机构概述及机构执业”知识点。"} {"Question":"任何单位或个人开展医疗活动,必须依法取得","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《设置医疗机构批准书》"},{"key":"B","value":"《设置医疗机构备案回执》"},{"key":"C","value":"《医疗机构执业许可证》"},{"key":"D","value":"《医疗机构校验申请书》"},{"key":"E","value":"《医疗机构申请变更登记注册书》"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"医疗机构的执业要求为:任何单位和个人,为取得《医疗机构执业许可证》,不得开展诊疗活动。医疗机构执业,必须遵守有关法律、法规和医疗技术规范。掌握“医疗机构概述及机构执业”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构临床用血应当制定用血计划,遵循","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公平、公正的原则"},{"key":"B","value":"慎用、节约的原则"},{"key":"C","value":"准确、慎用的原则"},{"key":"D","value":"合理、科学的原则"},{"key":"E","value":"勤查、深究的原则"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医疗机构临床用血应当制定用血计划,遵循合理、科学的原则,不得浪费和滥用血液。掌握“医疗机构临床用血管理、及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定的药品是指用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防病、治病的特殊商品"},{"key":"B","value":"预防、治疗人的疾病的物质"},{"key":"C","value":"预防、诊断人的疾病的物质"},{"key":"D","value":"预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病的物质"},{"key":"E","value":"预防、治疗、诊断人及动物疾病的物质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"药品是指用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理机能并规定有适应证或者功能主治、用法和用量的物质,包括中药材、中药饮片、中成药、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素、生化药品、放射性药品、血清、疫苗、血液制品和诊断药品等。掌握“药品管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于药物不良反应的描述中,正确是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物不良反应是指在正常用量、用法下发生的"},{"key":"B","value":"药物不良反应就是药物本身的毒副作用"},{"key":"C","value":"药物的不良反应专指药物本身的“三致”作用"},{"key":"D","value":"大剂量服用催眠药而致中毒也是药物不良反应"},{"key":"E","value":"将氯化钾快速静脉注射而致死亡是药物不良反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"不良反应:为了预防、诊断、治疗疾病或改变人体的生理功能,在正常用法、用量下服用药物后机体所出现的非期望的有害反应。掌握“药品不良反应概念、报告、处置与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"利用放射性同位素诊断或治疗疾病或进行医学研究的技术的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放射治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"核医学"},{"key":"C","value":"介入放射学"},{"key":"D","value":"X射线影像诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"B超"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"核医学:是指利用放射性同位素诊断或治疗疾病或进行医学研究的技术。掌握“放射诊疗的概念分类及执业条件”知识点。"} {"Question":"不得进行下腹部放射影像检查,是针对对受孕后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5~10周的育龄妇女"},{"key":"B","value":"6~12周的育龄妇女"},{"key":"C","value":"7~14周的育龄妇女"},{"key":"D","value":"8~15周的育龄妇女"},{"key":"E","value":"9~18周的育龄妇女"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"对育龄妇女腹部或骨盆进行核素显像检查或X射线检查前,应问明是否怀孕;非特殊需要,对受孕后8~15周的育龄妇女,不得进行下腹部放射影像检查。掌握“放射诊疗的防护与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"放射诊疗工作中放射治疗的原理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指借助医学影像系统进行治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"利用放射性同位素诊断或治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"利用电离辐射的生物效应"},{"key":"D","value":"利用X射线的穿透性"},{"key":"E","value":"利用核磁共振进行治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"放射诊疗工作按照诊疗风险和技术难易程度分为四类管理:①放射治疗:是指利用电离辐射的生物效应治疗肿瘤等疾病的技术。②核医学:是指利用放射性同位素诊断或治疗疾病或进行医学研究的技术。③介入放射学:是指在医学影像系统监视引导下,经皮针穿刺或引入导管做抽吸注射、引流或对管腔、血管等做成型、灌注、栓塞等,以诊断与治疗疾病的技术。④X射线影像诊断:是指利用X射线的穿透等性质取得人体内器官与组织的影像信息以诊断疾病的技术。掌握“放射诊疗的概念分类及执业条件”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构违反放射诊疗管理规定,由县级以上卫生行政部门给予警告,责令限期改正的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未按照规定使用安全防护装置和个人防护用品的"},{"key":"B","value":"发生放射事件并造成人员健康严重损害的"},{"key":"C","value":"违反放射诊疗管理规定的其他情形"},{"key":"D","value":"购置、使用不合格或国家有关部门规定淘汰的放射诊疗设备的"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医疗机构违反放射诊疗管理规定,有下列行为之一的,由县级以上卫生行政部门给予警告,责令限期改正;并可处1万元以下的罚款:①购置、使用不合格或国家有关部门规定淘汰的放射诊疗设备的;②未按照规定使用安全防护装置和个人防护用品的;③未按照规定对放射诊疗设备、工作场所及防护设施进行检测和检查的;④未按照规定对放射诊疗工作人员进行个人剂量监测、健康检查、建立个人剂量和健康档案的;⑤发生放射事件并造成人员健康严重损害的;⑥发生放射事件未立即采取应急救援和控制措施或者未按照规定及时报告的;⑦违反放射诊疗管理规定的其他情形。掌握“放射诊疗的防护与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构开展放射诊疗工作,须经什么部门许可以后方可开展","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所在医疗机构"},{"key":"B","value":"市级的卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"所在县级以上地方卫生行政部门的放射诊疗技术和医用辐射机构"},{"key":"D","value":"省级卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"当地县级的卫生部门"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"医疗机构开展放射诊疗工作,应当具备与其开展的放射诊疗工作相适应的条件,经所在地县级以上地方卫生行政部门的放射诊疗技术和医用辐射机构许可。掌握“放射诊疗的概念分类及执业条件”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗卫生机构发现不明原因的群体性疾病,应当在2小时内向哪个机构报告","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所在地县级人民政府"},{"key":"B","value":"所在地县级人民政府卫生行政主管部门"},{"key":"C","value":"所在地县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门"},{"key":"D","value":"设区的市级人民政府"},{"key":"E","value":"所在地省级卫生行政主管部门"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"突发事件监测机构、医疗卫生机构和有关单位发现上述需要报告情形之一的,应当在2小时内向所在地县级人民政府卫生行政主管部门报告;接到报告的卫生行政主管部门应当在2小时内向本级人民政府报告,并同时向上级人民政府卫生行政主管部门和国务院卫生行政主管部门报告。掌握“突发公共卫生事件报告与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"某工人员郑某,施工中遭受外力重击,需要给予输血治疗,根据《临床输血技术规范》规定,经治医师向他说明输同种异体血的不良反应和经血传播疾病的可能性后,他应签署的法律文书是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床输血申请单"},{"key":"B","value":"输血治疗同意书"},{"key":"C","value":"交叉配血报告单"},{"key":"D","value":"输血反应回报单"},{"key":"E","value":"同型输血认可书"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查临床用血管理。某工人员郑某,施工中遭受外力重击,需要给予输血治疗,根据(《临床输血技术规范》规定,经治医师向他说明输同种异体血的不良反应和经血传播疾病的可能性后,他应签署的法律文书是输血治疗同意书(B对)。临床输血申请单(A错)是在临床用血申请制度中,由具有中级以上专业技术职务任职资格提出输血申请,上级医师核准签发后,方可备血。交叉配血报告单(C错)是医疗机构为核对受血者和供血者是否相合,所做的交叉配血的结果报告单。输血反应回报单(D错)是患者输血后,医务人员观察患者输血后的反应所填写的文件。同型输血认可书(E错)是用于Rh(D)阴性血患者输血前所签署的文件。"} {"Question":"《献血法》共有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"21条"},{"key":"B","value":"22条"},{"key":"C","value":"23条"},{"key":"D","value":"24条"},{"key":"E","value":"25条"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《献血法》共有24条。掌握“无偿献血、医疗机构和血站职责及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"对从事传染病预防、医疗、科研的人员以及现场处理疫情的人员,为了保障其健康,他们所在单位应当根据国家规定采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防治措施和强制治疗措施"},{"key":"B","value":"防治措施和强制隔离措施"},{"key":"C","value":"防治措施和医疗保健措施"},{"key":"D","value":"防治措施和紧急控制措施"},{"key":"E","value":"防治措施和追踪调查措施"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"对从事传染病预防、医疗、科研、教学、现场处理疫情的人员,以及在生产、工作中接触传染病病原体的其他人员,有关单位应当按照国家规定,采取有效的卫生防护措施和医疗保健措施,并给予适当的津贴。掌握“传染病的预防”知识点。"} {"Question":"刘某有家族遗传病史,怀孕后担心胎儿健康,到某医疗机构进行遗传病诊断。后因医疗纠纷投诉至卫生监督机构。经查,该医疗机构未取得遗传病诊断资质。根据规定,负责遗传病诊断许可的卫生行政部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"县级卫生行政部门"},{"key":"B","value":"设区的市级卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"各级卫生行政部门"},{"key":"D","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"省级卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"刘某有家族遗传病史,怀孕后担心胎儿健康,到某医疗机构进行遗传病诊断。后因医疗纠纷投诉至卫生监督机构。经查,该医疗机构未取得遗传病诊断资质。根据规定,负责遗传病诊断许可的卫生行政部门是县级卫生行政部门(A对)。医疗保健机构开展婚前医学检查、遗传病诊断、产前诊断以及施行结扎手术和终止妊娠手术的,必须符合国务院卫生行政部门规定的条件和技术标准,并经县级以上地方人民政府卫生行政部门许可。"} {"Question":"以下哪项属于医疗风险管理的内容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以患者为中心"},{"key":"B","value":"加强人文关怀"},{"key":"C","value":"严格遵守医疗卫生法律、法规"},{"key":"D","value":"完善医疗风险的识别、评估和防控措施"},{"key":"E","value":"对其医务人员进行医疗卫生法律、法规的培训"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医疗风险管理主要是指:①加强医疗风险管理,完善医疗风险的识别、评估和防控措施,定期检查措施落实情况,及时消除隐患;②开展手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗等具有较高医疗风险的诊疗活动,医疗机构应当提前预备应对方案,主动防范突发风险。其余均为遵守医疗卫生法律和恪守职业道德的内容。"} {"Question":"医疗机构及其工作人员拒绝对送诊的疑似精神障碍患者作出诊断,情节严重的可以责令有关医务人员","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暂停1个月以上3个月以下执业活动"},{"key":"B","value":"暂停3个月以上6个月以下执业活动"},{"key":"C","value":"暂停1个月以上6个月以下执业活动"},{"key":"D","value":"暂停6个月执业活动"},{"key":"E","value":"暂停6个月以上12个月以下执业活动"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"医疗机构及其工作人员有下列行为之一的,由县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门责令改正,给予警告;情节严重的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予或者责令给予降低岗位等级或者撤职、开除的处分,并可以责令有关医务人员暂停1个月以上6个月以下执业活动:①拒绝对送诊的疑似精神障碍患者作出诊断的;②对依照《精神卫生法》规定实施住院治疗的患者未及时进行检查评估或者未根据评估结果作出处理的。掌握“精神障碍康复及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"高等学校医学专业本科以上学历,参加执业医师资格考试的条件中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在执业医师指导下,在医疗试用期满1年的"},{"key":"B","value":"在执业医师指导下,在医疗机构试用期满1年"},{"key":"C","value":"在执业医师指导下,在预防机构试用期满1年"},{"key":"D","value":"在执业医师指导下,在保健机构试用期满1年"},{"key":"E","value":"在执业医师指导下,在卫生行政管理机构试用期满1年"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"执业医师资格考试条件:具有下列条件之一的,可以参加执业医师资格考试:①具有高等学校医学专业本科以上学历,在执业医师指导下,在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满1年的;②取得执业助理医师执业证书后,具有高等学校医学专科学历,在医疗、预防、保健机构中工作满2年;具有中等专业学校医学专业学历,在医疗、预防、保健机构中工作满5年的。掌握“执医概述及考试和注册”知识点。"} {"Question":"跨省、自治区、直辖市变更执业注册时新的执业地点注册应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发给新的《医师执业证书》无需收回原《医师执业证书》"},{"key":"B","value":"原《医师执业证书》不予承认,重新参加考试"},{"key":"C","value":"使用原《医师执业证书》注册"},{"key":"D","value":"发给新的《医师执业证书》同时收回原《医师执业证书》"},{"key":"E","value":"在现工作地址进行申请"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"跨省、自治区、直辖市变更执业注册事项的,除依照上述规定办理有关手续外,新的执业地点注册主管部门在办理执业注册手续时,应收回原《医师执业证书》,并发给新的《医师执业证书》。掌握“执医概述及考试和注册”知识点。"} {"Question":"黄某,2003年11月因医疗事故受到吊销医师执业证书的行政处罚。2004年11月向当地卫生行政部门申请重新注册,卫生行政部门经过审查,决定对黄某不予注册。理由是黄某的行政处罚自处罚决定之日起至申请注册之日止不满","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医师不予注册:有下列情形之一的,不予注册:①不具有完全民事行为能力的;②因受刑事处罚,自刑罚执行完毕之日起至申请注册之日止不满2年的;③受吊销医师执业证书行政处罚,自处罚决定之日起至申请注册之日止不满2年的;④有国务院卫生行政部门规定不宜从事医疗、预防、保健业务的其他情形的。掌握“执医概述及考试和注册”知识点。"} {"Question":"医师在执业活动中,构成犯罪的应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"警告"},{"key":"B","value":"依法追究刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"吊销其执业证书"},{"key":"D","value":"责令暂停6个月以上1年以下"},{"key":"E","value":"责令暂停1年以上"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医师在执业活动中,有下列行为之一的,由县级以上地方人民政府卫生行政部门给予警告或者责令暂停6个月以上1年以下执业活动;情节严重的,吊销其执业证书;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。掌握“医师执业规则及培训、考核及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"更换的抗菌药物品种,多久不得重新进入本机构抗菌药物供应目录","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10个月内"},{"key":"B","value":"11个月内"},{"key":"C","value":"12个月内"},{"key":"D","value":"13个月内"},{"key":"E","value":"14个月内"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"清退或者更换的抗菌药物品种或者品规原则上12个月内不得重新进入本机构抗菌药物供应目录。掌握“抗菌药物临床应用概述及管理”知识点。"} {"Question":"麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方保存期限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"处方由调剂处方药品的医疗机构妥善保存。普通处方、急诊处方、儿科处方保存期限为1年,医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品处方保存期限为2年,麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方保存期限为3年。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪种情况处方权由其所在医疗机构予以取消","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被责令暂停执业"},{"key":"B","value":"考核不合格离岗培训期间"},{"key":"C","value":"不按照规定开具处方,造成严重后果的"},{"key":"D","value":"因开具处方牟取私利"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医师出现下列情形之一的,处方权由其所在医疗机构予以取消:①被责令暂停执业;②考核不合格离岗培训期间;③被注销、吊销执业证书;④不按照规定开具处方,造成严重后果的;⑤不按照规定使用药品,造成严重后果的;⑥因开具处方牟取私利。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"县级以上卫生行政部门按照《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第73条的规定予以处罚的行为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未取得麻醉药品处方资格的医师擅自开具麻醉药品"},{"key":"B","value":"未取得第一类精神药品处方资格的医师擅自开具第一类精神药品处方"},{"key":"C","value":"具有麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方医师未按照规定开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方"},{"key":"D","value":"未按照卫生部制定的麻醉药品和精神药品临床应用指导原则使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医师出现下列情形之一的,由县级以上卫生行政部门按照《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第73条的规定予以处罚:①未取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方资格的医师擅自开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方的;②具有麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方医师未按照规定开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方,或者未按照卫生部制定的麻醉药品和精神药品临床应用指导原则使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下药品书写单位的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丸剂以粒为单位"},{"key":"B","value":"颗粒剂以袋为单位"},{"key":"C","value":"溶液剂以支、瓶为单位"},{"key":"D","value":"软膏以支、盒为单位"},{"key":"E","value":"注射剂以支、瓶为单位"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂分别以片、丸、粒、袋为单位;溶液剂以支、瓶为单位;软膏及乳膏剂以支、盒为单位;注射剂以支、瓶为单位,应当注明含量;中药饮片以剂为单位。掌握“处方管理概述及一般规定、处方权”知识点。"} {"Question":"医疗机构应当对出现超常处方3次以上且无正当理由的医师","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提出警告,限制处方权"},{"key":"B","value":"责令暂停执业"},{"key":"C","value":"吊销执业证书"},{"key":"D","value":"取消处方权"},{"key":"E","value":"现金处罚以示警告"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"医疗机构应当对出现超常处方3次以上且无正当理由的医师提出警告,限制其处方权;限制处方权后,仍连续2次以上出现超常处方且无正当理由的,取消其处方权。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"处方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由执业医师为患者开具的,并作为发药凭证的医疗用药的医疗文书"},{"key":"B","value":"由注册的执业医师和执业助理医师作为发药凭证的医疗用药的医疗文书"},{"key":"C","value":"由注册的执业医师和执业助理医师在诊疗活动中为患者开具的、由取得药学专业技术职务任职资格的药学专业技术人员审核、调配、核对,并作为患者用药凭证的医疗文书"},{"key":"D","value":"由执业医师和执业助理医师为患者开具的,并作为发药凭证的医疗用药的医疗文书"},{"key":"E","value":"由药学专业技术人员审核、调配、核对,并作为发药凭证的医疗用药的医疗文书"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"处方是指由注册的执业医师和执业助理医师在诊疗活动中为患者开具的、由取得药学专业技术职务任职资格的药学专业技术人员审核、调配、核对,并作为患者用药凭证的医疗文书。处方包括医疗机构病区用药医嘱单。掌握“处方管理概述及一般规定、处方权”知识点。"} {"Question":"医师李某,经考核合格,取得了麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方资格后,以下哪项做法是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"他可以在医疗机构中开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方"},{"key":"B","value":"他可以为所有病人开具麻醉药品处方"},{"key":"C","value":"如果他身患重病,他可以为自己开具麻醉药品处方"},{"key":"D","value":"他应当根据本单位的临床应用指导原则,使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品"},{"key":"E","value":"他应当使用专用处方开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"取得购用印鉴卡的医疗机构中只有经考核合格、取得专门处方资格的执业医师才能开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方;执业医师应当使用专用处方开具麻醉药品和精神药品。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"医师未取得处方权开具药品处方的,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令暂停执业活动的时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三个月"},{"key":"B","value":"三个月以上六个月以下"},{"key":"C","value":"六个月"},{"key":"D","value":"六个月以上一年以下"},{"key":"E","value":"一年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医师出现下列情形之一的,按照《执业医师法》第37条的规定,由县级以上卫生行政部门给予警告或者责令暂停6个月以上1年以下执业活动;情节严重的,吊销其执业证书:①未取得处方权或者被取消处方权后开具药品处方的;②未按照《处方管理办法》规定开具药品处方的;③违反《处方管理办法》其他规定的。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"急诊处方一般不得超过几日用量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1天"},{"key":"B","value":"3天"},{"key":"C","value":"7天"},{"key":"D","value":"10天"},{"key":"E","value":"15天"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量。掌握“处方的开具、监督管理及法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"为了保护社会和其他公民的健康权益,艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人应接受()流行病学调查和指导","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疾病预防控制机构"},{"key":"B","value":"卫生监督"},{"key":"C","value":"医院"},{"key":"D","value":"政府"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都可"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"为了保护社会和其他公民的健康权益,艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人应接受疾病预防控制机构或者出入境检验检疫机构的流行病学调查和指导。掌握“艾滋病的预防与控制、治疗与法律责任”知识点。"} {"Question":"二期梅毒的表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地图舌"},{"key":"B","value":"白斑"},{"key":"C","value":"毛状白斑"},{"key":"D","value":"黏膜斑"},{"key":"E","value":"树胶肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查梅毒的临床表现。二期梅毒的表现为黏膜斑(D对)。黏膜斑:是二期梅毒的常见口腔表征。地图舌(A错)的典型表现为舌背、舌尖、舌缘等部位的典型地图样改变及其不断变化的游走特征。白斑(B错)是发生于口腔黏膜上以白色为主的损害不能擦去,也不能以临床和组织病理学的方法诊断为其他可定义的损害。好发部位包括牙龈、颊黏膜咬合线区域和舌部,唇、前庭沟、腭、口底也有发生。毛状白斑(C错):被认为是患者全身免疫严重抑制的征象之一,主要见于HIV感染者。HIV感染即艾滋病。树胶肿(E错)是三期梅毒的损害。。"} {"Question":"关于梅毒病原体描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为兼性厌氧微生物"},{"key":"B","value":"梅毒病原体是苍白支原体"},{"key":"C","value":"离开人体后仍可存活数周"},{"key":"D","value":"普通消毒剂可迅速将其杀灭"},{"key":"E","value":"低温环境可迅速杀灭该病原微生物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"梅毒病原体是苍白密螺旋体,为厌氧微生物,离开人体后不易存活。煮沸、干燥、日光、肥皂水和普通消毒剂可迅速将其杀灭。耐寒力强,4℃时可存活3天,-78℃条件下保存数年仍具有传染性。掌握“梅毒的口腔表征”知识点。"} {"Question":"艾滋病最初的口腔表现常常是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人类乳头瘤病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"人类免疫缺陷病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔白色念珠菌感染"},{"key":"D","value":"唇疱疹"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔毛状白斑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查艾滋病的临床表现。艾滋病最初的口腔表现常常是口腔白色念珠菌感染(C对)。口腔念珠菌病在HIV感染者的口腔损害中最为常见,且常在疾病早期就表现出来,是免疫抑制的早期征象。人类乳头瘤病毒(A错)、人类免疫缺陷病毒(B错)均不是口腔表现。唇疱疹(D错)为HIV感染者常见的疱疹病毒损害。口腔毛状白斑(E错)是艾滋病在口腔黏膜最典型的损害之一。这两个都不是最早的。"} {"Question":"下列关于药物过敏性口炎的临床特征中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤出现红斑、肿胀,病损为单个或几个大小不等的水疱"},{"key":"B","value":"最常见的病损为结节性红斑"},{"key":"C","value":"有时在红斑的基础上出现水疱,称多形性红斑"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤暗紫色丘疹,见白色条纹状"},{"key":"E","value":"无潜伏期,直接发病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物过敏性口炎的临床特征。皮肤出现红斑、肿胀,病损为单个或几个大小不等的水疱(A对)为药物过敏性口炎的临床特征。药物过敏性口炎可发生于口腔任何部位,口腔病损可先于皮肤损害出现。单个水疱较大,舌背中部好发,水疱壁薄易破裂,口内不易看到完整水疱,疱破后可见残余疱壁,圆形或界限清楚的糜烂或溃疡,唇、舌、颊、腭等部位均可发生。无潜伏期,直接发病(E错),药物引起变态反应,需要一定的潜伏期。有时在红斑的基础上出现水疱,称多形性红斑(C错),圆形红斑中心有粟粒大小的水疱,为轻型多形红斑的典型病损,称虹膜状红斑,又称靶形红斑,多形红斑是一组急性炎症性疾病。皮肤暗紫色丘疹,见白色条纹状(D错)为口腔扁平苔藓的临床表现。最常见的病损为结节性红斑(B错)为白塞病的临床表现,多发生于下肢。"} {"Question":"中毒性表皮坏死松解症临床表现正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表皮松解,尼氏征阳性,病变仅出现在皮肤"},{"key":"B","value":"口腔黏膜红肿,出现大疱,尼氏征阴性"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤出现疱性红斑,口腔黏膜红肿,出现大疱,但无表皮松解"},{"key":"D","value":"仅在口腔黏膜出现尼氏征阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤表皮松解,尼氏征阳性,口腔黏膜红肿,亦可出现大疱,大片糜烂,易出血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查重症药物过敏反应的临床表现。中毒性表皮坏死松解症临床表现正确的是皮肤表皮松解,尼氏征阳性,口腔黏膜红肿,亦可出现大疱,大片糜烂,易出血(E对)。重型药物超敏反应,又称莱氏综合症,可发生全身广泛的大疱,波及全身体窍、黏膜和内脏,称为中毒性表皮坏死松解症松解症,为急性发病,有较重的全身症状,高热、咽痛、头痛、肌肉痛、关节痛,可有呕吐腹泻症状,严重者可致昏迷。皮肤可出现全身性广泛的水疱,疱融合后形成大片损害,破溃后呈糜烂面,皮肤红肿,剧烈疼痛,除口腔皮肤外,身体其他腔孔的黏膜,如眼睛、鼻腔、阴道等均可出现大疱、糜烂、易出血。病理表现为棘层松解可出现于表皮浅层甚至颗粒层。"} {"Question":"血管神经性水肿一般不发生在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唇"},{"key":"B","value":"上腭"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌下"},{"key":"D","value":"口底"},{"key":"E","value":"眼睑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查血管神经性水肿。血管神经性水肿一般不发生在上腭(B错)。血管神经性水肿好发于头面部疏松区,唇(A对)、眼睑(E对)、舌、口底(D对)和下颌下(C对)。唇部损害可单独累及上唇或下唇,也可同时累及双唇。"} {"Question":"下列大疱性疾病中会危及生命的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瘢痕性类天疱疮"},{"key":"B","value":"寻常型天疱疮"},{"key":"C","value":"大疱性类天疱疮"},{"key":"D","value":"多形性类天疱疮"},{"key":"E","value":"大疱性扁平苔癣"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查会危及生命的大疱性疾病。寻常型天疱疮(B对)累及皮肤时皮肤不断出现性的水疱,由于大量失水、电解质和蛋白质从疱夜中消耗,患者出现恶病质,常并发感染。若反复发作,不能及时有效控制病情,可因感染而死亡。瘢痕性类天疱疮(A错)慢性迁延,但预后良好,眼部形成瘢痕可致失明。大疱性类天疱疮(C错)预后良好可复发。多形性类天疱疮(D错)预后较好。大疱性扁平苔癣(E错)预后较好可复发。"} {"Question":"各型天疱疮中出现口腔黏膜损害最少的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寻常型天疱疮"},{"key":"B","value":"增殖型天疱疮"},{"key":"C","value":"落叶型天疱疮"},{"key":"D","value":"红斑型天疱疮"},{"key":"E","value":"以上各型出现概率大致相同"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口腔黏膜损害最少的天疱疮。各型天疱疮中出现口腔黏膜损害最少的是红斑型天疱疮(D对)。天疱疮是一类严重的、慢性的黏膜-皮肤自身免疫大疱性疾病。临床上根据皮肤损害特点可以分为寻常型、增值型、落叶型和红斑型四种类型,其中寻常型天疱疮(A错)发生于口腔黏膜损害最为多见。增值型天疱疮(B错)在口腔黏膜的表现基本同寻常型,但剥脱面出现明显的乳头状增生,表面隆起如沟裂状。落叶型天疱疮(C错)口腔损害少见,即使出现也多为不明显的小而浅的糜烂面。红斑型天疱疮是四种类型天疱疮累及口腔黏膜最少者,主要累及皮肤,皮损特点是红斑基础上的鳞屑并结痂。典型的损害区是位于两颊与跨越鼻梁的“蝶形”叶状损害。由此可知以上各型出现概率是不同的(E错)。"} {"Question":"天疱疮的病理表现不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"棘细胞层松解"},{"key":"B","value":"上皮内疱"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮下疱"},{"key":"D","value":"棘细胞间间桥消失"},{"key":"E","value":"固有层有炎症细胞浸润"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"天疱疮病理变化:天疱疮的病理特征为棘层松解和上皮内疱形成。由于上皮细胞间水肿,细胞间桥消失,使棘层细胞松解,彼此分离,在上皮内形成裂隙或出现大疱,其部位常在棘层内或棘层和基底层之间。掌握“天疱疮”知识点。"} {"Question":"沟纹舌伴有巨唇、面瘫时称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"梅-罗综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"莱特尔综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"贝赫切特综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"灼口综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"干燥综合征"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查梅-罗综合征。沟纹舌表现为舌背一条或长或短的中心深沟和多条不规则的副沟。当沟纹舌伴有巨唇、面瘫时称梅-罗综合征(A对)。莱特尔综合征(B错)是指包括关节炎、尿道炎和结膜炎的三联征。贝赫切特综合征(C错)即白塞病,为口-眼-生殖器三联征。灼口综合征(D错)是以舌部为主要发病部位,以瘙痒样疼痛为主要表现的一组综合征。干燥综合征(E错)即舍格伦综合征,是一种侵犯外分泌腺体尤以侵犯唾液腺和泪腺为主的慢性自身免疫性疾病。主要表现为口、眼干燥,也可有多器官、多系统损害。"} {"Question":"与口角炎发病无关的因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B族维生素缺乏,致营养不良"},{"key":"B","value":"感染因素"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传因素"},{"key":"D","value":"创伤因素"},{"key":"E","value":"变态反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"口角炎的种类较多,分为感染性口角炎(由真菌、细菌、病毒等病原微生物引起);创伤性口角炎(由口角区医源性创伤、严重的物理刺激或某些不良习惯引起);接触性口角炎(患者常有过敏体质,一旦接触变应原或毒性物质可引起发病);营养不良性口角炎(由营养不良引起,尤其是维生素B2缺乏达一年之久者)。掌握“口角炎”知识点。"} {"Question":"婴儿,女,出生7天,啼哭拒食。口腔黏膜出现微凸的软白小点,擦去后可露出出血点,拟诊为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白斑"},{"key":"B","value":"早期乳牙"},{"key":"C","value":"白色念珠菌病"},{"key":"D","value":"角化上皮珠"},{"key":"E","value":"疱疹性口炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查口腔念珠菌病。婴儿,女,出生7天,啼哭拒食。口腔黏膜出现微凸的软白小点,擦去后可露出出血点,拟诊为白色念珠菌病(C对)。该婴儿出生7天,黏膜上有软白小点,啼哭拒食,擦去白点可暴露出血点,患儿的临床表现符合急性假膜型念珠菌口炎(白色念珠菌病)的临床特点。白斑(A错)好发于40岁以上的中老年男性,其所形成白色损害不能擦去。牙胚破龈而出的现象称为出龈,牙冠突破口腔黏膜时会在口腔黏膜上表现为一个白点,此白点实质上是早期乳牙(B错),该白点无法被擦去。角化上皮珠(D错)是婴儿出生后不久,偶见牙龈上出现针头大小的白色突起,俗称马牙,一般不影响进食,可自行脱落。疱疹性口炎(E错)的损害表现为有成簇的小水疱,疱破后成为大片表浅溃疡,而患者口腔内无水疱出现。"} {"Question":"急性红斑型念珠菌型口炎的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病损区黏膜充血,有散在的色白如雪的柔软小斑点"},{"key":"B","value":"病损区黏膜表现为结节状或颗粒状增生,或为固着紧密的白色角质斑块"},{"key":"C","value":"病损区黏膜呈亮红色水肿,或见斑点状假膜"},{"key":"D","value":"病损区黏膜充血糜烂,舌背乳头成团块萎缩,周围舌苔增厚"},{"key":"E","value":"病损区黏膜出现珠光白色网纹伴充血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口腔念珠菌病。急性红斑型念珠菌型口炎的临床表现是病损区黏膜充血糜烂,舌背乳头成团块萎缩,周围舌苔增厚(D对)。病损区黏膜充血,有散在的色白如雪的柔软小斑点(A错)是急性假膜型念珠菌菌口炎的临床表现。病损区黏膜表现为结节状或颗粒状增生,或为固着紧密的白色角质斑块(B错)是慢性肥厚型(增殖型)口腔念珠菌病的临床表现。病损区黏膜呈亮红色水肿,或见斑点状假膜(C错)是慢性红斑型(萎缩型)念珠菌病的临床表现。病损区黏膜出现珠光白色网纹伴充血(E错)是口腔扁平苔藓的临床表现。"} {"Question":"用于鉴别疱疹样口疮与疱疹性口炎的重要的一项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预后好坏"},{"key":"B","value":"病损大小"},{"key":"C","value":"疼痛程度"},{"key":"D","value":"有无皮损"},{"key":"E","value":"针刺反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查疱疹样口疮与疱疹性口炎的鉴别。疱疹性口炎好发于婴幼儿,急性发作,全身症状较重,成簇的小水疱,破溃后成为大片的浅表溃疡,损害遍及口腔黏膜各处包括牙龈、上腭、舌、颊和唇黏膜,可伴皮肤损害;疱疹样口疮好发于成人,反复发作,全身反应较轻,为散在的小溃疡,无发疱期,损害仅限于口腔非角化黏膜,无皮肤损害,两者可通过有无皮肤损害鉴别(D对)。预后的好坏(A错)、病损大小(B错)以及疼痛程度(C错)不能用于鉴别疱疹样口疮与疱疹性口炎。针刺反应(E错)为白塞病的特征性表现,不能鉴别疱疹样口疮与疱疹性口炎。"} {"Question":"治疗带状疱疹可采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服磺胺类药物"},{"key":"B","value":"注射干扰素或转移因子,口服镇痛药物"},{"key":"C","value":"注射链霉素每日0.5g,或异烟肼每日0.1g局部封闭,每日或隔日一次"},{"key":"D","value":"酮康唑:成人剂量为每日一次口服200mg,2~4周一个疗程"},{"key":"E","value":"口服各种维生素及微量元素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查带状疱疹的治疗。注射干扰素或转移因子,口服镇痛药物(B对)是治疗带状疱疹的有效方式。带状疱疹的治疗包括:抗病毒治疗,神经痛治疗,神经营养药物、免疫调节药物和糖皮质激素的应用,局部治疗和中医中药治疗。口服磺胺类药物(A错)多用于细菌感染后的抗菌治疗。注射链霉素每日0.5g,或异烟肼每日0.1g局部封闭,每日或隔日一次(C错)用于结核病的治疗。酮康唑:成人剂量为每日一次口服200mg,2~4周一个疗程(D错)用于真菌感染的治疗。口服各种维生素及微量元素(E错)用于体内维生素和微量元素缺乏的情况。"} {"Question":"原发性疱疹性龈口炎病程为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2~5天"},{"key":"B","value":"4~6天"},{"key":"C","value":"7~8天"},{"key":"D","value":"9~11天"},{"key":"E","value":"9~13天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查原发性疱疹性龈口炎的病程。原发性疱疹性龈口炎为最常见的由型单纯疱疹病毒引起的口腔病损。本病以6岁以下儿童较多见,尤其是6个月至2岁更多。根据本病的临床表现可以分为四个时期:前驱期通常为4~7天以后出现发热、疲乏不适、头痛。水疱期口腔粘膜任何部位皆可发生簇集状小水疱,似针头大小。糜烂期小水疱溃破后可引起大面积的溃疡。愈合期糜烂面逐渐缩小、愈合,整个病程约需7~10天(C对)。"} {"Question":"手-足-口病管理应纳入","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲类传染病管理"},{"key":"B","value":"乙类传染病管理"},{"key":"C","value":"丙类传染病管理"},{"key":"D","value":"丁类传染病管理"},{"key":"E","value":"戊类传染病管理"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查手-足-口病。自2008年5月2日起,手-足-口病已纳入丙类传染病管理(C对)。"} {"Question":"疱疹性龈口炎多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6个月~3岁婴幼儿"},{"key":"B","value":"学龄前儿童"},{"key":"C","value":"青少年"},{"key":"D","value":"中年人"},{"key":"E","value":"老年人"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查疱疹性龈口炎的易患人群。原发性疱疹性龈口炎以6岁以下儿童较多见,尤其是6个月至3岁婴幼儿(A对)更多,因为多数婴儿出生后,即有对抗单纯疱疹病毒的抗体,这是一种来自母体的被动免疫,4~6个月时即行消失,2岁前不会出现明显的抗体效价。学龄前儿童(B错)中发生疱疹性龈口炎的也较多,但是6个月至2岁更多。青少年(C错)发生疱疹性龈口炎的情况较少。中年人(D错)和老年人(E错)发生的疱疹性龈口炎多为复发性疱疹性龈口炎,在原发性疱疹性龈口炎感染愈合后,不管其病损程度如何,有30%~50%的病例可发生复发性疱疹性龈口炎,所以,发生复发性疱疹性龈口炎的几率是小于发生原发性疱疹性龈口炎的几率的,故疱疹炎多见于6个月~3岁婴幼儿。"} {"Question":"对于念珠菌性口炎中慢性肥厚型的高龄患者,为了明确诊断有无异常增生,首选的诊断方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唾液培养"},{"key":"B","value":"唾液及血清念珠菌抗体测定"},{"key":"C","value":"活体组织检查"},{"key":"D","value":"直接涂片镜检"},{"key":"E","value":"病损区黏膜出现珠光白色血CEA测定网纹伴充血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查慢性增殖型念珠菌病。对于念珠菌性口炎中慢性肥厚型的高龄患者,为了明确诊断有无异常增生,首选的诊断方法是活体组织检查(C对)。对于慢性或肥厚性损害可进行活检,将组织切片用PAS染色,镜下可见增生的口腔黏膜上皮细胞间有芽生孢子和菌丝。慢性增殖型念珠菌病又称慢性肥厚型念珠菌性口炎、念珠菌性白斑。多见于颊黏膜、舌背及腭部。由于菌丝深入到黏膜内,引起角化不全、棘层增厚、上皮增生、微脓肿形成以及固有层乳头的炎细胞浸润,而表层的假膜与上皮层附着紧密,不易脱落。组织学检查,可见到轻度到中度的上皮不典型增生,有人认为念珠菌性白斑有高于4%的恶变率,特别是高龄患者应提高警惕,争取早期活检,以明确诊断。"} {"Question":"男性,22岁,舌出现白色病损5年,加重半年。查:舌背左右侧,各可见两块约1.1~1.3厘米的白色斑块,边缘不整,下唇内侧黏膜有条形白纹。临床诊断应和哪种疾病相鉴别","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扁平苔藓"},{"key":"B","value":"白色念珠菌病"},{"key":"C","value":"单纯疱疹"},{"key":"D","value":"癌形溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"球菌性口炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查口腔扁平苔藓的临床表现。扁平苔藓(OLP)病损为小丘疹连成的线状白色、灰白色花纹,病损大多左右对称,可发生在口腔黏膜任何部位(A对)。白色念珠菌感染为乳白色绒状假膜,不易剥脱(B错)。单纯疱疹:成簇集性小水疱为特征,疱壁薄,不久后破溃,形成浅表溃疡(C错)。癌形溃疡,溃疡深大,底部有菜花状细小颗粒突起,边缘隆起翻卷,扪诊有基底硬结,疼痛不明新(D错)。球菌性口炎病损有黄色假膜覆盖,假膜致密光滑,拭去假膜可见溢血的糜烂面(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项慢性盘状红斑狼疮实验室检查结果不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"OKT₄\/OKT₈比例降低"},{"key":"B","value":"血沉加快"},{"key":"C","value":"球蛋白增高"},{"key":"D","value":"类风湿因子阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"抗核抗体阳性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查盘状红斑狼疮的辅助检查。OKT₄\/OKT₈比值为T淋巴细胞功能的一种非特异性测定方法,比值下降主要见于AIDS(艾滋病),而非慢性盘状红斑狼疮(A错,为本题的正确答案)。慢性盘状红斑狼疮实验室检查有常规检查和抗核抗体及其他免疫指标两种。患者可出现血沉加(B对)、球蛋白增高(C对)、类风湿因子阳性(D对)、抗核抗体阳性(E对)。"} {"Question":"女性,35岁。发现舌背白色病损4个月,检查发现其舌背左侧约0.5cm×0.5cm白色角化病损,边界不清楚,表面光滑略呈淡紫色。患者发病前有精神创伤史,下肢皮肤有多角形紫红色丘疹,表面有Wickham纹。分析该患者的诊断可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白斑"},{"key":"B","value":"扁平苔藓"},{"key":"C","value":"白色角化症"},{"key":"D","value":"地图舌"},{"key":"E","value":"盘状红斑狼疮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"主要特征为珠光白色丘疹或条纹。白纹可交织成网状,或呈树枝状,也可为单线条或绕成环形。损害往往具有明显的左右对称性,黏膜柔软,弹性正常,但有粗糙感,轻度刺激痛。扁平苔藓皮肤损害特点为扁平面有光泽的浅紫红色多角形丘疹,丘疹如绿豆大小,边缘境界清楚,质地坚硬干燥,融合后状如苔藓。损害区粗糙,丘疹间可见皮肤皱褶,由于瘙痒故多有搔痕。以石蜡油涂在丘疹表面,在放大镜下观察可看到有细白纹,称Wickham纹。掌握“口腔扁平苔藓”知识点。"} {"Question":"剥脱性龈病损可能是下列疾病的表征,但不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天疱疮"},{"key":"B","value":"类天疱疮"},{"key":"C","value":"白斑"},{"key":"D","value":"扁平苔癣"},{"key":"E","value":"红斑狼疮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查有剥脱性龈病损的口腔黏膜病。剥脱性龈病损可能是下列疾病的表征,但不包括白斑(C错,为本题的正确答案)。白斑是口腔黏膜上不能被擦去的白色病损,不存在剥脱性病损。牙龈的剥脱性损害是一种非特异性的临床表现,可由多种疾病引起,如糜烂型口腔扁平苔癣、天疱疮、瘢痕类天疱疮、内分泌紊乱、超敏反应等。天疱疮(A对)揭皮试验阳性,口腔黏膜呈剥脱性龈损害。类天疱疮(B对)的损害可以发生于口腔的任何部位,但以牙龈最为多见,而牙龈最典型的表现呈剥脱性龈炎样损害。扁平苔癣(D对)的牙龈表面常发生糜烂,似上皮缺失,呈剥脱性龈炎样表现。红斑狼疮(E对)的黏膜病损好发于下唇唇红,呈圆形或卵圆形红斑或糜烂,中央凹陷,呈剥脱性龈炎样损害。"} {"Question":"疱疹样溃疡的临床表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单侧带状群集分布的水疱和神经痛"},{"key":"B","value":"突然发生的急性炎症,发病前有用药史"},{"key":"C","value":"有创伤史,溃疡形态往往与机械性刺激因子相吻合"},{"key":"D","value":"早期患儿损害区黏膜充血,散在色白如雪的小斑点,不久可融合成白色斑片,可继续扩大蔓延"},{"key":"E","value":"溃疡小而多,散在分布于黏膜任何部位,直径小于2mm,相近溃疡可融合成片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查疱疹样溃疡的临床表现。疱疹样溃疡的临床表现为溃疡小而多,直径小于2mm,可达十个以上,散在分布于黏膜任何部位,相近溃疡可融合成片(E对)。单侧带状群集分布的水疱和神经痛(A错)为带状疱疹的临床表现。突然发生的急性炎症,发病前有用药史(B错)为药物性口炎的临床表现。有创伤史,溃疡形态往往与机械性刺激因子相吻合(C错)为创伤性溃疡的临床表现。早期患儿损害区黏膜充血,散在色白如雪的小斑点,不久可融合成白色斑片,可继续扩大蔓延(D错)为念珠菌性口炎的临床表现。"} {"Question":"下面对于复发性阿弗他溃疡临床特点描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溃疡表现为孤立的、圆形或椭圆形的浅表性溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"病程一般为7~14天"},{"key":"C","value":"呈周期性复发且有自限性"},{"key":"D","value":"先出现密集分布的针头大小的小水疱,后破溃形成溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"好发于中青年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"“先出现密集分布的针头大小的小水疱,后破溃形成溃疡”此为原发性单纯疱疹的特点。掌握“复发性阿弗他溃疡”知识点。"} {"Question":"复发性口腔溃疡的治疗措施中,近期疗效最佳的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔局部消炎,止痛、促愈合"},{"key":"B","value":"手术切除"},{"key":"C","value":"注射转移因子或口服左旋咪唑"},{"key":"D","value":"针对与发病有关的全身和局部因素治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"补充营养"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查对复发性口腔溃疡近期疗效最佳的治疗。转移因子是一种免疫增强剂,有激发机体免疫系统产生免疫应答的作用,可促进溃疡愈合,左旋咪唑可提高病人对于细菌及病毒感染的抵抗力,也可加速溃疡的愈合,因此注射转移因子或口服左旋咪唑对复发性口腔溃疡近期疗效最佳(C对)。口腔局部消炎,止痛、促愈合(A错)是改善复发性口腔溃疡症状的有效方法,但并不是近期疗效最佳的方法。手术切除(B错)对于复发性口腔溃疡没必要。针对与发病有关的全身和局部因素治疗(D错)属于根治性治疗口腔复发性溃疡,减少复发的方法。补充营养(E错)属于支持治疗,复发性口腔溃疡一般不需要支持治疗。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁。主诉腭咽弓左侧疼痛15天,进食时疼痛加剧。检查:左侧软腭部见1.5cm×1.5cm大小溃疡,上覆白色假膜,周边红肿隆起,触诊基底稍硬,触痛明显,有类似发作史。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬下疳"},{"key":"B","value":"复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎"},{"key":"C","value":"疱疹样口疮"},{"key":"D","value":"天疱疮"},{"key":"E","value":"轻型阿弗他溃疡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎的诊断。患者腭咽弓左侧疼痛,左侧软腭部1.5cm×1.5cm大小溃疡,白色假膜,红肿隆起,基底稍硬,触痛,有类似发作史。综合考虑诊断为复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎(B对)。重型复发性阿弗他溃疡(MaRAU)亦称复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎或腺周口疮,溃疡大而深,外观似弹坑,愈合留瘢痕。硬下疳(A错)主要是一期梅毒的主要表现,发生在患者的外生殖器上,初期症状为患者会有小片的红斑,并且会迅速发展为无痛性炎症丘疹。疱疹样口疮(C错)主要表现为起病时发热达38℃~40℃,1~2天后,齿龈、唇内、舌、颊粘膜等各部位口腔粘膜出现单个或成簇的小疱疹,直径2~3mm,周围有红晕,迅速破溃后形成溃疡,有黄白色纤维素性分泌物覆盖。天疱疮(D错)是一类重症的皮肤病。特征为薄壁、易于破裂的大疱。轻型阿弗他溃疡(E错)主要表现为初起局灶性黏膜充血水肿,呈粟粒状红点继而形成浅表溃疡,溃疡直径小于10mm。以上均不符合本病例的临床表现,应诊断为复发性坏死性黏膜腺周围炎。"} {"Question":"肾上腺皮质激素类药物可局部注射于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"雪口病"},{"key":"C","value":"腺周口疮"},{"key":"D","value":"疱疹性口炎"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查复发性阿弗他溃疡的治疗方法。腺周口疮(C对)即重型复发性阿弗他溃疡(MaRAU),对经久不愈或疼痛明显的MaRAU,可作局部封闭,用曲安奈德(肾上腺皮质激素类药物)混悬液加等量的2%利多卡因液,每1~2周局部封闭一次。结核性溃疡(A错)和疱疹性口炎(D错)禁止使用肾上腺皮质激素类药物,以免病毒扩散产生严重后果。雪口病(B错)的病原菌为白色念珠菌,常用药物为碳酸氢钠溶液,不使用肾上腺皮质激素类药物进行局部注射治疗。"} {"Question":"男,69岁,全口仅余左下7,其余为活动义齿。诉二周前不慎咬硬物,牙冠崩掉一小块,因疼痛不明显未给予重视,近来出现左侧舌根疼,口腔检查见左侧舌根有一溃疡,较恰当的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拔除左下7"},{"key":"B","value":"切除舌左缘的溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"放疗"},{"key":"D","value":"调磨左下7锐利边缘,继观、随诊"},{"key":"E","value":"强的松加利多卡因于溃疡基底浸润注射10次"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查创伤性溃疡的疾病管理。患者全口仅余留左下7,左下7牙冠缺损后刺激舌体组织,继而在对应的左侧舌根部出现溃疡,根据患者的临床表现和口腔检查可知患者左侧舌根部为创伤性溃疡,对于创伤性溃疡的治疗去除刺激因素是首要措施,即调磨左下7锐利边缘,继观、随诊(D对)。去除刺激因素后溃疡往往很快明显好转或愈合。切除左舌缘的溃疡(A错)会对舌体组织造成损伤,且牙冠的锐利边缘未磨除,刺激因素持续存在,溃疡久而不愈。放疗(C错)是利用放射线治疗肿瘤的一种局部治疗方法,而创伤性溃疡不属于癌症,故不宜用放疗。全口仅余留左下7,且缺失牙已做活动义齿修复,若直接拔除左下7(A错)会影响活动义齿的固位与稳定。强的松加利多卡因于溃疡基底部浸润注射10次(E错)起消炎镇痛的作用,但仅能缓解患者疼痛,治标不治本,应该从源头上采取措施治疗创伤性溃疡。"} {"Question":"青霉素类药物的临床应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"心内膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"扁桃体炎"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青霉素类药物的临床应用:①溶血性链球菌引起的蜂窝织炎、丹毒、猩红热、咽炎、扁桃体炎、心内膜炎等;肺炎球菌引起的大叶性肺炎、脓胸、支气管肺炎等;草绿色链球菌引起的心内膜炎。②淋病奈瑟菌所致的生殖道淋病;敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌引起的疖、痈、败血症等;脑膜炎奈瑟菌引起的流行性脑脊髓膜炎;也可用于放线杆菌病、钩端螺旋体病、梅毒、回归热的治疗。③白喉、破伤风、气性坏疽和流产后产气荚膜梭菌所致的败血症的治疗。但因青霉素G对细菌产生的外毒素无效,故必须加用抗毒素血清。掌握“青霉素及头孢菌素类药”知识点。"} {"Question":"氨苄西林对下列哪一项无效","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"C","value":"痢疾志贺菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"百日咳鲍特菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"氨苄西林的抗菌作用:对G-杆菌有较强的抗菌作用,如对伤寒沙门菌、副伤寒沙门菌、百日咳鲍特菌、大肠埃希菌、痢疾志贺菌等均有较强的抗菌作用,对铜绿假单胞菌无效,对粪链球菌作用优于青霉素G。掌握“青霉素及头孢菌素类药”知识点。"} {"Question":"可引起女子乳房男性化和性功能障碍的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖皮质激素"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"螺内酯"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查螺内酯的不良反应。可引起女子乳房男性化和性功能障碍的药物是螺内酯(E对)。糖皮质激素(A错)的不良反应包括医源性肾上腺皮质功能亢进、诱发或加重感染、消化系统、心血管系统并发症、骨质疏松、肌肉萎缩、糖尿病等。呋塞米(B错)的不良反应包括水与电解质紊乱、耳毒性、高尿酸血症等。甘露醇(C错)的不良反应少见,注射过快时可引起一过性头痛、眩晕、畏寒和视力模糊。氢氯噻嗪(D错)的不良发应包括电解质紊乱、高尿酸血症,导致高血糖、高血脂症及过敏反应等。"} {"Question":"关于呋塞米,哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制近曲小管的碳酸酐酶活性"},{"key":"B","value":"促使HCO3-出增加"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿作用机制是抑制髓袢升支髓质段的Na+、Cl-共同转运"},{"key":"D","value":"增加肾血流量"},{"key":"E","value":"改变肾皮质内血流分布"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"大剂量呋塞米也可以抑制近曲小管的碳酸酐酶活性,使HCO3-出增加。袢利尿药通过对血管床的直接扩张作用影响血流动力学。对心力衰竭的病人,呋塞米和依他尼酸能迅速增加全身静脉血容量,降低左室充盈压,减轻肺淤血。呋塞米还能增加肾血流量,改变肾皮质内血流分布。掌握“袢利尿药及噻嗪类”知识点。"} {"Question":"最易引起电解质紊乱的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酰唑胺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"袢利尿药(呋塞米)了引起水与电解质紊乱:常为过度利尿所引起,表现为低血容量、低血钾、低血钠、低氯性碱血症,长期应用还可引起低血镁。掌握“袢利尿药及噻嗪类”知识点。"} {"Question":"治疗艾滋病患者隐球菌性脑膜炎的首选药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"B","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"D","value":"磺胺类药物"},{"key":"E","value":"四环素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"氟康唑是治疗艾滋病的患者隐球菌性脑膜炎的首选药。掌握“氟康唑、利巴韦林及阿昔洛韦”知识点。"} {"Question":"磺胺类可促进","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疟原虫生长"},{"key":"B","value":"立克次体生长"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎链球菌生长"},{"key":"D","value":"沙眼衣原体生长"},{"key":"E","value":"淋病奈瑟菌生长"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"磺胺类对支原体、立克次体和螺旋体无效,甚至可促进立克次体生长。掌握“磺胺类及甲硝唑”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下哪种药物有抗腺病毒、疱疹病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒的作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利福平"},{"key":"B","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"C","value":"氯喹"},{"key":"D","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"E","value":"青蒿素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"利巴韦林有抗腺病毒、疱疹病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒的作用。掌握“氟康唑、利巴韦林及阿昔洛韦”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下关于甲硝唑的描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服吸收差"},{"key":"B","value":"属硝基咪唑类药物"},{"key":"C","value":"对脆弱类杆菌尤为敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"对需氧菌或兼性需氧菌无效"},{"key":"E","value":"对破伤风梭菌具有很强的杀灭作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"甲硝唑(灭滴灵)属硝基咪唑类药物,其分子中的硝基在细胞内无氧环境中被还原成氨基,从而抑制病原体DNA合成,发挥抗厌氧菌作用,对脆弱类杆菌尤为敏感。对滴虫、阿米巴滋养体以及破伤风梭菌具有很强的杀灭作用。但是,甲硝唑对需氧菌或兼性需氧菌无效。口服吸收良好,体内分布广泛,可进入感染病灶和脑脊液。掌握“磺胺类及甲硝唑”知识点。"} {"Question":"能够与万古霉素合用成为治疗青霉素高度耐药的肺炎链球菌感染的首选药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"B","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"D","value":"磺胺类药物"},{"key":"E","value":"四环素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"左氧氟沙星与万古霉素合用,首选用于治疗青霉素高度耐药的肺炎链球菌感染。掌握“氟康唑、利巴韦林及阿昔洛韦”知识点。"} {"Question":"妥布霉素对铜绿假单胞菌的作用是庆大霉素的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~3倍"},{"key":"B","value":"2~4倍"},{"key":"C","value":"2~5倍"},{"key":"D","value":"3~5倍"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"妥布霉素的临床应用:对铜绿假单胞菌的作用是庆大霉素的2~5倍,且对耐庆大霉素菌株仍有效,适合治疗铜绿假单胞菌所致的各种感染,通常应与能抗铜绿假单胞菌的青霉素类或头孢菌素类药物合用。掌握“氨基糖苷类抗生素”知识点。"} {"Question":"氨基糖苷类抑制细菌蛋白质合成的主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与细菌体内核糖体70S亚基形成始动复合物"},{"key":"B","value":"阻滞肽链释放因子进入A位,使合成好的肽链不能释放"},{"key":"C","value":"选择性地与细菌体内核糖体30S亚基结合"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制核糖体70S亚基的解离"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氨基糖苷类的抗菌机制主要是抑制细菌蛋白质合成,还能破坏细菌胞浆膜的完整性。蛋白质合成的影响包括有:①与细菌体内核糖体70S亚基形成始动复合物;②选择性地与细菌体内核糖体30S亚基结合,使mRNA在翻译时出现错误,导致异常或无功能蛋白质合成;③阻滞肽链释放因子进入A位,使合成好的肽链不能释放;④抑制核糖体70S亚基的解离,使菌体内核糖体循环利用受阻。另外,氨基糖苷类还通过吸附作用与菌体胞浆膜结合,使通透性增加,胞质内大量重要物质外漏。掌握“氨基糖苷类抗生素”知识点。"} {"Question":"哪一项不是阿司匹林的不良反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃溃疡及无痛性胃出血"},{"key":"B","value":"出血时间延长"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"诱发哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"血管神经性水肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阿司匹林不良反应:①胃肠道反应最为常见。②加重出血倾向。③水杨酸反应。④过敏反应:少数患者可出现荨麻疹、血管神经性水肿和过敏性休克。某些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或其他解热镇痛药后可诱发哮喘,称为“阿司匹林哮喘”。⑤瑞夷综合征。⑥对肾脏的影响。 掌握“阿司匹林”知识点。"} {"Question":"青霉素在大剂量注射的时候也不会进入到脑脊液中,这是因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液屏障阻止青霉素进入脑脊液"},{"key":"B","value":"胎盘屏障阻止青霉素进入脑脊液"},{"key":"C","value":"血脑屏障阻止青霉素进入脑脊液"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素是脂溶性物质,不能进入脑脊液"},{"key":"E","value":"青霉素不能在人体产生作用,不能进入脑脊液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脑组织内的毛细血管内皮细胞之间无间隙,此种特殊的结构构成了血浆与脑脊液之间的屏障。此屏障为血脑屏障,能够阻止许多大分子物质、水溶性或解离性药物通过,青霉素也不例外。掌握“药物的吸收和分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,23岁,急性脑膜炎入院急诊治疗,使用青霉素有效的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素为脂溶性药物"},{"key":"B","value":"青霉素为水溶性药物"},{"key":"C","value":"血脑屏障能够阻碍水溶性药物通过"},{"key":"D","value":"血脑屏障能够阻碍脂溶性药物通过"},{"key":"E","value":"脑膜炎使血脑屏障通透性增加"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血脑屏障在正常时能够阻碍许多大分子、水溶性或解离性药物通过,但脑膜炎患者的血脑屏障对青霉素通透性增加,使青霉素在脑脊液中达到有效的治疗浓度。掌握“药物的吸收和分布”知识点。"} {"Question":"红霉素最主要的临床用途","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐青霉素G的金葡菌感染"},{"key":"B","value":"脑膜炎双球菌引起的流脑"},{"key":"C","value":"淋球菌引起的淋病"},{"key":"D","value":"梅毒螺旋体引起的梅毒"},{"key":"E","value":"布氏杆菌病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"临床常用于治疗耐青霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌感染和对青霉素过敏者,还用于上述敏感菌所致的各种感染。也能用于厌氧菌引起的口腔感染和肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、溶脲脲原体等非典型病原体所致的呼吸系统、泌尿生殖系统感染。掌握“红霉素及林可霉素”知识点。"} {"Question":"拥有耳毒性和肾毒性等不良反应的抗生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"林可霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"四环素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"氨基糖苷类抗生素代表药为链霉素,其不良反应有耳毒性、肾毒性、神经肌肉麻痹和过敏反应等。掌握“红霉素及林可霉素”知识点。"} {"Question":"米帕明主要用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑郁症"},{"key":"B","value":"躁狂症"},{"key":"C","value":"晕动病"},{"key":"D","value":"精神分裂症"},{"key":"E","value":"重症肌无力"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"丙米嗪又称米帕明。用于各种原因引起的抑郁症,对内源性抑郁症、更年期抑郁症效果较好。对反应性抑郁症次之,对精神病的抑郁成分效果较差。此外,抗抑郁药也可用于强迫症的治疗。掌握“丙米嗪、碳酸锂、氟西汀”知识点。"} {"Question":"碳酸锂主要用于治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"躁狂症"},{"key":"B","value":"抑郁症"},{"key":"C","value":"精神分裂"},{"key":"D","value":"呕吐"},{"key":"E","value":"意识淡薄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"锂盐对躁狂症患者有显著疗效,特别是对急性躁狂和轻度躁狂疗效显著。掌握“丙米嗪、碳酸锂、氟西汀”知识点。"} {"Question":"长期服用氯丙嗪后,并使用抗胆碱药使症状加重的出现的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"帕金森综合症"},{"key":"B","value":"静坐不能"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肌张力障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"体位性低血压"},{"key":"E","value":"迟发性运动障碍"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"长期服用氯丙嗪后,部分患者还可引起迟发性运动障碍,表现为口-面部不自主的刻板运动,广泛性舞蹈样手足徐动症,停药后仍长期不消失。用抗胆碱药反使症状加重。掌握“氯丙嗪”知识点。"} {"Question":"氯丙嗪引起锥体外系反应是由于阻断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结节-漏斗通路中的D2受体"},{"key":"B","value":"黑质-纹状体通路中的D2受体"},{"key":"C","value":"中脑-边缘系中的D2受体"},{"key":"D","value":"中脑-皮质通路中的D2受体"},{"key":"E","value":"中枢M-胆碱受体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"长期大量服用氯丙嗪出现的锥体外系反应是由于氯丙嗪拮抗了黑质-纹状体通路的D2样受体。使纹状体中的多巴胺功能减弱、乙酰胆碱的功能增强的而引起的,可减少药量、停药来减轻或消除,也可用抗胆碱药以缓解。掌握“氯丙嗪”知识点。"} {"Question":"氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症时最常见的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体位性低血压(直立性低血压)"},{"key":"B","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"C","value":"内分泌障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"锥体外系反应"},{"key":"E","value":"消化系统症状"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"精神分裂症的患者需要长期应用氯丙嗪,所以对于长期大量服用的氯丙嗪可以阻断黑质-纹状体通路的多巴胺受体,造成了锥体外系反应,具体表现为三个方面:①帕金森综合症:表现为肌张力增高、面容呆板、动作迟缓、肌肉震颤、流涎等;②静坐不能:坐立不安、反复徘徊;③急性肌张力障碍:出现在用药后第一天至第五天,舌、面、颈及背部肌肉痉挛造成强迫性张口、伸舌、斜颈呼吸运动障碍及吞咽困难。掌握“氯丙嗪”知识点。"} {"Question":"正常人口服治疗量氯丙嗪后,可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心情烦躁"},{"key":"B","value":"注意力集中"},{"key":"C","value":"失眠"},{"key":"D","value":"感情淡漠"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常人口服治疗量氯丙嗪后,出现安静、活动减少、感情淡漠和注意力下降、对周围事物不感兴趣、答话缓滞,而理智正常,在安静环境下易入睡,但易唤醒,醒后神态清楚,随后又易入睡。掌握“氯丙嗪”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于T3和T4,下列哪项叙述是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T3的血浆蛋白结合率高于T4"},{"key":"B","value":"T3起效快,作用强"},{"key":"C","value":"T3起效慢,作用持久"},{"key":"D","value":"T3起效快,作用持久"},{"key":"E","value":"T3起效慢,作用弱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"T3、T4口服易吸收,两者血浆蛋白结合律均在99%以上。但T3的蛋白亲和力低于T4,游离量可为T4的10倍。T3作用强而快,维持时间短;T4作用弱而慢,维持时间长。故此题选择B项掌握“硫脲类药物”知识点。"} {"Question":"治疗心脏骤停宜首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静滴去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"舌下含异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"静滴地高辛"},{"key":"D","value":"肌注可拉明"},{"key":"E","value":"心内注射肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾上腺素临床应用:①心脏骤停:用于溺水、麻醉和手术过程中的意外、药物中毒、传染病和心脏传导阻滞等所致的心脏骤停。对电击所致的心脏骤停用肾上腺素配合心脏除颤器或利多卡因等除颤。②过敏性疾病。③血管神经性水肿及血清病。④与局麻药配伍及局部止血。⑤治疗青光眼。掌握“肾上腺素”知识点。"} {"Question":"当静脉滴注时间过长、浓度过高造成局部缺血坏死,可用普鲁卡因或酚妥拉明做局部浸润注射,以扩张血管的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"C","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"卡马西平"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"去甲肾上腺素的不良反应可引起局部组织坏死。静脉滴注过长、浓度过高或药液漏出血管,可引起局部缺血坏死,如发现外漏或注射部位苍白,应停止注射或更换注射部位,进行热敷,并用普鲁卡因或α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明做局部浸润注射,以扩张血管。掌握“去甲肾上腺素”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于去甲肾上腺素的药理作用说法不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去甲肾上腺素可以激动血管α1受体,收缩血管,增加冠脉流量"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素能够较弱的激动心脏β1受体,增加心排出量"},{"key":"C","value":"小剂量应用去甲肾上腺素时,可以使脉压增大"},{"key":"D","value":"大剂量应用去甲肾上腺素时,可以升高血糖"},{"key":"E","value":"小剂量可能引起心律失常"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查去甲肾上腺素。去甲肾上腺素的药理作用如下:①去甲肾上腺素是冠脉舒张,增加冠脉流量(A对);②去甲肾上腺素使心肌收缩力加强,心率加快,心排出量增大(B对);但剂量过大时,可能引起心律失常(E错,为本题正确答案);③小剂量应用去甲肾上腺素时,能够升高收缩压,而舒张压升高不明显,故脉压增大(C对);④仅在大剂量应用去甲肾上腺素时才会出现血糖升高(D对)。"} {"Question":"急性肾衰竭时,可用何药与利尿剂配伍来增加尿量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"C","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"多巴胺临床应用:①休克:用于各种休克。滴注给药时必须补足血容量,同时需纠正酸中毒。②与利尿药联合应用于急性肾衰竭。掌握“多巴胺和异丙肾上腺素”知识点。"} {"Question":"经链霉素和异烟肼治疗无效的病人患者常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"B","value":"利福平"},{"key":"C","value":"卷曲霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"紫霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"吡嗪酰胺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乙胺丁醇临床应用:用于各型肺结核和肺外结核。与异烟肼和利福平合用治疗初治患者,与利福平和卷曲霉素合用治疗复治患者。特别适用于经链霉素和异烟肼治疗无效的病人。掌握“异烟肼、利福平及乙胺丁醇”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项药物作用机制为与二价金属离子络合,干扰细菌RNA的合成,可抑制结核分枝杆菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利福平"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"四环素"},{"key":"E","value":"乙胺丁醇"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"乙胺丁醇的作用机制为与二价金属离子络合,干扰细菌RNA的合成,起到抑制结核分枝杆菌的作用。掌握“异烟肼、利福平及乙胺丁醇”知识点。"} {"Question":"抗结核作用强,且对金葡菌有效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利福平"},{"key":"B","value":"对氨基水杨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"吡嗪酰胺"},{"key":"D","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"乙胺丁醇"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"利福平与其他抗结核药联合使用可治疗各种类型的结核病,包括初治及复发患者。也可治疗麻风病和耐药金葡菌及其他敏感细菌所致感染和重症胆道感染。此外,利福平局部用药可用于沙眼、急性结膜炎及病毒性角膜炎的治疗。掌握“异烟肼、利福平及乙胺丁醇”知识点。"} {"Question":"长期大量使用利福平可出现的症状不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄疸"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肿大"},{"key":"D","value":"死亡"},{"key":"E","value":"肝功能减退等症状"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"长期大量使用利福平可出现黄疸、肝肿大、肝功能减退等症状,严重时可致死亡。掌握“异烟肼、利福平及乙胺丁醇”知识点。"} {"Question":"环磷酰胺对何种肿瘤疗效最显著","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵巢癌"},{"key":"B","value":"急性淋巴细胞性白血病"},{"key":"C","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"D","value":"多发性骨髓瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"恶性淋巴瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"环磷酰胺的临床应用:抗瘤谱广,为目前广泛应用的烷化剂。对恶性淋巴瘤疗效显著,对多发性骨髓瘤、急性淋巴细胞白血病、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、神经母细胞瘤和睾丸肿瘤等均有一定疗效。掌握“抗恶性肿瘤药”知识点。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,慢性肾炎合并胆囊炎宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四环素"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢唑啉"},{"key":"C","value":"多西环素"},{"key":"D","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"多粘菌素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"多西环素属于长效半合成四环素类,是四环素类药物的首选药;口服吸收迅速且完全,大部分药物存在于胆汁,少量药物经肾脏排泄,故对于慢性肾炎合并胆囊炎的患者最好选用多西环素。掌握“四环素、多西环素及米诺环素”知识点。"} {"Question":"影响胎儿和婴儿软骨发育,孕妇及哺乳妇女不宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四环素类"},{"key":"B","value":"喹诺酮类"},{"key":"C","value":"磺胺类"},{"key":"D","value":"硝基呋喃类"},{"key":"E","value":"TMP"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"四环素类对骨骼和牙齿生长的影响:四环素类药物与新形成的骨骼和牙齿中沉积的钙离子结合,造成恒齿永久性棕色色素沉着(俗称牙齿黄染),还可抑制胎儿、婴幼儿骨骼发育。掌握“四环素、多西环素及米诺环素”知识点。"} {"Question":"能够引起牙齿黄染的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"四环素"},{"key":"D","value":"利福平"},{"key":"E","value":"利巴韦林"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"四环素类药物与新形成的骨骼和牙齿中沉积的钙离子结合,造成恒齿永久性棕色色素沉着(俗称牙齿黄染-四环素牙)。掌握“四环素、多西环素及米诺环素”知识点。"} {"Question":"局麻药引起局麻作用的电生理学机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进Na+内流"},{"key":"B","value":"阻止Na+内流"},{"key":"C","value":"促进Ca2+内流"},{"key":"D","value":"阻止Ca2+内流"},{"key":"E","value":"阻止K+外流"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"神经动作电位的产生是由于神经受刺激时引起膜性通透性的改变,产生Na+内流和K+外流。局麻药的作用就是阻止这种通透性的改变,使Na+在其作用期间内不能进入细胞。掌握“局麻药”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于胰岛素的作用下列哪项是错的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进脂肪合成,抑制脂肪分解"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制蛋白质合成,抑制氨基酸进入细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"促进葡萄糖利用,抑制糖原分解和产生"},{"key":"D","value":"促进钾进入细胞,降低血钾"},{"key":"E","value":"促进蛋白质合成及氨基酸转运"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胰岛素作用机制:①促进脂肪合成,减少游离脂肪酸和酮体的生成,增加脂肪酸和葡萄糖的转运;②促进糖原的合成和贮存,加速葡萄糖的氧化和酵解,并抑制糖原分解和异生而降低血糖;③增加氨基酸的转运和核酸、蛋白质的合成,抑制蛋白质的分解;④加快心率,加强心肌收缩力和减少肾血流。掌握“胰岛素、磺酰脲类及双胍类药”知识点。"} {"Question":"阿托品引起口干及盗汗的剂量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5mg"},{"key":"B","value":"1mg"},{"key":"C","value":"2mg"},{"key":"D","value":"5mg"},{"key":"E","value":"10mg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"0.5mg:心率轻度减慢,略有口干及盗汗。掌握“阿托品”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关东莨菪碱的叙述中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是毒蕈碱受体的竞争性拮抗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"增加唾液分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"能够透过血脑屏障"},{"key":"D","value":"可引起嗜睡和镇静"},{"key":"E","value":"可用于抗晕动病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查东莨菪碱。有关东莨菪碱的叙述错误的是增加唾液分泌(B错,为本题的正确答案)。东莨菪碱是毒蕈碱受体的竞争性拮抗剂(A对);能够透过血脑屏障(C对),可迅速、完全地进入中枢神经系统,故起中枢作用强于其他药物;东莨菪碱在治疗剂量时即可引起中枢神经系统抑制,可引起嗜睡和镇静等(D对);可用于抗晕动病(E对),其机制可能与抑制前庭神经内耳功能或大脑皮层功能有关,可与苯海拉明合用以增加疗效;可抑制腺体分泌,故唾液分泌减少。"} {"Question":"下列不属于他汀类不良反应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃肠反应"},{"key":"B","value":"肌痛"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤潮红"},{"key":"D","value":"头痛"},{"key":"E","value":"腹胀"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"他汀类不良反应较少而轻,大剂量应用时患者偶可出现胃肠反应、肌痛、皮肤潮红、头痛等暂时性反应;偶有横纹肌溶解症。掌握“抗动脉粥样硬化药”知识点。"} {"Question":"喹诺酮类药物的临床应用特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗菌谱广"},{"key":"B","value":"抗菌活性强"},{"key":"C","value":"口服吸收良好"},{"key":"D","value":"与其他类别抗菌药之间无交叉耐药"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氟喹诺酮类具有抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、口服吸收良好、与其他类别的抗菌药之间无交叉耐药等特点。但是临床存在滥用的倾向。掌握“喹诺酮类”知识点。"} {"Question":"沙门菌引起的伤寒首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"古霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"环丙沙星"},{"key":"C","value":"莫西沙星"},{"key":"D","value":"氟喹诺酮类"},{"key":"E","value":"左氧氟沙星"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肠道感染与伤寒:志贺菌引起的急、慢性菌痢和中毒性菌痢,以及鼠伤寒沙门菌、猪霍乱沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌引起的胃肠炎。对沙门菌引起的伤寒或副伤寒,应首选氟喹诺酮类或头孢曲松。掌握“喹诺酮类”知识点。"} {"Question":"抑制胃酸分泌作用最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西米替丁"},{"key":"B","value":"雷尼替丁"},{"key":"C","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"D","value":"哌仑西平"},{"key":"E","value":"丙谷胺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"奥美拉唑(omeprazole)有强大持久的抑制胃酸分泌作用。抑制胃酸作用持久,连续服用的效果优于单次服用。掌握“奥美拉唑”知识点。"} {"Question":"糖皮质激素不具有哪种药理作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"快速强大的抗炎作用"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制细胞免疫和体液免疫"},{"key":"C","value":"提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力"},{"key":"D","value":"提高机体对细菌外毒素的耐受力"},{"key":"E","value":"增加血中自细胞数量,但却抑制其功能"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"糖皮质激素抗休克作用:常用于严重休克,特别是感染中毒性休克的治疗。大剂量糖皮质激素抗休克作用机制可能是:①抑制某些炎性因子的产生,使微循环血流动力学恢复正常,改善休克状态;②稳定溶酶体膜,减少心肌抑制因子的形成;③扩张痉挛收缩的血管和兴奋心脏、加强心脏收缩力;④提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力。但对外毒素则无防御作用。掌握“糖皮质激素”知识点。"} {"Question":"长期大量应用糖皮质激素可引起哪种不良反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血钾"},{"key":"B","value":"低血压"},{"key":"C","value":"低血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"高血钙"},{"key":"E","value":"水钠潴留"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"长期应用,由于钠、水潴留和血脂升高可引起高血压和动脉粥样硬化。掌握“糖皮质激素”知识点。"} {"Question":"酚妥拉明临床应用除外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治疗外周血管痉挛性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素滴注外漏"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"心律失常"},{"key":"E","value":"药物引起的高血压"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"酚妥拉明临床应用:①治疗外周血管痉挛性疾病;②去甲肾上腺素滴注外漏;③肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤;④抗休克;⑤治疗急性心肌梗死和顽固性充血性心力衰竭;⑥药物引起的高血压。掌握“α肾上腺素受体阻断剂”知识点。"} {"Question":"β受体阻断剂对心血管系统的作用不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心率减慢"},{"key":"B","value":"血压猛升"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌收缩力减弱"},{"key":"D","value":"心输出量减少"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌耗氧量下降"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"β受体阻断剂对心血管系统的作用:当心脏交感神经张力增高时,阻断β受体对心脏的抑制作用明显,主要表现为心率减慢,心肌收缩力减弱,心输出量减少,心肌耗氧量下降,血压略降。掌握“β肾上腺素受体阻断剂”知识点。"} {"Question":"不属于苯二氮(艹卓)类药物作用特点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有抗焦虑作用"},{"key":"B","value":"具有外周性肌松作用"},{"key":"C","value":"具有镇静作用"},{"key":"D","value":"具有催眠作用"},{"key":"E","value":"具有癫痫持续状态"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"苯二氮(艹卓)类药物作用特点:①抗焦虑作用;②镇静催眠作用;③抗惊厥、抗癫痫作用;④中枢性肌肉松弛作用;⑤其他。掌握“苯二氮?类”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪个参数最能表示药物的安全性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最小有效量"},{"key":"B","value":"极量"},{"key":"C","value":"半数致死量"},{"key":"D","value":"半数有效量"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗指数"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"药物的半数致死量(LD50)和半数有效量(ED50)的比值成为治疗指数。此数值越大越安全。掌握“药物与受体、剂量与效应关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列5种药物中,治疗指数最大的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲药LD50=200mg,ED50=100mg"},{"key":"B","value":"乙药LD50=100mg,ED50=50mg"},{"key":"C","value":"丙药LD50=500mg,ED50=250mg"},{"key":"D","value":"丁药LD50=50mg,ED50=10mg"},{"key":"E","value":"戊药LD50=100mg,ED50=25mg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"治疗指数是药物的半数致死量(LD50)和半数有效量(ED50)的比值,代表药物的安全性,此数值越大越安全。选项A、B、C、D、E的治疗指数分别是2、2、2、5、4。掌握“药物与受体、剂量与效应关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"药物出现副作用的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物剂量过大"},{"key":"B","value":"药物的选择性低"},{"key":"C","value":"病人对药物过敏"},{"key":"D","value":"药物代谢的慢"},{"key":"E","value":"药物排泄的慢"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"副作用:通常也称副作用,由于药物的选择性低,药理效应涉及多个器官,当某一效应用做治疗目的时,其他效应就成为副作用。掌握“药物不良反应”知识点。"} {"Question":"能与受体结合,具有较强亲和力而无内在活性的药物称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激动药"},{"key":"B","value":"抗真菌药"},{"key":"C","value":"拮抗药"},{"key":"D","value":"抗结核药"},{"key":"E","value":"抗病毒药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"能与受体结合,具有较强亲和力而无内在活性(α=0)的药物称为拮抗药。掌握“药物与受体、剂量与效应关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"半数有效量(ED50)","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"引起50%动物死亡的剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"引起50%动物中毒的剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"引起50%动物产生阳性反应的剂量"},{"key":"D","value":"和50%受体结合的剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"达到50%有效血药浓度的剂量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"质反应中,能引起50%的实验动物出现阳性反应的药物剂量或浓度,量反应中,能引起50%最大效应的药物剂量或浓度,均称为半数有效剂量(ED50)或半数有效浓度(EC50)。如效应为死亡,则称为半数致死量(median lethal dose,LD50)。掌握“药物与受体、剂量与效应关系”知识点。"} {"Question":"哌替啶的临床应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇痛"},{"key":"B","value":"人工冬眠"},{"key":"C","value":"心源性哮喘"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉前给药"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"哌替啶临床可用于:①镇痛;②心源性哮喘;③麻醉前给药及人工冬眠。掌握“吗啡、哌替啶”知识点。"} {"Question":"吗啡镇痛作用机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阻断脑室,导水管周围灰质的阿片受体"},{"key":"B","value":"激动脑室,导水管周围灰质的阿片受体"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制前列腺素合成,降低对致痛物质的敏感性"},{"key":"D","value":"阻断大脑边缘系统的阿片受体"},{"key":"E","value":"激动中脑盖前核的阿片受体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吗啡的镇痛作用:吗啡具有强大的镇痛作用,对绝大多数急性痛和慢性痛的镇痛效果良好,对持续性慢性钝痛作用大于间断性锐痛,对神经性疼痛的效果较差。椎管内注射可产生节段性镇痛,不影响意识和其他感觉。该作用可能与其激动脊髓胶质区、丘脑内侧、脑室及导水管周围灰质的阿片受体有关。掌握“吗啡、哌替啶”知识点。"} {"Question":"乳牙牙震荡在术后复查的时机说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"术后4周、3个月,6个月"},{"key":"B","value":"术后1个月,6个月、12个月"},{"key":"C","value":"术后3个月、6个月、9个月"},{"key":"D","value":"术后6个月,12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"不必复查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳牙牙齿震荡和牙脱位常常不做临床治疗,嘱患儿避免咬硬物2周。同时注意维护口腔健康,避免牙龈炎症。一般在术后4周、3个月、6个月复查,如果发现牙髓感染的症状,应及时行牙髓摘除术。掌握“牙外伤概述及乳牙外伤”知识点。"} {"Question":"年轻恒牙全脱出多发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌中切牙"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌侧切牙"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌尖牙"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌中切牙"},{"key":"E","value":"下颌侧切牙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查年轻恒牙外伤。年轻恒牙全脱出:常见于单个年轻恒牙,上颌中切牙(A对)多发。牙齿全脱位时应该立即进行再植术。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,8岁,右上颌中切牙外伤冠折,切角缺损,即刻来院就诊。口腔检查发现:穿髓孔大,探痛明显,可疑叩痛。进行这种治疗成功的关键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保持患儿无痛"},{"key":"B","value":"保持操作无菌"},{"key":"C","value":"止血彻底"},{"key":"D","value":"盖髓剂的选择"},{"key":"E","value":"拔髓完全"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查活髓切断术的关键。患儿,女,8岁,右上颌中切牙外伤冠折(年轻恒牙冠折),切角缺损,即刻来院就诊。口腔检查发现:穿髓孔大,探痛明显,可疑叩痛(牙髓炎),治疗用活髓切断术(E错),进行活髓切断术成功的关键是保持操作无菌(B对)。年轻恒牙牙髓切断术是在局部麻醉下去除冠方牙髓组织,用活髓保存剂覆盖牙髓创面以保存根部正常牙髓组织的方法。年轻恒牙牙髓切断术的主要目的是保留根髓健康活力,促使牙根继续生理性发育,操作过程中要注意避免将氢氧化钙压入根髓组织,减少损伤,防止细菌感染。保持患儿无痛(A错)、止血彻底(C错)、盖髓剂的选择(D错)均是活髓切断术过程中要注意的事项,但不是治疗成功的关键。"} {"Question":"儿童上乳前牙外伤常见年龄为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2岁"},{"key":"B","value":"3~4岁"},{"key":"C","value":"4~5岁"},{"key":"D","value":"6~7岁"},{"key":"E","value":"8~9岁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳牙外伤多发生在1~2岁儿童;年轻恒牙外伤多发生于7~9岁儿童;年轻恒牙外伤发生率高于乳牙;男孩发生率高于女孩。本题考查牙外伤概述及乳牙外伤。"} {"Question":"临床上看到的融合牙多是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠部融合"},{"key":"B","value":"根部融合"},{"key":"C","value":"冠根完全融合"},{"key":"D","value":"牙本质融合"},{"key":"E","value":"牙髓融合"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"融合牙根据临床上融合的时间早晚,可以形成冠根完全融合,也可以形成冠部融合而根部分离,或冠部分离而根部融合,临床上多数看到的是冠部融合。掌握“迟萌、多生牙和融合牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"造成“双排牙”现象的原因可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下颌乳中切牙滞留"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌乳尖牙滞留"},{"key":"C","value":"第一乳磨牙滞留"},{"key":"D","value":"乳侧切牙滞留"},{"key":"E","value":"右下第二乳磨牙滞留"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查下颌乳中切牙滞留。造成“双排牙”现象的原因可能是下颌乳中切牙滞留(A对)。混合牙列时期,最常见的是下颌乳中切牙滞留,后继之恒中切牙于舌侧萌出,乳牙滞留于唇侧,呈“双排牙”现象。其次常见的是第一乳磨牙的残根和残冠滞留(C错)于萌出的第一前磨牙颊侧或舌侧。第二乳磨牙滞留(E错)多因继承恒牙牙胚的先天缺失或埋伏阻生。但由于乳牙未能按时脱落,又常常使继承恒牙萌出受阻或异位萌出。上颌乳尖牙滞留(B错)、乳侧切牙滞留(D错)一般不会导致“双排牙”现象。"} {"Question":"融合牙是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙列融合牙比恒牙列少"},{"key":"B","value":"目前无遗传倾向"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙融合多双侧发生"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙多见于上颌乳中切牙"},{"key":"E","value":"两个正常牙胚的牙釉质融合在一起而成的"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"融合牙是由两个正常牙胚的牙釉质或牙本质融合在一起而成的。除牙齿发育受压力因素外,还有遗传倾向。乳牙列融合牙比恒牙列多。乳牙多见于下颌乳中切牙和乳侧切牙,或乳侧切牙和乳尖牙融合。恒牙多见于额外牙和正常牙融合。乳牙融合多单侧发生,两个牙融合多见。乳牙融合常并发继承恒牙先天缺失现象。掌握“迟萌、多生牙和融合牙”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性12岁,突然出现左下牙咬物疼,无明显诱因自发疼1天,夜间加剧。口腔检查:恒牙,牙齿排列整齐,口腔卫生好,软垢(-),牙石(-),左下5叩痛(++),不松,最有可能引起疼痛的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隐匿龋"},{"key":"B","value":"牙隐裂"},{"key":"C","value":"畸形中央尖"},{"key":"D","value":"颌骨囊肿急性感染"},{"key":"E","value":"造釉细胞瘤合并感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查畸形中央尖。患者无软垢牙石存在,口腔卫生好,牙不松动,但出现无明显诱因的自发痛、夜间痛的急性牙髓炎表现,多考虑为中央尖折断后引起的牙髓感染,畸形中央尖(C对)多见于下颌前磨牙,一般位于(牙合)面中央窝处,呈圆锥形突起,畸形中央尖患者一般无临床症状,常在口腔检查时偶然发现,多数患者是在中央尖折断并发牙髓和根尖周炎症后而就诊。隐匿龋(A错)是指釉质脱矿从其表面下层开始,有时可在看似完整的釉质下方形成龋洞,好发于磨牙沟裂下方和邻面,一般无叩痛、咬合痛出现。牙隐裂(B错)好发于中老年患者的后牙咬牙合面,以上颌第一磨牙最为多见,患者最常见的主诉是较长时间的咀嚼不适或咬合痛,病史可长达数月甚至数年,咬在某一特殊部位可引起剧烈疼痛是该病最具特征性的症状。颌骨囊肿是指在颌骨内出现的含有液体的囊性肿物,颌骨囊肿急性感染(D错)可导致口内牙齿疼痛、松动,牙龈表面出现脓包,部分患者可有全身症状出现。造釉细胞瘤合并感染(E错)可有牙松动、移位、脱落,患者面部左右不对称,肿瘤侵犯还可发生吞咽、咀嚼和呼吸障碍。"} {"Question":"男性,7岁。诉下颌前牙松动。口腔检查见:右下乳切牙松动Ⅲ°,牙冠有深龋洞,右下1已从舌侧萌出,诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙滞留"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙早失"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙根尖周炎"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙牙周炎"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙外伤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙滞留的临床表现。乳牙滞留(A对)是指继承恒牙已萌出,未按时脱落的乳牙,或恒牙未萌出,保留在恒牙列中的乳牙。乳牙滞留诊断的依据是,已到达替换时期尚未替换的乳牙,而且该乳牙牙根部或唇、颊、舌侧又有继承恒牙萌出。乳牙早失易引起继发恒牙近远中倾斜(B错);乳牙根尖周炎可导致恒牙釉质发育不全(C错);乳牙牙周炎一般不会导致继发恒牙的异位萌出(D错);乳牙外伤可表现为嵌入、脱出、唇舌向移位(E错),该患者为乳切牙未脱落,而恒切牙已萌出,因此可诊断为乳牙滞留。"} {"Question":"患儿童某,男,9岁,上颌多个牙龋坏、脱落,要求治疗。检查:口腔卫生差,左右上Ⅳ缺失,Ⅴ残根,根尖外露,左右上6无龋。间隙管理最好采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"远中导板间隙保持器"},{"key":"B","value":"丝圈式间隙保持器"},{"key":"C","value":"充填式间隙保持器"},{"key":"D","value":"Nance腭弓式间隙保持器"},{"key":"E","value":"舌弓式间隙保持器"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查Nance腭弓式间隙保持器的适应证。患儿左右上颌第一乳磨牙缺失,第二乳磨牙残根,第一恒磨牙无龋存在,适用于Nance腭弓式间隙保持器(D对),它是将腭弓的两端固定在第二乳磨牙或第一恒磨牙上,以保持牙弓周长和牙齿间隙的保持器。远中导板间隙保持器(A错)适用于第二乳磨牙早失,第一恒磨牙尚未萌出或萌出中的病例。丝圈式间隙保持器(B错)适用于单侧第一磨牙早失或第一恒磨牙萌出后,第二乳磨牙单侧早期丧失的病例,亦或是双侧乳磨牙早失,用其他间隙保持器装置困难的病例。充填式间隙保持器(C错)适用于单个乳磨牙早失,间隙前端的牙齿有远中邻面龋,或后端的牙齿有近中邻面龋,龋坏均波及牙髓需作根管治疗者。舌弓式间隙保持器(E错)与Nance腭弓式间隙保持器的用途一致,是一种用于下颌的保持器。"} {"Question":"缺牙多于两个乳磨牙应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"带环(全冠)丝圈保持器"},{"key":"B","value":"Nance腭弓式间隙保持器"},{"key":"C","value":"远中导板保持器"},{"key":"D","value":"充填式保持器"},{"key":"E","value":"可摘式功能性保持器"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"可摘式功能性保持器适应证:乳磨牙缺乏两个以上,或两侧乳磨牙缺失,或伴有前牙缺失。掌握“乳牙早失及间隙管理”知识点。"} {"Question":"第二乳磨牙早失,第一恒磨牙尚未萌出或萌出不足时采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"远中导板保持器"},{"key":"B","value":"丝圈保持器"},{"key":"C","value":"功能性活动保持器"},{"key":"D","value":"舌弓保持器"},{"key":"E","value":"间隙扩展装置"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查间隙保持器的种类及适应证。远中导板式间隙保持器适用于第二乳磨牙早失、第一恒磨牙尚未萌出或萌出不足(A对)。带环丝圈式保持器用于第一恒磨牙萌出后,第二乳磨牙单侧早期丧失的病例(B错)。功能性活动保持器又叫可摘式间隙保持器,用于乳磨牙缺失两个以上者,或两侧乳磨牙缺失,或伴有前牙缺失(C错)。舌弓式间隙保持器适用于第二乳磨牙或第一恒磨牙存在的病例(D错)。间隙恢复装置用于推第一恒磨牙向远中移动(E错)。"} {"Question":"常见的乳磨牙早失的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外伤"},{"key":"B","value":"先天缺失"},{"key":"C","value":"严重的根尖周病变"},{"key":"D","value":"局限的牙髓炎"},{"key":"E","value":"牙列拥挤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查乳磨牙早失的原因。常见的乳磨牙早失的原因是严重的根尖周病变(C对)。外伤(A错)较少伤及后牙;先天性缺失(B错)较少见;局限性牙髓炎(D错)较少引起乳磨牙缺失;牙列拥挤(E错)也不会造成乳磨牙缺失。因此选严重的根尖周病变导致牙槽骨的吸收从而导致乳磨牙的缺失。"} {"Question":"下述哪一项不是判断乳牙接近替换期的表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙冠破坏大"},{"key":"B","value":"临床Ⅲ°松动"},{"key":"C","value":"恒牙胚牙根已形成一半"},{"key":"D","value":"恒牙胚位置已接近乳牙根分叉"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙根吸收已达1\/2"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙接近替换期的表现。恒牙替换乳牙从牙根处开始吸收,牙根会吸收破坏,不会破坏牙冠(A错,为本题的正确答案)。乳牙接近替换期,牙根已大部分吸收,临床Ⅲ°松动(B对)。乳牙牙根被恒牙吸收破坏,牙根吸收已达1\/2(E对)。此时恒牙胚牙根已形成一半(C对),位置已接近乳牙根分叉区(D对)。"} {"Question":"无龋患儿为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生4个月的婴儿"},{"key":"B","value":"出生6个月的婴儿"},{"key":"C","value":"出生8个月的婴儿"},{"key":"D","value":"出生10个月的婴儿"},{"key":"E","value":"出生12个月的婴儿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查无龋患儿。无龋患儿即没有龋病的小儿,出生4个月的婴儿(A对)第一颗乳牙尚未萌出,口内无牙,待婴儿出生后4~6个月第一颗乳牙才开始萌出。根据四联因素学说,宿主因素是致龋的因素之一,无牙则无龋,所以出生4个月的婴儿不会患龋。6个月以上的婴儿(BCDE错),乳牙陆续萌出,在口腔卫生不佳的情况下有可能患龋。"} {"Question":"乳牙和年轻恒牙牙髓治疗前摄X线牙片的目的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"查看龋蚀相对深度,有无修复性牙本质"},{"key":"B","value":"根间区有无病变,年轻恒牙牙根发育程度"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙根吸收程度,有无恒牙胚"},{"key":"D","value":"牙髓腔内有无钙化,有无内吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙和年轻恒牙牙髓治疗前摄X线牙片的目的。乳牙和年轻恒牙牙髓治疗前必须拍摄X线牙片,目的是:1.查看龋蚀相对深度,有无修复性牙本质(A对);2.根间区有无病变,年轻恒牙牙根发育程度(B对);3.乳牙根吸收程度,有无恒牙胚(C对);4.牙髓腔内有无钙化,有无内吸收(D对);5.根尖周围组织病变的状况和程度;6.年轻恒牙牙胚发育状况及其牙囊骨壁有无受损。综上,以上均是(E对,为本题正确答案)乳牙和年轻恒牙牙髓治疗前摄X线牙片的目的。"} {"Question":"下列关于乳牙牙髓炎临床表现的特点叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"深龋感染是引起乳牙牙髓病的唯一原因"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙牙髓病以慢性炎症为主"},{"key":"C","value":"临床上往往见到深龋洞"},{"key":"D","value":"龋蚀未去净露髓,往往说明牙髓已经感染"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙牙髓感染可伴发牙根吸收"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳牙牙髓病临床表现特点:乳牙牙髓病包括牙髓炎症、牙髓坏死和牙髓变性。乳牙牙髓病多由深龋感染引起,为龋病的并发症。除龋病感染外,牙齿外伤也可引起。乳牙牙髓病临床症状不明显,以慢性炎症为主,急性炎症往往是慢性炎症急性发作引起。临床上往往见到深龋洞,一定要进行深龋和慢性牙髓炎的鉴别。龋蚀未去净露髓,往往说明牙髓已经感染。没有疼痛并不能说明牙髓没有感染,一定要结合临床检查综合判断。乳牙牙髓感染可伴发牙根吸收,感染波及根髓时可有叩痛。掌握“乳牙牙髓病及根尖周病诊断及治疗”知识点。"} {"Question":"FC活髓切断术时FC小棉球应放置的时间一般为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"2分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"3分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"5分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"10分钟"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙牙髓切断术。活髓切断术是在局麻下去除冠方的牙髓组织,用药物处理牙髓创面以保存根部健康牙髓,恒牙常用氢氧化钙,乳牙常用甲醛甲酚FC,达到固定牙髓断面的表面组织和杀灭表面微生物的作用。FC的用法是去除冠髓后用FC小棉球放置在牙髓断面上1分钟(A对),以固定表面组织,产生封闭作用,然后将调制好的氧化锌丁香油水门汀盖于牙髓断面,用湿棉球轻压使其与根髓密切贴合。时间过短难以发挥作用,时间过长(BCDE错)又会损伤根尖组织。"} {"Question":"乳牙根管充填材料常选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氧化钙制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化锌丁香油糊剂+牙胶尖"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氧化钙制剂+牙胶尖"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氧化钙制剂+银尖"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化锌丁香油糊剂+银尖"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙的根管充填材料。乳牙根管充填材料常选用氢氧化钙制剂(A对)。在乳牙的替换中,由于乳牙根的生理吸收,继承恒牙方可萌出正常位置上,因此乳牙的根管充填材料仅可采用可吸收的不影响乳恒牙交替的糊剂充填,氢氧化钙制剂可以被吸收,不影响恒牙萌出。牙胶尖(BC错)和银尖(DE错)不可吸收,会影响乳牙的吸收和恒牙的萌出,不能用于乳牙的根管充填。"} {"Question":"局部用药治疗龋病的常见适应证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小而深的乳牙龋"},{"key":"B","value":"大而浅的乳牙龋"},{"key":"C","value":"大而深的乳牙龋"},{"key":"D","value":"乳前牙邻面龋"},{"key":"E","value":"乳磨牙邻面龋"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"药物治疗龋病适用于:龋损面广泛的浅龋或剥脱状的环状龋,不易制备洞形的乳牙。常见于乳前牙的邻面和唇面,乳磨牙的(牙合)面和颊面。掌握“年轻恒牙龋”知识点。"} {"Question":"乳牙Ⅱ类洞何种情况下可制备成无台阶形复面洞","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙接触点较近牙合面时"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙龈缘较近牙合面时"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙龋蚀较近牙合面时"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙龋蚀及龈缘较近牙合面时"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙接触点、龈缘或龋蚀较近牙合面时"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙Ⅱ类洞。当乳牙接触点较近(牙合)面时,为了保护接触点,可制备成Ⅱ类洞形的无台阶复面。乳牙龈缘较近(牙合)面时,为了保护龈缘,防止预备时损伤牙龈,可制备成Ⅱ类洞形的无台阶复面。乳牙龋蚀较近(牙合)面时,龋坏组织少,需要去除的腐质少,洞预备时尽量保留健康的牙体组织。综上得知当乳牙接触点、龈缘或龋蚀较近(牙合)面时(E对)可制备成Ⅱ类洞形的无台阶复面。"} {"Question":"乳前牙邻面浅龋及乳磨(牙合)面广泛性浅龋,1年内将被恒牙替换者采用的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学疗法"},{"key":"B","value":"再矿化法"},{"key":"C","value":"窝沟封闭法"},{"key":"D","value":"预防性充填法"},{"key":"E","value":"拔除法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物治疗的适应证。前牙邻面浅龋及乳磨(牙合)面广泛性浅龋,1年内将被恒牙替换者符合乳牙药物治疗即化学疗法(A对)的适应证。药物治疗又称化学疗法是通过氟化物等化学药物涂布于不需要手术治疗的乳牙表面,以阻止龋病的进展,属于非手术龋病治疗方法。再矿化法(B错)是采用人工方法使脱矿釉质或牙骨质再次矿化,恢复其硬度,终止或消除早期龋,适用于光滑面早期龋,龋易感者等。窝沟封闭法(C错)适用于完全萌出尚未发生龋坏深窝沟恒牙。预防性充填法(D错)适用于深窝沟有可疑龋的乳牙或恒牙。该乳前牙尚有1年才能被替换,且龋损小对恒牙胚和乳牙几乎无影响不需拔除(E错),以防乳牙早失影响继承恒牙的萌出。"} {"Question":"女性患儿,七岁半,因后牙变黑在家长陪同下前来就诊。查,右下第一恒磨牙牙冠萌出1\/3,但是其(牙合)面多处有黑褐色腐质,探针探软,X线片显示其牙冠阴影位于牙本质浅层,诊断为年轻恒牙中龋。需要进行修复治疗,关于年轻恒牙治疗的特点,以下说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去腐时多使用高速手机和裂钻进行切磨"},{"key":"B","value":"备洞时使用高速切削,提高效率"},{"key":"C","value":"龋病波及龈瓣下,去腐备洞后进行磷酸锌充填"},{"key":"D","value":"龋边缘与龈缘边缘平齐,去腐范围为龈缘以上"},{"key":"E","value":"不应采用预防性扩展,应该采用预防性树脂充填术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查年轻恒牙治疗的特点。年轻恒牙治疗的特点中正确的是不应采用预防性扩展,应该采用预防性树脂充填术(E对)。年轻恒牙自洁作用差, 进行龋齿充填时,还应注意与龋患相邻窝沟点隙的防龋处理。在年轻恒牙窝洞制备时不应采用预防性扩展,提倡采用微创的预防性树脂充填术进行治疗。即在窝沟点隙龋仅局限于牙釉质或牙本质表层,去净腐质后,用复合树脂充填窝洞,然后其余相邻的深窝沟用封闭剂封闭,这种修复技术称为预防性树脂充填术。年轻恒牙治疗的特点还有:1.牙体硬组织硬度比成熟恒牙差,备洞时应减速切削(B错),减少牙釉质裂纹。2.髓腔大,髓角尖高,龋齿多为急性,备洞时应避免意外露髓去腐多采用慢速球钻(A错)和挖匙。3.在去腐备洞过程中及充填修复时都要注意保护牙髓,注意无痛操作。波及牙本质中层以下深度时应间接盖髓,同时选择合适的垫底材料,由于磷酸锌对牙髓有刺激,不宜采用(C错)。4.当年轻恒牙萌出不全,远中尚有龈瓣覆盖部分牙冠时发生龋齿处理方法:①如果龋患波及龈瓣下需推开或去除龈瓣,去腐备洞,进行充填。②如果龋患边缘与龈瓣边缘平齐,可以去腐备洞后进行玻璃离子水门汀暂时充填,待完全萌出后,进一步永久充填修复(D错)。"} {"Question":"女性患儿,因为牙面发黑前来治疗。检查发现,上颌乳尖牙的唇面有黑色的斑块,通过X线片和探诊检查可以确诊为浅龋,欲使用氟化钠溶液进行浅龋的治疗,关于其治疗步骤内容的叙述下列说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龋损周围有尖锐边缘时,需要修整外形"},{"key":"B","value":"涂药前去除软垢时可借助菌斑染色剂"},{"key":"C","value":"在清洁牙面时选择使用含有碳酸钙磨料的摩擦剂"},{"key":"D","value":"牙面清洁后需要吹干,并使用棉卷隔湿"},{"key":"E","value":"因为儿童唾液分泌量较大,所以需要使用吸唾器进行排唾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查乳牙龋病的治疗。本病例中关于其治疗步骤内容的叙述说法错误的是在清洁牙面时选择使用含有碳酸钙磨料的摩擦剂(C错,为本题正确答案)。当用含氟药物涂布者,清洁牙面时不宜使用含碳酸钙的摩擦剂,因药物中的氟离子容易和碳酸钙中的钙离子结合形成氟化钙,影响氟化物对牙齿的作用。乳牙龋病的治疗步骤主要包括以下几步:1.修整外形:当龋损周围有明显的无基釉或尖锐边缘时,应该予以去除,修整外形,形成自洁区(A对)。2.清洁牙面、干燥防湿:涂药前去除牙面上的软垢。清洁前可借助菌斑染色剂,明确清除范围,以便彻底清洁(B对)。牙面清洁后需吹干,用棉卷隔湿(D对)、辅以吸唾器(E对),以免唾液污染牙面或将药物溢染他处。3.涂药:涂布药物要有足够的时间,使药液浸润牙面。使用有腐蚀性的药物时,药棉切忌浸药过多,结束时应拭去过多的药液,以免流及黏膜造成损伤。"} {"Question":"婴儿创伤性溃疡最好发的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌缘"},{"key":"B","value":"颊黏膜"},{"key":"C","value":"舌系带附近"},{"key":"D","value":"前庭沟黏膜"},{"key":"E","value":"舌背"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查婴儿创伤性溃疡最好发的部位。婴幼儿的创伤性溃疡最好发于舌系带附近(C对)主要有两个原因:一是新萌出的下颌乳中切牙的锐利切缘不断与舌系带摩擦而发生溃疡;另一个原因是舌系带过短,且偏近舌尖,或下颌的乳中切牙萌出过早,即使是正常的吮乳动作也可造成创伤。舌缘(A错)和颊黏膜(B错)的创伤性溃疡多是由于后牙咬伤所致,而婴儿常只有最早萌出的下前牙,故不会咬伤舌缘和颊粘膜。前庭沟黏膜(D错)处的刺激主要来源于不良修复体,例如可摘局部义齿的基托刺激压迫导致创伤性溃疡,婴幼儿一般少有修复体。舌背(E错)损伤常见于有咬舌习惯者,伸舌时上下前牙咬伤舌背粘膜,婴儿常只有最早萌出的下前牙,不会咬伤舌背。"} {"Question":"肝炎病毒的传播途径不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪-口途径"},{"key":"B","value":"血液途径"},{"key":"C","value":"接触途径"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸道途径"},{"key":"E","value":"垂直传播"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲型肝炎经粪-口途径传播;乙型肝炎传播途径可经血液、血制品、母-婴传播、性接触传播;丙型肝炎与乙型肝炎的传播途径相似,但其母婴传播率较低,主要经输血、脏器移植、血液透析、血制品及污染注射器等传播;HDV和HBV传播途径也相同;戊型肝炎主要经粪-口途径传播。掌握“丙型、丁型、戊型肝炎病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"Dane颗粒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲型肝炎病毒体"},{"key":"B","value":"乙型肝炎病毒体"},{"key":"C","value":"流感病毒体"},{"key":"D","value":"EB病毒体"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓灰质炎病毒体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"Dane在乙型肝炎病毒感染者的血清中发现,故称为Dane(丹氏)颗粒。掌握“乙型肝炎病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于小RNA病毒科嗜肝病毒属的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HAV"},{"key":"B","value":"HBV"},{"key":"C","value":"HCV"},{"key":"D","value":"HDV"},{"key":"E","value":"HEV"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)属于小RNA病毒科嗜肝病毒属,病毒直径约为27nm,呈20面体立体对称,无包膜。掌握“甲型肝炎病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于肝炎病毒与传播途径的组合,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HAV-消化道传播"},{"key":"B","value":"HBV-输血和注射"},{"key":"C","value":"HCV-输血和注射"},{"key":"D","value":"HDV-输血和注射"},{"key":"E","value":"HEV-输血和注射"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"戊型病毒性肝炎其流行特点似甲型肝炎,经口-粪(包括动物粪便)途径传播,具有明显季节性,多见于雨季或洪水之后,无慢性化,愈后良好。掌握“丙型、丁型、戊型肝炎病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"基因组最小的动物病毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EBV"},{"key":"B","value":"HAV"},{"key":"C","value":"HDV"},{"key":"D","value":"HSV"},{"key":"E","value":"HIV"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)为球状,直径为35~37nm,核心为单股负链RNA(-ssRNA),基因组仅有1.7kb长,是已知动物病毒中最小的基因组。掌握“丙型、丁型、戊型肝炎病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"新生隐球菌的主要传播方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病人-咯痰-飞沫传播"},{"key":"B","value":"鸽子-粪便-呼吸道传播"},{"key":"C","value":"病人-粪便-消化道传播"},{"key":"D","value":"病人-粪便-呼吸道传播"},{"key":"E","value":"人虱-粪便-破损皮肤传播"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"新生隐球菌一般存在于鸽子的粪便当中,由人呼吸道吸入后引起感染。掌握“真菌概述及主要病原性真菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"某一艾滋病女患者,出现严重的肺炎,痰涂片发现有孢子存在,试问最有可能的病原体是哪种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"曲霉菌"},{"key":"B","value":"新生隐球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"毛霉菌"},{"key":"D","value":"卡氏肺孢菌"},{"key":"E","value":"小孢子癣菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"卡氏肺孢子菌性肺炎是由卡氏肺孢菌感染引起的间质性肺炎。此病是艾滋病最常见的机会性感染,也见于免疫功能抑制者。肺孢子菌过去一直被认为是原虫,称为卡氏肺囊虫,但事实上它是一种真菌。血清学检测显示几乎每个人在出生后都受到肺孢菌的感染,只是呈隐性感染,不引起任何症状。掌握“真菌概述及主要病原性真菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"真菌的繁殖器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芽胞"},{"key":"B","value":"菌丝体"},{"key":"C","value":"芽管"},{"key":"D","value":"菌丝"},{"key":"E","value":"孢子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"真菌是通过有性孢子或者无性孢子进行繁殖,孢子是真菌的生殖结构,是由生殖菌丝产生的。掌握“真菌概述及主要病原性真菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"某患者,疑为新生隐球菌性脑膜炎,最有意义的快速诊断方法是,采集脑脊液,离心沉渣后,进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钩端螺旋体培养"},{"key":"B","value":"新生隐球菌培养"},{"key":"C","value":"白假丝酵母菌培养"},{"key":"D","value":"涂片后革兰染色"},{"key":"E","value":"涂片后墨汁染色"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"新生隐球菌直接镜检内容为对于痰、脓液、离心沉淀后的脑脊液沉渣标本加墨汁染色镜检。见到圆形或卵圆形的有折光性的菌体,外周有一圈透明的肥厚荚膜即可确诊。掌握“真菌概述及主要病原性真菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"真菌细胞不具有的结构或成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞壁"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞核"},{"key":"C","value":"线粒体"},{"key":"D","value":"内质网"},{"key":"E","value":"叶绿素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"真菌是真核细胞型微生物,细胞结构比较完整,有典型的细胞核和完善的细胞器,不含叶绿素,无根,茎,叶的分化。掌握“真菌概述及主要病原性真菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列治疗军团菌病的首选药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢唑啉"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素G"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查军团菌病的治疗。治疗军团菌病的首选药物是红霉素(A对)。军团菌为革兰阴性杆菌。四环素(B错)是抑制细菌蛋白合成的一类广谱抗生素,可用于治疗多种细菌感染。包括广谱抑菌剂,高浓度时具杀菌作用,对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌、立克次体、滤过性病毒、螺旋体属乃至原虫类都有很好的抑制作用;对结核菌、变形菌等则无效。头孢唑啉(C错)为半合成第一代头孢菌素,对革兰阳性菌如金葡菌、溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌、白喉杆菌及梭状芽胞杆菌等有较强的作用;对革兰阴性菌的作用也较强,特别对克雷白肺炎杆菌有效;但对绿脓杆菌则无效;由于本品对大肠杆菌作用较强,且大部以原形药从肾排出,故对肾盂肾炎及尿路感染疗效好。青霉素G(D错)主要对革兰阳性细菌有效,对大多数革兰阴性杆菌作用较弱。氯霉素(E错)属抑菌性广谱抗生素,是治疗伤寒、副伤寒的首选药,治疗厌氧菌感染的特效药物之一,其次用于敏感微生物所致的各种感染性疾病的治疗。"} {"Question":"鼠咬热螺菌属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"真菌"},{"key":"D","value":"螺形菌"},{"key":"E","value":"放线菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"螺形菌分为:①弧菌,如霍乱弧菌;②螺菌,如鼠咬热螺菌;③螺杆菌,如幽门螺杆菌。掌握“细菌的大小、形态和基本结构”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不属于细菌的代谢产物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热原质"},{"key":"B","value":"毒素"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素、色素"},{"key":"D","value":"抗生素、细菌素"},{"key":"E","value":"纤维素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查细菌的代谢产物。纤维素(E错,为本题的正确答案)是植物细胞壁的主要结构成分,是一种重要的膳食纤维,是自然界中分布最广、含量最多的一种多糖。细菌的代谢产物包括:1.热原质(A对);2.毒素(B对)与侵袭性酶;3.色素;4.抗生素;5.细菌素(D对);6.维生素(C对)。"} {"Question":"细菌的转导和溶原性转换的共同特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不需供体菌"},{"key":"B","value":"不需受体菌"},{"key":"C","value":"需质粒"},{"key":"D","value":"需噬菌体"},{"key":"E","value":"供体菌与受体菌直接接触"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"转导指由噬菌体介导,从供体菌向同种的受体菌转移遗传物质(DNA片段),使受体菌获得新的遗传性状。溶原性转换指温和噬菌体感染细菌(称为溶原菌)后,以前噬菌体形式与溶原菌的染色体整合,导致溶原菌的基因型改变及获得新的遗传特征。掌握“细菌遗传变异的物质基础及机制”知识点。"} {"Question":"有关质粒的叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质粒是双股环状DNA"},{"key":"B","value":"具有自我复制的能力"},{"key":"C","value":"质粒是细菌核质以外的遗传物质"},{"key":"D","value":"质粒是细菌必需结构"},{"key":"E","value":"R质粒含有耐药基因"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"质粒是能够自主复制的细菌染色体以外的双股环状DNA,相当于0.5%~10%染色体,仅含几十个~几百个基因。细菌所携带的重要质粒有F质粒、Vi质粒、Col质粒和R质粒等。质粒可控制细菌某些生物学性状,如R质粒含有耐药基因。掌握“细菌遗传变异的物质基础及机制”知识点。"} {"Question":"细菌的遗传物质不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质粒"},{"key":"B","value":"整合子"},{"key":"C","value":"中介体"},{"key":"D","value":"染色体"},{"key":"E","value":"转座因子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"细菌遗传物质包括细菌核质内染色体、质粒、转位因子(或称转座因子)、整合子及噬菌体基因组等。掌握“细菌遗传变异的物质基础及机制”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下不属于破伤风梭菌形态生物学特性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"革兰氏染色阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"芽胞位于菌体中央"},{"key":"C","value":"有周鞭毛,无荚膜"},{"key":"D","value":"芽胞的抵抗力强"},{"key":"E","value":"对热、干燥和消毒剂均耐受"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"革兰氏染色阳性,有周鞭毛,无荚膜。细菌芽胞位于菌体一端,圆形,较菌体粗,使芽胞菌呈鼓槌状。常用庖肉培养基进行厌氧培养。在血琼脂平板上形成羽毛样菌落,菌落周边有轻度β-溶血。该细菌繁殖体抵抗力与一般细菌相似,其芽胞的抵抗力强,对热、干燥和消毒剂均耐受。掌握“厌氧芽胞梭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"引起牙周脓肿最常见的病原菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲型溶血性链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"类白喉杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"无芽胞厌氧菌"},{"key":"D","value":"绿脓杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"白念珠菌(白假丝酵母菌)"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"口腔感染:无芽胞厌氧菌单一菌或混合感染,是坏死性溃疡性牙龈炎、牙周炎、坏疽性口腔炎等口腔感染的主要病因。掌握“无芽胞厌氧菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"目前已知的最剧烈的毒素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白喉毒素"},{"key":"B","value":"沙门氏菌的肠毒素"},{"key":"C","value":"链球菌溶血素"},{"key":"D","value":"肉毒毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"结核菌素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肉毒毒素主要是神经外毒素,即肉毒毒素,为已知最剧烈的毒素。掌握“无芽胞厌氧菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"可作为水、食物和药品的卫生检测指标,它的存在表明外环境、水和食物被人或动物粪便污染,且污染程度与其数量相关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"痢疾杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"伤寒杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"变形杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"大肠埃希菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"大肠埃希菌为人和动物肠道寄生菌之一,它的存在表明外环境、水和食物被人或动物粪便污染,且污染程度与其数量相关,作为水、食物和药品的卫生检测指标。掌握“肠道杆菌共性及埃希氏菌属”知识点。"} {"Question":"流感病毒中致病力与变异性相比较,最高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲型流感病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"乙型流感病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"丙型流感病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"副流感病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸道合胞病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"甲型流感病毒致病力强,且易变异,是甲型流感的病原体,易引起较大范围人群的甲型流感流行甚至世界大流行。而乙型流感变异性弱,只感染人,丙型流感病毒的抗原性基本稳定,且乙丙二型病毒一般不形成新亚型,且致病力弱。掌握“正、副黏病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"适用于牛奶与酒精消毒的灭菌方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"焚烧法"},{"key":"B","value":"烧灼法"},{"key":"C","value":"巴氏消毒法"},{"key":"D","value":"煮沸法"},{"key":"E","value":"高压蒸汽灭菌法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"巴氏消毒法常用于牛奶与酒精的消毒,方法是加热62℃30分钟或71.1℃15~30秒,不使蛋白质变性,但可杀灭常见致病菌。掌握“消毒与灭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"可杀灭物体上细菌、真菌和病毒、非病原微生物和芽孢(胞)的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消毒"},{"key":"B","value":"灭菌"},{"key":"C","value":"防腐"},{"key":"D","value":"无菌"},{"key":"E","value":"抑菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"灭菌指杀灭物体上所有微生物,包括病原微生物(细菌、真菌和病毒)、非病原微生物和芽孢(胞)的方法。掌握“消毒与灭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"基础培养基的消毒灭菌常用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高压蒸汽灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"紫外线消毒法"},{"key":"C","value":"巴氏消毒法"},{"key":"D","value":"滤过除菌法"},{"key":"E","value":"干烤法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"高压蒸汽灭菌法:常用于培养基、葡萄糖盐水输液、敷料及各种耐高温耐湿物品的灭菌。掌握“消毒与灭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"焚烧炉内焚烧废弃物或尸体,此种方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"焚烧法"},{"key":"B","value":"烧灼法"},{"key":"C","value":"巴氏消毒法"},{"key":"D","value":"煮沸法"},{"key":"E","value":"高压蒸汽灭菌法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"焚烧法:是一种较彻底的灭菌方法,在焚烧炉内焚烧尸体及废弃物,可杀灭细菌芽孢(胞)。掌握“消毒与灭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"乙醇用于皮肤消毒及体温计浸泡消毒的适宜浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.25"},{"key":"B","value":"0.5"},{"key":"C","value":"0.75"},{"key":"D","value":"0.95"},{"key":"E","value":"1"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"醇类:70%~75%乙醇或异丙醇,用于皮肤消毒及体温计浸泡消毒。掌握“消毒与灭菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"引起菌群失调症的主要表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正常菌群的遗传性特征发生改变"},{"key":"B","value":"正常菌群的耐药性发生明显改变"},{"key":"C","value":"正常菌群的组成和数量明显改变"},{"key":"D","value":"正常菌群的增殖方式发生明显改变"},{"key":"E","value":"大量使用生物制剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"菌群失调指寄生在正常人体某部位的正常菌群,各菌种之间的比例发生了较大幅度的超出正常范围的改变,多由滥用广谱抗生素引起。由于菌群失调引起的疾病,称为菌群失调症。掌握“细菌的分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于非细胞型微生物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"柯萨奇病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"钩端螺旋体"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎支原体"},{"key":"D","value":"白假丝酵母菌"},{"key":"E","value":"沙眼衣原体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"病毒:病毒是一种体积微小,可以通过滤菌器,结构简单,只含有一种类型的核酸DNA或RNA。必须寄生在活的和敏感的细胞内,以复制的方式进行增殖的非细胞型微生物。掌握“病毒形态、结构、增殖及影响因素”知识点。"} {"Question":"以下病原体中,不含有核酸的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"prion"},{"key":"B","value":"virion"},{"key":"C","value":"viroid"},{"key":"D","value":"virusoid"},{"key":"E","value":"HDV"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"朊粒(prion)是一种疏水性糖蛋白粒子,其主要成分是一种对蛋白酶K有抗性,不溶于去垢剂的羊瘙痒病(scrapie)朊粒蛋白PrPSC,分子量小,内含糖基化磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)成分,但不含核酸。掌握“朊粒”知识点。"} {"Question":"与宫颈癌有密切关系的病毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"狂犬病病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"人乳头瘤病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"人类细小病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"人类免疫缺陷病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"疱疹病毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"人是HPV唯一的自然宿主,是人类肿瘤病毒。其感染可引起乳头状瘤,包括皮肤疣、外生殖器尖锐湿疣等,其中HPV-16、18、31、33等型别,与宫颈癌的发生密切相关。掌握“狂犬病、人乳头瘤病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"狂犬病病毒的内基氏小体最易在哪种组织中检出","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液"},{"key":"B","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"C","value":"外周神经"},{"key":"D","value":"大脑海马回"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴结"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人被动物咬伤或抓伤后,病毒可通过伤口进入体内,先在肌肉组织内复制增殖并感染肌神经,不经血行,而是沿神经轴索上行扩散至脊髓、大脑等致细胞损伤,在大脑海马回的椎体细胞质内可见圆形或椭圆形的嗜酸性包涵体即内基氏(Negri)小体,此为诊断动物狂犬病的指征。掌握“狂犬病、人乳头瘤病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"某患者,突然出现高热,乏力,伴有腓肠肌疼痛,眼结膜出血以及淋巴结肿大。印象诊断是钩体病。该病原体的主要传染源和储存宿主是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠和犬"},{"key":"B","value":"猪和犬"},{"key":"C","value":"鼠和猪"},{"key":"D","value":"牛和马"},{"key":"E","value":"羊和牛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"钩端螺旋体所致的钩体病为典型的人兽共患病。鼠类和猪、牛为主要传染源和储存宿主,其带菌率很高,且排菌期长。掌握“概述及梅毒螺旋体”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列关于内源性感染的论述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期滥用广谱抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肝炎等晚期患者"},{"key":"C","value":"常发生在应用大剂量免疫抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"来自于患者自身的机会致病微生物"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"内源性感染:感染来自于患者自身的机会致病微生物,常常发生在应用大剂量免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤化疗药物及放射治疗的患者,长期滥用广谱抗生素以及AIDS、肿瘤和慢性肝炎等晚期患者。掌握“医院感染及细菌的致病性”知识点。"} {"Question":"与消化性溃疡关系密切的细菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空肠弯曲菌"},{"key":"B","value":"幽门螺杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"D","value":"结核分枝杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"变形杆菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"幽门螺杆菌是螺杆菌属的代表菌种,其与胃窦炎、十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡、胃腺癌和胃黏膜相关B细胞淋巴瘤的发生关系密切。空肠弯曲杆菌可导致散发性细菌性胃肠炎。伤寒沙门菌可引起肠热症、食物中毒、败血症。结核分枝杆菌可以导致肺结核病。变形杆菌可以促进肾结石和膀胱结石的形成,也可以引起脑膜炎、腹膜炎、败血症和食物中毒等。掌握“流感、百日咳及幽门螺杆菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列描述的微生物中,不是所有微生物共同特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"形体微小"},{"key":"B","value":"分布广泛"},{"key":"C","value":"数量繁多"},{"key":"D","value":"可无致病性"},{"key":"E","value":"只能在活细胞内生长繁殖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查微生物定义、分类及特点。只能在活细胞内生长繁殖(E错,为本题正确答案)不是所有微生物共同特征。真核细胞型微生物易在体外生长繁殖。微生物是广泛存在于自然界的形体微小(A对)、分布广泛(B对)、数量繁多(C对)、肉眼看不见,需借助于光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍、上千倍甚至数万倍,才能观察到的最低等的微小生物,可无致病性(D对)。"} {"Question":"成年男性患者,被确诊为HIV感染者,消瘦衰竭经常发生肺感染,造成免疫低下机制主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经胶质细胞减少"},{"key":"B","value":"树突状细胞减少"},{"key":"C","value":"吞噬细胞被破坏"},{"key":"D","value":"中和抗体保护作用低"},{"key":"E","value":"CD4+T细胞大量被破坏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"HIV病毒是一种杀细胞性病毒,此病毒主要在CD4+T淋巴细胞内大量增殖并破坏细胞。而CD4+T淋巴细胞是人体中极其重要的免疫细胞,它的破坏逐渐导致免疫功能衰竭。掌握“人类免疫缺陷病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"流行性斑疹伤寒的传播媒介是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蜱"},{"key":"B","value":"人虱"},{"key":"C","value":"吸虫"},{"key":"D","value":"恙螨"},{"key":"E","value":"鼠蚤和鼠虱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"流行性斑疹伤寒传播媒介是人虱。掌握“立克次氏体”知识点。"} {"Question":"关于结核分歧杆菌的生物学性状描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗酸染色阳性,呈红色"},{"key":"B","value":"在罗氏培养基上的菌落粗糙,可呈菜花状"},{"key":"C","value":"生长缓慢,18~24h繁殖一代"},{"key":"D","value":"耐热耐紫外线"},{"key":"E","value":"专性需氧菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查结核分歧杆菌的生物学性状。结核分枝杆菌的脂类含量高,对某些理化因子的抵抗力较强,但是其对湿热、紫外线、乙醇的抵抗力弱(D错,为本题的正确答案)。结核分歧杆菌抗酸染色阳性,呈红色(A对);结核分枝杆菌为专性需氧菌(E对),营养要求高,生长缓慢,约18~24小时繁殖一代(C对),接种后培养3~4周才出现肉眼可见的菌落。在罗氏培养基上的菌落粗糙、干燥、坚硬,表面呈颗粒状、乳酪色或黄色,形似菜花样(B对)。"} {"Question":"轮状病毒引起的急性胃肠炎主要传播途径为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空气传播"},{"key":"B","value":"接触传播"},{"key":"C","value":"粪口传播"},{"key":"D","value":"性传播"},{"key":"E","value":"血液传播"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"轮状病毒引起急性胃肠炎,主要传播途径为粪-口传播。掌握“胃肠道病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于柯萨奇病毒显性感染的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无菌性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"C","value":"手足口病"},{"key":"D","value":"疱疹性咽峡炎"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"柯萨奇病毒显性感染包括无菌性脑膜炎、疱疹性咽峡炎、胸痛、心肌炎、心周炎、手足口病、急性出血性结膜炎等多种疾病。掌握“胃肠道病毒”知识点。"} {"Question":"肺炎链球菌在培养基上自溶形成脐状菌落的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1小时"},{"key":"B","value":"6小时"},{"key":"C","value":"12小时"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时"},{"key":"E","value":"48小时"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺炎链球菌:革兰氏染色为阳性,矛头状成双排列,无鞭毛,不形成芽胞,有些毒株可形成荚膜,在血琼脂培养基平板上形成α-溶血环。此菌可产生自溶酶,培养24小时后菌体自溶形成脐状菌落。自溶酶可被胆汁激活加速细菌溶解。肺炎链球菌可发酵菊糖,故胆汁溶菌试验及菊糖发酵试验可鉴别肺炎链球菌与甲型溶血性链球菌。掌握“链球菌属”知识点。"} {"Question":"淋病的病原菌为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血型链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"梭形杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"淋病双球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"螺旋体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查淋病奈瑟菌。淋病的病原菌为淋病双球菌(D对)。溶血型链球菌(A错)可为某些化脓性感染、猩红热、风湿热和急性肾小球肾炎等的病原体。梭形杆菌(B错)可为口腔感染的病原体。金黄色葡萄球菌(C错)可为某些化脓性感染、烫伤样皮肤综合征、毒性休克综合征等的病原体。螺旋体(E错)是梅毒、雅司病、品他病、莱姆病等的病原体。"} {"Question":"毒性噬菌体的增殖过程顺序正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸附、穿入与脱壳、生物合成、释放"},{"key":"B","value":"释放、吸附、穿入与脱壳、生物合成"},{"key":"C","value":"吸附、生物合成、穿入与脱壳、释放"},{"key":"D","value":"释放、穿入与脱壳、生物合成、吸附"},{"key":"E","value":"吸附、释放、生物合成、穿入与脱壳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"毒性噬菌体在宿主菌体内复制增殖,产生许多子代噬菌体,并最终裂解细菌。因此,毒性噬菌体的增殖方式是复制,其增殖过程经吸附、穿入与脱壳、生物合成和成熟释放四个阶段,构成毒性噬菌体一个复制周期称为溶菌性周期。掌握“噬菌体性状及分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"下列细胞中,不受噬菌体侵袭的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"真菌"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌"},{"key":"D","value":"螺旋体"},{"key":"E","value":"支原体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"噬菌体是侵袭微生物的病毒,只含有一种核酸DNA或RNA,可感染细菌、真菌、螺旋体和支原体等。掌握“噬菌体性状及分类”知识点。"} {"Question":"不能用于检测抗病毒抗体的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ELISA"},{"key":"B","value":"中和试验"},{"key":"C","value":"红细胞凝集试验"},{"key":"D","value":"血凝抑制试验"},{"key":"E","value":"补体结合试验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"常用的血清学方法有传统的中和试验、补体结合试验、血凝抑制试验等方法,和应用免疫学标记技术发展的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、放射免疫试验(RIA)及免疫荧光试验(IF)等特异、灵敏的微量血清学方法。而红细胞凝集试验(血凝试验)可半定量检测病毒颗粒的含量,不能检测出病毒抗体。掌握“病毒感染检查方法及防治原则”知识点。"} {"Question":"属于自然疫源性烈性传染病,又属于人畜共患病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠疫"},{"key":"B","value":"放线菌病"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"麻风病"},{"key":"E","value":"白喉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"鼠疫属于动物源性细菌,为人兽共患疾病的病原菌,其中由鼠疫耶尔森氏菌引起的鼠疫,为自然疫源性的烈性传染病。掌握“动物源性细菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"感染动物后引起母畜流产的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"布鲁氏菌"},{"key":"B","value":"炭疽芽胞杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"鼠疫耶尔森菌"},{"key":"D","value":"钩端螺旋体"},{"key":"E","value":"空肠弯曲菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"孕期动物对布鲁氏菌最易感,感染后常引起流产,但人感染后不引起流产。掌握“动物源性细菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"临床上最常见的人炭疽为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤炭疽"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炭疽"},{"key":"C","value":"肠炭疽"},{"key":"D","value":"炭疽性败血症"},{"key":"E","value":"炭疽性脑膜炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"人类主要通过接触病畜及其皮毛等引起皮肤炭疽;食入未煮熟的病畜肉类,病畜奶或被污染的食物,引起肠炭疽;吸入含有大量炭疽菌芽胞的尘埃,可发生肺炭疽。掌握“动物源性细菌”知识点。"} {"Question":"放线菌引起的化脓性感染其脓液特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黏稠,呈金黄色"},{"key":"B","value":"稀薄,呈血水样"},{"key":"C","value":"稀薄,呈蓝绿色"},{"key":"D","value":"稀薄,呈暗黑色"},{"key":"E","value":"可见到硫磺样颗粒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"放线菌感染表现为慢性脓肿及形成瘘管,向外排出的黄色黏稠的脓液中,肉眼可见的黄色米粒大小颗粒,称作硫黄样颗粒,为放线菌病的指征。掌握“放线菌属”知识点。"} {"Question":"女性病人,28岁。妊娠后期出现进行性背痛,下肢乏力,食欲减退.查体见第7胸椎轻度后突,有叩痛,X线片示第6、7胸椎间隙变窄,椎旁软组织阴影膨隆,血沉60mm\/h。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸椎转移癌"},{"key":"B","value":"胸椎结核"},{"key":"C","value":"胸椎血管瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"化脓性脊椎炎"},{"key":"E","value":"胸椎间盘脱出"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本例患者为妊娠期女性,有进行性背痛,下肢乏力,食欲减退的病史,体格检查发现第7胸椎轻度后突且伴有叩击痛,X线片示第6、7胸椎间隙变窄,椎旁软组织阴影膨隆是椎间隙破坏引起的,血沉加快为炎症表现,最可能的诊断是胸椎结核(B对)。胸椎转移癌(A错)好发于乳腺癌、肺癌等病人,临床表现视原发病灶而定,X线检查胸椎椎间隙一般正常且一般无椎旁软组织肿块影。胸椎血管瘤(C错)是一种良性肿瘤,部分患者因为血管瘤的浸润可有腰痛、活动受限等症状,X线检查胸椎椎间隙正常。化脓性脊椎炎(D错)好发于成人,以腰椎最为多见,起病急,有高热及明显疼痛、进展很快,早期X线检查往往无异常发现,晚期可出现椎体内虫蚀状破坏等征象。胸椎间盘脱出(E错)在临床上较少见,症状与体征不典型,X线检查早期无明显异常,血沉多正常。"} {"Question":"患者,男,65岁。有前列腺增生病史,小便频数不爽,淋沥不尽,伴头晕目眩,腰膝酸软,尿黄而热,舌红少苔,脉细数,治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抵当丸"},{"key":"B","value":"肾气丸"},{"key":"C","value":"知柏地黄汤"},{"key":"D","value":"前列腺汤"},{"key":"E","value":"八正散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者,男,65岁有前列腺增生病史,湿热蕴结膀胱,气化不利,下迫尿道,故见小便频数不爽,淋沥不尽;肾阴不足,头目、腰膝失养故见头晕目眩,腰膝酸软;肾阴不足故见尿黄而热,舌红少苔,脉细数(C对)。伤寒有热,小腹满,小便不利,治法:破血逐瘀,方药:抵当丸(A错)。肾阳不足证,治法:温补肾阳,通窍利尿,方药:肾气丸加减(B错)。痰瘀阻络证,治法:活血化瘀,行气导滞,方药:前列腺汤(D错)。湿热下注证,治法:清热利湿,消癃通闭,方药:八正散加减(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,46岁,慢性乙肝史8年,肝硬化,门脉高压,发生大量呕血,考虑食道胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。首选止血措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三腔二囊管压迫"},{"key":"B","value":"内镜治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"胃管注入冰水"},{"key":"D","value":"胃内注射或口服去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"使用生长抑素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者有慢性乙肝史,肝硬化,门脉高压,发生大量呕血,考虑食道胃底静脉曲张破裂出血首选止血措施为使用生长抑素。生长激素释放抑制激素是适用于急性胃溃疡出血、糜烂和出血性胃炎所致的出血、严重的急性食道静脉曲张出血、胰胆和胃肠娄及急性胰腺炎的治疗以及胰腺术后并发症的预防的一种药物(E对)。三腔二囊管压迫主要用于门静脉高压引起的食管-胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的急救治疗(A错)。内镜治疗常用于切除肿瘤,吸除分泌物,摘除异物,扩张狭窄,注射药物,切除病变器官、组织等(B错)。胃管注入冰水,加肾上腺素,起到收缩血管,止血的作用(C错)。胃内注射或口服去甲肾上腺素一般用于上消化道出血患者的止血治疗(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者女性,23岁,发现颈前区单一肿块3个月,随吞咽上下活动,边界清楚,应首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺腺瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"结节性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺肿"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"甲亢"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题患者女性,23岁,发现颈前区单一肿块3个月,随吞咽上下活动,边界清楚,应首先考虑甲状腺腺瘤(A对)。结节性甲状腺肿早期无明显症状,甲状腺结节状肿大,并且甲状腺功能正常。后期因为甲状腺结节的异质性,临床症状也不一致,取决于结节性甲状腺肿的生长速度和有无甲状腺功能障碍。可有颈部疼痛及肿胀或压迫症状,伴有甲亢症状(B错)。甲状腺肿大 病程早期,甲状腺呈对称、弥漫性肿大,腺体表面光滑,质地柔软,随吞咽上下移动。后期在肿大腺体的一侧或两侧可扪及单个或多个结节,病程较长,发展缓慢。当囊肿样结节并发囊内出血时,可引起结节迅速增大,可伴有疼痛(C错)。甲状腺癌是最常见的甲状腺恶性肿瘤,临床特点是颈前正中或两侧出现质硬、表面高低不平肿块,不随吞咽动作而上下移动(D错)。甲亢有甲状腺弥漫性肿大,可触及震颤,伴有杂音,常有易激动、烦躁、心动过速、乏力、怕热、多汗、体重下降、食欲亢进、大便次数增多或腹泻以及月经稀少等症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项是胃小弯溃疡合并出血的最佳手术方案","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃大部切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"迷走神经干切断术"},{"key":"C","value":"选择性胃迷走神经切断术"},{"key":"D","value":"高选择性迷走神经切断术"},{"key":"E","value":"迷走神经干切断术加胃幽门成形术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胃溃疡合并出血由于其有恶变的可能(5%),发病率较高,所以手术的态度应该更积极些,主要采用胃大部切除术。胃迷走神经切断术适用于治疗单纯性溃疡病,其包括迷走神经干切断术(B错)、选择性胃迷走神经切断术(C错)、高选择性迷走神经切断术(D错);迷走神经干切断术加胃幽门成形术适用于胃十二指肠溃疡大出血且难以承受胃大部切除术者(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,因上消化道出血6小时入院,输血过程中出现寒战、高热(39℃),尿量正常,诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"B","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"C","value":"发热反应"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌污染反应"},{"key":"E","value":"溶血反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本例患者为青年男性,有消化道大出血的病史,输血过程中出现寒战、高热,体温为39℃,尿量正常,诊断为发热反应(C对)。输血并发的过敏反应(A错)临床表现为皮肤局限性或全身性瘙痒或荨麻疹,严重者可出现支气管痉挛、血管神经性水肿、会厌水肿,表现为咳嗽、喘鸣呼吸困难以及腹痛、腹泻等。输血并发的变态反应(B错)是过敏反应的常见类型。输血并发的细菌污染反应(D错)发生率较低,病人的反应程度依细菌污染的种类、毒力大小和输入的数量而异,轻者可仅有发热反应,严重者可出现感染性休克。输血并发的溶血反应(E错)是输血最严重的并发症,患者可立即出现呼吸困难、血压下降、心率加快等休克征象,同时出现血红蛋白尿和溶血性黄疸。"} {"Question":"急性乳腺炎常见的原因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病毒感染"},{"key":"B","value":"内分泌失调"},{"key":"C","value":"不良生活习惯"},{"key":"D","value":"饮食结构不合理"},{"key":"E","value":"乳汁淤积"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性乳腺炎的发病原因主要有乳汁淤积(E对)和细菌入侵两个方面。"} {"Question":"下列关于急性乳腺炎郁乳期治疗的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可行乳房按摩"},{"key":"B","value":"及早切开引流"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素皮试后作肌内注射"},{"key":"D","value":"太乙膏合红灵丹外贴患部"},{"key":"E","value":"取金黄散调成糊状外敷患部"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性乳腺炎,是乳腺的急性化脓性炎症,最常见于哺乳期妇女,尤见于初产妇。急性乳腺炎郁乳期,即急性炎症期,可进行的治疗有乳房按摩(A对),青霉素皮试后作肌内注射(C对),太乙膏合红灵丹外贴患部(D对),取金黄散调成糊状外敷患部(E对)。此期患者尚未化脓,不宜切开(B错,为本题正确答案)"} {"Question":"内痔的主要症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"便秘,疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"便血,有分泌物"},{"key":"C","value":"便血,脱出"},{"key":"D","value":"便血,肛门痒"},{"key":"E","value":"便血,异物感"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"内痔临床以便血,脱出(C对)为主要表现。肛门疼痛,便血,便秘是肛裂的主要表现(A错)。内痔痔核增大,脱出时可有异物感(E错);痔核反复脱出,肛门括约肌松弛,常有分泌物溢于肛门外(B错);分泌物长期刺激肛周皮肤,易发湿疹,瘙痒不适(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列对诊断原发性肝癌最有意义的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"AST"},{"key":"B","value":"γ-GT"},{"key":"C","value":"ALT"},{"key":"D","value":"AFP"},{"key":"E","value":"ALP"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"对诊断原发性肝癌最有意义的是AFP,甲胎蛋白与肝癌及多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,在多种肿瘤中均可表现出较高浓度,可作为多种肿瘤的阳性检测指标。目前临床上主要作为原发性肝癌的血清标志物,用于原发性肝癌的诊断及疗效监测(D对)。AST临床一般常作为心肌梗死和心肌炎的辅助检查(A错)。γ-GT即γ-谷氨酰转肽酶,临床上此酶测定主要用于诊断肝胆疾病,是胆道梗阻和肝炎活动的指标(B错)。ALT谷丙转氨酶是诊断病毒性肝炎、中毒性肝炎的重要指标(C错)。ALP碱性磷酸酶,临床上测定ALP主要用于骨骼、肝胆系统疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断,尤其是黄疸的鉴别诊断。对于不明原因的高ALP血清水平,可测定同工酶以协助明确其器官来源(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,12岁,被暴打达8小时之久,其后突发少尿,神志不清。检查:血中尿素氮50mg\/dl,肌酐5mg\/dl,其肾脏的变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾梗死"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小管坏死"},{"key":"D","value":"快速进行性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾小管坏死临床表现很多的是少尿,血肌酐上涨,可出现因为急性尿毒症所出现的一些并发症,比如因为少尿以后水肿(C对)。肾梗死主要的临床表现为腰痛及胸背痛,可以出现血尿、蛋白尿及乏力、恶心、呕吐等消化道症状,还可出现肝脏转氨酶升高(A错)。肾脓肿是肾实质的化脓性炎症,在肾实质内有脓肿的形成。临床表现如下:1.腰痛患侧腰部呈持续性的胀痛,比较剧烈,2.体格检查时,患侧肾区压痛、叩击痛明显,3.全身炎症反应综合征。比如寒战、高热、纳差、乏力等,严重者可以出现血压下降,心率增快等感染性休克的表现,4.影像学检查,比如彩超、CT等,可以发现肾脏的脓肿病变(B错)。快速进行性肾小球肾炎,又叫做新月体型肾炎,可见于任何年龄,该病可呈急性起病,多数病人在发热或上呼吸道感染后出现急性肾炎综合征,即水肿、尿少、血尿、蛋白尿、高血压等,发病时患者全身症状较重,如疲乏、无力、精神萎靡,体重下降,可伴发热、腹痛。病情发展很快,起病数天内即出现少尿及进行性肾功能衰(D错)。毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎,本质上是急性肾炎,急性肾炎患者大多数是先有一个上呼吸道链球菌感染的病史,有念球菌感染在上呼吸道作为诱因,而引起身体的免疫功能紊乱,紊乱的免疫功能刺激了肾小球的反应造成了患者弥漫性的毛细血管内细胞增生。患者主要的临床症状是血尿,甚至有的患者可以出现肉眼血尿,30%的患者会出现大量的蛋白尿达到肾病综合症的程度。患者还可能会出现尿量减少,有些尿量减少的患者可能会导致急性的肾功能衰竭,大量的水分积聚在体内,可能会引起患者胸闷气短的心衰的症状,引起患者肺水肿的症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"5岁小儿,两下肢不包括臀部烧伤,其烧伤面积为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.34"},{"key":"B","value":"0.46"},{"key":"C","value":"0.41"},{"key":"D","value":"0.39"},{"key":"E","value":"0.48"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"46-(12-5)=39,由于不包括双臀,再减5%,所以为34%(A对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁,反复右上腹阵发性绞痛、痛连右肩背1个月,B超胆囊大小正常,胆汁回声正常,胆总管轻度扩张,下端见直径0.6cm结石一枚,胰腺未见异常。首次治疗可首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"排石疗法"},{"key":"B","value":"溶石疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"碎石疗法"},{"key":"D","value":"取石疗法"},{"key":"E","value":"外科手术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者反复右上腹阵发性绞痛连右肩背,胆总管轻度扩张,见0.6cm结石,诊断为胆结石,首次治疗可选取石疗法(D对E错)。排石疗法主要用于部分胆结石病人的排石治疗,尤其对一些肝外胆管结石(A错)。溶石疗法适应症:①症状轻微的胆固醇结石患者,对胆红素结石患者无效。②患者胆囊造影显影要良好,胆囊不显影者无效。③胆囊结石直径在1~2cm之内,而且应是透光性结石。阻光性的钙化结石,胆管内结石,直径2~3cm的结石以及巨大结石,服用胆石溶解剂无效(B错)。碎石疗法是除无法纠正的出血性疾病及结石远端的腔道梗阻为体外碎石的绝对禁忌症外,其它情况均可在控制范围内进后体外冲击波碎石(C错)。"} {"Question":"局部麻醉药中毒发生中枢兴奋或惊厥时应肌肉注射的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯巴比妥钠"},{"key":"B","value":"硫喷妥钠"},{"key":"C","value":"琥珀酰胆碱"},{"key":"D","value":"维库溴铵"},{"key":"E","value":"阿曲库铵"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"巴比妥类药为术前用药催眠药,这类药有镇静、催眠、抗惊厥的作用。常用于预防局麻药的毒性反应,所以局部麻醉药中毒发生中枢兴奋或惊厥时应肌肉注射苯巴比妥钠(A对)。硫喷妥钠并发症有喉痉挛:用面罩加压吸氧,必要时行环甲膜穿刺吸氧,严重时可静注琥珀酰胆碱50~100mg后施行气管内插管(B错)。琥珀酰胆碱能与骨骼肌N2胆碱受体结合,产生去极化状态,使骨骼肌松弛。主要用于全麻手术时气管插管、骨折脱臼整复、破伤风等惊厥性疾病引起的肌肉痉挛(C错)。维库溴铵为麻醉药(骨骼肌松弛药),临床上主要与全麻药合用,适用于各种手术,也可用于全麻时气管内插管(D错)。阿曲库铵大剂量,尤其是快速给药,可诱发组胺释放而引起低血压、皮肤潮红、支气管痉挛(E错)。"} {"Question":"皮肤病大片潮红而无渗液者,外治应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金黄散"},{"key":"B","value":"玉露散"},{"key":"C","value":"桃花散"},{"key":"D","value":"三石散"},{"key":"E","value":"青黛散"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青黛散由青黛、黄柏、滑石、石膏组成。属于清热收涩药,具有清热收涩止痒的功效,适用于一切皮肤病急性或亚急性皮炎而无渗液,大片潮红者(E对)。金黄散(A错)、玉露散(B错)具有箍集围聚、收束疮毒的功效,可用于红肿热痛明显的阳证疮疡。桃花散(C错)具有收涩凝血的作用,适用于溃疡出血、创伤出血证。三石散(D错)具有清热止痒,收涩生肌的功效,适用于一切皮肤病急性或亚急性皮炎而渗夜不多,无红热者。"} {"Question":"疮口呈空腔或伴瘘管,脓水稀薄,夹有败絮样物,见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瘰疬溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"岩性溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"附骨疽溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"褥疮溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"梅毒溃疡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"瘰疬溃疡:脓水清稀,夹有败絮样物,创口呈潜行性空腔,创面肉色灰白,四周皮肤紫暗,可形成窦道(A对)。岩性溃疡(B错)疮面多呈翻花样,状如岩穴,有的在溃疡底部见有珍珠样结节,内有紫黑色坏死组织,渗流血水,伴腥臭味;附骨疽溃疡(C错)脓出稠厚,渐转稀薄,淋漓不尽,不易收口而形成窦道;压迫性溃疡(缺血性溃疡)初期皮肤暗紫,很快变黑并坏死,出现滋水、液化、腐烂,脓液有臭味,可深及筋膜、肌肉、骨膜,多见于褥疮(D错);梅毒性溃疡(E错)疮面多呈半月形,边缘整齐,坚硬削直如凿,略微内凹,基底面高低不平,存有稀薄臭秽分泌物。"} {"Question":"下列各项,适用“补托法”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外疡中期,正虚毒盛"},{"key":"B","value":"初期肿疡"},{"key":"C","value":"溃疡后期,疮口难敛"},{"key":"D","value":"肿疡疮形已成"},{"key":"E","value":"蜂窝织炎破溃"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"托法是用补益气血和透脓的药物,扶助正气,托毒外出,以免毒邪扩散和内陷的治疗法则。托法适用于外疡中期即成脓期,此时热盛肉腐成脓,由于一时疮口不能溃破,或机体正气虚弱无力托毒外出,均会导致脓毒滞留。治疗上应根据病人体质强弱和邪毒盛衰状况,分为补托和透托两种方法(补托法用于正虚毒盛,正气不能托毒外达,疮形平塌、根脚散漫不收、难溃难腐的虚证(A对)。"} {"Question":"适用于一切溃疡或烧伤,腐肉未脱,新肉未生之时的外治首选方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金黄油膏"},{"key":"B","value":"冲和油膏"},{"key":"C","value":"生肌玉红膏"},{"key":"D","value":"回阳玉龙膏"},{"key":"E","value":"青黛散油膏"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"生肌玉红膏功能活血祛腐、解毒止痛、润肤生肌收口,适用于一切溃疡腐肉未脱、新肉未生之时,或日久不能收口者(C对)。金黄膏长于除湿化痰,对肿而有结块,尤其是急性炎症控制后形成的慢性迁延性炎症更为适宜(A错)。冲和膏有活血止痛、疏风祛寒、消肿软坚的作用,适用于半阴半阳证(B错)。回阳玉龙膏有温经散寒、活血化瘀的作用,适用于阴证(D错)。青黛散油膏功能收湿止痒、清热解毒,适用于蛇串疮及急、慢性湿疮等皮肤掀红痒痛、渗液不多者,亦可用于痄腮以及对各种油膏过敏者(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,宜采用透托法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性脓肿,毒盛正气不衰"},{"key":"B","value":"肿疡已成,正气已虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肿疡初起"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡脓出不畅"},{"key":"E","value":"溃疡后期,疮口不敛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"透托法用于肿疡已成,毒盛正气不虚(A错),肿疡尚未溃破或溃破后脓出不畅(D对),多用于实证,方如透脓散。补托法用于正虚毒盛(B错),正气不能托毒外达,疮形平塌、根脚散漫不收、难溃难腐的虚证。消法是一切肿疡初起(C错)的治法总则。补法适用于溃疡后期,此期毒势已去,精神衰疲,血气虚弱,疮口难敛(E错)。"} {"Question":"嵌顿性疝与绞窄性疝的区别是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疝囊有无压痛"},{"key":"B","value":"疝内容物能不能回纳"},{"key":"C","value":"疝内容物有无血运障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"是否有休克"},{"key":"E","value":"是否有机械性肠梗阻的表现"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"嵌顿性疝发展到肠壁动脉血流障碍阶段,即为绞窄性疝,所以嵌顿性疝与绞窄性疝的区别是疝内容物有无血运障碍(C对)。"} {"Question":"老年男性,腹股沟内侧半球形肿块,压住内环仍可突出,可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹股沟斜疝"},{"key":"B","value":"腹股沟直疝"},{"key":"C","value":"股疝"},{"key":"D","value":"睾丸鞘膜积液"},{"key":"E","value":"隐睾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹股沟直疝多见于老年体弱者,经腹股沟三角(其外侧边是腹壁细动脉,内侧边为腹直肌外侧缘,底边为腹股沟韧带)直接由后向前突出,不进入阴囊。多呈半球形,基底部宽,回纳疝块后压住内环疝块仍突出(B对)。腹股沟斜疝(A错)多见儿童及青壮年,经腹股沟管突出,由外上向内下前斜行进入阴囊,回纳疝块后压住内环疝块不再突出。股疝(C错)多发于中年以上妇女,最易嵌顿,经股管向卵圆窝突出的疝。睾丸鞘膜积液主要表现为阴囊内逐渐增大肿物,一般无痛,有下坠感(D错)。隐睾主要表现为患侧阴囊扁平,单侧者左、右侧阴囊不对称,双侧隐睾阴囊空虚、瘪陷(E错)。"} {"Question":"典型的腹外疝不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疝环"},{"key":"B","value":"疝囊"},{"key":"C","value":"疝内容物"},{"key":"D","value":"疝外被盖"},{"key":"E","value":"疝外壁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"典型的腹外疝由疝环(A对)、疝囊(B对)、疝内容物(C对)和疝外被盖组成(D对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者男性,78岁,双侧腹股沟部出现圆形肿物,不降入阴囊,平卧时可消失,应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹股沟直疝"},{"key":"B","value":"腹股沟斜疝"},{"key":"C","value":"股疝"},{"key":"D","value":"难复性疝"},{"key":"E","value":"嵌顿疝"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹股沟直疝常见于年老体弱者。表现为患者直立时,在腹股沟内侧端,耻骨结节上外方出现一半球形肿块,肿块较软,可无任何症状。直疝囊颈宽大,平卧后疝内容物常自行复位,站立时鼓出,鸽蛋大小。直疝绝不进入阴囊,极少发生嵌顿(A对)。腹股沟斜疝多见于儿童和青中年男性,包括易复性斜疝、难复性斜疝、嵌顿性斜疝、绞窄性斜疝,其中易复性疝为腹股沟区出现可复性肿块,站立或负重时出现,平卧休息或用手推送,肿块可回纳腹腔,如肿块不断增大则可进入阴囊或者大阴唇(B错)。股疝常在腹股沟韧带下方卵圆窝处出现一半球形肿块,一般约核桃大小,除部分病人在久站或咳嗽时感到患处胀痛外,无明显其他症状,尤其肥胖病人易被忽视(C错)。难复性斜疝除坠胀感、牵引痛稍重外,其主要表现为包块不能完全回纳,尚有消化不良和便秘等症状。滑动性斜疝也属难复性疝,多见于青壮年男性,右多于左,其比例约为6:1。虽不多见,但滑入疝囊内的盲肠或乙状结肠在疝手术时容易误当疝囊切开,应予注意(D错)。嵌顿性斜疝发生在高强度劳动或剧烈咳嗽及严重便秘等腹内压骤增时,主要表现为包块突然增大,伴有明显疼痛,包块变硬无弹性,触痛明显,不能回纳;如疝内容物为肠管,可出现腹部绞痛、恶心、呕吐、便秘、腹胀等急性肠梗阻或绞窄性肠梗阻症状;若疝内容物为大网膜,局部触痛常较轻(E错)。"} {"Question":"中年女性,腹股沟韧带内侧的下外方突然出现包块,疼痛不能回纳,可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹股沟斜疝"},{"key":"B","value":"腹股沟直疝"},{"key":"C","value":"股疝"},{"key":"D","value":"睾丸鞘膜积液"},{"key":"E","value":"隐睾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"疝囊通过股环,经股管向卵圆窝突出的疝,称股疝。股管是腹股沟韧带下内侧一个漏斗形的间隙,长约1~1.5cm,直径约1.5cm,有上、下口,上口为股环,有腹环隔膜覆盖,下口为卵圆窝,卵圆窝是股部阔筋膜上的一个薄弱部分,女性骨盆宽广,股管上口宽松,加上妊娠等因素,中年以上妇女易发生股疝(C对)。腹股沟斜疝(A错)多见儿童及青壮年,经腹股沟突出,由外上向内下前斜行进入阴囊,回纳疝块后压住内环疝块不再突出。腹股沟直疝(B错)多见于老年体弱者,经腹股沟三角直接由后向前突出,不进入阴囊,多呈半球形,基底部宽,回纳疝块后压住内环疝块仍突出。睾丸鞘膜积液主要表现为阴囊内逐渐增大肿物,一般无痛,有下坠感(D错)。隐睾主要表现为患侧阴囊扁平,单侧者左、右侧阴囊不对称,双侧隐睾阴囊空虚、瘪陷(E错)。"} {"Question":"感染性休克首先考虑的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉输注血管收缩药物"},{"key":"B","value":"补充血容量,同时立即剖腹探查"},{"key":"C","value":"迅速补充血容量,同时大剂量应用抗生素"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉输注糖皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"滴注利尿剂改善肾功能"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"感染性休克首先考虑的治疗措施是迅速补充血容量,同时大剂量应用抗生素(C对B错)。心血管活性药物的应用:经补充血容量、纠正酸中毒等治疗而休克未见好转时,则应使用血管扩张药物治疗。有时还可联合应用以α受体兴奋为主,兼有轻度兴奋β受体的血管收缩剂(A错)和兼有兴奋β受体作用的α受体阻滞剂,以抵消血管收缩作用,并保持和增强β受体兴奋作用,而又不至于造成心率增快,例如山莨菪碱、多巴胺等或者联合应用间羟胺、去甲肾上腺素,或去甲肾上腺素和酚妥拉明等联合应用。皮质激素治疗糖皮质激素能抑制多种炎症介质的释放和稳定溶酶体膜,缓解SIRS,但仅限于早期、大量使用(D错),可达正常用量的10~20倍,一般不宜超过48小时。否则有发生应急性胃黏膜损伤和免疫抑制等严重并发症的危险。一般后期肾脏功能损伤才用滴注利尿剂改善肾功能(E错)。"} {"Question":"休克抑制期的病理生理改变主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微动脉及毛细血管前括约肌舒张,毛细血管后的小静脉处在收缩期"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞内的溶酶体膜破裂,造成细胞自溶"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺髓质和交感神经节后纤维释放大量儿茶酚胺"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞能量来源主要是糖酵解"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管内有微细血栓形成"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"休克的病理变化主要为微循环收缩期、微循环扩张期、微循环衰竭期。微循环扩张期:由于组织细胞缺氧,乳酸增多,微动脉和毛细血管前括约肌麻痹扩张,而小静脉仍处收缩状态(A对),真毛细血管网瘀血,静脉压增高,血浆外渗、血液浓缩、血流缓慢,此时休克加重进入抑制期。微循环收缩期:由于有效循环血量急剧减少,兴奋交感-肾上腺髓质系统,释放大量儿茶酚胺(C错),外周血管包括微动脉和毛细血管前括约肌强烈收缩,血液经动静脉短路和直接通路回流心脏,代偿性增加生命器官的供血,而真毛细血管网血流大大减少,使全身大多数的组织缺氧,将发生无氧糖酵解(D错)。微循环衰竭期:随着血流缓慢和酸中毒加重,毛细血管内血液黏稠度不断增加,血细胞和血小板凝集,微血栓形成(E错),弥漫性血管内凝血,一方面引起组织细胞缺氧进一步加重,导致细胞内的溶酶体膜破裂,致使多种酸性水解酶溢出,从而造成细胞自溶(B错),组织坏死及器官功能受损。"} {"Question":"患者男性,80岁,出现便血,伴贫血、腹痛、右下腹肿块l个月,无发热,伴明显消瘦,腹胀,应首先考虑诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮脂腺囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"阑尾类癌"},{"key":"C","value":"结肠癌"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肠结核"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题患者80岁,出现便血,伴贫血腹痛右下腹肿块l个月,无发热,伴明显消瘦,腹胀,应首先考虑诊断结肠癌(C对)。慢性阑尾炎大多数患者过去存在急性阑尾炎发作的病史,慢性阑尾炎症状以右下腹疼痛为主,疼痛位置相同,疼痛程度较急性阑尾炎轻,常呈复发性疼痛,迁延不愈可持续数月甚至数年。有部分患者无急性阑尾炎病史,仅是表现为间断的右下腹隐痛或不适。当按压右下腹(阑尾部位)时可有轻到中度压痛,位置局限也较固定;左侧卧位时,医生触摸右下腹可能会触及条索状肿物(A错)。阑尾类癌是发生于阑尾黏膜下的一类肿瘤,好发于女性,发生病因往往考虑与神经内分泌或者环境、遗传,甚至激素都有一定的相关性,病因仍然不是很明确。因发生在阑尾上,所以与阑尾炎临床表现很相似,比如右下腹疼痛、压痛,甚至到后期会出现发烧、右下腹反跳痛,甚至在右下腹能摸到包块。其治疗原则仍然是手术治疗,预后比较好(B错)。溃疡性结肠炎除少数患者起病急骤外,一般起病缓慢,病情轻重不一。症状以腹泻为主,排出含有血、脓和黏液的粪便,常伴有阵发性结肠痉挛性疼痛,并里急后重,排便后可获缓解。轻型患者症状较轻微,每日腹泻不足5次。重型每日腹泻在5次以上,为水泻或血便,腹痛较重,有发热症状,体温可超过38.5℃,脉率大于90次\/分,部分患者有肠道外表现,如结节性红斑、虹膜炎、慢性活动性肝炎及小胆管周围炎等(D错)。肠结核诊断1.肠梗阻 主要发生在增生性肠结核,见于晚期患者;2.肠穿孔 主要为亚急性和慢性穿孔,可在腹腔内形成脓肿,破溃后形成肠瘘,肠出血较少见,偶有急性肠穿孔。可因合并结核性腹膜炎而出现其相关并发症(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,70岁,出现便血,伴贫血,腹痛,右下腹肿块1个月,无发热,伴明显消瘦,腹胀,应首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"B","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性阑尾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"阑尾类癌"},{"key":"E","value":"结肠癌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题患者70岁,出现便血,伴贫血腹痛右下腹肿块1个月,无发热,伴明显消瘦腹胀,应首先考虑结肠癌(E对)。肠结核诊断1.肠梗阻 主要发生在增生性肠结核,见于晚期患者;2.肠穿孔 主要为亚急性和慢性穿孔,可在腹腔内形成脓肿,破溃后形成肠瘘,肠出血较少见,偶有急性肠穿孔。可因合并结核性腹膜炎而出现其相关并发症(A错)。溃疡性结肠炎除少数患者起病急骤外,一般起病缓慢,病情轻重不一。症状以腹泻为主,排出含有血、脓和黏液的粪便,常伴有阵发性结肠痉挛性疼痛,并里急后重,排便后可获缓解。轻型患者症状较轻微,每日腹泻不足5次。重型每日腹泻在5次以上,为水泻或血便,腹痛较重,有发热症状,体温可超过38.5℃,脉率大于90次\/分,部分患者有肠道外表现,如结节性红斑、虹膜炎、慢性活动性肝炎及小胆管周围炎等(B错)。慢性阑尾炎大多数患者过去存在急性阑尾炎发作的病史,慢性阑尾炎症状以右下腹疼痛为主,疼痛位置相同,疼痛程度较急性阑尾炎轻,常呈复发性疼痛,迁延不愈可持续数月甚至数年。有部分患者无急性阑尾炎病史,仅是表现为间断的右下腹隐痛或不适。当按压右下腹(阑尾部位)时可有轻到中度压痛,位置局限也较固定;左侧卧位时,医生触摸右下腹可能会触及条索状肿物(C错)。阑尾类癌是发生于阑尾黏膜下的一类肿瘤,好发于女性,发生病因往往考虑与神经内分泌或者环境、遗传,甚至激素都有一定的相关性,病因仍然不是很明确。因发生在阑尾上,所以与阑尾炎临床表现很相似,比如右下腹疼痛、压痛,甚至到后期会出现发烧、右下腹反跳痛,甚至在右下腹能摸到包块。其治疗原则仍然是手术治疗,预后比较好(D错)。"} {"Question":"直肠癌的最初症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"便血"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛"},{"key":"C","value":"消瘦"},{"key":"D","value":"大便变细或变形"},{"key":"E","value":"排便习惯改变"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"直肠癌的最初症状是排便习惯改变(E对)。癌肿生长到一定程度便会出现其他症状(ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"急性淋巴管炎相当于中医学的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"烂疔"},{"key":"B","value":"疫疔"},{"key":"C","value":"红丝疔"},{"key":"D","value":"蛇头疔"},{"key":"E","value":"蛇眼疔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"浅部急性淋巴管炎中医称为“红丝疔”(C对)。烂疔(A错)是一种发于皮肉之间,易于腐烂,病势凶险的急性传染性疾病。发病者有手足等部位的创伤和泥土脏物等接触史,发病急骤,皮肉腐败,腐烂卸脱,容易合并走黄,危及生命,相当于西医的气性坏疽。疫疔(B错)是皮肤接触疫畜染毒而生的一种急性传染性疾病。脓性指头炎是手指末节掌面皮下组织的化脓性感染,中医称为“蛇头疔”(D错)。疔毒发生于指甲两旁,形如蛇眼者,称“蛇眼疔”相当于西医的甲沟炎(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁。左腋下化脓性淋巴结炎溃破,疮口仍有较多脓腐,治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五五丹"},{"key":"B","value":"三石散"},{"key":"C","value":"九一丹"},{"key":"D","value":"平胬丹"},{"key":"E","value":"白降丹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者疮口有较多脓腐,溃后脓肿切开或刺烙排脓后,可用八二丹(C对)或九一丹提脓祛腐,并用药线引流,脓净后改用生肌散收口,均可以红油膏纱布盖贴。五五丹功效提脓去腐,主治流痰,附骨疽、瘰疬等溃后腐肉难脱,脓水不净者(A错)。九一丹、八二丹、七三丹、五五丹,都是由煅石膏与升丹组成的,只是煅石膏与升丹的剂量比例不同,一般来说,疡症严重时,升丹的配比分量重,随着病情的逐步好转,而渐渐减少方剂中升丹的剂量。三石散收涩生肌作用较好,用于皮肤糜烂、稍有渗液而无红热之时,可直接干扑于皮损处,或先涂上一层油剂后再扑三石散,外加包扎(B错)。疮面胬肉突出者用平胬丹(D错)。疮口太小或成瘘管时,用白降丹、千金散药线腐蚀(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,18岁。右手食指被铁钉刺伤7天,现头晕头痛,张口不利,咀嚼无力。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒血症"},{"key":"B","value":"右食指感染"},{"key":"C","value":"破伤风"},{"key":"D","value":"败血症"},{"key":"E","value":"右食指骨折"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者右手食指被铁钉刺伤7天,现头晕头痛,张口不利,咀嚼无力其诊断是破伤风(C对)。毒血症又称脓毒症,指的是细菌毒素从局部的感染病灶进入到血液循环,是一种全身血流感染性疾病,呈急性发作,表现为寒战、高热、气促等,老年、儿童和免疫力低下的人群是易感人群(A错)。右食指感染一般不会出现头晕头痛,张口不利,咀嚼无力等症状(B错)。败血症的概念指的是一些致病菌或者是一些条件致病菌侵入血液循环,并且在血液中生长繁殖,可以产生毒素,而发生的急性的全身感染(D错)。右食指骨折一般会有疼痛,肿胀,功能障碍,骨擦音等(E错)。"} {"Question":"高血钾症是指,血钾浓度高于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3.5mmol\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"4mmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"4.5mmol\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"5mmol\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"5.5mmol\/L"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血清钾浓度>5.5mmol\/L称高钾血症(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项不支持艾滋病诊断的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口咽念珠菌感染"},{"key":"B","value":"持续发热"},{"key":"C","value":"头痛,进行性痴呆"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤黏膜出血"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性腹泻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"艾滋病艾滋病期的诊断依据:有流行病学史,HIV抗体阳性,加下列诊断条件中的任何一项;或HIV抗体阳性,CD4⁺T淋巴细胞数<200∕mm3:①原因不明的38℃以上持续不规则发热(B对),>1个月。②慢性腹泻(E对)次数多于每日3次,>1个月。③6个月之内体重下降10%以上。④反复发作的口腔白色念珠菌感染(A对)。⑤反复发作的单纯疱疹病毒感染或带状疱疹病毒感染。⑥肺孢子菌肺炎。⑦反复发生的细菌性肺炎。⑧活动性结核或非结核分枝杆菌病。⑨深部真菌感染。⑩中枢神经系统占位性病变,头痛。⑪中青年人出现进行性痴呆(C对)。⑫活动性巨细胞病毒感染。⑬弓形虫病。⑭青霉菌感染。⑮反复发生的败血症。⑯卡波西肉瘤。⑰淋巴瘤。皮肤黏膜出血(D错,为本题正确答案)可由多种原因造成,不支持艾滋病的诊断。"} {"Question":"对于艾滋病抗病毒治疗错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"目前主张联合治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"联合用药治疗能延缓AIDS发病和延长患者的生命"},{"key":"C","value":"代表药物有核苷类反转录酶抑制剂,如奈韦拉平"},{"key":"D","value":"联合治疗的疗程是HIVRNA达到检测水平以下后,继而用两种药物,持续终生治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白酶抑制剂主要包括沙奎那韦、英地那韦、奈非那韦和利托那韦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"目前有四类抗HIV药物,分别为核苷类反转录酶抑制剂,如齐多夫定;非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂,如奈韦拉平,因此,代表药物有核苷类反转录酶抑制剂,如奈韦拉平(C错,为本题正确答案)错误;艾滋病作为一种复杂的慢性传染病,目前尚无理想的治疗方法。其治疗原则强调综合治疗,目前主张联合治疗(A对);高效抗反转录病毒治疗即联合用药可以减少病毒载量,获得免疫功能重建和维持免疫功能,减少药物毒副作用,防止耐药,所以联合用药治疗能延缓AIDS发病和延长患者的生命(B对),提高生活质量;联合治疗的疗程是RNA达到检测水平以下后,继而用两种药物,持续终生治疗(D对),以抑制HIV从潜伏感染的细胞中复制和维持症状的持续缓解;蛋白酶抑制剂:抑制蛋白酶,阻断HIV复制和成熟过程中必须的蛋白质合成。主要药物有沙奎那韦、英地那韦、奈非那韦和利托那韦等(E对)。"} {"Question":"不属于非典型肺炎糖皮质激素的使用指征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严重中毒症状"},{"key":"B","value":"经对症治疗3天以上最高体温仍超过39℃"},{"key":"C","value":"X线胸片显示多发或大片阴影"},{"key":"D","value":"达到急性肺损伤或ARDS诊断标准"},{"key":"E","value":"全身关节肌肉酸痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"糖皮质激素的使用具有以下指征之一者可考虑应用:①有严重的中毒症状(A对),持续高热不退,经对症治疗5日以上最高体温仍超过39℃(B对);②X线胸片显示多发或大片阴影,进展迅速,48小时之内病灶面积增大>50%在正位胸片上占双肺总面积的1\/4以上(C对);③达到急性肺损伤或出现ARDS(D对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"流行性出血热出现全身中毒症状的时期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热期"},{"key":"B","value":"低血压休克期"},{"key":"C","value":"少尿期"},{"key":"D","value":"多尿期"},{"key":"E","value":"恢复期"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"流行性出血热发热期急性起病,畏寒,发热,体温多为39~40℃,以稽留热和弛张热多见。一般持续3~7日,同时可出现中毒症状、毛细血管损害和肾损害。热程越长,病情越重。轻者热退后症状缓解,重者热退后病情反而加重。全身中毒症状为全身酸痛、“三痛”(头痛、腰痛和眼眶痛),嗜睡或失眠、烦躁、谵妄等神经中毒症状,食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、呃逆等胃肠道症状(A对)。流行性出血热低血压休克期一般发生于第4~6病日,迟者8~9病日。多于发热末期、发热同时或热退后出现。本期持续时间短者数小时,长者可达6日以上,一般为1~3日。持续时间的长短与病情轻重和治疗措施是否及时和正确有关。一般血压开始下降时四肢尚温,随着低血压进行性加剧出现面色苍白、四肢厥冷、口唇及肢端紫绀、脉搏细弱、尿量减少等休克表现。过久的组织血流灌注不足,可引起 DIC、脑水肿、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)和急性肾衰竭(B错)。流行性出血热少尿期一般发生于第5~8病日,持续时间短者1日,长者可达十余日,一般2~5日。可与休克期重叠,或由发热期直接进入少尿期。此期主要表现为少尿(24小时尿量少于400mL)或无尿(24小时尿量少于100mL),可引起尿毒症、酸中毒、水和电解质紊乱、高血容量综合征和肺水肿等。表现为烦躁不安或嗜睡、神志恍惚、谵妄甚至昏迷、抽搐等,以及水肿、顽固性呃逆、呕吐、头痛、头晕、呼吸增快、心律失常、血压增高、脉压差增大等症。在治疗过程中若补液过多、则极易诱发心衰、肺水肿及脑水肿等。此期皮肤、内脏出血现象加重。由于抵抗力下降易继发感染,如肺部感染等。少数患者无明显少尿而存在氮质血症,称为无少尿型肾功能(C错)。流行性出血热多尿期一般发生于第9~14病日,持续时间短者1日,长者可达数月之久,一般7~14日。根据尿量和氮质血症的情况可分为以下三期:1.移行期 每日尿量由400mL增至2000mL,但血尿素氮和肌酐等反而升高,症状亦加重。部分患者因并发症死于此期,应注意观察。2.多尿早期 每日尿量超过2000mL,氮质血症无明显改善,症状仍重。3.多尿后期 每日尿量超过3000mL,并逐日增加,可达4000~8000mL,少数可达1500mL以上。此期氮质血症逐渐减轻,精神食欲好转,但若水和电解质补充不足或继发感染,可发生继发性休克,亦可发生低血钾、低血钠等不全,这是肾小球受损而肾小管受损不严重所致。病情轻重与少尿持续时间和氮质血症的程度相平行,若血尿素氮(BUN)每日上升21mmol\/L以上为高分解型肾衰竭,预后较差(D错)。流行性出血热恢复期每日尿量恢复至2000mL以下,症状基本消失,精神食欲基本恢复,体力日渐增加,一般需要1~3个月才能恢复至正常。部分患者仍有乏力、多汗等症状,少数可遗留高血压、肾功能障碍、心肌劳损和垂体功能减退等(E错)。"} {"Question":"狂犬病的特征性病变","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干酪样坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪变"},{"key":"C","value":"内基小体"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒结节"},{"key":"E","value":"网状软化灶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"狂犬病的特征性病变是在镜下发现神经细胞胞浆中具有诊断价值的嗜酸性包涵体,即内基小体(C对)。结核结节和干酪样坏死是结核病的特征性病变(A错)。伤寒结节是伤寒的特征性病变(D错)。"} {"Question":"血白细胞增多,异型淋巴细胞比例常高于10%,多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"B","value":"中毒型菌痢"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性病毒性肝炎"},{"key":"E","value":"流行性出血热"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性出血热实验室检查白细胞总数增高,可见异型淋巴细胞,血小板减少(E对);尿蛋白进行性增加,有膜状物,出现红细胞和管型;血尿素氮增高。伤寒实验室检查细胞计数常为(3~5)×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞减少,嗜酸性粒细胞减少甚至消失;血小板计数可降低,合并DIC或溶血性尿毒综合征时可突然下降(A错)。中毒型菌痢作肛拭子或生理盐水灌肠镜检,可见大量白细胞或脓细胞(B错)。流行性乙型脑炎血象白细胞总数增高,常为(10~20)×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞比例80%上,部分患者血象始终正常(C错)。"} {"Question":"重型病毒性肝炎出血的最主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血小板减少"},{"key":"B","value":"毛细血管脆性增加"},{"key":"C","value":"凝血因子合成减少"},{"key":"D","value":"肝素样物质增多"},{"key":"E","value":"骨髓造血功能受抑制"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"凝血因子中除组织凝血活酶和钙离子外,多数凝血因子或其中间产物是由肝脏合成的。重型病毒性肝炎引起获得性凝血因子异常,凝血因子合成减少(C对),其中较明显的如依赖维生素K凝血因子的含量减少,因子Ⅴ和纤维蛋白原也减少,所以造成出血"} {"Question":"流行性出血热低血压休克期的治疗不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩充血容量"},{"key":"B","value":"纠正酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉滴注血管活性药"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉滴注强心剂"},{"key":"E","value":"利尿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性出血热少尿期的治疗:稳定内环境、促进利尿(E错,为本题正确答案)、导泻疗法、透析疗法、中医辨证疗法。低血压休克期的治疗包括:扩充血容量(A对)、纠正酸中毒(B对)、静脉滴注血管活性药(C对)、静脉滴注强心剂(D对)与糖皮质激素的应用。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属丙型肝炎传播途径的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉注射"},{"key":"B","value":"粪-口"},{"key":"C","value":"输血"},{"key":"D","value":"母婴传播"},{"key":"E","value":"性接触"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"丙型肝炎2.传播途径 类似乙型肝炎,主要通过肠道外途径传播。(1)血液、体液传播 输血及血制品曾是最主要的传播途径,随着筛查方法的改善,此传播方式已得到明显控制。注射、针刺、器官移植、骨髓移植、血液透析等均可传播(AC对)。密切的生活接触、性接触(E对)等亦可能传播。(2)母婴传播(D对)HCV RNA阳性母亲传播给新生儿的概率为4%~7%(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"HIV造成机体免疫功能损害主要侵犯的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD⁴⁺淋巴细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"CD8⁸⁺淋巴细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"B淋巴细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"浆细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"HIV感染人体的靶细胞是CD⁴⁺T淋巴细胞(A对),它通过感染免疫系统的中枢细胞CD⁴⁺淋巴细胞,激发异常的免疫反应,诱导有利于病毒繁殖的细胞因子微环境来扰乱整个免疫系统;CD ⁸⁺T淋巴细胞(B错)及其分泌的抗病毒因子是保护性免疫机制的主要组成部分,能够抑制病毒复制,并且具有对HIV特异的细胞溶解能力,在HIV感染初期具有抗病毒作用,因此受侵害较少;HIV感染后主要损伤人体免疫系统,T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞(C错)均可被累及,以T淋巴细胞受损为主;NK细胞(D错)能杀伤和溶解HIV感染的以及未受感染的细胞,在病毒感染早期的免疫应答中起重要作用;浆细胞(E错)由B细胞分化而来,HIV主要侵犯的是T淋巴细胞而不是B细胞。"} {"Question":"艾滋病常表现为哪些器官的症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺部、胃肠系统、神经系统、皮肤黏膜、眼部"},{"key":"B","value":"肺部、循环系统、神经系统、皮肤黏膜、眼部"},{"key":"C","value":"血管、肾脏、心脏、脑垂体"},{"key":"D","value":"肝、肾、神经、皮肤黏膜"},{"key":"E","value":"全身各脏器"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"艾滋病各系统常见的机会性感染如下(A对BCDE错):①呼吸系统:肺孢子菌肺炎是常见的艾滋病机会性感染和指征性疾病;肺结核常是HW感染者的首发感染;复发性细菌和真菌性肺炎临床表现可见发热、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、乏力等症状。②中枢神经系统:隐球菌脑膜炎亦是艾滋病指征性疾病,临床症状以发热、疲劳不适、头痛为主,结核性脑膜炎、各种病毒性脑膜脑炎和弓形虫脑病,主要表现为神经精神症状和体征。③消化系统:白色念珠菌食管炎表现为咽下困难,吞咽疼痛,胸骨后疼痛或烧灼感,或恶心呕吐,消痩,低热。巨细胞病毒性食管炎主要症状为吞咽疼痛和胸痛,内镜下可见食管黏膜有溃疡形成。巨细胞病毒性肠炎常表现为腹泻,腹痛,体重减轻,食欲下降和发热,肠镜可见肠黏膜弥漫性充血、黏膜下出血和溃疡形成。沙门菌、痢疾杆菌、空肠弯曲菌肠炎多以腹泻,腹痛,发热为主。隐孢子虫性肠炎表现为慢性顽固性腹泻,间歇性水样便,伴低热、上腹疼痛、厌食、腹胀、疲劳等症状。④口腔:常见鹅口疮及舌毛状白斑,亦可见复发性口腔溃疡,牙龈炎等。⑤皮肤:常见带状疱疹、传染性软疣传染性软疣。尖锐湿疣、真菌性皮炎、甲癖亦较常见。⑥眼部:可见巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎、弓形虫性视网膜炎等。"} {"Question":"流行性出血热病毒属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄病毒科"},{"key":"B","value":"棒状病毒科"},{"key":"C","value":"布尼亚病毒科"},{"key":"D","value":"逆转录病毒科"},{"key":"E","value":"副黏液病毒科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾综合征出血热,又称流行性出血热,是由汉坦病毒引起的一种急性自然疫源性疾病,主要传染源是鼠类。汉坦病毒属布尼亚病毒科(C对)。乙型脑炎病毒属虫媒病毒乙组的黄病毒科(A错)。棒状病毒科,又名枝状病毒科,是双链去氧核糖核酸病毒的一种(B错)。HIV属于反转录病毒科人类慢病毒属(D错)。麻疹病毒属于副黏病毒科麻疹病毒(E错)。"} {"Question":"伤寒最具特征性的病变部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干酪样坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪变"},{"key":"C","value":"内基小体"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒结节"},{"key":"E","value":"网状软化灶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"伤寒(typhoid fever)是由伤寒杆菌引起的经消化道传播的急性传染病。临床特征为长程发热、全身中毒症状、相对缓脉、肝脾肿大、玫瑰疹及白细胞减少等。主要并发症为肠出血、肠穿孔。初期相当于病程第1周。病多缓起,体温呈阶梯状上升,于5~7日达39.5℃或以上。伤寒杆菌侵入回肠集合淋巴结的单核吞噬细胞内繁殖形成初发病灶,后引起二次菌血症进一步感染(D对)。"} {"Question":"下列检查,对鉴别慢性菌痢与直肠癌最简便而有意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直肠镜"},{"key":"B","value":"大便潜血"},{"key":"C","value":"X线钡灌肠"},{"key":"D","value":"直肠肛门指诊"},{"key":"E","value":"大便常规"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性菌痢中年以后发病率较高,病情顽固,抗菌剂疗效不佳,全身状况差并且呈进行性。一般来讲,对慢性患者,均应尽早肛检或内窥镜检。直肠癌的最主要和最直接的方法是直肠肛门指诊,通过检查可初步了解癌肿与肛缘的距离、大小、硬度、形态及其与周围组织的关系(D对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关乙脑极期表现的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高热惊厥"},{"key":"B","value":"病理征阳性"},{"key":"C","value":"脑膜刺激征阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"瘫痪多不对称,肢体松弛"},{"key":"E","value":"颅高压表现及呼吸衰竭"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"2.极期 病程第4~10日、在初期症状基础上,出现脑实质受损表现:(1)高热 体温持续上升,达40℃以上,一般持续7~10日,重者可达3周或以上;体温高低和热程长短与病情轻重相关。(2)意识障碍 表现为程度不等的嗜睡、谵妄、定向力障碍或昏迷等;最早可见于病程第1~2日。多见于第3~8日、通常持续1周左右、重者可长达4周以上;昏迷程度的深浅、发生的早晚及持续时间的长短与病情的严重性和预后密切相关。(3)惊厥或抽搐 是病情严重的表现,系高热、脑实质炎症及脑水肿所致,发生率为40%~60%多于病程第2~5日出现,先有面部、眼肌、口唇的小抽搐,随后呈肢体阵挛性抽搐、重者出现全身抽搐,强直性痉挛,历时数分钟至数十分钟不等,并反复发作,均伴有意识障碍。频繁或长时间抽搐可导致紫绀、脑组织缺氧和脑水肿、昏迷程度加深,甚至呼吸暂停(A对)。(4)呼吸衰竭 多见于重症患者,由脑实质炎症、缺氧、脑水肿、颅内高压、脑疝和低钠性脑病等所致。其中以脑实质病变,尤其是延髓呼吸中枢病变为主。主要表现为呼吸节律不规则及幅度不均,如呼吸表浅、双吸气、叹息样呼吸、潮式呼吸、抽泣样呼吸等,最后呼吸停止。有时可出现外周性呼吸衰竭,多由脊髓病变致呼吸肌麻痹所致,表现为呼吸先快后慢,胸式或腹式呼吸减弱,发绀,但呼吸节律规整(E错,为本题正确答案)。(5)脑膜刺激征 表现为颈项强直、克氏征或布氏征阳性,发生率为40%~60%婴幼儿常表现为前囟隆起而脑膜刺激征缺如(C对)。(6)其他 神经系统症状和体征多在病程10日内出现,2周后较少出现新的神经症状和体征。常有浅反射先减弱后消失,膝、跟腱反射等深反射先亢进后消失,锥体束征阳性。昏迷时,除浅反射消失外,可有肢体强直性瘫痪、偏瘫或全瘫(D错),伴肌张力增高,还可伴膀胱或直肠麻痹(大、小便失禁或尿潴留)。此外,根据病变部位不同,可有颅神经损伤或自主神经功能紊乱的表现(B对)。(7)循环衰弱 少见,常与呼吸衰竭同时出现,表现为血压下降、脉搏细速,可伴胃肠道出血。"} {"Question":"以早发现早休息早治疗和少搬动“三早一少”为治疗关键的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性出血热"},{"key":"D","value":"狂犬病"},{"key":"E","value":"伤寒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"流行性出血热的治疗原则是“三早一近”,即早发现、早休息、早治疗和就近治疗(C对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,45岁。因患乳腺癌在3个月前行乳腺癌根治术,术中曾输血800mL,在最近追踪检查过程中发现血清ALT150U\/L,进一步查肝炎病毒感染标志物发现甲肝抗体阳性,抗—HBs阳性,丙肝抗体阳性,丁肝和戊肝抗体均阴性。该病例最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手术后谷丙转氨酶升高"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪肝"},{"key":"C","value":"输血后丙型肝炎"},{"key":"D","value":"转移性肝癌"},{"key":"E","value":"输血后病毒性肝炎,乙丙肝病毒重叠感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者因术中输血后,出现肝功能异常(ALT150U\/L),ALT正常值为0-40U\/L,甲肝抗体阳性提示患者曾感染过甲型肝炎,抗-HBs阳性提示患者对乙型肝炎具有免疫力,而丙肝抗体阳性提示患者输血后感染丙型肝炎,该病例最可能的诊断是输血后丙型肝炎(C对),丙肝抗体是丙型肝炎感染后的标志,非保护性抗体,于HCV感染后4~8周才能在血中检出,在丙型肝炎恢复或治愈后仍持续存在。若为手术后谷丙转氨酶升高(A错)或者脂肪肝(B错),则肝炎病毒感染标志物应正常。转移性肝癌(D错)应有癌症的恶病质表现及上腹部包块、乏力、肝区痛等表现,诊断主要依靠病理检查。抗HBs阳性提示患者对乙型肝炎病毒再感染具有保护作用,丙肝抗体阳性提示患者感染丙型肝炎病毒,而非输血后病毒性肝炎,乙丙肝病毒重叠感染(E错)。"} {"Question":"急性乙型肝炎最早出现异常的血清学标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HBsAg"},{"key":"B","value":"抗-HBs"},{"key":"C","value":"HBeAg"},{"key":"D","value":"抗-HBe"},{"key":"E","value":"抗-HBc"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"HBsAg(A对)是HBV感染的血清学标志,最早感染后1~2周出现;HBsAg能刺激机体产生保护性抗体抗-HBs(B错),HBsAg消失后数天至数月才可检测到抗HBs;HBeAg(C错)在HBV感染后与HBsAg同时或稍后出现;抗HBe(D错)在HBeAg消失后产生;HBcAg存在于HBV颗粒的核心及感染的肝细胞核内,血液中不易检出,但其抗原性强,于感染后早期即可刺激机体产生抗HBc(E错),抗HBcIgG出现较迟,见于急性感染恢复期和慢性感染期。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属医院感染的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无明显潜伏期的感染,在入院48小时后发生的感染"},{"key":"B","value":"本次感染直接与上次住院有关"},{"key":"C","value":"有明确潜伏期的感染,自入院时算起没有超过其平均潜伏期的感染"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿经产道时获得的感染"},{"key":"E","value":"肿瘤患者住院化疗期间出现带状疱疹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"下列情况均可诊断为医院感染:1.患者在入院时无感染,在入院后发生感染,包括在院内感染出院后发病者。2.自人院时起超过平均潜伏期之后发生的感染。3.无潜伏期疾病,入院48小时后发生的感染(A对)。4.本次感染直接与上次住院有关(B对)。5.在原有感染基础上出现其他部位新的感染(除外脓毒血症迁徙灶),或在原感染已知病原体基础上又分离出新的病原体(排除污染和原来的混合感染)的感染。6.新生儿经产道时获得的感染(D对)。7.由于诊疗措施激活的潜在性感染,如疱疹病毒、结核杆菌等的感染(E对)。8.医务人员在医院内获得的感染(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"上述各项,属继发感染的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"初次感染某种病原体"},{"key":"B","value":"在感染某种病原体基础上再次感染同一病原体"},{"key":"C","value":"人体同时感染两种或两种以上的病原体"},{"key":"D","value":"在感染某种病原体基础上又被其他病原体感染"},{"key":"E","value":"原发感染后出现的病原体感染"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在重叠感染中,发生于原发感染后的其他病原体感染称为继发性感染(E对)。人体初次被某种病原体感染称为首发感染(A错)。人体在被某种病原体感染的基础上再次被同一种病原体感染称为重复感染(B错)。人体同时被两种或两种以上的病原体感染称为混合感染(C错)。人体在某种病原体感染的基础上再被另外的病原体感染称为重叠感染(D错)。"} {"Question":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎皮肤严重出血的改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"斑丘疹"},{"key":"B","value":"玫瑰疹"},{"key":"C","value":"搔抓样瘀点"},{"key":"D","value":"红斑疹"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤坏死"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎是由脑膜炎球菌引起的急性化脓性脑膜炎,简称为流脑。其败血症期大多数患者,发病数小时后全身皮肤、黏膜出现瘀点或瘀斑,直径1mm~lcm5严重者瘀点、瘀斑数量迅速增多、扩大,形成大片坏死或血疱,结膜可有充血。而休克型流脑短期内瘀点迅速增多、扩大、融合成片,中央呈紫黑色坏死(E对),且遍及全身。斑丘疹(A错)多见于风疹、猩红热、湿疹及药物疹等。玫瑰疹(B错)为伤寒患者在极期出现典型临床表现,半数患者在病程第7~14天皮肤出现淡红色斑丘瘆,称为玫瑰疹,直径约2~4mm,压之退色,多在10个以下,分批出现,主要分布于胸、腹及肩背部,四肢少见,常于2~4天内变淡、消失。搔抓样瘀点(C错)为流行性出血热的典型皮肤出血改变,表现为腋下、上胸部、颈及肩部等皮肤有散在、簇状或搔抓状、条索样出血点。红斑疹(D错)多见于过敏性湿疹,主要是因为过敏性体质受到过敏源刺激,进而引起皮肤发炎的反应。"} {"Question":"典型流脑脑脊液改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白细胞减少,蛋白正常,糖含量正常"},{"key":"B","value":"白细胞增多,蛋白升高,糖含量明显降低"},{"key":"C","value":"白细胞增多,蛋白升高,糖含量轻度降低"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞减少,蛋白升高,糖含量正常"},{"key":"E","value":"白细胞增多,蛋白降低,糖含量正常"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"脑脊液检查是诊断流脑的重要方法。病初或休克型患者,脑脊液多无改变,应12~24 小时后复查。典型的脑膜炎期,压力增高,外观呈浑浊米汤样甚或脓样;白细胞数明显增高至1000×10⁶\/L以上,以多核细胞为主;糖及氯化物明显减少,蛋白含量升高(B对)。"} {"Question":"患者高热3天,头痛,伴呕吐;检查:颈项强直,克氏征阳性,脑脊液外观混浊,细胞数2000\/μl,以中性粒细胞为主。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"中毒型菌痢"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎主要临床表现是突发高热、剧烈头痛、频繁呕吐,皮肤黏膜瘀点、瘀斑及脑膜刺激征,严重者可有败血症休克和脑实质损害,常可危及生命。部分患者暴发起病,可迅速致死。本病经呼吸道传播,冬春季多见。全球分布,呈散发或流行,儿童发病率高。患者高热,头痛伴呕吐且颈项强直,克氏征阳性,脑脊液外观混浊,可明确诊断为流行性脑脊髓膜炎(B对)。结核性脑膜炎季节性,多有结核病史。起病较缓,病程长,脑膜刺激征明显,脑实质病变表现较轻。脑脊液中氯化物与糖均降低,蛋白质升高较明显,薄膜涂片或培养可检出结核杆菌。X线胸片及眼底检查,可能发现结核灶(A错)。流行性乙型脑炎临床特征为高热、意识障碍、抽搐及病理征阳性等,重症者可发生中枢性呼吸衰竭,病死率高,部分患者遗留不同程度的后遗症(C错)。伤寒以持续高热、全身中毒症状、玫瑰疹、相对缓脉、肝脾肿大和血白细胞减少等临床表现为特征,严重者可出现肠出血或肠穿孔等并发症(D错)。中毒型菌痢在儿童多见,夏秋季节发病,突起高热、反复惊厥、意识障碍、循环衰竭和(或)呼吸衰竭表现者,均应考虑中毒型菌痢(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,3岁,高热、头痛、呕吐,全身皮肤散在瘀点,脑膜刺激征阳性,烦躁不安。实验室检查:血白细胞升高,脑脊液呈化脓性改变。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"中毒性细菌性痢疾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎临床表现为突发高热、剧烈头痛、频繁呕吐、皮肤黏膜瘀点及脑膜刺激征,脑脊液呈化脓性改变。患儿高热、头痛、呕吐,全身皮肤散在瘀点,脑膜刺激征阳性,烦躁不安等症状符合流行性脑脊髓膜炎的临床表现;血白细胞升高,脑脊液呈化脓性改变符合化脓性脑膜炎表现,故最可能的诊断是流行性脑脊髓膜炎(B对)。结核性脑膜炎(A错)常有结核病史,常缓慢起病、低热、头痛、呕吐等,病程长,以脑膜刺激征为主,脑实质损害多在起病两周出现,颈项强直亦明显。脑脊液涂片、培养检出结核杆菌可确诊。流行性乙型脑炎(C错)外周血白细胞增高不显著,脑脊液呈无菌性脑膜炎改变,涂片及培养无细菌生长。伤寒(D错)临床特征为持续性发热、表情淡漠、相对缓脉、玫瑰疹、肝脾肿大及白细胞减少等,本例患者临床表现与之不符,无相对缓脉、玫瑰疹、白细胞计数减少等伤寒的典型表现。中毒性细菌性痢疾(E错)起病急,全身感染中毒症状较重,有高热,腹痛,腹泻,黏液脓血便,伴明显里急后重;腹痛在下腹或左下腹,左下腹明显压痛,粪检有较多白细胞、脓细胞、吞噬细胞,粪便培养可见志贺菌。"} {"Question":"患者,男,20岁。因饮食不洁,突发频繁呕吐,腹痛,腹泻,呈水样便,无粘液及脓血,亦无里急后重,体温升高。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻型细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米巴痢疾"},{"key":"C","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"D","value":"血吸虫病"},{"key":"E","value":"急性胃肠炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"霍乱临床上为无痛性泻吐,以剧烈的腹泻继之以呕吐米泔水样物为特征,大便亦呈米泔水样,本例患者出现霍乱的典型泻吐症状:突发频繁呕吐,腹痛,腹泻,呈水样便,无粘液及脓血,亦无里急后重,体温升高,故应首先考虑的诊断为霍乱(C对),粪便培养霍乱弧菌阳性可确诊。轻型细菌性痢疾(A错)全身毒血症状和肠道症状均较轻,可无发热或仅低热,腹痛轻微,里急后重感不明显,大便每日少于10次,为稀便或稀水便,有黏液但无脓血,病程3~7天,少数亦可转为慢性,易被误诊为肠炎。阿米巴痢疾(B错)起病缓慢,全身症状较轻,无发热或仅有低热,主要表现为腹泻,每日3~10次,呈暗红色果酱样,常不伴有里急后重。血吸虫病(D错)由皮肤接触含尾蚴的疫水而感染,主要病变为肝与结肠中由虫卵引起的肉芽肿,急性期有发热、肝肿大与压痛、腹痛、腹泻、便血等,血中嗜酸性粒细胞显著增多;慢性期以肝脾肿大为主;晚期则以门静脉周围纤维化为主,可发展为肝硬化、巨脾与腹水。急性胃肠炎(E错)以恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等表现为主要特征,胃肠道症状较霍乱轻微。"} {"Question":"霍乱弧菌分群的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鞭毛H抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"菌体O抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"荚膜抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"内毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"肠毒素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"WHO腹泻控制中心根据霍乱弧菌O抗原特异性、生化性状及致病性等差异,将霍乱弧菌分为以下三群:O1群霍乱弧菌、非O1群霍乱弧菌、不典型O1群霍乱弧菌(B对)。"} {"Question":"治疗细菌性痢疾,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"环丙沙星"},{"key":"E","value":"复方新诺明"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"环丙沙星(D对)为合成的第三代喹诺酮类药物,喹诺酮类药物抗菌谱广,杀菌作用较强,口服吸收好,对痢疾杆菌有良好的抗菌效果,为成人菌痢的首选药物。青霉素(A错)属于β⁻内酰胺类抗菌素,其抗菌谱较窄,主要对革兰氏阳性菌有效,常用于治疗肺炎、败血症等。阿奇霉素(B错)为第二代大环内酯类药物,主要用于治疗呼吸道及生殖道感染。氯霉素(C错)属抑菌性广谱抗生素,是治疗伤寒、副伤寒的首选药,为治疗厌氧菌感染的特殊药物之一,其次可用于敏感微生物所致的各种感染性疾病的治疗,由于对造血系统有不良反应严重,现已少用。复方新诺明(E错)为磺胺类抗菌药,对大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌作用明显,常用于敏感菌所致的尿路感染、急性中耳炎、肠道感染,为治疗卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的首选药物。"} {"Question":"确诊流脑的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行季节"},{"key":"B","value":"突然发病高热头痛呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"脑膜刺激征阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤瘀点检菌阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"脑脊液为典型化脓性脑膜炎改变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"皮肤瘀点处的组织液或离心沉淀后的脑脊液做涂片染色,阳性率为 60%-80%。瘀点涂片简便易行,应用抗生素早期亦可获得阳性结果,是流脑早期诊断的重要方法(D对)。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,14岁。高热,头痛,呕吐。检查:脑膜刺激征(+),脑脊液压力高,含大量脓细胞,蛋白增高,涂片查到双球菌。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"C","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"脑肿瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓灰质炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本例患者有高热,头痛,呕吐的临床表现,查体脑膜刺激征(+),提示脑膜病变时脊髓膜受到刺激并影响到脊神经根,脑脊液检查脑脊液压力高,含大量脓细胞,蛋白增高符合化脓性脑膜炎表现,涂片查到双球菌,应首先考虑的是流行性脑脊髓膜炎(A对)。流行性乙型脑炎(B错)外周血白细胞增高不显著,脑脊液呈无菌性脑膜炎改变,涂片及培养无细菌生长。结核性脑膜炎(C错)患者多有肺或其他部位的结核病灶,常缓慢起病、低热、头痛、呕吐等;脑脊液检查压力增高、外观透明或呈毛玻璃样混浊,静置后可形成薄膜,白细胞计数0.05~0.5×10⁹\/L,淋巴细胞占多数,糖及氯化物减少,脑脊液涂片、培养检出结核杆菌可确诊。脑肿瘤(D错)脑脊液检查不会出现脓细胞。脊髓灰质炎(E错)瘫痪前期可出现高热、头痛、嗜睡、烦躁不安等中枢神经系统感染的症状,及颈强直、克氏征和布氏征阳性体征,此期脑脊液外观稍浑浊,压力增高,白细胞数增多,蛋白正常或略高,氯化物多正常,糖正常或偏高;自咽拭子及粪便可分离到病毒有助于确诊。"} {"Question":"流脑皮肤瘀点瘀斑不断增加,考虑D1C,应及早应用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"肝素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎如皮肤瘀斑、瘀点不断增加,且融合成片,并有血小板明显减少者,应及早应用肝素治疗(E对)。流行性脑脊髓膜炎可短期应用肾上腺皮质激素,减轻毒血症,稳定溶酶体,也可解痉,增强心肌收缩力及抑制血小板凝聚,有利于抗休克(D错)。"} {"Question":"流脑暴发型败血症型的发病机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高热,失水性休克"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾上腺皮质功能衰竭所致"},{"key":"C","value":"外毒素引起的多脏器功能衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"内毒素所致的严重微循环障碍,D1C"},{"key":"E","value":"血管内皮损伤血浆外渗所致低血容量休克"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"细菌释放的内毒素是本病致病的重要因素。内毒素引起全身的施瓦茨曼反应,激活补体,血清炎症介质明显增加,产生循环障碍和体克。脑膜炎奈瑟菌内毒素较其他内毒索更易激活激血系统,因此在休克早期便出现弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)及继发性纤溶亢进,进一步加重微循环障碍、出血和休克,最终造成多器官功能衰竭(D对)。"} {"Question":"曾用过抗菌药物疑为伤寒的患者,最有诊断价值的实验室检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪培养"},{"key":"B","value":"血培养"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓培养"},{"key":"D","value":"肥达反应"},{"key":"E","value":"血嗜酸性粒细胞计数"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"伤寒骨髓培养:阳性率较血培养为高,可达90%。阳性率受病程及应用抗菌药的影响小,已开始抗菌治疗者仍可获阳性结果(C对)。"} {"Question":"伤寒患者解除隔离的标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体温下降至正常"},{"key":"B","value":"血嗜酸粒细胞恢复正常"},{"key":"C","value":"临床症状消失后粪便培养连续2次阴性"},{"key":"D","value":"临床症状消失后2周"},{"key":"E","value":"自发病之日起已隔离满2周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"伤寒患者按消化道传染病隔离,症状消失后,每隔5~7日送检粪便培养,连续2次阴性可解除隔离(C对)。发热期患者须卧床休息,退热后1周左右可轻度活动。"} {"Question":"流脑皮肤瘀点瘀斑不断增加,考虑DIC,应及早应用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"肝素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流脑患者高度怀疑有 DIC宜尽早应用肝素(E对),剂量为0.5~1.0mg\/kg,以后可4~6小时重复一次。应用肝素时,应监测凝血时间,维持在正常值的2.5~3倍为宜。多数应用1~2次见效而停用。高凝状态纠正后,应输入新鲜血液、血浆及维生素K,以补充被消耗的凝血因子。一旦高度怀疑流脑,应在30分钟内给予抗菌治疗。尽早、足量应用细菌敏感并能透过血脑屏障的抗菌药物。常选用以下抗菌药物:青霉素(A错)、头孢菌素(C错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,18岁。突然出现无痛性腹泻,米泔水样便,量多,大便频繁,继之出现喷射状呕吐,呕吐物为米泔水样。查体:神志淡漠,声音嘶哑,眼窝深凹,口唇干燥。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"B","value":"急性细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胃肠炎"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"副伤寒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者为无痛性腹泻,米泔水样便,喷射状呕吐,且伴有声音嘶哑,眼窝深凹,口唇干燥等脱水症状,故应首先考虑的是霍乱(A对)。急性细菌性痢疾(B错)好发于夏秋季节,,多表现为发热、腹痛、腹泻、里急后重、排黏液脓血便等,本例患者为无痛性腹泻,且大便性状与之不符,故不考虑急性细菌性痢疾可能。急性胃肠炎(C错)临床表现主要为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、发热等,亦常见于夏秋季,大便每日数次至数十次,轻型腹泻大便为黄色或黄绿色,少量粘液或白色皂块,较重的腹泻可为大量水样便,少量粘液;本例患者为无痛性腹泻,故不考虑该诊断。伤寒(D错)临床表现为持续性发热、表情淡漠、相对缓脉、玫瑰疹、肝脾肿大及白细胞减少等,本例患者临床表现与之不符,无相对缓脉、玫瑰疹、白细胞计数减少等伤寒的典型表现,故不考虑该诊断。副伤寒(E错)的胃肠炎型主要以发热、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等胃肠炎症状为主,本例患者为无痛性腹泻,故不考虑该诊断。"} {"Question":"白细胞计数增高、中性粒细胞增高,临床无明显发热表现,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"B","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"C","value":"风湿"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"E","value":"结肠炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"临床上霍乱(B对)无明显发热表现,其血常规示:白细胞可达10×l0⁹\/L以上,中性粒细胞和单核细胞增多。伤寒(A错)伴有持续高热,发热原因未明,尤以缓慢起病、呈梯形上升并持续1~2周以上者多见,其血常规示:外周血白细胞总数大多为(3~5)×10⁹\/L,伴中性粒细胞减少及嗜酸性粒细胞减少或消失。风湿(C错)的白细胞及其分类多在正常范围。细菌性痢疾(D错)伴有发热,其血常规示:白细胞总数轻至中度增高,以中性粒细胞为主,可达(10~20)×10⁹\/L。结肠炎(E错)多伴有发热,其血常规示:为白细胞总数增加。"} {"Question":"关于霍乱的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"霍乱是由霍乱弧菌引起的烈性肠道传染病"},{"key":"B","value":"泻吐期多数以无痛性急剧腹泻开始,伴有里急后重"},{"key":"C","value":"呕吐常为喷射性"},{"key":"D","value":"脱水及时纠正后,多数症状消失"},{"key":"E","value":"少数患者有反应性发热"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"无痛性腹泻是发病的第一个症状,并不伴有里急后重(B错,为本题正确答案);霍乱是由霍乱弧菌所致的烈性肠道传染病(A对),发病急、传播快,泻吐期先泻后吐,呕吐一般发生在腹泻后,多为喷射状(C对),呕吐物为米泔水样液体;反应恢复期,纠正脱水后,症状逐渐消失(D对),体温、脉搏、血压恢复正常。少数患者可有反应性低热(E对),可能是循环改善后肠内毒素吸收增加所致。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属尿路感染中医证型的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膀胱湿热"},{"key":"B","value":"肝胆郁热"},{"key":"C","value":"脾肾亏虚,湿热屡犯"},{"key":"D","value":"心火亢盛,热移小肠"},{"key":"E","value":"肾阴不足,湿热留恋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心火亢盛,热移小肠为小肠实热证(D错,为本题正确答案)。尿路感染主要与湿热毒邪蕴结膀胱及脏腑功能失调有关,包括膀胱湿热证,肝胆郁热证,脾肾亏虚,湿热屡犯证,肾阴不足,湿热留恋证(ABCE对)。"} {"Question":"患者男,33岁,一周前感冒,继之眼睑浮肿,并延及全身,伴肢节酸楚,发热恶寒,小便少。治疗用方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏凿饮子"},{"key":"B","value":"越婢加术汤"},{"key":"C","value":"实脾饮"},{"key":"D","value":"五苓散"},{"key":"E","value":"猪苓汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者一周前感冒,风邪袭表,肺失宣降,不能通调水道,下疏膀胱,故见水肿,伴肢节酸楚,发热恶寒,小便少;风为阳邪,其性轻扬,风水相搏,推波助澜,故见眼睑浮肿,并延及全身;治疗需散风清热,宣肺行水,方药选用越婢加术汤加减(B对)。疏凿饮子(A错)可以清热利湿,利水消肿,用于治疗湿热内蕴证。实脾饮(C错)可以温运脾阳,利水消肿,用于治疗脾虚湿困证。五苓散(D错)可以利水渗湿,温阳化气,用于治疗伤寒太阳膀胱蓄水证。猪苓汤(E错)可以利水渗湿,清热养阴,治疗水热互结证。"} {"Question":"下列哪项检查容易引起泌尿系感染","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾盂造影"},{"key":"B","value":"导尿"},{"key":"C","value":"核素肾图检查"},{"key":"D","value":"肾穿刺"},{"key":"E","value":"血液透析"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"泌尿道感染,是由各种病原微生物入侵泌尿道引起的尿路感染性疾病,细菌是尿路感染中最多见的病原微生物,导尿操作中容易并发细菌感染(B对)。除此之外泌尿系感染的易感因素包括尿路梗阻、尿路畸形、性别因素、机体抵抗力下降、遗传因素(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"中医学认为,肾病综合征的主要病因病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾肾两虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肝肾阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肺肾气虚"},{"key":"D","value":"心脾两虚"},{"key":"E","value":"气阴两虚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肾病综合征主要表现为肺、脾、肾三脏功能失调,以阴阳气血不足特别是阳气不足为病变之本,以水湿、湿热、风邪、疮毒、淤血等病变为标,为虚实夹杂之证。因外邪而致水肿者,病变部位多责之于肺;因内伤而致水肿或感受外邪久治不愈者多责之于脾肾。早期多实证,日久则虚实夹杂。肾病综合征临床表现为大量蛋白尿,低蛋白血症及水肿,突出表现为水肿。脾肾两虚,致水液代谢功能失调,为肾病综合征的主要病因病机(A对)。肝肾阴虚(B错)、肺肾气虚(C错)、心脾两虚(D错)、气阴两虚(E错)均不是肾病综合征的主要病因病机。"} {"Question":"女性,26岁。产后第3天出现寒战高热,腰痛,尿痛,下腹痛,检查:肾区叩击痛,耻骨上压痛,尿白细胞30个\/高倍视野,尿蛋白(﹢),血白细胞18×10⁹\/L,中性0.86。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"败血症"},{"key":"B","value":"肾结核"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性膀胱炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肾小球炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者出现寒战高热、腰痛、尿痛、下腹痛的症状,检查时肾区叩击痛,耻骨上压痛,均符合急性肾盂肾炎的临床表现;且实验室检查尿白细胞30个\/高倍视野,超出正常值,尿蛋白(﹢),血白细胞18×10⁹\/L(升高)和中性粒细胞0.86(增多),可诊断为急性肾盂肾炎(C对)。败血症的常见临床表现为持续高热、寒战、全身明显中毒症状,危及生命(A错)。肾结核多表现为尿频尿急尿痛等膀胱刺激症状,可有低热等表现(B错)。急性膀胱炎主要表现为尿频尿急尿痛等膀胱刺激征,一般无发热等全身感染症状(D错)。急性肾小球肾炎特点为血尿、蛋白尿、水肿和高血压(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者每逢生气后,即咳逆阵作,痰滞咽喉,咳之不出,胸胁胀痛,咳时面赤,口苦咽干,舌红苔薄黄,脉弦数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二陈汤合柴胡疏肝散"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芩泻白散合黛蛤散"},{"key":"C","value":"桑白皮汤合柴胡疏肝散"},{"key":"D","value":"清金化痰汤合桔梗汤"},{"key":"E","value":"龙胆泻肝汤合黛蛤散"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝气郁结化火,上逆侮肺,肺失肃降,以致每逢生气后,即咳逆阵作;木火刑金,炼液成痰故见痰滞咽喉咳之不出,痰黏或呈絮状,难于咯吐;肝脉布于两胁,上注于肺,肝肺不和,故见胸胁胀痛;肝火上炎故咳时面赤,口苦咽干;舌红苔薄黄,脉弦数,为典型的肝火犯肺,肺气上逆的表现,治疗需清肝泻肺,化痰止咳,方药选用黛蛤散合泻白散加减(B对)。二陈汤合柴胡疏肝散(A错)可以燥湿化痰,舒肝理气,用于治疗气滞痰阻证。桑白皮汤合柴胡疏肝散(C错)可以疏肝理气,清热化痰,用于治疗痰热阻肺证。清金化痰汤合桔梗汤(D错)可以清热肃肺,化痰止咳,用于治疗痰热郁肺证。龙胆泻肝汤合黛蛤散(E错)可以清肝泻火,理气止咳,治疗肝火上炎证。"} {"Question":"区别尿血与血淋的关键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿色的深浅"},{"key":"B","value":"尿中有无红细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"尿时痛与不痛"},{"key":"D","value":"是否伴有全身症状"},{"key":"E","value":"是否伴有水肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"尿血是小便中混有血液或纯血尿的一种病症。随出血量的不同,小便可呈淡红色、鲜红色或酱油色等。主要由于下焦湿热藴结,阴虚火旺,脾肾气虚。血淋系“六淋”之一,属淋证范畴。淋证以尿血或尿中夹血为主要症候者。血淋病位主要在膀胱和肾,且与肝脾亦有关。其主要发病机理为湿热蕴结下焦,导致膀胱气化不利。病久则可由实转虚,而见虚实夹杂证(C对)。尿血和血淋都有小便出血、尿色红赤,甚至溺出纯血等(A错)。尿血和血淋都有小便出血,故尿中均有红细胞(B错)。尿血和血淋都伴有全身症状(D错)。尿血和血淋都不伴有水肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"郁证患者,咽中不适如有物梗阻,咯之不出,咽之不下,胸中窒闷,舌苔白腻,脉弦滑。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞痰郁"},{"key":"B","value":"肝气郁结"},{"key":"C","value":"气郁化火"},{"key":"D","value":"痰浊上扰"},{"key":"E","value":"忧郁伤神"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝郁乘脾,脾运不健,生湿聚痰,痰气郁结于胸膈之上,故咽中不适,如有物梗阻,咯之不出,咽之不下;气失舒展,则胸中窒闷;舌苔白腻,脉弦滑,为肝郁挟痰湿之征,故其证候为气滞痰郁证(A对)。肝气郁结证,其证候为精神抑郁,情绪不宁,善太息,胸胁胀痛,痛无定处,脘闷嗳气,腹胀纳呆,或呕吐,大便失常,女子月事不行,苔薄腻,脉弦(B错)。气郁化火证,其证候为性情急躁易怒,胸闷胁胀,嘈杂吞酸,口苦而干,大便秘结,或头痛、目赤、耳鸣,舌质红,苔黄,脉弦数(C错)。郁证没有痰浊上扰证这一分型(D错)。忧郁伤神证,其证候为精神恍惚,心神不宁,悲忧善哭,时时欠伸,舌质淡,脉弦细(E错)。"} {"Question":"王某,女性,26岁。1个月前出现发热,热势多为低热,头晕眼花,体倦乏力,心悸不宁,面白少华,唇甲色淡,舌质淡,脉细弱。治疗应选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清骨散"},{"key":"B","value":"金匮肾气丸"},{"key":"C","value":"补中益气汤"},{"key":"D","value":"丹栀逍遥散"},{"key":"E","value":"归脾汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者主诉为发热,且热势多为低热,故诊断患者为内伤发热。血本属阴,阴血不足则无以敛阳,因而引起发热。血虚不能上滋头目,外濡肢体,故见头晕眼花,身倦乏力。血不养心则心悸不宁。血虚不能上荣于面及充盈血脉,故致面白少华,唇甲色淡,舌淡,脉细弱,故患者为血虚发热,治以益气养血,代表方为归脾汤加减(E对)。清骨散为阴虚发热的选方(A错)。金匮肾气丸为阳虚发热的代表方剂(B错)。补中益气汤为气虚发热证的主方(C错)。丹栀逍遥散为气郁发热的选方(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者刘某,男性,34岁。水肿反复消长不已,面浮身肿,腰以下肿甚,按之凹陷不起,腰部冷痛酸重,尿量减少,四肢厥冷,怯寒神疲,面色灰滞,甚者心悸胸闷,喘促难卧,腹大胀满,舌质淡胖,苔白,脉沉细。其中医证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾阳虚衰证"},{"key":"B","value":"肾阳衰微证"},{"key":"C","value":"脾肾气虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾阴虚证"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀水互结证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者以水肿为主症,且水肿水肿反复消长不已,面浮身肿,腰以下肿甚,按之凹陷不起,故诊断为水肿阴水证。肾阳虚衰,蒸化无力,水液内停,脾虚水肿,久延不愈,伤及肾阳。腰膝以下,肾气主之,肾气虚衰,阳不化气,水湿下聚,故见腰以下肿甚,按之凹陷不起。水气上凌心肺,故见心悸胸闷,喘促难卧。腰为肾之府,肾虚而水气内盛,故腰部冷痛酸重。肾与膀胱相表里,肾阳不足,膀胱气化不行,故尿量减少。肾阳亏虚,命门火衰,不能温养,故四肢厥冷,怯寒神疲。阳气不能温煦上荣,则纳少、畏寒肢冷、面色灰滞。舌质胖淡,苔白,脉沉细或沉迟无力,均为阳气虚衰,水湿内盛之候,故患者为水肿阴水之肾阳衰微证(B对)。水肿之脾阳虚衰证症状:水肿日久,腰以下为甚,按之凹陷不易恢复,脘腹胀闷,纳呆便溏,面色萎黄,神疲乏力,四肢倦怠,小便短少,舌质淡,苔白腻或白滑,脉沉缓或沉弱(A错)。水肿无脾肾气虚证型(C错)。水肿无肝肾阴虚证型(D错)。水肿之瘀水互结证症状:水肿延久不退,肿势轻重不一,四肢或全身浮肿,以下肢为主,皮肤瘀斑,腰部刺痛,或伴血尿,舌质紫暗或有瘀斑,苔白,脉沉细涩(E错)。"} {"Question":"腰痛辩证,应首先辨别","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴阳的盛衰"},{"key":"B","value":"本虚与标实"},{"key":"C","value":"外感与内伤"},{"key":"D","value":"病邪的轻重"},{"key":"E","value":"部位与范围"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腰痛多由外感,内伤或跌仆闪挫,导致筋脉痹阻,腰府失养所致。所以腰痛的辨证首先要辨别外感与内伤(C对)。虚实兼见者,宜辨主次轻重,标本兼顾。若因感受外邪所致者,治以祛邪通络为主;若由肾虚内伤所致者,治以补肾壮腰为主;外伤所致者,治宜活血化瘀,通络止痛。"} {"Question":"胁痛的辩证,当以何者为主","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚实"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳"},{"key":"C","value":"气血"},{"key":"D","value":"寒热"},{"key":"E","value":"表里"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胁痛的辨证,首辨在气在血,次辨虚实。胀痛多属气郁,且疼痛游走不定,时轻时重,症状轻重与情绪变化有关;刺痛多属血瘀,且痛处固定不移,疼痛持续不已,局部拒按,入夜尤甚。且实证中,气滞、血瘀、湿热为主,三者又以气滞为先,所以首先辨别在气、在血,对辨证有重要意义(C对)。辨属虚属实,为次要的辨证要点(A错)。"} {"Question":"六味地黄汤合黄连阿胶汤适用于甲状腺功能亢进症的哪种证型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肝阴虚"},{"key":"B","value":"心肾阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"心脾两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肝火亢盛"},{"key":"E","value":"痰热瘀阻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"六味地黄丸的功效为滋阴补肾,主治肾阴虚证;黄连阿胶汤功效为滋阴降火安神,用于治疗心肾不足,阴虚火旺较重的心烦失眠,主要滋补心阴,故六味地黄汤合黄连阿胶汤适用于甲状腺功能亢进症的心肾阴虚证(B对)。心肝阴虚证(A错)不属于甲状腺功能亢进症的证型。心脾两虚证(C错)治法为健脾养心,益气养血,方药选归脾汤加减。肝火亢盛证(D错),治疗需要清肝泻火,方药用龙胆泻肝汤加减。痰热瘀阻证(E错)治疗需要清热化痰,活血化瘀,可用海藻玉壶汤加减。"} {"Question":"治疗甲状腺功能亢进症气阴两虚证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"他巴唑与逍遥散合二陈汤"},{"key":"B","value":"他巴唑与天王补心丹"},{"key":"C","value":"碘与知柏地黄丸"},{"key":"D","value":"他巴唑与生脉散"},{"key":"E","value":"碘液与龙胆泻肝汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲状腺功能亢进症气阴两虚证,治宜益气养阴,消瘿散结,首选益气生津,敛阴止汗的生脉散(D对)。逍遥散合二陈汤疏肝理气,化痰散结,为治疗甲状腺功能亢进症气滞痰凝证的代表方(A错)。天王补心丹为甲状腺功能亢进症阴虚火旺证代表方(B错)。知柏地黄丸功用滋阴降火,主治肝肾阴虚,虚火上炎证(C错)。龙胆泻肝汤清肝泻火,为甲状腺功能亢进症肝火旺盛证的代表方(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,50岁。15年前因甲亢行甲状腺次全切除术。近1个月来又感心悸,出汗、消痩,心电图检查提示房颤,心率120次\/分,FT₃升高,T₄升高。应首先考虑的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第二次手术"},{"key":"B","value":"放射性治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"服抗甲状腺药与甲状腺素片"},{"key":"D","value":"服碘溶液"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺素片"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺功能亢进症最好的治疗是放射性治疗(B对),可以有效地破坏甲状腺组织细胞。此法安全简便,费用低廉,效益高,现已是治疗成人甲亢的首选疗法,适应于年龄在25岁以上,甲状腺肿及病情为中等程度的病人。使用抗甲状腺药物治疗效果差或治疗后复发的患者。对抗甲状腺药物过敏者。因为各种原因,不能长期坚持服药者。甲亢手术治疗后复发者。合并心脏病、糖尿病及严重肝、肾功能不全等有手术禁忌证者。甲亢伴有浸润性眼突者(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,52岁。右上腹疼痛2个月,右胁胀满,胁下癥块触痛,烦躁易怒,恶心纳呆,面色微黄不荣,舌暗有瘀斑,苔薄白,脉弦涩。实验室检查:甲胎球蛋白510ng\/mL,B型超声波示右肝叶占位性病变,直径5cm。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热毒伤阴"},{"key":"B","value":"湿热瘀毒"},{"key":"C","value":"气滞血瘀"},{"key":"D","value":"水湿内停"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脾血瘀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者右上腹疼痛2个月,右胁胀满,病为胁痛。肝郁日久,气滞血瘀,痹阻胁络,故胁下癥块触痛,烦躁易怒;肝气横逆,易犯脾胃,故见恶心纳呆;面色微黄不荣,舌暗有瘀斑,苔薄白,脉弦涩均为气滞血瘀之侯。实验室检查:甲胎球蛋白510ng\/mL,B型超声波示右肝叶占位性病变,可诊断为肝癌气滞血瘀证(C对),治法为疏肝理气,活血化瘀。方药选用逍遥散合桃红四物汤加减。热毒伤阴(A错)表现为尿少色赤,恶风发热。湿热瘀毒(B错)表现为胁下结块坚实,痛如锥刺,脘腹胀满,目肤黄染,面色晦暗,肌肤甲错。水湿内停证(D错)表现为皮肤光亮水肿,身体困重。肝脾血瘀(E错)特点为腹部结块,推之不移,脘腹胀闷,纳呆乏力。"} {"Question":"患者,男,45岁。胃脘无节律性胀痛半年,胃脘胀满,时而伴两胁不适,呕吐吞酸,食少纳差,舌淡红苔薄白,脉弦。X线钡餐检查:胃小弯部有充盈缺损。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气血亏虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肝胃不和"},{"key":"C","value":"脾胃虚寒"},{"key":"D","value":"痰食交阻"},{"key":"E","value":"痰瘀内结"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者胃脘无节律性胀痛半年,病为胃痛。肝主疏泄而喜条达,若情志不舒,则肝气郁结不得疏泄,横逆泛胃而胃脘胀满,时而伴两胁不适,呕吐吞酸,食少纳差;病在气分而湿浊不甚,故见舌淡红苔薄白;病在里而属肝主痛,故见脉弦。X线钡餐检查:胃小弯部有充盈缺损。可诊断为慢性胃炎肝胃不和证(B对),治法为疏肝理气,和胃止痛,方药选用柴胡疏肝散加减。气血亏虚(A错)特点为胃脘隐隐作痛,神疲乏力,面色苍白。脾胃虚寒(C错)特点为胃脘隐痛,喜温喜按,食后胀满痞闷,纳呆、便溏,神疲乏力。痰食交阻(D错)特点为脘腹胀满、拒按,恶食,嗳腐吞酸。痰瘀内结(E错)表现为胃脘疼痛如针刺,痛有定处,入夜尤甚,身体困重,纳呆。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。发现胃癌1个月。胃脘嘈杂灼热,食后痛胀,口干咽燥,五心烦热,舌红绛少苔,脉细数,应考虑的治疗方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"海藻玉壶汤"},{"key":"B","value":"柴胡疏肝散"},{"key":"C","value":"理中汤合四君子汤"},{"key":"D","value":"玉女煎"},{"key":"E","value":"开郁二陈汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胃中积热,故见胃脘嘈杂灼热,食后痛胀;灼伤津液则口干咽燥;五心烦热,舌红绛少苔,脉细数,均属于阴虚之候,治法为清热和胃,滋阴润燥,治疗应先考虑的方药是玉女煎加减(D对)。海藻玉壶汤(A错)能化痰软坚,理气散结,用于治疗瘿瘤初起。柴胡疏肝散(B错)能疏肝行气,活血止痛,用于治疗肝胃不和证。理中汤合四君子汤(C错)温中怯寒,补气健脾,用于治疗脾胃虚寒证。开郁二陈汤(E错)可以燥湿健脾,消痰和胃,用于治疗气郁经闭证。"} {"Question":"患者为壮年男性,因胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔合并腹膜炎入院。症见:上腹部持续性剧痛,腹胀,拒按,伴发热恶寒,恶心呕吐,大便干结,小便黄赤,舌红苔黄,脉洪数。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝气郁结"},{"key":"B","value":"脾胃不和"},{"key":"C","value":"气血阻闭"},{"key":"D","value":"胃肠实热"},{"key":"E","value":"热伤气阴"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者上腹部拒按,伴恶心呕吐诊断为胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔合并腹膜炎,发热恶寒,恶心呕吐,大便干结,小便黄赤,舌红苔黄,脉洪数诊断为胃肠实热证(D对)。肝气郁结临床表现多见胁痛,胸闷,脘胀,嗳气,妇女月经不调等症(A错)。脾胃不和表现为脘腹痞胀,或胃脘嘈杂,食少纳呆,或食后腹胀,嗳气肠鸣,大便不调,脉弦(B错)。气血阻闭证表现为大便干结,小便短少,舌苔薄白,脉弦细数(C错)。热伤气阴表现为面色淡白无华或萎黄,口唇、爪甲色淡,头晕目眩,或心悸,失眠,多梦,或手足拘挛麻木,或妇女月经量少色淡,或月经后期,或经闭。舌淡苔白,脉细(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,40岁。慢性肝炎史10余年,胁肋隐痛,悠悠不休,口燥咽干,手足心热,头晕耳鸣,舌红少苔,脉细弱。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逍遥散"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"C","value":"茵陈蒿汤"},{"key":"D","value":"膈下逐瘀汤"},{"key":"E","value":"一贯煎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肝郁日久化热,耗伤肝阴,或久病体虚,精血亏损,不能濡养肝络,故胁肋隐痛,悠悠不休,阴虚易生内热,故口燥咽干,手足心热,精血亏损,不能上荣,故头晕目眩,故该患者为肝肾阴虚证,治法为滋养肝肾,化气利水,方药选用一贯煎合膈下逐瘀汤加减(E对)。逍遥散(A错)可疏肝解郁,补气健脾,用于治疗肝郁脾虚证;龙胆泻肝汤(B错)可以清泻肝胆实火,清利肝经湿热,治疗肝胆实火上炎证,肝经湿热下注证;茵陈蒿汤(C错)可清热去湿,利胆退黄,治疗湿热黄疸;膈下逐瘀汤(D错)可以活血祛瘀,行气止痛,用于治疗膈下血瘀证。"} {"Question":"以上哪项属于H2受体阻滞剂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"6542017U3ZXY2017U3-2"},{"key":"C","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"D","value":"硫糖铝"},{"key":"E","value":"消炎痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"法莫替丁为H2受体拮抗药,可抑制胃酸分泌,用于急性胃黏膜病变、胃泌素瘤、反流性食管炎等(C对);阿托品为抗胆碱药,用于各种内脏绞痛,如胃肠绞痛及膀胱刺激症状(A错);654-2的通用名为山莨菪碱,是一种解痉镇痛药,临床常用于胃肠道的解痉止痛治疗(B错);硫糖铝为细胞保护药,有抑制胃蛋白酶和吸附胆盐的作用,主要用于治疗消化性溃疡和慢性胃炎(D错);消炎痛是非甾体抗炎药,用于各类关节炎、软组织损伤、各种疼痛等(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗胃癌痰湿阻胃证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四君子汤"},{"key":"B","value":"理中汤"},{"key":"C","value":"玉女煎"},{"key":"D","value":"八珍汤"},{"key":"E","value":"开郁二陈汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"胃癌痰湿阻胃证的机理为脾虚失运,痰湿内生,痰湿滞胃,胃失和降,故见脘膈痞闷,胃气上逆则呕吐痰涎,进食发噎不顺,故其治法为燥湿健脾、消痰和胃,方药首选化痰燥湿和胃的开郁二陈汤加减(E对)。四君子汤(A错)合理中汤(B错)加陈皮、半夏可以温中散寒,健脾益气,多用于治疗胃癌脾胃虚寒证;玉女煎(C错)可清热和胃,养阴润燥,多用于治疗胃癌胃热伤阴证;八珍汤(D错)可益气养血,健脾和营,多用于治疗胃癌气血两虚证。"} {"Question":"中医学认为肝硬化之病位主要在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝、胆、脾、胃"},{"key":"B","value":"肝、胆、肺、肾"},{"key":"C","value":"肝、心、脾、肾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝、脾、肾"},{"key":"E","value":"肝、心、脾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中医学认为肝硬化的病位主要在肝、脾、肾三脏(D对),基本病机为肝、脾、肾三脏功能失调,气滞、血瘀、水停腹中。病性多属本虚标实,本虚为肝、脾、肾亏损,标实为气滞、血瘀、水停。"} {"Question":"治疗急性胃炎胃络瘀阻证,首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香苏散合良附丸加减"},{"key":"B","value":"清中汤加减"},{"key":"C","value":"保和丸加减"},{"key":"D","value":"柴胡疏肝散加减"},{"key":"E","value":"失笑散合丹参饮加减"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性胃炎胃络瘀阻治法当以化瘀通络,和胃止痛,方用失笑散合丹参饮加减(E对)。香苏散合良附丸加减治疗寒邪客胃证(A错)。清中汤加减治疗湿热中阻证(B错)。保和丸治疗食积气滞证(C错)。柴胡疏肝散加减治疗肝胃不和证(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者男性,36岁,已诊断消化性溃疡,近期出现脱水,电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱及营养缺乏,应首先考虑的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厌食"},{"key":"B","value":"并发胃炎"},{"key":"C","value":"出血"},{"key":"D","value":"疼痛"},{"key":"E","value":"幽门梗阻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"幽门梗阻是消化性溃疡的四大并发症之一(上消化道出血、穿孔、幽门梗阻、癌变),幽门梗阻引起胃内容物潴留,临床表现为上腹饱胀不适,餐后明显,呕吐胃内容物,量多,呕吐后反感舒服,可引起失水、低氯低钾性碱中毒,营养不良和体重下降(E对)。"} {"Question":"消化性溃疡胃络瘀阻证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝理气,健脾和胃"},{"key":"B","value":"温中散寒,健脾和胃"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾养阴,益胃止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清胃泄热,疏肝理气"},{"key":"E","value":"活血化瘀,通络和胃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"消化性溃疡瘀血停胃证的机理气为胃络气滞、血瘀内停,不通则痛,故治当活血化瘀、理气和胃(E对),代表方为活血化瘀,通络止痛的失笑散合行气活血的丹参饮。疏肝理气,健脾和胃(A错)治疗肝胃不和证,代表方药为柴胡疏肝散加减;温中散寒,健脾和胃(B错)可用来治疗脾胃虚寒证,代表方药为小建中汤加减;健脾养阴,益胃止痛(C错)可用来治疗胃阴不足证,代表方药用益胃汤治疗;清胃泄热,疏肝理气(D错)可用来治疗肝胃郁热证,代表方药用化肝煎合左金丸加减。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁。下痢赤白粘冻2月余,白多赤少,伴腹痛,里急后重,纳食无味,腹胀,头身困重,舌淡苔白腻,脉濡数。粪便镜检:白细胞15~20个\/高倍视野。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芍药汤"},{"key":"B","value":"白头翁汤"},{"key":"C","value":"胃苓汤"},{"key":"D","value":"驻车丸"},{"key":"E","value":"桃花汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"寒湿为阴邪,阴邪留于肠中,则气机阻滞,传导失常,故见下痢赤白粘冻2月余;寒湿伤于气分,故见白多赤少;气机郁滞故见伴腹痛,里急后重;寒湿中阻,运化失常则纳食无味,腹胀;脾主肌肉而健运四旁,寒湿困脾则健运失司,故见头身困重;舌淡苔白腻,脉濡数,皆为寒湿困脾证,治疗需除湿散寒,健脾理中,方药选用胃苓汤加减(C对)。芍药汤(A错)可以清热利湿,凉血止痢,用于治疗湿热内蕴证。白头翁汤(B错)可以清热解毒,行气活血,用于治疗热毒痢疾。驻车丸(D错)可以滋阴养血,清热化湿,用于治疗阴血亏虚证。桃花汤(E错)可以温中涩肠,行气止利,用于治疗虚寒血痢证。"} {"Question":"肝硬化气滞湿阻证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温补脾肾,通阳利水"},{"key":"B","value":"滋养肝肾,育阴利水"},{"key":"C","value":"活血化瘀,利水消肿"},{"key":"D","value":"运脾利湿,行气化水"},{"key":"E","value":"疏肝理气,健脾利湿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"气滞就要理气,湿阻就要祛湿、利湿、化湿这是证型和治法的基本对应。肝硬化气滞湿阻证机理为肝气郁滞,脾不健运,湿阻中焦,浊气充塞故见腹大胀满,按之软而不坚,胁下胀痛,气滞中脘,脾运失职,故见饮食减少,食后胀甚,得嗳气或矢气稍减;气滞湿阻,水道不利,故小便短少,治法当为疏肝理气,健脾利湿(E对),宜选用疏肝理气的柴胡疏肝散合健脾利湿的胃苓汤加减。温补脾肾,通阳利水(A错)是肝硬化脾肾阳虚证的常用治法;滋养肝肾,育阴利水(B错)是肝硬化肝肾阴虚证的常用治法;活血化瘀,利水消肿(C错)是肝硬化肝脾血瘀证的常用治法;运脾利湿,行气化水(D错)是脾滞湿阻证的常用治法。"} {"Question":"治疗肝癌气滞血瘀证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝理气,活血化瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"清热利湿,解毒破结"},{"key":"C","value":"养阴清热,解毒祛瘀"},{"key":"D","value":"理气化痰,消食散结"},{"key":"E","value":"温中散寒,健脾调胃"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝癌气滞血瘀,结为癥块,不通则痛,治宜疏肝理气,活血化瘀,方选逍遥散合桃红四物汤(A对)。清热利湿,解毒破结为治疗肝癌湿热瘀毒证的治法(B错)。养阴清热,解毒祛瘀为肝癌肝肾阴虚证的治法(C错)。理气化痰,消食散结为胃癌痰气交阻证的治法(D错)。温中散寒,健脾调胃为胃癌脾胃虚寒证的治法(E错)。"} {"Question":"金匮肾气丸适用于糖尿病的哪种证型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴虚阳盛"},{"key":"B","value":"气阴两虚"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳欲绝"},{"key":"E","value":"气虚血瘀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"金匮肾气丸加减可以滋阴温阳,补肾固摄,用于治疗糖尿病阴阳两虚证(C对)。阴虚阳盛证(A错)的治法为滋阴补肾,方药用六味地黄丸加减。气阴两虚证(B错)的治疗需益气健脾,生津止渴,方药用七味白术散加减。阴阳欲绝证(D错)不属于糖尿病的基本证型。气虚血瘀证(E错)治疗需益气活血,方药用血府逐瘀汤加减。"} {"Question":"下消的中医治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清胃泻火,养阴增液"},{"key":"B","value":"滋阴固肾"},{"key":"C","value":"清热润肺,生津止渴"},{"key":"D","value":"益气健脾,生津止渴"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴温阳,补肾固摄"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"下消最常见证型为肾阴亏虚,症状:尿频量多,混浊如脂膏,或尿有甜味,腰膝酸软,乏力,头晕耳鸣,口干唇燥,皮肤干燥、瘙痒,舌红少苔,脉细数。其治法为滋阴固肾。方药:六味地黄丸加减(B对)。清胃泻火,养阴增液适用于中消(胃热炽盛证),代表方为玉女煎(A错)。清热润肺,生津止渴适用于上消(肺热伤津证),方是消渴方(C错)。益气健脾,生津止渴适用于下消(气阴两虚证),代表方是七味白术散(D错)。滋阴温阳,补肾固摄亦适用于(阴阳两虚证),代表方是金匮肾气丸(E错)。"} {"Question":"丘脑2017U3ZXY2017U3-内囊出血内侧型最典型的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血行脑脊液"},{"key":"B","value":"神经系统\"三偏征\""},{"key":"C","value":"意识障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"四肢抽搐"},{"key":"E","value":"脑膜刺激征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"神经系统“三偏征”指的身体出现了偏瘫、偏身的感觉障碍、偏盲,是内囊处病变的典型症状。偏瘫,主要指的是大脑病变对侧的肢体出现了瘫痪;偏身的感觉障碍,指的是大脑病灶对侧的肢体感觉减退,有时针刺时会没有痛觉或者是痛觉、触觉等感觉较轻;而偏盲指的是病灶对侧同向出现偏盲状况(B对);血行脑脊液首先要考虑蛛网膜下腔出血,其次还应考虑穿刺损伤局部的血管而引起的出血,这种情况下血性脑脊液的量比较少,可以适当的引流脑脊液,随着脑脊液引流的量的增多,血性脑脊液会逐渐的消失(A错);意识障碍、四肢抽搐、脑膜刺激征均是丘脑-内囊出血的临床症状,但不是其典型临床表现(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁。平素经常头晕目眩,今日情绪激动后,突然半身不遂,神志昏迷,失语,小便失禁,舌红苔黄腻,脉弦数。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中风中经络"},{"key":"B","value":"中风中脏腑"},{"key":"C","value":"脏躁"},{"key":"D","value":"癫痫肝火痰盛证"},{"key":"E","value":"癫痫肝风痰浊证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝阳暴亢,阳升风动,气血上逆,夹痰火上蒙清窍,故平素经常头晕目眩,情绪激动后,突然半身不遂,神志昏迷,失语;风热痰火之邪内闭经络,故见小便失禁,诊断为中风中脏腑闭证(B对)。中风中经络(A错)表现为肌肤不仁,手足麻木,突然口眼歪斜,甚则半身不遂,不会出现神志昏迷。脏躁(C错)表现为精神恍惚,心神不宁,悲忧欠伸。癫痫(D错)(E错)表现为发作时昏仆抽搐,口吐涎沫。"} {"Question":"患者,男,64岁。高血压病史5年,晨起突然口齿不清,口角㖞斜,左侧肢体活动障碍。应首选的检查项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腰穿脑脊液"},{"key":"B","value":"脑血管造影"},{"key":"C","value":"脑电图"},{"key":"D","value":"头部CT"},{"key":"E","value":"脑超声波"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"临床上对于脑血管疾病一般应首选的检查项目是头部CT(D对)或核磁共振,颅脑CT,多数脑梗死病例于发病24小时后逐渐显示与闭塞血管供血区一致的低密度梗死灶,如梗死灶体积较大,则可有占位效应,出血性梗死呈混杂密度。腰穿脑脊液(A错)通常CSF压力、常规及生化检查正常,大面积脑梗死压力可增高,出血性脑梗死CSF可见红细胞。脑血管造影(B错),DSA、CTA、MRA可显示血管狭窄和闭塞的部位,以及动脉炎、动脉瘤和血管畸形等。脑电图(C错)、脑超声波(E错)用于检查癫痫。"} {"Question":"患者,男,43岁。眩晕欲仆,头摇肢颤,头痛项强,手足发麻,舌红苔白,脉弦。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝阳上亢"},{"key":"B","value":"肝阳化风"},{"key":"C","value":"热极生风"},{"key":"D","value":"血虚生风"},{"key":"E","value":"阴虚动风"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾阴不足,脑窍失养,故见眩晕欲仆;邪热炽盛,燔灼肝经,筋脉挛急,故见头摇肢颤,头痛项强,手足发麻;肝阳化风,故见舌红苔白;肝气失疏,脉气紧张故见脉弦。治法:平肝息风,育阴潜阳。方剂:镇肝息风汤加减(B对)。肝阳上亢症见眩晕耳鸣,头目胀痛,面红目赤,急躁易怒,心悸健忘,失眠多梦,腰膝酸软,口苦咽干,舌红,脉细数等。治宜平肝潜阳,滋阴降火(A错)。热极生风症见身热壮盛,头晕胀痛,两目上翻,手足躁扰,瘛疭,颈项强直,或角弓反张,脉弦数。治宜清热凉肝熄风(C错)。血虚生风症见面色苍白或萎黄,肢体麻木,手足徐徐抽动,筋惕肉瞤,口唇指甲淡白,舌淡苔白,脉弦细。治宜滋阴养血,柔肝熄风(D错)。阴虚动风症见肢麻、震颤、筋挛、头昏、目干、颧红、舌赤少苔、脉细数。治宜滋阴熄风(E错)。"} {"Question":"出血性与缺血性脑血管疾病的鉴别,除临床表现外,最有诊断意义的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血常规"},{"key":"B","value":"头颅CT"},{"key":"C","value":"腰穿"},{"key":"D","value":"经颅多谱勒超声"},{"key":"E","value":"脑电图"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"临床上脑梗死主要应与脑出血进行鉴别,脑出血起病更急,常有头痛、呕吐、打哈欠等颅内压增高症及不同程度的意识障碍,血压增高明显,典型者不难鉴别,但大面积梗死与脑出血或轻型脑出血与一般脑梗死临床症状相似,鉴别困难,CT可以发现早期出血灶和液化的的梗死灶,从而进行鉴别,所以头颅CT(B对)是出血性与缺血性脑血管疾病鉴别最有诊断意义的辅助检查。血常规(A错)、腰穿(C错)、经颅多普勒超声(D错)、脑电图(E错)均不是鉴别出血性和缺血性脑血管疾病的最有诊断意义的辅助检查。"} {"Question":"患者食欲和记忆力减退,检查:眼睑苍白,血红细胞白细胞和血小板均减少。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"失血性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"巨幼红细胞性贫血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"再生障碍性贫血(aplasticanemia,AA)简称再障,是由多种病因引起的骨髓造血功能衰竭,出现以全血细胞减少为主要表现的一组综合征。临床表现为较严重的贫血、感染和出血(A对)。缺铁性贫血(irondeficientanemia,IDA)是指缺铁所引起的小细胞低色素性贫血及相关的缺铁异常,是血红蛋白合成异常性贫血的一种。其特点是骨髓、肝、脾等器官组织中缺乏可染色性铁,血清铁浓度、转铁蛋白饱和度和血清铁蛋白降低(B错)。溶血性贫血(hemolyticanemia,HA)是由于红细胞的破坏加速、增多,超过造血补偿能力时所发生的一类贫血(C错)。急性失血后贫血是快速大量出血引起的贫血;慢性失血后贫血是由于长期中度出血所致的小细胞性贫血。如见于慢性胃肠道疾病(例如消化性溃疡或痔疮),泌尿系或妇科的慢性出血(D错)。巨幼红细胞性贫血简称巨幼贫多因缺乏维生素B12或(和)叶酸所致。孕前或孕中缺乏维生素B12或者叶酸可能会患上这种疾病(E错)。"} {"Question":"贫血虫积证,治疗应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香砂六君子汤合当归补血汤"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"C","value":"八珍汤合无比山药丸"},{"key":"D","value":"化虫丸合八珍汤"},{"key":"E","value":"桃红四物汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"贫血虫积证是由于各种寄生虫侵入人体,日久脾胃受损,同时又大量吸收了人体精微,导致生化乏源,引起贫血,治宜补益气血,杀虫消积,方选化虫丸合八珍汤(D对)。香砂六君子汤主治贫血脾胃气虚证,当归补血汤主治贫血血虚发热证(A错)。归脾汤主治心脾气血两虚证,脾不统血证(B错)。劳淋治疗用方无比山药丸(C错)。桃红四物汤治疗血虚兼血瘀证(E错)。"} {"Question":"网织红细胞减少,见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巨幼细胞性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"脾功能亢进性贫血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"再生障碍性贫血是由多种病因引起的骨髓造血功能衰竭,出现以全血细胞减少为主要表现的一种综合征,贫血一般呈正细胞正色素性,网织红细胞明显减少(B对)。巨幼细胞性贫血血象特点是呈大细胞性贫血,网织红细胞可正常(A错)。溶血性贫血是由红细胞的破坏加速,增多,超过造血补偿能力时所发生的一类贫血。溶血性贫血时,骨髓幼红细胞代偿性增生,网织红细胞增多,一般可达5%~20%(C错)。缺铁性贫血轻时可呈正细胞正色素性贫血,典型者呈小细胞低色素性贫血,网织红细胞计数计数大多正常或轻度升高(D错)。脾功能亢进性贫血主要破坏成熟的红细胞、血小板,网织红细胞计数多正常(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者因腹胀、全身疼痛就诊。检查:脾肋缘下6cm,血液白细胞计数160×10⁹\/L,可见各阶段幼稚粒细胞少许。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾功能亢进"},{"key":"B","value":"门脉性肝硬化"},{"key":"C","value":"急性粒细胞白血病"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性粒细胞白血病"},{"key":"E","value":"急性淋巴细胞白血病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本例患者有腹胀、全身疼痛的病史,查体可见脾大,达肋缘下6cm(正常人于肋缘下不能触及脾脏),血常规可见白细胞计数160×10⁹\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹\/L),提示白细胞严重增多,并且可见各阶段幼稚粒细胞少许,诊断首先考虑为慢性粒细胞白血病(D对)。脾功能亢进(A错)患者的主要临床表现为脾大,一种或多种血细胞减少而骨髓造血细胞相应增生,一般不会有白细胞急剧增高的表现。门脉性肝硬化(B错)的主要临床表现为脾大,若合并感染白细胞计数可升高,但一般不会超过100×10⁹\/L。急性粒细胞白血病(C错)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(E错)也可以出现脾大,大多数患者白细胞增多,但一般不会超过100×10⁹\/L,部分患者也可表现为白细胞计数正常或减少。"} {"Question":"先天禀赋不足引起的紫癜,其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热盛迫血"},{"key":"B","value":"气不摄血"},{"key":"C","value":"阴虚火旺"},{"key":"D","value":"邪毒内结"},{"key":"E","value":"寒凝血瘀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"先天禀赋不足,后天调养失宜,肾气不足,累及精髓,脾气虚衰,气血匮乏等导致气不摄血,溢于脉外,发为紫癜(B对)。热毒之邪内伤脏腑,气血阴阳失调,伤及脉络,导致血不循经,溢于脉外,病机属于热盛破血(A错)。久病或热毒之后耗伤阴液,或忧思劳倦,暗耗心血,阴液耗损等的病机为阴虚火旺(C错)。邪毒内结多见于瘰疬,噎膈等(D错)。寒凝血瘀多见于胸痹、腰痛、头痛等(E错)。"} {"Question":"某女,两手指间和掌指关节强直不舒2年,近2周病情加重,关节疼痛,肿大变形,伴活动受限。实验室检查:血沉45mm\/h,类风湿因子(﹢﹢)。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痛风"},{"key":"B","value":"风湿性关节炎"},{"key":"C","value":"类风湿关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"},{"key":"E","value":"骨性关节炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"类风湿性关节炎一般首发部位为近端指尖关节掌指关节、腕,持续或休息后加重的疼痛特点,常见关节变形,对称性多发关节炎,类风湿因子的阳性率为80%,血沉和C反应蛋白在疾病活动期常升高,综合看来该题患者为类风湿性关节炎(C对)。痛风发病急骤,首发部位在第一跖趾关节,且常夜间剧痛,有红肿热痛,一般无关节变形,且血尿酸高于正常值(A错)。风湿性关节炎的典型表现为游走性、多发性大关节炎,以膝、踝、肘、腕、肩等大关节受累为主,局部可出现红、肿、灼热、疼痛和压痛,有时有渗出,但无化脓现象,关节疼痛很少持续一个月以上,通常在2周内消退,缓解后常无明显关节变性,但易反复(B错)。系统性红斑狼疮首发部位为手关节或其他部位,一般无变形,多发于育龄期女性,关节发生骨侵蚀罕见,有特征性的皮疹、口腔溃疡以及肾脏、血液、中枢神经等多系统的损害,抗ds-DNA抗体、抗Sm抗体阳性和高滴度的ANA阳性(D错)。骨关节炎多见于50岁以上者,主要累及膝、髋等负重关节,活动时关节痛加重,可有关节肿胀和积液,骨关节炎患者的ESR多为轻度增快,RF阴性或低滴度阳性(E错)。"} {"Question":"类风湿关节炎湿热痹阻证,治疗宜选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丁氏清络饮"},{"key":"B","value":"桂枝芍药知母汤"},{"key":"C","value":"四妙丸"},{"key":"D","value":"身痛逐瘀汤"},{"key":"E","value":"独活寄生汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"类风湿关节炎湿热痹阻证的病机为湿热之邪壅于经络关节,气血壅滞不通,故治疗当清热、利湿、通络,宜选清热祛湿通络的四妙丸加减(C对)。丁氏清络饮(A错)可清络去暑,用于治疗暑热伤肺轻证。桂枝芍药知母汤(B错)可祛风散寒,清热化湿,用于治疗寒热错杂证。身痛逐瘀汤(D错)可活血化瘀,祛痰通络,用于治疗痰瘀互结证。独活寄生汤(E错)可益肝肾,补气血,祛风湿,通经络,用于治疗肝肾亏虚证证。"} {"Question":"诊断类风湿性关节炎最有意义的实验室指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清抗链球菌溶血素\"O\"阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"抗链激酶阳性"},{"key":"C","value":"抗透明质酸酶阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"血沉加快"},{"key":"E","value":"类风湿因子阳性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"RA诊断标准:类风湿因子阳性(滴度>1:20)。类风湿因子(RF)可分为IgM型、IgG型、IgA型RF,70%者血清检测IgM型RF阳性。RF是RA的非特异性抗体,诊断RA必须与临床表现结合(E对)。风湿热、急性肾小球肾炎、结节性红斑、猩红热、急性扁桃体炎等链球菌溶血素O抗体(ASO)明显升高(A错)。抗链激酶阳性不能诊断类风湿性关节炎(B错)。风湿热患者血清抗透明质酸酶呈阳性反应。其他A组溶血性链球菌感染相关性疾病如急性肾小球肾炎、扁桃腺炎等,血清抗透明质酸酶也可升高。抗透明质酸酶升高为存在链球菌感染的证据,而不是风湿热的直接证明(C错)。类风湿性关节炎的实验室检查:炎性标志物,血沉和C反应蛋白在疾病活动期常升高,并与病情活动度相关,血沉的特异性不如类风湿因子(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗肺炎风热犯肺证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"B","value":"桑菊饮"},{"key":"C","value":"千金苇茎汤"},{"key":"D","value":"竹叶石膏汤"},{"key":"E","value":"泻白散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺炎风热犯肺证,治宜疏风清热,宣肺止咳,首选疏风清热,宣肺止咳的银翘散(A对)。桑菊饮(B错)可疏风清热,宣肺止咳,用于治疗风温初起。千金苇茎汤(C错)可清热解毒,化瘀消痈,用于肺痈的成痈期。竹叶石膏汤(D错)可清热养阴,益气补肺,治疗阴虚肺热证。泻白散(E错)可清泻肺热,治疗肺胃热盛证。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。慢性支气管炎病史5年。近2~3个月咳嗽加重,痰中持续带血,伴胸闷,气急,胸痛。X线检查见肺门阴影增大。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"原发性支气管肺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脓肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者为老年慢性支气管炎患者,往有慢性支气管炎病史。,近两到三个月咳嗽痰中带血,影像学提示肺门阴影增大, 综上所述该病人应考虑为中央型肺癌(B对)。单纯的慢性支气管炎(A错)由于不累及肺血管破裂和不累及胸膜,不会出现痰中带血以及胸痛。肺炎(C错)多有上呼吸道感染的前驱症状,主要表现为发热、咳嗽等,且病程较短。肺结核患者有较密切的结核病接触史,起病可急可缓,多为低热(午后为著)、盗汗、乏力、纳差、消瘦、女性月经失调等;呼吸道症状有咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、胸痛、不同程度胸闷或呼吸困难(D错)。肺脓肿(E错)临床特征为高热、咳嗽、咳大量脓臭痰。X线胸片可见一个或多发的含气液平的空洞。"} {"Question":"治疗慢性肺源性心脏病痰浊壅肺证的代表方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"越婢加半夏汤"},{"key":"B","value":"涤痰汤"},{"key":"C","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"D","value":"苏子降气汤"},{"key":"E","value":"补肺汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性肺源性心脏病痰浊壅肺证的病机为素体中阳不足,津液不布,痰湿内生,痰浊壅肺,肺失宣降,故当治以健脾益肺,化痰降气,方药选用化痰降气的苏子降气汤加减(D对)。越婢加半夏汤(A错)的功效可清肺化痰,降逆平喘,用于治疗痰热郁肺证。涤痰汤(B错)可涤痰开窍,熄风止痉,用于治疗痰蒙神窍证。真武汤(C错)可温肾健脾,化饮利水,用于治疗阳虚水泛证。补肺汤(E错)可补肺纳肾,降气平喘,用于治疗肺肾气虚证。"} {"Question":"患者,男,30岁。高热寒战2天,胸痛,伴咳嗽,痰中带血。听诊:右肺中部可闻及湿啰音。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者突然出现高热寒战2天,为急性起病,咳嗽伴胸痛,痰中带血,听诊右肺中部可闻及湿啰音,应首先考虑为大叶性肺炎(B对)。急性支气管炎(A错)通常起病较急,主要症状为咳嗽和咳痰,常发生于寒冷季节或气候突变时,可无明显的阳性体征,或在两肺闻及散在干、湿性啰音,部位不固定,咳嗽后可减少或消失。肺结核(C错)多有全身中毒症状,如午后低热、盗汗、疲乏无力、体重减轻、失眠、心悸等。痰中可找到结核分枝杆菌。肺癌(D错)常见于有吸烟史及年龄较大的患者,多无急性感染中毒症状,有时痰中带血丝。支气管哮喘(E错)常有家庭或个人过敏病史,临床以听诊支气管哮鸣音为主要表现。"} {"Question":"治疗呼吸衰竭气阴两虚,痰热扰心证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六君子汤合导痰汤"},{"key":"B","value":"圣愈汤合涤痰汤"},{"key":"C","value":"生脉散合黄连温胆汤"},{"key":"D","value":"保元汤合温胆汤"},{"key":"E","value":"肾气丸合涤痰汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"呼吸衰竭气阴两虚,痰热扰心证治宜益气养阴,清热化痰;选用益气生津,敛阴止汗的生脉散和清热燥湿,理气化痰的黄连温胆汤加减(C对)。六君子汤合导痰汤功用益气健脾,除湿化痰适用于呼吸衰竭脾肺气虚,湿痰蒙蔽证(A错)。圣愈汤补气、补血、摄血联合豁痰开窍的涤痰汤适用于气虚亏虚,痰浊瘀闭之证(B错)。保元汤养血安神,补血安胎,除热生津,温胆汤理气化痰,二者合用适用于血虚痰凝之证(D错)。肾气丸有补肾助阳之功效合用豁痰开窍的涤痰汤适用于肾阳不足,痰浊瘀闭之证(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者男性,60岁。平素短气息促,动则为甚,吸气不利,腰酸腿软,脑转耳鸣,劳累后哮喘易发,面色苍白,舌淡苔白,质胖嫩,脉象沉细。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"射干麻黄汤"},{"key":"B","value":"定喘汤"},{"key":"C","value":"玉屏风散"},{"key":"D","value":"六君子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"金匮肾气丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肺主呼气,肾主纳气,久病肺虚及肾,肾失摄纳故见短气息促,动则为甚,吸气不利;腰为肾之府,肾虚则腰酸腿软;肾精亏虚,脑髓失养故见脑转耳鸣;故本病首先考虑肾气虚;从面色苍白,舌淡苔白,质胖嫩,脉象沉细可判断为阳虚;综合分析判断为脾肾阳虚型;首选金匮肾气丸治疗(E对)。射干麻黄汤(A错)具有温肺化饮功效,用于寒饮阻肺所致的哮喘。定喘汤(B错)具有清热化痰平喘功效,用于热痰阻肺所致的哮喘。玉屏风散(C错)具有补肺益气止汗功效,用于肺气虚所致的自汗,易感冒。六君子汤(D错)具有健脾止呕功效,用于脾胃气虚所致的呕吐等症。"} {"Question":"患者,女,58岁。咳声重浊,反复发作,咳痰黏稠,色白量多,胸闷呕恶,舌苔白腻,脉濡滑。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰湿蕴肺"},{"key":"B","value":"寒痰阻肺"},{"key":"C","value":"燥痰伤肺"},{"key":"D","value":"痰热郁肺"},{"key":"E","value":"肝火犯肺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脾虚生痰,上扰于肺,壅遏肺气,故见咳声重浊,反复发作,咳痰黏稠,色白量多;脾运不健,湿痰中阻则胸闷呕恶;舌苔白腻,脉濡滑,均为痰湿蕴肺证的表现(A对)。寒痰阻肺(B错)证的特点为咳嗽,咳逆不得卧,咳吐清晰白沫痰,量多,遇冷空气刺激加重,甚至面浮肢肿,常兼恶寒肢冷。燥痰伤肺(C错)的特点为喉痒干咳,无痰或痰少而黏连成丝,咯痰不爽,或痰中带有血丝,咽喉干痛。痰热郁肺(D错)证的特点为咳嗽,气息喘促,胸中烦闷胀痛,痰多色黄粘稠,咯吐不爽,或痰中带血,渴喜冷饮,面红咽干,尿赤便秘。肝火犯肺证(E错)的特点为上气咳逆阵作,咳时面赤,常感痰滞咽喉,咯之难出。"} {"Question":"治疗热哮的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平喘固本汤"},{"key":"B","value":"金水六君煎"},{"key":"C","value":"六君子汤"},{"key":"D","value":"三子养亲汤"},{"key":"E","value":"定喘汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"定喘汤加减可以清热宣肺,化痰定喘,用于治疗热哮证(E对)。平喘固本汤(A错)用于肺肾气虚症的治疗。金水六君煎(B错)可滋养肺肾,祛湿化痰,用于肺肾阴虚,湿痰内盛证的治疗。六君子汤(C错)可益气健脾,燥湿化痰,用于脾胃气虚兼痰湿证的治疗。三子养亲汤(D错)可温肺化痰,降气消食,用于寒痰夹食证的治疗。"} {"Question":"哮病的基本病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰阻气道,肺失宣降"},{"key":"B","value":"卫气不和,肺失宣降"},{"key":"C","value":"邪热蕴肺,热壅血瘀"},{"key":"D","value":"肺失宣肃,肺气上逆"},{"key":"E","value":"脾肾气虚,气失摄纳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"哮喘是因宿痰内伏于肺,复受外邪、饮食、情志、劳倦等诱动内伏之宿痰,致痰阻气道,肺气上逆(A对)而发。哮病的病理因素是痰,其基本病机是外邪侵袭,触动“伏痰”,痰阻气道,肺气上逆。"} {"Question":"感冒风寒证与时行感冒证的主要区别点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽的轻与重"},{"key":"B","value":"发热的轻与重"},{"key":"C","value":"恶寒的轻与重"},{"key":"D","value":"脉数与不数"},{"key":"E","value":"有无流行性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"感冒风寒证的表现是恶寒重,发热轻,无汗,头痛肢体酸痛,鼻塞声重,喷嚏,时流清涕,喉痒,咳嗽,口不渴或喜热饮,舌苔薄白而润,脉浮或浮紧。时行感冒常有明显的流行性,起病急骤,以全身中毒症状为主,出现畏寒、高热、头痛、头晕全身酸痛、乏力等,呼吸道症状轻微或不明显,可有咽痛、流涕、流泪、咳嗽等。由上可见咳嗽的轻与重(A错)、发热的轻与重(B错)、恶寒的轻与重(C错)、脉数与不数(D错)这四项内容在上述两种疾病中均有类似表现,而有无流行性是感冒风寒证与时行感冒证的主要区别(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,74岁。确诊支气管肺癌1个月,拒绝西医治疗,请中医诊治。现症见:刺激性咳嗽,偶有痰中带血,心烦,少寐,手足心热,盗汗,口渴,大便秘结,舌质红,苔薄黄,脉细数。治疗应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生脉饮"},{"key":"B","value":"血府逐瘀汤"},{"key":"C","value":"导痰汤"},{"key":"D","value":"沙参麦冬汤合五味消毒饮"},{"key":"E","value":"沙参麦冬汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题支气管肺癌患者由于肺阴亏虚,虚热内灼,肺失滋润,肃降无权,肺气上逆,则见咳嗽;虚火灼津为痰,肺损络伤,故见痰中带血;阴虚肺燥,津液不能濡润上承,则口干咽燥;阴虚火旺则心烦,少寐,手足心热,盗汗,大便秘结,舌质红,苔薄黄,脉细数,治应养阴清热,解毒散结,用沙参麦冬汤合五味消毒饮(D对)。生脉饮(A错)益气复脉,养阴生津,主治气阴两亏,心悸气短,脉微自汗。血府逐瘀汤(B错)用于气滞血瘀证,以化瘀散结,行气止通。导痰汤(C错)主治痰涎壅盛,胸膈痞塞,咳嗽恶心,以燥湿豁痰,行气开郁。沙参麦冬汤(E错)用于支气管肺癌之气阴两虚证,以益气养阴,化痰散结。"} {"Question":"某女,23岁。症见身热,微恶风寒,汗出不畅,头痛,咳嗽,咽燥,口渴,舌苔薄白,脉浮数,治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄汤"},{"key":"C","value":"藿香正气散"},{"key":"D","value":"玉屏风散"},{"key":"E","value":"荆防败毒散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"风热犯表,热郁肌腠,卫表失和,故见身热,微恶风寒,汗出不畅;风热上扰故见头痛;风热之邪熏蒸清道故见咽喉肿痛,咽燥,口渴,鼻流浊涕;风热犯肺,肺失清肃故见咳嗽;痰黏或黄,舌苔薄白,脉浮数,均为风热侵于肺卫之证,治法为辛凉解表,方药选用银翘散或葱豉桔梗汤加减(A对)。麻黄汤(B错)可以发汗解表,宣肺平喘,用于治疗外感风寒表实证。藿香正气散(C错)可以清署祛湿解表,用于治疗暑湿伤表证。玉屏风散(D错)可以益气固表,用于治疗肺卫气虚证。荆防败毒散(E错)可以辛温解表,用于治疗风寒束肺证。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁。肺心病史,咳喘加重1周,神志恍惚,谵语,烦躁不安,嗜睡,颜面发绀,舌紫暗,舌苔白腻,脉滑数。动脉血气分析:PaO₂50mmHg,PaCO₂55mmHg。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ型呼衰,痰蒙神窍证"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ型呼衰,痰蒙神窍证"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅰ型呼衰,脾肾阳虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅱ型呼衰,脾肾阳虚证"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅱ型呼衰,痰浊阻肺证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"平素多湿多痰,恼怒气逆,痰随气升,上闭清窍,故见神志恍惚,谵语,烦躁不安,嗜睡,颜面发绀;舌紫暗,舌苔白腻,脉滑数均为痰热壅盛之侯,故可诊断为痰蒙神窍证。动脉血氧分压<60mmHg,并伴有二氧化碳分压>50mmHg,并排除心内解剖分流和原发于心排出量降低等因素,可诊为Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(B对)。I型呼衰表现为动脉血氧分压<60mmHg,并伴有二氧化碳分压不变(A错)(C错)。脾肾阳虚证(D错)的特点为咳喘,心悸怔忡,不能平卧,动则尤甚,腹部胀满,浮肿,肢冷尿少,面青唇绀,舌胖紫暗。痰浊阻肺证(E错)的特点为呼吸急促,喉中痰鸣,痰涎粘稠,不易咯出,胸中窒息,面色暗红或青紫,唇舌紫暗。"} {"Question":"支气管炎咳嗽的主要病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺失宣肃"},{"key":"B","value":"风热犯肺"},{"key":"C","value":"肺气郁闭"},{"key":"D","value":"外邪犯肺"},{"key":"E","value":"痰热蕴肺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性支气管炎的发生和发展,多因外邪侵袭、内脏亏损、导致肺失宣降(A对)。细菌性肺炎的多有暴感外邪,病邪犯肺而发(D错)。其中包括风热犯肺(B错)、痰热壅肺(E错)、热闭心包、阴竭阳脱。病毒性肺炎多有正气虚弱,卫外不固,复感风热疫毒之邪,导致痰热壅阻,肺气闭塞而发病(C错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,49岁,因寒战高热咳嗽4天入院。查体:血压110\/70mmHg,急性病容,呼吸急促,口唇发绀,右下肺可听到支气管呼吸音,X线胸片示:肺段大片均匀炎症浸润阴影实验室检查:血常规:白细胞总数11.9×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞百分比0.76%。下列治法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一经诊断应立即开始抗生素治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"首选青霉素G"},{"key":"C","value":"病人应卧床休息,宜食用营养而易消化的食物"},{"key":"D","value":"可应用大环内酯类氟喹诺酮类头孢菌素类药物治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"首先应用退热剂,使体温尽快恢复正常"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在控制体温后可以依据感染病菌合理使用抗生素,卧床休息及合理膳食(ABCD对)。肺炎发热 尽量少用阿司匹林或其他解热药,以免过度出汗、脱水及干扰热型观察。(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"治疗慢性支气管炎肝火犯肺证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四逆散合左金丸"},{"key":"B","value":"泻白散合黛蛤散"},{"key":"C","value":"柴胡疏肝散"},{"key":"D","value":"清金化痰汤"},{"key":"E","value":"桑白皮汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"泻白散合黛蛤散加减可以清肺泻肝,顺气降火,用于治疗慢性支气管炎肝火犯肺证(B对)。四逆散合左金丸(A错)用于治疗阳郁厥逆证。柴胡疏肝散(C错)用于治疗肝郁气滞证。清金化痰汤(D错)用于治疗痰热壅肺证。桑白皮汤(E错)用于治疗痰热郁肺证。"} {"Question":"某男,60岁,咳呛气急,痰少质黏,时时咯血,午后潮热,颧红,盗汗,口渴,烦躁易怒,胸痛,形体日渐消瘦,舌质红绛,苔薄黄,脉细数。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月华丸"},{"key":"B","value":"百合固金丸"},{"key":"C","value":"保真汤"},{"key":"D","value":"补天大造丸"},{"key":"E","value":"桑菊饮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者咳呛气急,痰少质黏,时时咯血,故诊断为肺结核;肺阴亏虚,虚热内灼,肺失润降,故见咳呛气急;虚火灼津为痰,肺损络伤,故见痰少质黏,时时咯血;阴虚火旺,故见午后潮热,颧红,盗汗;津液不能润泽上承,故见口渴;虚火上炎则烦躁易怒,胸痛;虚火耗伤人体,阴津不能充养则见形体日渐消瘦;舌质红绛,苔薄黄,脉细数,均为肺结核阴虚火旺证的特点,治法为滋阴降火,方药选用百合固金汤合秦艽鳖甲散加减(B对)。月华丸(A错)可以滋阴润肺,用于治疗肺结核肺阴亏损证。保真汤(C错)可以益气养阴,用于治疗肺结核气阴耗伤证。补天大造丸(D错)可以滋阴补阳,用于治疗肺结核阴阳两虚证。桑菊饮(E错)可以疏风清热,宣肺止咳,用于治疗风温初起,但咳,身热不甚,口微渴者。"} {"Question":"患侧呼吸运动减弱,叩诊浊音,可闻及支气管呼吸音者,见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"C","value":"心源性哮喘"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎球菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"支气管扩张听诊可听到固定而持久的局限性粗湿罗音(A错)。支气管哮喘发作时胸部呈过度充气状态,双肺广泛哮鸣音,呼吸音延长(B错)。心源性哮喘听诊双肺满布哮鸣音,肺底闻及湿罗音(C错)。慢性支气管炎听诊两肺散在干、湿罗音,其多少及部位不固定(D错)。肺炎球菌肺炎体征听诊呼吸音减低,叩诊轻度浊音,肺实变时叩诊呈浊音,听诊语颤增强和支气管呼吸音(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者咳逆喘满不得卧,气短气急,咳痰白稀,呈泡沫状,胸部膨满,口干不欲饮,周身酸楚,恶寒,面色青暗,舌体暗淡,苔白滑,脉浮紧。治应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小青龙汤"},{"key":"B","value":"越婢加半夏汤"},{"key":"C","value":"麻黄汤"},{"key":"D","value":"麻杏石甘汤"},{"key":"E","value":"定喘汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题肺胀患者由于痰饮阻遏,肺气壅滞,肺失宣降,肺气上逆,则胸部膨满,咳逆喘满不得卧,气短气急,咳痰白稀,呈泡沫状;寒饮阻遏气机,津液不布口舌,故口干不欲饮;寒饮郁遏,阳郁不伸,血行瘀滞,则面色青暗,舌体暗淡;外有寒邪束表,故恶寒,周身酸楚;脉浮紧说明内有饮邪,外有束寒;故应温肺散寒,涤痰降逆,用小青龙汤(A对)加减。越婢加半夏汤(B错)用于痰热郁肺证,以清肺化痰,降逆平喘。麻黄汤(C错)用于喘证之风寒闭表,以宣肺散寒。麻杏石甘汤(D错)用于喘证之表寒里热证,以散寒泄热,宣肺平喘。定喘汤(E错)用于风寒外束,痰热内蕴证,以宣降肺气,清热化痰。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。慢性支气管炎急性发作,咳嗽气粗,咯痰不爽,胸胁胀满,面赤,舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数有力。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热化痰"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺降气"},{"key":"C","value":"疏风清热"},{"key":"D","value":"疏风祛湿"},{"key":"E","value":"养阴润肺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者慢性支气管炎急性发作,痰热郁阻肺气,肺失清肃,故咳嗽气粗,咯痰不爽;热伤肺络故见胸胁胀满;肺内郁热故见面赤;舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数有力,均为痰热郁肺的表现,治法为清热化痰,宜肺止咳(A对)。清肺降气(B错)用于治疗肺热气逆证。疏风清热(C错)用于治疗风热犯肺证。疏风祛湿(D错)用于治疗风湿袭肺证。养阴润肺(E错)治疗肺阴亏虚证。"} {"Question":"患者,男,35岁。患支气管哮喘8年,现经常气短喘息,动则加重,倦怠乏力,纳差,腰膝痠软,舌淡胖苔白稍腻,脉细滑。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺虚"},{"key":"B","value":"脾虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肺脾两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾虚"},{"key":"E","value":"脾肾两虚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者患支气管哮喘8年,脾虚健运无权,故纳差,中气不足故倦怠乏力。久病肾虚,摄纳无常,气不归元,故气短喘息,动则加重,精气亏乏,不能充养,故腰膝痠软,舌淡胖苔白稍腻,脉细滑皆为脾肾两虚之侯。故可诊断为脾肾两虚证,治法为健脾益气,补肾纳气,方药选用六君子汤合金贵肾气丸加减。(E对)。肺虚(A错)特点为喘促气短,语声低微,面色㿠白,自汗畏风,咳痰清稀色白,多因气候变化而诱发,发前喷嚏頻作。脾虚证(B错)表现为倦怠乏力,食少便溏,面色萎黄无华,胸脘满闷,恶心纳呆。肺脾两虚(C错)特点为既有肺气虚的自汗畏风,喘促气短,又有脾气虚的食少便溏,胸脘满闷,恶心纳呆。肾虚(D错)的特点为平素息促气短,呼多吸少,腰膝酸软,脑转耳鸣,劳累后发作。"} {"Question":"患者,男,63岁,吸烟10余年,近1年来出现气喘,呼吸困难,咳嗽咯痰,胸部视诊胸廓前后径增大,肋间隙增宽,两肺听诊呼吸音减弱,呼气延长。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管肺癌"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管扩张"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病人随着病情的进展会出现一系列阳性体征,包括桶状胸,肋间隙增宽,双肺震颤减弱,肝浊音界下降等,在听诊的时候可闻及干湿性啰音等(A对)。咳嗽、咯痰是肺结核患者最常见症状,患者有不同程度咯血,通常为少量咯血或痰中带血,少数大咯血,当有较大范围的纤维条索形成时,气管向患侧移位,患侧胸廓塌陷、叩诊浊音、听诊呼吸音减弱并可闻及湿啰音(B错)。支气管肺癌患者出现原因不明、久治不愈的肺外征象,如杵状指(趾)、非游走性关节疼痛、男性乳腺增生、皮肤黝黑或皮肌炎、共济失调和静脉炎等,临床表现高度可疑肺癌的患者,体检发现肝肿大伴有结节、皮下结节、锁骨上窝淋巴结肿大等,提示远处转移的可能(C错)。支气管哮喘发作时胸部呈过度充气状态,双肺广泛哮鸣音,呼气音延长(D错)。咳嗽是支气管扩张症最常见的症状,且多伴有咳痰,早期或干性支气管扩张症患者可无异常体征,病变重或继发感染时下胸部、背部可听到固定而持久的局限性粗湿啰音,有时可闻及哮鸣音(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项中,不引起心律失常的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蟾蜍"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"C","value":"洋地黄"},{"key":"D","value":"夹竹桃"},{"key":"E","value":"乌头"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"黄芪具有扩张的冠状动脉、改善心肌缺血以及对抗心律失常、提高免疫力等一系列功效(B对);蟾蜍皮肤上的疙瘩里含有毒液(蟾酥),中毒后可引起心律失常,甚或惊厥、呼吸衰竭(A错);中毒量的洋地黄会严重抑制Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶的活性,不仅能增加钙离子的内流,还会减少钠离子的外流和钾离子的内流,导致细胞内钠离子、钙离子浓度增加,钾离子浓度将低,使细胞内严重失钾,心肌细胞和浦肯野纤维的自律性增高、传导减慢,从而形成各种心律失常(C错);夹竹桃是一种有毒植物,含有各种毒素,其中毒症状一般表现为胃肠道方面,可能会出现食欲下降,恶心呕吐,腹痛腹泻,头晕头疼,倦怠乏力,发热,指尖或口唇发麻等,严重时表现为洋地黄中毒症状,如出现心律失常,传导阻滞,心动过缓,房颤的表现(D错);乌头中含有的乌头碱对迷走神经有强烈的兴奋作用,对中枢神经系统有先兴奋后抑制的作用,更有兴奋和麻痹感觉及运动神经末梢的作用,能加速心率及增强心肌收缩力,并能直接作用于心肌,产生高频异位节律而引起窦性、房性、室性心律失常,最后造成心室颤动与停搏(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁。慢性支气管炎病史20年。近半年活动后心悸,气短。查体:有肺气肿体征,两肺散在干、湿啰音。剑突下可见心尖搏动,肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"B","value":"肺心病"},{"key":"C","value":"风心病"},{"key":"D","value":"高血压性心脏病"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本例患者有慢支病史20年,近半年出现活动后心悸症状,且查体显示该患者有肺气肿体征,肺动脉高压(肺动脉瓣听诊区第二心音亢进),故首先应考虑为肺源性心脏病(B对)。冠心脏病(A错)发作时常有心前区疼痛,没有肺气肿等肺部表现。风湿性心脏病(C错)有风湿病史,或反复的A组乙型溶血性链球菌感染史,患者常有运动后心悸、气短、心前区不适,累及各瓣膜时,心脏听诊可闻及杂音,其中风湿热最易累及二尖瓣,导致二尖瓣炎,可有心尖区高调、收缩期吹风样杂音或短促低调舒张期中期杂音。高血压性心脏病(D错)是由于血压升高,长期压力负荷增高,引起左心室肥厚和扩张,继而出现心功能不全的症状。本例患者无高血压病史,故不考虑为高血压性心脏病。心肌炎(E错)最常见病因是病毒感染,多数患者发病前1~3周有病毒感染前驱症状(如发热、乏力、肌肉酸痛或恶心、呕吐等),随后出现心悸、胸痛、呼吸困难等,临床诊断病毒性心肌炎绝大部分以心律失常为主诉或首见症状。本例患者是20年的慢性肺病史,且无明显感染症状,故E不符。"} {"Question":"患者,男,63岁。体胖,有高血压和糖尿病史。饱餐后突感心前区闷痛,伴有气短痰多,纳呆恶心,含服硝酸甘油2分钟疼痛缓解。舌苔浊腻,脉滑。心电图示V₃~V₆导联T波倒置,心肌酶谱正常。应首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病心绞痛心血瘀阻证"},{"key":"B","value":"冠心病心绞痛痰浊内阻证"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌梗死气滞血瘀证"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌梗死寒凝心脉证"},{"key":"E","value":"冠心病心绞痛气虚血瘀证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"痰浊盘踞,胸阳失展,气机痹阻,脉络阻滞,故见饱餐后突感心前区闷痛,伴有气短痰多;痰浊困脾,脾气不运,故见纳呆恶心;舌苔浊腻,脉滑均为痰浊之侯,应属于痰浊痹阻(B对)。心肌梗死(CD错)的疼痛部位与心绞痛相仿,但性质更剧烈,持续可达数小时,含服硝酸甘油多不能缓解。心血瘀阻(A错)的表现为胸痛较剧,如刺如绞,入夜加重,伴有胸闷,日久不愈,或因暴怒而致心胸剧痛,舌质紫暗或有瘀斑,舌下络脉青紫迂曲。气虚血瘀证(E错)的特点为胸痛隐隐,时轻时重,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。"} {"Question":"患者,女,36岁。昏倒在公园一角被人发现,身旁散在药瓶。查体:神志不清,针尖样瞳孔,洗胃液有蒜臭味。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性安眠药物中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"急性毒蕈中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"急性有机磷农药中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"亚硝酸盐中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"一氧化碳中毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"有机磷农药中毒患者的口腔里面会出现大蒜味,主要是有机磷农药进入身体以后会被分解代谢产生一些有大蒜味道的成分,这些成分可以存在于消化系统和呼吸系统当中,可以随着呼吸运动排出而被人闻到(C对)。急性安眠药中毒、急性毒蕈中毒、亚硝酸盐中毒、一氧化碳中毒均无此类表现(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"冠心病心绞痛气阴两虚证的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气温阳,宁心安神"},{"key":"B","value":"益气养阴,宁心复脉"},{"key":"C","value":"养心壮胆,安神定悸"},{"key":"D","value":"养心滋肾,宁神复脉"},{"key":"E","value":"益气补血,宁心定悸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"冠心病心绞痛气阴两虚证治疗需益气养阴,宁心复脉(B对)。益气温阳,宁心安神(A错)治疗阳虚不寐。养心壮胆,安神定悸(C错)治疗心胆气虚证。养心滋肾,宁神复脉(D错)治疗心肾阴虚证。益气补血,宁心定悸(E错)治疗气血两虚证。"} {"Question":"心脏性猝死最早出现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"晕厥"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸停止"},{"key":"C","value":"瞳孔散大"},{"key":"D","value":"脉搏血压测不到"},{"key":"E","value":"抽搐"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心脏性猝死是指由于心脏原因引起的无法预料的自然死亡,常以突然意识丧失为表现,若检查患者无反应,无呼吸或仅是喘息,不能在10秒内明确感觉到脉搏,应立即开始心肺复苏(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"患者女,46岁,反复心悸气促6年,伴肢肿1年。此次于劳累受凉后复发。现症见心悸,喘息不能平卧,颜面四肢浮肿,脘腹痞胀,形寒肢冷,大便溏,小便短少,舌淡,苔薄白,脉沉细无力。查体:心尖搏动向左下移位,心尖区可闻及双期杂音,双下肢水肿。除给氧及西药强心利尿扩血管外,治疗首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"B","value":"保真汤"},{"key":"C","value":"五苓散"},{"key":"D","value":"猪苓汤"},{"key":"E","value":"理中汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心尖搏动向左下移位(提示患者可能有左心室肥大,最常见的原因是长期高血压病导致高血压性心脏病)。心尖区可闻及双期杂音(心肌梗死时见心尖区粗糙的收缩期杂音或伴收缩中晚期喀喇音)。双下肢水肿(心力衰竭时出现心源性水肿)。水气上逆凌心故见心悸,喘息不能平卧;肾阳不足气化失司,水邪泛溢肌肤故见颜面四肢浮肿,小便短少;水气犯脾,脾失健运故见脘腹痞胀;失于温煦故见形寒肢冷,大便溏;肾阳亏虚,水湿内内停故见舌淡,苔薄白,脉沉细无力(A对)。保真汤具有补虚除热之功效。主治劳证骨蒸体虚,潮热盗汗(B错)。五苓散具有利水渗湿,温阳化气之功效。主治膀胱蓄水证(C错)。猪苓汤具有利水,养阴,清热之功效。主治水热互结证(D错)。理中汤治疗脾胃虚寒证,自利不渴,呕吐腹痛,腹满不食及中寒霍乱,阳虚失血,如吐血、便血或崩漏,胸痞虚证,胸痛彻背,倦怠少气,四肢不温(E错)。"} {"Question":"有机磷农药毛果芸香碱中毒可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤潮湿"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤青紫"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤干燥"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤黏膜桃红色"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤黏膜潮红"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"有机磷农药毛果芸香碱中毒具体症状有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、多汗、皮肤潮湿(A对)、流泪、流涕、流涎、尿频、大小便失禁、心跳减慢和瞳孔缩小、支气管痉挛和分泌物增加、咳嗽、气急,严重患者出现肺水肿。面、眼睑、舌、四肢和全身横纹肌发生肌纤维颤动,甚至全身肌肉强直性痉挛。头晕、头痛、烦躁不安、共济失调、抽搐、谵妄和昏迷等症状,患者可因呼吸衰竭和缺氧死亡。中毒机制是毛果芸香碱刺激M型胆碱能受体,促进汗腺、泪腺、胃肠道和呼吸腺的分泌,刺激各种平滑肌,抑制心血管系统等。"} {"Question":"患者,女,45岁。近期多次晕厥,查体发现坐体在心尖部可闻及舒张期杂音,卧位消失。此患者晕厥原因可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"},{"key":"C","value":"左房黏液瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉瓣下狭窄"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣半闭不全"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"左房黏液瘤(C对)由于重力的作用,当坐位或站位是,阻塞二尖瓣口,由此产生随体位改变的舒张期杂音,左心房的血不能顺利流入左心室,导致左心室的血液减少,使脑血管供血不足而晕厥。二尖瓣狭窄(A错)表现为呼吸困难、咳嗽、咯血、血栓栓塞等症状,主动脉狭窄(B错)有15~30%的患者出现晕厥,多于劳动有关,发生在劳力当时,少数在休息是发生。但是不随体位变化而变化。主动脉瓣下狭窄(D错)通常无症状,体格检查发现收缩期杂音而就诊,杂音不伴有喀喇音。儿童一般无症状,成人可有胸闷、不适。1岁以内单纯瓣下狭窄少见,随着年龄增长,梗阻进行性加重,出现主动脉瓣关闭不全。患者耐力减退,但心绞痛和昏厥比较少见。主动脉瓣关闭不全(E错)有典型的舒张期杂音伴周围血管征。轻症者可无任何症状,重者可出现突发呼吸困难,不能平卧,全身大汗,频繁咳嗽,咳白色或粉红色泡沫痰,更重者可出现烦躁不安,神志模糊,神志昏迷。"} {"Question":"氰化物所具有的气味是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦杏仁味"},{"key":"B","value":"蒜味"},{"key":"C","value":"苯酚味"},{"key":"D","value":"酒味"},{"key":"E","value":"尿素味"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"氰化物轻度中毒为明显的头痛、头晕、胸闷、心悸、恶心、呕吐、乏力;重度中毒会出现昏迷,癫痫大发作样抽搐,严重代谢性酸中毒,猝死。氰化物一般为无色晶体,在空气中易潮解并有氰化氢的微弱臭味,能使水产生杏仁臭(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,64岁。患高血压病多年,突然抽搐,头痛剧烈,呕吐,神昏,偏瘫,面红气粗,舌红苔黄,脉弦有力。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龙胆泻肝汤"},{"key":"B","value":"羚角钩藤汤"},{"key":"C","value":"镇肝熄风汤"},{"key":"D","value":"三甲复脉汤"},{"key":"E","value":"天麻钩藤饮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"热盛动风故见突然抽搐,神昏,偏瘫;肝阳暴亢,阳亢风动气血上逆引起头痛剧烈,呕吐,面红气粗;舌红苔黄,脉弦有力均是痰热内闭清窍证的表现,治疗应清热熄风,首选羚角钩藤汤(B对)。龙胆泻肝汤(A错)可以清泻肝胆实火,清利肝经湿热,用于治疗肝胆实火上扰证或肝经湿热下注证。镇肝熄风汤(C错)可以滋阴潜阳,镇肝熄风,用于治疗阴虚风动证。三甲复脉汤(D错)用于治疗温病邪热羁留下焦。天麻钩藤饮(E错)用于治疗肝阳暴亢,风阳上扰证。"} {"Question":"患者男,45岁,胸前区疼痛,胸闷,心电图示心肌缺血,患者可能产生牵涉痛的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上腹部或脐区"},{"key":"B","value":"腹股沟部"},{"key":"C","value":"右肩"},{"key":"D","value":"肩颈部"},{"key":"E","value":"左上臂尺侧"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者胸前区疼痛,胸闷,心电图示心肌缺血,说明发生了心绞痛,疼痛部位主要位于胸骨后,可放射至心前区和左上臂尺侧(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项是诊断肺心病的主要依据","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺动脉狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"阻塞性肺气肿"},{"key":"C","value":"长期慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"D","value":"两下肢浮肿"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉高压及右心室肥大"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肺心病是指由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或肺血管病变致肺血管阻力增加,产生肺动脉高压,继而右心室结构或功能改变的疾病。诊断肺心病的主要依据是肺动脉高压及右心室肥大(E对)。肺动脉狭窄(A错)对诊断先天性心脏病有一定意义。阻塞性肺气肿(B错)、长期慢性支气管炎(C错)对肺心病的诊断有一定意义,但不是诊断肺心病的主要依据。两下肢浮肿(D错)对诊断肾病综合征有一定意义。"} {"Question":"患者于睡眠中突然憋醒,有窒息感,被迫坐起,约10分钟后症状缓解,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管哮喘发作"},{"key":"B","value":"右心衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"左心衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"肺气肿"},{"key":"E","value":"自发性气胸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"左心衰竭(C对)时肺循环淤血以及心排出量降低导致夜间阵发性呼吸困难,患者可表现为于睡眠中突然憋醒,有窒息感,被迫坐起,符合题意。支气管哮喘发作(A错)症状可在数分钟内发生,并持续数小时至数天,可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解,夜间和凌晨发作或加重是哮喘的重要临床特征,但不会因体位变换而缓解。右心衰竭(B错)以体循环淤血为主要表现,常见症状为胃肠道及肝淤血引起的腹胀、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐等,与体位无关。肺气肿(D错)早期可无症状或仅在劳动、运动时感到气短。随着肺气肿进展,呼吸困难程度随之加重,以至稍活动甚或完全休息时仍感气短,与体位无关。自发性气胸(E错)大多数起病急骤,患者突感一侧胸痛,针刺样或刀割样,持续时间短暂,继之胸闷和呼吸困难,可伴有刺激性咳嗽,如果病因不解除,症状会持续存在。"} {"Question":"患者男,70岁。胸闷胸痛反复发作,心悸少寐,气短乏力,五心烦热,汗多口干,眩晕耳鸣,两颧潮红,舌红少苔,脉细数无力。心电图示:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移,T波倒置,心肌酶正常。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,痰瘀痹阻证"},{"key":"B","value":"急性心肌梗死,气阴两虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压性心脏病,气阴两虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,气阴两虚证"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,寒痰痹阻证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者胸闷胸痛反复发作(典型特点为发作性的心前区压榨性疼痛,主要位于胸骨后,可放射至心前区和左上肢内侧,常发生于劳力负荷增加时,持续数分钟),心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移,T波倒置(心脏下壁缺血性改变),心肌酶正常(急性心肌梗死示心肌酶异常)。心气虚故见心悸少寐,气短乏力;阴虚内热故见五心烦热,汗多口干,眩晕耳鸣;虚火上炎故见两颧潮红,舌红少苔,脉细数无力(D对)。痰瘀痹阻证:气短痰多,肢体沉重,形体肥胖,纳呆恶心,疼痛入夜加重,伴有胸闷,舌质紫暗,或有瘀斑(A错)。急性心肌梗死心肌酶异常(B错)。高血压性心脏病主要表现为呼吸困难、咳嗽、咯痰、恶心、呕吐、心脏跳动的节律和频率不正常等左心衰竭、右心衰竭、全心衰竭表现(C错)。寒痰痹阻证:感寒痛甚,形寒,甚则四肢不温,冷汗自出,心悸短气(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,25岁,突然发热咳嗽流涕,2周后热退,出现胸闷,心率110次\/min,气短,心电图示低电压,T波低平,左束支传导阻滞,室性期前收缩,应首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性心包炎"},{"key":"B","value":"扩张型心肌病"},{"key":"C","value":"病毒性心肌炎"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿性心肌炎"},{"key":"E","value":"风湿性心脏病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性患者,突然发热咳嗽流涕(有上呼吸道感染病史),2周后热退出现胸闷,心率加快,气短(心脏受累表现),心电图示低电压,T波低平,左束支传导阻滞,室性期前收缩(典型的病毒性心肌炎心电图表现),结合患者临床表现及辅助检查,诊断首先考虑病毒性心肌炎(C对)。急性心包炎患者早期即有心包摩擦音,摩擦音和疼痛在心包腔出现渗液时均消失,有特征性胸痛(较剧烈而持久的心前区疼痛,其疼痛与发热同时出现,呼吸和咳嗽时加剧),心电图示广泛导联均有ST段弓背向下型抬高,T波倒置(A错)。扩张型心肌病患者临床可见心脏扩大、心率失常及心力衰竭,超声心动图可见全心扩大,以左心室扩大为主,无上呼吸道感染的前驱症状(B错)。风湿性心肌炎病前1-3周有链球菌感染史或感染的其他证据,常有心脏杂音,可有关节疼痛、环形红斑、皮下结节、舞蹈病,辅助检查示血沉增快、CRP阳性、心电图P-R间期延长等(C错)。风湿性心脏病是指由于风湿热活动,累及心脏瓣膜而造成的心脏瓣膜病变。表现为二尖瓣、三尖瓣、主动脉瓣中一个或几个瓣膜狭窄或或关闭不全,患病初期常常无明显症状,后期表现为心慌气短、乏力、咳嗽、下肢水肿、咳粉红色泡沫痰等心功能失代偿的表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者男,53岁,教师。反复心前区疼痛4年,此次因受冷后复发现症见胸闷疼痛,感寒尤甚,痰多白黏,纳呆脘胀,形寒肢冷,舌淡红,苔白腻,脉弦滑检查:心电图示心肌缺血改变,血常规正常。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰瘀痹阻证"},{"key":"B","value":"气滞血瘀证"},{"key":"C","value":"寒凝心脉证"},{"key":"D","value":"痰浊痹阻证"},{"key":"E","value":"寒痰痹阻证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本病患者为心绞痛,因正气先虚,寒邪侵袭,心阳不振,失于温养,气血阻滞,运行不畅,不通则痛,则胸闷疼痛;寒邪郁滞,痰饮客肺,肺失宣降,肺气上逆,则咳痰量多白粘。寒湿内侵,中阳受困,运化失职,气机不畅,则纳呆脘胀。寒邪上阳,形体失于温煦,则形寒肢冷。舌淡红,苔白腻、脉弦,为寒痰痹阻之象,因此为寒痰痹阻证(E对);痰瘀痹阻证,症见心烦、惊悸,动则喘促,甚则下肢水肿,不能平卧等(A错);气滞血瘀证,症状:胸闷痛,如刺如绞,痛有定处,入夜为甚,甚则心痛彻背,背痛彻心,或痛引肩背,暴怒或劳累后加重,舌质紫暗,有瘀斑,苔薄,脉弦涩,或舌淡红,苔白腻,脉弦结、代(B错);寒凝心脉证,症状:猝然心痛如绞,心痛彻背,喘不得卧,多因气候骤冷或骤感风寒而发病或加重,心悸,胸闷气短,手足不温,冷汗出,面色苍白,苔薄白,脉沉紧或沉细(C错);痰浊痹阻证,症状:胸闷重而心痛微,痰多气短,肢体沉重,形体肥胖,遇阴雨天诱发或加重,倦怠乏力,纳呆便溏,咯吐痰涎,舌体胖大,边有齿痕,苔浊腻或白滑(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项中,不属于冠心病中医病因的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"七情内伤"},{"key":"B","value":"饮食失节"},{"key":"C","value":"寒邪内侵"},{"key":"D","value":"劳逸失度"},{"key":"E","value":"禀赋不足"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"冠心病是寒邪内侵、七情内伤(A对)、饮食失节(B对)、寒邪内侵(C对)、劳倦内伤(D对)、年老体衰等多种因素交互为患,引起心脉不畅而发为本病。(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,42岁。心悸气短,动则气促,神疲乏力,自汗,胸闷心痛,咳唾痰涎,舌暗红苔白腻,脉弦滑时有结代。诊断为风心病,心功能3级。其治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气通瘀化痰"},{"key":"B","value":"益气温阳化瘀"},{"key":"C","value":"益气温阳祛痰"},{"key":"D","value":"温阳泻肺逐饮"},{"key":"E","value":"温阳活血利水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心主血脉,心脉瘀阻,心失所养,故心悸气短,动则气促;气虚则神疲乏力,自汗;血瘀气滞,心阳被遏,则胸闷心痛;舌暗红苔白腻,脉弦滑时有结代均为气滞血瘀的表现。故治疗需益气通瘀化痰(A对)。方药选用独参汤合桃仁红花煎加减(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"男性患者,75岁。突然晕厥,查体:神志淡漠,血压85\/65mmHg,心率38次\/分,四肢湿冷,心电图示急性下壁心肌梗死,Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞。首选治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙肾上腺素静脉滴注"},{"key":"B","value":"阿托品静脉滴注"},{"key":"C","value":"安装临时心脏起搏器"},{"key":"D","value":"安装永久性心脏起搏器"},{"key":"E","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"安置临时起搏器适应证:①高度或完全传导阻滞且逸搏心律过缓。②操作过程中或急性心肌梗死,药物中毒、严重感染等危急情况下出现危及生命的缓慢性心律失常。患者为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,心率减慢(平均在75次\/分左右,一般在60~100次\/分之间),急性下壁心肌梗死,出现晕厥休克,血压降低(国家权威机构发布正常血压:收缩压<130mmHg,舒张压<85mmHg。理想血压:收缩压<120mmHg,舒张压<80mmHg),四肢湿冷,情况危急,需要安装临时起搏器(C对)。控制休克使用升压药物时当大剂量多巴胺无效时,也可静脉滴注去甲肾上腺素。对于心肌梗死引起的心源性休克,患者一般存在心脏收缩力不足的问题,心脏泵血功能下降的问题,使用异丙肾上腺素引起周围血管扩张,使回心血量减少,加重脑肾等重要器官损伤,故禁用(A错)。对缓慢性心律失常可用0.52017U3ZXY2017U3-1g阿托品静脉滴注。阿托品的适应症为Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞(B错)。严重缓慢性心律失常,永久心脏起搏是唯一有效而可靠的治疗方法。安置指征为:①伴有临床症状的任何水平的完全或高度房室传导阻滞。②束支2017U3ZXY2017U3-分支水平阻滞,间歇Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞且有症状者;在观察过程中阻滞程度进展,HV间期大于100ms者,可无症状。③病窦综合征或房室传导阻滞,心室率低于50次\/分,有明显临床症状或间歇发生,心室率<40次\/分:或有长达3秒的RR间隔,可无症状。④颈动脉窦过敏引起的心率减慢,心率或RR间隔达到上述标准,伴有明显症状者(D错)。肾上腺皮质激素治疗心源性休克,须结合病因治疗(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,70岁。胸闷胸痛反复发作,心悸少寐,气短乏力,五心烦热,汗多口干,眩晕耳鸣,两颧潮红,舌红少苔,脉细数无力。心电图示:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联S-T段下移,T波倒置,心肌酶谱正常。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压性心脏病,气阴两虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,气阴两虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,寒痰痹阻证"},{"key":"D","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,痰瘀痹阻证"},{"key":"E","value":"急性心肌梗死,气阴两虚证"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"临床表现为胸闷胸痛反复发作,心电图示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联S-T段下移,T波倒置(与冠心病心绞痛发作心电图典型表现,即以R波为主的导联中,出现ST段压低≥0.1mV,有时出现T波倒置相符),诊断考虑为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病心绞痛,患者胸闷胸痛反复发作,心悸少寐,气短乏力,五心烦热,汗多口干,眩晕耳鸣,两颧潮红,舌红少苔,脉细数无力,此为气阴两虚证的表现(B对)。老年男性患者,无高血压病病史,故先排除高血压性心脏病诊断(A错),急性心肌梗死患者有心肌酶谱的异常改变,本题患者心肌酶谱正常(E错)。寒痰痹阻证可见胸闷心痛,遇冷加重,痰多脘痞等症(C错)。痰瘀痹阻证可见胸部刺痛,痛处固定不移,胸闷,舌质紫暗或有瘀斑,舌苔白腻,脉弦涩等症(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁。反复发作胸闷胸痛半月余,气短痰多,肢体沉重,形体肥胖,纳呆恶心,舌苔浊腻,脉滑。心电图V₃、V₄、V₅、V₆导联,ST段下移,T波倒置。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴寒凝滞证"},{"key":"B","value":"气虚血瘀证"},{"key":"C","value":"痰浊内阻证"},{"key":"D","value":"心血瘀阻证"},{"key":"E","value":"心肾阳虚证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患痰浊盘踞,胸阳失展,故见反复发作胸闷胸痛半月余;气机不畅故气短痰多;脾主四肢,痰浊困脾,脾气不运,故肢体沉重,形体肥胖,纳呆恶心;舌苔浊腻,脉滑为痰浊壅阻之侯(C对)。阴寒凝滞证(A错)的特点为猝然胸痛如绞,天冷易发,感寒痛甚,形寒,甚则四肢不温,冷汗自出,心悸短气,舌质淡红,苔白,脉沉细或沉紧。气虚血瘀证(B错)的特点为胸痛隐隐,时轻时重,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。心血瘀阻证(D错)的特点为胸痛较剧,如刺如绞,痛有定处,入夜加重,伴有胸闷,或因暴怒而致心胸剧痛。心肾阳虚证(E错)的特点为心悸而痛,胸闷气短,甚则胸痛彻背,心悸汗出,畏寒肢冷,下肢浮肿,腰酸无力。"} {"Question":"关于人类胚胎干细胞研究的伦理原则不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重原则"},{"key":"B","value":"知情同意原则"},{"key":"C","value":"安全和有效原则"},{"key":"D","value":"防止商品化原则"},{"key":"E","value":"保密原则"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"我国国家人类基因组南方研究中心伦理学部起草的《人类成体干细胞研究和临床应用伦理准则(建议稿)》认为,人胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞研究以及临床试验都应遵循相关的伦理原则(A对)、知情同意原则(B对)、科学性原则、不伤害\/受益原则(C对)、公正性原则、公益原则、非商业化原则(D对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"在下列各项中能反映医学本质特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人才"},{"key":"B","value":"技术"},{"key":"C","value":"设备"},{"key":"D","value":"管理"},{"key":"E","value":"道德"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"“医乃仁术”仁爱之心是医学人道主义精神的实质,是实现医学目的的前提和根本,是医德的真正意义所在。医学道德(E对)是医学的本质特征。"} {"Question":"医学伦理学的尊重原则主要包括以下几方面,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重患者及其家属的自主权或决定"},{"key":"B","value":"尊重患者的一切主观意愿"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗要获得患者的知情同意"},{"key":"D","value":"保守患者的秘密"},{"key":"E","value":"保守患者的隐私"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医学伦理学的尊重原则主要包括以下几方面:尊重患者及其家属的自主权或决定、治疗要获得患者的知情同意、保守患者的秘密、保守患者的隐私。患者自主权是有行为能力并处于医疗关系中的患者,在医患有沟通交流之后,经过深思熟虑,就有关自己疾病和健康间题做出合乎理性的决定,并据此采取负责的行动(B错,为本题正确答案)。尊重原则包括尊重患者的生命权、尊重患者的人格尊严、尊重患者的隐私、尊重患者的自主权(ACDE对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项违背了不伤害原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有证据证明,生物学死亡即将来临而病人痛苦时,允许病人死亡"},{"key":"B","value":"积极强迫病人进行各种实验室检查"},{"key":"C","value":"不对病人做与诊断无关的检查"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病病人足部有严重溃疡,有发生败血症的危险时,应予以截肢"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠危及孕妇生命时,可行人工流产"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"在医疗活动中,绝对的不伤害是不可能的。很多检查、治疗措施,可能给患者带来生理或理上的伤害。相反,如果诊治手段对患者是无益的、不必要的或者是禁忌的,而又有意无意地勉强实施,从而使患者受到伤害,就违背了不伤害原则。对于符合适应证可能带来的伤害要注意尽量避免或将伤害减少到最低限度,不能强迫病人进行各种实验室检查(B错,为本题正确答案)。对医务人员提出如下要求:1.树立不伤害的意识,在医疗活动中首先想到不伤害患者,杜绝有意和责任伤害,不可避免但可控的伤害控制在最低限度;2.善于权衡伤害和受益,对有危险或有伤害的医疗措施进行评价,只有相对千受益,危险或伤害能够接受,才符合不伤害原则(ACDE对)。"} {"Question":"医学道德的基本原则不包括的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无伤原则"},{"key":"B","value":"行善原则"},{"key":"C","value":"公正原则"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重原则"},{"key":"E","value":"平等原则"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医学道德的基本原则不包括的是平等原则。医学道德的基本原则包括无伤原则(A对)、行善原则(B对)、公正原则(C对)、尊重原则(D对)。尊重原则要求医务人员尊重患者。欧美一般称为自主原则,即对自主的人及其自主性的尊重。知情同意、知情选择、要求保守秘密和隐私等,均是尊重患者的体现。广义上的尊重原则还包括医务人员尊重患者及其家属的人格。不伤害原则要求医务人员在诊治过程中,应尽量避免对患者造成生理上和心理上的伤害更不能人为有意地制造伤害。有利原则要求医务人员的诊治行为应该保护患者的权益、促进患者健康、增进其幸福。公正包括程序性质的公正、回报性质的公正和分配性质的公正等不同形式(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"在诊治护理过程中,不使患者受到身心损害的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无伤原则"},{"key":"B","value":"行善原则"},{"key":"C","value":"公正原则"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重原则"},{"key":"E","value":"平等原则"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"无伤原则就是不伤害原则。不伤害原则要求医务人员在诊治过程中,应尽量避免对患者造成生理上和心理上的伤害更不能人为有意地制造伤害(A对E错)。有利原则要求医务人员的诊治行为应该保护患者利益、促进患者健康、增进其幸福。有利原则也称为行善原则(B错)。公正原则,要求医务人员合理分配和实现人们的医疗和健康利益(C错)。知情同意、知情选择、要求保守秘密和隐私等均是尊重患者的体现。广义上的尊重原则还包括医务人员尊重患者及其家属的人格(D错)。"} {"Question":"人体试验中知情同意原则中不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"如实向受试者讲明试验的目标方法"},{"key":"B","value":"如实向患者说明试验潜在的危险"},{"key":"C","value":"受试者可以随时退出试验"},{"key":"D","value":"如实向受试者讲明预期的好处"},{"key":"E","value":"患者退出试验后会影响到合理的治疗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"人体试验中知情同意原则中包括尊重受试者自我决定权,为保障此原则的实现,要做到事前无胁迫,事后无不利影响(E错,为本题正确答案)。全面维护受试者的知情权,应如实告知关于试验的基本信息,在内容上至少包括:研究目的和方法(例如双盲法、对照组、随机抽样等)(A对);研究的持续时间;合理预期的受益(D对);可预见的风险和不适(B对);有益的替代治疗方法;受试者资料的保密程度;研究者为受试者提供医疗服务责任的大小;对因研究而导致的伤害所提供的免费治疗;对因研究而导致的残疾或死亡的赔偿义务;受试者拒绝参加研究及随时退出研究的权利等(C对)。"} {"Question":"古代医家把医学称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医术"},{"key":"B","value":"仁术"},{"key":"C","value":"人术"},{"key":"D","value":"技术"},{"key":"E","value":"艺术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医学的发展促进了医德的进步,医学人道主义成为古代医学道德思想形成时期医德发展的主流。儒家的“仁”是其伦理思想的核心,“医乃仁术”(B对)被奉为职业伦理原则,提倡“济世救人”、“爱人、行善、慎独”,强调医生自身的道德修养和自我规范。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属《希波克拉底誓言》内容的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为病家谋利益"},{"key":"B","value":"强调医学是艺术"},{"key":"C","value":"强调医生品德修养"},{"key":"D","value":"强调尊重同道"},{"key":"E","value":"为病家保密"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"《希波克拉底誓言》是医学伦理学的最早文献,其要旨是医生应根据自己的‘能力和判断’,采取有利于患者的措施,保守患者的秘密。其主要内容包括:第一,阐明了行医的宗旨,是‘遵守为病家谋利益之信条(A的)。第二,强调医生的品德修养(C对)。第三,要求尊重同道(D对)。第四,提出了为病家保密的道德要求。第五,提出了行医的品质和作风(E对)。(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"生命伦理学的涵义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根据道德价值和原则,对生命科学和卫生保健领域内的人类行为进行系统研究的科学"},{"key":"B","value":"是医学伦理学不同历史条件下的不同表现形式"},{"key":"C","value":"生命伦理学研究的主要内容围绕着生命与死亡,包括生与死的控制问题"},{"key":"D","value":"是传统医学伦理学的继承和发展"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"生命伦理学是根据道德价值和原则对生命科学和卫生保健领域内的人类行为进行系统研究的学科。主要研究生物医学和行为研究中的道德问题、环境与人口中的道德问题、动物实验和植物保护中的道德问题,以及人类生殖、生育控制、遗传、优生、死亡、安乐死、器官移植等方面的道德问题(E对)。"} {"Question":"1956年美国学者提出的医患关系基本模式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动-被动型,互相-合作型,平等参与型"},{"key":"B","value":"主动-合作型,相互-指导型,共同参与型"},{"key":"C","value":"主动-配合型,指导-合作型,共同参与型"},{"key":"D","value":"主动-被动型,指导-合作型,共同参与型"},{"key":"E","value":"主动-被动型,共同参与型,父权主义型"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"萨斯-荷伦德模式。这是美国学者萨斯荷伦德于1976年在《医学道德问题》上发表的题为关于《医生-病人关系的基本模式》的文章中提出的三种不同模式,是依据在医疗措施的决定和执行中医生和病人各采取主动性大小确定的。其具体模式为:①主动-被动型。主动-被动型是在目前仍被普遍接受的模式。这种模式是指在医疗过程中,医生的权威性得到充分的肯定,处于主动地位:病人处于被动地位,并以服务为前提。②指导-合作型,它是广泛存在的一种医患关系。医患双方在医疗活动中都是主动的,但医生主动性大于病人,医生起主导作用。③共同参与型。共同参与型是指在医疗过程中,医生和病人具有近似同等的权利,共同参与医疗的决定和实施(D对)。"} {"Question":"对于切除阑尾的术后病人,宜采取的医患模式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动-被动型"},{"key":"B","value":"被动-主动型"},{"key":"C","value":"指导合作型"},{"key":"D","value":"共同参与型"},{"key":"E","value":"合作-指导型"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"1956年,美国学者萨斯与荷伦德发表了《医患关系的基本模式》一文,指出病人症状的严重程度是影响医师与病人各自主动性大小的重要因素,依此将医患关系归纳为三种类型:主动-被动型、指导-合作型、共同参与型(BE错)。指导-合作型(C对)是指在医疗活动中,医患双方具有一定的主动性,但仍以医务人员为主,适合于急性感染期病人(如切除阑尾的术后病人)。主动-被动型(A错)指医师主动命令,病人被动服从,适合难以表述自己主观意见的病人,如麻醉、严重外伤昏迷的病人等。共同参与型(D错)指医患双方共同制定并实施诊断方案,适合慢性疾病病人和心理疾病病人。"} {"Question":"关于医患关系的表述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"建立在平等关系上的契约关系"},{"key":"B","value":"是服务与被服务的契约关系"},{"key":"C","value":"是有法律保障的信托关系"},{"key":"D","value":"医患是平等关系"},{"key":"E","value":"技术关系是建立在利益的基础上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根据与诊治技术实施有无关系,医患关系可分为技术关系和非技术关系。技术关系是指医患双方围绕着诊断、治疗、护理以及预防、保健、康复等具体医学行为中技术因素所构成的互动关系,是建立在技术因素而不是利益的基础上(E错,为本题正确答案)。由于现实环境的复杂性,仅仅建立在感情基础之上的医患关系很难维持,因此医疗双方形成了建立在平等关系上的契约关系(AD对)。在当代中国,医患关系本质上是在社会地位、人格尊严相互平等前提下的服务与被服务的关系,是服务与被服务的关系的契约关系(B对),是有法律保障的信托关系(C对)。"} {"Question":"反映医患关系本质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医患关系是一种民事法律关系"},{"key":"B","value":"医患关系是具有道德意义较强的社会关系"},{"key":"C","value":"医患关系是一种商家与消费者的关系"},{"key":"D","value":"医患关系是包括非技术性和技术性方面的关系"},{"key":"E","value":"医患关系是患者与治疗者在诊疗和保健中所建立的关系"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医患关系是具有道德意义较强的社会关系反映了医患关系的本质(B对AC错)。医患关系是包括非技术性和技术性方面的关系为医患关系的内容(D错)。医患关系是患者与治疗者在诊疗和保健中所建立的联系为医患技术关系(E错)。"} {"Question":"尊重患者知情同意权,其正确的做法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴幼患儿可以由监护人决定其诊疗方案"},{"key":"B","value":"家属无承诺,即使患者本人知情同意也不得给予手术"},{"key":"C","value":"对特殊急诊患者的抢救都同样对待"},{"key":"D","value":"无须做到患者完全知情"},{"key":"E","value":"只经患者同意即可手术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"这种传统的伦理决策以患者利益为优先考虑,由医生做出,可与同行商议。在研究中,知情同意是标准规则,但多以具体境遇考虑,少以一般规则来衡量。婴幼患儿可以由监护人决定其诊疗方案体现了尊重患者知情同意权(A对)。代理知情同意的合理性和必要性取决于代理人见能够真实反映患者的意志(B错)。有对于急救患者,建议患者家属慎用拒绝权并做好解释说明工作。因为医师提出的急救措施往往直接关系到患者的生命安全。家属由于医疗知识所限,不容易做出准确判断(C错)。完全知情是指患者获悉他作出承诺所必需的医学信息,即通过医方翔实的说明和介绍、对有关询问的必需回答和解释,患者全面了解诊治决策的利与弊,例如诊治的性质、作用、依据、损伤、风险、意外等。医方使患者知情的方式一般是口头的,必要时则辅之书面文字方式(D错)。医师的道德权利还有要求患者及其家属配合诊治、对患者的不当行为进行特殊干涉等,所以不能只经患者同意做手术(E错)。"} {"Question":"生命神圣论的积极意义不包括的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对人的生命的尊重"},{"key":"B","value":"推行医学人道主义反对非人道的医疗行为"},{"key":"C","value":"反对不平等的医疗制度"},{"key":"D","value":"合理公正的分配卫生资源"},{"key":"E","value":"实行一视同仁的医德规范"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"合理公正的分配卫生资源没有体现生命神圣论对人的看法(D错,为本题正确答案)。生命神圣论强调尊重人的生命,所以生命神圣论的积极意义包括对人的生命的尊重(A对)。推行医学人道主义反对非人道的医疗行为体现了生命神圣论提倡患者的生命利益和健康利益高于一切(B对)。反对不平等的医疗制度体现了生命神圣论提倡患者的生命利益和健康利益高于一切(C对)。实行一视同仁的医德规范体现了生命神圣论提倡患者的生命利益和健康利益高于一切(E对)。"} {"Question":"医学道德评价中自身评价是医务人员","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对自己的心理感受所进行的反思"},{"key":"B","value":"对自己的职业行为所作的评价"},{"key":"C","value":"对周围同事的错误行为进行的批评"},{"key":"D","value":"对行业内的不正之风所进行的评价"},{"key":"E","value":"对所发生的医疗差错事故进行的分析"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"医学道德评价中自身评价是医务人员对自己的职业行为所作的评价(B对)。"} {"Question":"在医学道德评价中,我们应坚持","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"目的决定论"},{"key":"B","value":"手段决定论"},{"key":"C","value":"目的决定手段论"},{"key":"D","value":"目的手段辩证统一论"},{"key":"E","value":"目的手段对立论"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"目的与手段的统一 医学目的是指医务人员在医疗实践活动中期望达到的目标。医学手段是指医务人员为达到某种目标所采取的方法和途径。在医疗实践活动中,要按照医德原则的要求,严格遵循有效性、最优性、一致性和社会性原则,确立正确的医学目的,选择适合、恰当的医疗手段。所选择的医疗手段必须经过科学实践证明是有效的、具有最佳效果的、与患者病情发展变化相一致的、没有社会后果的。进行医德评价时,要始终坚持目的与手段的高度统一(D对CE错)。目的论认为评价行为善恶,只需依据行为目的,即只需评价行为的目的是否合乎道德,至于达到这个目的而采取何种手段并不重要(A错)。手段不具有道德评价意义。手段是指人们实现目标所借助的工具、方法、途径等,手段论认为只需依据行为手段合乎道德与否,行为目的并不重要,目的不具有道德评价意义(B错)。"} {"Question":"生物-心理-社会医学模式建立在20世纪的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50年代"},{"key":"B","value":"60年代"},{"key":"C","value":"70年代"},{"key":"D","value":"80年代"},{"key":"E","value":"90年代"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"迄今为止,出现过三种医学模式,即:古代朴素的整体医学模式、近代生物医学模式和现代生物-心理-社会医学模式。生物-心理-社会医学模式是20世纪70年代(C对)以后建立起来的,它从生物、心理、社会等综合因素全面认识健康和疾病。生物-心理-社会医学模式的建立,不仅反映着医学的发展,而且呼唤着医德的进步。"} {"Question":"医学道德所具有的特点,不包括的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有全人类性"},{"key":"B","value":"具有实践性"},{"key":"C","value":"具有稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"具有天然性"},{"key":"E","value":"具有继承性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医学道德的特点为具有全人类性(A对)、继承性(E对)、稳定性(C对)、实践性(B对)(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"上述各项中符合传染科道德要求的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重病人的人格"},{"key":"B","value":"精诚团结密切协作"},{"key":"C","value":"分秒必争全力以赴"},{"key":"D","value":"具有无私奉献精神"},{"key":"E","value":"保守隐私和秘密"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"由于传染病科室传染痫病人的心理问题多、传染科病房管理难度大、对传染科医务人员的道德要求高的特点。因此要求医师具有热爱本职工作,具有无私奉献精神、坚持预防为主的积极防疫思想、严格执行消毒隔离制度,防止交叉感染、遵守国家法律规定,及时上报疫情的道德要求(D对)。尊重病人的权利和人格为中心的医德的基本原则之一(A错)。医师之间的关系道德要求医师之间应当:1.尊重同道,彼此信任,2.取长补短,互相学习,3.精诚合作,互谅互让,4.求同存异,公平竞争(B错)。作为急诊科大夫,对于抢救患者我们应当恪守急诊科道德要求,做到分秒必争、全力以赴、常备不懈、沉着冷静、集思广益、团结协作、优化技能、强化功底、人性服务、呵护心理、胆大心细、坚守慎独(C错)。尊重原则要求医务人员尊重患者。欧美一般称为自主原则,即对自主的人及其自主性的尊重。知情同意、知情选择、要求保守秘密和隐私等均是尊重患者的体现。广义上的尊重原则还包括医务人员尊重患者及其家属的人格(E错)。"} {"Question":"右心室肥大的心电图可表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"RV₁>1.0mVRV₁+SV₅>1.2mV"},{"key":"B","value":"V₃V₄导联呈RS型,R\/S接近于1"},{"key":"C","value":"V₅V₆导联以R波为主,R\/S>1,RV₅<2.5mV"},{"key":"D","value":"V₁至V₅,R波逐渐增大,而S波逐渐变小"},{"key":"E","value":"RV₅>2.5mV,V₁或RV₅+SV₁>3.5~4.0mV"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"右心室肥大的心电图特点是:①QRS波群电压增高:Rv₁>1.0 mV,Rv₁十Sv₅>1.05mV(重症>1.2mV,RaVR>0.5mV(A对)。②QRS波群形态改变:V₁导联的R波电压增高,呈RS、R型,R\/S>1,重度右心室肥大时V₁可呈qR型(除外心肌梗死),V₅导联S波加深,R\/S<1。aVR导联以R波为主,R\/Q>1或R\/S>1(BCD错)。③心电轴右偏≥+90°,重者>+110°。④继发性ST-T改变:V₁、V₂等右胸导联ST段下移>0.05mV,T波低平、双向或倒置。⑤V₁导联R峰时间>0.04s,但QRS波群时间并不延长。RV₅>2.5mV,V₁或RV₅+SV₁>3.5~4.0mV为左心室肥大特点(E错)。"} {"Question":"可引起ST段下移0.07mV的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性心肌梗死"},{"key":"B","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"急性心包炎"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉夹层动脉瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"室壁瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"典型心绞痛发作时面对缺血区的导联上出现ST段下移,可呈水平型或下斜型压低≥0.1mV,或在原有的基础上进一步下移达0.1mV以上(B对)。引起心电图ST段上抬超过正常范围且弓背向上的疾病是急性心肌梗死(A错)。急性心包炎ST段呈弓背向下抬高(C错)。主动脉夹层动脉瘤可示左心室肥大,非特异性ST-T改变(D错)。心电图持续抬高达6个月以上提示心室室壁瘤(E错)。"} {"Question":"心肌坏死心电图改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T波倒置"},{"key":"B","value":"异常深而宽Q波"},{"key":"C","value":"ST段下移"},{"key":"D","value":"ST段明显上抬,呈弓背向上单向曲线"},{"key":"E","value":"T波高耸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心肌缺血坏死主要表现为面向坏死区的导联出现病理性Q波(时间≥0.03s,振幅≥1\/4R),Q波的宽度和深度代表了心肌坏死的范围和深度(B对)。心肌缺血,面对缺血区的导联出现两肢对称的尖深的倒置T波,一般称为“冠状T波”(A错)。典型心绞痛发作时面对缺血区的导联上出现ST段下移,可呈水平型或下斜型压低≥0.1mV,或在原有的基础上进一步下移达0.1mV以上(C错)。心外膜下心肌损伤时(包括透壁性心肌缺血),ST段呈弓背向上抬高(D错)。T波高耸常见于高钾血症,心内膜下心肌缺血及急性心肌梗塞超急性期表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞的心电图特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"P-R间期进行性缩短,直至一个P波受阻不能下传到心室"},{"key":"B","value":"相邻R-R间距进行性延长,直至一个P波受阻不能下传到心室"},{"key":"C","value":"P-R间期进行性延长,直至一个P波受阻不能下传到心室"},{"key":"D","value":"P-R间期>0.20秒,P波下传无受阻"},{"key":"E","value":"P-R间期固定,P波间断受阻不能下传到心室"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞的心电图特点是窦性P波规律出现。文氏现象:PR间期呈进行性延长,RR间距逐渐缩短,直至出现一次心室漏搏。心室漏搏所致的最长RR间距短于任何2个最短的RR间距之和。漏搏后,房室阻滞得到一定改善,PR间期又缩短,之后又逐渐延长,如此周而复始地出现。房室传导比例常为3∶2、4∶3、5∶4等(C对AB错)。一度房室传导阻滞心电图特点为窦性P波之后均伴随QRS波群。PR间期延长:PR间期≥0.21s儿童>0.18s,老年人>0.22s;或 PR间期超过相应年龄和心率的正常最高值;或在心率未变的情况下PR间期较原来延长0.04s 以上(D错)。二度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞的心电图特点为窦性 P波规则出现。PR间期恒定;正常或延长,无文氏现象。QRS波群部分脱落,房室传导比例常为3∶2、4∶3等(E错)。"} {"Question":"不符合Ⅲ房室传导阻滞心电图特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"R-R间期相等"},{"key":"B","value":"QRS波群形态可正常,也可呈宽大畸形"},{"key":"C","value":"心房率<心室率"},{"key":"D","value":"心房率>心室率"},{"key":"E","value":"P-P间期相等"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"Ⅲ房室传导阻滞心电图特点为1.心房率大于心室率(D对)(C错,为本题正确答案),即P波频率高于QRS波群频率。心室由逸搏心律控制。QRS波群形态取决干异位起搏点位置的高低;交界性逸搏心律的起搏点位于希氏束分叉以上,QRS波群形态正常,心室率常为40~60次\/min;2.房室分离,当心房由窦房结控制时,可见P波规则出现,P波与QRS波群无固定关系,P间期与RR间期各有其固定的规律性(AE对)。3.室性逸搏心律的起搏点位于希氏束分叉以下,QRS波群宽大、畸形,心室率常在40次\/min以下(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列可引起中性粒细胞生理性增多的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睡眠"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠末期"},{"key":"C","value":"休息"},{"key":"D","value":"缺氧"},{"key":"E","value":"情绪激动"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中性粒细胞生理性增多可见于妊娠末期(B对)。睡眠(A错)、休息(C错)、缺氧(D错)、情绪激动(E错)一般中性粒细胞计数正常。"} {"Question":"患者,男,45岁。心悸10天,心电图示多个导联提前出现宽大畸形QRS波群,其前无相关P波,其后T波与QRS波群主波方向相反,代偿间歇完全其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房性早搏"},{"key":"B","value":"房室交界性早搏"},{"key":"C","value":"室性早搏"},{"key":"D","value":"房室传导阻滞"},{"key":"E","value":"室内传导阻滞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者出现心电图显示提前发生QRS波群,宽阔畸形,ST段与T波的方向与QRS波群主波方向相反,符合室性早搏诊断(C对)。心房的异位起搏点提早发放冲动引起的心脏搏动,称为房性期前收缩也称房性早搏。其特点为(1)提前出现的房性P'波,其形态与窦性P波不同。(2)房性P'波后的QRS波群,形态似窦性,P'R间期≥0.12s。(3)代偿间歇多不完全(A错)。房室交界区的异位起搏点提早发放冲动引起的心脏搏动,称为交界性期前收缩,也称交界性早搏。心电图表现为(1)提前出现的QRS波群,形态基本正常。也可因伴心室内差异传导而增宽。(2)提早出现的QRS波群之前或之后可有逆行P'波,也可见不到逆行P'波。逆行P'波与QRS波群的关系取决于激动传入心房、心室时的速度。激动先上传至心房,则逆行P'波在QRS波群之前,P'R间期<0.12;激动先下传至心室,则逆行P'波在QRS波群之后,RP'间期<0.20s;激动同时传至心房与心室,心房与心室同时除极,则逆行P'波可被QRS波群掩盖,或逆传心房被阻滞,则无P波(B错)。一度房室传导阻滞是指从心房到心室的电激动传导速度减慢,心电图表现为PR间期延长超过0.20s,但是每个心房激动都能传导至心室。二度房室传导阻滞又分为I型(文氏或称莫氏I型)和II型(莫氏II型)。二度I型房室传导阻滞是最常见的二度房室传导阻滞类型,是指从心房到心室的传导时间逐渐延长,直到有一个心房的激动不能传递到心室。二度II型房室传导阻滞是指心房的激动突然阻滞不能下传至心室,心电图表现为QRS波群有间期性脱漏。三度房室传导阻滞又称完全性房室传导阻滞,是指全部的心房激动都不能传导至心室,其特征为心房与心室的活动各自独立、互不相干;且心房率快于心室率(D错)。室内传导阻滞心电图主要表现为:(1)QRS波群形态改变:V、V。导联呈rsR'型(M形)或呈宽而有切迹的R波,无Q波,此为最具特征性的改变;aVR导联呈qR型或QR型,R波宽而有切迹;I、aVL、V、V。导联S波宽而有切迹,时间≥0.04 s。(2)QRS波群时间≥0.12s,V;导联R峰时间≥0.05s。(3)继发性ST-T改变:V、V。导联ST段下移,T波倒置(E错)。"} {"Question":"血白细胞总数增多,可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒杆菌感染"},{"key":"B","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"急性失血"},{"key":"D","value":"脾功能亢进"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"白细胞总数的增减主要受中性粒细胞的影响,反应性中性粒细胞增多可见于急性大出血、溶血;如脾破裂或宫外孕破裂后,白细胞迅速增高(C对E错)。伤寒杆菌感染多见嗜酸粒细胞减少(A错)。脾亢时血细胞减少,但细胞形态正常。早期以白细胞及血小板减少为主,重度脾亢时可出现三系明显减少(D错)。"} {"Question":"出现脓尿和菌尿的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血性黄疸"},{"key":"B","value":"肝细胞性黄疸"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"泌尿系结石"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脓尿和菌尿:新排出的尿液外观混浊,因尿内含有大量白细胞、炎性渗出物或细菌所致…菌尿呈云雾状,静置后不下沉;脓尿放置后可见白色絮状沉淀。此两种尿液不论加热、加酸,其混浊均不消失。见于泌尿系统感染,如肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、尿道炎等(E对)。溶血性黄疸表现为血红蛋白尿,多呈酱油色或者茶色(A错)。肝细胞性黄疸由于尿内含有大量结合胆红素,呈深黄色,振荡后泡沫亦呈黄色(B错)。急性肾小球肾炎其特点为急性起病,血尿、蛋白尿、水肿和高血压(C错)。尿路结石主要症状是疼痛及血尿。通常患者都会出现肉眼或镜下血尿,后者更为常见(D错)。"} {"Question":"维生素B₁₂或叶酸缺乏引起贫血是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"失血性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"巨幼细胞贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"叶酸缺乏症的主要表现为巨幼红细胞性贫血,其他如舌炎、舌痛、舌乳头萎缩、舌面光滑、口角炎及食欲减退等。严重的维生素B12缺乏可导致巨幼红细胞贫血和不可逆的中枢神经脱髓鞘损害(C对)。溶血性贫血的根本原因是红细胞寿命缩短。造成红细胞破坏加速的原因可概括分为红细胞本身的内在缺陷和红细胞外部因素异常。前者多为遗传性溶血,后者引起获得性溶血(A错)。失血性贫血是指由于各种急性或慢性失血导致血液中的红细胞丢失过多、超过骨髓的代偿能力(B错)。当机体对铁的需求与供给失衡,导致体内贮存铁耗尽,继之红细胞内铁缺乏,最终引起缺铁性贫血(D错)。再生障碍性贫血简称再障,是一组由多种病因所致的骨髓造血功能衰竭性综合征,以骨髓造血细胞增生减低和外周血全血细胞减少为特征(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下有关类风湿因子(RF)的描述,哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"AF是一种抗自身变性IgG的抗体"},{"key":"B","value":"主要用于风湿性疾病的疗效观察"},{"key":"C","value":"系统性红斑狼疮时可呈阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"AF可用胶孔凝集试验检测"},{"key":"E","value":"类风湿性关节炎患者RF阳性率较高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"RF主要为IgM类自身抗体,但也有IgG类、IgA类和IgE类。各类RF临床意义有所不同。RF是一种以变性IgG为靶抗原的自身抗体(A对)。未经治疗的类风湿性关节炎患者其阳性率为80%(E对),且滴定度常在1:160以上。临床上动态观察滴定度多少,可作为病变活动及药物治疗后疗效的评价。其他风湿性疾病如SLE阳性率为20%—25%(C对);硬皮病与皮肌炎阳性率为10%—24%,滴定度较低。RF的测定常用胶孔凝集试验检测(D对)(RF是一种主要发生于类风湿性关节炎患者体内的抗人变性IgG抗体,可与IgG的Fc段结合。将变性IgG包被于聚苯乙烯胶乳颗粒上,此致敏胶乳在与待测血清中的RF相遇时,即可发生肉眼可见的凝集)。RF不反映风湿性疾病的疗效(B错,为本题正确答案),其滴度也不反映风湿病的严重程度,滴度越高,越代表疾病处于活动期。"} {"Question":"心功能不全肺淤血时,在痰中出现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"夏科-雷登结晶体"},{"key":"C","value":"上皮细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"色素细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"杜什曼螺旋体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心功能不全肺淤血时,在痰中出现的是色素细胞(D对)即含铁血黄素细胞。白细胞(A错)和上皮细胞(C错)可出现于正常人或肺部感染性疾病患者的痰液中。夏科-雷登结晶体(B错)是嗜酸粒细胞破裂后嗜酸性颗粒相互融合而成的结晶体,可在支气管哮喘患者痰中出现。杜什曼螺旋体(E错)可在少数支气管哮喘患者痰中出现。"} {"Question":"肺癌空洞常发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鳞状上皮癌"},{"key":"B","value":"腺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"大细胞未分化癌"},{"key":"D","value":"小细胞未分化癌"},{"key":"E","value":"细支气管-肺泡癌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺癌空洞常发生于鳞状上皮癌,癌组织易变性、坏死,形成空洞或癌性肺脓肿(A对)。腺癌往往在胸部X线检查时被发现。表现为圆形或椭圆形肿块,一般生长较慢,但有时早期即发生血行转移(B错)。大细胞未分化癌X线片上可显示突入支气管腔内的肿块阴影、管壁不规则、增厚或管腔狭窄、阻塞。肿瘤侵犯邻近肺组织和转移到肺门纵隔淋巴结时,可见肺门区肿块,或纵隔阴影增宽,轮廓呈波浪形,肿块形态不规则,边缘不整齐,有时呈分叶状(C错)。小细胞肺癌的特点是:①肺门肿块大且明显②肺内“阻变”少而轻③转移征象出现早④对化疗,放疗反应敏感(D错)。细支气管-肺泡癌有结节型和弥漫型两种表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,23岁。有花粉过敏史,突然出现咳嗽,打喷嚏,呼吸困难,不能平卧,喉中痰鸣,发热,汗出,舌红苔黄,脉弦滑。对诊断最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺功能"},{"key":"B","value":"心电图"},{"key":"C","value":"血气分析"},{"key":"D","value":"血常规"},{"key":"E","value":"痰涂片镜检、培养"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本例患者为青年男性,有花粉过敏史,此次突发咳嗽,打喷嚏,呼吸困难,不能平卧,喉中痰鸣,发热,汗出,舌红苔黄,脉弦滑,诊断首先考虑支气管哮喘。对诊断最有意义的检查是肺功能(A对)检查,支气管哮喘患者肺功能检查可表现为限制性通气功能障碍。心电图(B错)对支气管哮喘的诊断意义不大。血气分析(C错)、血常规(D错)、痰涂片镜检、培养(E错)对支气管哮喘的诊断有一定作用,但不是诊断支气管哮喘最有意义的检查。"} {"Question":"下列关于CT临床应用优点的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CT对癌症及微小病变的早期发现和诊断有重要意义"},{"key":"B","value":"CT对头颅病变脊椎与脊髓及盆部器官的疾病诊断都有良好的运用价值"},{"key":"C","value":"双源CT下的冠脉造影,可以帮助判断冠状动脉有无狭窄及狭窄程度"},{"key":"D","value":"CT检查具有无X线辐射无痛苦无骨性伪影的特点"},{"key":"E","value":"CT对中枢神经系统疾病的诊断价值更高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"CT检查具有X线辐射并且CT检查的辐射剂量通常高于单次X光摄影。MRI与CT相比,它没有放射辐射,没有骨性伪影(D错,为本题正确答案)。CT对癌症及微小病变的早期发现和诊断有重要意义。CT对头颅病变脊椎与脊髓及盆部器官的疾病诊断都有良好的运用价值(A对),CT对头颅病变脊椎与脊髓及盆部器官的疾病诊断都有良好的运用价值(B对),双源CT下的冠脉造影,可以帮助判断冠状动脉有无狭窄及狭窄程度(C对)。CT对中枢神经系统疾病的诊断价值更高(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项属于脑炎常见面容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒面容"},{"key":"B","value":"苦笑面容"},{"key":"C","value":"满月面容"},{"key":"D","value":"病危面容"},{"key":"E","value":"面具面容"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"伤寒面容(A对)表现为表情淡漠,反应迟钝,呈无欲状态,见于伤寒、脑脊髓膜炎、脑炎等高热衰弱患者。苦笑面容(B错)表现为发作时牙关紧闭,面肌痉挛,呈苦笑状,见于破伤风。满月面容(C错)表现为面圆如满月,皮肤发红,常伴痤疮和小须,见于库欣综合征及长期应用肾上腺皮质激素的患者。病危面容(D错)表现为面容枯槁,面色苍白,表情淡漠,目光无神,眼睛凹陷。面具面容(E错)表现为面部呆板、无表情,似面具样,见于震颤麻痹等。"} {"Question":"对侧半身感觉障碍并伴有偏瘫,属于感觉障碍的类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经根型"},{"key":"B","value":"脑干型"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓横贯型"},{"key":"D","value":"内囊型"},{"key":"E","value":"末梢型"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"对侧半身感觉障碍并伴有偏瘫,属于感觉障碍的类型是内囊型(D对)。神经根型颈部颈椎棘突或棘突间的直接压痛或叩痛多为阳性,根性痛,根性肌力障碍,以前根先受压者为明显,早期肌张力增高,但很快即减弱并出现肌萎缩(A错)。脑干型感觉障碍属传导束型感觉障碍,发生的症状依据受损部位而异(B错)。脊髓横贯型脊髓症状出现急骤,病人初始多为局部颈背痛或腹痛,胸腹束带感等神经根刺激症状,然后突然出现双下肢麻木,无力,感觉缺失及二便障碍。多数患者于数小时或1-2天内达到最高峰,发展为脊髓完全的横贯性损害(C错)。末梢型感觉障碍表现为四肢对称性的末端各种感觉障碍(温、痛、触觉和深感觉),呈手套-袜套样分布(E错)。"} {"Question":"一侧肺不张的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺野大片致密,胸廓塌陷,纵隔向患侧移位"},{"key":"B","value":"肺野大片致密,肋间隙增宽,纵隔向健侧移位"},{"key":"C","value":"肺纹理增多增粗紊乱"},{"key":"D","value":"肺野透亮度增加"},{"key":"E","value":"一侧肺野团块状阴影"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"一侧肺不张的表现是肺野大片致密,胸廓塌陷,纵隔向患侧移位(A对)。大量胸腔积液时患侧肺野呈均匀致密阴影,有时仅见肺尖部少量肺组织,可见纵隔向健侧移位,肋间隙增宽,横膈下降(B错)。肺纹理增多增粗紊乱见于肺部炎症(C错)。肺野透亮度增加见于肺气肿、肺大疱(D错)。一侧肺野团块状阴影考虑肺部肿瘤(E错)。"} {"Question":"出现“三偏”征,常见的病变部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内囊"},{"key":"B","value":"脑皮质"},{"key":"C","value":"脑干"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓"},{"key":"E","value":"基底节"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"“三偏”征是指偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、偏盲,发病急骤,以突然晕倒、不省人事,伴口角歪斜、语言不利、半身不遂为临床主症的疾病,常见于内囊(A对)病变。脑皮质(B错)临床特点为对侧单瘫或面瘫。脑干(C错)的临床特点为交叉瘫,即病灶平面同侧脑神经周围性瘫痪,病灶侧对侧肢体中枢性瘫痪。脊髓(D错)损伤的临床特点是双下肢中枢性瘫。基底节(E错)损伤会产生一些列的自主性运动障碍。"} {"Question":"黄疸较轻时,首先出现的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手掌皮肤"},{"key":"B","value":"足掌皮肤"},{"key":"C","value":"巩膜及软腭粘膜"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部皮肤"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部皮肤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"黄疸是常见症状与体征,其发生是由于胆红素代谢障碍而引起血清内胆红素浓度升高所致。临床上表现为巩膜、黏膜、皮肤及其他组织被染成黄色。因巩膜含有较多的弹性硬蛋白,与胆红素有较强的亲和力,故黄疸患者巩膜黄染及软腭粘膜黄染(C对)常先于黏膜、皮肤而首先被察觉。正常血清总胆红素为1.7~17.1μmol\/L,当血清总胆红素在17.1~34.2μmol\/L,而肉眼看不出黄疸时,称隐性黄疸或亚临床黄疸;当血清总胆红素浓度超过34.2μmol\/L时,临床上即可发现黄疸,也称为显性黄疸。"} {"Question":"关于体温测量,下列不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应将汞柱甩到35℃以下"},{"key":"B","value":"婴幼儿不宜用口腔温度计"},{"key":"C","value":"肛测法测量的温度虽稳定,但使用不方便"},{"key":"D","value":"使用腋测法时腋窝应干燥"},{"key":"E","value":"昏迷者应用口测法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"体温测量可分为腋测法、口测法和肛测法三种。腋测法使用时应注意腋窝处应无致热或降温物品,并应使腋窝保持干燥(D对)。口测法不能用于婴幼儿(B对)及神志不清者(E错,为本题正确答案)。肛测法测量的温度虽稳定,但使用不方便(C对),多用于婴幼儿及神志不清者。以上三种体温测量方法在测量前都应将汞柱甩到35°C以下(A对)。"} {"Question":"板状腹见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性阑尾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胃肠穿孔"},{"key":"D","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"E","value":"大量腹水"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"突发而剧烈的刺激,胃酸和胆汁这种化学性的刺激,可引起强烈的腹肌紧张,故急性弥漫性腹膜炎多出现板状腹(C对)。板状腹见于急性胃肠穿孔,突发而剧烈的刺激,胃酸和胆汁这种化学性的刺激,可引起强烈的腹肌紧张。腹壁紧张度增加不见于脱水患者,脱水患者表现为全腹凹陷(D错)。肠胀气是由于多种原因引起的,胃肠道不通畅或梗阻引起胃肠道的气体不能随胃肠蠕动排出体外,气体集聚于胃肠道就会有胀气感,故表现为全腹壁紧张(A错)。病理状态下导致腹腔内液体量增加,超过200mL时称为腹腔积液,故全腹壁紧张见于大量腹水(B错)。结核性炎症腹壁有柔韧感(E错)。"} {"Question":"肾绞痛病人常采取的体位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强迫侧卧位"},{"key":"B","value":"角弓反张位"},{"key":"C","value":"强迫俯卧位"},{"key":"D","value":"强迫坐位"},{"key":"E","value":"辗转体位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"体位是指患者身体所处的状态,体位的改对某些疾病的诊断具有一定的意义。辗转体位(E对):患者辗转反侧,坐卧不安,见于胆石症、胆道蛔虫症、肾绞痛等。强迫侧卧位(A错):有胸膜疾病的患者多采取患侧卧位,可限制患侧胸廓活动而减轻疼痛和有利于健侧代偿呼吸,见于一侧胸膜炎和大量胸腔积液的患者。角弓反张(B错):患者颈及脊背肌肉强直,出现头向后仰,胸腹前凸,背过伸,躯干呈弓形,见于破伤风及小儿脑膜炎。强迫俯卧位(C错):俯卧位可减轻脊背肌肉的紧张程度,见于脊柱疾病。强迫坐位(D错):亦称端坐呼吸,患者坐于床沿上,以两手置于膝盖或扶持床边,该体位便于辅助呼吸肌参与呼吸运动,加大膈肌活动度,增加肺通气量,并减少回心血量和减轻心脏负担,见于心、肺功能不全者。"} {"Question":"门脉高压所致的腹壁静脉曲张,在下列哪个部位可闻及血管杂音","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脐周"},{"key":"B","value":"上腹部"},{"key":"C","value":"下腹部"},{"key":"D","value":"左侧腹部"},{"key":"E","value":"右侧腹部"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"门脉高压症是指由门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一系列临床表现,是一个临床病症,为各种原因所致门静脉血循环障碍的临床综合表现,常可导致腹壁静脉曲张(以脐为中心向四周伸展的一簇曲张的腹壁静脉,如水母头状,常提示肝硬化所致门静脉高压侧支循环形成),用听诊器听诊可闻及静脉性杂音,次杂音为连续的嗡鸣音,此音多于脐周(A对CDE错)或上腹部出现。注:此题并不严谨,因为上腹部(B对)也可以闻及血管杂音,但是最多见的还是脐周。"} {"Question":"下列疾病除哪项外均可见到周围血管征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"B","value":"发热"},{"key":"C","value":"贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"甲亢"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"周围血管征包括枪击音、水冲脉、Duroziez双重杂音以及毛细血管搏动征,主要见于脉压增大的疾病如主动脉瓣关闭不全(A对)、发热(B对)、贫血(C对)、甲亢(D对)。主动脉瓣狭窄(E错,为本题正确答案)患者表现为脉压减小,不会出现周围血管征。"} {"Question":"甲状腺I度肿大是指甲状腺","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能看到肿大又能触及,但在胸锁乳突肌内侧"},{"key":"B","value":"不能看到,但能触及"},{"key":"C","value":"看不到又触不到"},{"key":"D","value":"能看到又能触及,并超过胸锁乳突肌外缘"},{"key":"E","value":"能看到又能触及,且超过甲状软骨上缘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺位于甲状软骨下方,紧贴在气管两侧,中以峡部相连,表现光滑,薄而柔软。甲状腺肿大可分三度:不能看出肿大但能触及者为I度(B对C错);能看到肿大又能触及,但在胸锁乳突肌以内者为II度(A错);超过胸锁乳突肌外缘者为Ⅲ度(DE错)。"} {"Question":"可出现强迫蹲位的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性腹膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"先天性发绀型心脏病"},{"key":"C","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"破伤风"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肺水肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"强迫蹲位是指患者在活动过程中,因呼吸困难和心悸而停止活动并采用蹲踞位或膝胸位以缓解症状,主要见于先天性发绀型心脏病(B对)。急性腹膜炎(A错)患者可出现强迫仰卧位。心绞痛(C错)患者可出现强迫停立位。破伤风(D错)患者可出现角弓反张位。急性肺水肿(E错)患者可出现强迫坐位。"} {"Question":"又称风疹块,是一种局限性暂时性水肿的皮疹是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"斑疹"},{"key":"B","value":"玫瑰疹"},{"key":"C","value":"丘疹"},{"key":"D","value":"斑丘疹"},{"key":"E","value":"荨麻疹"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"荨麻疹(E对)又称风团块,是一种局限性暂时性水肿的皮疹,主要表现为边缘清楚的红色或苍白色的瘙痒性皮肤损害。出现得快,消退也快,消退后不留痕迹,主要由皮肤速发型变态反应所致,常见于各种异性蛋白性食物或药物过敏。斑疹(A错)表现为局部皮肤发红,一般不凸出皮肤表面,见于斑疹伤寒、丹毒等。玫瑰疹(B错)为一种鲜红色圆形斑疹,直径2~3mm,为病灶周围血管扩张所致,是伤寒和副伤寒的特征性皮疹。丘疹(C错)除局部颜色改变外,病灶凸出皮肤表面,见于药物疹、麻疹与湿疹等。斑丘疹(D错)的特点为在丘疹周围有皮肤发红的底盘,见于风疹、猩红热和药物疹等。"} {"Question":"病理情况下,双侧瞳孔缩小见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿托品中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"有机磷农药中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"视神经萎缩"},{"key":"D","value":"脑肿瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"青光眼"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"正常瞳孔直径为2~5mm,双侧等大等圆。病理情况下,双侧瞳孔缩小见于有机磷农药中毒(B对)。阿托品中毒(A错)、视神经萎缩(C错)、青光眼(E错)绝对期表现为瞳孔扩大。脑肿瘤(D错)表现为双侧瞳孔大小不等。"} {"Question":"肝颈静脉回流征不出现于下列哪种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右心衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"上腔静脉阻塞综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"缩窄性心包炎"},{"key":"D","value":"心包积液"},{"key":"E","value":"肺心病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝颈静脉回流征:右心衰竭(A对)或缩窄性心包炎(C对)的病人,如按压其肿大的肝脏时,则颈静脉充盈更为明显,称肝颈静脉回流征。是因右心衰时血量增加,但右心房淤血或右心室舒张受限,不能完全接受回流血量,而致颈静脉充盈更为明显,心包积液(D对)和严重的肺心病患者(E对),也会出现肝颈静脉回流征。而上腔静脉阻塞综合征(B错,为本题正确答案)不涉及下腔静脉的血液动力学改变,只会出现颈静脉充盈、怒张,不会出现肝颈静脉回流征。"} {"Question":"肺部叩诊呈过清音的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺气肿"},{"key":"B","value":"大量胸腔积液"},{"key":"C","value":"气胸"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺空洞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺气肿叩诊呈过清音(A对)。大量胸腔积液叩诊呈实音(B错)。气胸叩诊呈鼓音(C错)。支气管肺炎可叩诊呈浊音,在肺底部可闻及湿性和(或)干性啰音(D错)。肺空洞叩诊呈鼓音(E错)。"} {"Question":"血液中非结合胆红素明显升高见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血性黄疸"},{"key":"B","value":"肝细胞性黄疸"},{"key":"C","value":"胆汁淤积性黄疸"},{"key":"D","value":"Dub1n-Johnson综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"溶血性黄疸的发生是由于大量红细胞破坏,使非结合胆红素生成增多,超出了肝细胞摄取、转化与排泄能力,导致非结合胆红素潴留。同时,肝细胞转化形成的结合胆红素增多,排入肠道的结合胆红素增加,从而引起尿胆原增多(A对E错)。肝细胞性黄疸为非结合胆红素、结合胆红素均升高(B错)。胆汁淤积性黄疸为结合胆红素升高(C错)。Dubin-Johnson综合征为血清结合胆红素增高(D错)。"} {"Question":"符合书写要求的主诉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒战高热咳嗽右胸痛两天"},{"key":"B","value":"风心病5年"},{"key":"C","value":"2年前开始多饮多食多尿"},{"key":"D","value":"已患高血压3年"},{"key":"E","value":"因慢性腹泻全身乏力1个月"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"符合书写要求的主诉是寒战高热咳嗽右胸痛两天,主诉是患者感受最主要的、最痛苦或最明显的症状或体征,也就是本次就诊最主要的原因及持续的时间(A对)。"} {"Question":"肝区病变出现腹痛的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"突发中上腹剧烈刀割样持续性疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"持续性、广泛性剧烈腹痛伴腹肌紧张"},{"key":"C","value":"右上腹进行性锐痛"},{"key":"D","value":"剑突下钻顶样疼痛"},{"key":"E","value":"右上腹阵发性绞痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝区病变出现腹痛的特点是右上腹进行性锐痛(C对)。突发中上腹剧烈刀割样持续性疼痛(A错)多见于胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔。持续性、广泛性剧烈腹痛伴腹肌紧张(B错)多见于急性弥漫性腹膜炎。剑突下钻顶样疼痛(D错)多见于胆道蛔虫症。右上腹阵发性绞痛(E错)多见于胆囊炎。"} {"Question":"混合性呼吸困难见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气胸"},{"key":"B","value":"喉水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"神经官能症"},{"key":"D","value":"左心衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"喘息型慢性支气管炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"混合性呼吸困难:吸气、呼气均困难,呼吸浅而快。多见于重症肺炎、重症肺结核、大面积肺不张、弥漫性肺纤维化、大量胸腔积液及气胸(A对)等。吸气性呼吸困难多见于喉、气管、大支气管的炎症、水肿、肿瘤或异物等造成的气道狭窄与阻塞(B错)。神经症呼吸困难者自觉胸闷、憋气,主观感到空气不足,而客观上未见呼吸困难的表现(C错)。左心衰竭多见劳力性呼吸困难、端坐呼吸、夜间阵发性呼吸困难(D错)。呼气性呼吸困难:呼气时间长而缓慢,呼气费力并伴有呼气性哮鸣音。可见于慢性支气管炎(E错)、慢性阻塞性肺气肿、支气管哮喘等。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均可引起中枢性呕吐","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲亢"},{"key":"B","value":"洋地黄中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"尿毒症"},{"key":"D","value":"胆囊炎"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"呕吐可分为反射性呕吐、中枢性呕吐、前庭障碍性呕吐和神经症性呕吐。胆囊炎(D错,为本题正确答案)引起的呕吐为反射性呕吐,其特点是有恶心先兆,呕吐后不觉轻松。中枢性呕吐常见于中枢神经系统疾病,如脑血管疾病和颅内感染,也常见于全身疾病以及药物反应与中毒,如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、甲亢(A对)、尿毒症(C对)、妊娠反应(E对)、抗生素、抗癌药和洋地黄中毒(B对)等,其中由中枢神经系统引起的中枢性呕吐的特点是呈喷射状,常无恶心先兆,吐后不感轻松,常伴剧烈头痛、血压升高、脉搏减慢、视神经乳头水肿。"} {"Question":"临床上检查意识状态的方法一般多用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"问诊"},{"key":"B","value":"触诊"},{"key":"C","value":"叩诊"},{"key":"D","value":"听诊"},{"key":"E","value":"嗅诊"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"意识是大脑功能活动的综合表现,即对环境的知觉状态。判断患者的意识状态多采用问诊(A对BCDE错)的办法,是医师通过与患者或知情人交谈,详细了解疾病的历史与现状等临床资料,经过分析、综合、全面思考,提出初步临床判断的一种诊断方法,即通过交谈来了解患者的思维、反应、情感、计算及定向力等方面的情况。对较为严重者,甚至发生意识障碍(比如发生嗜睡、昏睡、意识模糊)的患者,尚应进行痛觉试验、瞳孔反射等检查,以确定患者意识障碍的程度。"} {"Question":"摇头咳嗽打喷嚏使头痛加剧的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丛集性头痛"},{"key":"B","value":"腰椎穿刺后头痛"},{"key":"C","value":"颈肌急性炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"神经官能症"},{"key":"E","value":"脑肿瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"摇头咳嗽打喷嚏使头痛加剧的是脑肿瘤(E对)。丛集性头痛在站位可缓解(A错)。腰椎穿刺后的头痛在直立位时加重(B错)。因颈部运动而加重的是颈肌急性炎症(C错)。神经性头痛因精神紧张、失眠等诱发(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期慢性咳嗽—慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"夜间咳嗽较明显—肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"体位改变时咳嗽加剧—支气管扩张"},{"key":"D","value":"干咳—肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"大量脓痰静置后出现分层现象—肺脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"干嗽(D错,为本题正确答案)是指咳嗽无痰或痰量甚少。常见于急性咽喉炎、肺炎、急性支气管炎初期、胸膜疾病、支气管异物、服用ACEI后、肺癌、二尖瓣狭窄等。湿性咳嗽是指带痰液的咳嗽,多见于肺炎、慢性支气管炎、支气管扩张、肺脓肿和空洞型肺结核。长期慢性咳嗽(A对)主要见于慢性支气管炎。夜间咳嗽较明显(B对)主要见于肺结核。体位改变时咳嗽加剧(C对)主要见于支气管扩张。大量脓痰静置后出现分层现象(E对)主要见于肺脓肿。"} {"Question":"夜间咳嗽较重者,可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肺癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"夜间咳嗽、咳痰比较明显者见于肺结核(D对)和左心衰竭,可能与夜间肺淤血加重和迷走神经兴奋性增高有关。慢性支气管炎(A错)、支气管扩张(B错)、大叶性肺炎(C错)、肺癌(E错)患者多为慢性咳嗽,咳嗽、咳痰多无时间特异性。"} {"Question":"下列关于溶血性黄疸的叙述正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接迅速反应阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"尿综合胆红素阴性"},{"key":"C","value":"血中非结合胆红素不增加"},{"key":"D","value":"尿胆原阴性"},{"key":"E","value":"大便呈灰白色"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"一般能引起溶血的疾病都能引发溶血性黄疸,溶血性黄疸常表现为血中非结合胆红素增加(C错),结合胆红素一般正常,故直接迅速反应阴性(A错)。因为未结合胆红素不溶于水,结合胆红素又可正常排泄,故尿综合胆红素阴性(B对)。由于结合胆红素排入肠道增多,所以尿胆原增多,呈阳性反应(D错)。同时粪胆原增多,大便颜色加深(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均符合问诊的要求","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"态度和蔼,言语亲切"},{"key":"B","value":"要将患者陈述的内容去粗取精,去伪存真"},{"key":"C","value":"交谈时避免使用特定意义的医学术语"},{"key":"D","value":"医生要多提出诱导性的问题"},{"key":"E","value":"对危重患者只扼要询问,待病情缓和后再补充"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"问诊是医师通过对患者或相关人员的系统询问获取病史资料,经过综合分析而作出临床判断的一种诊法,其要求有:①医师要态度和蔼,言语亲切(A对)。②医师要将患者陈述的内容去粗取精,去伪存真(B对)。③交谈时避免使用特定意义的医学术语(C对)。④对危重患者只扼要询问,待病情缓和后再补充(E对)。⑤要避免提出诱导性的问题(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外,均是采录“主诉”所要求的内容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主诉是迫使病人就医的最主要症状"},{"key":"B","value":"一般不超过20个字"},{"key":"C","value":"确切的主诉常可作为诊断的向导"},{"key":"D","value":"主诉的记录,尽量使用诊断术语"},{"key":"E","value":"症状不突出者,可把就医的主要目的作为主诉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"主诉为患者感受到的最主要的痛苦或最明显的症状和(或)体征(A对),也就是本次就诊最主要的原因及其持续时间,主诉要有显著的意向性,确切的主诉可初步反映病情轻重与缓急,并提供对某系统疾患的诊断线索(C对),尽可能用患者自己的语言,不用医师的诊断用语(D错,为本题正确答案)。主诉应用一,两句话加以概括,并问时注明主诉自发生到就诊的时间,记录主诉要简明,一般不超过20个字(B对),症状不突出者,可把就医的主要目的作为主诉(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪种病变可引起喷射性呕吐","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"胆囊炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"尿毒症"},{"key":"E","value":"前庭器官疾病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脑膜炎可能导致颅内高压,从而引起喷射性呕吐(A对),尿毒症一般不会引起颅内高压,但呕吐时可能会伴有腹痛等症状(D错)。前庭器官疾病(E错)引起的呕吐为前庭障碍性呕吐,呕吐时,伴有皮肤苍白、血压下降、心动过缓等特点。胆囊炎(B错)、肠梗阻(C错)引起的呕吐为反射性呕吐,特点是有恶心先兆,但是呕吐后不觉轻松。"} {"Question":"饮停部位在胸胁的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰饮"},{"key":"B","value":"悬饮"},{"key":"C","value":"肺饮"},{"key":"D","value":"微饮"},{"key":"E","value":"留饮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"痰饮又可分为痰饮、悬饮、溢饮和支饮四种类型。悬饮是水饮流注于胁下,累及肝肺(B对)。痰饮是水饮聚于胃肠,与脾关系致密(A错)。肺饮是饮邪在肺,证见喘促短气,为支饮类证(C错)。支饮是水饮停留于胸膈,影响心肺。溢饮是水饮阻于四肢肌表,责之肺脾之脏(D错)。留饮是痰饮病的一种,因饮邪日久不化,留而不去,故名(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者神情默然,如寒无寒,如热无热,时欲饮食,时见纳呆,坐卧不安,口苦,小便赤,脉微数,治宜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘麦大枣汤"},{"key":"B","value":"百合鸡子汤"},{"key":"C","value":"百合知母汤"},{"key":"D","value":"百合地黄汤"},{"key":"E","value":"甘草泻心汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"百合病的临床表现,首先是心肺阴虚内热引起心神不安及饮食行为失调等症状,如意欲饮食复不能食、欲卧不能卧、欲行不能行、如寒无寒、如热无热等。百合病的病机,主要是阴虚内热。治当补其阴之不足,以调整阳之偏胜,即所谓“见于阳者,以阴法救之”。故用百合地黄汤养心润肺,益阴清热(D对)。方中百合甘寒,清气分之热;地黄汁甘润,泻血分之热。如同陈灵石所说:“皆取阴柔之品,以化阳刚,为泄热救阴法也。”泉水下热气,利小便,用以煎百合,增强其清热之效。"} {"Question":"妊娠腹痛,足跗浮肿,小便不利,治用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温经汤"},{"key":"B","value":"当归散"},{"key":"C","value":"附子汤"},{"key":"D","value":"白术散"},{"key":"E","value":"当归芍药散"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"原文仅指出主症腹中㽲痛。据方测证,可知此妊娠腹痛是由肝脾失调、气血郁滞湿阻所致。肝藏血,主疏泄,脾主运化水湿,妊娠时血聚胞宫养胎,肝血相对不足,则肝失调畅而气郁血滞,木不疏土,脾虚失运则湿生。治用当归芍药散养血调肝,渗湿健脾。方中重用芍药补养肝血,缓急止痛,当归助芍药补养肝血,川芎行血中之滞气,三药共以调肝;泽泻用量亦较重,意在渗利湿浊,白术、茯苓健脾除湿,三者合以治脾。肝血足则气条达,脾运健则湿邪除(E对)。"} {"Question":"《金匮要略》用黄芪桂枝五物汤治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄汗"},{"key":"B","value":"百合病"},{"key":"C","value":"风水"},{"key":"D","value":"历节"},{"key":"E","value":"血痹"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本条论述血痹重证的证治。阴阳俱微是素体营卫气血不足;寸口关上微,尺中小紧,是阳气不足、阴血涩滞的表现,即阳不足而阴为痹。血痹病以局部肌肤麻木不仁为特征,如受邪较重,可兼有酸痛感,所以说“如风痹状”。但血痹与风痹是有区别的:前者以麻木为主。后者以疼痛为主。黄芪桂枝五物汤,即桂枝汤去甘草,倍生姜,加黄芪组成。方中黄芪甘温益气,倍生姜助桂枝以通阳行痹,芍药和营理血,生姜、大枣调和营卫。五药相合,温、补、通、调并用、共奏益气通阳、和营行痹之效(E对)。"} {"Question":"诸气膹郁,皆属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺"},{"key":"B","value":"肾"},{"key":"C","value":"心"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"脾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"“诸气膹郁,皆属于肺”句的意思是多种气逆喘急、胸部胀闷的气机方面的病证,其病机大多属于肺。因肺主气,司呼吸,故气之为病,首责于肺。肺病则宣降失常,气壅郁于胸或上逆,则见呼吸喘急、胸中窒闷、痞塞不通等病证(A对)。诸寒收引,皆属于肾(B错)。诸痛痒疮,皆属于心(C错)。诸风掉眩,皆属于肝(D错)。诸湿肿满,皆属于脾(E错)。"} {"Question":"据《素问·举痛论》,恐则气","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下"},{"key":"B","value":"结"},{"key":"C","value":"上"},{"key":"D","value":"缓"},{"key":"E","value":"消"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"恐则气下的意思是恐惧过度则耗伤肾气,使精气下陷不能上升,出现大小便失禁,遗精,滑泄等症状(A对)。思则气结(B错),怒则气上(C错),喜则气缓(D错),悲则气消(E错)。"} {"Question":"《素问·经脉别论》中“生病起于过用”观点,提示我们治病应该","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急则治其标"},{"key":"B","value":"标本兼治"},{"key":"C","value":"热因热用"},{"key":"D","value":"寒者热之"},{"key":"E","value":"以平为期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"“生病起于过用”的含义是然界气候变化、人体的正常生活行为,无论饮食起居,还是劳作、情志等,通常情况下对人体没有伤害,但如果没有节制,超过了机体自我协调和适应的能力,就会损伤阴阳气血,影响脏腑功能,成为疾病发生的常见病因,这种病因观是与古代“过犹不及”“过则为灾”的哲理一脉相承,提示我们治病应该以平为期(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者心中烦,不得卧,口干咽燥,舌红少苔,脉细数,治宜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小柴胡汤"},{"key":"B","value":"栀子厚朴汤"},{"key":"C","value":"黄连阿胶汤"},{"key":"D","value":"栀子豉汤"},{"key":"E","value":"猪苓汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"少阴心肾阴血素亏,感受外邪易从热化。心属火,位居上焦,肾属水,位居下焦。生理情况下,心火下交于肾,使肾水不寒,肾水上济于心,使心火不亢,谓之心肾相交,水火既济。若肾阴亏虚,不能上济于心,心火独亢于上则心中烦、不得卧,是谓心肾不交,水火不济。临床还当伴见口干咽燥,舌红少苔,脉沉细数等阴虚火旺的脉症。本证肾阴亏虚,心火亢旺,治宜清心火、滋肾阴、交通心肾,方用黄连阿胶汤(C对)。"} {"Question":"身热,心烦不寐,舌红苔黄,脉细数治疗宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄连阿胶汤"},{"key":"B","value":"青蒿鳖甲汤"},{"key":"C","value":"栀子豉汤"},{"key":"D","value":"清营汤"},{"key":"E","value":"翘荷汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"“身热,心烦不寐,舌红苔黄,脉细数”为春温后期,邪热久羁耗伤肾阴,心火亢盛所致。春温后期,邪热久羁,水亏火旺,水火不能相济,火愈亢而阴愈伤,阴愈亏而火愈炽。阴虚火炽则身热; 心火上炎,扰乱心神,则心烦不寐;舌红苔黄、脉细数是阴虚火炽之征,故治以清热降火,育阴安神,方选黄连阿胶汤(A对)。方中以黄连、黄芩苦寒清热,泻心火,坚真阴;鸡子黄交通心肾,养心而滋肾,安中焦,补精血;阿胶、白芍滋肝肾,养真阴,抑亢阳。"} {"Question":"阳明温病,津液不足,无水舟停者,间服增液,再不下者,治疗宜选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚角钩藤汤加紫雪丹"},{"key":"B","value":"犀角地黄汤"},{"key":"C","value":"增液承气汤"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄承气汤"},{"key":"E","value":"安宫牛黄丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"吴氏认为:“下而至于不通,其为危险可知。”病至阳明,用攻下法,是治疗外感热病的关键点,在此失治,则土实而水亏,水亏则木旺,液涸风动,种种险候,可以接踵而至。“下之不通,其证有五”,说明单纯用攻下法未能取效,应考虑有其他病理因素存在。阴液亏损,“无水舟停”出现便秘,当给予增液汤“增水行舟”,滋阴通便。服两剂后大便仍不下者,乃因兼夹腑实,可用增液承气汤(C对)滋阴攻下,此为一腑中“气血合治法”。"} {"Question":"“阳明温病,下之不通”,若因兼“邪闭心包”,而见“神昏舌短,内窍不通,饮不解渴”者,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚角钩藤汤加紫雪丹"},{"key":"B","value":"犀角地黄汤"},{"key":"C","value":"增液承气汤"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄承气汤"},{"key":"E","value":"安宫牛黄丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"吴氏认为:“下而至于不通,其为危险可知。”病至阳明,用攻下法,是治疗外感热病的关键点,在此失治,则土实而水亏,水亏则木旺,液涸风动,种种险候,可以接踵而至。“下之不通,其证有五”,说明单纯用攻下法未能取效,应考虑有其他病理因素存在。腑实兼有窍闭,出现神志昏迷,舌短缩,口渴而饮水不能解渴,则用牛黄承气汤(D对)清心开窍,通腑泻热。本方用安宫牛黄丸清心开窍,加生大黄末攻下腑实。"} {"Question":"余邪留伏阴分的热型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"日晡潮热"},{"key":"B","value":"发热夜甚"},{"key":"C","value":"夜热早凉"},{"key":"D","value":"身热不扬"},{"key":"E","value":"长期低热"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"人体卫气日行于阳,夜行于阴,余邪留于阴分,卫气夜入阴分与邪相争,故夜热;天明卫气行于阳,不与邪争,故早凉(C对)。"} {"Question":"叶天士所述“入营犹可透热转气”是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凉营药中伍以滋阴凉血之品"},{"key":"B","value":"凉营药中伍以辛凉解毒之品"},{"key":"C","value":"凉营药中伍以辛寒清气之品"},{"key":"D","value":"凉营药中伍以轻清透泄之品"},{"key":"E","value":"凉营药中伍以泻实攻下之品"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"“入营犹可透热转气”是指温邪入营,但未见动血耗血之象,此时可用犀角、玄参、羚羊角等清营热、滋营阴,同时佐以轻清透泄之品,银花、连翘、竹叶等引营分邪热透出气分而解(D对)。"} {"Question":"手太阳小肠经除属、络的脏腑外,循行中联络的脏腑还有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺"},{"key":"B","value":"脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肾"},{"key":"D","value":"胃"},{"key":"E","value":"胆"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"手太阳小肠经,起于手小指尺侧端,沿着手背外侧至腕部,出于尺骨茎突,直上沿着前臂外侧后缘,经尺骨鹰嘴与肱骨内上髁之间,沿上臂外侧后缘,到达肩关节,绕行肩胛部,交会于大椎,向下进入缺盆部,联络沿着食管,经过横膈,到达胃部(D对),属于小肠。"} {"Question":"足三阴经在内踝上8寸以上肢体部的分布规律是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厥阴在前太阴在中少阴在后"},{"key":"B","value":"少阴在前厥阴在中太阴在后"},{"key":"C","value":"厥阴在前少阴在中太阴在后"},{"key":"D","value":"太阴在前厥阴在中少阴在后"},{"key":"E","value":"太阴在前少阴在中厥阴在后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"十二经脉在四肢部的分布规律:手经行于上肢,足经行于下肢;阴经行于内侧面,阳经行于外侧面。按正立姿势,两臂自然下垂拇指向前的体位描述:手足阴经为太阴在前缘、厥阴在中线、少阴在后缘;手足阳经为阳明在前缘、少阳在中线、太阳在后缘;足厥阴肝经有例外,即内踝尖上八寸以下为厥阴行于前,太阴行于中,少阴仍在后。所以足三阴经在内踝上8寸以上肢体部的分布规律是太阴在前、厥阴在中、少阴在后(D对)。"} {"Question":"具有调节六阴经经气作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴跷脉"},{"key":"B","value":"阴维脉"},{"key":"C","value":"任脉"},{"key":"D","value":"冲脉"},{"key":"E","value":"带脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"阴维脉维系全身阴经(B对)。阴跷脉调节下肢运动,司寤寐(A错)。任脉总任六阴经,调节全身阴经经气,故称“阴脉之海”(C错)。冲脉涵蓄十二经气血,故称“十二经之海”,又称“血海”(D错)。带脉约束纵行躯干的诸条经脉(E错)。"} {"Question":"任脉的生理作用主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通调冲、任"},{"key":"B","value":"调节任、督"},{"key":"C","value":"总调奇经八脉"},{"key":"D","value":"调节阴经经气"},{"key":"E","value":"总调冲、任、督、带"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"任脉主干行于腹,腹为阴,诸阴经皆交会于任脉。任脉总任六阴经,调节全身阴经经气(D对)。"} {"Question":"对横纹肌有良好的刺激收缩作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏密波"},{"key":"B","value":"断续波"},{"key":"C","value":"锯齿波"},{"key":"D","value":"密波"},{"key":"E","value":"疏波"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"断续波是节律性时断时续的一种波型。断时,在1.5秒时间内无脉冲电输出;续时,密波连续工作1.5秒。该波型不易使机体产生耐受,对神经肌肉的兴奋作用较疏密波和连续波更强,对横纹肌有良好的刺激收缩作用(B对),常用于治疗痿证、瘫痪等。连续波由基本脉冲波简单重复,中间没有停顿,频率连续可调,每分钟几十次至每秒钟几百次不等。一般频率低于30Hz的连续波叫疏波,频率高于30Hz的叫密波,可用频率旋钮选择疏波或密波。密波易抑制感觉神经和运动神经,常用于止痛、镇静、缓解肌肉和血管痉挛等(D错);疏波短时兴奋肌肉,提高肌肉韧带的张力,调节血管的舒缩功能,改善血液循环,促进神经肌肉功能的恢复,长时间使用则抑制感觉神经和运动神经,常用于治疗瘫痪、慢性疼痛以及各种肌肉、关节、韧带、肌胞的损伤等(E错)。疏密波是疏波、密波交替出现的一种波型,疏、密波交替持续的时间各约1.5秒。疏密波能克服单一波型易产生耐受现象的缺点,刺激作用较大,治疗时兴奋效应占优势,能引起肌肉有节奏的收缩,刺激各类镇痛介质的释放,促进血液循环和淋巴循环,增强组织的营养代谢,消除炎性水肿等,常用于各种痛症、软组织损伤、关节周围炎、腰背筋膜劳损、面瘫、肌无力、针刺麻醉、局部冻伤等(A错)。"} {"Question":"某女,20岁。食海鲜后皮肤出现大小不等形状不一的风团,高起皮肤,边界清楚,色红,瘙痒,伴恶心,肠鸣泄泻,舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。除主穴外,应加取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大椎、风门"},{"key":"B","value":"足三里、天枢"},{"key":"C","value":"风门、肺俞"},{"key":"D","value":"足三里、脾俞"},{"key":"E","value":"三阴交、风池"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者食海鲜后皮肤出现大小不等形状不一的风团,高起皮肤,边界清楚,瘙痒辨病为瘾疹,伴有“风团色红,恶心,肠鸣泄泻,舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数可辨证为胃肠积热证”,治疗除主穴外应配足三里、天枢。足三里为足阳明合穴、胃之下合穴,可扶土而补中气;天枢为大肠募穴,理气止痛,活血散瘀,清利湿热(B对)。风热袭表配大椎;风寒袭表配风门(A错)。风门运化膀胱经气血上达头部;肺主皮毛,肺俞可清肺泄热(C错)。足三里为足阳明合穴、胃之下合穴,可扶土而补中气;脾俞补脾益气(D错)。三阴交为三阴经交会穴,可健脾利湿;风池可疏散在表的风邪(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗肩周疼痛,以肩后部为重,疼痛拒按,除肩部穴外,还应选取的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手太阳小肠经穴"},{"key":"B","value":"手阳明大肠经穴"},{"key":"C","value":"手少阳三焦经穴"},{"key":"D","value":"足少阳胆经穴"},{"key":"E","value":"足太阳膀胱经穴"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肩痹以肩后侧疼痛为主,肩内收时疼痛加剧,为手太阳经证,治疗应加以手太阳小肠经穴(A对)。肩前区疼痛为主,后伸疼痛加剧,为手阳明经证(B错)。以肩外侧疼痛为主,外展疼痛加剧,为手少阳经证(C错)。足少阳胆经腧穴主治侧头、目、耳、咽喉病,神志病,热病及经脉循行部位的其他病证(D错)。足太阳膀胱经穴主治脏腑病证、神志病、头面五官病、经脉循行部位的其他病证,项、背、腰、下肢病证等(E错)。"} {"Question":"与漏肩风相关的经脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手三阴足少阳"},{"key":"B","value":"手三阴足阳明"},{"key":"C","value":"手三阳足太阳"},{"key":"D","value":"手三阴手太阳"},{"key":"E","value":"手三阳手太阴"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肩前区疼痛为主,后伸疼痛加剧,为手阳明经证;以肩外侧疼痛为主,外展疼痛加剧,为手少阳经证;以肩后侧疼痛为主,肩内收时疼痛加剧,为手太阳经证;以肩前近腋部疼痛为主且压痛明显,为手太阴经证(E对)。足少阳胆经腧穴主治侧头、目、耳、咽喉病,神志病,热病及经脉循行部位的其他病证(A错)。足阳明胃经主治胃肠病、头面五官病、神志病、热病、经脉循行部位的其他病证下肢痿痹,转筋,腰膝冷痛、半身不遂(B错)。足太阳膀胱经穴主治脏腑病证、神志病、头面五官病、经脉循行部位的其他病证,项、背、腰、下肢病证等(C错)。手太阳小肠经主治头面五官病、热病、神志病、经脉循行部位的其他病证,项背强痛,腰背痛,手指及肘臂挛痛等(D错)。"} {"Question":"患者老年。无明显诱因突然昏仆,不省人事,半身不遂,目合口张,鼻鼾息微,遗尿,汗出,四肢厥冷,脉细弱。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"背俞穴,灸法"},{"key":"B","value":"足阳明经穴,灸法"},{"key":"C","value":"足厥阴经穴,针刺用泻法"},{"key":"D","value":"任脉经穴,灸法"},{"key":"E","value":"督脉经穴,灸法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者老年,无明显诱因突然昏仆,不省人事,半身不遂,目合口张,鼻鼾息微,遗尿,汗出,四肢厥冷,脉细弱。当辨证为中风,中脏腑脱证。脱证治疗当回阳固脱为主,穴位选取取任脉穴为主,气海、关元、神阙,用灸法(D对);关元为任脉与足三阴经之会穴,为三焦元气所出,联系命门真阳;神阙为真气所系,用大艾柱重灸,以回垂绝之阳。背腧穴用灸法(A错)可以治疗相应脏腑的虚寒证;足阳明经用灸法(B错)可以治疗脾胃虚寒引起的临床病症;足厥阴肝经针刺用泻法(C错)可以治疗肝阳上亢的病证;督脉为阳脉之海,用灸法(E错)可以治疗全身的虚寒症状。"} {"Question":"治疗因体质虚弱所致的虚性晕厥,除主穴外应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气海、关元"},{"key":"B","value":"风池、肾俞"},{"key":"C","value":"合谷、太冲"},{"key":"D","value":"合谷、内关"},{"key":"E","value":"素髎、内关"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"晕厥治宜苏厥醒神,以督脉及手厥阴经穴为主。主穴选用水沟、内关、涌泉。水沟属督脉穴,督脉入络脑,取之有开窍醒神之功;内关调心气,苏心神;涌泉可激发肾经之气,最能醒神开窍,多用于昏厥之重证。虚性晕厥配气海、关元。气海为人体先天元气聚会之处,男子生气之海,主一身气疾,因名气海,具有强壮作用。关元既主治中风脱证、虚劳冷惫、羸瘦无力等元气虚损病证,又为保健要穴(A对)。"} {"Question":"针灸治疗崩漏实证应选取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三阴交足三里气海肾俞"},{"key":"B","value":"隐白血海阴陵泉关元"},{"key":"C","value":"三阴交肝俞气海"},{"key":"D","value":"关元隐白三阴交"},{"key":"E","value":"三阴交足三里气海"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"崩漏实证的主穴为关元、隐白、三阴交。关元属任脉,又与足三阴经交会,有通调冲任,固摄经血的作用;三阴交为足三阴经交会穴,可疏调足三阴之经气,以健脾益胃,调肝固肾,理气调血;隐白为足太阴经井穴,可健脾统血(D对)。足三里治疗虚劳;气海治疗气虚病;肾俞治疗肾虚病证(A错)。隐白、血海、阴陵泉治疗妇科病,关元治疗元气虚损病(B错)。肝俞治疗肝胆疾病;气海治疗气虚病(C错)。足三里治疗虚劳;气海治疗气虚病(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者暴病耳聋1周,鸣声隆隆,伴畏寒,发热,脉浮,宜在听会翳风中渚侠溪基础上,加取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外关合谷"},{"key":"B","value":"行间丘墟"},{"key":"C","value":"丰隆阴陵泉"},{"key":"D","value":"气海足三里"},{"key":"E","value":"肾俞肝俞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者暴病耳聋1周,鸣声隆隆,诊为耳聋之实证。伴畏寒,发热,脉浮,为表证之象,诊为外感风邪之证。治宜疏风泻火,通络开窍。以局部穴及手足少阳经穴为主。主穴选用听会、翳风、中渚、侠溪。外感风邪配风池、外关。手足少阳之脉均绕行于耳之前后并入耳中,听会属足少阳经,翳风属手少阳经,两穴均居耳周,可疏导少阳经气,主治耳疾;循经远取侠溪、中渚,可通上达下,疏导少阳经气,宣通耳窍。外关穴为手少阳之络穴,又为八脉交会穴之一,通阳维脉,主治热病、头痛、目赤肿痛、耳鸣、耳聋等头面部五官疾病,瘰疬,胁肋痛,落枕、扭伤、上肢痿痹不遂等症。合谷是手阳明大肠经的原穴,也就是人体元气经过和留止的部位。经常按摩此穴,有通经活络,清热解表,镇静止痛的作用,主要用来治疗头痛、目赤肿痛、鼻出血、齿痛、耳聋等(A对)。"} {"Question":"被首选用于治疗肝阳上亢头痛的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风池、百会、悬颅、侠溪、行间"},{"key":"B","value":"风池、太冲、合谷、内关、后溪"},{"key":"C","value":"百会、通天、行间、阿是穴"},{"key":"D","value":"上星、头维、合谷、阿是穴"},{"key":"E","value":"率谷、太阳、侠溪、内庭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝阳上亢,上攻于头部,气血壅滞而致头痛,宜当选肝胆经相关腧穴及头部相关腧穴进行治疗。其中,风池为足少阳胆经腧穴,位于颈后区、枕骨之下,百会位于头部,前发际正中直上5寸,悬颅为足少阳胆经腧穴,位于头部,头维至曲鬓弧形连线的终点处;四穴合用可调和头部气血,通络止痛;侠溪为足少阳胆经之荥穴,行间为足厥阴肝经之荥穴,二穴可清泻肝胆之热(A对)。内关穴(B错)是手厥阴心包经腧穴,在前臂前区,腕掌侧远端横纹上3寸,掌长肌腱与桡侧腕屈肌腱之间;百会、通天、行间、阿是穴(C错)相配对肝阳上亢头痛也有一定治疗作用,但是只有行间是肝经腧穴,其平肝潜阳作用弱于A选项;合谷穴(D错)为大肠经腧穴,位于手背,第二掌骨桡侧中点处;内庭穴(E错)为足阳明胃经腧穴,位于足背第2、3趾间,趾蹼缘后方赤白肉际处。"} {"Question":"属于腧穴远治作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合谷治疗五官病"},{"key":"B","value":"听宫治疗耳鸣"},{"key":"C","value":"睛明治疗眼病"},{"key":"D","value":"下脘治疗胃痛"},{"key":"E","value":"大椎退热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腧穴的主治特点:①近治作用,是指腧穴具有治疗其所在部位局部及邻近组织、器官病证的作用。听宫位于耳区可治疗耳鸣、睛明位于眼区可治疗眼病、下脘位于胃脘部周围可治疗胃病,这些均属于腧穴的近治作用(BCD错)。②远治作用,是指腧穴具有治疗其远隔部位的脏腑、组织器官病证的作用。合谷可以治疗本经所经过的五官部位病证,属于腧穴的远治作用(A对)。③特殊作用,是指有些腧穴具有双向良性调整作用和相对特异的治疗作用。大椎退热是腧穴治疗的特异性,属于特殊作用(E错)。腧穴的主治规律:①分经主治,是指某一经脉所属的经穴均可治疗该经循行部位及其相应脏腑的病证。②分部主治,是指处于身体某一部位的腧穴均可治疗该部位及某类病证。"} {"Question":"下列各项,在五输穴中属“水”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少府"},{"key":"B","value":"大陵"},{"key":"C","value":"后溪"},{"key":"D","value":"曲泉"},{"key":"E","value":"经渠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"曲泉(D对)为肝经合穴属水,少府(A错)为心经荥穴属火,大陵(B错)为心包经书穴属土,后溪(C错)为小肠经输穴属木,经渠(E错)为肺经经穴属金。"} {"Question":"根据《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》记载,病变于音者,取之","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"井"},{"key":"B","value":"荥"},{"key":"C","value":"输"},{"key":"D","value":"经"},{"key":"E","value":"合"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》云:“病在脏者,取之井;病变于色者,取之荥;病时间时甚者,取之输;病变于音者,取之经”(D对);经满而血者,病在胃及以饮食不节得病者,取之于合。《难经·六十八难》做了补充:“井主心下满,荥主身热,输主体重节痛,经主喘咳寒热,合主逆气而泄”。综合现代临床的应用情况,井穴多用于急救,荥穴主要用于治疗热证,输穴多主脏病,经穴多主经脉循行部位痛证,合穴多主腑病。"} {"Question":"在八脉交会穴中,与内关穴相通的奇经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴维脉"},{"key":"B","value":"带脉"},{"key":"C","value":"冲脉"},{"key":"D","value":"任脉"},{"key":"E","value":"阴跷脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"八脉交会穴是古人在临床实践中总结出的可治疗奇经八脉病证的8个腧穴,这8个腧穴分别与相应的奇经八脉经气相通。在临床上当奇经八脉出现相关的疾病时,可取对应的八脉交会穴来治疗。阴维脉(A对)通于内关,带脉(B错)通于足临泣,冲脉(C错)通于公孙。任脉(D错)通于列缺。阴跷脉(E错)通于照海。【八脉交会八穴歌】公孙冲脉胃心胸,内关阴维下总同。临泣胆经连带脉,阳维目锐外关逢。后溪督脉内眦颈,申脉阳跷络亦通。列缺任脉行肺系,阴跷照海膈喉咙。"} {"Question":"根据《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》记载,病在脏者,取之","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"井"},{"key":"B","value":"荥"},{"key":"C","value":"输"},{"key":"D","value":"经"},{"key":"E","value":"合"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》云:“病在脏者,取之井(A对);病变于色者,取之荥;病时间时甚者,取之输;病变于音者,取之经;经满而血者,病在胃及以饮食不节得病者,取之于合”。“《难经·六十八难》做了补充:“井主心下满,荥主身热,输主体重节痛,经主喘咳寒热,合主逆气而泄”。综合现代临床的应用情况,井穴多用于急救,荥穴主要用于治疗热证,输穴多主脏病,经穴多主经脉循行部位痛证,合穴多主腑病。"} {"Question":"耻骨联合上缘至股骨内上髁上缘的骨度分寸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"18寸"},{"key":"B","value":"19寸"},{"key":"C","value":"20寸"},{"key":"D","value":"21寸"},{"key":"E","value":"22寸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"耻骨联合上缘至股骨内上髁上缘的骨度分寸是18寸(A对)。股骨大转子至腘横纹为19寸(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"胃脘痛取内关、足三里,其配穴方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前后配穴"},{"key":"B","value":"表里配穴"},{"key":"C","value":"左右配穴"},{"key":"D","value":"上下配穴"},{"key":"E","value":"本经配穴"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"上下配穴法是指将腰部以上或上肢腧穴和腰部以下或下肢腧穴配合应用的方法。内关定位在上肢属手厥阴心包经,足三里定位在下肢属足阳明胃经,相互配合使用为上下配穴(D对)。前后配大法(A错)是指将人体前部和后部的腧穴配合应用的方法;表里经配穴法(B错)是以脏腑、经脉的阴阳表里配合关系为依据的配穴方法;左右配穴法(C错)是指将人体左侧和右侧的的穴配合应用的方法;本经配穴法(E错)是当某一脏腑、经脉发生病变时,即选该脏腑、经脉的腧穴配成处方的配穴方法。"} {"Question":"在五腧穴中,输穴主治","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喘咳寒热"},{"key":"B","value":"逆气而泄"},{"key":"C","value":"身热"},{"key":"D","value":"心下满"},{"key":"E","value":"体重节痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"《灵枢·顺气一日分为四时》云:“病在脏者,取之井;病变于色者,取之荥;病时间时甚者,取之输;病变于音者,取之经;经满而血者,病在胃及以饮食不节得病者,取之于合”。《难经·六十八难》做了补充:“井主心下满,荥主身热,输主体重节痛(E对),经主喘咳寒热,合主逆气而泄”。综合现代临床的应用情况,井穴多用于急救,荥穴主要用于治疗热证,输穴多主脏病,经穴多主经脉循行部位痛证,合穴多主腑病。"} {"Question":"属于本经配穴的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头痛取率谷太冲"},{"key":"B","value":"头痛取头维丰隆"},{"key":"C","value":"牙痛取合谷内庭"},{"key":"D","value":"腰痛取命门肾俞"},{"key":"E","value":"腹泻取天枢尺泽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本经配穴法是当某一脏腑、经脉发生病变时,即选该脏腑、经脉的腧穴配成处方的配穴方法。头维和丰隆均为足阳明胃经腧穴,均可治疗头痛,两穴相配治疗头痛属于本经配穴(B对)。"} {"Question":"可治疗带下阴挺闭经的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解溪"},{"key":"B","value":"梁丘"},{"key":"C","value":"大横"},{"key":"D","value":"归来"},{"key":"E","value":"太白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题主要考察各腧穴主治。归来属于足阳明胃经腧穴,位于下腹部,脐中下4寸,前正中线旁开2寸。归来主冶小腹痛,疝气;月经不调、带下、阴挺等妇科疾患(D对)。解溪主冶下肢痰痹、踝关节病、足下垂等下肢、踝关节疾患;头痛,眩晕;癫狂;腹胀、便秘(A错)。梁丘主冶急性胃痛;膝肿痛、下肢不遂等下肢病证;乳痈、乳痛等乳疾(B错)。太白主治肠鸣、腹胀、腹泻、胃痛、便秘等脾胃病证;体重节痛(E错)。大横主治腹痛、腹泻、便秘等脾胃病证(C错)。"} {"Question":"位于头部,当眉梢与目外眦之间,向后约一横指的凹陷处的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哑门"},{"key":"B","value":"太阳"},{"key":"C","value":"定喘"},{"key":"D","value":"腰痛点"},{"key":"E","value":"夹脊穴"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"太阳在头部,当眉梢与目外眦之间,向后约一横指的凹陷中(B对)。哑门在颈后区,第2椎棘突上际凹陷中,后正中线上(A错)。定喘在脊柱区,横平第7颈椎棘突下,后正中线旁开0.5寸(C错)。腰痛点在手背,第2、3掌骨及第4、5掌骨之间,腕背侧横纹远端与掌指关节中点处,一手2穴(D错)。夹脊穴在背腰部,从第一胸椎至第五腰椎棘突下两侧,后正中线旁开0.5寸,一侧17个穴位,乃华佗所创(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪个腧穴被首选治疗上肢痉挛瘫痪、前臂神经痛","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臂中"},{"key":"B","value":"肩髃"},{"key":"C","value":"曲池"},{"key":"D","value":"合谷"},{"key":"E","value":"肩臑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"臂中穴为经外奇穴,在治疗上肢痉挛瘫痪、前臂神经痛时首选臂中穴(A对)。肩髃(B错)主治肩臂挛痛、上肢不遂等肩、上肢病症;瘾疹。曲池(C错)主治手臂痹痛、上肢不遂等上肢病症;热病;眩晕;腹痛、吐泻等肠胃病症;咽喉肿痛、齿痛、目赤肿痛等五官热性病症;瘾疹、湿疹、瘰疬等皮外科疾患;癫狂。合谷(D错)主治头痛、目赤肿痛、齿痛、鼻衄、口眼歪斜、耳聋等头面五官诸疾;发热恶寒等外感病症;热病无汗或多汗;经闭、滞产等妇科病症;牙拔除术、甲状腺手术等口面五官及颈部手术针麻常用穴。臂臑(E错)主治肩臂疼痛不遂、颈项拘挛等肩、颈项病症;瘰疬;目疾。"} {"Question":"手太阴肺经的起始穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少商"},{"key":"B","value":"中府"},{"key":"C","value":"商阳"},{"key":"D","value":"迎香"},{"key":"E","value":"肺俞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"手太阴肺经起于中府穴(B对),止于少商穴。"} {"Question":"常用于治疗耳聋耳鸣肩肘臂酸痛的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鱼际"},{"key":"B","value":"阳池"},{"key":"C","value":"照海"},{"key":"D","value":"中渚"},{"key":"E","value":"后溪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中渚属于手少阳三焦经腧穴,主治头痛、目赤、耳鸣、耳聋、喉痹等头面五官病证;热病、疟疾;肩背肘臂酸痛,手指不能屈伸(D对)。鱼际主治咳嗽、咯血、咽干、咽喉肿痛、失音等肺系实热病证(A错)。阳池主治目赤肿痛、耳聋、喉痹等五官病证;消渴,口干;腕痛,肩臂痛(B错)。照海主治失眠、癫痫等神志病证;咽喉干痛、目赤肿痛等五官热性病证;月经不调、痛经、带下阴挺等妇科病证;小便频数,癃闭(C错)。后溪主治头项强痛、腰背痛、手指及肘臂挛痛等痛证;耳聋、目赤;癫狂病;疟疾(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗齿痛项强首选的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鱼际"},{"key":"B","value":"太渊"},{"key":"C","value":"列缺"},{"key":"D","value":"尺泽"},{"key":"E","value":"少商"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该题主要考察腧穴主治。列缺主治为①咳嗽、气喘、咽喉肿痛等肺系病证;②偏正头痛、齿痛(C对)、项强痛、口眼歪斜等头面部病证;③手腕痛。太渊主治为咳嗽、肺系病证;无脉症;腕臂痛(B错)。鱼际主治咳嗽、咯血、咽干、咽喉肿痛、失音等肺系实热病证;掌中热;小儿疳积(A错)。少商主治为咽喉肿痛、鼻衄、高热等肺系实热病证;昏迷、癫狂等急症(E错)。尺泽主治为咳嗽、气喘、咯血、咽喉肿痛等肺系实热病证;肘臂挛痛;急性吐泻、中暑、小儿惊风等急症(D错)。"} {"Question":"冶疗昏迷,高热,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四缝"},{"key":"B","value":"曲池"},{"key":"C","value":"八邪"},{"key":"D","value":"合谷"},{"key":"E","value":"十宣"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"十宣(E对)主治昏迷、癫痫、高热、咽喉肿痛,手指麻木。四缝(A错)主治小儿疳积、百日咳。曲池(B错)主治上肢病证热病、眩晕、肠胃病证、五官热性病证、皮外科疾患、癫狂。八邪(C错)主治手背肿痛、手指麻木;烦热、目痛;毒蛇咬伤。合谷(D错)主治头面五官诸疾、外感病证、热病无汗或多汗、妇产科病证;针麻。"} {"Question":"下列井穴中,具有催乳作用的穴位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少商"},{"key":"B","value":"关冲"},{"key":"C","value":"中冲"},{"key":"D","value":"少泽"},{"key":"E","value":"隐白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"少泽(D对)主治乳痈、乳少等乳疾、昏迷、热病、头面五官病证等。少商(A错)主治肺系实热证、癫狂等。关冲(B错)主治头面五官病证及热病、中暑。中冲(C错)主治中风昏迷、中暑等急症;心与神志疾患;口疮、口臭;鹅掌风。隐白(E错)主治月经过多、崩漏等妇科病;便血、尿血等慢性出血;癫狂、多梦;惊风;腹满、暴泻。"} {"Question":"下列腧穴中,归经错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合谷-大肠经"},{"key":"B","value":"太溪-肝经"},{"key":"C","value":"列缺-肺经"},{"key":"D","value":"阳陵泉-胆经"},{"key":"E","value":"阴陵泉-脾经"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"太溪-足少阴肾经;输穴(B错,为本题正确答案)。合谷-手阳明大肠经原穴(A对);列缺-手太阴肺经络穴(C对);阳陵泉-足少阳胆经合穴(D对);阴陵泉-足太阴脾经合穴(E对)。"} {"Question":"善于治疗胃痛呕血呕吐暑热病的腧穴是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内关"},{"key":"B","value":"劳宫"},{"key":"C","value":"间使"},{"key":"D","value":"外关"},{"key":"E","value":"曲泽"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"曲泽属于手厥阴心包经腧穴,主治心痛、心悸、善惊等心系病证;胃痛、呕血、呕吐等胃热病证;暑热病;肘臂挛痛,上肢颤动(E对)。内关主治心痛、胸闷、心动过速或过缓等心系病证;胃痛、呕吐、呃逆等胃腑病证;中风,偏瘫,眩晕,偏头痛;失眠、郁证、癫狂病等神志病证;肘、臂、腕挛痛(A错)。劳宫主治中风昏迷、中暑等急症;心痛、烦闷、癫狂病等心与神志病证;口疮,口臭;鹅掌风(B错)。间使主治心痛、心悸等心系病证;胃痛、呕吐等胃热病证;热病,疟疾;癫狂痫;腋肿,肘、臂、腕挛痛(C错)。外关主治热病;头痛、目赤肿痛、耳鸣、耳聋等头面五官病证;瘰疬;胁肋痛;上肢痿痹不遂(D错)。"} {"Question":"曲池在五输穴中属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"井穴"},{"key":"B","value":"荥穴"},{"key":"C","value":"合穴"},{"key":"D","value":"经穴"},{"key":"E","value":"输穴"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"曲池穴为大肠经的合穴(C对)。手阳明大肠经井穴(A错)是商阳,荥穴(B错)是二间,输穴(E错)是三间,经穴(D错)是阳溪。"} {"Question":"下列各项可见口干但欲漱水不欲咽症状的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"湿热"},{"key":"B","value":"阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"痰饮"},{"key":"D","value":"瘀血"},{"key":"E","value":"温病营分证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"因瘀血(D对)内阻,气化不利,津液输布异常,不能上承于口,故见口干;体内津液本不匮乏,故但欲漱水而不欲咽。阴虚证(B错),因阴津亏虚,虚火内扰,故见口干不欲饮。痰饮病(C错),因脾胃阳虚,饮停胃肠,致津液输布障碍,不能上承于口,故见口渴喜热饮;饮后水停胃肠更甚,胃失和降而上逆,故水入即吐。温病见口渴而不多饮,为营分证(E错)。因热入营分,灼伤营阴,故见口渴;但邪热蒸腾营阴上潮于口,故不多饮。"} {"Question":"下列哪项属痰湿内阻所致头晕的表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头晕胀痛"},{"key":"B","value":"头晕昏沉"},{"key":"C","value":"头晕眼花"},{"key":"D","value":"头晕耳鸣"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"痰湿内阻,清阳不升,痰蒙神窍,故头晕昏沉(B对),如物裹缠。肝火上炎、肝阳上亢,脑神被扰,故头晕胀痛(A错),口苦,易怒,脉弦数。气血亏虚,脑失充养,故头晕眼花(C错),面白,神疲乏力,舌淡脉弱。肾虚精亏,髓海失养,故头晕耳鸣(D错),腰酸遗精。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁。经常怕冷,四肢凉,得温可缓,面色白,舌淡嫩,脉沉迟无力,应属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶风"},{"key":"B","value":"恶寒"},{"key":"C","value":"畏寒"},{"key":"D","value":"寒战"},{"key":"E","value":"实寒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"畏寒是指患者自觉怕冷,多加衣被或近火取暖能够缓解(C对)。恶风是指患者遇风觉冷,避之可缓(A错)。恶寒是指患者自觉怕冷,多加衣被或近火取暖仍不能缓解(B错)。寒战见《素问玄机原病式·六气为病》形寒作颤抖状。体内寒盛多见此证,亦可由热郁所致。在诸热病中,疟疾“先寒后热”之寒,多表现为寒战(D错)。实寒证指正气不虚而寒邪结滞于内的病症。表现为口中和,舌苔白,四肢冷,小便清,腹痛,大便秘,脉沉弦等症(E错)。"} {"Question":"阳明经头痛的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前额连眉棱骨痛"},{"key":"B","value":"头两侧太阳穴处痛"},{"key":"C","value":"后头部连项痛"},{"key":"D","value":"头痛连齿"},{"key":"E","value":"颠顶痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"阳明头痛,指邪气侵犯阳明经而引起的头痛。一般阳明头痛,在前额部及眉棱骨等处(A对)。少阳经起于目外眦,上抵头角,行于头侧部,故头两侧太阳穴处痛(B错),病在少阳经。太阳经与督脉行于头后,故后头连项痛(C错),病在太阳经。齿为肾之余,足少阴经络肾,头痛连齿(D错)为少阴经头痛的特征。足厥阴肝经系目系,与督脉络于巅,行于巅顶部,故巅顶痛(E错),病在厥阴经。"} {"Question":"腰部冷痛沉重","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾虚"},{"key":"B","value":"瘀血"},{"key":"C","value":"寒湿"},{"key":"D","value":"阳虚"},{"key":"E","value":"阴虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"寒湿腰痛见腰部冷痛沉重,阴雨天加重(C对)。肾虚腰痛见腰部经常绵绵作痛,酸软无力(A错)。瘀血腰痛见腰部刺痛,或痛连下肢(B错)。肾阳虚腰痛见腰膝酸冷疼痛(D错)。肾阴虚腰痛见腰酸而痛伴遗精、经少、头晕耳鸣(E错)。"} {"Question":"阴虚便秘的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高热,腹满胀痛,舌红苔黄燥"},{"key":"B","value":"便干,舌红苔少,脉细数"},{"key":"C","value":"大便秘结,肢冷身凉,脉沉迟"},{"key":"D","value":"便秘,噫气,胸痞闷,胁胀满"},{"key":"E","value":"大便数日不通,排便困难,便后疲惫"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大便秘结,排出困难,数日一行,兼口燥咽干,舌红少苔,脉细数者,属阴虚(B对)。高热,腹满胀痛,舌红苔黄燥为阳明腑实证的临床表现(A错)。大便秘结,肢冷身凉,脉沉迟为冷秘表现(C错)。便秘,嗳气,胸痞闷,胁胀满属气秘的临床表现(D错)。大便数日不通,排便困难,便后疲惫为气虚秘(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项是痰湿内阻所致头晕的表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头晕压高"},{"key":"B","value":"头晕昏沉"},{"key":"C","value":"头晕眼花"},{"key":"D","value":"头晕耳鸣"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"痰湿内阻,清阳不升,痰蒙神窍,故头晕昏沉(B对),如物裹缠。肝火上炎、肝阳上亢,脑神被扰,故头晕胀痛,血压升高(A错),口苦,易怒,脉弦数。气血亏虚,脑失充养,故头晕眼花(C错),面白,神疲乏力,舌淡脉弱。肾虚精亏,髓海失养,故头晕耳鸣(D错),腰酸遗精。"} {"Question":"突发耳鸣,声大如潮声,按之不减者,多因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝胆火盛"},{"key":"B","value":"阴虚火旺"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾阴虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾精亏损"},{"key":"E","value":"气血不足"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"耳鸣是指患者自觉耳内有响声如潮水或蝉鸣的症状。突发耳鸣,声大如雷,按之尤甚,属实证。多由肝胆火扰(A对)、肝阳上亢,或药毒损伤耳窍等所致。渐起耳鸣,声细如蝉,按之可减,或耳渐失聪而听力减退者,多属虚证。可因肾精亏虚(D错),或脾气亏虚,清阳不升,或肝阴、肝血不足,髓海失充,耳窍失养所致。"} {"Question":"患者病情加重,出现喘渴烦躁,手足虽温而汗多欲脱,脉数疾等,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"阳虚"},{"key":"C","value":"亡阴"},{"key":"D","value":"亡阳"},{"key":"E","value":"闭厥"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者病情加重,出现烦躁,是因为阴竭阳气浮亢,上扰心神;口渴,是由于阴亏而致阴液损失过多;患者病情加重,出现烦躁,是因为阴竭阳气浮亢,上扰心神;口渴,是由于阴亏而致阴液损失过多;手足虽温而汗多欲脱,是由于阴液亏虚欲绝,阴竭阳浮,迫津外泄;脉数疾,为阴伤重证之候(C对)。气虚证主要表现为神疲乏力,少气懒言,脉虚(A错)。阳虚证主要表现为畏寒肢冷(B错)。亡阳证主要表现为冷汗、肢厥、面白、脉微(C错)。闭厥即痰闭惊厥,主要表现为牙关紧闭,双目上窜,四肢抽搐(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者头面肢体水肿,按之凹陷不易起,小便短少不利,身体困重,舌淡胖,苔白滑,脉濡缓,其临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰证"},{"key":"B","value":"饮证"},{"key":"C","value":"水停证"},{"key":"D","value":"悬饮"},{"key":"E","value":"支饮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"水为有形之邪,水液输布失常而泛溢肌肤,故出现头面肢体水肿,按之凹陷不易起;水液停聚,膀胱气化失司,故见小便短少不利;水湿困脾,湿渍肢体,则身体困重;舌淡胖,苔白滑,脉濡缓均为水湿内停之征;故辨证为水停证(C对)。咳吐痰多、胸闷、呕恶、眩晕、体胖、局部圆韧包块、苔腻、脉滑等为痰证的主要表现(A错)。胸闷脘痞,呕吐清水,咳吐清稀痰涎,肋间饱满,苔滑,脉弦为饮证的主要表现(B错)。饮停于胸胁,阻碍气机,肋间饱满,咳唾引痛,胸闷息促为悬饮的主要表现(D错)。饮停于心肺,阻遏心阳,则胸闷,心悸,息促不得卧是支饮的主要表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"烦躁多怒,胸胁胀闷,面赤头痛,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喜证"},{"key":"B","value":"悲恐证"},{"key":"C","value":"忧思证"},{"key":"D","value":"惊证"},{"key":"E","value":"怒证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"怒证临床表现:烦躁多怒,胸胁胀闷,头胀头痛,面红目赤,眩晕,或腹胀、泄泻,甚至呕血、发狂、昏厥,舌红苔黄,脉弦劲有力。怒为肝之志,怒则气上,大怒可致肝失疏泄,气机不畅,而致烦躁多怒,胸胁胀闷,面赤头痛(E对)。喜证表现为喜笑不休,心神不安,精神涣散,思想不集中,甚则语无伦次,举止失常,肢体疲软,脉缓等(A错)。悲恐证表现为善悲喜哭,精神萎靡,疲乏少力,面色惨淡;或胆怯易惊,恐惧不安,心悸失眠,常被恶梦惊醒,甚则二便失禁,或为滑精、阳痿等(B错)。忧思证表现为情志抑郁,忧愁不乐,表情淡漠,胸闷胁胀,善太息,失眠多梦,头晕健忘,心悸,倦怠乏力,纳谷不馨,腹胀,脉沉弦等(C错)。惊证表现为情绪不安,表情惶恐,心悸失眠,甚至神志错乱,语言举止失常(D错)。"} {"Question":"与气逆证相关的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺脾胃"},{"key":"B","value":"肺脾肝"},{"key":"C","value":"肺胃肝"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃肝"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脾肾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"气逆最常见于肺、胃、肝三个脏腑(C对)。在肺,则肺失肃降,肺气上逆,发为咳逆上气;在胃,则胃失和降,胃气上逆,发为嗳气、恶心、呕吐等;在肝,则肝气上逆,发为头痛头胀等。脾会出现气虚证、气陷证、气脱证,但脾不会引起气逆证(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"危重病人突然头额冷汗大出,四肢厥冷,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亡阴"},{"key":"B","value":"亡阳"},{"key":"C","value":"阳虚"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"亡阳时阳气极度衰微,失去温煦、固摄、推动之能,故见冷汗,肢厥,面色苍白,神情淡漠,气弱,脉微等症状(B对)。亡阴指人体阴液严重耗损而欲竭,以汗出如油、身热烦渴、面赤唇焦、脉数疾为主要表现(A错)。阳虚证指人体阳气亏损,温养、推动等功能减退,以畏寒肢冷为主要表现(C错)。阴虚证指人体阴液亏少,滋润、濡养等功能减退,且无以制阳,阳气偏亢,以口咽干燥、五心烦热、潮热盗汗等为主要表现(D错)。"} {"Question":"症见胸中烦热,口苦咽干,腹痛喜暖,大便稀溏。临床诊断最可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表实里虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"表实里虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"真热假寒证"},{"key":"D","value":"真寒假热证"},{"key":"E","value":"上热下寒证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者同时存在胸中烦热、口苦咽干等上焦热证及腹痛喜暖、大便稀薄等中焦脾胃虚寒证的表现,称为上热下寒证(E对)。患者素体气血虚弱,复感风寒之邪,出现恶寒发热、无汗、头身疼痛、神疲乏力、少气懒言、心悸失眠、舌淡脉弱等,为表实里虚证(A错)。患者素体阳气不足,复感风热之邪,出现发热恶寒、有汗、头痛咽痛、尿清便溏、腹部胀满等,为表热里寒(B错)。真热假寒证(C错)是指疾病的本质为热证,却出现某些“寒象”的表现,又称“热极似寒”。真寒假热证(D错)是指疾病的本质为寒证,却出现某些“热象”的表现,又称“寒极似热”。"} {"Question":"辨别寒热真假时,真象常出现于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体表"},{"key":"B","value":"四肢"},{"key":"C","value":"舌脉"},{"key":"D","value":"面色"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"一般来说,寒证多表现为寒象,热证多表现为热象,但在某些疾病的危重阶段会出现一些不符合常规的征象,也就是当疾病发展到寒极或热极的时候,有时会出现一些与其寒、热病理本质相反的“假象”,辩证时应以舌脉(C对)等表现于内部、中心的症状作为判断的主要依据,而体表(A错)、四肢(B错)、面色(D错)等外部、四肢的症状可能为假象。"} {"Question":"患者先见高热口渴,汗出,后出现消瘦,面色淡白,气短乏力,脉细无力,其临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实证转虚"},{"key":"B","value":"热证转寒"},{"key":"C","value":"表热里寒"},{"key":"D","value":"真寒假熟"},{"key":"E","value":"虚实夹杂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"邪正斗争,病情日久不愈,或失治误治,正气伤而不足以御邪,则可形成实证转化为虚证。患者先是出现高热口渴,汗出的实热症状,久治不愈,导致气耗,出现消瘦,面色淡白,气短乏力,脉细无力的虚象;故其临床意义为实证转虚(A对)。热证转寒指原为热证,后出现寒证,而热证随之消失(B错)。表寒里热如先有表寒未罢,又入里化热,或先有里热之人,复感风寒之邪,出现恶寒发热、无汗、头身疼痛、口渴喜饮、烦躁、便秘尿黄、舌红苔黄等(C错)。真寒假热证是指疾病的本质为寒证,却出现某些“热象”,又称“寒极似热”(D错)。虚实夹杂是指在同一患者身上,既有虚证,又有实证的情况(E错)。"} {"Question":"咳声重浊者,多属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风寒"},{"key":"B","value":"寒湿"},{"key":"C","value":"痰饮"},{"key":"D","value":"燥热"},{"key":"E","value":"肺热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"风寒之邪侵袭肺部,肺气失于宣降,所以咳声重浊,痰白质清稀,鼻塞不通(A对)。寒痰湿浊(B错)停聚在肺部,肺气失于肃降故咳声重浊沉闷,常为实证。痰饮停肺(C错)则见咳嗽痰多,易于咯出。燥邪(D错)犯肺或阴虚肺燥,患者干咳无痰或痰少而黏,不易咯出。热邪犯肺(E错),灼伤肺津,则患者咳嗽声音高亢响亮,痰稠色黄,不易咯出。"} {"Question":"在五色主病中青色主","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒证"},{"key":"B","value":"热证"},{"key":"C","value":"虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"湿证"},{"key":"E","value":"水饮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"由于寒邪凝滞,或气滞血瘀,或疼痛剧烈,或筋脉拘急,或热盛动风,致脉络阻滞,血行不畅,故见青色(A对)。红色主热证,亦可见于真寒假热之戴阳证(B错)。白色主虚证、寒证、失血、夺气(C错)。黄色主脾虚、湿证(D错)。黑色主肾虚、寒证、水饮、血瘀、疼痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"脾肾亏虚表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"横目斜视"},{"key":"B","value":"昏睡露睛"},{"key":"C","value":"瞳孔散大"},{"key":"D","value":"目睛微定"},{"key":"E","value":"双睑下垂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"双眼上睑下垂者,多为先天禀赋不足,脾肾亏虚,睑肌失养所致(E对)。固定侧视者,称横目斜视,多属肝风内动之征(A错)。昏睡露睛是指患者入睡后胞睑未闭合而睛珠外露。多因脾虚清阳不升,或津液大伤,胞睑失养,启闭失常所致,多见于脾胃虚衰或吐泻伤津的患者(B错)。瞳孔散大多属肾精耗竭,见于危重患者,是濒死前的征象之一,也见于肝胆风火上扰的绿风内障、中毒(如杏仁、麻黄、曼陀罗中毒)及某些西药(如阿托品)所致的药物性瞳孔散大等(C错)。脾肾亏虚不会出现目睛微定(D错)。"} {"Question":"患寒证、瘀证、疼痛、惊痫的小儿面色多是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青色"},{"key":"B","value":"红色"},{"key":"C","value":"黄色"},{"key":"D","value":"白色"},{"key":"E","value":"黑色"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"由于寒邪凝滞,或气滞血瘀,或疼痛剧烈,或筋脉拘急,或热盛动风,致脉络阻滞,血行不畅,故见青色(A对)。红色主热证,亦可见于真寒假热之戴阳证(B错)。黄色主脾虚、湿证(C错)。白色主虚证、寒证、失血、夺气(D错)。黑色主肾虚、寒证、水饮、血瘀、疼痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"神在全身皆有表现,但却突出地表现于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"语言"},{"key":"B","value":"动态"},{"key":"C","value":"目光"},{"key":"D","value":"表情"},{"key":"E","value":"应答反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"《医原·望病须察神气论》云“人之神气,栖于二目”,说明两目最易传神。目为五脏六腑精气汇聚之地,目系通于脑,其活动直接受心神支配,所以观察两目对于望神显得尤为重要(C对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项不是常色表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面色红黄隐隐"},{"key":"B","value":"面色明润含蓄"},{"key":"C","value":"面色隐约微黄"},{"key":"D","value":"面色长夏稍黄"},{"key":"E","value":"面色潮红娇嫩"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"我国正常人的常色特点是红黄隐隐,明润含蓄,不是潮红娇嫩(E错,为本题正确答案)。常色,是指人体健康时面部皮肤的色泽。我国正常人的常色特点是红黄隐隐,明润含蓄(AB对)。面色隐约微黄属于常色(C对)。常色又包含主色和客色两部分,因季节、气候、昼夜等外界因素变动而发生相应变化的肤色,称为客色,如长夏可面色稍黄也属于正常皮肤颜色(D对)。"} {"Question":"痰热内蕴者可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"类剥苔"},{"key":"B","value":"黄腻苔"},{"key":"C","value":"薄黄苔"},{"key":"D","value":"灰黑而润苔"},{"key":"E","value":"灰黑而干苔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"黄苔而质腻者,称黄腻苔,主湿热或痰热内蕴(B对),或为食积化腐。剥(落)苔主胃气不足,胃阴损伤,或气血两虚。剥(落)苔的形成,总因胃气匮乏,不得上熏于舌,或胃气损伤,不能上潮于舌所致。类剥苔属于剥(落)苔的一种(A错)。舌苔由白转黄,或呈黄白相兼,多为外感表证处于化热入里,表里相兼阶段(C错)。在寒湿病中出现灰黑苔,多由白苔转化而成,其舌苔灰黑必湿润多津(D错)。舌焦黑干燥,舌质干裂起刺者,无论外感或内伤,均为热极津枯之征(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属于涩脉的主病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"伤精"},{"key":"C","value":"血少"},{"key":"D","value":"痰食内停"},{"key":"E","value":"气滞血瘀"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"涩脉的脉象特点是形细而行迟,往来艰涩不畅,脉势不匀,多见于气滞、血瘀、痰食内停和精伤、血少。气滞、血瘀(E对)、痰浊、宿食(D对)等邪气内停,阻滞脉道,气机不畅,血行瘀滞,以致脉气往来艰涩,此系实邪内盛,正气未衰,故脉涩而有力;精伤(B对)血少(C对),津液耗伤,不能充养脉道,久而脉失濡润,气血运行不畅,以致脉气往来艰涩而无力。微脉多见于气血大虚,阳气衰微(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属于涩脉临床主病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞"},{"key":"B","value":"血瘀"},{"key":"C","value":"精伤"},{"key":"D","value":"血少"},{"key":"E","value":"热盛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"数脉是热证的主脉(E错,为本题正确答案)。热盛,正气不衰,邪正相争,邪热燔灼气血而运行加速,所以脉数而有力。涩脉是指形细而行迟,往来艰涩不畅,脉势不匀的脉象。气滞(A对)、血瘀(B对)、痰浊、宿食等邪气内停,脉道受阻,气机不利,血行不畅,所以脉搏往来艰涩,又因实邪内盛,但正气未衰,所以脉涩而有力;精亏(C对)血少(D对),津液耗伤,脉道不能充养,脉失濡润,气血运行不畅,以致脉气往来艰涩而无力。"} {"Question":"下列除哪项外均主实证","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弦"},{"key":"B","value":"濡"},{"key":"C","value":"滑"},{"key":"D","value":"紧"},{"key":"E","value":"长"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"濡脉是指位浮、形细、势软的脉象,多见于崩中漏下、失精、泄泻、自汗喘息等病证所致的精血、阳气亏虚之证(B错,为本题正确答案)。弦脉是指端直以长,如按琴弦的脉象,在肝胆病、疼痛、痰饮等,或胃气衰败中可见(A对)。滑脉是指往来流利,应指圆滑,如盘走珠的脉象,多见于痰湿、食积和实热等病证(C对)。紧脉是指脉来绷急弹指,状如牵绳转索的脉象,多见于实寒证、疼痛、食积(D对)。长脉是指脉搏的搏动超过寸、关、尺三部,首尾端直,脉象过长,常见于阳证、热证、实证,亦可见于平常人(E对)。"} {"Question":"既主疼痛又主痰饮病的脉象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紧脉"},{"key":"B","value":"滑脉"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"牢脉"},{"key":"E","value":"弦脉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"弦脉多见于肝胆病、疼痛、痰饮等,或胃气衰败(E对)。紧脉多见于实寒证、疼痛、食积等(A错)。滑脉多见于痰湿、食积和实热等病证(B错)。动脉常见于惊恐、疼痛(C错)。牢脉多见于阴寒内盛、疝气、癥积等病证(D错)。"} {"Question":"带下黄臭,外阴瘙痒,其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆郁痰扰"},{"key":"B","value":"寒滞肝脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肝气郁结"},{"key":"D","value":"肝胆湿热"},{"key":"E","value":"肝肾阴虚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"带下黄臭,外阴瘙痒,主要因湿热循肝经下注所致,为肝胆湿热证(D对)。胆郁痰扰(A错)证候表现为惊悸失眠,胆怯易惊,口苦呕恶,胸胁闷胀舌红,苔黄腻,脉弦数。寒滞肝脉(B错)证候表现为少腹冷痛,阴囊收缩,睾丸抽痛,舌苔白,脉沉弦或沉紧。肝气郁结(C错)证候表现为胸胁、少腹胀满疼痛,走窜不定,善太息,苔薄白,脉弦。肝肾阴虚(E错)证候表现为头晕目眩,胸胁隐痛,两目干涩,耳鸣健忘,失眠多梦,口燥咽干,五心烦热,舌红少苔,脉细数。"} {"Question":"患者清晨腹痛,痛即作泻,形寒肢冷,精神萎靡,面色㿠白,脉迟无力。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"脾阳虚"},{"key":"C","value":"寒湿困脾"},{"key":"D","value":"食滞胃脘"},{"key":"E","value":"命门火衰"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"命门火衰中医病证名又称肾阳衰微、肾阳虚衰。清晨腹痛,痛即作泻,是属于肾虚泻。肾阳不足,火不暖土,脾失健运,故清晨腹痛,痛即作泻;肾阳虚衰,温煦失职,故形寒肢冷;阳虚温煦功能减弱,不能振奋精神,故精神萎靡;阳虚不能温运气血上荣于面,面部血络失充,故面色㿠白;脉迟无力,为肾阳不足之症,故其证候为肾阳不足证,即命门火衰证(E对)。脾气虚(A错)证证候表现为不欲食或纳少,腹胀,食后胀甚,便溏,神疲乏力,少气懒言,肢体倦怠,舌淡苔白,脉缓或弱。脾阳虚(B错)证证候表现为腹痛绵绵,喜温喜按,纳少,腹胀,大便清稀或完谷不化,畏寒肢冷,舌苔白滑,脉沉迟无力。寒湿困脾证(C错)证候表现为脘腹痞闷,腹痛便溏,口腻纳呆,泛恶欲呕,头身困重,面色晦黄,舌淡胖,苔白腻,脉濡缓或沉细。食滞胃脘(D错)证证候表现为胃脘胀满疼痛,拒按,厌恶食物,嗳腐吞酸,大便酸腐臭秽,舌苔厚腻,脉滑。"} {"Question":"燥邪犯肺证,可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽,咯痰稀白"},{"key":"B","value":"咳嗽,痰多泡沫"},{"key":"C","value":"咳喘,咯痰黄稠"},{"key":"D","value":"咳嗽,痰少难咯且喘"},{"key":"E","value":"痰多易咯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"燥邪犯肺,肺气失宣,故咳嗽;燥邪袭肺,肺气失宣,津液不布,燥性干涩伤津,故痰少难咯且喘,故燥邪犯肺证可见咳嗽,痰少难咯且喘(D对)。咳嗽,咯痰稀白(A错)可见于风寒犯肺证,因寒邪阻肺,津凝不化,凝而成痰所致。咳喘,咯痰黄稠(C错)可见于热邪壅肺证,因邪热犯肺,煎津为痰所致。咳嗽,痰多泡沫(B错)可见于寒痰阻肺证,因寒邪阻肺,津凝不化,凝而成痰所致。痰多易咯多属痰浊阻肺所致(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者身热反不恶寒,甚至面赤,欲寐,四肢厥冷,下利清谷,食入即吐,脉微细,其临床意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少阴病寒化证"},{"key":"B","value":"太阴腹痛证"},{"key":"C","value":"太阴病本证"},{"key":"D","value":"厥阴病寒热错杂证"},{"key":"E","value":"太阳腑证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"少阴寒化证是指病邪深入少阴,心肾阳气虚衰,从阴化寒,阴寒独盛所表现的虚寒证。患者体内阴寒盛极,格阳于外,虚阳外浮,则出现身热反不恶寒,甚至面赤的假热之象;心肾阳气衰微,神失所养,故见但欲寐;四肢为诸阳之本,阳衰失于温运,故四肢厥冷;肾阳虚衰,火不暖土,脾胃纳运升降失调,故下利清谷,食入即吐;心肾阳衰,无力鼓动血行,故脉微细;故辨证为少阴病寒化证(A对)。太阴腹痛证的临床表现腹满时痛或大实痛,拒按(B错)。太阴病本证的临床表现是腹满而吐,食不下,口不渴,自利,时腹自痛,四肢欠温,脉沉缓而弱(C错)。厥阴病寒热错杂证的临床表现是消渴,气上撞心,心中疼热,饥而不欲食,食则吐蛔(D错)。太阳蓄水证的临床表现是发热,恶寒,小腹满,小便不利,口渴,或水入则吐,脉浮或浮数。太阳蓄血证的临床表现是少腹急结或硬满,小便自利,如狂或发狂,善忘,大便色黑如漆,脉沉涩或沉结(E错)。"} {"Question":"身热夜甚,心烦不寐,斑疹隐现,舌红绛,脉细数,其临床意义是.","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫分证"},{"key":"B","value":"气分证"},{"key":"C","value":"营分证"},{"key":"D","value":"血分证"},{"key":"E","value":"热灼营阴证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"卫气营血,代表着温热病浅深、轻重不同的四个病理阶段。邪热入营,灼伤营阴,夜与入阴之卫阳相搏,则身热夜甚;热深入营,侵扰心神,故心烦不寐;邪热入营,灼伤血络,则斑疹隐现;营分有热,劫伤营阴,故舌红绛,脉细数(C对)。卫分证表现为发热,微恶风寒,头痛,口干微渴,舌边尖红,苔薄黄,脉浮数(A错)。气分证表现为发热,不恶寒,反恶热,汗出,口渴,尿黄,舌红苔黄,脉数有力(B错)。血分证分为实热证和血分虚热证,血分实热证表现为身热夜甚,躁扰不宁,甚者神昏谵语,舌质深绛,脉弦数;血分虚热证表现为持续低热,暮热早凉,五心烦热,形体干瘦,神疲耳聋,舌干少苔,脉虚细(D错)。题干所描述属营分证,热灼营阴是导致身热夜甚、舌红绛脉细数的原因(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者女,36岁,已婚,面色萎黄,神疲乏力,气短懒言,食少便溏,月经淋漓不断,经血色淡,舌淡无苔,脉沉细无力。其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾不统血"},{"key":"B","value":"脾肾阳虚"},{"key":"C","value":"气血两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"脾肺气虚"},{"key":"E","value":"肝血不足"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脾不统血证是指脾气虚弱,统血失常,血溢脉外,以各种出血及脾气虚症状为主要表现的证。患者脾气亏虚,统血无权,冲任不固,则出现月经淋漓不断;气虚推动乏力,则神疲乏力,气短懒言;脾气虚弱,运化失健,则食少便溏;脾气亏虚,气血生化不足,加之月经淋漓不断,反复出血,营血愈亏,面、舌、脉失养,故面色萎黄,舌淡无苔,脉沉细无力;故其病机为脾不统血(A对)。脾肾阳虚是腰腹冷痛、久泄久痢、五更泄泻与虚寒症状共见(B错)。气血两虚表现为神疲乏力,少气懒言,自汗,面色淡白或萎黄,口唇、眼睑、爪甲颜色淡白,头晕目眩,心悸失眠,形体消瘦,肢体麻木,月经量少色淡,惩期甚或闭经,舌质淡白,脉弱或虚(C错)。脾肺气虚表现为久咳不止,气短而喘,咳声低微,咯痰清稀,食欲不振,腹胀便溏,面白无华,神疲乏力,声低懒言,或见面浮肢肿,舌淡苔白滑,脉弱(D错)。肝血不足表现为头晕目眩,视力减退,或夜盲,爪甲不荣,肢体麻木,失眠多梦,妇女月经量少、色淡,甚则闭经,面唇淡白,舌淡,脉细(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者壮热,面赤,汗多,渴喜饮,舌红苔黄燥,脉洪大。其证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳明热盛"},{"key":"B","value":"热郁胸膈"},{"key":"C","value":"热灼营阴"},{"key":"D","value":"热郁胆腑"},{"key":"E","value":"阳明热结"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"里热炽盛,弥漫全身,蒸腾于外,故见壮热;气血涌盛于面,故面赤;邪热炽盛,迫津外泄,故汗多;热盛伤津,且汗出复伤津液,故渴喜饮;舌红苔黄燥,脉洪大,为阳明里热炽盛之象,故其证候为阳明热盛证(即阳明经证)(A对)。热郁胸膈(B错)证候表现为身热不甚,心烦懊,坐卧不安,欲呕不得呕,舌红,苔黄,脉滑数。热灼营阴(C错)证候表现为身热夜甚,心烦躁扰,甚或时有谵语,舌质红降而干,苔薄或无苔,脉细数。热郁胆腑(D错)证候表现为身热,口苦而渴,干呕,心烦,小便短赤,或胸胁不舒,舌红,苔黄,脉象弦数。阳明热结(E错)证,证候表现为日晡潮热,手足濈然汗出,脐腹胀满硬痛而拒按,大便秘结不通,脉沉迟而实。"} {"Question":"肝阳化风可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眩晕欲仆"},{"key":"B","value":"目睛上吊"},{"key":"C","value":"手足蠕动"},{"key":"D","value":"手足拘挛"},{"key":"E","value":"角弓反张"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝阳化风证证候表现为眩晕欲仆,头摇而痛,言语謇涩,手足震颤,肢体麻木,步履不正,或卒然昏倒,不省人事,口眼㖞斜,半身不遂,喉中痰鸣,舌红苔腻,脉弦。肝阳亢逆,气血上冲,则见眩晕欲仆(A对)。目睛上吊(B错)多见于惊风、厥阴风痰闭阻或神衰精脱之危证。手足蠕动(C错)指手足时时掣动,动作迟缓,无力,类似虫之蠕行,多为脾胃气虚,筋脉失养,或阴虚动风所致。手足拘挛(D错)指手足筋肉挛急不舒,屈伸不利,多因寒邪凝滞或气血亏虚,筋脉失养所致。角弓反张(E错)指患者脊背后弯,反折如弓,常兼颈项强直,四肢抽搐,为肝风内动,筋脉拘急之象,可见于热极生风之惊风、破伤风、马钱子中毒等病人。"} {"Question":"血燥生风的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生血不足或失血过多"},{"key":"B","value":"久病耗血或年老精亏"},{"key":"C","value":"产后恶露日久不净"},{"key":"D","value":"热病后期,阴津亏损"},{"key":"E","value":"水不涵木,浮阳不潜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血燥生风,指血虚津亏,失润化燥,肌肤失于濡养而生风的病机变化。多由久病伤阴耗血,或年老精亏血少,或长期营养缺乏,生血不足,或淤血内结,新血生化障碍等原因,导致局部或全身肌肤失于濡养,经脉气血失于和调,血燥而化风(B对)。血虚生风,多由于生血不足或失血过多所致(A错)。产后恶露日久不净,失血过多易导致血虚生风(C错)。阴虚风动多见于热病后期,津液阴气大量亏损或由于久病耗伤,津液阴气亏虚所致(D错)。水不涵木,浮阳不潜,肝阳上亢,为肝阳化风(E错)。"} {"Question":"血热是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气血失和,不荣经脉"},{"key":"B","value":"血随气逆,咯血或呕血"},{"key":"C","value":"血液不足,濡养功能减弱"},{"key":"D","value":"血液循行迟缓或不畅或停滞"},{"key":"E","value":"血分有热,血行加速或迫血妄行"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血热指热入血脉,使血行加速,脉络扩张,或灼伤血脉,迫血妄行的病机变化(E对)。气和血之间具有相互资生、相互依存和相互为用的关系,气血两虚,则脏腑经络、形体官窍失之濡养,各种生理功能失常,可出现不荣或不用的病证(A错)。气能行血,若气机逆乱,升降出入失常,也会影响血液正常运行,导致血液妄行,出现血随气逆的咳血、吐血或呕血症状(B错)。血虚是指血液不足,血的濡养功能减退的病机变化(C错)。血瘀是指血液循行迟缓,流行不畅,甚则血液停滞的病机变化(D错)。"} {"Question":"正气不足,邪气亢盛形成的病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实证"},{"key":"B","value":"虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"虚实夹杂证"},{"key":"D","value":"真虚假实证"},{"key":"E","value":"真实假虚证"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"虚实夹杂,指在疾病的过程中,邪盛和正虚同时存在的病机变化(C对)。实证是指邪气亢盛为矛盾的主要方面的病机变化(A错)。虚证是指正气不足,以正气虚损为矛盾主要方面的病机变化(B错)。真虚假实证是指病机的本质为“虚”,但表现出“实”的临床假象(D错)。真实假虚证是指病机的本质是“实”,但表现出“虚”的临床假象(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,40岁。素有高血压病史,现眩晕耳鸣,面红头胀,腰膝酸软,失眠多梦,时有遗精或性欲亢进,舌红,脉沉弦细,其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴虚内热"},{"key":"B","value":"阴损及阳"},{"key":"C","value":"阴虚阳亢"},{"key":"D","value":"阳损及阴"},{"key":"E","value":"阴虚火旺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阴虚指精血或津液的亏虚。一般在正常状态下,阴和阳是相对平衡的,相互制约而协调。阴气亏损,阳气失去制约,就会产生亢盛的病理变化,生理病理性功能亢进,称为“阳亢”。因此,阴虚会引起阳气亢盛,阳亢则能使阴液耗损,两者互为因果。临床表现为潮热,颧红,盗汗,五心烦热,咳血,视物不清,消瘦或失眠,麻木拘急,烦躁易思,或遗精,性欲亢进,舌红而干等。高血压和糖尿病等均可有阴虚阳亢表现。该患者素有高血压史,眩晕耳鸣,面红头胀,为肝阳上亢之象,而舌红脉弦细,腰膝酸软,失眠多梦为肾阴虚之象,综上所述诊为肾阴不足不能制亢肝阳,为阴虚阳亢(C对)。"} {"Question":"“实”的病机最根本的方面是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"邪气亢盛"},{"key":"B","value":"气血瘀滞"},{"key":"C","value":"正气旺盛"},{"key":"D","value":"水液蓄积"},{"key":"E","value":"痰浊壅滞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"实是以邪气亢盛为矛盾主要方面的病机变化,邪气盛则实(A对)。实证常见于外感六淫和病气所致的外感病证的初期和中期,或由于水湿痰饮、食积、气滞、淤血等引起的内伤病证,实证较多见于体质比较壮实的患者(BDE错)。正气旺盛并非病理表现(C错)。"} {"Question":"《素问·阴阳应象大论》提出调整阴阳,其“中满者”,应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"因而越之"},{"key":"B","value":"引而竭之"},{"key":"C","value":"泻之于内"},{"key":"D","value":"按而收之"},{"key":"E","value":"散而泻之"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"《素问·阴阳应象大论》:“其高者,因而越之(A错);其下者,引而竭之(B错);中满者,泻之于内(C对);其有邪者,渍形以为汗;其在皮者,汗而发之;其剽悍者,按而收之(D错);其实者,散而泻之(E错)”。"} {"Question":"肝病日久,两胁胀满疼痛,并见舌质瘀斑瘀点。其病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞血瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"气不摄血"},{"key":"C","value":"气随血脱"},{"key":"D","value":"气血两虚"},{"key":"E","value":"气血失和"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肝病日久,肝的机能减弱,疏泄失职,容易导致气血凝滞,出现舌质瘀斑瘀点;肝气瘀滞则会出现两胁胀满疼痛(A对)。气不摄血(B对),可见吐血,咯血,皮肤紫斑,便血,尿血,崩漏。气随血脱(C对),在大量出血的同时,气也随着血液的流失而急剧散脱,从而形成气血并脱的危重病理变化。可出现晕厥、冷汗淋漓,四肢不闻等病理状态。气血两虚(D错),即气虚和血虚同时存在。可见面色淡白,或萎黄、少气懒言、疲乏无力、心悸失眠、肢体麻木。气血失和(E错),主要包括气滞血瘀,气虚血瘀,气不摄血,气随血脱,以及气血两虚等几方面。"} {"Question":"邪正盛衰决定着","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病证的寒热"},{"key":"B","value":"病位的表里"},{"key":"C","value":"气血的盛衰"},{"key":"D","value":"病证的虚实"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"邪气盛则实,精气夺则虚,邪正双方不断斗争的态势和结果,不仅关系着疾病的发生,而且直接影响着疾病的发展和转归,同时也决定病证的虚实变化(D对)。寒热主要取决于阴阳平衡的关系(A错)。邪正盛衰对病位表里、体内气血有一定影响,但不完全由他决定(BCE错)。"} {"Question":"不属于气机失调的病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞"},{"key":"B","value":"气虚"},{"key":"C","value":"气闭"},{"key":"D","value":"气陷"},{"key":"E","value":"气逆"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"气的升降出入运动失常称为气机失调,由于气的运动形式是多种多样的,所以气机失调也有多种表现。例如:气的运动受阻而不畅通,称作气机不畅,受阻较甚,局部阻滞不通,称作气滞(A对)。气的上升太过或下降不及,称作气逆(E对)。气的上升不及或下降太过,称作气陷(D对)。气的外出太过而不能内守,称作气脱;气不能外达而郁结闭塞于内,称作气闭(C对)。气虚,是气不足,不属于气机失调(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"邪热内伏,反见四肢厥冷的病机特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳盛则阴病"},{"key":"B","value":"阴盛则寒"},{"key":"C","value":"阴损及阳"},{"key":"D","value":"阳虚则寒"},{"key":"E","value":"阳盛格阴"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"阳盛格阴是指阳气偏盛至极,壅遏于内,排斥阴气于外,而出现真热假寒证;邪热内伏,而反见四肢厥冷,其病机特点为内真热外假寒的阳盛格阴证(E对)。阳盛则阴病表现为实热证,兼有口渴、小便短少等(A错)。阴盛则寒表现为恶寒喜暖等实寒证(B错)。阴损及阳是阴虚的基础上又出现阳虚,形成以阴虚为主的阴阳两虚(C错)。阳虚则寒表现为畏寒肢冷,小便清长等虚寒证(D错)。"} {"Question":"邪热炽盛煎灼津液,伤及营血,燔灼肝经,可以形成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风气内动"},{"key":"B","value":"寒从中生"},{"key":"C","value":"湿浊内生"},{"key":"D","value":"津伤化燥"},{"key":"E","value":"火热内生"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"邪热煎灼津液,伤及营血,燔灼肝经,筋脉失其柔顺之性是热极生风的原因(A对)。“邪热炽盛”与寒邪无关(B错),不涉及湿邪(C错),“煎灼津液,伤及营血,燔灼肝经”说明津伤程度重,但津伤化燥程度较轻,所以津伤化燥不符合题意(D错),而火热内生是由阳盛有余,或阴虚阳亢,或由于气血郁滞,或由于病邪郁结而产生的火热内扰,机能亢奋的病理状态,不是由邪热炽盛,煎灼津液,伤及营血,燔灼肝经形成的,所以火热内生不符合题意(E错)。"} {"Question":"病后转为迁延性或慢性病的称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正胜邪退"},{"key":"B","value":"邪去正虚"},{"key":"C","value":"邪盛正虚"},{"key":"D","value":"邪正相持"},{"key":"E","value":"正虚邪恋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"正虚邪恋,指正气大虚,余邪未尽,或邪气深伏伤正,正气无力祛除病邪,致使疾病处于缠绵难愈的病理过程(E对)。正胜邪退(A错)指在疾病过程中,正气奋起抗邪,正气逐渐强盛,而邪气逐渐衰减,疾病向好转和痊愈发展的一种病理变化。邪去正虚(B错)指在疾病过程中,正气抗御邪气,邪气退却而正气大伤的病理状态,多见于重病的恢复期,其转归趋向好转的,痊愈的。邪盛正虚(C错)指在疾病过程中,邪气亢盛,正气虚弱,机体抗邪无力,疾病向恶化、危重,甚至向死亡方面转归的一种病理变化。邪正相持(D错)指在疾病过程中,机体正气不甚虚弱,而邪气亦不亢盛,则邪正双方势均力敌,相持不下,病情处于迁延状态的一种病理变化。"} {"Question":"阳盛格阴引起的病理变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚寒证"},{"key":"B","value":"虚热证"},{"key":"C","value":"真寒假热证"},{"key":"D","value":"真热假寒证"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳两虚证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"阳盛格阴,指阳气偏盛至极,壅遏于内,排斥阴气于外,而出现内真热外假寒的病机变化,临床表现为真热假寒证(D对)。虚寒证是阳偏衰的病理变化,阳偏衰,机体阳气虚损,温煦、推动、气化等功能减退,出现虚寒内生的病机变化,临床表现为虚寒证(A错)。虚热证是阴偏衰的病理变化,阴偏衰,机体阴液不足,凉润、宁静、抑制等功能减退、阴不制阳,出现虚热内生的病机变化,临床表现为虚热证(B错);阴盛格阳,指阳气极虚,导致阴寒之气偏盛,壅闭于里,逼迫阳气浮越于外,而出现内症寒外假热的病机变化,临床表现为真寒假热证(C错)。阴阳两虚证是阴阳互损的病理变化,阴阳互损指在阴或阳任何一方虚损的前提下,病变发展影响到相对的另一方,形成阴阳两虚(E错)。"} {"Question":"邪热内盛,深伏于里,阳气被遏,不能外达,手足厥冷属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳损及阴"},{"key":"B","value":"阳盛格阴"},{"key":"C","value":"阴盛格阳"},{"key":"D","value":"阴损及阳"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳脱失"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"阳盛格阴,指阳气偏盛至极,壅遏于内,排斥阴气于外,表现为壮热,面红,气粗,烦躁,舌红,脉洪大有力,但手足厥冷(B对);阳损及阴指由于阳气虚损,无阳则阴无以生,从而在阳虚的基础上又导致阴虚,形成以阳虚为主的阴阳两虚的病机变化(A错);阴盛格阳指阳气极虚,导致阴寒之气偏盛,壅闭于里,逼迫阳气浮越于外,而出现内真寒外假热的病机变化(C错);阴损及阳指由于阴气亏损,累及阳气生化不足,或阳气无所依附而耗散,从而在阴虚的基础上又出现延续,形成以阴虚为主的阴阳两虚的病机变化(D错);阴阳脱失指机体的阴气和阳气突然大量的脱失,导致生命垂危的病机变化(E错)。"} {"Question":"邪气亢盛,正气不衰形成的病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真虚假实证"},{"key":"B","value":"真实假虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"虚证"},{"key":"D","value":"实证"},{"key":"E","value":"虚实夹杂证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考察基本病机中邪正盛衰与虚实变化。邪气亢盛,正气不衰属于邪气的致病力强盛而正气抗病能力未衰,正邪相争激烈,属于实证(D对)。真虚假实证和真实假虚证是指在某些特殊情况下,疾病的临床症状可出现与其病机的虚实本质不符的假象(AB错)。虚证指正气不足,是以正气虚损为矛盾主要方面的病机变化(C错)。虚实错杂证,指在疾病过程中,邪盛和正虚同时存在的病机变化(E错)。"} {"Question":"液的作用重在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"润泽肌肤"},{"key":"B","value":"营养周身"},{"key":"C","value":"温煦内脏"},{"key":"D","value":"补益脑髓"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"液的质地较浓稠,渗入体内能濡养脏腑,渗注骨、脊、脑,能充养骨髓,脊髓、脑髓(D对),流入骨节,使关节滑利,屈伸自如。津的质地较清晰,布散于体表能滋润皮毛肌肉(A错)。营气的生理功能有化生血液和营养全身(B错)。温煦内脏(C错),为人体之气均有的功能。"} {"Question":"与气的生成密切相关的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脾胃肾"},{"key":"B","value":"心肺胃肾"},{"key":"C","value":"心肝脾胃"},{"key":"D","value":"肺胃肝肾"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脾胃肾"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾为生气之根、脾胃为生气之源、肺为生气之主,故气的生成与肺脾胃肾关系密切(E对)。肝主藏血,与气的生成无关(ACD错);心主血脉,与气的生成无关(B错)。"} {"Question":"行于脉外的气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫气"},{"key":"B","value":"中气"},{"key":"C","value":"元气"},{"key":"D","value":"宗气"},{"key":"E","value":"营气"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"卫气是行于脉外(A对)而具有保卫作用的气;卫气来源于脾胃运化的水谷精微;水谷之精化为水谷之气,其中剽悍滑利部分化生为卫气。宗气是由谷气与自然界清气相结合而积聚于胸中的气,属后天之气的范畴(D错)。营气是行于脉中而具有营养作用的气,营气性质精纯(E错)。中气是脾胃中焦之气,为后天之本(B错)。元气,是人体、最根本最重要的气。是人体生命活动的原动力(C错)。"} {"Question":"膻中又称作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水谷之海"},{"key":"B","value":"经脉之海"},{"key":"C","value":"气海"},{"key":"D","value":"血海"},{"key":"E","value":"髓海"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"宗气是积于胸中之气。《灵枢·海论》说:“膻中者,为气之海。”宗气在胸中积聚之处,所以“膻中”又称为“气海”(C对)。水谷之海指的是“胃”(A错);经脉之海指的是冲脉(B错);血海指肝脏(D错);髓海指脑(E错)。"} {"Question":"具有营养全身和化生血液作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫气"},{"key":"B","value":"营气"},{"key":"C","value":"元气"},{"key":"D","value":"宗气"},{"key":"E","value":"脏腑之气"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题属于理解型题目,主要考查营气的生理功能及其他气的生理功能。故考生应当详细辨识并掌握各种气的功能。营气的生理功能主要是化生血液和营养全身(B对)。宗气聚于胸中,上走息道,推动肺的呼吸,故与语言、声音的功能密切相关;同时,宗气又贯注于心脉之中,促进心脏推动血液运行,故与心脏搏动也密切相关(D错)。元气的生理功能主要是推动和调节人体的生长发育和生殖机能;推动和调控各脏腑、经络、形体、官窍的生理活动(C错)。卫气的生理功能主要是防御外邪、温养全身和调控腠理(A错)。"} {"Question":"具有推动心脏搏动的气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫气"},{"key":"B","value":"中气"},{"key":"C","value":"元气"},{"key":"D","value":"宗气"},{"key":"E","value":"营气"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"推动心脏搏动实质是心脏推动血液运行,宗气生成之后一方面可贯注于心脉之中,促进心脏推动血液运行,即可推动心脏搏动(D对)。营气的生理功能有化生血液和营养全身(E错)。卫气的生理功能有防御外邪、温养全身和调控腠理(A错)。元气的生理功能有推动和调节人体的生长发育和生殖机能、推动和调控各脏腑、经络、形体、官窍的生理活动(C错)。"} {"Question":"布散于皮肤肌肉和孔窍的主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精"},{"key":"B","value":"气"},{"key":"C","value":"血"},{"key":"D","value":"津"},{"key":"E","value":"液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《灵枢·决气》:“腠理发泄,汗出溱溱,是谓津。”“故布散于皮肤肌肉和孔窍的主要是津(D对)。人体之精贮藏于脏腑身形中。肾所藏先天之精,作为生命本原,在胎儿时期便贮藏于各脏腑之中。后天之精则经由脾肺等输送到各脏,化为各脏腑之精,并将部分输送于肾中,以充养肾所的先天之精(A错);气是构成和维持人体生命活动的最基本物质(B错);血在脉道中运行不息,流布全身,环周不休(C错);液灌注于骨节、脏腑、脑、髓等组织器官(E错)。"} {"Question":"十二经脉的功能反应于体表的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二皮部"},{"key":"B","value":"十二经筋"},{"key":"C","value":"十二经别"},{"key":"D","value":"十五别络"},{"key":"E","value":"奇经八脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"由于十二皮部分属于十二经脉,而十二经脉又内属于脏腑,所以脏腑、经络的病变亦能在相应的皮部分区反映出来,故在临床上观察不同部位皮肤的色泽和形态变化,即可诊断某些脏腑、经络的病变(A对)。"} {"Question":"阴维脉阳维脉主要的功能有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调节阳经气血"},{"key":"B","value":"调节阴经气血"},{"key":"C","value":"调节十二经气血"},{"key":"D","value":"维系全身阴阳经脉"},{"key":"E","value":"司眼睑之开合"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该题主要考察奇经八脉的功能。阳维脉调节阳经气血(A错)阴维脉调节阴经气血(B错);阴维脉和阳维脉的功能是维系调节全身阴阳经脉气血(D对)。冲脉的生理功能为调节十二经气血(C错),阴跷脉阳跷脉的生理功能为司眼睑之开合(E错)。"} {"Question":"分布在胸腹部的经脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足少阳胆经"},{"key":"B","value":"手少阴心经"},{"key":"C","value":"手太阴肺经"},{"key":"D","value":"足太阴脾经"},{"key":"E","value":"足阳明胃经"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该题主要考察十二经脉的分布规律。手三阴经均从胸部行至腋下(BCD错);手三阳经行于肩和肩脾部。足三阳经自上而下走行,则阳明经行于前(胸腹面)(E对),太阳经于后(背腰面),少阳经行于躯体两侧(A错)。"} {"Question":"手太阴肺经与它经交接的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在无名指交于手少阳三焦经"},{"key":"B","value":"在小指端交于手太阳小肠经"},{"key":"C","value":"在足大趾交于足厥阴肝经"},{"key":"D","value":"在足大趾交于足太阴脾经"},{"key":"E","value":"在食指端交于手阳明大肠经"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"手太阴肺经在食指端与手阳明大肠经相交接(E对);手厥阴心包经在无名指端与手少阳三焦经相交接(A错);手少阴心经在小指端与手太阳小肠经交接(B错);足少阳胆经在足大趾爪甲后丛毛处与足厥阴肝经相交接(C错);足阳明胃经在足大趾与足太阴脾经相交接(D错);"} {"Question":"经过气街的经脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手少阳与足少阳"},{"key":"B","value":"足少阴与足太阳"},{"key":"C","value":"手阳明与足阳明"},{"key":"D","value":"足厥阴与足太阳"},{"key":"E","value":"足阳明与足少阳"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"足阳明胃经从胃下口幽门处分出的一支分支,沿腹腔内下行至气街,与直行之脉会合,而后沿大腿前侧下行,至膝膑,向下沿胫骨前缘行至足背,入足第二趾外侧端(厉兑穴);足少阳胆经从目外眦分出的一支分支,下行进入胸腔,穿过膈肌,络肝,属胆,再沿胁里浅出气街,绕毛际,横向至环跳穴处(E对)。足太阳膀胱经主要循行于头顶、头后部、背部(脊柱正中旁开1.5寸)、下肢外侧后缘(BD错)。手少阳三焦经主要循行于上肢外侧中间、肩部及侧头部(A错)。手阳明大肠经主要循行于上肢外侧前缘、肩部、面部(C错)。"} {"Question":"患者久病,眼睑开合失司,下肢运动不利。其病在哪经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴跷脉、阳跷脉"},{"key":"B","value":"阴维脉、阳维脉"},{"key":"C","value":"督脉、任脉"},{"key":"D","value":"冲脉、任脉"},{"key":"E","value":"阴跷脉、阴维脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"跷脉,起于足踝下,从下肢内、外侧分别上行头面,具有交通一身阴阳之气和调节肢体肌肉运动的机能,主要使下肢运动灵活跷捷。阴阳跷脉交会于目内眦,阳跷主一身左右之阳,阴跷主一身左右之阴,所以能司眼睑开合。患者久病,眼睑开合失司,下肢运动不利为病在阴阳跷脉(A对)。阴维脉和阳维脉(B错)的生理功能:维系全身经脉。督脉(C错)调节阳经气血;反映脑、髓、肾的机能。任脉的生理功能:调节阴经气血;任主胞胎。冲脉的生理功能:调节十二经气血,与女子月经及孕育机能有关(D错)。"} {"Question":"厥阴经证可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头顶痛"},{"key":"B","value":"偏头痛"},{"key":"C","value":"全头痛"},{"key":"D","value":"巅顶痛"},{"key":"E","value":"面额痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"多在巅顶部位,或连目系(D对);太阳头痛,痛在脑后,下连于项(A错);肝经风火上扰,见偏头痛(B错);太阴、少阴头痛多以全头疼痛为主(C错);厥阴头痛,阳明头痛,在前额部及眉棱骨处(E错)。"} {"Question":"循行于内踝尖八寸以上下肢内侧前缘的经脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足少阳胆经"},{"key":"B","value":"足少阴肾经"},{"key":"C","value":"足厥阴肝经"},{"key":"D","value":"足太阴脾经"},{"key":"E","value":"足阳明胃经"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"下肢内侧分为三阴,内踝尖上8寸以下是厥阴在前、太阴在中、少阴在后;内踝尖上8寸以上是太阴在前(D对)、厥阴在中、少阴在后。"} {"Question":"具有通调水道功能的脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"心"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肺"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺主通调水道是指通过肺气宣发肃降对体内水液的输布、运行和排泄具有疏通和调节作用(D对)。作用机理有二:①肺气宣发,将脾转输至肺的津液,向上向外布散,上至头面诸窍,外达皮毛肌腠,并化为汗液排出体外;。②肺气肃降,将脾转输至肺的津液,向下向内布散,下输于肾,成为尿液生成之源。肝的生理功能有肝主疏泄、肝主藏血(A错);心的生理功能有心主血脉、心主神明(B错);脾的生理功能有脾主运化、脾主统血(C错);肾的生理功能有肾主藏精、肾主水、肾主纳气(E错)。"} {"Question":"三焦的生理功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调畅气机"},{"key":"B","value":"宣发肃降"},{"key":"C","value":"通行元气"},{"key":"D","value":"传化水谷"},{"key":"E","value":"化生精气"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"三焦的主要生理功能是运行津液和通行元气(C对)。肝主疏泄,指肝具有维持全身气机疏通畅达,通而不滞,散而不郁的生理功能(A错)。肺主通调水道,指通过肺气宣发肃降对体内水液的输布、运行和排泄具有疏通和调节作用(B错)。六腑的生理功能是“传化物”,即受盛和传化水谷(D错)。人体的脾主运化,化生精气血津液,以奉生身(E错)。"} {"Question":"在脾胃的关系中,最根本的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾燥胃湿,燥湿相济"},{"key":"B","value":"太阴湿土得阳始运,阳明燥土得阴自安"},{"key":"C","value":"胃主纳谷,脾主磨谷"},{"key":"D","value":"脾主升清,胃主降浊"},{"key":"E","value":"胃为水谷之海,脾为胃行其津液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脾胃居于中焦,脾气主升而胃气主降,相反而相成;脾气上升,将运化吸收的水谷精微向上输布,有助于胃气之通降;胃气通降,将受纳之水谷、食糜通降下行,也有助于脾气之升运。一升一降,相互为用,为气机升降之枢,这是其最根本的关系(D对)。"} {"Question":"关于五脏所藏的叙述,错的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心藏神"},{"key":"B","value":"肝藏魂"},{"key":"C","value":"肺藏魄"},{"key":"D","value":"脾藏意"},{"key":"E","value":"肾藏神"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"《素问·宣明五气》说:“心藏神(A对),肺藏魄(C对),肝藏魂(B对),脾藏意(D对),肾藏志”(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"气机升降出入的枢纽是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝、肺"},{"key":"B","value":"肺、肾"},{"key":"C","value":"脾、胃"},{"key":"D","value":"肝、胆"},{"key":"E","value":"心、肾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脾胃居于中焦,脾气上升,将运化吸收的水谷精微向上输布,有助于胃气的通降;胃气通降,将受纳之水谷,食糜及食物残渣通降下行,有助于脾气的升运,脾胃之气的升降相因,保证了饮食纳运的正常运行,又维护了内脏位置的相对恒定,所以脾胃是脏腑气机上升下降的枢纽。(C对)。"} {"Question":"五脏共同的生理功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贮藏津液"},{"key":"B","value":"贮藏气血"},{"key":"C","value":"贮藏血液"},{"key":"D","value":"贮藏精气"},{"key":"E","value":"贮藏水谷"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾所藏先天之精,作为生命本原,在胎儿时期便贮藏于各脏腑之中,后天之精则经由脾肺等输送到各脏腑,化为各脏腑之精,并将部分输送于肾中,以充养肾所藏的先天之精,所以五脏都有贮藏精气的功能(D对)。"} {"Question":"心主神志的最主要物质基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"津液"},{"key":"B","value":"精液"},{"key":"C","value":"宗气"},{"key":"D","value":"血液"},{"key":"E","value":"营气"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心主神志即心藏神,血是机体神志活动的主要物质基础,人体的神志活动必须得到血液的营养才能产生充沛而舒畅的精神活动(D对)。津液(A错)是机体一切正常水液的总称,是构成人体和维持生命活动的基本物质之一。精液(B错)是禀受于父母的生命物质与后天水谷精微相融合而形成的一种构成人体和维持人体生命活动的最基本物质。宗气(C错)是由谷气和自然界清气相结合而积聚于胸中的气,呼吸、语言、声音、肢体运动都与之有关。营气(E错)行于脉中,是血液的重要组成部分,为全身脏腑组织提供生理活动的物质基础。"} {"Question":"具有“升举内脏”功能,维持内脏位置相对恒定的脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"心"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肺"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脾气宜升,指脾气以上升为主,以升为健的气机运动特点。主要体现在脾主升清和升举内脏,其中升举内脏是指脾气上升能维持内脏位置的相对恒定,是防止内脏下垂的重要保证(C对)。若脾气虚弱,无力升举,反而下陷,可导致某些内脏下垂,如胃下垂、肾下垂、阴挺(子宫脱垂)、脱肛(直肠脱垂)等。临床治疗常采用健脾升陷的补中益气汤。肝的生理特性有肝主升发、肝喜条达而恶抑郁(A错);心的生理特性有心主通明、心火宜降(B错);肺的生理特性有肺为华盖、肺为娇脏、肺气宣降、肺喜润恶燥(D错);肾的生理特性有肾主蛰藏、肾水宜升、肾恶燥(E错)。"} {"Question":"肾所摄纳之气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精气"},{"key":"B","value":"元气"},{"key":"C","value":"宗气"},{"key":"D","value":"清气"},{"key":"E","value":"营气"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾具有摄纳肺吸入的清气而维持正常呼吸的功能(D对),肾气摄纳肺所吸入的自然界清气,保持吸气的深度,防止呼气表浅。宗气的生成有两个来源:一是脾胃运化的水谷之精所化生的水谷精气,一是肺从自然界中吸入的清气,两者结合生成宗气(C错)。元气指以先天精气为基础,赖后天精气充养,而根源于肾的气,而非肾所摄纳之气(B错)。营气来源于脾胃运化之水谷精微,由水谷精微中的精华部分,即最富营养的部分所化生(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是脾的生理功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受纳和腐熟水谷"},{"key":"B","value":"转输水谷精微"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收和转输水液"},{"key":"D","value":"维系脏器位置"},{"key":"E","value":"统摄血液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脾有运化水谷的功能,消化饮食,把饮食的精华运输全身,所以说脾是后天之本(B对)。脾又能统摄周身血液、调节血液循环,使之正常运行(E对)。脾气主升,能把饮食中的精气、津液上输于肺,并且维持内脏位置的相对稳定(D对)。脾能运化水湿,和水液的代谢有关(C对)。同时脾还与四肢、肌肉等有关,如脾的运化功能正常,四肢活动有力,肌肉丰满壮实。受纳和腐熟水谷是胃的生理功能(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"以下选项中,对机体具有凉润宁静抑制和凝聚等作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾精"},{"key":"B","value":"肾气"},{"key":"C","value":"肾阴"},{"key":"D","value":"肾阳"},{"key":"E","value":"肾血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾阴为脏腑阴液之本,宁静和抑制脏腑的各种功能,滋润全身脏腑形体官窍(C对)。肾阴充足,脏腑形体官窍得以滋润,其功能健旺而又不至于过亢,精神内守。若肾阴不足,抑制、宁静、滋润等作用减退,则致脏腑功能虚性亢奋,精神虚性躁动,发为虚热性病证。肾中精气分为肾精、肾气;肾精,即肾藏之精,来源于先天,充养于后天,是肾脏生理活动的物质基础;肾气,即肾精所化之气,是肾脏生理活动的物质基础及其动力来源。两者相互化生、相互促进,共同完成肾的生理功能(AB错)。肾阳为脏腑阳气之本,推动和激发脏腑的各种功能,温煦全身脏腑形体官窍。肾阳充盛,脏腑形体官窍得以温煦,各种功能旺盛,精神振奋。若肾阳虚衰,推动、温煦等作用减退,则脏腑功能减退,精神不振,发为虚寒性病证(D错)。肾主生髓化血,人体血液的生成,一方面是后天脾胃运化的水谷精微上输心肺而化赤为血;另一方面是肾精生髓,髓充于骨,骨中精髓为化生血液之源(E错)。"} {"Question":"有藏泄互用关系的两脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心与肺"},{"key":"B","value":"肺与肾"},{"key":"C","value":"肾与肝"},{"key":"D","value":"肝与脾"},{"key":"E","value":"脾与心"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝与肾之间的关系可称为“肝肾同源”即“乙癸同源”,包括精血同源、藏泄互用(C对)以及阴阳互滋互制等方面。其中藏泄互用是指肝主疏泄,肾主封藏,二者之间存在着相互制约、相互为用的关系。疏泄与封藏相反相成,从而调节女子的排卵、月经来潮和男子的排精功能。若二者失调,女子可见月经失调,月经量多或闭经,以及排卵障碍;男子可见阳痿、遗精、滑精或阳强不泄等症。心与肺的关系主要体现为气与血的关系(A错)。肺与肾的关系,主要表现在呼吸运动、津液代谢及阴阳互资三个方面(B错)。肝与脾的关系,主要表现在疏泄与运化的相互为用、藏血与统血的相互协调关系(D错)。脾与心的关系,主要表现在血液生成与运行方面的相互为用、相互协同(E错)。"} {"Question":"哪项与肾藏精有关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面色红润"},{"key":"B","value":"肌肉丰满"},{"key":"C","value":"视物清晰"},{"key":"D","value":"皮毛润泽"},{"key":"E","value":"头发乌黑光泽"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"头发为肾之外候,肾精的盛衰可显露于头发,由于肾藏精,精生血,精血旺盛,则毛发粗壮、浓密而润泽,故说发的生机根于肾(E对)。面色红润,《素问·六节脏象论》说:“心,其华在面。”心气旺盛,血脉充盈,则面部红润光泽(A错)。《素问·痿论》说:“脾主身之肌肉”。脾的运化功能正常,水谷精微充足,肌肉才会丰满壮实(B错)。肝,在窍为目,肝血充足,肝气调和,两目视物清晰(C错)。肺,在体合皮,其华在毛,皮毛依赖于卫气和津液的温养和润泽(D错)。"} {"Question":"从五行之间的关系来看,培土生金法的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五行相生"},{"key":"B","value":"五行相克"},{"key":"C","value":"五行相侮"},{"key":"D","value":"五行相乘"},{"key":"E","value":"五行胜复"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"培土生金法是健脾生气以补益肺气的治法,脾生肺是五行相生的关系。主要用于脾气虚衰,生气无源,以至肺气虚弱之证(A对)。依据五行相克规律(B错)确定的治法常用的有抑木扶土法、培土制水法、佐金平木法和泻南补北法。"} {"Question":"虚人感冒应选用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急则治其标"},{"key":"B","value":"缓则治其本"},{"key":"C","value":"标本同治"},{"key":"D","value":"先扶正后祛邪"},{"key":"E","value":"先祛邪后扶正"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"虚人感冒即体虚感冒,是指患者在感冒时伴有某些“正气虚弱”的表现。该病患者大多由于脾肺气虚、卫外不固而易于感受外邪。体虚感冒会反复发生。正如明代《证治汇补·伤风》中所说:“如虚人伤风,屡感屡发”。中医治疗体虚感冒有较好的效果。其治法不是单纯地祛邪解表而要兼用补法,不仅重视对患者病症的治疗,还要注意对患者病后的调理以及病前的预防。即标本同治(C对)。"} {"Question":"适合治疗阳偏衰的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴病治阳"},{"key":"B","value":"阳病治阴"},{"key":"C","value":"阴病治阴"},{"key":"D","value":"阳病治阳"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"阳虚所引起是虚寒证,应“阴病治阳”,即用温阳的方法温养阳气,抑制阴寒偏盛(A对);阳病治阴适用于阴虚引起的虚热证(B错);阴病治阴、阳病治阳阴病治阴均与阳偏衰无关(CDE错)。"} {"Question":"属于正治的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热因热用"},{"key":"B","value":"通因通用"},{"key":"C","value":"热者寒之"},{"key":"D","value":"用热远热"},{"key":"E","value":"以补开塞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"热者寒之指即以寒治热,指用寒凉方药或具有寒凉功效的措訄而治疗热性病证的治法,属于正治法(C对)。热因热用属于反治(A错);通因通用属于反治(B错);用热远热属于三因制宜(D错);以补开塞即塞因塞用,属于反治(E错)。"} {"Question":"先安未受邪之地属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治病求本"},{"key":"B","value":"未病先防"},{"key":"C","value":"既病防变"},{"key":"D","value":"因地制宜"},{"key":"E","value":"因时制宜"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"既病防变,包括早期诊治和防止传变,防止传变包括:阻截病传途径和先安未受邪之地。“先安未受邪之地”指的是在疾病诊疗的过程中,不但要对病位之所进行诊治,而且还应该根据疾病发展传变的规律,对未受邪而可能即将被传及之处,实现予以充实,阻止病变传至该处,达到中断其发展的目的(C对)。治病求本(A错)是指在治疗疾病时,必须辨析疾病的病因病机,抓住疾病的本质,并针对疾病的本质进行治疗,是整体观念与辨证论治在治疗中的体现。未病先防(B错)属于通过调摄精神,饮食,情志等多方面进行对疾病的预防。因地制宜(D错)指根据不同的地域环境特点,来制定适宜的治疗原则。因人制宜(E错)指根据病人的年龄、性别、体质等不同特点,来制订适宜的治疗原则。"} {"Question":"水鼓病证,当腹水严重,腹部胀满,二便不利时,应选用的治疗原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治标"},{"key":"B","value":"治本"},{"key":"C","value":"标本兼治"},{"key":"D","value":"先治本后治标"},{"key":"E","value":"扶助正气"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"治标适用于标症紧急时,若不及时处理会危及生命,当以控制症状为首务;水鼓患者,当出现腹水严重,腹部胀满,呼吸急促,二便不利时,应当先治标病之腹水(A对)。治本适用于病情缓和,病势迁延,暂无急重病症的情况(B错);标本兼治适用于标本并重或标本俱缓,但单纯治标或治本都不易收效的情况(C错);标本的先后缓急取舍,应当根据病情的实际情况而定(D错);扶助正气适用于各种虚证(E错)。"} {"Question":"糖尿病痰湿体胖者,长期坚持运动锻炼中,下列哪项是不适宜的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有氧运动"},{"key":"B","value":"在下午2~4时进行"},{"key":"C","value":"长时间运动"},{"key":"D","value":"无氧运动"},{"key":"E","value":"循序渐进"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"无氧运动会加重体内缺氧状态,有诱发心脑血管疾病的风险,伴有心脑血管病的糖尿病患者不适合进行。剧烈的无氧运动还会导致乳酸堆积,还会导致低血糖的风险增加,所以对于糖尿病患者尤其是伴有慢性并发症者不宜进行无氧运动(D错,为本题正确答案)。糖尿病肥胖患者,一般应该选择在饭后1小时开始无氧运动,每次运动三十到六十分钟,每周三到五次,且应循序渐进、长期坚持(ABCE对)。"} {"Question":"下列不属于养生原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"顺应自然"},{"key":"B","value":"形神兼养"},{"key":"C","value":"调养脾胃"},{"key":"D","value":"因人而异"},{"key":"E","value":"因地制宜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"因地制宜是指根据地理环境特点,制定适宜方药的治疗原则,并不属于养生原则(E错,为本题正确答案);顺应自然,是中医养生学的重要原则。人以天地之气生,四时之法成。人生干天地之间,依赖于自然而生存,同时也受到自然规律的支配和制约,即人与天地相参,与日月相应(A对);形神共养,指形体与精神的协调统一,身心和谐的养生原则(B对);调养脾胃,指利用各种手段和方法来调护保养脾胃,发挥脾升胃降协调、受纳运化相因、水谷精气充足、营养脏腑经络及四肢百骸的功能(C对);形体锻炼、调摄饮食等养生方法均需要因人而异(D对)。"} {"Question":"“通因通用”适用于治疗的病症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实证"},{"key":"B","value":"虚证"},{"key":"C","value":"虚实错杂证"},{"key":"D","value":"真虚假实证"},{"key":"E","value":"真实假虚证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"“通因通用”即以通治通,是指用通利的药物来治疗具有通泻症状的实证。适用于因实邪内阻出现通泄症状的真实假虚证(E对)。实证遵循实则泻之(A错)的原则治疗。虚证遵循虚者补之(B错)的治法治疗。而虚实错杂证一般遵循攻补兼施的原则治疗(C错)。真虚假实证采用塞因塞用(D错)的治法治疗。"} {"Question":"对大出血患者应采用的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正治"},{"key":"B","value":"从治"},{"key":"C","value":"标本兼治"},{"key":"D","value":"反治"},{"key":"E","value":"治标"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"大出血时,情势危急,应当以止血为主,待血止住时,在从出血原因进行治疗(E对);正治适用于证候本质与现象一致的病证(A错);标本兼治适用于标本并重或标本俱缓,但单纯治标或治本都不易收效的情况(C错);反治又称为从治,适用于疾病的征象与其本质不完全一致的情况(BD错)。"} {"Question":"体质是指人体的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身体素质"},{"key":"B","value":"心理素质"},{"key":"C","value":"身心特性"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传特质"},{"key":"E","value":"形态结构"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"体质,是在先天禀赋和后天获得的基础上所形成的形态结构、生理功能、心理状态方面相对稳定的个性化特征(C对)。体质源于长久的自然进化与适应,因而有着先天与后天的不同。正常的生命活动是形与神的协调统一,正如《类经·藏象类》说:“形神具备,乃为全体。”体质的基本概念,包括形、神两方面的内容,一定的形态结构必然产生相应的生理功能和心理特征,而良好的生理功能和心理特征是正常形态结构的反应,两者相互依存,相互影响,在体质的固有特征中综合地体现出来(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"具有亢奋偏热多动特征的体质为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝郁质"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳平和质"},{"key":"C","value":"阳虚质"},{"key":"D","value":"偏阳质"},{"key":"E","value":"偏阴质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"偏阳质是具有兴奋、好动、偏热特征的体质类型(D对)。阴阳平和质是功能较为协调的体质类型(B错)。阳虚质的总体特征是阳气不足,以畏寒怕冷、手足不温等虚寒表现为主要特征;心理特征为性格多沉静,内向(C错)。偏阴质是具有抑制、喜静、偏寒特征的体质类型(E错)。"} {"Question":"证候不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四诊检查所得"},{"key":"B","value":"内外致病因素"},{"key":"C","value":"疾病的特征"},{"key":"D","value":"疾病的性质"},{"key":"E","value":"疾病的全过程"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"证是疾病过程中某一阶段或某一类型的病理概括,一般由一组相对固定的,有内在联系的,能揭示疾病某一阶段或某一类型病变本质的症状和体征构成。证是病机的外在反映,病机是证的内在本质,由于病机的内涵汇总包括了病变的部位,原因(B对),性质(D对)和邪正盛衰(C对)变化,故证能够揭示病变的机理和发展趋势。病变的部位,原因,性质和邪正盛衰变化都是依据四诊检查(A对)得到的表现判断出来的(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"采取异病同治方法的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疾病不同"},{"key":"B","value":"症状相同"},{"key":"C","value":"证候相同"},{"key":"D","value":"阶段不同"},{"key":"E","value":"体征不同"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"异病同治,指几种不同的疾病,在其发展变化过程中出现了大致相同的病机,表现为大致相同的证(C对),因而采用大致相同的治法和方药来治疗。如胃下垂、肾下垂、子宫脱垂、脱肛等不同的病变,其病机的关键是“中气下陷”,可表现为大致相同的证,故皆可用补益中气的方法来治疗。"} {"Question":"有机整体的“中心”是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"脑"},{"key":"C","value":"五脏"},{"key":"D","value":"经络"},{"key":"E","value":"脏腑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"人体由五脏(心、肝、脾、肺、肾)、六腑(胆、胃、小肠、大肠、膀胱、三焦)、形体(筋、脉、肉、皮、骨)、官窍(目、舌、口、鼻、耳、前阴、后阴)等构成。人体以五脏为中心(C对),配合六腑、形体、官窍,通过经络系统的联络作用,构成了心、肝、脾、肺、肾五个生理系统。"} {"Question":"属于“木”的味是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸"},{"key":"B","value":"苦"},{"key":"C","value":"甘"},{"key":"D","value":"辛"},{"key":"E","value":"咸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"酸-木-肝(A对)。苦(B错)-火-心。甘(C错)-土-脾。辛(D错)-金-肺。咸(E错)-水-肾。"} {"Question":"“无阴则阳无以化”说明了阴阳之间的何种关系","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴阳交感"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳互根"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳对立"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳消长"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳转化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"阴阳互根的意义,在于阴阳始终处于统一体之中,每一方都以对方的存在作为自身存在的前提和条件,任何一方都不能脱离对方而单独存在(B对)。阴阳交感,指阴阳二气在运动中相互感应而交合的相互作用。阴阳交通相合,彼此交感相错,是宇宙万物赖以生成和变的根源,所谓“天地感而万物化生”(A错)。阴阳转化,指事物的阴阳属性,在一定条件下可以向其相反的方向转化,即属阳的事物可以转化为属阴的事物,属阴的事物可以转化为属阳的事物(E错)。阴阳对立,指阴阳\"一分为二\",即对待、相反的关系,是事物或现象固有的属性。阴阳对立制约的意义在于防止阴阳的任何一方不至于亢盛为害,以维持阴阳之间的协调平衡(C对)。阴阳消长,指阴阳双方不是静止不变的,而是处于不断的消减和增加的运动变化之中。消,减少、减退;长,增加、增长(D错)。"} {"Question":"属于五行相侮传变的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝病及心"},{"key":"B","value":"肝病及肾"},{"key":"C","value":"肝病及肺"},{"key":"D","value":"肝病及脾"},{"key":"E","value":"脾病及心"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"五行相侮是指五行中某一行对其所不胜一行的反向克制,为五行之间的异常克制现象。五行相侮的次序是:木侮金,金侮火,火侮水,水侮土,土侮木。肝属木,肺属金,金克木,肝病及肺属于五行的相侮传变。(C对)。肝病及心(A错),肝属木,心属火,木生火,故肝病及心,为“母病及子”。肝病及肾(B错),肝属木,肾属水,水生木,故肝病及肾,为“子病及母”。肝病及脾(D错),肝属木,脾属土,肝病及脾,为木乘土,故肝病及脾属于五行相乘传变。脾病及心(E错),脾属土,心属火,火生土,故脾病及心,为“子病及母”。"} {"Question":"水气凌心属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"母病及子"},{"key":"B","value":"相乘传变"},{"key":"C","value":"子病犯母"},{"key":"D","value":"相侮传变"},{"key":"E","value":"制化传变"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾为水脏,水气凌心即肾对心的异常制约,心为肾之所胜,故水气凌心为相乘传变。(B对)。母病及子(A错),指五行中的某一行异常,累及其子行,导致母子两行皆病,因此水当生木。子病及母(C错),指五行中某一行异常,影响到其母行,终导致子母两行皆异常,因此当水病及金。相侮(D错)传变,指五行中一行对其所不胜的反向制约和克制,因此当水侮土。五行制化(E错),指五行之间既相互资生,又相互制约,维持平衡协调,推动事物间稳定有序的变化与发展。"} {"Question":"“水寒射肺”属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子病及母"},{"key":"B","value":"母病及子"},{"key":"C","value":"相乘传变"},{"key":"D","value":"制化传变"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺在五行之中属金,与水的关系为金生水,金为母,水为子,\"水寒射肺\"为子病及母(A对)。制化传变指五行之间逆相生化,又逆相制约,生化中有制约,制约中有生化,二者相辅相成,从而维持其相对平衡和正常的协调关系(D错)。母病及子是指五行中的某一行异常,累及其子行,导致母子两行皆异常(B错)。相乘传变指五行中所不胜一行对其所胜一行的过度制约或克制,金水无相克关系(C错)。"} {"Question":"《内经》阴阳之征兆是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天地"},{"key":"B","value":"男女"},{"key":"C","value":"上下"},{"key":"D","value":"水火"},{"key":"E","value":"左右"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"“水火者,阴阳之征兆也”(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)。中医学以水火作为阴阳的征象,水为阴,火为阳,反映了阴阳的基本特性。如水性寒而就下,火性热而炎上。其运动状态,水比火相对的静,火较水相对的动,寒热、上下、动静,如此推演下去,即可以用来说明事物的阴阳属性。划分事物或现象阴阳属性的标准是:凡属于运动的、外向的、上升的、温热的、明亮的、功能的属于阳的范畴;静止的、内在的、下降的、寒凉的、晦暗的、物质的属于阴的范畴。由此可见,阴阳的基本特性,是划分事物和现象阴阳属性的依据(D对)。"} {"Question":"中医学理论体系的哲学基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精气学说"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳学说"},{"key":"C","value":"五行学说"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳五行学说"},{"key":"E","value":"精气阴阳五行学说"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中医学的基本特点:整体观念,辨证论治;中医学理论体系的哲学基础:精气,阴阳,五行学说(E对);中医学的指导思想:整体观念。"} {"Question":"肝气横逆犯脾,属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相克"},{"key":"B","value":"相侮"},{"key":"C","value":"相乘"},{"key":"D","value":"母病及子"},{"key":"E","value":"子病及母"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"五行相克的顺序是:木克土,土克水,水克火,火克金,金克木。相克太过则为相乘,反向制约则为相侮。肝属木,脾属土,正常生理状态下为木克土,制约太多为相乘(C对AB错)。母病及子(D错)指五行中的某一行异常,累及其子行,导致母子两行皆病。子病及母(E错)指五行中某一行异常,影响到其母行,终导致子母两行皆异常。"} {"Question":"下列各项,可用阴阳消长来解释的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳虚则寒"},{"key":"B","value":"阳长阴消"},{"key":"C","value":"寒者热之"},{"key":"D","value":"阴损及阳"},{"key":"E","value":"阴胜则阳病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"在阴阳双方彼此对立制约的过程中,阴与阳之间可出现某一方增长而另一方消减,或某一方消减而另一方增长的互为消长的变化,前者称为阳长阴消或阴长阳消,后者称为阳消阴长或阴消阳长(B对)。阳虚则寒(A错)、阴胜则阳病(E错)是基于阴阳对立制约。寒者热之阴损及阳(D错)是基于阴阳互根互用。寒者热之(C错)是治疗原则。"} {"Question":"“阴中求阳,阳中求阴”治法的理论依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴阳协调平衡"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳对立制约"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳互根互用"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳相互转化"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳互为消长"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阴阳自和,指阴阳双方自动维持和自动恢复其协调稳定状态的能力和趋势。阴阳虽然属性相反,但两者存在互生、互化、互制、互用等关系,在交互作用的变化中相反相成,是维持事物或现象协调发展的内在机制(A错)。阴阳对立,指阴阳“一分为二”,即对待、相反的关系,是事物或现象固有的属性。阴阳对立制约的意义在于防止阴阳的任何一方不至于亢盛为害,以维持阴阳之间的协调平衡(B错)。阴阳互根,指阴阳的互为根本、相互依存的关系,即:\"阳根于阴,阴根于阳\"。阳的根本在阴,阴的根本在阳,双方互为存在的前提(C对)。阴阳转化,指事物的阴阳属性,在一定条件下可以向其相反的方向转化,即属阳的事物可以转化为属阴的事物,属阴的事物可以转化为属阳的事物(D错)。阴阳消长,指阴阳双方不是静止不变的,而是处于不断的消减和增加的运动变化之中。消,减少、减退;长,增加、增长(E错)。"} {"Question":"湿邪致病可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤干皲"},{"key":"B","value":"狂躁妄动"},{"key":"C","value":"汗出恶风"},{"key":"D","value":"下利清谷,小便清长"},{"key":"E","value":"四肢困倦,胸闷呕恶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"湿为阴邪,易伤阳气,易阻滞气机,湿阻胸膈,气机不畅则胸膈满闷;湿阻中焦,脾胃气机升降失常,纳运失司,则脘痞腹胀食欲减退,且湿性重浊,湿邪致病,常出现头身困重、四肢酸楚沉重等表现(E对)。燥性干涩,易伤津液,燥邪为干涩之病邪,侵犯人体,最易损伤津液,出现各种干燥、涩滞的症状,如口鼻干燥,咽干口渴,皮肤干涩,甚则皲裂毛发不荣,小便短少,大便干结等(A错)。火热之邪易扰神,火热与心相通应,故火热之邪入于营血,尤易影响心神,轻者心神不宁而心烦、失眠;重者可扰乱心神,出现狂躁不安,或神昏谵语等症(B错)。风性开泄,其伤人易室腠理不固而汗出恶风(C错)。寒为阴邪,易伤阳气,感受寒邪,最易损伤人体阳气,若寒邪直中于少阴,损伤心肾阳气,则可见恶寒蜷卧,手足厥冷,下利清谷,小便清长,精神萎靡,脉微细等症(D错)。"} {"Question":"七情致病的一般规律不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"怒则气上"},{"key":"B","value":"惊则气逆"},{"key":"C","value":"喜则气缓"},{"key":"D","value":"悲则气消"},{"key":"E","value":"恐则气下"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"七情致病中,喜则气缓(C对),怒则气上(A对),思则气结,悲则气消(D对),恐则气下(E对),惊则气乱(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"既是疾病过程中的病理产物,又是某些疾病致病因素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六淫"},{"key":"B","value":"过逸"},{"key":"C","value":"七情"},{"key":"D","value":"痰饮、瘀血"},{"key":"E","value":"疠气"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"痰饮、瘀血是疾病过程中形成的病理产物,又能作用于人体,干扰正常身体机能,加重病理变化,因此也是一种致病因素(D对)。六淫(A错)多属于外感病邪。过逸(B错)属于劳逸失度,为内伤。七情(C错)多发为情志病,属内伤。疠气(E错)属于现代疾病中的烈性传染病。"} {"Question":"痰浊为病,随气上逆易致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流注经络,气机阻滞"},{"key":"B","value":"停滞胃腑,失于和降"},{"key":"C","value":"蒙蔽清窍,扰乱心神"},{"key":"D","value":"阻滞肺气,失于宣降"},{"key":"E","value":"留滞脏腑,升降失常"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"痰饮为浊物实邪,而心神性清净,故痰浊为病,随气上逆,易蒙蔽清窍,扰乱心神(C对)。若痰饮流注于经络,则致经络气机阻滞,气血运行不畅,出现肢体麻木,屈伸不利,甚至半身不遂,或形成瘰疬痰核,阴疽流注等(A错);痰饮停胃,胃气失于和降,则见恶心呕吐等(B错);若痰饮阻肺,肺气失于宣降,则见胸闷气喘,咳嗽吐痰等(D错);若痰饮留滞于脏腑,则阻滞脏腑气机,使脏腑气机升降失常(E错)。"} {"Question":"暑邪伤人,常见胸闷四肢困倦等症状的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暑邪夹湿,气滞湿阻"},{"key":"B","value":"暑性升散,汗多伤津,肢体失养"},{"key":"C","value":"暑性升散,伤津耗气"},{"key":"D","value":"暑性炎热,伤人后出现一系列阳热症状"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"暑多挟湿,暑季气候炎热,且常多雨而潮湿,热蒸湿动,水气弥漫,故暑邪致病,多挟湿邪为患。其临床表现除发热、烦渴等暑热症状外,常兼见身热不扬,汗出不畅,四肢困重,倦怠乏力,胸闷呕恶(A对E错)。暑为阳邪,其性升发,故易上扰心神,或侵犯头目,出现心胸烦闷不宁,头昏,目眩、面赤等。\"散\",指暑邪侵犯人体,可致腠理开泄而多汗(BC错)。暑为盛夏火热之气所化,火热属阳,故暑邪为阳邪。暑邪伤人多表现为一系列阳热症状,如高热、心烦、面赤、脉洪大等(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,除哪项外,均为瘀血的致病特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺痛拒按"},{"key":"B","value":"面色紫暗"},{"key":"C","value":"体内癥块"},{"key":"D","value":"出血紫暗"},{"key":"E","value":"易扰神明"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"火热易扰神明,火热与心相通应,故火热之邪入于营血,尤易影响心神,轻者心神不宁而心烦、失眠;重者可扰乱心神,出现狂躁不安,或神昏、谵语等症。(E错,为本题正确答案)瘀血致病,虽然症状错综繁多,但其主要特点可大致归纳如下:①疼痛:一般表现为刺痛,痛处固定不移,拒按(A对),夜间痛势尤甚。②肿块:淤血积于皮下或体内则可见肿块,肿块位置多固定不移。若在体表则可见局部青紫肿胀;若在体腔内则扪之质硬,坚固难移之癥积(C对)。③出血:因瘀血阻滞,经脉不畅,血溢脉外而见出血,血色紫黯(D对),或夹有淤血块。④色紫黯:一是面色紫黯(B对),口唇、爪甲青紫等;二是舌质紫黯,或舌有瘀斑、瘀点等。⑤可出现肌肤甲错,脉涩或脉结代等。"} {"Question":"“行痹”的病邪是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"湿邪"},{"key":"B","value":"火邪"},{"key":"C","value":"风邪"},{"key":"D","value":"寒邪"},{"key":"E","value":"暑邪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"行痹的临床表现为肢体酸痛,痛而游走无定处;病因风寒湿三邪中以风邪偏胜,而风邪易于游走所致(C对)。寒邪为最易导致疼痛的外邪,即寒邪致病致病易成“痛痹”(D错)。湿邪致病易形成着痹(A错)。"} {"Question":"六淫邪气中最易伤肺的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风"},{"key":"B","value":"寒"},{"key":"C","value":"暑"},{"key":"D","value":"燥"},{"key":"E","value":"火"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺为娇脏,喜润恶燥,燥邪多自口鼻而入,易损伤肺津,进而会影响到肺气的宣发肃降(D对)。风(A错)邪的性质和致病特征:风性轻扬开泄,易袭阳位;善行数变;风性主动;风为百病之长。寒(B错)邪的性质和致病特点:寒为阴邪,易伤阳气;寒性凝滞;寒性收引。暑(C错)邪的性质和致病特点:暑为阳邪,其性炙热;暑性升散,易扰心神,易伤津耗气;暑多夹湿。火(热)邪(E错)的性质和致病特点:火热为阳邪,其性燔灼趋上;火热易扰心神;火热易伤津耗气;火热易生风动血;火邪易致阳性疮痈。"} {"Question":"下列关于劳逸损伤与疾病发生关系的叙述,错的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"久视伤血"},{"key":"B","value":"久坐伤肉"},{"key":"C","value":"久立伤骨"},{"key":"D","value":"久思伤心"},{"key":"E","value":"久行伤筋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《素问·宣明五气》:“久视伤血(A对)、久卧伤气、久坐伤肉(B对)、久立伤骨(C对)、久行伤筋(E对)”,是谓五劳所伤。脾在志为思,正常思考问题对机体的生理活动并无不良影响,但思虑过度就能影响机体的正常生理活动,其中最主要的是影响气的正常运行,导致气滞与气结。因此思虑过度多影响脾的运化功能,导致脾胃呆滞,运化失常,消化吸收功能障碍,即所谓“思则气结”(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"具有重浊黏滞致病特点的邪气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"燥邪"},{"key":"B","value":"火邪"},{"key":"C","value":"风邪"},{"key":"D","value":"寒邪"},{"key":"E","value":"湿邪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"湿为重浊之邪,属阴,其性重浊、黏滞,易伤阳气,易阻气机,易袭阴位(E对)。燥性干涩,易伤津、伤肺(A错)。火热为阳邪,易伤津耗气、生风动血,易致阳性疮痈,其性炎上,故火热之邪易侵害人体上部,尤以头面部为多见(B错)。风为百病之长,主动,善行而数变,轻扬开泄、易袭阳位(C错)。寒邪性收引、凝滞,易伤阳气(D错)。"} {"Question":"发生医疗事故争议时,在医患双方在场的情况下封存的病历资料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门诊病历"},{"key":"B","value":"疑难病例讨论记录"},{"key":"C","value":"医嘱单"},{"key":"D","value":"特殊检查同意书"},{"key":"E","value":"住院志"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"发生医疗事故时,死亡病例讨论记录、疑难病例讨论记录(B对)、上级医师查房记录、会诊记录、病程记录应当在医患双方在场的情况下封存和启封。封存的病例可以是复印件,由医疗机构保管。参考法条:《医疗事故处理条例》第十六条(ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"依照国家有关规定享受财政补贴税收减免等优惠政策的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"获得定点资格的中医医疗机构"},{"key":"B","value":"中医药人员培训规划"},{"key":"C","value":"中医药专业技术职务任职资格评审"},{"key":"D","value":"非营利性中医医疗机构"},{"key":"E","value":"与中医药有关的评审或者鉴定活动"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《中华人民共和国中医药法》第二十六条 非营利性中医医疗机构(D对),依照国家有关规定享受财政补贴、税收减免等优惠政策(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"实行新成员上岗前教育使之形成制度,长期坚持不懈的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上岗前医德培训"},{"key":"B","value":"医务人员行为规范"},{"key":"C","value":"医德考核结果"},{"key":"D","value":"技术考核结果"},{"key":"E","value":"文明礼貌服务"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中华人民共和国医务人员道德规范及实施办法 第六条 医德教育应以正面教育为主,理论联系实际,注重实效,长期坚持不懈。要实行医院新成员的上岗前教育,使之形成制度。未经上岗前培训不得上岗(A对)。"} {"Question":"制定《医院感染管理规范(试行)》的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有效预防和控制医院感染,保障医疗安全,提高医疗质量"},{"key":"B","value":"有效预防和控制传染性非典型肺炎的发生和流行"},{"key":"C","value":"预防、控制和消除传染病的发生与流行,保障公众的身体健康和生命安全"},{"key":"D","value":"有效预防、及时控制和清除突发公共卫生事件,保障公众身体健康与生命安全"},{"key":"E","value":"有效预防和控制疾病,维护正常的社会秩序"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"制定《医院感染管理规范(试行)》的目的是有效预防和控制医院感染,保障医疗安全,提高医疗质量(A对E错)。有效预防和控制传染性非典型肺炎的发生和流行为《传染性非典型肺炎防治管理办法》的目的(B错)。预防、控制和消除传染病的发生与流行,保障公众的身体健康和生命安全为传染病防治的原则(C错)。有效预防、及时控制和清除突发公共卫生事件,保障公众身体健康与生命安全为《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的目的(D错)。"} {"Question":"硼砂外用的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清肺化痰"},{"key":"B","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"C","value":"攻毒杀虫"},{"key":"D","value":"解毒止痒"},{"key":"E","value":"蚀疮去腐"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"硼砂的功效是外用清热解毒(B对),内服清肺化痰(A错)。砒石外用的功效是攻毒杀虫(C错),蚀疮去腐(E错)。硫黄外用的功效是解毒止痒(D错),杀虫。"} {"Question":"具有攻毒杀虫祛痰平喘功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"砒石"},{"key":"B","value":"炉甘石"},{"key":"C","value":"硫黄"},{"key":"D","value":"硼砂"},{"key":"E","value":"莲子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"砒石外用有攻毒杀虫,蚀疮去腐的功效;又因本品味辛性大热,入肺经,内服能祛寒劫痰平喘(A对)。炉甘石的功效为解毒明目退翳,收湿止痒敛疮(B错)。硫黄的功效为外用解毒疗疮、杀虫止痒;内服补火助阳通便(C错)。硼砂的功效为外用清热解毒,内服清肺化痰(D错)。莲子的功效为补脾止泻,止带,益肾涩精,养心安神(E错)。"} {"Question":"桑寄生、五加皮除可祛风湿外,还具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热安胎"},{"key":"B","value":"利尿消肿"},{"key":"C","value":"定惊止痉"},{"key":"D","value":"温通经络"},{"key":"E","value":"补肝肾,强筋骨"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"桑寄生的功效是祛风湿,补肝肾,强筋骨,安胎元;五加皮的功效是祛风除湿,补益肝肾,强筋壮骨,利水消肿;桑寄生、五加皮共同具有的功效是祛风湿,补肝肾,强筋骨(E对)。黄芩的功效是泻火解毒,清热安胎(A错),燥湿,止血。冬瓜皮的功效是利尿消肿(B错),清热解暑。蕲蛇的功效是祛风通络,定惊止痉(C错)。川乌的功效是祛风湿,温通经络(D错),止痛。"} {"Question":"具有利水通淋退黄功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"木通"},{"key":"B","value":"金钱草"},{"key":"C","value":"石韦"},{"key":"D","value":"地肤子"},{"key":"E","value":"海金沙"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"金钱草药性甘、淡、咸、微寒,归肝、但、肾、膀胱经,其功效为利湿退黄,利尿通淋,解毒消肿(B对)。木通的功效为利尿通淋,清心除烦,通经下乳(A错)。石韦的功效为利尿通淋,清肺止咳,凉血止血(C错)。地肤子的功效为清热利湿,祛风止痒(D错)。海金沙的功效为清热利湿,通淋止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗热淋,小便涩痛,其功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛风散寒除湿"},{"key":"B","value":"燥湿健脾"},{"key":"C","value":"清热解毒,排脓"},{"key":"D","value":"回阳,温肺化痰"},{"key":"E","value":"清热利尿通淋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"祛风寒湿药具有较好的祛风、除湿、散寒、止痛、通经络等作用,治疗风寒湿痹,肢体关节疼痛,痛有定处,遇寒加重等(A错)。化湿药以化湿运脾为主要作用,治疗湿阻中焦证,称为化湿药。脾喜燥而恶湿,“土爱暖而喜芳香”。本类药物辛香温燥,主入脾、胃经,芳香之品能醒脾化湿,温燥之药可燥湿健脾(B错)。清热解毒药鱼腥草的功效为清热解毒,消痈排脓,利尿通淋。治疗肺痈吐脓,痰热喘咳,疮痈肿毒(C错)。温里药干姜功效为温中散寒,回阳通脉,温肺化饮。治疗脾胃寒证,脘腹冷痛,呕吐泄泻,亡阳证,肢冷脉微,寒饮喘咳(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗潮热,盗汗,遗精,腰酸者,常应用熟地、山萸肉等,亦可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"B","value":"黄连"},{"key":"C","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"D","value":"苦参"},{"key":"E","value":"龙胆草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"潮热,盗汗,遗精,腰酸是肾阴虚内热的表现,治疗除用滋肾阴之品外,还应清虚热,黄柏主入肾经,清泻相火、退骨蒸,此处配伍最宜(C对)。黄芩(A错)的功效是清热燥湿,泻火解毒,止血,安胎。黄连(B错)的功效是清热燥湿,泻火解毒。苦参的功效(D错)是清热燥湿,杀虫,利尿。龙胆草(E错)的功效是清热燥湿,泻肝胆火。"} {"Question":"既能平肝潜阳、镇惊安神又能纳气定喘的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龙骨"},{"key":"B","value":"牡蛎"},{"key":"C","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"D","value":"磁石"},{"key":"E","value":"石菖蒲"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"磁石的功效是镇惊安神,平肝潜阳,聪耳明目,纳气平喘(D对)。龙骨(A错)的功效是镇惊安神,平肝潜阳,收敛固涩。牡蛎(B错)的功效是潜阳补阴,重镇安神,软坚散结,收敛固涩,制酸止痛。朱砂(C错)的功效是清心镇惊,安神明目,解毒。石菖蒲(E错)的功效是开窍豁痰,醒神益智,化湿开胃。"} {"Question":"人参畏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"官桂"},{"key":"B","value":"五灵脂"},{"key":"C","value":"朴硝"},{"key":"D","value":"丁香"},{"key":"E","value":"牵牛子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"人参畏五灵脂(B对),官桂畏赤石脂(A错),硫黄畏朴硝(C错),丁香畏郁金(D错),巴豆畏牵牛(E错)。"} {"Question":"具有消食化积,行气散瘀功效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山楂"},{"key":"B","value":"莱菔子"},{"key":"C","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"D","value":"麦芽"},{"key":"E","value":"谷芽"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"山楂的功效是消食健胃,行气散瘀,化浊降脂(A对)。莱菔子(B错)的功效是消食除胀,降气化痰。鸡内金(C错)的功效是健胃消食,涩精止遗,化坚消食。麦芽(D错)的功效是行气消食,健脾开胃,回乳消胀。谷芽(E错)的功效是消食和中,健脾开胃。"} {"Question":"能消食化积,活血散瘀的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山楂"},{"key":"B","value":"莱菔子"},{"key":"C","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"D","value":"麦芽"},{"key":"E","value":"谷芽"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"山楂的功效是消食健胃,行气散瘀,化浊降脂。山楂药性酸甘,微温不热,功善消食化积,能治各种饮食积滞,尤为消化油腻肉食积滞之要药;又性温兼入肝经血分,能通行气血,有活血祛瘀之功(A对)。莱菔子(B错)的功效是消食除胀,降气化痰。鸡内金(C错)的功效是健胃消食,涩精止遗,通淋化石。麦芽(D错)的功效是行气消食,健脾开胃,回乳消胀。谷芽(E错)的功效是消食和中,健脾开胃。"} {"Question":"治疗脾肺气虚,应选用的药组是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参、党参、西洋参"},{"key":"B","value":"党参、黄芪、太子参"},{"key":"C","value":"人参、白术、山药"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芪、人参、白扁豆"},{"key":"E","value":"党参、大枣、黄精"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"党参味甘性平,主归脾、肺二经,有与人参类似的补益脾肺之气作用而药力较弱,为补中益气之良药。黄芪甘温,入脾经,为补益脾气之要药;入肺经,又能补益肺气。太子参的功效为益气健脾,生津润肺。故治疗脾肺气虚可选用党参、黄芪、太子参(B对)。西洋参的功效为补气养阴,清热生津。归心、肺、肾经(A错)。人参归脾经,为补脾气之要药;归肺经,亦长于补肺气;亦归肾经,又有益肾气、助肾阳之功。白术甘温补虚,苦温燥湿,主归脾、胃经,既能补气以健脾,又能燥湿、利尿(C错)。山药甘平,能补脾气,益脾阴;能补肺气,兼能滋肺阴。白扁豆的功效为健脾化湿,和中消暑。治疗脾胃虚弱,食欲不振,大便溏泻;暑湿吐泻,胸闷腹胀(D错)。大枣甘温,归脾、胃经,能补脾益气(E错)。黄精既补脾气,又养脾阴。又能养肺阴,益肺气。"} {"Question":"患者,女,30岁。见面色萎黄,唇甲色淡,又出现燥咳痰少,咽喉干燥,痰中带血,心烦不得眠。宜选药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"熟地黄"},{"key":"C","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"D","value":"白芍"},{"key":"E","value":"阿胶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"面色萎黄,唇甲色淡,为血虚不润;心血不足日久,出现心阴不足,而表现为心烦不得眠;同时出现了干咳痰少的燥痰,用能够补血滋阴,润燥止血的阿胶治疗(E对)。当归(A错)的功效是补血和血,调经止痛,润肠通便。熟地(B错)的功效是补血滋阴,益精填髓。何首乌(C错)的功效是解毒,消痈,截疟,润肠通便。白芍(D错)的功效是养血调经,敛阴止汗,柔肝止痛,平抑肝阳。"} {"Question":"治疗精血亏虚,头晕眼花,腰酸脚软,久疟,痈疽瘰疬,肠燥便秘,应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"熟地黄"},{"key":"B","value":"白芍"},{"key":"C","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"D","value":"当归"},{"key":"E","value":"鹿茸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"制何首乌功善补肝肾,益精血,乌须发,强筋骨,兼能收敛,不寒,不燥,不腻,为滋补良药,能治疗精血亏虚,腰膝酸软,头晕眼花;生何首乌功善解毒消痈散结、截疟、润肠通便,能治疗痈疽瘰疬,久疟,肠燥便秘(C对)。熟地黄(A错)用于心悸怔忡,月经不调,腰膝酸软,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精,眩晕耳鸣,须发早白。白芍(B错)用于血虚萎黄,月经不调,自汗盗汗,胁痛,腹痛,四肢拘挛疼痛,头痛眩晕。当归(D错)用于血虚萎黄,眩晕心悸,血虚、血瘀之月经不调,经闭痛经,虚寒腹痛,风湿痹痛,痈疽疮疡,血虚肠燥便秘。鹿茸(E错)用于肾阳不足,阳痿遗精,宫寒不孕,畏寒,眩晕,耳鸣耳聋,肾虚腰脊冷痛,筋骨痿软,冲任虚寒,崩漏带下。"} {"Question":"患者,女,65岁。心悸胸闷水肿十余年,近日病情加重,全身冷汗淋漓,神志时清时昏,面色苍白,手足冰凉,舌质淡胖,脉细微无力,应急用人参配伍的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白术"},{"key":"B","value":"党参"},{"key":"C","value":"附子"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"E","value":"甘草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"人参甘温补虚,能大补元气,复脉固脱,为拯危救脱之要药。若气虚欲脱兼见汗出,四肢逆冷等亡阳征象者,常与回阳救逆的附子同用(C对),以补气固脱,回阳救逆,如参附汤。党参味甘性平,主归脾、肺二经,有与人参类似的补益脾肺之气作用而药力较弱,为补中益气之良药(B错)。人参归脾经,为补脾气之要药,凡脾气虚弱,倦怠乏力,食少便溏者,常与白术、茯苓、甘草配伍,如四君子汤(《和剂局方》)(AE错)。若脾气虚弱,不能统血异致失血者,本品又能补气以摄血,常与黄芪、白术等益气健脾药同用,如归脾汤(《济生方》)(D错)。"} {"Question":"功善引血下行的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莪术"},{"key":"B","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"C","value":"延胡索"},{"key":"D","value":"川芎"},{"key":"E","value":"当归"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"牛膝的功效是逐瘀通经,补肝肾,强筋骨,利尿通淋,引血下行(B对)。莪术(A错)的功效是破血行气,消积止痛。延胡索(C错)的功效是活血,行气,止痛。川芎(D错)的功效是活血行气,祛风止痛。当归(E错)的功效是补血活血,调经止痛,润肠通便。"} {"Question":"患者腰痛以酸软为主,喜按喜揉,腿膝无力,遇劳更甚,卧则减轻。治疗应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"B","value":"桃仁"},{"key":"C","value":"红花"},{"key":"D","value":"郁金"},{"key":"E","value":"鸡血藤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腰痛以酸软为主,喜按喜揉,腿膝无力,遇劳更甚,卧则减轻,可诊断为肾虚,应当选用有补肝肾,强筋骨的牛膝(A对)。桃仁(B错)的功效是活血祛瘀,润肠通便,止咳平喘。红花(C错)的功效是活血通经,散瘀止痛。郁金(D错)的功效是活血止痛,行气解郁,清心凉血,利胆退黄。鸡血藤(E错)的功效是活血补血,调经止痛,舒经活络。"} {"Question":"治疗阳痿,疥癣湿疹,应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫黄"},{"key":"B","value":"白鲜皮"},{"key":"C","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"D","value":"土茯苓"},{"key":"E","value":"乌梅"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"硫黄性温而燥,外用有解毒杀虫,止痒疗疮之功,尤为治疥疮之要药。可治疥疮、顽癣瘙痒。硫磺乃纯阳之品,入肾经能补命门之火而助元阳,可用于肾阳衰微,下元虚冷诸证,可治肾虚阳痿(A对)。白鲜皮的功效为清热燥湿,祛风解毒。治疗湿热疮毒,黄水淋漓,湿疹,风疹,疥癣疮癞;湿热黄疸尿赤,风湿热痹(B错)。秦皮的功效为清热燥湿,收涩止痢,止带,明目。治疗湿热泻痢,赤白带下;肝热目赤肿痛,目生翳膜(C错)。土茯苓的功效为解毒,除湿,通利关节。治疗梅毒及汞中毒所致的肢体拘挛、筋骨疼痛;湿热淋浊,带下,疥癣,湿疹瘙痒;痈肿,瘰疬(D错)。乌梅的功效为敛肺,涩肠,生津,安蛔。治疗肺虚久咳;久泻久痢;虚热消渴;蛔厥呕吐腹痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁。经来淋沥不净,经色鲜红,诊为崩漏,近日颜面长有痤疮,色红肿痛,舌红苔略黄,脉细数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白茅根、芦根"},{"key":"B","value":"大蓟、小蓟"},{"key":"C","value":"地榆、白及"},{"key":"D","value":"艾叶、地榆"},{"key":"E","value":"三七、茜草"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者经来淋沥不净,经色鲜红,舌红苔略黄,脉细数,为血热妄行,所致崩漏;同时还有痤疮,色红肿痛,应凉血兼散瘀解毒;首选凉血止血,散瘀解毒消痈的大蓟、小蓟(B对A错)白茅根:凉血止血,清热利尿。芦根:清热泻火,生津止渴,除烦止呕,利尿(C错)。地榆:凉血止血,解毒疗疮。白及:收敛止血,消肿生肌(D错)。艾叶:温经止血,散寒调经,外用祛湿止痒(E错)。三七:散瘀止血,消肿定痛。茜草:凉血祛瘀,止血通经。"} {"Question":"具有止痢功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白及"},{"key":"B","value":"仙鹤草"},{"key":"C","value":"棕榈炭"},{"key":"D","value":"血余炭"},{"key":"E","value":"炮姜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"仙鹤草苦涩收敛,性平不偏,入肺、肝、脾经。既收敛止血,治内外各种出血。又止痢、截疟、解毒、杀虫止痒,治久泻久痢、疟疾、疮肿、阴痒带下。还补虚,治脱力劳伤(B对)。白及(A错)功效收敛止血,消肿生肌。棕榈炭(C错)功效收敛止血。血余炭(D错)功效收敛止血,化瘀,利尿。炮姜(E错)功效温经止血,温中止痛。"} {"Question":"治疗中风痰迷,心肝有热,应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天南星"},{"key":"B","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"C","value":"竹沥"},{"key":"D","value":"冰片"},{"key":"E","value":"牛黄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"牛黄味苦性寒凉,入心肝经,既能清心凉肝,又能豁痰开窍而苏醒神志,可治疗中风痰迷,心肝有热(E对)。天南星的功效为燥湿化痰,祛风止痉,散结消肿。治疗顽痰咳喘,胸膈胀闷;风痰眩晕,中风痰壅,口眼㖞斜,半身不遂,癫痫,惊风,破伤风;痈肿,瘰疬痰核,蛇虫咬伤(A错)。石菖蒲的功效为开窍豁痰,醒神益智,化湿和胃。治疗痰蒙清窍,神昏癫痫;健忘失眠,耳鸣耳聋;湿阻中焦,脘痞不饥,噤口下痢(B错)。竹沥的功效为清热豁痰,定惊利窍。治疗痰热咳喘;中风痰迷,惊痫癫狂(C错)。冰片的功效为开窍醒神,清热止痛。治疗热病神昏,惊厥,中风痰厥,气郁暴厥,中恶昏迷;胸痹心痛;目赤肿痛,口舌生疮,咽喉肿痛,耳道流脓;疮疡肿痛,久溃不敛,烧烫伤(D错)。"} {"Question":"具有降胃气止呕功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芥子"},{"key":"B","value":"紫苏子"},{"key":"C","value":"葶苈子"},{"key":"D","value":"杏仁"},{"key":"E","value":"旋覆花"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"旋覆花苦泄辛散,微温而降,主入肺、胃经,兼入脾与大肠经。既下气行水消痰,又降胃气止呕哕,为治肺胃气逆之要药(E对)。白芥子(A错)功效温肺豁痰利气,散结通络止痛。紫苏子(B错)功效降气化痰,止咳平喘,润肠通便。葶苈子(C错)功效泻肺平喘,行水消肿。杏仁(D错)功效降气止咳平喘,润肠通便。"} {"Question":"属于相畏的配伍是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天南星配生姜"},{"key":"B","value":"甘草配甘遂"},{"key":"C","value":"石膏配牛膝"},{"key":"D","value":"丁香配郁金"},{"key":"E","value":"藜芦配白芍"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"相畏是一种中药的毒性或副作用能被另一种中药降低或消除,生姜可以抑制天南星的毒副作用(A对)。相反是两种中药同用能产生或增强毒性或副作用,如甘草反甘遂(B错)。相使是在性能功效方面有某些共性,其中以一种中药为主,另一种中药为辅,两药合用,辅药可以提高主药的功效,如石膏配牛膝治胃火牙痛,石膏为清胃降火、消肿止痛的主药,牛膝引火下行,可增强石膏清火止痛的作用(C错)。十九畏是指:…丁香畏郁金(D错)。“十八反歌诀”最早见于金·张子和《儒门事亲》:“本草明言十八反,半蒌贝蔹及攻乌,藻戟遂芫俱战草,诸参辛芍叛藜芦。”藜芦反白芍(E错)。"} {"Question":"两药合用,以一种药为主,另—种药为辅,辅药能提高主药疗效的配伍关系,称作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相使"},{"key":"B","value":"相杀"},{"key":"C","value":"相畏"},{"key":"D","value":"相反"},{"key":"E","value":"相恶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题主要考察中药的配伍。单味药的应用同药与药之间的配伍关系,总结为七个方面,称为药物的“七情”。包括单行、相须、相使、相畏、相杀、相恶、相反七个方面。其中两药合用,以一种药为主,另一种药为辅,辅药能提高主药疗效的配伍关系,称作相使(A对)。相杀(B错)是指一种药物能够降低或消除另一种药物的毒性或副作用。相畏(C错)是指一种药物的毒性或副作用能被另一种药物降低或消除。相反(D错)是指两种药物同用能产生或增强毒性或副作用。相恶(E错)是指两药合用,一种药物能使另一种药物原有功效降低,甚至丧失。"} {"Question":"羌活的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛风解表,胜湿止痛,解痉"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风解表,止血"},{"key":"C","value":"解表散寒,祛风胜湿,止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"祛风湿,止痹痛,利水消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"祛风湿,止痹痛,通鼻窍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"羌活辛温苦燥,升浮发散,气味雄烈,主入膀胱经,兼入肾经,药力较强。作用偏上偏表,主散肌表游风及寒湿而通利关节止痛,善治表证夹湿、太阳头痛及上半身风湿痹痛(C对)。功效为祛风解表,胜湿止痛,解痉(A错)的中药是防风。功效为祛风解表,止血(B错)的中药是荆芥,应注意荆芥生用解表散风,透疹消疮,炒炭之后才有收敛止血作用。功效为祛风湿,止痹痛,利水消肿(D错)的中药是防己。功效为祛风湿,止痹痛,通鼻窍(E错)的中药是苍耳子。"} {"Question":"蝉蜕具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"透疹,利咽消肿"},{"key":"B","value":"透疹,利咽,清利头目"},{"key":"C","value":"透疹,明目退翳"},{"key":"D","value":"透疹,解肌清热"},{"key":"E","value":"透疹,清热解毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"蝉蜕甘寒质轻,疏散清透解痉,功在肺、肝二经。长于祛风解痉与明目开音,主治风热、肝热或肝风所致诸疾。功效疏散风热,利咽开音,透疹,明目退翳,解痉(C对)。透疹,利咽消肿(A错)是牛蒡子的功效。透疹,利咽,清利头目(B错)是薄荷的功效。透疹,解肌清热(D错)是葛根的功效。透疹,清热解毒(E错)是升麻的功效。"} {"Question":"既可用治外感风寒,又可用于外感风热的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"B","value":"防风"},{"key":"C","value":"桂枝"},{"key":"D","value":"紫苏"},{"key":"E","value":"羌活"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"防风以辛散祛风解表为主,虽不长于散寒,但又能胜湿止痛,且甘缓微温不峻烈,故外感风寒、风湿、风热表证均可配伍使用(B对)。麻黄(A错)善于宣肺气、开腠理、透毛窍而发汗解表,发汗力强,为发汗解表之要药。桂枝(C错)善于宣阳气于卫分,畅营血于肌表,对于外感风寒,无论表实无汗、表虚有汗及阳虚受寒者均可使用。紫苏(D错)发汗解表散寒之力较为缓和,轻证单用,重证与其他发散风寒药合用。羌活(E错)有较强的解表散寒,祛风胜湿止痛之功,外感风寒夹湿,肌表无汗,头痛项强,肢体酸痛较重者尤为适宜。"} {"Question":"既能宣通鼻窍,又能发散风寒,祛风湿,止痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独活"},{"key":"B","value":"羌活"},{"key":"C","value":"防风"},{"key":"D","value":"苍耳子"},{"key":"E","value":"辛夷"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"苍耳子性味辛苦温,有毒,归肺经,其功效为散风寒,通鼻窍,祛风湿,止痛(D对)。独活的功效为祛风除湿,通痹止痛,解表(A错)。羌活的功效为解表散寒,祛风除湿,止痛(B错)。防风的功效为祛风解表,胜湿止痛,止痉(C错)。辛夷的功效为散风寒,通鼻窍(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属于薄荷的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏散风热"},{"key":"B","value":"疏肝行气"},{"key":"C","value":"清热凉血"},{"key":"D","value":"透疹利咽"},{"key":"E","value":"清利头目"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"薄荷的功效疏散风热(A对),疏肝行气(B对),利咽透疹(D对),清利头目(E对)。(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,30岁。长期在电脑前工作,近一年时感视力疲劳,两目干涩,头昏脑涨,腰膝酸痛,舌质略红,脉细涩。用药首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"夏枯草决明子"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆草夏枯草"},{"key":"C","value":"桑叶菊花"},{"key":"D","value":"菊花枸杞子"},{"key":"E","value":"菊花决明子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"菊花的功效为疏散风热,平抑肝阳,清肝明目,清热解毒。治疗目赤肿痛,眼目昏花。若肝肾精血不足,目失所养,眼目昏花,视物不清,又常配伍枸杞子、熟地黄、山茱萸等滋补肝肾、益阴明目药,如杞菊地黄丸(D对)。夏枯草治疗目赤肿痛,目珠夜痛,头痛眩晕,瘿瘤,瘰疬,乳痈,乳癖,乳房胀痛。决明子治疗目赤涩痛,羞明多泪,目暗不明,头痛眩晕,肠燥便秘(AE错)。龙胆草治疗湿热黄疸,阴肿阴痒,带下,湿疹瘙痒,肝火头痛,目赤肿痛,耳鸣耳聋,胁痛口苦,强中,惊风抽搐(B错)。桑叶治疗风热感冒,温病初起,肺热咳嗽,燥热咳嗽,肝阳上亢,头痛眩晕,目赤肿痛,目暗昏花。菊花治疗风热感冒,温病初起,肝阳上亢,头痛眩晕,目赤肿痛,眼目昏花,疮痈肿毒(C错)。"} {"Question":"柴胡具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏散风热,清利头目"},{"key":"B","value":"疏散风热,息风止痉"},{"key":"C","value":"疏散风热,解毒透疹"},{"key":"D","value":"疏散风热,平肝明目"},{"key":"E","value":"疏散风热,疏肝解郁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"柴胡苦辛微寒,芳香疏泄,轻清升散,入肝、胆经。既疏散少阳半表半里之邪而和解退热,又条达肝气而疏肝解郁、调经止痛,且能升发清阳而举陷,为和解少阳、疏肝解郁调经及升阳举陷之要药。功效疏散退热,疏肝解郁,升举阳气(E对)。疏散风热,清利头目(A错)是薄荷的功效。疏散风热,息风止痉(B错)是蝉蜕的功效。疏散风热,解毒透疹(C错)是牛蒡子的功效。疏散风热,平肝明目(D错)是菊花、桑叶的功效。"} {"Question":"下列各项,入汤剂应后下的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"B","value":"柏子仁"},{"key":"C","value":"白豆蔻"},{"key":"D","value":"郁李仁"},{"key":"E","value":"桃仁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"白豆蔻的用量用法为煎服,3~6g,后下(C对)。酸枣仁的用法用量为煎服,10~15g(A错)。柏子仁的用法用量为煎服,3~10g(B错)。郁李仁的用法用量为煎服,6~10g(D错)。桃仁的用法用量为煎服,5~10g(E错)。"} {"Question":"大黄与芒硝相配伍,属于哪种配伍关系","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相使"},{"key":"B","value":"相须"},{"key":"C","value":"相畏"},{"key":"D","value":"相杀"},{"key":"E","value":"相恶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"相须,即性能功效相类似的药物配合应用,可以增强其原有疗效。大黄与芒硝均为泻下药,常相须为用,以增强泻下通便作用(B对)。相使(A错),即将性能功效方面有某些共性,或性能功效虽不相同,但是治疗目的一致的药物配合应用,其中以一种药物为主,另一种药物为辅,两药合用,辅药能提高主药的功效。相畏(C错)就是一种药物的毒性或副作用能被另一种药物降低或消除。相杀(D错)指一种药物能够降低或消除另一种药物的毒性或副作用。相恶(E错)即两种药物合用,一种药物能使另一药物原有功效降低,甚至丧失。"} {"Question":"具有补脾止泻,养心安神功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枸杞子"},{"key":"B","value":"五倍子"},{"key":"C","value":"莲子"},{"key":"D","value":"诃子"},{"key":"E","value":"金樱子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"莲子甘补涩敛,平而不偏,入脾、肾、心经,补虚与固涩兼具,为药食两用之品。甘可补脾,涩能止泻,既可补益脾气,又能涩肠止泻。入心肾经,能养心益肾,交通心肾而宁心安神(C对)。枸杞子(A错)功效为滋补肝肾,益精明目。五倍子(B错)功效为敛肺降火,涩肠止泻,敛汗,固精止遗,止血,收湿敛疮。诃子(D错)功效为涩肠止泻,敛肺止咳,降火利咽。金樱子(E错)功效为固精缩尿,固崩止带,涩肠止泻。"} {"Question":"具有杀虫、消积、行气、利水、截疟功效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使君子"},{"key":"B","value":"苦楝皮"},{"key":"C","value":"槟榔"},{"key":"D","value":"雷丸"},{"key":"E","value":"榧子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"槟榔质重苦降,辛温行散,入胃与大肠经。善杀虫而力强,兼缓泻而促排虫体,治多种寄生虫病,最宜绦虫、姜片虫病者。能消积、行气、利水、截疟,治腹胀便秘、泻痢后重、水肿、脚气及疟疾(C对)。使君子(A错)的功效是杀虫消积。苦楝皮(B错)的功效是杀虫,疗癣。雷丸(D错)的功效是杀虫消积。榧子(E错)的功效是杀虫消积,润肺止咳,润燥通便。"} {"Question":"驱虫药服用时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饭前服"},{"key":"B","value":"空腹服"},{"key":"C","value":"饭后服"},{"key":"D","value":"定时服"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前服"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"驱虫药一般应在空腹时服用,使药物能充分作用于虫体而保证疗效(B对)。饭前服(A错)多是补虚药或治疗胃肠疾病的药物。饭后服(C错)多是消食健胃药或对胃肠有刺激的药物。截疟药(D错)多定时服。睡前服(E错)多为安神药、涩精止遗药。"} {"Question":"以下关于量效关系叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"LD₅₀与ED₅₀的比值称治疗指数"},{"key":"B","value":"LD₅₀称半数有效量"},{"key":"C","value":"在一定范围内剂量增加效应增强"},{"key":"D","value":"量效关系是指药物剂量与效应间的关系"},{"key":"E","value":"引起最大效应而不出现中毒的剂量称极量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"治疗指数是LD₅₀\/ED₅₀的比值(A对),其中ED₅₀代表半数有效量,即能引起50%实验动物出现阳性反应时的药物的量,如效应为死亡,则成为半数致死量,用LD₅₀表示(B错,为本题正确答案)。药理效应与剂量在一定范围内成正比,这就是量效关系(D对)。在一定范围内,随剂量或浓度的增加,效应也增加(C对),但效应增加到一定程度后,若继续增加药物浓度或剂量而其效应不再继续增加,这一药理效应的极限称为效能。引起最大效应而不出现中毒的剂量称极量(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于药物在体内的相互作用叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"包括药动学和药效学两个方面"},{"key":"B","value":"竞争血浆蛋白结合"},{"key":"C","value":"影响生物转化"},{"key":"D","value":"用药种数越多,不良反应发生率也越低"},{"key":"E","value":"影响药物排泄"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"药物相互作用指同一时间或间隔一定时间两种或两种以上药物合用,药物与药物之间或药物与机体之间产生的相互影响。一般而言,用药种数越多,不良反应发生率也越高(D错,为本题正确答案)。物在体内的相互作用包括药动学和药效学两个方面(A对)。药动学方面包括①妨碍吸收②竞争血浆蛋白结合(B对)③影响生物转化(C对)④影响药物排泄(E对)。"} {"Question":"某药半衰期为5小时,1次用药后从体内基本消除(消除95%以上)的最短时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10小时左右"},{"key":"B","value":"1天左右"},{"key":"C","value":"2天左右"},{"key":"D","value":"5天左右"},{"key":"E","value":"10天左右"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"半衰期t1\/2一般是指血药浓度下降一半所需要的时间,也称血浆半衰期,它反映了药物消除的快慢的程度,t1\/2与药物转运和转化关系为:一次用药后经过42004U2-6个t1\/2后体内药量消除93.5%2004U2-98.4%,一次半衰期为5小时的药物,一次用药后消除95%以上需要202004U2-30小时(B对)。"} {"Question":"首选用于治疗肺炎球菌肺炎的抗生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四环素"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"卡那霉素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青霉素(C对)属于β内酰胺类抗生素,抗菌作用强,在细菌繁殖期低浓度抑菌,较高浓度杀菌,对大多数革兰阳性球菌如肺炎球菌、溶血性链球菌、草绿色链球菌、敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌等具有较高抗菌活性,为治疗肺炎球菌肺炎的首选药。四环素(A错)属于快速抑菌剂,高浓度具有杀菌作用,临床主要用于立克次体感染支原体属感染、衣原体属感染,还可首选用于鼠疫、霍乱、布鲁菌病、幽门螺旋杆菌感染引起的消化性溃疡、肉芽肿鞘杆菌感染引起的腹股沟肉芽肿。红霉素(B错)主要用于对青霉素过敏的金黄色葡萄球菌,对军团菌、弯曲杆菌、支原体肺炎、沙眼衣原体所致的婴儿肺炎和结膜炎可作为首选药。氯霉素(D错)对造血系统具有毒性,一般不作为首选药物,可用于伤寒、立克次体感染、流感嗜血杆菌感染等。卡那霉素(E错)抗菌谱与链霉素相似,对结核杆菌作用稍强。"} {"Question":"对四环素不敏感的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"革兰阳性球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"结核杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"革兰阴性菌"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎支原体"},{"key":"E","value":"立克次体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"四环素的抗菌谱较广,对多数革兰阳性菌(A对)和革兰氏阴性菌(C对)均有抑制作用。对立克次体(E对)作用较强,对衣原体、支原体、螺旋体、放线菌也有抑制作用,临床可用于立克次体感染如斑疹伤寒、羌虫病和Q热等,还可用于支原体属感染,如肺炎支原体(D对),泌尿生殖系统感染等,对伤寒杆菌、副伤寒杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、结核分枝杆菌(B错,为本题正确答案)、真菌、病毒无效。"} {"Question":"细菌与抗菌药物反复接触后对药物的敏感性降低甚至消失,这种特性称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐受性"},{"key":"B","value":"依赖性"},{"key":"C","value":"耐药性"},{"key":"D","value":"成瘾性"},{"key":"E","value":"习惯性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"耐药性又称抗药性,是指细菌与抗菌药物反复接触后,对药物的敏感性降低甚至消失(C对)。耐受性指同一药物连续使用过程中,会出现药效逐渐减弱,需加大剂量才能产生相同的药效;但在停用一段时间后,机体仍可恢复原有的敏感性(A错)。一些药物长期使用后会产生依赖性。依赖性又分为精神依赖和躯体依赖,若患者对药物不仅产生精神依赖性,还有躯体依赖性,一旦停止给药,患者表现出精神和躯体生理功能紊乱的戒断症状,则称为成瘾性第十版药理学(BD错)。精神依赖性又叫习惯性(E错)。"} {"Question":"异烟肼与利福平合用治疗结核病,应定期检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"肾功能"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"D","value":"血象"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"利福平的抗菌谱较广,对结核杆菌和麻风杆菌均有作用,对繁殖期和静止期的结核杆菌都有效,是目前治疗结核病最有效的药物之一,不良反应发生率不高,主要不良反应为消化道反应、肝毒性、过敏反应和流感综合征。异烟肼可与利福平合用治疗结核病,但二者均有肝毒性,因此二者合用应定期检查肝功能(C对E错)。异烟肼可选择性作用于结核杆菌,阻止合成分枝杆菌外层分枝菌酸酶的活性,从而使细胞丧失耐酸性、疏水性和增殖力而死亡,是治疗各种结核病的首选药之一,除早期轻症肺结核或预防应用可单用外,均需要和其他一线抗结核药合用,不良反应发生率较低,除过敏反应外,主要不良反应为周围神经炎,中枢神经系统障碍,肝脏毒性,发热、皮疹(ABD错)等。"} {"Question":"对军团菌感染效果最好的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"林可霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"多黏菌素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"红霉素(B对)属于大环内脂类抗生素,不可逆地结合到细菌核蛋白体50S亚基的靶位上,选择性抑制细菌蛋白质合成,抗菌作用强,临床用于青霉素过敏或对青霉素耐药的革兰阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎球菌和其他链球菌引起的感染,为军团菌的首选药。林可霉素(A错)首选用于金黄色葡萄球菌引起的骨髓炎,可用于革兰阳性菌敏感菌引起的感染如咽喉炎、中耳炎、肺炎、心内膜炎、败血症等,可作为青霉素过敏的替代药物,还用于厌氧菌引起的腹膜炎、盆腔感染、脓肿等。庆大霉素(C错)抗菌范围广,抗菌活性强,为治疗各种革兰阴性杆菌感染的主要抗菌药,尤其对沙雷菌属作用更强。万古霉素(D错)抗菌谱窄,临床用于耐药的革兰阳性菌引起的严重感染,尤其是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐青霉素肠球菌所致的严重感染。多黏菌素(E对)的化学结构类似阳离子表面活性剂,能破坏革兰阴性菌的外膜结构并使其通透性增加,细菌内成分外漏,导致细菌死亡,临床用于耐药或难以控制的革兰阴性菌引起的感染,如脑膜炎、败血症等。"} {"Question":"氯丙嗪是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治疗神经官能症的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗精神分裂症的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗躁狂症的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗抑郁症的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗焦虑症的药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"丙嗪主要用于Ⅰ型精神分裂症(精神运动性兴奋和幻觉妄想为主)的治疗,尤其对急性患者疗效好。精神分裂症患者口服氯丙嗪后,能迅速控制兴奋躁动症状,连续服药后幻觉和妄想等症状也逐渐消失,理智恢复,情绪安定,生活能自理(B对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,58岁。高血压病史20年,近1年常觉心慌,气短,昨夜睡眠中突然憋醒,胸闷,咳嗽,气喘,急诊入院经检查诊断为左心衰竭。治疗宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"东莨菪碱"},{"key":"D","value":"吗啡"},{"key":"E","value":"去甲肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心源性哮喘是因急性左心衰竭患者突发肺水肿,导致肺泡换气功能障碍,二氧化碳潴留刺激呼吸中枢,引起浅而快的气促、窒息感和呼吸困难。临床常采用综合性治疗(包括强心、利尿和扩张血管等)措施。静脉注射吗啡也是主要的治疗的方法。其机制为:①吗啡具有镇静作用,可消除病人的紧张和恐惧情绪。②抑制呼吸中枢对CO₂敏感性,使呼吸由浅快变得深慢。③同时还能打张外周血管,降低外周阻力,减轻心脏前、后负荷。有利于肺水肿的消除(D对)。"} {"Question":"哌替啶不用于慢性钝痛的最主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维持时间短"},{"key":"B","value":"镇痛效果弱于吗啡"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制呼吸"},{"key":"D","value":"有成瘾性"},{"key":"E","value":"易引起心血管反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"长期反复应用也易产生耐受性和成瘾性;过量亦明显抑制呼吸,故哌替啶不用于慢性钝痛(D对)。"} {"Question":"抢救新生儿窒息和一氧化碳中毒的首选呼吸兴奋药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咖啡因"},{"key":"B","value":"尼可刹米"},{"key":"C","value":"回苏灵"},{"key":"D","value":"山梗菜碱"},{"key":"E","value":"士的宁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"洛贝林又名山梗菜碱(D对),可兴奋颈动脉体和主动脉体的化学感受器,反射性兴奋延髓呼吸中枢,临床可用于抢救新生儿窒息、一氧化碳中毒以及小儿感染性疾病引起的呼吸衰竭等。咖啡因(A错)可兴奋大脑皮质,临床常用于中枢抑制状态如吗啡过量引起的呼吸抑制,镇定催眠药或抗组胺药过量引起的昏睡及呼吸、循环抑制、偏头痛等。尼可刹米(B错)又名可拉明,治疗量可直接兴奋延髓呼吸中枢,临床用于各种原因引起的呼吸抑制,对肺心病引起的呼吸衰竭及吗啡中毒引起的呼吸抑制疗效较好。二甲弗林又名回苏灵(C错),主要用于各种原因引起的中枢性呼吸衰竭、麻醉药、催眠药所致的呼吸抑制及外伤、手术等引起的休克。士的宁(E错)可选择性兴奋骨髓,增强骨骼肌的紧张度,由于毒性较大,目前已较少使用于临床。"} {"Question":"治疗妊娠期高血压疾病,首选的解痉药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"B","value":"山莨菪碱"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸镁"},{"key":"D","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"E","value":"冬眠合剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"神经递质的分泌和骨骼肌的收缩均需要钙离子的参与,静脉注射硫酸镁(C对)可特异性拮抗钙离子的作用,从而抑制神经递质的分泌以及骨骼肌的而收缩,使中枢神经系统的感觉和意识暂时消失及骨骼肌松弛,从而产生抗惊厥作用,同时血中镁离子浓度过高时,可抑制血管平滑肌,使全身小血管扩张,血压下降,临床可用于妊娠高血压的抢救。地西泮(A错)属于苯二氮卓类镇定催眠药,具有镇定、催眠、抗惊厥的作用,可用于小二高热惊厥和药物中毒性惊厥。山莨菪碱(B错)也属于M受体阻断剂,可选择性解除血管痉挛,但无降压作用。阿托品(D错)属于M受体阻断剂,对多种内脏平滑肌具有松弛作用,多痉挛的平滑肌作用更加显著,临床可用于各种内脏绞痛,也具有改善微循环作用,但不用于高血压治疗。异丙嗪、氯丙嗪、哌替啶统称为冬眠合剂(E错),主要用于严重创伤和感染中毒,为争取其他措施赢得时间。"} {"Question":"阿司匹林哮喘形成的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接刺激作用"},{"key":"B","value":"水杨酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"白三烯等脂氧酶代谢产物增多"},{"key":"D","value":"能抑制血小板聚集凝血酶原形成"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制胃黏膜PG合成"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"某些哮喘患者服用阿司匹林或其他解热镇痛药后可诱发哮喘,称为\"阿司匹林哮喘\"。其发病机制是由于阿司匹林抑制支气管平滑肌COX,使PGs合成减少,使白三烯及其他脂氧酶代谢产物增多,导致支气管痉挛,诱发哮喘(C对)。"} {"Question":"关于哌唑嗪作用的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α₁受体阻滞药"},{"key":"B","value":"对突触前膜α₂受体也有影响"},{"key":"C","value":"降压作用中等偏强"},{"key":"D","value":"出现\"首剂现象\""},{"key":"E","value":"长期应用致水钠潴留"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"哌唑嗪对a₁受体的亲和力比a₂受体亲和力高1000倍,可选择性阻断a₁受体(A对),使小动脉和小静脉血管扩张,从而降低外周阻力,血压下降。其降压作用中等偏强(C对)。对突触前膜α₂受体几无阻断作用(B错,为本题正确答案),故在降压时无反射性心率加快与肾素分泌,对肾血流量和肾小球滤过率也无明显影响。长时间应用有降血脂作用,对糖代谢无影响。哌唑嗪可阻断膀胱和尿道平滑肌a₁受体使平滑肌松弛,可减轻前列腺增生患者排尿困难的症状。主要不良反应为\"首剂现象\"(D对)。主要是缓解严重的难治性患者症状,由于此药可加重体液储留,只能短期使用(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,48岁。十二指肠溃疡病史20年,近感头痛、眩晕而就诊。检查:血压160\/100mmHg(21\/13kPa)。下列降压药应慎用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"B","value":"利舍平"},{"key":"C","value":"肼屈嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"卡托普利"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"利舍平又名利血平,为交感神经末梢抑制药,通过耗竭递质NA,阻断NA的缩血管作用,从而产生降压作用,其降压作用温和、缓慢、持久,在降压的同时能够减慢心率,但利血平可引起副交感神经功能亢进,引起胃酸过多,胃肠运动增加的不良反应,会加重该患者的十二指肠溃疡,应慎用(B错,为本题正确答案)。可乐定(A对)对正常血压也有降压作用,临床较少单独使用,因能抑制胃肠道的分泌和运动,适用于兼有溃疡病的高血压以及肾性高血压患者。肼屈嗪(C对)又名苯哒嗪,对胃肠道系统无明显不良反应,临床适用于中、重度高血压,多与其他降压药联用,可用于伴有十二指肠溃疡的高血压患者。氢氯噻嗪(D对)为中效的利尿剂,临床可用于轻中度高血压的治疗,常见的不良反应主要有电解质紊乱、代谢异常、高尿酸血症、加重肾功能不良、过敏等,对胃肠道系统无明显不良反应。卡托普利(E对)为血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制剂,为目前治疗高血压最常用的药物,临床适用于各种类型的高血压,对原发性高血压和肾性高血压较好,尤其适合伴有慢性心功能不全、缺血性心脏病或糖尿病所致肾病的高血压病人,对胃肠道系统无明显不良反应。"} {"Question":"交感神经过度兴奋引起的窦性心动过速最好选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"胺碘酮"},{"key":"C","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"D","value":"普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"E","value":"美西律"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"交感活动加强时,儿茶酚胺释放增多,可加快窦房结4相除极速度和异位起搏速率,普萘洛尔(A对)能阻断窦房结β受体,防止交感活动对4相除极和异位起搏的影响,降低自律性,适用于交感神经过度兴奋引起的窦性心动过速。胺碘酮(B错)为广谱抗心律失常药,对各型期前收缩、室上性心动过速、房扑等有效,为治疗冠心病等器质性心脏病或心功能不全伴潜在恶性或恶性快速型心律失常的最常用药物。苯妥英钠(C错)主要用于治疗室性心律失常,特别对强心苷中毒引起的室性心律失常有效,亦用于心肌梗死、心脏手术、心导管术等引发的室性心律失常。普鲁卡因胺(D错)属于广谱抗心律失常药,临床主要用于室性心律失常,可用作奎尼丁的替换要,静脉滴注或注射可用于抢救危急病例。美西律(E错)电生理作用和药理作用与利多卡因相似,属于窄谱抗心律失常药,特别对心肌梗死和洋地黄中毒引起的心律失常有效。"} {"Question":"可引起甲状腺功能紊乱的抗心律失常药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"B","value":"胺碘酮"},{"key":"C","value":"普罗帕酮"},{"key":"D","value":"普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"E","value":"奎尼丁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胺碘酮(B对)为广谱抗心律失常药,对各型期前收缩、室上性心动过速、室性心动过速、房扑、房颤、预激综合征所致的房室折返性心动过速等有较好的疗效,长期服用可引起甲状腺功能亢进或低下。维拉帕米(A错)属于钙离子通道阻滞剂,是治疗室上性和房室结折返引起的心律失常效果好,为阵发性室上性心动过速治疗的首选药,静脉注射过快或剂量过大可引起心动过缓、房室传导阻滞甚至心脏停搏,也可引起血压下降,诱发心力衰竭。普罗帕酮(C错)适用于室上性、室性期前收缩,伴有心动过速的预激综合征,主要不良反应有胃肠道反应,还可引起房室传导阻滞与体位性低血压、加重充血性心衰,其减慢传导易致折返,引起快速型心律失常。普鲁卡因胺(D错)临床主要用于室性心律失常,可作为奎尼丁的替代药,静脉给药可引起低血压,剂量过大可引起传导阻滞和室性心律失常,长期使用少数患者可出现系统性红斑狼疮样综合征。奎尼丁(E错)为广谱的抗心律失常药,安全范围小,常见的不良反应主要有胃肠道反应、心血管反应、金鸡纳反应和过敏反应。"} {"Question":"治疗伴有消化性溃疡的高血压药物首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"B","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"C","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"E","value":"维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"可乐定用于治疗中度高血压,适用于兼有溃疡病的高血压及肾性高血压患者(B对)。硝酸甘油适用于治疗各种类型的心绞痛,其中对于稳定型心绞痛为首选药(A错)。硝苯地平可用于轻、中、重各型高血压,对高血压伴有心绞痛、糖尿病、脑血管病、肾功能不良等并发症疗效好(C错)。卡托普利适用于各种类型高血压,对原发性高血压和肾性高血压较好,尤其适用于伴有慢性心功能不全、缺血性心脏病或糖尿病所致肾病的高血压病人(D错)。用于稳定型和不稳定型心绞痛,对伴有心律失常的心绞痛患者尤其适用(E错)。"} {"Question":"高肾素型高血压病宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"C","value":"肼屈嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"E","value":"尼群地平"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"卡托普利适用于各种类型高血压,对原发性高血压和肾性高血压较好,尤其适用于伴有慢性心功能不全、缺血性心脏病或糖尿病所致肾病的高血压病人(B对)。"} {"Question":"强心苷中毒致室性心律失常癫痫强直-阵挛发作和局限性发作的首选药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"D","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"E","value":"普萘洛尔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"苯妥英纳主要用于治疗室性心律失常,特别对强心苷中毒引起的室性心律失常有效(C对)。利多卡因是治疗急性心肌梗死引起的室性心律失常的首选药(A错)。阿托品用于治疗迷走神经过度兴奋所致窦房阻滞、房室阻滞等缓慢型心律失常(B错)。维拉帕米治疗室上性和房室结折返引起的心律失常效果好,为阵发性室上性心动过速治疗的首选药(D错)。普萘洛尔适用于治疗与交感神经兴奋有关的各种心律失常。主要用于室上性心律失常(E错)。"} {"Question":"适用于伴有心衰或支气管哮喘的抗心绞痛药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝酸异山梨酯"},{"key":"B","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"哌克昔林"},{"key":"D","value":"普尼拉明"},{"key":"E","value":"普萘洛尔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"哌克昔林有钙拮抗、利尿、扩张支气管作用,适用于伴有心衰、支气管哮喘的心绞痛(C对)。硝酸异山梨酯为血管扩张药,临床可用于治疗各种类型冠心病心绞痛和预防发作(A错)。哌唑嗪治疗充血性心力衰竭及心肌梗死后心力衰竭(B错)。普尼拉明(心可定)不但阻滞钙内流,还有儿茶酚胺耗竭作用,适于各种心绞痛的治疗(D错)。普萘洛尔(心得安)用于对硝酸酯类效果较差的稳定型心绞痛患者,可减少发作次数,对并发有高血压和心律失常者尤其合适。因本药能导致冠状动脉收缩,不宜用于变异型心绞痛;因能引起支气管收缩,不能用于伴有支气管哮喘的心绞痛患者(E错)。"} {"Question":"山莨菪碱适于治疗的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"晕动病"},{"key":"C","value":"感染中毒性休克"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉前给药"},{"key":"E","value":"震颤麻痹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"山莨菪碱属于胆碱受体阻断药,可选择性对抗外周胆碱的作用,解除平滑肌痉挛,毒副作用较低,可用于胃肠绞痛,同时还能解除小血管痉挛,抑制血小板聚集,有较强的改善微循环作用,因而用于各种感染中毒性休克(C对)。胆碱受体阻断剂不能用于青光眼治疗,其中阿托品还可引起前房角间隙变窄,防水回流受阻,眼内压升高而加重青光眼(A错)。东莨菪碱具有很强的中枢抗胆碱作用,临床可用于晕动病(B错),防晕止吐。阿托品可抑制平滑肌收缩以及腺体分泌,临床可用于麻醉前给药(D错),防止分泌物阻塞呼吸道而引起窒息或吸入性肺炎。东莨菪碱、阿托品等最初可用于治疗震颤麻痹,但由于外周抗胆碱副作用的,现已主要使用合成的中枢性M胆碱受体阻断药苯海索、苯扎托品等,山莨菪碱极性大,中枢作用弱,不用于震颤麻痹(E错)。"} {"Question":"可治疗支气管哮喘的拟肾上腺素药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨茶碱"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧明"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴胺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"异丙肾上腺素(D对)对β受体有很强的激动作用,对β₁和β₂受体选择低,对α受体几乎无作用,可激动支气管β₂受体,有强大的舒张支气管平滑肌作用,也可抑制组胺等过敏介质释放,临床用于控制支气管哮喘急性发作。氨茶碱(A错)属于常用的支气管扩张药,对气道平滑肌有直接的松弛作用,临床可用于支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病以及中枢型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,不属于拟肾上腺素药物。去甲肾上腺素(B错)对α受体有强大的激动作用,对β₁受体作用较弱,对β₂受体几乎无作用,对平滑肌及代谢的作用较弱,不能舒张支气管平滑肌。甲氧明(C错)属于α受体激动剂,能够收缩血管,升高血压,使迷走神经反射性兴奋而减慢心率,临床可用于阵发性室上性心动过速。多巴胺(E错)主要激动α、β受体,临床主要用于治疗各种休克,如心源性休克、感染性休克和出血性休克,尤其适用于伴有心肌收缩力减弱、尿量减少的休克。"} {"Question":"最早应用的AchE复活药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碘解磷定"},{"key":"B","value":"氯解磷定"},{"key":"C","value":"双复磷"},{"key":"D","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"E","value":"毛果芸香碱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"碘解磷定(PAM-I)为最早应用的AchE复活药(A对)。"} {"Question":"阿托品抗休克作用的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收缩血管,增加外周阻力"},{"key":"B","value":"扩张血管,改善微循环"},{"key":"C","value":"兴奋心脏,增加心输出量"},{"key":"D","value":"松弛支气管平滑肌,改善症状"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均非"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"休克在补充血容量的前提下,大剂量阿托品可通过解除血管痉挛、舒张外周血管、改善微循环第十版药理学(B对AE错)而使回心血量及有效循环血量增加,血压回升,用于治疗中毒性痢疾、爆发型流行性脑脊髓膜炎、中毒性肺炎等所致的感染性休克。阿托品有兴奋心脏的作用,可增加心脏心输出量,为其治疗迷走神经过度兴奋所致窦房阻滞、房室阻滞等缓慢性心律失常以及窦房结功能低下而出现的室性异位节律的机制(C错)。阿托品可松弛多种内脏平滑肌,如胃肠道平滑肌、膀胱逼尿肌、支气管平滑肌,可改善胃肠绞痛以及支气管哮喘的症状,但不是其用于抗休克的作用机制(D错)。"} {"Question":"关于β受体阻滞药的禁忌证,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严重心功能不全"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压"},{"key":"D","value":"重度房室传导阻滞"},{"key":"E","value":"窦性心动过缓"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"β受体阻滞药的禁忌证:严重心功能不全(A对)、窦性心动过缓(E对)、重度房室传导阻滞(D对)和支气管哮喘(B对)。β受体阻滞药是治疗高血压的基础药物(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"毛果芸香碱可治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"阵发性室上性心动过速"},{"key":"C","value":"有机磷酸酯类中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"琥珀胆碱过量中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"房室传导阻滞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"毛果芸香碱能直接作用于副交感神经(包括支配汗腺交感神经)节后纤维支配的效应器官的M胆碱受体,尤其对眼和腺体作用明显。对眼的作用有:缩瞳、降低眼内压和调节痉挛;对腺体:促进腺体分泌。临床应用于:青光眼、虹膜睫状体炎(A对)。"} {"Question":"毛果芸香碱的主要适应证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"角膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"结膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"视神经水肿"},{"key":"E","value":"晶状体混浊"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青光眼(A对)可分为闭角型和开角型两种,前者为急性或慢性充血性青光眼,表现为前房角狭窄,房水回流受阻而使眼内压升高,毛果芸香碱能使前房角间隙扩大,房水回流通畅,眼内压迅速降低,因而可用于治疗闭角型青光眼;开角型为慢性单纯性青光眼,主要因小梁网本身以及巩膜静脉窦发生变性或硬化,阻碍了房水循环,引起眼内压升高,毛果芸香碱能扩张巩膜静脉窦周围的小血管以及收缩睫状肌,使小梁网结构发生改变而使眼内压下降,故也可用于开角型青光眼。角膜炎(B错)是指因角膜外伤,细菌及病毒侵入角膜引起的炎症,分溃疡性角膜炎(又名角膜溃疡)、非溃疡性角膜炎(即深层角膜炎)两类,临床常用氯霉素以及地塞米松等滴眼液进行治疗。结膜炎(C错)是发生在眼结膜的炎症性反应,常用氧氟沙星滴眼液等抗感染药物进行治疗。视神经水肿(D错)多由其他原因如颅内压升高等引起的,常用大剂量皮质固醇类药物如地塞米松进行治疗。晶状体混浊(E错)由于悬韧带全部或部分断裂所致,可采用手术进行治疗。"} {"Question":"易引起急性肾衰的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"碱羟胺"},{"key":"C","value":"心得安"},{"key":"D","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴胺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"去甲肾上腺素的不良反应有:局部组织缺血坏死、急性肾功能衰竭(D对)、停药后的血压下降。"} {"Question":"可延长局麻药的局麻作用时间的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾上腺素加入局麻药注射液中可延缓局麻药的吸收,减少中毒的可能性,同时延长局麻药的麻醉时间(B对)。"} {"Question":"异丙嗪不具备的药理作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇静作用"},{"key":"B","value":"减少胃酸分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"抗胆碱作用"},{"key":"D","value":"局麻作用"},{"key":"E","value":"止吐作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"异丙嗪可作用于胃肠道平滑肌H₁受体,拮抗组胺对胃肠道平滑肌的收缩或挛缩,不能减少胃酸分泌(B错,为本题正确答案)。异丙嗪属于第一代H₁受体阻断药,对H₁受体有亲和力,但无内在活性,可竞争性阻断H₁受体,有镇定催眠作用(A对),可能是由于间接降低了脑干网状上行激活系统的应激性。异丙嗪通过中枢性抗胆碱性能(C对),阻断前庭核区胆碱能突触迷路冲动的兴奋,作用于前庭和呕吐中枢及中脑髓质感受器,可用于抗晕动症。异丙嗪皮下注射作局部麻醉(D对),用于麻醉和手术前后的辅助治疗。异丙嗪可抑制延髓的催吐化学感受区,发挥止吐作用(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,21岁。呼吸困难,咳嗽,汗出1小时而就诊。查体:端坐呼吸,呼吸急促,口唇微绀,心率114次\/分,律齐,双肺满布哮鸣音。为迅速缓解症状,应立即釆取的最佳治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服氨荼碱"},{"key":"B","value":"肌注氨茶碱"},{"key":"C","value":"喷吸沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"D","value":"口服泼尼松"},{"key":"E","value":"肌注阿托品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"沙丁胺醇为缓解气道症状的药物,喷吸沙丁胺醇(C对)能够迅速缓解呼吸困难、喘息、咳嗽的症状,同时减少了口服给药引起全身副作用。茶碱(A错)是常用的支气管扩张药,临床可用于支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,但起效慢,作用不及沙丁胺醇,一般情况下不宜采用,主要用于慢性哮喘的维持治疗,以防止急性发作。氨茶碱(B错)在急性重度哮喘或哮喘持续状态时可采用氨茶碱静脉注射或静脉滴注,以迅速缓解喘息与呼吸困难等症状。泼尼松(D错)为糖皮质激素类药物,长期应用糖皮质激素能够缓解气道炎症,改善患者肺功能,降低气道高反应性,降低发作的频率和程度,改善症状,提高生活质量,但由于副作用较大,一般采用吸入给药的方式避免全身副作用,一般不用于缓解急性呼吸症状。阿托品(E错)为非选择性M胆碱受体阻断药,对全身组织的各型M胆碱受体产生阻断作用,副作用多,不用于哮喘以及呼吸道急促症状的治疗。"} {"Question":"醛固酮增高性水肿病人宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"C","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"甘露醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"螺内酯利尿作用弱,缓慢而持久,其利尿作用与体内醛固酮水平有关,醛固酮增高的水肿患者效果较好(C对)。呋塞米临床应用:严重水肿,急性脑水肿及肺水肿,及慢性肾衰竭,排除毒物。(A错)氨苯蝶啶临床应用:与其他利尿药合用于顽固性水肿(B错)。氢氯噻嗪临床应用:各型轻、中度水肿,高血压,轻度尿崩症(D错)。甘露醇临床应用:脑水肿、青光眼、急性肾衰竭(E错)。"} {"Question":"地高辛与氢氯噻嗪合用治疗充血性心力衰竭,为预防强心苷中毒,尤其应警惕的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血钠"},{"key":"B","value":"低血氯"},{"key":"C","value":"低血钾"},{"key":"D","value":"低血钙"},{"key":"E","value":"低血糖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"地高辛属于强心苷类正性肌力药,其安全范围窄,易发生强心苷中毒反应,因此识别强心苷的中毒先兆并及时停药,对于防止严重中毒反应的发生十分重要,通常低血K⁺、低血Mg²⁺、高血Ca²⁺、心肌缺氧和肾功能低下均是强心苷中毒的诱发因素,噻嗪对碳酸酐酶也有轻度抑制作用,使H⁺-Na⁺交换减少,Na⁺-K⁺交换增加,易引起低血钾症而诱发强心苷中毒,因此地高辛与氢氯噻嗪合用治疗充血性心力衰竭,应该警惕低血钾(C对)。低血钠(A错)、低血氯(B错)、低血糖(E错)均不是诱发强心苷中毒的因素。噻嗪类利尿药还能促进远曲小管由PTH调节的钙离子重吸收过程而减少尿钙的含量,减少钙离子在管腔中的沉积,这可能是由于钠离子重吸收减少,促进基侧质膜的钠钙交换所致,因此不引起低血钙(D错)。"} {"Question":"利尿药物中,可用于治疗尿崩症的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"依他尼酸"},{"key":"C","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氢氯噻嗪(E对)可用于尿崩症,其机制主要是氢氯噻嗪对磷酸二酯酶具有抑制作用,能增加远曲小管及集合管细胞内cAMP的含量,后者能提高远曲小管对水的通透性,同时因增加钠离子、氯离子的排出,造成负氮平衡,血浆渗透压下降,从而减轻病人的渴感而减少饮水量,使尿量减少。呋塞米(A错)与依他尼酸(B错)均属于高效利尿药,可迅速增加全身静脉血容量,减轻肺淤血,缓解心力衰竭,临床主要用于急性肺水肿和脑水肿以及其他严重水肿,还可以用于急性肾衰竭和加速毒物的排泄。螺内酯(C错)属于醛固酮拮抗药,为低效的利尿药,仅在体内有醛固酮存在时才发挥作用,临床主要用于治疗醛固酮升高有关的顽固性水肿以及充血性心力衰竭。氨苯蝶啶(D错)属于钠离子通道阻滞剂类利尿药,具有排钠、利尿、保钾的作用,临床可与排钾利尿药合用于治疗顽固性水肿。"} {"Question":"用于生长发育期需求增加和慢性失血而引起的贫血,宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁₂"},{"key":"C","value":"亚叶酸钙"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素K"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸亚铁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"常用的铁剂有:硫酸亚铁能预防和治疗缺铁性贫血,尤其对营养不良、妊娠、儿童发育期等需求增加和月经过多、痔疮出血和子宫肌瘤等慢性失血而引起的贫血有确切疗效(E对)。"} {"Question":"甲基硫氧嘧啶治疗甲状腺功能亢进症的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制食物中碘的吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制甲状腺激素的合成"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制甲状腺激素的释放"},{"key":"D","value":"减少甲状腺激素的贮存"},{"key":"E","value":"对抗甲状腺激素的作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺在体内的合成是在甲状腺球蛋白上进行的,血液中的碘化物被甲状腺细胞主动摄取,活性碘与TG上酪氨酸残基结合,生成一碘酪氨酸和二碘酪氨酸,在过氧化物酶的作用下,两个二碘酪氨酸耦连成T₄,一个一碘酪氨酸和一个二碘酪氨酸耦连成T₃,甲硫氧嘧啶属于硫脲类抗甲状腺素药,可抑制过氧化物酶,从而阻止酪氨酸的碘化及耦连,抑制甲状腺素的合成(B对)。甲基硫氧嘧啶对食物中碘的吸收(A错)无影响。甲硫氧嘧啶等硫脲类药物并不抑制储存在腺泡内的甲状腺激素的释放(C错),也不能拮抗甲状腺激素的作用(E错),故须待甲状腺内贮存的激素消耗到一定程度才能呈现疗效。甲基硫氧嘧啶对甲状腺激素的贮存(D错)无影响。"} {"Question":"大剂量糖皮质激素突击治疗用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"鹅口疮"},{"key":"C","value":"中毒性菌痢"},{"key":"D","value":"过敏性休克"},{"key":"E","value":"肾上腺皮质次全切术后"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"短期应用于中毒性感染或同时伴有休克者,如中毒性菌痢、中毒性肺炎、严重伤寒、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、结核性脑膜炎及败血症等。利用大剂量糖皮质激素的抗炎、抗内毒素、抗休克作用,迅速缓解症状(C对)。"} {"Question":"吡格列酮的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进肝糖原合成"},{"key":"B","value":"促进脂肪组织摄取葡萄糖"},{"key":"C","value":"增强靶组织对胰岛素的敏感性"},{"key":"D","value":"刺激胰岛B细胞释放胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"促进储存胰岛素释放"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"吡格列酮属于噻唑烷类胰岛素增敏药,主要通过增加肌肉、脂肪等外周组织器官对胰岛素的敏感性(C对),提高组织对葡萄糖的利用而发挥降血糖作用,临床上主要用于有胰岛素抵抗的1型糖尿病或2型糖尿病。胰岛素增加葡萄糖的转运,加速葡萄糖的讲解和氧化,促进糖原的合成(A错)和贮存,抑制糖原的分解和异生,从而降低血糖浓度。双胍类降糖药可减少葡萄糖在肠道吸收,抑制糖原异生,促进组织对葡萄糖摄取(B错)和促进糖的无氧酵解而增加糖的利用。磺酰脲类降糖药可刺激胰岛B细胞释放胰岛素(D错),对胰岛功能完全丧失的患者无效。瑞格列奈是一种新型的胰岛素促分泌剂,可阻止胰岛B细胞膜上ATP敏感K⁺通道,抑制K⁺外流,使细胞膜去极化,引起电压依赖性Ca²⁺通道开放,Ca²⁺内流,促进储存的胰岛素释放(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列关于甲状腺激素的正确叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能调控生长发育"},{"key":"B","value":"使机体对儿茶酚胺类的反应降低"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆蛋白结合率低"},{"key":"D","value":"可使呆小病患者痊愈"},{"key":"E","value":"可使心率减慢"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"甲状腺激素的药理作用①维持生长发育:甲状腺激素主要促进骨骼和脑的生长发育(A对)。婴幼儿先天性甲状腺功能低下时,可使神经元轴突和树突形成障碍,神经髓鞘形成延缓,骨骺不能形成,出现身体矮小、肢体粗短、智力迟钝,即呆小病(D错)②促进代谢:甲状腺激素可促进糖、脂肪、蛋白质代谢(C错),促进物质氧化,增加耗氧量,提高基础代谢率,使产热增加。③提高交感-肾上腺系统的敏感性:甲状腺激素能使机体对交感神经递质及肾上腺髓质激素的反应性提高,故甲亢病人有情绪激动、震颤、失眠、心率加快(E错)、血压升高、神经过敏等症状。这可能与肾上腺素β受体数目增多有关(B错)。"} {"Question":"至宝丹长于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化痰开窍,消肿止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"清热解毒豁痰"},{"key":"C","value":"芳香开窍,化浊"},{"key":"D","value":"息风止痉"},{"key":"E","value":"芳香开窍,温中"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"至宝丹方中麝香芳香开窍醒神;牛黄豁痰开窍,合犀角清心凉血解毒,共为君药。臣以安息香、冰片辟秽化浊,芳香开窍;玳瑁清热解毒,镇惊安神;由于痰热瘀结,痰瘀不去则热邪难清,心神不安,故佐以朱砂、金箔、银箔镇心安神;雄黄助牛黄豁痰解毒;琥珀助麝香通络散瘀而通心窍之瘀阻,并合朱砂镇心安神。诸药共奏清热开窍,化浊解毒之功(C对)。安宫牛黄丸(牛黄丸)长于清热解毒豁痰(B错)。紫雪长于息风止痉(D错)。"} {"Question":"健脾丸的组成中有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薏苡仁"},{"key":"B","value":"莱菔子"},{"key":"C","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"E","value":"黄连"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"健脾丸组成为白术、木香、黄连、甘草、白芷、人参、神曲、陈皮、砂仁、麦芽、山楂、山药、肉豆蔻(健脾参术苓草陈,肉蔻香连合砂仁,楂肉山药曲麦炒,消补兼施此方寻)(E对)。"} {"Question":"《医方集解》所载二陈汤加减法指明,治疗寒痰宜加","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半夏、姜汁"},{"key":"B","value":"石膏、青黛"},{"key":"C","value":"苍术、白术"},{"key":"D","value":"瓜蒌、杏仁"},{"key":"E","value":"香附、枳壳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"二陈汤方含半夏、橘红、茯苓、炙甘草、乌梅,以燥湿化痰,理气和中,是治疗痰证的基础方。故《医方集解》指出:“治痰通用二陈。风痰加南星、白附、皂角、竹沥;寒痰加半夏、姜汁(A对);火痰加石膏、青黛;湿痰加苍术、白术;燥痰加栝蒌、杏仁;食痰加山楂、麦芽、神曲;老痰加枳实、海石、芒硝;气痰加香附、枳壳;胁痰在皮里膜外加白芥子;四肢痰加竹沥”。"} {"Question":"三子养亲汤主治","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰壅气逆食滞证"},{"key":"B","value":"热痰咳嗽证"},{"key":"C","value":"燥痰咳嗽证"},{"key":"D","value":"风痰上扰证"},{"key":"E","value":"湿热食滞证"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"三子养亲汤中白芥子温肺化痰,利气畅膈;苏子降气消痰,止咳平喘;莱菔子消食导滞,降气祛痰。共奏降气,化痰,消食之功,主治痰壅气逆食滞证(A对)。"} {"Question":"参苓白术散含有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝"},{"key":"B","value":"通便"},{"key":"C","value":"举陷"},{"key":"D","value":"补血"},{"key":"E","value":"渗湿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"参苓白术散方中以人参补益脾胃之气,白术、茯苓健脾渗湿,共为君药。山药补脾益肺,莲子肉健脾涩肠,扁豆健脾化湿,薏苡仁健脾渗湿,均可资健脾止泻之力,共为臣药。佐以缩砂仁芳香醒脾,行气和胃,化湿止泻。桔梗宣利肺气,炙甘草、大枣补脾和中,调和诸药,而为佐使。诸药相合,益气健脾,渗湿止泻(E对)。逍遥散有疏肝(A错)的功效。麻子仁丸有通便(B错)的功效。补中益气汤有举陷(C错)的功效。四物汤有补血(D错)的功效。"} {"Question":"大补阴丸中既能填精补阴,又能制约黄柏枯燥的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"熟地黄"},{"key":"B","value":"龟板"},{"key":"C","value":"知母"},{"key":"D","value":"猪脊髓"},{"key":"E","value":"山茱萸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"大补阴丸方中熟地益髓填精;龟板为血肉有情之品,擅补精血,又可潜阳,二药重用,意在大补真阴,壮水制火以培其本,共为君药。黄柏,知母清热泻火,滋阴凉金,相须为用,泻火保阴以治其标,并助君药滋润之功,同为臣药。再以猪脊髓,蜂蜜为丸,取其血肉甘润之质,助君药填精补阴,兼制黄柏之苦燥(D对),用为佐药。诸药合用,使水充而亢阳有制,火降则阴液渐复,共收滋阴填精,清热降火之功。"} {"Question":"下列病症中,不属于六味地黄丸主治病证临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腰膝酸软,盗汗遗精"},{"key":"B","value":"耳鸣耳聋,头晕目眩"},{"key":"C","value":"骨蒸潮热,手足心热"},{"key":"D","value":"小便不利或反多"},{"key":"E","value":"舌红少苔,脉沉细数"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"六味地黄丸主治腰膝酸软,盗汗,遗精(A对)头晕目眩,耳鸣耳聋(B对),视物昏花,消渴,骨蒸潮热,手足心热(C对),舌燥咽痛,牙齿动摇,足跟作痛,小儿囟门不合,舌红少苔,脉沉细数,治宜补肾之阴精为主,兼以清降虚火,即王冰所谓“壮水之主,以制阳光”(E对)(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"反佐药的含义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用以消除成减缓君臣药的毒性与烈性的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"据病情需要,用与君药性味相反而又能在治疗中起相成作用的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"据病情需要,用与君药性味相同而起加强作用的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"协助君臣药以加强治疗作用的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"直接治疗次要的症状的药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"佐药包括佐助药、佐制药和反佐药三种。其中,佐助药,即协助君、臣药以加强治疗作用(D错),或直接治疗次要兼证的药物(E错);佐制药,即制约君、臣药的峻烈之性,或减轻或消除君、臣药毒性的药物(A错);反佐药,即根据某些病证之需,配伍少量与君药性味或作用相反而又能在治疗中起相成作用的药物(B对C错),以防止药病格拒,一般用量较轻。"} {"Question":"槐花散的功用有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"除湿排脓"},{"key":"B","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"C","value":"行气解郁"},{"key":"D","value":"疏风行气"},{"key":"E","value":"解表散邪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"槐花散为治疗肠风下血脏毒之基础方,功效为清肠止血,疏风行气,方中槐花善清大肠湿热,凉血止血;侧柏叶清热凉血,燥湿收敛;荆芥穗辛散疏风。全方寓行气于止血之中,寄收涩于疏风清肠之中,主治肠风、脏毒(D对)。"} {"Question":"温经汤主治证候的病因病机是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五劳虚极"},{"key":"B","value":"产后血虚受寒"},{"key":"C","value":"冲任虚损"},{"key":"D","value":"下焦蓄血"},{"key":"E","value":"冲任虚寒,瘀血阻滞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本证属于虚、寒、瘀、热兼夹,即阴血亏虚、寒凝、血瘀、虚热,寒热错杂,虚实夹杂,但以寒凝、血瘀为主。冲任虚寒,阴血不足,瘀血寒凝,经脉不利,方用温经散寒,养血祛瘀的温经汤(E对)。"} {"Question":"复元活血汤的功用为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血行气,祛瘀养血"},{"key":"B","value":"活血祛瘀,行气止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"活血行气,祛瘀通络"},{"key":"D","value":"活血祛瘀,疏肝通络"},{"key":"E","value":"活血行气,疏肝通络"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"复元活血汤方含桃仁、红花、当归、大黄、瓜蒌根、炮穿山甲、柴胡,以活血祛瘀,疏肝通络。(D对)。"} {"Question":"大柴胡汤中配伍黄芩的意义","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清泄肺热"},{"key":"B","value":"清热燥湿,厚肠止利"},{"key":"C","value":"清热泻火"},{"key":"D","value":"和解清热,以除少阳之邪"},{"key":"E","value":"清泄胆热"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"大柴胡汤方含柴胡、黄芩、大黄、枳实、半夏、白芍、大枣、生姜。其中重用柴胡为君药,配臣药黄芩和解清热,以除少阳之邪(D对);轻用大黄配枳实以内泻阳明热结,行气消痞,亦为臣药。芍药柔肝缓急止痛,与大黄相配可治腹中实痛,与枳实相伍可以理气和血,以除心下满痛;半夏和胃降逆,配伍大量生姜,以治呕逆不止,共为佐药。大枣与生姜相配,能和营卫而行津液,并调和脾胃,功兼佐使。"} {"Question":"瓜蒂散的组成是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瓜蒂、赤小豆"},{"key":"B","value":"瓜蒂、生姜"},{"key":"C","value":"瓜蒂、小茴香"},{"key":"D","value":"瓜蒂、藜芦"},{"key":"E","value":"瓜蒂、食盐"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"瓜蒂散组成为瓜蒂、赤小豆(瓜蒂散中赤小豆,豆豉汁调酸苦凑,逐邪涌吐功最捷,脘痞痰食服之瘳)(A对)。"} {"Question":"具有温阳补血散寒通滞功效的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芪桂枝五物汤"},{"key":"B","value":"小活络丹"},{"key":"C","value":"补阳还五汤"},{"key":"D","value":"阳和汤"},{"key":"E","value":"当归四逆汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"阳和汤方含熟地黄、麻黄、鹿角胶、白芥子、肉桂、生甘草、炮姜炭,可温阳补血,散寒通滞(D对)--方中重用熟地大补营血为君;鹿角胶生精补髓,养血温阳为臣;姜炭破阴和阳,肉桂温经通脉,白芥子消痰散结,麻黄调血脉,通腠理,均以为佐;生甘草解脓毒而和诸药为使。诸药合用,共奏温阳补血,散寒通滞之效。黄芪桂枝五物汤功效为益气温经,和血通痹(A错)。小活络丹功效为祛风除湿,化痰通络,活血止痛(B错)。补阳还五汤功效为补气活血通络(C错)。当归四逆汤功效为温经散寒,养血通脉(E错)。"} {"Question":"四神丸与真人养脏汤中均含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肉豆蔻"},{"key":"B","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"C","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"D","value":"人参"},{"key":"E","value":"诃子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"真人养脏汤组成为人参、当归、白术、肉豆蔻、肉桂、甘草、白芍、木香、诃子、罂粟壳(真人养脏诃粟壳,肉蔻当归桂木香,术芍参甘为涩剂,脱肛久痢早煎尝),四神丸组成为肉豆蔻、补骨脂、五味子、吴茱萸、生姜、大枣(四神故纸吴茱萸,肉蔻五味四般需,大枣百枚姜八两,五更肾泄火衰扶)(A对)。"} {"Question":"固冲汤除有固冲摄血外,还具有的功用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补肾涩精"},{"key":"B","value":"补气健脾"},{"key":"C","value":"补气生血"},{"key":"D","value":"温补脾肾"},{"key":"E","value":"温经止痛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"固冲汤主治脾肾虚弱,冲脉不固证;功用为益气健脾(B对),固冲摄血。方中重用白术、黄芪补气健脾,使气旺摄血;整方寓涩于补,固涩止血以治其标,补肾健脾以治其本;寄行于收,收敛固涩以救滑脱之急,行血化瘀以防止血留瘀。"} {"Question":"患者身热多汗,心胸烦闷,气逆欲呕,口干喜饮,舌红少苔,脉虚数。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导赤散"},{"key":"B","value":"凉膈散"},{"key":"C","value":"生脉散"},{"key":"D","value":"竹叶石膏汤"},{"key":"E","value":"清暑益气汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据患者身热多汗,心胸烦闷可知其体内有虚热;口干喜饮,舌红少苔,脉虚数是内体津液耗伤的症状;气逆欲呕,提示胃气不和,胃气上逆则呕。治疗宜清热生津,益气和胃故选用竹叶石膏汤(D对)。导赤散(A错)的功用为清心利水养阴。主治:心经火热证。凉膈散(B错)的功用为泻火通便,清上泄下。主治:上中二焦火热证。生脉散(C错)的功用为益气生津,敛阴止汗。主治:温热、暑热伤气耗阴证;久咳肺虚,气阴两虚证。清暑益气汤(E错)的功用为清暑益气,除湿健脾。主治:平素气虚,又感暑湿。"} {"Question":"症见发热盗汗,面赤心烦,口干唇燥,大便干结,小便黄赤,舌红苔黄,脉数者宜用何方","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大补阴丸"},{"key":"B","value":"知柏地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"清骨散"},{"key":"D","value":"青蒿鳖甲汤"},{"key":"E","value":"当归六黄汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"“发热盗汗”是由肾阴亏虚不能于心火,虚火伏于阴分,助长阴分伏火,迫使阴液失守所致;“面赤心烦”乃虚火上炎之象;“口干唇燥”是火耗阴津的表现;舌红苔黄,脉数皆内热之象。治宜滋阴泻火,固表止汗,宜选当归六黄汤(E对)-当归、生地黄、黄芩、黄柏、熟地黄各等分,以滋阴、泻火,倍用黄芪,以益气实卫、固表止汗。大补阴丸功用为滋阴降火,主治阴虚火旺证(A错)。知柏地黄丸功用为滋阴降火,主治肝肾阴虚,虚火上炎证(B错)。清骨散功用为清虚热,退骨蒸,主治肝肾阴虚,虚火内扰证(C错)。青蒿鳖甲汤功用为养阴透热,主治温病后期,邪伏阴分证(D错)。"} {"Question":"麦门冬汤中体现培土生金的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白术、茯苓"},{"key":"B","value":"山药、甘草"},{"key":"C","value":"粳米、大枣"},{"key":"D","value":"人参、大枣"},{"key":"E","value":"白术、甘草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"麦门冬汤功用为滋养肺胃,降逆下气,主治肺胃津伤证。方中重用麦冬为君,养肺胃之阴,又清肺胃虚热。半夏降逆下气、化痰和胃,人参益气生津为臣。佐以甘草、粳米、大枣益气养胃,合人参益胃生津,胃津充足,自能上归于肺,此正\"培土生金\"之法(C对)。"} {"Question":"二妙散的功用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热利水"},{"key":"B","value":"清热燥湿"},{"key":"C","value":"清热养阴"},{"key":"D","value":"利湿消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"解毒化湿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"二妙散功效为清热燥湿(B对),方中黄柏寒凉苦燥,其性沉降,善清下焦湿热,苍术辛苦而温,一则健脾助运以治生湿之本,二则芳华苦燥以除湿阻之标,为治疗湿热下注之痿痹、脚气、带下、湿疮等病症的基础方。"} {"Question":"干姜、生姜同用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实脾散"},{"key":"B","value":"血府逐瘀汤"},{"key":"C","value":"当归六黄汤"},{"key":"D","value":"炙甘草汤"},{"key":"E","value":"大补阴丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"实脾苓术与木瓜,甘草木香大腹加,草果姜附兼厚朴,虚寒阴水效堪夸。实脾散的功用为温阳健脾,行气利水,主治脾肾阳虚,水气内停之阴水。身半以下肿甚,手足不温,口中不渴,胸腹胀满。大便溏薄,舌苔白腻,脉沉弦而迟(A对)。血府逐瘀汤(B错),血府当归生地桃,红花枳壳膝芎饶。柴胡赤芍甘桔梗,血化下行不作痨。当归六黄汤(C错),当归六黄二地黄,芩连芪柏共煎尝,滋阴泻火兼固表,阴虚火旺盗汗良。炙甘草汤(D错)炙甘草汤参姜桂,麦冬生地与麻仁,大枣阿胶加酒服,虚劳肺痿效如神。大补阴丸(E错),大补阴丸知柏黄,龟板脊髓蜜成方,咳嗽咯血骨蒸热,阴虚火旺制亢阳。"} {"Question":"猪苓汤的药物组成有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猪苓、茯苓、桂枝、苍术、泽泻"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓、猪苓、桂枝、泽泻、白术"},{"key":"C","value":"猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、滑石、甘草"},{"key":"D","value":"猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、阿胶、滑石"},{"key":"E","value":"茯苓、泽泻、甘草、大枣、桂枝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"猪苓汤用猪茯苓,泽泻滑石阿胶并,小便不利兼烦渴,利水养阴热亦平(D对)。猪苓汤的功用为利水渗湿,养阴清热,主治水热互结伤阴证。发热,口渴欲饮,小便不利,或心烦不寐,或咳嗽,或呕恶,或下利,舌红苔白或微黄,脉细数。亦治热淋,血淋等。"} {"Question":"月经血呈不凝状态的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经量多"},{"key":"B","value":"有宫颈粘液"},{"key":"C","value":"含有前列腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"含有大量纤溶酶"},{"key":"E","value":"含有脱落的阴道上皮细胞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"月经血中含有前列腺素及来自子宫内膜的大量纤维蛋白溶酶,后者可溶解纤维蛋白,使月经血不凝(D对),出血多时可有血凝块。"} {"Question":"产后脉搏恢复正常的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产后3~4天"},{"key":"B","value":"产后7天"},{"key":"C","value":"产后10天"},{"key":"D","value":"产后21天"},{"key":"E","value":"产后42天"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"产后脉搏略缓慢,每分钟60-70次,产后1周恢复正常(B对CDE错)。产后3-4天乳房血管、淋巴管极度充盈,乳房胀大,可出现发热,体温为37.8℃-39℃,称为泌乳热,持续4-16小时即下降,不属病态(A错)。"} {"Question":"正常妊娠时,绒毛膜促性腺激素开始下降,是在末次月经后的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"4~6周"},{"key":"B","value":"8~10周"},{"key":"C","value":"12周"},{"key":"D","value":"16周"},{"key":"E","value":"20周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"正常妊娠时,绒毛膜促性腺激素出现高峰是在末次月经后的8~10周,开始下降是在12周(C对)。"} {"Question":"胎产式是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最先进入骨盆上口的胎儿部分"},{"key":"B","value":"胎儿先露部的指示点与母体骨盆的关系"},{"key":"C","value":"胎儿身体长轴与母体长轴的关系"},{"key":"D","value":"胎儿在子宫内的姿势"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胎儿肢体长(纵)轴与母体长(纵)轴的关系称为胎产式(C对E错)。最先进入骨盆入口的胎儿部分叫做胎先露(A错)。胎儿先露部位是指胎儿的最低点,胎儿先露部位的指示点与母体骨盆之间的关系,又称为胎方位(B错)。胎儿在子宫内的姿势是叫胎位(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项不是经行情志异常的症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"悲伤啼哭"},{"key":"B","value":"头晕耳鸣"},{"key":"C","value":"狂躁不安"},{"key":"D","value":"情志抑郁"},{"key":"E","value":"烦躁易怒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"头晕耳鸣是经行的异常情况,代表血虚或肾虚等(B错,为本题正确答案)。一般行经期会有轻度神经系统不稳定的症状如悲伤啼哭,狂躁不安,情志抑郁,烦躁易怒等(ACDE对)。"} {"Question":"骨盆对角径的正常值为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"9cm"},{"key":"B","value":"10cm"},{"key":"C","value":"11cm"},{"key":"D","value":"12cm"},{"key":"E","value":"13cm"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"骨盆对角径的正常值12.5-13cm(E对)。"} {"Question":"雌激素和孕激素协同作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输尿管蠕动"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫颈黏液稀薄"},{"key":"C","value":"增生期子宫内膜"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"乳房发育"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"孕激素在雌激素作用的基础上,进一步促使女性生殖器和乳房的发育(E对)。黄体酮可以促进输尿管的蠕动(A错)。雌激素使宫颈口松弛、扩张,宫颈黏液分泌增加,性状变稀薄(B错),富有弹性易拉成丝状。孕激素使增生期子宫内膜转化为分泌期内膜,为受精卵着床做准备(C错)。孕激素降低子宫平滑肌兴奋性及其对缩宫素的敏感性,抑制子宫收缩(D错),有利于胚胎及胎儿宫内生长发育。"} {"Question":"下列各项,提示胎儿储备能力异常的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"OCT阴性"},{"key":"B","value":"FHR有加速和减速的变化"},{"key":"C","value":"胎动30次\/12小时"},{"key":"D","value":"NST是宫缩时FHR的变化"},{"key":"E","value":"NST出现反应型"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"NST是宫缩时FHR(胎心率)的变化,可以提示胎儿的储备能力(D对)。缩宫素激惹试验(OCT)∶又称宫缩应激试验(CST),其原理是诱发宫缩并用胎儿监护仪记录胎心的变化,本方法是了解胎盘于宫缩时一过性缺氧的负荷试验,以测定胎儿的储备能力,OCT阴性表明暂时胎儿在宫内无缺氧(A错)。一般12小时胎动不少于30次就是正常的(C错)。胎心加速通常与胎动有关,表示胎儿状态良好(B错),胎心减速又分为早期减速和晚期减速,变异减速三种类型,第一,早期减速是与工作同步的对称性的减速,是由于胎头受压引起迷路神经反射所导致的,引起暂时胎儿缺氧,为良性过程,第二,晚期减速是在宫缩高峰或稍后出现的对症性的减速,与胎盘血流灌注不足和胎盘功能不全有关,第三个就是,变异减速指的是胎心减速,幅度大,恢复快,严重时,胎儿心率可降至六十次每分以下,多与胎儿脐带受压有关系的。正常胎儿NST出现反应型(E错)。"} {"Question":"覆盖在囊胚上面的蜕膜为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"底蜕膜"},{"key":"B","value":"包蜕膜"},{"key":"C","value":"真蜕膜"},{"key":"D","value":"叶状绒毛膜"},{"key":"E","value":"滑泽绒毛膜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"受精卵植入分泌期的子宫内膜后,子宫内膜增厚称蜕膜。按蜕膜与孕卵及子宫壁的关系,将其分为底蜕膜、包蜕膜、真蜕膜3部分;孕卵着床处的蜕膜,位于孕卵与子宫肌壁之间的为底蜕膜,覆盖在孕卵上的为包蜕膜,除底蜕膜与包蜕膜之外,覆盖在子宫腔表面的称为真蜕膜。随着胎儿发育,包蜕膜和真蜕膜贴近融合,形成胎膜的一部分,底蜕膜形成胎盘的胎儿部分(B对AC错);囊胚着床后,其外层为滋养层,增殖分化为原始绒毛,与底蜕膜相接触的发育成叶状绒毛膜,与包蜕膜接触的退化为滑泽绒毛膜(DE错)。"} {"Question":"急性盆腔炎常见的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高烧,白带增多,子宫及附件区压痛,WBC升高"},{"key":"B","value":"停经,下腹痛,阴道出血"},{"key":"C","value":"腹痛由脐周开始,后转移至右下腹麦氏点"},{"key":"D","value":"不孕,消瘦,输卵管碘油造影呈串珠状"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢囊肿病史,运动后突发左侧下腹痛,B超检查囊肿消失,盆腔有少量积液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"急性盆腔炎临床表现:呈急性病容,辗转不安,面部潮红,高热不退,小腹部疼痛难忍,赤白带下或恶露量多,甚至如脓血,亦可伴有腹胀、腹泻、尿频、尿急等症状。妇科检查:下腹部肌紧张、压痛、反跳痛;阴道充血,脓血性分泌物量多,宫颈充血,宫体触压痛拒按,宫体两侧压痛明显,甚至触及包块,盆腔形成脓肿,位置较低者则后穹隆饱满,有波动感。辅助检查:血常规检查见白细胞升高(A对),中性粒细胞更明显。阴道、宫腔分泌物或血培养可见致病菌,后穹隆穿刺可吸出脓液,B超探查可见盆腔内有炎性渗出液或肿块。"} {"Question":"患者,女,37岁,已婚。反复阴痒半年余,经治未愈,近5天来阴中奇痒,带下量多如乳凝状;妇科检查:外阴阴道粘膜附有白色膜状物,擦去后见粘膜充血水肿,阴道分泌物镜检见白色念珠菌。治疗应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"制霉菌素栓纳药加塌痒方外洗"},{"key":"B","value":"制霉菌素栓纳药加2%~3%苏打液冲洗"},{"key":"C","value":"达克宁栓纳药加塌痒方外洗"},{"key":"D","value":"制霉菌素口服加2%~3%苏打液冲洗"},{"key":"E","value":"制霉菌素口服加制霉菌素栓纳药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者为中年女性,已婚,反复阴痒半年,加重5天,带下量多如乳凝状。妇科检查:外阴阴道粘膜附有白色膜状物,擦去后见粘膜充血水肿阴道分泌物镜检见白色念珠菌。可判断患者为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病,故治疗应采用制霉菌素栓药加2%~3%苏打液冲洗调节阴道酸碱度(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属热伤冲任所致病证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经先期"},{"key":"B","value":"月经过多"},{"key":"C","value":"月经过少"},{"key":"D","value":"崩漏"},{"key":"E","value":"经行吐衄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"热扰冲任,血海不宁,迫血妄行,可致月经先期、月经过多、崩漏、胎漏、胎动不安、产后恶露不绝,经行吐衄等(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"脏腑功能失常是发生妇科疾病的重要机理,而主要涉及的脏腑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾肝脾"},{"key":"B","value":"脾肺肾"},{"key":"C","value":"心肺肾"},{"key":"D","value":"心肝肾"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脾心"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脏腑生理功能的紊乱和脏腑气血阴阳的失调均可导致妇产科疾病,其中关系最密切的是肾、肝、脾。先天不足,房劳,久病都可以导致肾虚影响冲任;肝藏血,主疏泄,体阴而用阳,妇人以血为本,经、孕、产、乳均以血为用;脾主运化,为气血生化之源,后天之本,脾主升,有统摄之功,若素体虚弱,饮食不节,思虑过度,都可导致脾虚而产生妇科疾病(A对)。"} {"Question":"患者女,41岁,G2P1,诊断为葡萄胎,子宫超过孕14周大,首选的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化疗"},{"key":"B","value":"先化疗再清宫"},{"key":"C","value":"清除宫腔内容物"},{"key":"D","value":"手术切除子宫"},{"key":"E","value":"先清宫,再切除子宫"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"葡萄胎随时有大出血可能,且葡萄胎虽是良性疾患,但仍有潜在的恶性变。15%~20%的葡萄胎有恶性变的可能,40岁以上的妇女患葡萄胎后发生恶变者较年轻妇女高4~6倍。若子宫超过孕14周大小应考虑先吸出葡萄胎组织再切除子宫,所以需要先清宫,再切除子宫(CD错E对);有高危因素(年龄>40岁、子宫明显大于停经月份,血βHCG值异常升高、滋养细胞高度增生或伴不典型增生、清宫后血β-HCG不呈进行性下降或始终处于高值且排除葡萄胎残留、有咯血等),以及出现可疑转移灶和随访困难的患者,预防性化疗的时机,尽可能选在清宫前或清宫时。预防性化疗不能代替随访。部分性葡萄胎一般不行预防性化疗(AB错)。"} {"Question":"下列对天癸认识的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天癸之源在肾"},{"key":"B","value":"随肾气的盛衰而变化"},{"key":"C","value":"决定月经的来潮和绝止"},{"key":"D","value":"受冲任二脉调节"},{"key":"E","value":"促进人体生长发育"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"天癸在女性生育期对冲任、胞宫发挥作用,调节冲任二脉故月事以时下,而不是受冲任二脉调节(D错,为本题正确答案)。天癸是促进人体生长、发育(E对)和生殖的一种阴精,男女都有。天癸禀受于父母,藏之于肾,所以说天癸之源在肾(A对),肾气主宰天癸的密至与竭止,天癸随肾气的盛衰而变化(B对);天癸至则“月事以时下,故有子”,天癸竭则“地道不通,故形坏而无子也”,天癸决定月经的来潮和绝止(C对);天癸还赖后天水谷精微滋养,在人体生长发育过程中逐渐成熟。"} {"Question":"下列哪项是孕激素的生理功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进子宫发育"},{"key":"B","value":"促进女性第二性征发育"},{"key":"C","value":"使阴道上皮细胞增生、角化"},{"key":"D","value":"通过中枢神经系统使体温升高0.3~0.5度"},{"key":"E","value":"对防止高血压及冠状动脉硬化有一定的作用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"孕激素的生理作用是作用于下丘脑体温调节中枢使基础体温在排卵后升高0.3-0.5℃,所以孕激素是通过中枢神经系统调节体温(D对)。另外,孕激素的生理作用还包括降低子宫平滑肌兴奋性及其对缩宫素的敏感性,抑制子宫收缩,有利于胚胎及胎儿宫内生长发育;促进子宫发育为雌激素作用而非孕激素(A错)。雌激素能促使乳腺管增生,乳头、乳晕着色,促进其他第二性征发育,而孕激素作用为促进乳腺小叶及腺泡发育,不刺激其他性征发育,故促进第二性征发育起作用(B错)的是雌激素,非孕激素。孕激素对阴道上皮的作用是加快阴道上皮的细胞脱落,不是增生、角化(C错)。孕激素能促进水钠排出,但对动脉血管收孕激素缩及血脂斑块无调节作用,故无防止高血压及冠状动脉硬化的作用(E错)。"} {"Question":"产褥期抑郁症心脾两虚证治疗方剂为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘麦大枣汤合归脾汤"},{"key":"B","value":"逍遥散"},{"key":"C","value":"癫狂梦醒汤"},{"key":"D","value":"百合地黄汤"},{"key":"E","value":"越鞠丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"产褥期抑郁症的心脾两虚证主因产后思虑太过,心血暗耗,脾气受损,气血生化不足,血不养心,心神失养所致。治宜补益心脾,养血安神,方用养心安神,和中缓急的甘麦大枣汤合益气补血,健脾养心的归脾汤(A对)。产褥期抑郁症肝郁气结证的治疗方剂为逍遥散(B错)《太平惠民和剂局方》加夜交藤、合欢皮、磁石、柏子仁;产褥期抑郁症痰阻气逆证的治疗方剂为癫狂梦醒汤(C错)《医林改错》加酸枣仁;百合地黄汤(D错)滋阴清热,主治百合病;越鞠丸(E错)行气解郁,治疗六郁证。"} {"Question":"孕足月,初产妇,24岁。第二产程2小时30分钟,胎盘娩出后,有间歇性阴道流血并有血块排出,量超过500mL,查:子宫轮廓不清,首先应考虑为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴道静脉破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"凝血机制障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"胎盘残留"},{"key":"D","value":"宫颈裂伤"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫收缩乏力"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者胎盘娩出后,有间歇性阴道流血并有血块排出,量超过500mL,说明由于子宫收缩乏力,引起产后出血(E对AB错)。胎盘一般是在胎儿从产道娩出以后5—15分钟左右,最晚不超过30分钟娩出体外,此时如果出现胎盘没有完全排出而有一部分留存在子宫内部的现象被称为胎盘残留(C错)。宫颈裂伤在娩出力过强时容易发生的是子宫颈管撕裂(D错)。"} {"Question":"产后三审是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹痛、便秘、出血"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛、便秘、乳汁"},{"key":"C","value":"腹痛,便秘,饮食"},{"key":"D","value":"冲肾,冲心,冲肺"},{"key":"E","value":"冲胃,冲心,冲肺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"产后三审是指产后病的辨证应该注重三点,即:1.审小腹痛与不痛,以辨恶露有无停滞;2.审大便通与不通,以验津液之盛衰;3.审乳汁的行与不行以及饮食之多少,以察胃气的强弱(B对)。产后三冲是冲胃,冲心,冲肺(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗产褥期抑郁症心脾两虚证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养心汤"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"C","value":"甘麦大枣汤合归脾汤"},{"key":"D","value":"炙甘草汤"},{"key":"E","value":"桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"产褥期抑郁症心脾两虚证,治宜补益心脾,养血安神,方选甘麦大枣汤合归脾汤(C对)。养心汤(A错)为安神剂,具有养心安神之效,主治心血亏虚所致的心神不宁证。归脾汤(B错)的功效是补益气血。炙甘草汤(D错)为补益剂,具有益气滋阴,通阳复脉之效,主治阴血阳气虚弱,心脉失养证。桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤(E错)主要功效在于调阴阳,和营卫,兼固涩精液,交通心肾,用于治疗癔病、失眠、遗精或滑经等。"} {"Question":"产后出血的治疗原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"塞流、澄源、复旧"},{"key":"B","value":"急则治其标,缓则治其本"},{"key":"C","value":"调理气血冲任"},{"key":"D","value":"虚者补之,实者泻之"},{"key":"E","value":"热者清之,逆则降之"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"产后出血属于产科危重症,治疗应以止血、固脱为先,出血量多势急时,中医应以独参汤或参附汤益气固冲,回阳救逆;西医则以促宫缩、抗感染、纠正贫血等短时间内控制出血。若宫内有胎盘胎膜残留者,应行清宫术;子宫伤口裂开者,必要时手术治疗。当病情得到有效控制后,应通过中医辨证论治,以治其本,巩固疗效。根据病情的轻重缓急,采用急则治其标,缓则治其本的原则以调理气血、固摄冲任为主要治法。当出血量多势急时,急宜益气固冲,回阳救逆。待血势缓解,则应虚者补之,热者清之,瘀者攻之,并随证选加相应止血药标本同治(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属产后尿潴留气虚证主要症状的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产后小便不通"},{"key":"B","value":"小腹胀急疼痛"},{"key":"C","value":"气短懒言"},{"key":"D","value":"面色晦暗"},{"key":"E","value":"舌淡,苔薄白,脉缓弱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"产后由于体质虚弱或产时失血耗气,或新产忧思劳累过度,肺脾之气亦虚,无力通调水道,转输水液,水液停滞脬中,膀胱气化不利,故小便不通(A对),小腹胀急疼痛或小便清白,点滴而下(B对);气虚中阳不振,故倦怠乏力,少气懒言,语音低微(C对);产后气虚血亦亏,不能上荣于面,则面色少华(D错,为本题正确答案);舌淡,苔薄白,脉缓弱(E对),皆为气血亏虚之征。"} {"Question":"不是人工负压吸引术禁忌证的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宫腔压力大者"},{"key":"B","value":"生殖道炎症,患盆腔炎者"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压患者"},{"key":"D","value":"高热患者"},{"key":"E","value":"严重贫血者"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"人工负压吸引术禁忌证是:①生殖器官急性炎症(B对)。②各种疾病的急性期,或严重的全身性疾病不能耐受手术者。③术前两次体温高于37.5℃者(D对)。高血压患者(C对)、严重贫血者(E对)为严重的全身性疾病不能耐受手术。宫腔压力大(A错,为本题正确答案)不是人工负压吸引术禁忌证。"} {"Question":"女子婚后同居2年,未避孕而未受孕,应属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"断绪"},{"key":"B","value":"继发性不孕"},{"key":"C","value":"断产"},{"key":"D","value":"全不产"},{"key":"E","value":"五不女"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"女子婚后同居2年,未避孕而未受孕属于不孕症范畴,且根据题干信息可判断为原发性不孕。不孕症是指妇女婚后未避孕、有正常性生活、夫妇同居1年而未孕;分为原发性和继发性两类。其中既往从未有过妊娠史,无避孕且从未妊娠者称为原发性不孕;既往有过妊娠史,而后无避孕连续1年未妊娠者称为继发性不孕。中医学将原发性不孕称为:“全不产”(D对)“绝产”“绝嗣”“绝子”等,继发性不孕称为“断绪”(AB错)。断产是绝育的意思(C错)。五不女是指女子先天性生理缺陷,即螺、纹、鼓、角、脉五种,前人认为这类情况没有生育能力(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗不孕症血瘀证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归补血汤"},{"key":"B","value":"补阳还五汤"},{"key":"C","value":"少腹逐瘀汤"},{"key":"D","value":"桃红四物汤"},{"key":"E","value":"通窍活血汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"不孕血瘀证表现为婚久不孕,月经后期,经量多少不一,色紫夹块,经行不畅,小腹疼痛拒按,或腰骶疼痛,少腹逐瘀汤可以活血化瘀,调理冲任,治疗不孕症的血瘀证(C对)。当归补血汤(A错)适用于气血两虚证。补阳还五汤(B错)适用于气虚血瘀证。桃红四物汤(D错)适用于因虚致瘀,月经过多的血瘀证。通窍活血汤(E错)适用于头痛血瘀证。"} {"Question":"胎儿生长受限是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕37周后,胎儿出生体重小于3000g"},{"key":"B","value":"孕42周后,胎儿出生体重小于2500g"},{"key":"C","value":"孕37周后,胎儿出生体重小于2000g"},{"key":"D","value":"孕37周后,胎儿出生体重小于2500g"},{"key":"E","value":"孕42周后,胎儿出生体重小于2000g"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胎儿生长受限是由于病理原因造成的出生体重低于同孕龄同性别胎儿平均体重的两个标准差或第10百分位数,或足月胎儿出生体重小于2500g,实质是胎儿的生长未能达到其潜在应有的生长速率(D对)。"} {"Question":"下列妊娠期急性肾盂肾炎的治疗,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"首选氨苄西林、头孢菌素类药物"},{"key":"B","value":"无症状性菌尿2周为1疗程"},{"key":"C","value":"有症状性肾盂肾炎4周为1疗程"},{"key":"D","value":"症状重者两药联合静滴效果佳"},{"key":"E","value":"选用喹诺酮类药物"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"妊娠期急性肾盂肾炎的治疗:抗生素首选对胎儿影响较小的药物,如氨苄西林、青霉素类、头孢菌素类(A对)。若为无症状菌尿症和急性膀胱炎,以2周为1疗程(B对)。若为有症状性肾盂肾炎,则4周为1疗程(C对)。其他抗生素可根据药敏结果选用,症状重者两药联合静滴效果佳(D对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"妊娠剧吐则气阴两亏证的治疗方剂为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香砂六君子汤"},{"key":"B","value":"橘皮竹茹汤"},{"key":"C","value":"小半夏加茯苓汤"},{"key":"D","value":"生脉散合益胃汤"},{"key":"E","value":"干姜人参半夏丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"妊娠恶阻之气阴两虚主因妊娠呕吐久治不愈,呕吐剧烈,持续日久,导致气阴两虚,治宜益气养阴,和胃止呕,方用生脉散合益胃汤(D对)。妊娠剧吐的痰湿阻滞证选用小半夏加茯苓汤来和胃止呕,引水下行(C错)。香砂六君子汤(A错)为治疗妊娠恶阻之脾胃虚弱证的方药;橘皮竹茹汤(B错)为治疗妊娠恶阻之肝胃不和证的方药;干姜人参半夏丸(E错)主治脾胃不和之妊娠呕吐。"} {"Question":"女性,26岁,已婚孕48天,阴道不规则出血5天,突感一侧下腹撕裂样剧痛,拒按。首先应考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎动不安"},{"key":"B","value":"胞阻"},{"key":"C","value":"异位妊娠"},{"key":"D","value":"堕胎"},{"key":"E","value":"小产"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者婚孕48天,具有停经史,阴道不规则出血5天,下腹撕裂样剧痛,首先考虑的诊断是异位妊娠(C对)。妊娠期出现腰酸腹痛、胎动下坠、阴道少量流血者,称为胎动不安(A错)。胞阻是指女性妊娠期间,出现以小腹疼痛为主的病证(B错)。堕胎中断怀孕或人工流产,导致胎儿死亡的行为(D错)。小产指妊娠12~28周内,胎儿已成形而自然殒堕为主要表现的疾病(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不是妊娠合并心脏病主要症状的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心悸"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛"},{"key":"C","value":"浮肿"},{"key":"D","value":"气短"},{"key":"E","value":"乏力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"妊娠合并心脏病多见以心血管系统疾病症状,包括胸痛而非腹痛(B错,为本题正确答案)、心悸(A对)胸闷、劳力性呼吸困难(D对)、乏力(E对)…体征可见浮肿(C对)、紫绀…"} {"Question":"先兆流产的气血虚弱证的治疗方剂为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寿胎丸"},{"key":"B","value":"胎元饮"},{"key":"C","value":"保阴煎"},{"key":"D","value":"桂枝茯苓丸合寿胎丸"},{"key":"E","value":"圣愈汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"先兆流产的气血虚弱证多由于母体气血素虚,或久病大病耗伤气血,或孕后思虑过度,劳倦伤脾,气血生化不足,气血虚弱,冲任匮乏,不能固摄滋养胎元,致胎元不固。治宜补气养血,固肾安胎,方用胎元饮(B对)。先兆流产肾虚证的治疗方剂为寿胎丸(A错);先兆流产血热证的治疗方剂为保阴煎(C错);先兆流产血瘀证的治疗方剂宜选用桂枝茯苓丸(D错)加菟丝子、桑寄生、续断;若妊娠期间不慎跌扑闪挫,继则腰腹疼痛,胎动下坠,阴道流血,精神倦怠,脉滑无力,治宜选用圣愈汤(E错)来益气养血,固肾安胎。"} {"Question":"预防子宫破裂不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"做好产前检查"},{"key":"B","value":"密切观察产程进展"},{"key":"C","value":"严格掌握宫缩剂使用的适应证、禁忌证"},{"key":"D","value":"应用镇静剂"},{"key":"E","value":"手法应轻柔,忌用暴力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"预防子宫破裂应做好产前检查(A对),及时发现胎位、骨盆、胎儿的异常,密切观察产程进展(B对),临产后注意宫缩情况及胎先露下降情况,掌握试产的适应证,特别对有剖宫产史准备试产时尤应注意产程进展情况,严格掌握宫缩剂使用的适应证、禁忌证(C对),应用缩宫素催产时需专人监护,规范手术操作,手法应轻柔,忌粗暴(E对)。不包括应用镇静剂(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列关于子宫脱垂临床特点的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期摩擦导致宫颈溃疡,出血"},{"key":"B","value":"继发感染,有脓性分泌物渗出"},{"key":"C","value":"有尿潴留出现"},{"key":"D","value":"可发生张力性尿失禁"},{"key":"E","value":"合并妊娠时,子宫脱垂程度加重"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"子宫脱垂的临床表现:Ⅰ度患者一般无不适。Ⅱ度以上患者常有不同程度的腰骶部疼痛或下坠感;站立过久、劳累后或腹压增加时症状明显,卧床休息后减轻。Ⅲ度常伴有排尿排便困难,或便秘,或遗尿,或有残余尿及张力性尿失禁(CD对),易并发膀胱炎;脱出的子宫即使休息后也不能自行回缩,通常需用手推送才能将其还纳至阴道内。脱出在外的子宫及阴道黏膜长期与衣裤摩擦可导致宫颈、阴道壁溃疡,甚至出血(A对);继发感染时,有脓血分泌物渗出(B对)(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"治疗气虚型子宫脱垂,应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大补元煎"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"C","value":"八珍汤"},{"key":"D","value":"举元煎"},{"key":"E","value":"补中益气汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"气虚型子宫脱垂,是由于久泻久痢,或劳累太过,或孕育过多,产后失养导致脾虚气陷,升举无力,因此宜用具有补益中气,升阳举陷功效的补中益气汤(E对);大补元煎具有补肾固脱,益气升提的功效,可以用于治疗子宫脱垂的肾气虚亏证,症见阴中有物脱出,久脱不复,腰酸腿软,头晕耳鸣,小便频数或不利,小腹下坠。舌质淡苔薄,脉沉弱(A错);归脾汤具有益气补血,健脾养心的功效,主治心脾气血两虚证,症见心悸怔忡,健忘失眠,盗汗,体倦食少,面色萎黄,舌淡,苔薄白,脉细弱(B错);八珍汤具有益气补血之功效,主治气血两虚证,症见面色苍白或萎黄,头晕耳眩,四肢倦怠,气短懒言,心悸怔忡,饮食减少,舌淡苔薄白,脉细弱或虚大无力(C错);举元煎具有益气升提的功效,主治气虚下陷、血崩血脱、亡阳垂危等证(D错)。"} {"Question":"子宫内膜脱落不全","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经周期正常,量少"},{"key":"B","value":"月经中期出血,量少"},{"key":"C","value":"月经间隔时间正常,但经期延长9-10天,量多"},{"key":"D","value":"月经周期紊乱,经期长短不一,出血时多时少"},{"key":"E","value":"月经周期缩短,月经频发"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"子宫内膜不规则脱落由于下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴调节功能紊乱,或溶黄体机制失常,引起黄体萎缩不全,而内膜持续受孕激素影响,不能如期完整脱落。正常月经第3~4日时,分泌期子宫内膜已全部脱落。黄体萎缩不全时,月经期第5~6日仍能见到呈分泌反应的子宫内膜,常表现为残留的分泌期内膜与出血坏死组织及新增生的内膜混合共存。所以表现为月经间隔时间正常,但经期延长9-10天,量多(C对);月经周期正常,量少有可能是流产后造成的子宫内膜的损伤或者宫腔粘连或排卵不正常等原因导致(A错);月经中期出血,量少通常是由于排卵期体内的雌性激素和孕激素均降到相对最低的状态,子宫内膜失去雌孕激素的支撑,就造成了撤退性的出血(B错);月经周期紊乱,经期长短不一,出血时多时少是功能失调性子宫出血的临床表现(D错);月经周期缩短,月经频发可能是黄体功能不全、卵泡期缩短、卵巢储备功能不良等原因造成的(E错)。"} {"Question":"痛经气滞血瘀证的治法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"理气化瘀止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"温经暖宫止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"益气养血止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清热除湿,化瘀止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"益肾养肝止痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"痛经气滞血瘀证的病机是肝失条达,冲任气血郁滞,经血不利,不通则痛;治宜理气活血,逐瘀止痛,方用活血祛瘀,行气止痛的膈下逐瘀汤(A对)。温经暖宫止痛(B错)为痛经寒湿凝滞证的治法;痛经气血虚弱证治宜益气养血止痛(C错);痛经湿热瘀滞证治宜清热除湿,化瘀止痛(D错);益肾养肝止痛(E错)为痛经肝肾亏损证的治法。"} {"Question":"治疗月经先后不定期肝郁肾虚证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丹皮、黄柏、熟地、白芍、茯苓、青蒿、地骨皮"},{"key":"B","value":"丹皮、黄柏、熟地、白芍、茯苓、阿胶、麦门冬"},{"key":"C","value":"丹皮、黄柏、熟地、白芍、山药、太子参、麦门冬"},{"key":"D","value":"当归、白芍、熟地、黑荆芥、柴胡、山药、茯苓、菟丝子"},{"key":"E","value":"当归、赤芍、熟地、黑荆芥、柴胡、茯苓、续断、女贞子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"月经先后不定期的肝郁肾虚证主要是肝肾功能失常,冲任失调,血海蓄溢无常。治宜疏肝补肾,养血调经,方用定经汤《傅青主女科》 ,其中定经汤的组成为:菟丝子、白芍、当归、熟地、山药、茯苓、黑荆芥穗、柴胡(D对)。"} {"Question":"女性,28岁,已婚,近4个月来月经10~12天\/28~30天,经量每次用卫生斤12条,妇科检查及B超检查无异常,基础体温呈双相型,于经行数天后缓慢下降,月经第5天子宫内膜检查呈分泌反应。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经过多,无排卵型功能失调性子宫出血"},{"key":"B","value":"月经过多,黄体功能不全"},{"key":"C","value":"经期延长,无排卵型功能失调性子宫出血"},{"key":"D","value":"经期延长,子宫内膜脱落不全"},{"key":"E","value":"经期延长,排卵期出血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"子宫内膜不规则脱落是由于下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴调节功能紊乱,或溶黄体机制失常,引起黄体萎缩不全,而内膜持续受孕激素影响,不能如期完整脱落。正常月经第3~4 日时,分泌期子宫内膜已全部脱落。黄体萎缩不全时,月经期第5~6日仍能见到呈分泌反应的子宫内膜,常表现为残留的分泌期内膜与出血坏死组织及新增生的内膜混合共存(D对);无排卵性异常子宫出血主要是不规则子宫出血,常表现为月经周期紊乱,经期长短及出血量不一,可点滴出血,亦可大量出血。出血量多或时间长时可继发贫血,伴有乏力、头晕、心悸等症状,甚至出现失血性休克(AC错);黄体功能不足表现为月经周期缩短,有时周期虽在正常范围内,但卵泡期延长,黄体期缩短,常伴不孕或孕早期流产(B错);排卵期出血表现为规律的两次月经间期出血,一般<7天,量少(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗子宫内膜异位症气滞血瘀证,应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温经汤"},{"key":"B","value":"桃红四物汤"},{"key":"C","value":"少腹逐瘀汤"},{"key":"D","value":"失笑散"},{"key":"E","value":"膈下逐瘀汤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"治疗子宫内膜异位症气滞血瘀证,应理气活血,化瘀止痛,首选膈下逐淤汤(E对)。温经汤(A错)适用于实寒或虚寒使经脉凝滞,冲任受阻所致月经后期、月经过少、闭经、痛经、妊娠腹痛、产后腹痛、恶露不下等。桃红四物汤(B错)适用于血瘀证导致的月经过多。少腹逐瘀汤(C错)适用于气滞血瘀所致的痛经、闭经、崩漏、癥瘕等。失笑散(D错)适用于血瘀证所致的产后恶露不尽。"} {"Question":"幼儿急疹发热与出疹的关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热数小时~1天出疹"},{"key":"B","value":"发热1~2天出疹"},{"key":"C","value":"发热3~4天出疹,出疹时发热更高"},{"key":"D","value":"发热3~4天出疹,疹出热退"},{"key":"E","value":"发热与出疹无明显关系"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"幼儿急疹,是人疱疹病毒6、7型导致的婴幼儿期常见的一种发疹性疾病,以持续高热3~4天,热退疹出为临床特点(D对E错)。风疹是发热数小时~1天出疹(A错)。猩红热是发热1~2天出疹(B错)。麻疹是发热3~4天出疹,出疹时发热更高(C错)。"} {"Question":"麻疹恢复期,皮肤可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无色素斑痕,有糠麸样细微脱屑"},{"key":"B","value":"无色素斑痕,可见脱皮"},{"key":"C","value":"有色素斑痕,可见脱皮"},{"key":"D","value":"有色素斑痕,可见糠麸样细微脱屑"},{"key":"E","value":"有色素斑痕,无脱屑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"麻疹恢复期,皮肤可见有色素斑痕,可见糠麸样细微脱屑。是真皮和黏膜下层的毛细血管发炎,血管内皮细胞充血、水肿、增殖及浆液渗出所致(D对)。"} {"Question":"下列各项,不属母乳喂养优点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"母乳中含有最适合婴儿生长发育的各种营养素,易于消化和吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"母乳中含有丰富的抗体、活性细胞和其他免疫活性物质,可增强婴儿抗感染的能力"},{"key":"C","value":"母乳中饱和脂肪酸较多,有利于脑发育"},{"key":"D","value":"母乳温度及泌乳速度适宜,新鲜无细菌、污染"},{"key":"E","value":"初乳中含丰富的SIgA,在胃中不被消化,在肠道中发挥免疫防御作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"母乳含不饱和脂肪酸多(C错,为本题正确答案),特别是亚油酸较丰富,还含卵磷脂、鞘磷脂以及牛磺酸、DHA,对小儿脑发育十分重要。母乳中含有最适合婴儿生长发育的各种营养素,易于消化和吸收(A对),是婴儿期前4~6月最理想的食物和饮料,如母乳中所含酪蛋白为β-酪蛋白,凝块小;白蛋白为乳清蛋白,均易于消化吸收。母乳中含有丰富的抗体、活性细胞和其他免疫活性物质,可增强婴儿抗感染的能力(B对)。母乳温度及泌乳速度适宜,新鲜无细菌、污染(D对)。初乳中含丰富的SIgA,在胃中不被消化,在肠道中发挥免疫防御作用(E对)。"} {"Question":"以下哪项不是小儿的生理特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脏腑娇嫩"},{"key":"B","value":"发育迅速"},{"key":"C","value":"形气未充"},{"key":"D","value":"肝常有余"},{"key":"E","value":"生机蓬勃"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小儿的生理特点包括脏腑娇嫩(A对)、形气未充(C对)和生机蓬勃(E对),发育迅速(B对)。脏腑娇嫩、形气未充,是说小儿时期机体各系统和器官的形态发育都未曾成熟,生理功能都是不完善的。生机蓬勃,发育迅速,指的是小儿充满生机,在生长发育过程中,无论在机体的形态结构方面,还是各种生理功能活动方面,都是在不断地、迅速地向着成熟、完善方向发展。肝常有余为小儿的病理特点之一(D对,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"卫气营血辨证与三焦辨证常用于治疗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"肠寄生虫病"},{"key":"C","value":"营养性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"急性传染病"},{"key":"E","value":"结缔组织病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"温病即热性病,大多属于传染性疾病的范围,以发病急,进展快,变化多为特点,这类疾病的辨证论治,是在《伤寒论》六经辨证的基础上,根据病情发展的规律,运用三焦辨证和卫气营血辨证(D对)。"} {"Question":"婴儿基础代谢所需的能量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"占总能量50%到60%"},{"key":"B","value":"占总能量25%到30%"},{"key":"C","value":"占总能量7%到8%"},{"key":"D","value":"占总能量10%"},{"key":"E","value":"占总能量5%"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"基础代谢率是指在清醒安静状态下,维持人体功能的最低能量。婴幼儿期基础代谢所需能量约占总热量60%(A对)。占总能量25%到30%(B错)为生长发育所消耗的能量。占总能量7%到8%(C错)为食物的热力作用所消耗的能量。占总能量10%(D错)为排泄消耗的能量。占总能量5%(E错)为较大儿童食物的热力作用所消耗能量的上限值。"} {"Question":"按公式计算,正常5岁小儿的收缩压是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"84mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"88mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"90mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"92mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"100mmHg"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"儿童时期正常血压推算公式:收缩压(mmHg)=80+2×年龄(岁);舒张压(mmHg)=收缩压×2\/3,小儿5岁代入上述公式计算收缩压(mmHg)=80+2×5=90mmHg(C对)。"} {"Question":"小儿指纹分三关,从虎口到食指端依次为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"命关、气关、风关"},{"key":"B","value":"气关、命关、风关"},{"key":"C","value":"气关、风关、命关"},{"key":"D","value":"风关、气关、命关"},{"key":"E","value":"风关、命关、气关"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"观察指纹是儿科的特殊诊法,适用于3岁以下小儿,指纹从虎口沿食指内侧(桡侧)所显现的脉络(浅表静脉),以食指三指节横纹分风、气、命三关,食指根的第一指节为风关,第二指节为气关,第三指节为命关,故小儿指紋从虎口到食指端依次为风关、气关、命关(D对)。"} {"Question":"婴儿期要注意预防的主要疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒冷综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"感染性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿热"},{"key":"E","value":"近视眼"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"婴儿出生5~6月后,来自母体的被动免疫已告结束,自身免疫能力虽有一定程度增长,但是仍然比较低下,易患感染性疾病,需按计划免疫程序接受基础免疫。传染病包含于感染性疾病的范畴内,婴儿除易患麻疹等传染性疾病,也容易患鹅口疮、肺炎等其他病原微生物引起的非传染性感染性疾病,故选择感染性疾病更为合适(B错C对)。寒冷综合征(A错)为新生儿期要注意预防的疾病。风湿热(D错)是学龄前期要注意预防的疾病。近视眼(E错)为学龄期要注意预防的疾病。"} {"Question":"性别与真实性别不一致者为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同性性早熟"},{"key":"B","value":"异性性早熟"},{"key":"C","value":"真性性早熟"},{"key":"D","value":"假性性早熟"},{"key":"E","value":"特发性性早熟"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"按第二性征特征分类:早现的第二性征与患儿原性别相同时称为同性性早熟,与原性别相反时称为异性性早熟(B对A错)。中枢性性早熟又称真性性早熟,是由于儿童HPGA轴功能提前启动所致。下丘脑GnRH脉冲释放明显增强,垂体LH、FSH和卵巢、睾丸类固醇性激素浓度提前升高,配子开始形成,其发病机制复杂(C错)。其中原因不明者,称为特发性性早熟,又称为体质性性早熟,多见于女性。继发性性早熟则多见于中枢神经系统的异常(E错)。假性性早熟又称外周性性早熟,非受控于 HPGA轴,有第二性征的发育和性激素水平的升高,但是患儿的HPGA轴并未启动,反而受到体内存在的性激素的负反馈抑制,无性腺的发育(D错)。"} {"Question":"性早熟是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"女童在8岁以前出现乳房增大阴毛腋毛生长等第二性征的一种或一种以上者,均属性早熟"},{"key":"B","value":"包括真性性早熟假性性早熟和中性性早熟"},{"key":"C","value":"女童在12岁以前出现月经初潮,属性早熟"},{"key":"D","value":"女童在14岁以前出现第二性征发育,属性早熟"},{"key":"E","value":"有肿瘤引起的假性性早熟"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"我国性早熟的年龄界限定义为:女孩8岁前、男孩9岁前出现性征发育,欧洲和日本的标准认为女性9.5~10岁前出现月经初潮也应属于性早熟的范畴。诊断程序首先应确定是否为性早熟;其次根据Tanner分期,确定性征的发育程度,再区分性早熟是中枢性还是外周性;还需要鉴别性早熟的病因,特发性还是器质性(A对)。性早熟的病因较为复杂,最新分为两大类,不包括中性性早熟(B错)。国际上一般把女孩8岁之前,男孩9岁之前出现第二性征发育定义为性早熟(CD错)。有肿瘤引起的假性性早熟是假性性早熟中的一种,不能涵盖性早熟的定义(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,5岁。2周前曾患感冒,现觉乏力,时有胸痛,间见憋气,纳差便调,咽红咳嗽,苔黄,脉数。治疗应首选的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生脉散"},{"key":"B","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"C","value":"失笑散"},{"key":"D","value":"桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤"},{"key":"E","value":"葛根黄芩黄连汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿感冒,现觉乏力,时有胸痛,间见憋气,纳差便调,咽红咳嗽,苔黄,脉数。诊断为风热感冒,风热之邪,侵犯肺卫,邪在卫表,卫气不畅,则致发热较重、恶风、微有汗出;风热之邪上扰,则头痛;热邪客于肺卫,肺气失宣,则致鼻塞、流浊涕、喷嚏、咳嗽;咽喉为肺胃之门户,风热上乘咽喉,则致咽喉肿痛等证候(B对)。生脉散主治温热、暑热、耗气伤阴证。汗多神疲,体倦乏力,气短懒言,咽干口渴,舌干红少苔,脉虚数(A错)。失笑散主治瘀血停滞证。心腹刺痛,或产后恶露不行,或月经不调,少腹急痛等(C错)。病毒性心肌炎心阳虚弱证用桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤(D错)。葛根黄芩黄连汤主治外感表证未解,热邪入里,身热,下利臭秽,肛门有灼热感,心下痞,胸脘烦热,喘而汗出,口干而渴,苔黄,脉数(E错)。"} {"Question":"治疗肺炎喘嗽肺脾气虚证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参五味子汤"},{"key":"B","value":"沙参麦门冬汤"},{"key":"C","value":"参附龙牡救逆汤"},{"key":"D","value":"四君子汤"},{"key":"E","value":"玉屏风散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺炎喘嗽肺脾气虚证是由于病情迁延不愈,累及于脾所致,故治疗时应补肺健脾,益气化痰,首选人参五味子汤(A对)。沙参麦门冬汤(B错)其功用清养肺胃,生津润燥,适用于肺炎喘嗽之阴虚肺热证,百日咳恢复期之肺阴亏虚证。参附龙牡救逆汤(C错)其功用为益气回阳固脱,适用于肺炎喘嗽之心阳虚衰证。四君子汤(D错)其功用为益气健脾,适用于脾胃气虚证。玉屏风散(E错)其功用为益气固表止汗,适用于表虚自汗证。"} {"Question":"治疗小儿哮喘发作期寒证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定喘汤"},{"key":"B","value":"麻杏石甘汤"},{"key":"C","value":"小青龙汤合三子养亲汤"},{"key":"D","value":"玉屏风散"},{"key":"E","value":"桑菊饮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"支气管哮喘寒性哮喘是由外感风寒而诱发,外寒里饮所致,治以温肺散寒,化痰定喘,方药为小青龙汤合三子养亲汤(C对)。定喘汤(A错)其功用为宣肺降气,清热化痰,适用于热性哮喘。麻杏石甘汤(B错)其功用辛凉疏表,清肺平喘,适用于热性哮喘。玉屏风散(D错)其功用为益气固表止汗,适用于表虚自汗证。桑菊饮(E错)其功用为疏风清热,宣肺止咳,适用于风温初起,表热轻证。"} {"Question":"小儿感冒主要的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎支原体"},{"key":"C","value":"衣原体"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"立克次体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小儿感冒主要的病原体是病毒。肺炎支原体也可引起上呼吸道感染。细菌感染多为继发,溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌、嗜血流感杆菌及葡萄球菌等多见(A对)。"} {"Question":"治疗小儿暑邪感冒,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"荆防败毒散"},{"key":"B","value":"新加香薷饮"},{"key":"C","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"D","value":"三拗汤"},{"key":"E","value":"桑菊饮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"小儿暑邪感冒证是由暑湿之邪束于肌表而致,治以清暑解表,方药为新加香薷饮(B对)。荆防败毒散(A错)其功用为疏风散寒,可用于感冒之风寒感冒证。银翘散(C错)其功用为辛凉解表,可用于风疹之邪郁肺卫证、外感咳嗽之风热咳嗽。三拗汤(D错)其功用为宣肺解表,适用于外感风寒,肺气不宣证。桑菊饮(E错)其功用为疏风清热,宣肺止咳,适用于风温初起,表热轻证。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,6个月。夜惊多汗,烦躁不安,面色不华,纳食不佳,枕秃,舌淡苔白,指纹淡。实验室检查:血钙磷乘积稍低,血碱性磷酸酶升高。诊断为佝偻病,其分期及证型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活动早期,肾精亏损"},{"key":"B","value":"活动早期,肾虚骨弱"},{"key":"C","value":"活动早期,脾气虚弱"},{"key":"D","value":"活动期,肾精亏损"},{"key":"E","value":"活动期,肾虚骨弱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本病例已明确诊断佝偻病。初期,常见于3~6个月内的小婴儿,主要表现为神经兴奋性增高,如有烦躁、睡眠不安、易惊、夜啼、多汗等症,并可致枕部脱发而见枕秃。血生化改变轻微,血清25-(OH)D3下降,血钙正常或略下降,血磷降低,碱性磷酸酶正常或稍高,骨骼X线摄片可无异常,或见临时钙化带稍模糊。据患儿发病年龄、临床症状与体征,结合实验室检查,故其分期为初期(旧教材表述为活动早期)。脾失健运,无以输布水谷精微,病久全身脏腑失于濡养,则见面色不华,纳食不佳;脾虚肝失所制,则肝木亢盛,则夜惊,烦躁不安;肺气不足,卫外不固,则多汗;肾虚骨髓不充,骨失所养,则出现枕秃,故其证型为脾气虚弱证(有教材表述为脾气虚弱证)(C对)。肾精亏损(新教材表述为脾肾亏损)多见于活动期,临床以多汗、纳呆乏力、烦躁夜啼,伴明显骨骼改变为特征(AD错)。肾虚骨弱证多见于本病的恢复期及后遗症期,临床以遗留明显骨骼畸形为特征(BE错)。"} {"Question":"治疗新生儿黄疸湿热熏蒸证应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"茵陈术附汤"},{"key":"B","value":"茵陈蒿汤"},{"key":"C","value":"八正散"},{"key":"D","value":"清胃黄连丸"},{"key":"E","value":"参苓白术散"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"新生儿黄疸湿热熏蒸证是由于婴儿感受湿热邪毒,未能输化,郁结于里,熏蒸肝胆,胆汁外溢所致,治以清热利湿退黄,方药为茵陈蒿汤(B对)。茵陈术附汤(A错)其功用为温化寒湿,适用于阴黄之寒实阻遏证。八正散(C错)其功用为清热利湿通淋,适用于热淋。清胃黄连丸(D错)其功用为清胃泻火,解毒消肿,适用于肺胃火盛所致的口舌生疮,齿龈、咽喉肿痛等症。参苓白术散(E错)其功用为益气健脾、渗湿止泻,适用于脾虚夹湿证。"} {"Question":"新生儿寒冷损伤综合征应首先辨别的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚与实"},{"key":"B","value":"气与血"},{"key":"C","value":"表与里"},{"key":"D","value":"阴与阳"},{"key":"E","value":"寒与热"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"新生儿寒冷损伤综合征首先辨别虚、实(A对)、寒、瘀。凡早产儿、体弱儿,喂养反应迟钝、哭声低微、气息微弱者,属于阳虚;体质尚可,皮肤硬肿、凉、暗、发紫,有冷冻史者属于寒实。"} {"Question":"生理性胎黄,黄疸出现的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生后2周"},{"key":"B","value":"出生后2~3天"},{"key":"C","value":"出生后6~7天"},{"key":"D","value":"出生后24小时内"},{"key":"E","value":"出生后4~5天"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"生理性胎黄是指婴儿出生后2~3天出现黄疸(B对)。病理性胎黄出现时间早,在生后24小时内出现(D错)。"} {"Question":"治疗鹅口疮虚火上炎证,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热泻脾散"},{"key":"B","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"C","value":"泻心导赤散"},{"key":"D","value":"黄连解毒汤"},{"key":"E","value":"六味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鹅口疮虚火上炎证是由于阴虚水不制火,虚火循经上炎所致,治疗时应滋阴降火,首选知柏地黄丸(旧教材为\"六味地黄丸加肉桂\")(E对)。清热泻脾散(A错)其功用为清脾泄热,使用于心脾蕴热之鹅口疮。参苓白术散(B错)其功用益气健脾,渗湿止泻,适应于脾虚泻。泻心导赤散(C错)其功用为清心泻火,适用于疱疹性口炎之心火上炎证。黄连解毒汤(D错)其功用为泻火解毒,适用于三焦火毒证。"} {"Question":"小儿腹泻阴竭阳脱证的治疗方剂为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葛根黄芩黄连汤加减"},{"key":"B","value":"藿香正气散加减"},{"key":"C","value":"保和丸加减"},{"key":"D","value":"人参乌梅汤加减"},{"key":"E","value":"生脉散合参附龙牡救逆汤加减"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"小儿腹泻阴竭阳脱证是由于泻下过度,气阴两伤,阴伤及阳所致,治疗时应挽阴回阳,救逆固脱,首选生脉散合参附龙牡救逆汤加减(E对)。葛根黄芩黄连汤(A错)其功用为解表清里,适用于腹泻之湿热泻。藿香正气散(B错)其功用为解表化湿,理气和中,适用于腹泻之风寒泻。保和丸(C错)其功用为消食和胃,适用于腹泻之伤食泻。人参乌梅汤(D错)其功用为酸甘化阴,健脾止痢,适用于腹泻之气阴两伤证。"} {"Question":"患儿,5个月。急性腹泻,频繁呕吐2天,检查头颅,可能发现的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"囟门逾期不闭"},{"key":"B","value":"囟门凹陷"},{"key":"C","value":"囟门高凸"},{"key":"D","value":"囟门宽大,头缝开解"},{"key":"E","value":"囟门早闭"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿急性腹泻,频繁呕吐,会导致丢失体液和摄入量不足,使体液总量尤其是细胞外液量减少,导致不同程度的脱水。患儿则表现为皮肤黏膜干燥,弹性下降,眼窝、囟门凹陷,尿少、泪少,甚则出现四肢发凉等末梢循环改变,故检查头颅,可能发现的体征是囟门凹陷(B对)。囟门逾期不闭(A错)见于佝偻病、先天性甲状腺功能低下症等。囟门高凸(C错)提示颅内压增高。囟门宽大,头缝开解(D错)见于解颅。囟门早闭(E错)见于小头畸形。"} {"Question":"急惊风邪陷心肝证的用方为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"B","value":"羚角钩藤汤"},{"key":"C","value":"琥珀抱龙丸"},{"key":"D","value":"玉枢丹合保和丸"},{"key":"E","value":"黄连解毒汤合白头翁汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急惊风之邪陷心肝证是由于外感邪毒入里化热化火,内陷心包,引动肝风所致,治疗时应平肝熄风,清心开窍,首选羚角钩藤汤(B对)。银翘散(A错)其功用为心凉透表,清热解毒,适用于急惊风之风热动风证。琥珀抱龙丸(C错)其功用为镇惊安神,适用于急惊风之暴受惊恐证。玉枢丹合保和丸(D错)适用于急惊风之痰湿惊风证。黄连解毒汤合白头翁汤(E错)适用于急惊风之湿热疫毒证。"} {"Question":"下列各项中,不属于惊风八候的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"搐"},{"key":"B","value":"摇"},{"key":"C","value":"搦"},{"key":"D","value":"引"},{"key":"E","value":"反"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"惊风根据抽搐时的主要表现可归纳为八种:搐(A对),即手臂伸缩;搦(C对),即十指开合;掣,即肩头相扑;颤,即手足动摇震颤;反(E对),即身向后反仰;引(D对),即手若开弓;窜,即两目发直;视,即眼露白睛而不灵活。摇(B错,为本题正确答案)不属于惊风八候。"} {"Question":"病毒性心肌炎气阴亏虚证治疗首选方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤"},{"key":"B","value":"炙甘草汤合生脉散"},{"key":"C","value":"黄芪桂枝五物汤"},{"key":"D","value":"炙甘草汤"},{"key":"E","value":"参附汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"病毒性心肌炎气阴两虚…治疗首选方是炙甘草汤合生脉散。气阴两虚证由热毒犯心,病久耗气伤阴,气阴亏虚所致。临床以心悸气短,五心烦热,舌红少苔或花剥苔为特征。治疗应益气养阴,宁心复脉。选方炙甘草汤合生脉散加减(B对)。桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤主治心阳不足证,烦躁不安,心悸,或失眠,心胸憋闷,畏寒肢冷,气短自汗,面色苍白(A错)。黄芪桂枝五物汤主治血痹,肌肤麻木不仁,脉微涩而紧(C错)。炙甘草汤主治阴血阳气虚弱,心脉失养证(D错)。参附汤主治元气大亏,阳气暴脱,汗出粘冷,四肢不温,呼吸微弱,或上气喘急,或大便自利,或脐腹疼痛,面色苍白,脉微欲绝(E错)。"} {"Question":"病毒性心肌炎病变过程中的病理产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰瘀湿阻"},{"key":"B","value":"痰湿内热"},{"key":"C","value":"风热邪毒"},{"key":"D","value":"瘀血痰浊"},{"key":"E","value":"湿热邪毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本病以外感风热、湿热邪毒为发病主因,瘀血、痰浊为主要病理产物。气阴耗伤,血脉受阻为主要病理变化。病变部位主要在心,常涉及肺、脾、肾。病程中或邪实正虚,或以虚为主,或虚中夹实,病机演变多端,特别要警惕心阳暴脱变证的发生(D对)。"} {"Question":"患儿,2岁。面色苍白,唇淡甲白、发黄稀疏,神疲乏力,形体消痩3个月,诊断为营养性缺铁性贫血。西药选用铁剂治疗后,正确的停药时间为血红蛋白()","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开始升高时"},{"key":"B","value":"达正常时"},{"key":"C","value":"达正常后2个月左右"},{"key":"D","value":"达正常后4个月左右"},{"key":"E","value":"达正常后6个月左右"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患儿已被明确诊断为营养性缺铁性贫血,即由于体内铁缺乏,使血红蛋白合成减少,临床以小细胞低色素性贫血、血清铁蛋白减少和铁剂治疗有效为特点的贫血症。故西医治疗以去除病因和补充铁剂为主。其中,经铁剂治疗血红蛋白达正常水平后,应继续服用铁剂6~8周再停药(约2个月),以补足铁的贮存量(C对)。"} {"Question":"蛲虫病的预防措施不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在集体儿童机构开展普查"},{"key":"B","value":"进行卫生宣教工作"},{"key":"C","value":"每年预防性口服灭虫药物"},{"key":"D","value":"培养良好的卫生习惯"},{"key":"E","value":"集体儿童机构勤用湿扫法打扫"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"蛲虫病的预防措施包括:注意个人卫生,培养良好的卫生习惯(D对),勤剪指甲,保持双手清洁,纠正吮指等不良习惯;加强卫生宣传(B对),改善环境卫生,切断传播途径;防止重复感染,家庭或集体儿童机构中的患儿应同时治疗,勤换衣物及被褥并用开水浸泡或煮蒸后在阳光下暴晒,以免再感染;居住环境应大扫除,采用湿擦湿扫(E对),防止虫卵飞扬,清洗并蒸煮玩具、用具等(C错,为本题正确答案)。在集体儿童机构开展普查属于流行病学调查,为预防性措施(A对)。"} {"Question":"小儿肾病综合征中脾肾阳虚证偏肾阳虚的首选方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真武汤和黄芪桂枝五物汤"},{"key":"B","value":"实脾饮"},{"key":"C","value":"右归丸"},{"key":"D","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"E","value":"五苓散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肾病综合征脾肾阳虚证是由于脾肾虚弱,气化、运化功能失常,津液输布失调所致,治以温肾健脾,化气行水,偏于肾阳虚者,方药为真武汤合黄芪桂枝五物汤(A对)。实脾饮(B错)其功用为温阳健脾,行气利水,适用于脾肾阳虚之偏于脾阳虚者。右归丸(C错)其功用为温补肾阳,填精益髓,适用于肾阳不足,命门火衰证,。六味地黄丸(D错)加黄芪,其功用为益气养阴,可用于肾病综合征之气阴两虚证。五苓散(E错)其功用为利水渗湿,温阳化气,适用于膀胱气化不利之蓄水证。"} {"Question":"急性肾炎出现明显水肿及少尿,应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"限制水盐及卧床休息"},{"key":"B","value":"二氮嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"速尿"},{"key":"D","value":"利血平"},{"key":"E","value":"西地兰"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"呋塞米又称速尿,利尿作用强,主要用于其他利尿药无效的严重水肿,急性肾炎出现明显水肿尿少应选用速尿(C对)。水肿、高血压者应限盐及限水。急性期必须卧床休息2~3周(A错)。二氮嗪用于治疗高血压危象,高血压脑病,幼儿特发性低血糖等(B错)。利血平主要用于轻、中度高血压患者(D错)。发生急性心衰时,应纠正心衰,用西地兰快速强心(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,2岁半。病初2天有轻微咳嗽,随后出现高热,体温达40℃,烦躁,频繁呕吐。查体:神志清楚,颈项强直;脑膜刺激征阳性,巴彬斯基征阳性;舌质红,苔薄黄;脑脊液检查:外观混浊,压力增高,细胞计数2000×10⁹\/L;以多核细胞为主,糖0.8mmol\/L,蛋白质1.1g\/L。应首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病毒性脑膜脑炎"},{"key":"B","value":"Reye综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"急性化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"隐球菌性脑膜炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据患儿高热、烦躁、呕吐,查体:脑膜刺激征阳性,故定位于神经系统疾病,初步考虑脑膜炎,结合脑脊液检查,故应首先考虑化脓性脑膜炎(C对)——小儿化脓性脑膜炎,是小儿时期较为常见的由多种化脓菌引起的以脑膜炎症为主的中枢神经系统感染性疾病,临床主要以发热、头痛、呕吐、惊厥、意识障碍、颅内压增高、脑膜刺激征阳性及脑脊液脓性改变。典型化脑的脑脊液外观混浊,压力增高,白细胞总数显著增多,达1000×10⁶\/L,分类以中性粒细胞为主,糖含量明显降低,常<1.1mmol\/L,蛋白质含量增高,多>1g\/L。病毒性脑膜脑炎(A错)临床表现与化脑相似,全身感染中毒及神经系统症状不重,脑脊液外观清亮,白细胞数0~数百×10⁶\/L,以淋巴细胞为主,糖含量正常,细菌学检查阴性,脑脊液中病毒特异性抗体和病毒分离有助诊断。Reye综合征(B错)临床主要表现为发热、昏迷、惊厥等急性脑病表现,脑脊液无明显异常,伴有肝功能异常,部分患者血糖下降。结核性脑膜炎(D错)除婴儿外,一般起病较缓,常有结核接触史及其他部位结核病灶。PPD检查阳性有重要参考价值。脑脊液外观呈毛玻璃状,白细胞数<500×10⁶\/L,以淋巴细胞为主,涂片抗酸染色和结核菌培养可帮助确定诊断。隐球菌性脑膜炎(E错)临床表现与化脓系脑膜炎相似,脑脊液压力增高,外观微混,毛玻璃样,蛋白含量轻~中度升高,细胞数增多,多在100×10⁶\/L左右,以淋巴细胞为主,氯化物及葡萄糖多降低,脑脊液涂片墨汁染色可直接发现隐球菌。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不属于特殊用途的化妆品","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脱毛剂"},{"key":"B","value":"美乳剂"},{"key":"C","value":"润肤霜"},{"key":"D","value":"祛斑剂"},{"key":"E","value":"防晒剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"洗涤剂表面活性剂毒性最小的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"助洗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"离子型"},{"key":"C","value":"阳离子型"},{"key":"D","value":"阴离子型"},{"key":"E","value":"非离子型"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂毒性最小的洗涤剂。洗涤剂表面活性剂毒性最小的是非离子型(E对AB错),表面活性剂毒性较大的是阳离子型(C错),阴离子型(D错)毒性介于两者之间。"} {"Question":"不是家庭常用的化学消毒剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"次氯酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"二氧化氯"},{"key":"C","value":"环氧乙烷"},{"key":"D","value":"苯扎溴铵、乙醇和碘酒"},{"key":"E","value":"过氧乙酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查家庭常用的化学消毒剂。化学消毒剂是指用于杀灭病原微生物的化学药物。家庭常用的化学消毒剂主要有次氯酸钙(A对)、环氧乙烷(C对)、过氧乙酸(E对)、苯扎溴铵、乙醇和碘酒(D对)等。二氧化氯(B错,为本题正确答案)不是家庭常用的化学消毒剂。"} {"Question":"家庭常用的洗涤剂产生危害的主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"助洗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"络合剂"},{"key":"C","value":"腐蚀抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"表面活性剂"},{"key":"E","value":"沉淀剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查家庭常用的洗涤剂产生危害的主要因素。表面活性剂具有亲水、亲油特性,可将污垢润湿、渗透,并借助于搓捏刷洗使污垢乳化、扩散至洗涤剂溶液中,从而达到去污目的。可分为阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性型4类,家庭常用的主要是阴离子型和非离子型洗涤剂。表面活性剂(D对ABCE错)是家庭常用的洗涤剂产生危害的主要因素。"} {"Question":"一般来说,除化妆品重金属污染外,影响化妆品安全性的更常见的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有毒化学添加剂的含量"},{"key":"B","value":"化妆品本身含过量的限用物质"},{"key":"C","value":"化妆品包装材料的化学污染"},{"key":"D","value":"化妆品成分中的致敏物质"},{"key":"E","value":"微生物污染"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查除化妆品重金属污染外,影响化妆品安全性的更常见的污染。一般来说,除化妆品重金属污染外,影响化妆品安全性的更常见的是微生物污染(E对ABCD错)。被微生物污染的化妆品可出现变色、异味、发霉、酸败、膏体液化分层等,从而引起各类型的化妆品皮肤病。"} {"Question":"与天然纤维相比,合成纤维织物的优点具体表现在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"透气性好"},{"key":"B","value":"吸汗性能"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制细菌繁殖"},{"key":"D","value":"不易引起皮炎"},{"key":"E","value":"轻便挺括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查与天然纤维相比,合成纤维的优点。合成纤维包括锦纶、涤纶、腈纶、丙纶、氯纶、维尼纶等。与天然纤维相比,合成纤维织物的优点具体表现在轻便挺括(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"临床上化妆品眼损害大多是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眼部皮肤粘膜特别敏感"},{"key":"B","value":"用于眼部的化妆品刺激性较强"},{"key":"C","value":"非眼部化妆品误入眼内"},{"key":"D","value":"不正确使用眼部化妆品"},{"key":"E","value":"眼部化妆品的使用频繁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查化妆品眼损害的原因。眼部皮肤和黏膜是特别敏感部位,一些在皮肤不引起损害的化妆品,在眼部则可引起不同程度的损害。临床上化妆品眼损害大多是由于非眼部化妆品误入眼内(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"化学消毒剂是指用于杀灭下列哪项的化学药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微生物"},{"key":"B","value":"寄生虫"},{"key":"C","value":"真菌"},{"key":"D","value":"病原微生物"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查化学消毒剂。化学消毒剂是指用于杀灭病原微生物(D对ABCE错)的化学药物。"} {"Question":"一青年妇女在初次使用护肤霜后未出现任何反应,连续使用多日后,皮肤逐渐出现红斑,并有皮肤干燥、皲裂,以后发展为丘疹、疱疹样湿疹等皮肤炎症,皮肤发痒,有不适和疼痛感。这种情况可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺激性接触性皮炎"},{"key":"B","value":"变应性接触性皮炎"},{"key":"C","value":"光变应性皮炎"},{"key":"D","value":"化妆品性痤疮"},{"key":"E","value":"真菌性皮肤损害"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"18401-2001),不接触皮肤的服装甲醛含量不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100mg\/kg"},{"key":"B","value":"200mg\/kg"},{"key":"C","value":"300mg\/kg"},{"key":"D","value":"400mg\/kg"},{"key":"E","value":"500mg\/kg"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查《纺织品甲醛含量的限定》(GB 18401-2001)规定的不接触皮肤的服装甲醛含量。《纺织品甲醛含量的限定》(GB 18401-2001),规定不接触皮肤的服装甲醛含量不得超过300mg\/kg(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"塑料制品燃烧时所产生的具有强烈致癌作用的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"TCDD"},{"key":"B","value":"PCDD"},{"key":"C","value":"DDT"},{"key":"D","value":"二噁英"},{"key":"E","value":"双酚A"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查塑料制品燃烧时所产生的具有强烈致癌作用的物质。塑料制品燃烧时会产生大量的环境毒物如二噁英(D对ABCE错),具有强烈的致癌作用。"} {"Question":"依据机体辐射剂量与临床类型判断,对放射损伤较为敏感的器官(组织)是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"脑干"},{"key":"C","value":"胃肠"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查对放射损伤较为敏感的器官(组织)。当外照射急性放射病的吸收剂量在1.0~10.0Gy时,暴露者会出现轻、中、重、极重骨髓型表现。依据机体辐射剂量与临床类型判断,对放射损伤较为敏感的器官(组织)是骨髓(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"印度博帕尔市的农药厂泄漏毒气事件是世界上最大的大气污染急性中毒事件,该厂泄漏的毒气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二氧化硫和飘尘"},{"key":"B","value":"光化学烟雾"},{"key":"C","value":"过氧乙酰基硝酸酯"},{"key":"D","value":"甲基异氰酸甲酯"},{"key":"E","value":"放射性毒物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在突发环境污染事件现场紧急医疗救助中,为了醒目辨认和分类处理,应在重伤人员的手臂上捆绑的纱布的颜色是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑色"},{"key":"B","value":"红色"},{"key":"C","value":"黄色"},{"key":"D","value":"绿色"},{"key":"E","value":"白色"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查突发环境污染事件现场紧急医疗救助的相关内容。在突发环境污染事件现场紧急医疗救助中,为了醒目辨认和分类处理,应在重伤人员的手臂上捆绑的纱布的颜色是红色(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"不属于突发环境污染事件的基本特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发生时间的突然性"},{"key":"B","value":"健康危害的短暂性"},{"key":"C","value":"污染范围的不定性"},{"key":"D","value":"负面影响的多重性"},{"key":"E","value":"健康危害的复杂性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查突发环境污染事件的基本特征。突发环境污染事件是指在社会生产和人民生活中所使用的化学品、易燃易爆危险品、放射性物品,在生产、运输、贮存、使用和处置等环节中,由于操作不当、交通肇事或人为破坏而造成的爆炸、泄漏,从而造成环境污染和人民群众健康危害的恶性事故。其基本特征有:1.发生时间的突然性(A对):多在瞬间发生,常常出乎人们的预料;2.污染范围的不定性(C对):由于造成突发环境污染事件的原因、规模及污染物种类具有很大未知性,故对大气、水域、土壤、森林、绿地、农田等环境介质的污染范围带有很大的不确定性;3.负面影响的多重性(D对):不论是发达国家,还是发展中国家,突发环境污染事件一旦发生,将对社会安定、经济发展、生态环境、人群健康产生诸多影响,且事件级别越高,危害越严重,恢复重建越困难;4.健康危害的复杂性(E对):突发环境污染事件可对现场及周围居民产生严重的健康危害,其表现形式与事故的原因、规模、发生形式、污染物种类及理化性质有关。健康危害的短暂性(B错,为本题正确答案)不属于突发环境污染事件的基本特征。"} {"Question":"在突发环境污染事件现场紧急医疗救助中,为了醒目辨认和分类处理,应在死亡人员的手臂上捆绑的纱布的颜色是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑色"},{"key":"B","value":"红色"},{"key":"C","value":"黄色"},{"key":"D","value":"绿色"},{"key":"E","value":"白色"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查突发环境污染事件的现场紧急医疗救助。在突发环境污染事件现场紧急医疗救助中,为了醒目辨认和分类处理,应在死亡人员的手臂上捆绑的纱布的颜色是黑色(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"突发环境污染事件的预警系统分为4个级别,Ⅰ级的颜色为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蓝色"},{"key":"B","value":"黄色"},{"key":"C","value":"橙色"},{"key":"D","value":"红色"},{"key":"E","value":"黑色"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对江河水系进行应急监测时,在突发环境污染事件发生断面处设置的采样点称之为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"监测断面"},{"key":"B","value":"控制断面"},{"key":"C","value":"对照断面"},{"key":"D","value":"消减断面"},{"key":"E","value":"削减断面"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查控制段面。对江河水系进行应急监测时,在突发环境污染事件发生断面处设置的采样点称之为控制段面(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"亚临床状态变化也就是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正常调节变化"},{"key":"B","value":"二蓄积阶段的变化"},{"key":"C","value":"代偿阶段变化"},{"key":"D","value":"失代偿阶段变化"},{"key":"E","value":"耐受阶段变化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查亚临床状态变化。亚临床变化是指人体接触环境中的生物性的、化学性的、物理性的致病因素后,发生代谢或功能上某种程度的变化,但无明显的临床症状和体征。因此,亚临床状态变化也就是代偿阶段变化(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"重庆开县油气田井喷事件中,泄漏出的剧毒窒息性气体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟化氢"},{"key":"B","value":"硫化氢"},{"key":"C","value":"甲基异氢酸酯"},{"key":"D","value":"氰化氢"},{"key":"E","value":"一氧化碳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查重庆开县油气田井喷事件中,泄漏出的剧毒窒息性气体。重庆开县油气田井喷事件中,泄漏出的剧毒窒息性气体是硫化氢(B对ACDE错)。高浓度硫化氢气体吸入,可使暴露人群出现意识不清、昏迷、抽搐、死亡。"} {"Question":"下列中不属于环境内分泌干扰物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"邻苯二甲酸酯类"},{"key":"B","value":"多氯联苯"},{"key":"C","value":"双酚A"},{"key":"D","value":"汞"},{"key":"E","value":"氰化物"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查环境内分泌干扰物。内分泌干扰化学物是对维持机体内环境稳态和调节发育过程的体内天然激素的生成、释放、转运、代谢、结合、效应造成严重影响的一类外源性物质。已被证实或疑为具有内分泌干扰作用的环境化学物质有数百种,包括邻苯二甲酸酯类(A对)、多氯联苯类(B对)、有机氯杀虫剂、烷基酚类、双酚化合物类(C对)、植物和真菌激素、重金属类(D对)等。氰化物(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于环境内分泌干扰物。"} {"Question":"“食物网”的概念是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多条食物链相互交叉相连,形成复杂的网络状食物关系"},{"key":"B","value":"多种生物相互作用,形成的网状食物关系"},{"key":"C","value":"多种生物因食物不同,形成的复杂的食物关系"},{"key":"D","value":"多种污染食物与健康的相互关系"},{"key":"E","value":"复杂的食物之间的关系"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查食物网。食物网是多条食物链相互交叉相连,形成复杂的网络状食物关系(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列是环境中易引起持续性蓄积危害的污染物,哪项除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"DDT"},{"key":"B","value":"氰化物"},{"key":"C","value":"汞"},{"key":"D","value":"镉"},{"key":"E","value":"铅"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环境中易引起持续性蓄积危害的污染物。持续性蓄积危害的污染物主要有两类,一类是铅(E对)、镉(D对)、汞(C对)等重金属及其化合物,另一类是脂溶性强、不易降解的有机化合物(A对),这类化合物能在环境中长期残留持久存在,在生物体内持续性蓄积,被称为持久性有机污染物。氰化物(B错,为本题正确答案)不能引起持续性蓄积危害。"} {"Question":"影响污染物对人体作用的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"污染物的理化特性"},{"key":"B","value":"剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"作用持续时间"},{"key":"D","value":"个体感受性"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查影响污染物对人体作用的因素。影响污染物对人体作用的因素有污染物的理化特性、剂量、作用持续时间和个体感受性(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"以下都是环境毒理学在环境因素对健康影响的研究中的优点,哪项除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人为地控制化学物的暴露剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"人为地控制化学物的暴露时间"},{"key":"C","value":"更能反映对人的有害效应"},{"key":"D","value":"可应用特殊基因型的细胞、转基因动物等试验材料进行研究"},{"key":"E","value":"效应观察的指标不受限制"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查环境毒理学在环境因素对健康影响的研究中的优点。环境毒理学研究方法的优点包括人为地控制暴露水平和强度(AB对);可应用特殊基因型的细胞、转基因动物等试验材料进行研究(D对);效应观察的指标不受限制(E对)。更能反映对人的有害效应(C错,为本题正确答案)不是环境毒理学研究方法的优点。"} {"Question":"有害和不利的自然环境因素的下列特征,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"历来存在"},{"key":"B","value":"比次生环境的问题出现早"},{"key":"C","value":"依然存在"},{"key":"D","value":"将继续长期存在"},{"key":"E","value":"将逐渐消失"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查自然环境的相关内容。自然环境因素有对健康不利的,也有不少有害的因素。这些因素历来存在,比次生环境的问题出现早,将继续长期存在,不会逐渐消失(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"污染物对机体所起的毒害作用主要取决于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境中污染物的浓度"},{"key":"B","value":"机体对污染物的吸收量"},{"key":"C","value":"环境污染物在环境中的形态"},{"key":"D","value":"环境污染物的理化特性"},{"key":"E","value":"环境污染物在人体内半减期的长短"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查污染物对机体所起的毒害作用的取决因素。机体对污染物的吸收量(B对ACDE错)是决定污染物对机体的毒害作用的最重要因素,它的作用大小还取决于污染物的浓度、形态、理化特性和半减期长短等因素。"} {"Question":"适用于集中式生活饮用水水源地、一级保护区、珍贵鱼类保护区、鱼虾产卵场所等","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ类水"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ类水"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ类水"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ类水"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅴ类水"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查水域的功能。《地表水环境质最标准》(GB 3838-2002)依据地表水水域环境使用功能和保护目标,按功能高低依次划分为五类功能区:Ⅰ类主要适用于源头水、国家自然保护区;Ⅱ类(B对ACDE错)主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地一级保护区、珍稀水生生物栖息地、鱼虾类产卵场、仔稚幼鱼的索饵场等;Ⅲ类主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地二级保护区、鱼虾类越冬场、洄游通道、水产养殖区等渔业水域及游泳区;Ⅳ类主要适用于一般工业用水区及人体非直接接触的娱乐用水区;V类主要适用于农业用水区及一般景观要求水域。"} {"Question":"环境卫生学的研究中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境流行病学方法是最好的方法"},{"key":"B","value":"分子生物学方法是最好的方法"},{"key":"C","value":"环境毒理学方法是最好的方法"},{"key":"D","value":"健康危险度评价是最佳方法"},{"key":"E","value":"需要环境流行病学和环境毒理学相结合的方法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查环境卫生学的相关内容。环境卫生学的研究任务需要环境流行病学和环境毒理学方法相结合(E对ABCD错)。以现代环境卫生学的观点,在研究环境因素特别是环境污染物的健康效应时,应采用宏观与微观相结合的研究方法。宏观研究是应用环境流行病学的方法,微观研究主要是采用环境毒理学的方法。"} {"Question":"生态系统是在一定空间范围内,由生物群落及其环境组成,借助下列各种功能流所联结的稳态系统。这些功能流是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"物质流、能量流、物种流和信息流"},{"key":"B","value":"物质流、能量流和食物流"},{"key":"C","value":"物质流、能量流、物种流和食物流"},{"key":"D","value":"物质流、能量流和信息"},{"key":"E","value":"都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查生态系统的相关内容。生态系统是在一定空间范围内,由生物群落及其环境组成,借助于各种功能流(物质流、能量流、物种流和信息流)(A对BCDE错)所联结的稳态系统。"} {"Question":"危险度特征分析时,对有阈化学物可计算出","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人群终生超额危险度"},{"key":"B","value":"人群年超额危险度"},{"key":"C","value":"人群年超额病例数"},{"key":"D","value":"B+C"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查危险度特征分析的相关内容。危险度特征分析时,对有阈化学物可计算出:①人群终生超额危险度;②人群年超额危险度;③人群年超额病例数(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"两种化学物质同时进入机体,其毒性作用超过两者之和称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相加作用"},{"key":"B","value":"协同作用"},{"key":"C","value":"独立作用"},{"key":"D","value":"拮抗作用"},{"key":"E","value":"综合作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查协同作用。两种化学物质同时进入机体,其毒性作用超过两者之和称为协同作用(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"肺癌发生率一般较高发生在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乡村居民中"},{"key":"B","value":"城市居民中"},{"key":"C","value":"燃天然气的居民中"},{"key":"D","value":"燃煤气的居民中"},{"key":"E","value":"空气中苯并(a)芘浓度较高的居民中"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查肺癌的高发人群。肺癌发生率一般较高发生在空气中苯并(a)芘浓度较高的居民中(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"环境污染的基本特征为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低浓度长期作用"},{"key":"B","value":"对机体危害的复杂性"},{"key":"C","value":"作用广泛性和途径多样性"},{"key":"D","value":"污染物的多变性和综合作用"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查环境污染的基本特征。环境污染的基本特征为:低浓度长期作用;对机体危害的复杂性;作用广泛性和途径多样性;污染物的多变性和综合作用(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"当一氧化碳和氮氧化物共存时,两者毒性均增加,这种情况称为毒物的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相加作用"},{"key":"B","value":"相乘作用"},{"key":"C","value":"拮抗作用"},{"key":"D","value":"独立作用"},{"key":"E","value":"竞争作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查毒物的相乘作用。当一氧化碳和氮氧化物共存时,两者毒性均增加,这种情况称为毒物的相乘作用(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"环境卫生学研究的自然环境包括哪四部分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、食物圈"},{"key":"B","value":"大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈"},{"key":"C","value":"大气圈、水圈、有机圈、无机圈"},{"key":"D","value":"大气圈、水圈、土壤圈、食物圈"},{"key":"E","value":"生产圈、消费圈、分解圈、非生命圈"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环境卫生学研究的自然环境。环境卫生学研究的自然环境包括大气圈、水圈、土壤岩石圈和生物圈(B对ACDE错)四部分。"} {"Question":"属于环境中变应原的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多环芳烃"},{"key":"B","value":"一氧化碳"},{"key":"C","value":"炭粒"},{"key":"D","value":"花粉"},{"key":"E","value":"香烟烟雾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查环境中变应原。花粉(D对ABCE错)是一种环境中变应原,它可以在空气中传播,并且可以被人类和动物吸入,从而引起过敏反应。"} {"Question":"以下是生态系统的特征,哪项除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"整体性"},{"key":"B","value":"开放性"},{"key":"C","value":"自调控"},{"key":"D","value":"可复制性"},{"key":"E","value":"可持续性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生态系统的特征。生态系统是在一定空间范围内,由生物群落及其环境组成,借助于各种功能流(物质流能量流、物种流和信息流)所联结的稳态系统。它具有整体性(A对)、开放性(B对)、自调控(C对)、可持续性(E对)等特征。可复制性(D错,为本题正确答案)不是生态系统的特征。"} {"Question":"18883-2002)》规定要求,室内SO₂浓度1小时均值","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"≤10mg\/m³"},{"key":"B","value":"≤0.50mg\/m³"},{"key":"C","value":"≤0.24mg\/m³"},{"key":"D","value":"≤0.60mg\/m³"},{"key":"E","value":"≤1.0mg\/m³"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查我国《室内空气质量标准(GB\/T 18883-2002)》规定要求的室内SO₂浓度l小时均值。我国《室内空气质量标准》(GB\/T 18883-2002)规定,室内SO₂浓度1小时均值≤0.50mg\/m³(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"评价室内空气清洁度和居室容积的最重要指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SO₂"},{"key":"B","value":"CO"},{"key":"C","value":"CO₂"},{"key":"D","value":"O₃"},{"key":"E","value":"颗粒物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查评价室内空气清洁度和居室容积的最重要指标。室内空气中CO₂(C对ABDE错)的含量是用作评价空气清洁度的一个重要指标,也是作为居室容积是否符合卫生要求的重要指标之一。"} {"Question":"人体在温度、湿度和风速的综合作用下产生的冷热感觉指标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑球温度"},{"key":"B","value":"湿球温度"},{"key":"C","value":"干球温度"},{"key":"D","value":"有效温度"},{"key":"E","value":"校正有效温度"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查本题考查小气候的综合评价指标。人体在温度、湿度和风速的综合作用下产生的冷热感觉指标为有效温度(D对)。黑球温度(A错)表示气温、热辐射和气流综合作用的结果。黑球温度(B错)表示气温、热辐射和气流综合作用的结果。干球温度(C错)是从暴露于空气中而又不受太阳直接照射的干球温度表上所读取的数值。校正有效温度(E错)是在有效温度基础上,综合考虑热辐射对机体的影响,将干球温度(气温)改用黑球温度,所得的有效温度。"} {"Question":"制订住宅小气候标准应以何季度为主","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冬春季"},{"key":"B","value":"春秋季"},{"key":"C","value":"冬夏季"},{"key":"D","value":"夏秋季"},{"key":"E","value":"秋冬季"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查制订住宅小气候的标准。由于冬夏两季室内外温差较大,因此制订住宅小气候标准应以冬夏两季(C对ABDE错)为主。"} {"Question":"住宅的卫生规模是指根据下列哪项提出的住宅居室容积、净高、面积和进深等应有的规模","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小气候要求"},{"key":"B","value":"卫生要求"},{"key":"C","value":"建筑要求"},{"key":"D","value":"环境保护要求"},{"key":"E","value":"房间的配置要求"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查住宅的卫生规模的提出依据。住宅的卫生规模是指根据卫生要求(B对ACDE错)提出的住宅居室容积、净高、面积和进深等应有的规模。"} {"Question":"判断机体热平衡是否受到破坏最直接的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脉搏"},{"key":"B","value":"皮温"},{"key":"C","value":"出汗量"},{"key":"D","value":"体温"},{"key":"E","value":"温热感"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查判断机体热平衡是否受到破坏最直接的指标。体温(D对ABCE错)是判断机体热平衡是否受到破坏的最直接的指标。由于人体具有较强的体温调节能力,除在很热或很冷清况下,机体的热平衡一般不易受到破坏,体温一般变化不大。"} {"Question":"较长时间接触90dB(A)以上的强烈噪声,可使听力明显下降,听阈提高15~30dB(A),离开噪声环境数小时至20多小时后听力才能恢复,这称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"听觉适应"},{"key":"B","value":"听力适应"},{"key":"C","value":"听觉疲劳"},{"key":"D","value":"神经性听力损失"},{"key":"E","value":"噪声性耳聋"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查听觉疲劳。较长时间接触90dB(A)以上的强烈噪声,可使听力明显下降,听阈提高15~30dB(A),离开噪声环境数小时至20多小时后听力才能恢复,称为听觉疲劳(C对BD错)。继续接触强噪声,内耳感音器官(螺旋器)由功能性改变发展为器质性退行性病变,听力损失不能完全恢复,可发展为听力损伤和噪声性耳聋(E错)。短期接触80dB(A)以上的强烈噪声使人感到刺耳、不适、耳鸣、听力下降、听阈提高10~l5dB(A),离开噪声环境数分钟后可完全恢复,这是一种保护性生理功能,称为听觉适应(A错)。"} {"Question":"土壤分级污染指数的分级范围为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"土壤中污染物背景值到其显著受污染的程度"},{"key":"B","value":"作物中污染物浓度背景值到超过食品卫生标准"},{"key":"C","value":"从土壤中污染物浓度在评价标准值以下到作物中污染物浓度达到或超过食品卫生标准"},{"key":"D","value":"从土壤显著受污染起始值到作物中污染物浓度超过其背景值"},{"key":"E","value":"从土壤中污染物浓度超过其背景值到作物中污染物浓度达到或超过食品卫生标准"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查土壤分级污染指数的分级范围。土壤分级污染指数是根据土壤中污染物浓度及作物污染程度的关系分级计算污染指数。其分级范围为:从土壤中污染物浓度在评价标准值以下到作物中污染物浓度达到或超过食品卫生标准(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"城市区域环境质量评价的核心内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"污染源调查评价"},{"key":"B","value":"环境质量调查评价"},{"key":"C","value":"环境效应调查评价"},{"key":"D","value":"环境质量综合评价"},{"key":"E","value":"环境污染综合防治方案"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查城市区域环境质量评价的核心内容。城市区域环境质量评价的核心内容是环境质量调查评价(B对ACDE错)。在对该区域内较重要的几项环境因素进行调查和监测的基础上,采用数理统计方法对监测数据作分析整理,然后依据环境卫生标准或环境质量标准进行评价。"} {"Question":"空气质量指数为101~200时,空气质量状况为轻度污染,相应的表征颜色为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"橘红"},{"key":"B","value":"浅黄"},{"key":"C","value":"墨绿"},{"key":"D","value":"天蓝"},{"key":"E","value":"紫红"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查空气污染指数表示颜色。根据表12-5,当空气质量指数为101~200时,空气质量状况为轻度污染,相应的表征颜色为橙红色(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪个评价方法在我国已作为一种法律制度在新建、扩建和改建的工程项目中给予执行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"区域环境质量评价"},{"key":"B","value":"回顾性环境质量评价"},{"key":"C","value":"环境健康效应评价"},{"key":"D","value":"环境影响评价"},{"key":"E","value":"单因素环境质量评价"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国目前空气质量预报的污染物项目不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SO₂"},{"key":"B","value":"NO₂"},{"key":"C","value":"CO"},{"key":"D","value":"TSP"},{"key":"E","value":"O₃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查我国目前空气质量预报的污染物项目。我国目前空气质量预报的污染物项目包括SO₂(A对)、NO₂(B对)、CO(C对)、TSP(D对)等。颗粒物粒径小于100μm的称为TSP,即总悬浮物颗粒;粒径小于10μm的称为PM₁₀,即可吸入颗粒;粒径小于2.5μm的称为PM2.5。TSP和PM₁₀在粒径上存在着包含关系,即PM₁₀为TSP的一部分。O₃(E错,为本题正确答案)不是我国目前空气质量预报的污染物项目。"} {"Question":"排毒系数考虑了污染物的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"排放量"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性毒作用阈浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"排放标准"},{"key":"D","value":"排放量和慢性毒作用阈浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"排放量和排放标准"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查排毒系数需要考虑的污染物内容。排毒系数是表示某种污染物的排放量及其毒性对人群健康慢性危害程度的相对指标。它考虑了污染物的排放量和慢性毒作用阈浓度(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"大气质量玫瑰图,其中圆内数据表示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"I₁大气质量指数"},{"key":"B","value":"I₂大气污染超标指数"},{"key":"C","value":"PSI指数"},{"key":"D","value":"AQI指数"},{"key":"E","value":"幂函数环境质量指数"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查大气质量玫瑰图中圆内数据表示含义。大气质量玫瑰图中圆内数据表示大气污染超标指数I₂(B对ACDE错):a,b,c,d,e长度依次代表SO₂(1小时浓度)、SO₂(日平均浓度)、N0₂(1小时浓度)、铅(日平均浓度)、总悬浮颗粒(日平均浓度)的超标分指数;p,q,r,s长度依次代表SO₂,N0₂,铅和总悬浮颗粒的I₁分指数比例尺。"} {"Question":"关于土壤环境背景值不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境背景值实际上是一个相对的概念"},{"key":"B","value":"是指相对不受污染情况下,环境要素的基本化学组成"},{"key":"C","value":"在未受污染影响的情况下,土壤中化学元素的自然组成及其含量水平,又称环境本底值"},{"key":"D","value":"同一环境要素在不同的地理、地质环境中,自然背景值是相同的"},{"key":"E","value":"化学元素含量超过了环境背景值和能量分布异常,表明环境可能受到了污染"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查土壤环境背景值。土壤环境背景值是指该地区未受或少受人类活动(特别是人为污染)影响的土壤环境本身的各种化学元素组成及其含量。它是一个相对的概念(A对),只能表示在相对不受污染情况下,环境要素的基本化学组成(B对)。同一环境要素在不同的地理、地质环境中,自然背景值是不同的(D错,为本题正确答案)。化学元素含量超过了环境背景值和能量分布异常,表明环境可能受到了污染(E对)。在未受污染影响的情况下,土壤中化学元素的自然组成及其含量水平,又称环境本底值(C对)。"} {"Question":"土壤中何种物质的吸附作用最强","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"土壤中的胶体颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"土壤矿物质胶体"},{"key":"C","value":"土壤中的沙砾"},{"key":"D","value":"土壤中的有机物残体"},{"key":"E","value":"土壤中的腐殖质"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查土壤中吸附作用最强的物质。土壤中的腐殖质(E对ABCD错)是指有机物经过土壤微生物分解后再合成的一种褐色或暗褐色的大分子胶体物质,它是土壤中最重要的组成部分,具有强大的吸附作用,可以吸附大量的有机物质和无机物质,如氮、磷、钾等,从而改善土壤的肥力,促进植物的生长发育。"} {"Question":"含有病原体的动物粪便污染土壤后,通过皮肤传染或黏膜进入人体而得病,该病可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血吸虫病"},{"key":"B","value":"炭疽病"},{"key":"C","value":"破伤风"},{"key":"D","value":"蛔虫病"},{"key":"E","value":"痢疾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查炭疽病。炭疽病(B对ACDE错)是一种由病原体炭疽芽孢杆菌引起的传染病,它是一种比较常见的细菌性传染病,主要通过动物粪便污染土壤后,通过皮肤传染或黏膜进入人体而得病。"} {"Question":"腐殖质化是指复杂的有机物在土壤中转化为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"简单的化合物"},{"key":"B","value":"稳定的有机物"},{"key":"C","value":"二氧化碳和水"},{"key":"D","value":"化肥"},{"key":"E","value":"腐败的有机体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查腐殖质化。腐殖质化是指土壤中复杂的有机物在有机质组成的细菌、真菌、放线菌和其他微生物的作用下,经过一系列的化学反应,被转化为稳定的有机物(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"土壤的生物性污染对人类健康有很大威胁,下列哪种疾病可以直接由土壤传播给人类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠道传染病"},{"key":"B","value":"寄生虫病"},{"key":"C","value":"钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"D","value":"肉毒中毒病"},{"key":"E","value":"军团菌病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查直接由土壤传播给人类的疾病。肉毒中毒病(D对ABCE错)是一种由肉毒梭菌引起的传染病,它可以直接由土壤传播给人类。肉毒梭菌抵抗力很强,可以在土壤中长期存活。"} {"Question":"粪便和有机垃圾堆肥法原理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在适宜条件下和微生物作用形成腐殖质"},{"key":"B","value":"在有氧条件下发生化学分解达到无机化"},{"key":"C","value":"在密闭容器内氧化分解,达到无害化"},{"key":"D","value":"在密闭容器内氧化分解,再在厌氧菌作用下发酵腐熟"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查粪便和有机垃圾堆肥法的原理。粪便和有机垃圾堆肥法是一种有机肥料的制作方法,它是通过将粪便和有机垃圾进行发酵,使其产生有机肥料的过程。其原理是:在适宜的温度、湿度和氧气条件下,粪便和有机垃圾中的有机物质会受到微生物的作用,经过发酵、氧化、酸化等过程,最终形成腐殖质(A对BCDE错),这种腐殖质可以作为有机肥料使用。"} {"Question":"高温堆肥的卫生标准中规定堆肥温度和持续时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工堆温达≥50℃,至少持续10天"},{"key":"B","value":"人工堆温达≥60℃,至少持续10天"},{"key":"C","value":"机械堆温达≥50℃,至少持续5天"},{"key":"D","value":"机械堆温达≥60℃,至少持续5天"},{"key":"E","value":"机械堆温达≥55℃,至少持续5天"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查高温堆肥的温度和持续时间。高温堆肥的卫生标准中规定堆肥温度和持续时间为人工堆温达≥50℃,至少持续10天(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"土壤生物性污染状况调查常用的监测指标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大肠菌值、产气荚膜杆菌值、活寄生虫卵数"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠菌值、破伤风杆菌、活寄生虫卵数"},{"key":"C","value":"大肠菌值、产气荚膜杆菌值、蛔虫卵数"},{"key":"D","value":"大肠菌值、破伤风杆菌、蛔虫卵数"},{"key":"E","value":"大肠菌值、产气荚膜杆菌值、破伤风杆菌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查土壤生物性污染状况调查常用的监测指标。土壤生物性污染状况调查常用的监测指标有:1.大肠菌值:发现大肠菌的最少土壤克数称为大肠菌值。它是代表人畜粪便污染的主要指标,也是代表肠道传染病危险性的主要指标;2.产气荚膜杆菌值:也是代表粪便污染的指标。因为产气荚膜杆菌可以芽孢的形态在土壤中存活时间比大肠菌长。所以,研究它和大肠菌在土壤中数量的消长关系就可以判定土壤受粪便污染的时间长短;3.蛔虫卵数(C对ABDE错):它对判定土壤污染有重要意义,因为它可以直接说明在流行病学上是否对人体健康有威胁。根据蛔虫卵在土壤中的不同发育阶段以及活卵所占的百分比来判断土壤的自净程度。"} {"Question":"土壤氮素循环的主要过程包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝化作用、氧化作用、反硝化作用"},{"key":"B","value":"氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用"},{"key":"C","value":"氨化作用、硝化作用、腐殖化作用"},{"key":"D","value":"硝化作用、微生物作用、腐殖化作用"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化作用、微生物作用、腐殖化作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查土壤氮素循环的主要过程。含氮有机物在土壤微生物的作用下,使含氮有机质分解,是土壤氮素循环的主要过程。其过程主要包括:1.氨化作用:指微生物分解有机氮化合物释放出氨的过程;2.硝化作用:指微生物氧化氨为硝酸并从中获得能量的过程,也称硝化过程;3.反硝化作用(B对ACDE错):指在厌氧条件如水淹、有机质含量过高情况下,微生物将硝酸盐还原为还原态含氮化合物或分子态氮的过程,也称反硝化过程。"} {"Question":"土壤中有毒有害物质过多可破坏土壤的自净过程,主要因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"影响土壤氧化还原状态"},{"key":"B","value":"影响土壤的环境容量"},{"key":"C","value":"影响土壤的元素含量"},{"key":"D","value":"影响土壤微生物的正常生活活动"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查土壤的自净过程。土壤自净作用是指受污染的土壤通过物理、化学和生物学的作用,使病原体死灭,各种有害物质转化到无害的程度,土壤可逐渐恢复到污染前的状态,这一过程称为土壤自净。土壤中有毒有害物质过多可破坏土壤的自净过程,原因包括:影响土壤氧化还原状态;影响土壤的环境容量;影响土壤的元素含量;影响土壤微生物的正常生物活动(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"利用腐殖质化使有机污染物达到无害化的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工堆肥法"},{"key":"B","value":"固化法"},{"key":"C","value":"化学法"},{"key":"D","value":"焚烧法"},{"key":"E","value":"填埋法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查人工堆肥法。利用腐殖质化使有机污染物达到无害化的方法是人工堆肥法(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"土壤环境背景值是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"土壤中各种元素的含量"},{"key":"B","value":"任何一处土壤中各种元素的含量"},{"key":"C","value":"该地区未受或少受人类活动影响的土壤环境本身的各种化学元素组成及其含量"},{"key":"D","value":"土壤中某种元素的含量"},{"key":"E","value":"土壤表层中各种元素的含量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查土壤环境背景值。土壤环境背景值是指该地区未受或少受人类活动(特别是人为污染)影响的土壤环境本身的各种化学元素组成及其含量(C对ABDE错)。它是一个相对的概念,只能表示在相对不受污染情况下,环境要素的基本化学组成。同一环境要素在不同的地理、地质环境中,自然背景值是不同的。化学元素含量超过了环境背景值和能量分布异常,表明环境可能受到了污染。"} {"Question":"具体地讲,环境介质是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空气、水、土壤(岩石)"},{"key":"B","value":"空气、水、土壤(岩石)和生物体"},{"key":"C","value":"空气、水、土壤(岩石)和食物"},{"key":"D","value":"空气、水、食物、生物体"},{"key":"E","value":"空气、水以及各种固态物质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环境介质。环境介质是指空气、水、土壤(岩石)以及包括人体在内的所有生物体(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"含氮有机物氧化分解的最终产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有机氮"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白氮"},{"key":"C","value":"氨氮"},{"key":"D","value":"亚硝酸盐氮"},{"key":"E","value":"硝酸盐氮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查含氮化合物。含氮化合物包括有机氮、蛋白氮、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。含氮有机物氧化分解的最终产物是硝酸盐氮(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"说明水质恶化过程的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耗氧作用>复氧作用"},{"key":"B","value":"耗氧作用<复氧作用"},{"key":"C","value":"耗氧作用=复氧作用"},{"key":"D","value":"氧垂曲线溶解氧的最低点>4mg\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"氧垂曲线溶解氧的最低点<4mg\/L"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查生物净化的相关内容。氧垂曲线上的Cp点为溶解氧的最低点,此点的耗氧速率与复氧速率相等,其值由水体的耗氧和复氧过程确定。在此点之前,耗氧作用大于复氧作用(A对BCDE错),水中溶解氧逐渐降低,水质逐渐恶化;Cp点以后,复氧作用大于耗氧作用,溶解氧逐渐恢复,水质逐渐好转。"} {"Question":"影响地表水水体自净过程的重要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气象条件"},{"key":"B","value":"水体流速"},{"key":"C","value":"季节变化"},{"key":"D","value":"自然地貌"},{"key":"E","value":"温度变化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查影响地表水水体自净过程的重要因素。水体自净是指水体受污染启污染物在水体的物理、化学和生物学作用下,使污染成分不断稀释、扩散、分解破坏或沉入水底,水中污染物浓度逐渐降低,水质最终又恢复到污染前的状况。影响地表水水体自净过程的因素有很多,重要的因素是水体的流动速度(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"某水产养殖水体在施撒有机肥后湖面不断冒出气泡,短期内突然有大量的鱼类死亡,最常见的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水的pH值异常"},{"key":"B","value":"水中溶解氧含量过低"},{"key":"C","value":"水中有毒物存在"},{"key":"D","value":"水中致病微生物存在"},{"key":"E","value":"鱼类的营养物质严重缺乏"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查水体中鱼类死亡最常见的原因。当有机肥施撒后,水体中毒物的含量显著增加,这些毒物会对鱼类的生活环境产生毒性,从而导致鱼类死亡。因此,水中有毒物存在(C对ABDE错)最有可能导致水体中的鱼类突然大量死亡。"} {"Question":"永久硬度指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶解性固体和悬浮性固体"},{"key":"B","value":"钙、镁的重碳酸盐"},{"key":"C","value":"钙、镁的硫酸盐和氧化物"},{"key":"D","value":"水中不能除去的钙、镁盐类"},{"key":"E","value":"溶解于水中的钙、镁盐类总和"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查永久硬度。永久硬度指水煮沸后不能去除的硬度,如水中不能除去的钙、镁盐类(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"进行江河水系监测时,自净断面可设置在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"污染源上游"},{"key":"B","value":"污染源上游定距离"},{"key":"C","value":"污染源下游"},{"key":"D","value":"污染断面下游一定距离"},{"key":"E","value":"远离污染源的河中心"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查江河水系监测的相关内容。调查水系的水质状况,应在河段至少设置3个采样断面:①设在污染源的上游清洁或对照断面,可了解河水未受本地区污染时的水质状况;②设在污染源的下游的污染断面,可了解水质污染状况和程度;③设在污染断面下游一定距离(D对ABCE错)的自净断面,可了解污染范围及河水的自净能力。"} {"Question":"江河水系监测的采样设定时,对大污染源所在的河段至少应设置几个采样断面","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1"},{"key":"B","value":"2"},{"key":"C","value":"3"},{"key":"D","value":"4"},{"key":"E","value":"5"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查江河水系监测的相关内容。江河水系监测的采样设定时,对大污染源所在的河段至少应设置3个(C对ABDE错)采样断面:①设在污染源的上游清洁或对照断面,可了解河水未受本地区污染时的水质状况;②设在污染源的下游的污染断面,可了解水质污染状况和程度;③设在污染断面下游一定距离的自净断面,可了解污染范围及河水的自净能力。"} {"Question":"地面水中硫酸盐含量骤然增加时,表明其受","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生活污水污染"},{"key":"B","value":"农田径流污染"},{"key":"C","value":"工业废水污染"},{"key":"D","value":"人、畜粪便污染"},{"key":"E","value":"含氮有机物污染"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查地面水的污染特点。天然水中均含有硫酸盐,其含量主要受地质条件的影响。地面水中硫酸盐含量骤然增加时,表明其受生活污水(A对)、工业废水(C对)或农田径流(B对DE错)等污染。"} {"Question":"湖泊水库的水体富营养化现象称之为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"赤潮"},{"key":"B","value":"水华"},{"key":"C","value":"水质发黑"},{"key":"D","value":"形成岸边污染带"},{"key":"E","value":"水生生物大量繁殖"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查湖泊水库的水体富营养化现象。当湖泊、水库水接纳过多含磷、氮的污水时,可使藻类等浮游生物大量繁殖形成水体富营养化。由于占优势的浮游生物的颜色不同,水面往往呈现红色、绿色、蓝色等,这种情况出现在淡水中时称为水华(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"水体的污染源主要有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"工业废水、生活污水、农业污水"},{"key":"B","value":"冷却水、洗涤污水、化工污水"},{"key":"C","value":"有机污水、无机污水、混合性污水"},{"key":"D","value":"物理性污水、化学性污水、生物性污水"},{"key":"E","value":"有机污水、无机污水、物理性污水、化学性污水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查水体的污染源。水体污染源通常指向水体排放污染物的场所、设备和装置等,也包括污染物进入水体的途径。造成水体污染的原因是多方面的,其主要来源有以下几方面:①工业废水:它是世界范围内水污染的主要原因。指工业生产过程的各个环节产生的废水,如冷却水,洗涤废水,水力选矿废水,水力除渣废水,生产浸出液等;②生活污水:指人们日常生活的洗涤废水和粪尿污水等;③农业污水(A对BCDE错):指农牧业生产排出的污水及降水或灌溉水流过农田或经农田渗漏排出的水。"} {"Question":"人体对邻苯二甲酸酯的主要暴露方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饮用水"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸"},{"key":"C","value":"食物摄入"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤接触"},{"key":"E","value":"输液接触"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查邻苯二甲酸酯的相关内容。邻苯二甲酸酯(C对)又称酞酸酯(PAE)是广泛使用的化工原料和化工产品。环境中的PAE可经呼吸、消化道和皮肤接触进入人体。但人类暴露PAE的主要方式是通过食物摄入(C对ABDE错),经饮水和呼吸暴露远低于食物。"} {"Question":"多氯联苯进入人体后,可蓄积在各个组织中,其中哪种组织中含量最高","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"C","value":"血液"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴"},{"key":"E","value":"脂肪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查人体中多氯联苯含量最高的组织。多氯联苯是一类有毒有害的有机污染物,它们可以通过空气、水和食物进入人体,并在人体各个组织中蓄积,其中脂肪(E对ABCD错)组织中的含量最高。"} {"Question":"在公共场所的基本卫生要求中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合理选址,设计"},{"key":"B","value":"良好空气质量,适宜小气候"},{"key":"C","value":"良好的环境"},{"key":"D","value":"各种设施清洁卫生"},{"key":"E","value":"废弃物的处理"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查公共场所的基本卫生要求。公共场所是根据公众生活活动和社会活动的需要,人工建成的具有多种服务功能的公共建筑设施,供公众进行学习、工作、休息、文体、娱乐、参观、旅游、交流、交际、购物、美容等活动之用。其基本卫生要求包括:1.选址、设计(A对)和装修要求;2.良好的环境(C对);3.良好的微小气候;4.良好的空气质量(B对);5.公共用品用具清洁卫生,各种卫生设施运转正常(D对);6.从业人员必须身体健康并具备基本卫生知识。废弃物的处理(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于公共场所的基本卫生要求。"} {"Question":"我国的《公共交通工具卫生标准》对以下项目提出了卫生要求,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小气候"},{"key":"B","value":"照度"},{"key":"C","value":"噪声"},{"key":"D","value":"空气质量"},{"key":"E","value":"乘客人数"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查《公共交通工具卫生标准》。我国的《公共交通工具卫生标准》对小气候(A对)、照度(B对)、噪声(C对)、空气质量(D对)等项目提出了卫生要求,除了新风量(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"经卫生部门监测,某理发店毛巾细菌总数不合格,该店毛巾细菌总数可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50CFU\/25cm²"},{"key":"B","value":"100CFU\/25cm²"},{"key":"C","value":"150CFU\/25cm²"},{"key":"D","value":"180CFU\/25cm²"},{"key":"E","value":"300CFU\/25cm²"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查《理发店、美容店卫生标准》。《理发店、美容店卫生标准》(GB 9666-1996)规定,毛巾细菌总数不得超过200CFU\/25cm²。某理发店毛巾细菌总数不合格,该店毛巾细菌总数可能是300CFU\/25cm²(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"卫生行政部门根据卫生监督量化评价的结果确定公共场所的卫生信誉度等级和日常监督频次,如公共场所信誉度等级分为B等,则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每年监测1次"},{"key":"B","value":"每年监测2次"},{"key":"C","value":"每年监测3次"},{"key":"D","value":"每年监测4次"},{"key":"E","value":"每年监测5次"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查公共场所信誉度等级为B等的日常监督频次。卫生行政部门根据卫生监督量化评价的结果确定公共场所的卫生信誉度等级和日常监督频次。信誉度等级分为A、B、C、D四等,A等每年监测1次;B等每年监测2次(B对ACDE错);C等每年监测3次;D等属于不符合卫生要求的公共场所,应限期改进或停业整顿。"} {"Question":"公共场所从业人员患病在治愈前不得从事直接为顾客服务工作,这类疾病不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲型病毒性肝炎"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"C","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"D","value":"活动性肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"军团病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查公共场所从业人员的健康检查制度。公共场所的经营者应负责组织本单位从业人员的健康检查工作,获得有效健康证方可上岗,患有甲型病毒性肝炎(A对)、戊型病毒性肝炎、细菌性痢疾(B对)、伤寒(C对)、活动性肺结核(D对)、化脓性或渗出性皮肤病等疾病的从业人员,在治愈前不得从事直接为顾客服务的工作。军团病(E错,为本题正确答案)不在这类疾病范围内。"} {"Question":"三价砷在机体内蓄积量较高的组织是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"B","value":"毛发、皮肤"},{"key":"C","value":"肺、脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肠、胃"},{"key":"E","value":"肾脏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查三价砷在机体内蓄积量较高的组织。砷在体内有较强的蓄积性,特别是三价砷极易与疏基结合,并于吸收后24小时内分布于富含疏基的组织器官,例如肝、肾、脑等实质性脏器。由于三价砷易与角蛋白结合,故易蓄积于角蛋白含量高的皮肤、指(趾)甲、毛发(B对ACDE错)之中。"} {"Question":"某地区有部分儿童出现智力低下,而其他方面发育正常,应重点考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"汞中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"铅中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"砷中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"碘缺乏病"},{"key":"E","value":"氟中毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查碘缺乏病。碘缺乏病是指从胚胎发育至成人期由于碘摄入量不足而引起的一系列病症,包括地方性甲状腺肿、地方性克汀病、地方性亚临床克汀病、流产、早产、死产等。智力低下是地方性克汀病的主要症状,因此某地区有部分儿童出现智力低下,而其他方面发育正常,应重点考虑碘缺乏病(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"地方性甲状腺肿发病率逐渐下降的年龄为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~10岁"},{"key":"B","value":"15~20岁"},{"key":"C","value":"25~35岁"},{"key":"D","value":"40岁以后"},{"key":"E","value":"50岁以后"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查地方性甲状腺肿发病率逐渐下降的年龄。地方性甲状腺肿是一种主要由于地区性环境缺碘引起的地方病,是碘缺乏病的主要表现形式之一。其发病率逐渐下降的年龄为50岁以后(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"地方性甲状腺肿流行地区的儿童中出现不同程度的呆、小、聋、哑、瘫等临床表现,这种病称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严重型地方性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"B","value":"先天性水俣病"},{"key":"C","value":"地方性营养不良"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性铅中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"地方性克汀病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查地方性克汀病。地方性克汀病(E对ABCD错)原系指欧洲阿尔卑斯山区常见的一种体格发育落后、痴呆和聋哑的疾病。这是在碘缺乏地区出现的一种比较严重碘缺乏病的表现形式。患者生后即有不同程度的智力低下,体格矮小,听力障碍,神经运动障碍和甲状腺功能低下,伴有甲状腺肿。可概括为呆、小、聋、哑、瘫,每年有近千万婴儿因缺碘导致智力损伤。"} {"Question":"影响生物地球化学性疾病流行的主要因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境污染物排放增多"},{"key":"B","value":"生物性病原体的传播"},{"key":"C","value":"生活习惯"},{"key":"D","value":"卫生习惯"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查影响生物地球化学性疾病流行的因素。生物地球化学性疾病是由于地壳表面化学元素分布的不均匀性,使某些地区的水和(或)土壤中某些元素过多或过少,当地居民通过饮水、食物等途径摄入这些元素过多或过少,而引起某些特异性疾病。影响生物地球化学性疾病流行的主要因素有:1.营养条件:在生物地球化学性疾病的流行区,人们生活条件和营养状况的改善,可降低流行强度。2.生活习惯(C对ABDE错):以往的研究表明,元素过高所引起的生物地球化学性疾病,其病区类型以饮水型氟中毒和砷中毒为主。但是20世纪60年代以来,相继发现并报告了燃煤污染型氟中毒和砷中毒的病例。我国贵州、四川、广西、湖南、湖北和陕西等12个省区的150个县,分布着燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区;而四川和贵州也有燃煤污染所致的砷中毒病例报导。饮茶型氟中毒是近年来在我国西藏、内蒙古、四川等少数民族地区发现的,当地居民习惯饮用奶茶,煮奶茶的茶叶主要为砖茶。3.多种元素的联合作用:在生物地球化学性疾病的防治工作中发现,一些地区存在着两种或两种以上疾病,从而加重了防治工作的复杂性。例如在某些深山里面的地方性氟中毒病区,同时存在着碘缺乏病;在碘缺乏病流行病区,往往存在着与硒缺乏有关的大骨节病、克山病。这种高氟与低碘、高氟与低硒、高氟与高砷、低碘与低硒并存的地质环境,增加了人群健康影响的复杂性。"} {"Question":"稳定潜在型克山病人,对诊断有意义的心电图改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T波低平"},{"key":"B","value":"S-T段压低"},{"key":"C","value":"Q-T间期延长"},{"key":"D","value":"室性期前收缩和右束支传导阻滞"},{"key":"E","value":"S-T段抬高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查对稳定潜在型克山病人诊断有意义的心电图改变。克山病是一种以心肌变性坏死为主要病理改变的生物地球化学性疾病。潜在型克山病是克山病的一种临床表现,可分为两型:1.稳定潜在型:起病即为潜在型克山病,符合潜在型诊断条件,其预后良好,很少转变为慢型、亚急型或急型;心电图以完全性右束支传导阻滞或室性期前收缩为主要表现(D对);2.不稳定潜在型:此型多由急型或慢型克山病转变而来,经治疗后心脏功能恢复正常;心电图改变以T波(A错)、S-T段异常(BE错)或伴有Q-T间期延长(C错)为主要表现。"} {"Question":"地方性克汀病可表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"智力低下"},{"key":"B","value":"骨质硬化与骨质疏松"},{"key":"C","value":"多发性病理骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"视野缩小"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤色素沉着"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查地方性克汀病的临床表现。地方性克汀病原系指欧洲阿尔卑斯山区常见的一种体格发育落后、痴呆和聋哑的疾病。这是在碘缺乏地区出现的一种比较严重碘缺乏病的表现形式。可表现为:智力低下(A对BCDE错)、聋哑、生长发育落后、神经系统症状、甲状腺功能低下症状、甲状腺肿。"} {"Question":"当人群中尿碘低于多少时,发生克汀病的流行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"25μg\/d"},{"key":"B","value":"35μg\/d"},{"key":"C","value":"45μg\/d"},{"key":"D","value":"55μg\/d"},{"key":"E","value":"65μg\/d"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查克汀病的流行。地方性克汀病原系指欧洲阿尔卑斯山区常见的一种体格发育落后、痴呆和聋哑的疾病。这是在碘缺乏地区出现的一种比较严重碘缺乏病的表现形式。当人群中尿碘低于25μg\/d时(A对BCDE错),发生克汀病的流行。"} {"Question":"不易受镰刀菌污染的粮食是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小麦"},{"key":"B","value":"玉米"},{"key":"C","value":"大米"},{"key":"D","value":"黄豆"},{"key":"E","value":"小米"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查不易受镰刀菌污染的粮食。大骨节病病区粮食易被镰刀菌污染,可产生某些对机体有害的毒素,例如T-2毒素。检测结果显示,大米(C对DE错)不易受镰刀菌污染,而小麦(A错)、玉米(B错)最容易受镰刀菌污染。"} {"Question":"哪些污染物可引起慢性阻塞性肺病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SO₂、NOx"},{"key":"B","value":"军团杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"硫化氢、甲烷"},{"key":"D","value":"CO、CO₂"},{"key":"E","value":"氡及其子体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查可引起慢性阻塞性肺病的污染物。慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种具有气流阻塞特征的慢性支气管炎和(或)肺气肿,可进一步发展为肺心病和呼吸衰竭的常见慢性疾病。军团杆菌(B对ACDE错)可能是慢性阻塞性肺病的一个重要危险因素,它可以通过呼吸道进入人体,并在支气管中繁殖,最终导致慢性阻塞性肺病的发生。"} {"Question":"痛痛病患者主诉疼痛性质多为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺痛,活动时加剧"},{"key":"B","value":"刀割样痛,不缓冲"},{"key":"C","value":"间歇样痛,与气候变化无关"},{"key":"D","value":"轻度疼痛,可感受"},{"key":"E","value":"闪电样痛,伴蚁走感"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查痛痛病患者主诉疼痛性质。痛痛病是发生在日本富山县神通川流域部分镉污染地区的一种严重的环境污染性疾病,以全身剧烈疼痛为主要症状而得名,是慢性镉中毒的典型案例。其病情呈渐进性加重,发病初期腰背膝关节疼痛,随后遍及全身。疼痛的性质多为刺痛,活动时加剧(A对BCDE错),休息时缓解。"} {"Question":"由于受上游化工企业废水长期排放的影响,导致某江河严重污染,沿江渔民普遍出现周围型感觉障碍、向心性视野缩小、听力下降、神经性耳聋等中毒的体征。人体暴露于该污染物主要通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饮水"},{"key":"B","value":"稻米"},{"key":"C","value":"蔬菜"},{"key":"D","value":"奶制品"},{"key":"E","value":"水产品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查人体暴露于甲基汞的方式。慢性甲基汞中毒是人群长期暴露于被汞(甲基汞)污染的环境,主要是水体汞(甲基汞)污染和由此导致的鱼贝类等食物甲基汞污染,造成摄入者体内甲基汞蓄积并超过一定阈值所引起的以中枢神经系统损伤为主要中毒表现的环境污染性疾病。因此,人体暴露于甲基汞主要通过水产品(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"夏季,于某装有集中式空调的宾馆住宿的团体人群中,数天内相继出现了一种主要症状为发热、咳嗽及肺部炎症的疾病。以后的病因学调查认为与空调系统污染有关。该病菌主要存在于空调的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回风管道"},{"key":"B","value":"风机"},{"key":"C","value":"过滤系统"},{"key":"D","value":"冷却塔水"},{"key":"E","value":"新风管道"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查军团菌的滋生地。从病因学调查的结果来看,空调系统污染是导致军团菌出现的原因,而冷却塔水是空调系统中的一个重要组成部分,它的作用是将热量从空调系统中转移出去,因此,冷却塔水(D对ABCE错)很可能是军团菌的滋生地。"} {"Question":"镉中毒的首要靶器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"B","value":"骨"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"睾丸"},{"key":"E","value":"毛发"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查镉中毒的首要靶器官。慢性镉中毒是人群长期暴露于受镉污染的环境,主要是水体与土壤镉污染和由此导致的稻米与鱼贝类食物镉含量增高,造成摄入者体内镉蓄积并超过一定阈值所引起的以肾脏和骨骼损伤为主要中毒表现的环境污染性疾病。经消化道摄入是机体摄取镉的主要途径。吸收的镉进入血液后,部分与血红蛋白结合,部分与低分子硫蛋白结合,形成镉硫蛋白,通过血液循环到达全身,并有选择性地蓄积于肾、肝中。肾脏(A对BCDE错)可蓄积吸收量的1\/3,是镉中毒的重要靶器官。"} {"Question":"夏季,于某装有集中式空调的宾馆住宿的团体人群中,数天内相继出现了一种主要症状为发热、咳嗽及肺部炎症的疾病。以后的病因学调查认为与空调系统污染有关。该病为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流感"},{"key":"B","value":"百日咳"},{"key":"C","value":"结核"},{"key":"D","value":"军团菌病"},{"key":"E","value":"大叶性肺炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查军团菌病。从病因学调查的结果来看,该病与空调系统污染有关。军团菌病是一种由军团菌引起的肺部感染,它可以通过空调系统污染而传播。而且军团菌病是一种严重的肺部感染,其主要症状包括发热、咳嗽、肺部炎症等,与上述病例的症状相符合。因此该病最有可能是军团菌病(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"慢性镉中毒主要影响","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑"},{"key":"B","value":"心脏"},{"key":"C","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"D","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查慢性镉中毒的主要影响部位。慢性镉中毒主要影响肾脏(D对ABCE错),肾脏是慢性镉中毒的重要靶器官。慢性镉中毒会引起肾脏功能障碍,包括肾小球滤过率降低、尿液蛋白质增多、尿酸增高、尿比重增加等;此外,还会引起肾脏结构改变,这些改变可以被超声波或CT检查发现,典型的症状有肾小球硬化、肾小球萎缩、慢性肾炎和肾硬化等。"} {"Question":"下列关于大气二次污染物的说法不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"光化学烟雾是二次污染物"},{"key":"B","value":"一次污染物经化学或光化学作用生成"},{"key":"C","value":"与一次污染物的化学性质不同的,新的污染物"},{"key":"D","value":"二次污染物的毒性往往更大"},{"key":"E","value":"刮风时再次进入大气的铅尘是二次污染物"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查二次污染物的相关内容。二次污染物是指排入大气的污染物在物理、化学等因素的作用下发生变化,或与环境中的其他物质发生反应所形成(B对)的理化性质不同于一次污染物(C对)的新的污染物。常见的有光化学烟雾(A对)。一般来说,二次污染物对环境和人体的危害要比一次污染物大(D对)。刮风时再次进入大气的铅尘(E错,为本题正确答案)不是二次污染物。"} {"Question":"下列选项不属于大气污染物对人体的间接危害的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温室效应"},{"key":"B","value":"臭氧层破坏"},{"key":"C","value":"酸雨"},{"key":"D","value":"影响小气候和太阳辐射"},{"key":"E","value":"致癌、致畸作用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查大气污染物对人体的间接危害。大气污染物对人体的间接危害包括温室效应(A对)、臭氧层破坏(B对)、酸雨(C对)、影响小气候和太阳辐射(D对)等。致癌、致畸作用(E错,为本题正确答案)属于大气污染物对人体的直接危害中慢性危害的一种。"} {"Question":"在低浓度大气污染物长期作用下易诱发下列何种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压"},{"key":"B","value":"腰痛"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸系统感染性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"关节炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肩周炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查低浓度大气污染物长期作用下易诱发的疾病。在低浓度大气污染物长期作用下易诱发呼吸系统感染性疾病(C对ABDE错)。大气污染物主要包括有机物、无机物、重金属、细颗粒物等,其中细颗粒物是最容易进入人体的,它们可以通过呼吸道进入肺部,并在肺部积聚,影响肺部的正常功能,从而导致呼吸系统感染性疾病,如支气管炎、肺炎、肺结核等。"} {"Question":"对大气中某一污染源的污染现状进行监测时,在无风的情况下,其布点可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四周布点"},{"key":"B","value":"扇形布点"},{"key":"C","value":"烟波下方布点"},{"key":"D","value":"几何状布点"},{"key":"E","value":"梅花布点"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查布点方式的选择。对大气中某一污染源的污染现状进行监测时,在无风的情况下,其布点可选用四周布点(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"我国现行空气质量标准中的空气污染物基本项目不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PM₂.₅"},{"key":"B","value":"SO₂"},{"key":"C","value":"NOₓ"},{"key":"D","value":"CO"},{"key":"E","value":"O₃"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查环境空气质量标准的相关内容。我国现行空气质量标准中的空气污染物基本项目包括:PM₂.₅(A对)、SO₂(B对)、CO(D对)、O₃(E对)。NOₓ(C错,为本题正确答案)不是我国现行空气质量标准中的空气污染物基本项目。氮氧化物(NOx)种类很多,造成大气污染的主要是一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO₂),因此环境学中的氮氧化物一般就指这二者的总称。"} {"Question":"以下健康调查中有关调查对象的选择条件哪一条是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"居住年限不少于5年"},{"key":"B","value":"尽量避免职业暴露"},{"key":"C","value":"尽可能选择高暴露人群"},{"key":"D","value":"不可选择老人、小孩等体弱人群"},{"key":"E","value":"对照人群除暴露情况与研究人群不同外,其他条件应大致相同"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查健康调查中调查对象的选择条件。人群健康调查中应选择居住年限不少于5年(A对),暴露机会多的人群(C对)作为调查对象,甚至可选择老人、儿童等易感人群(D错,为本题正确答案)。应避免职业暴露(B对)、服用药物、吸烟、饮酒等嗜好、室内空气污染等混杂因子的干扰。对照人群也必须同样按上述要求严格选定,而且在性别、年龄、居住年限、职业种类、生活居住条件、生活习惯、经济水平等均应大致相同(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于对流层,下列哪一项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气温随高度的增加而升高"},{"key":"B","value":"气温随高度的增加而降低"},{"key":"C","value":"气温不随高度变化"},{"key":"D","value":"能反射无线电波"},{"key":"E","value":"能使地球生物免受射线损害"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":" 本题考查对流层的相关内容。对流层是指最接近地球表面的一层大气,也是大气的最下层,密度最大,所包含的空气质量几乎占整个大气质量的75%,以及几乎所有的水蒸气及气溶胶。在对流层中,气温随高度升高而降低(B对ACDE错),平均每上升100米,对流层气温约降低0.65℃。气温随高度升高而降低是由于对流层大气的主要热源是地面长波辐射,离地面越高,受热越少,气温就越低。"} {"Question":"当出现烟雾事件时,下述措施哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"劝告居民尽量在室内活动,关闭门窗"},{"key":"B","value":"外出戴上口罩"},{"key":"C","value":"患有呼吸道及心血管慢性疾病者尽可能吸氧"},{"key":"D","value":"减少或停止污染源的废气排放"},{"key":"E","value":"无慢性疾病者可进行适当的室外体育活动"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查烟雾事件的应对措施。烟雾事件是指大气中烟尘、硫酸盐等有害物质的浓度超过国家规定的标准,对人体健康有害。因此,在烟雾事件发生时,应采取有效的措施来保护人们的健康。本题A、B、C、D都是正确的措施。而无慢性疾病者可进行适当的室外体育活动(E错,为本题正确答案)是错误的措施,因为烟雾事件发生时,室外空气中有害物质的浓度超过国家规定的标准,对人体健康有害,无论是否患有慢性疾病的人,都不应该进行室外体育活动,以免加重对人体健康的危害。"} {"Question":"空气中具有致癌作用的污染物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"BaP、As"},{"key":"B","value":"Hg、Pb"},{"key":"C","value":"SO₂、NO₂"},{"key":"D","value":"CO、O₃"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查空气中具有致癌作用的污染物。BaP即苯并[a]芘,是一种多环芳烃类化合物;As(A对BCDE错)即砷,是一种有毒的重金属污染物,二者都可以通过空气传播,经呼吸道进入人体,对人体健康造成危害,具有致癌作用。"} {"Question":"在进行大气污染对人群健康影响的调查时,所选择调查对象应在该地区连续居住","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年以上"},{"key":"B","value":"3年以上"},{"key":"C","value":"5年以上"},{"key":"D","value":"7年以上"},{"key":"E","value":"10年以上"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查大气污染对人群健康影响的调查。大气污染的影响是多方面的,不仅仅是对人群健康的影响,还包括对环境、社会和经济的影响,而且大气污染的影响是持久的,因此,要想准确地掌握大气污染对人群健康的影响,就必须要求调查对象在该地区连续居住一段较长的时间,以便观察到污染物对人群健康的慢性影响。因此,5年以上(C对ABDE错)是最佳的选择。"} {"Question":"通常高度每升高100m,气温下降","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.55℃"},{"key":"B","value":"0.65℃"},{"key":"C","value":"0.75℃"},{"key":"D","value":"0.85℃"},{"key":"E","value":"1.00℃"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查大气温度垂直递减率。在标准大气条件下,对流层内气温随高度的增加而逐渐降低。大气温度的这种垂直变化常用大气温度垂直递减率来表示,其定义为:高度每增加100m气温下降的度数,通常为0.65℃(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"白天由于太阳加热沿岸陆地的速度比加热水面快,形成了由水面吹向陆地的风,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山风"},{"key":"B","value":"谷风"},{"key":"C","value":"海风"},{"key":"D","value":"陆风"},{"key":"E","value":"城市热岛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查海风。白天由于太阳加热沿岸陆地的速度比加热水面快,形成了由水面吹向陆地的风,称为海风(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"对污染物在大气中的扩散和稀释起着决定性作用的气象因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风和湍流"},{"key":"B","value":"气温"},{"key":"C","value":"气湿"},{"key":"D","value":"气压"},{"key":"E","value":"热辐射"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查风和湍流。对污染物在大气中的扩散和稀释起着决定性作用的气象因素是风和湍流(A对BCDE错)。风是大气中的流动,它可以将污染物从污染源处运至远处,从而实现污染物的扩散。湍流是大气中的混合,它可以将污染物与空气混合,从而实现污染物的稀释。"} {"Question":"夜晚,山坡表面散热量大,冷却快,气温低于谷地,冷空气下沉,形成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山风"},{"key":"B","value":"谷风"},{"key":"C","value":"海风"},{"key":"D","value":"陆风"},{"key":"E","value":"城市热岛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查山风。夜晚,山坡表面散热量大,冷却快,气温低于谷地,冷空气下沉,形成山风(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"具有内分泌干扰作用的污染物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可吸入颗粒物"},{"key":"B","value":"铅化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"多环芳烃"},{"key":"D","value":"过氧化物"},{"key":"E","value":"二噁英"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查具有内分泌干扰作用的污染物。二噁英(E对ABCD错)是一种有毒有害的有机物,它可以通过空气、水和土壤进入人体,并且具有内分泌干扰作用,可以影响人体的生长发育、免疫功能、神经系统和内分泌系统等。"} {"Question":"辐射逆温是由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外来射线产生"},{"key":"B","value":"地表物体对辐射热的吸收量小于散出量产生的"},{"key":"C","value":"大气污染物阻挡太阳辐射产生"},{"key":"D","value":"地表物体的辐射产生"},{"key":"E","value":"反气旋产生"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查辐射逆温。辐射逆温是由地表物体对辐射热的吸收量小于散出量产生的(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"进行大气污染的健康影响调查时,能更确切反映空气污染物对机体实际暴露的观察指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"设点监测日平均浓度"},{"key":"B","value":"设点监测月平均浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"设点监测年平均浓度"},{"key":"D","value":"个体采样计算日平均浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"生物材料计算暴露量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查反映空气污染物对机体实际暴露的观察指标。进行大气污染的健康影响调查时,能更确切反映空气污染物对机体实际暴露的观察指标是生物材料计算暴露量(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"大气污染状况监测中,下列除了哪项都是点源监测的布点方法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"捕捉烟波采样"},{"key":"B","value":"烟波下方采样"},{"key":"C","value":"棋盘式布点"},{"key":"D","value":"四周布点"},{"key":"E","value":"扇形布点"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查点源监测的布点方法。对大气污染状况监测时,点源监测布点方式包括:1.四周布点(D对):以污染源为中心,划8个方位,在不同距离的同心圆上布点,并在更远的距离或其他方位设置对照点;2.扇形布点(E对):在污染源常年或季节主导方向的下风侧,划3~5个方位,在不同距离上设置采样点,在上风侧适当距离设置对照点;3.捕捉烟波布点(AB对):随烟波变动的方向,在烟波下方不同距离采样,同时在上风侧适当距离设置对照点。此方法采样点不固定,随烟波方向变动,可以每半天确定一次烟波方向。棋盘式布点(C错,为本题正确答案)不是点源监测的布点方法。"} {"Question":"逆温增多发生在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天气晴朗的日子"},{"key":"B","value":"春夏之交的白天"},{"key":"C","value":"夏夜"},{"key":"D","value":"秋冬之交的白天"},{"key":"E","value":"冬夜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查逆温增多。逆温增多是由于地表发射的热量和大气中的热量辐射的不均衡所导致的。在白天,地表发射的热量大于大气中的热量辐射,因此温度会下降;而在夜晚,地表发射的热量小于大气中的热量辐射,因此温度会上升。因此,逆温增多发生在冬夜(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"大气颗粒物最重要的性质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"密度"},{"key":"B","value":"粒径"},{"key":"C","value":"颜色"},{"key":"D","value":"形状"},{"key":"E","value":"pH"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查大气颗粒物最重要的性质。大气颗粒物最重要的性质是粒径(B对ACDE错),它反映了大气颗粒物来源的本质,并可影响光散射性质和气候效应。大气颗粒物的许多性质如体积、质量和沉降速度都与颗粒物的大小有关。"} {"Question":"臭氧层破坏的主要危害是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加速酸雨形成"},{"key":"B","value":"有利于啮齿动物、昆虫生长繁殖"},{"key":"C","value":"使人类皮肤癌、白内障发病率增加"},{"key":"D","value":"不利于植物生长"},{"key":"E","value":"光敏感性皮肤病发病率增加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查臭氧层破坏的主要危害。臭氧层被破坏形成空洞以后,减少了臭氧层对短波紫外线和其他宇宙射线的吸收和阻挡功能,造成人群皮肤癌和白内障等发病率的增加(C对ABDE错),对地球上的其他动植物也有杀伤作用。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是城市生态系统的特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人为性"},{"key":"B","value":"复杂性"},{"key":"C","value":"不完整性"},{"key":"D","value":"丰富性"},{"key":"E","value":"脆弱性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查城市生态系统的特征。城市生态系统是在城市区域内,由生物群落及其生存环境共同组成的动态系统。城市生态系统具有自然生态系统的某些共性,同时又具有人为性(A对)、不完整性(C对)、复杂性(B对)和脆弱性(E对)等独特的个性。丰富性(D错,为本题正确答案)不属于城市生态系统的特征。"} {"Question":"村镇规划的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全面规划、节约用地、有利于可持续发展"},{"key":"B","value":"全面规划、合理布局、节约用地、统筹安排、有利于可持续发展"},{"key":"C","value":"合理布局、节约用地、有利于可持续发展"},{"key":"D","value":"A+C"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乡村规划的原则。乡村规划应当从农村实际出发,尊重村民意愿,体现地方和农村特色,做到全面规划、合理布局、节约用地、统筹安排、有利于可持续发展(B对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"137-1990)》规定,人均绿地面积标准为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"≥10.0m²\/人"},{"key":"B","value":"≥9.0m²\/人"},{"key":"C","value":"≥8.0m²\/人"},{"key":"D","value":"≥7.0m²\/人"},{"key":"E","value":"≥6.0m²\/人"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查人均绿地面积标准。我国《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准(GBJ 137-90)》规定,人均绿地面积标准为≥9.0m²\/人(其中公共绿地≥7.0m²\/人)(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"我国2009年制定《全国自然灾害卫生应急预案》(试行),按灾害的性质将自然灾害分为七大类,是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气象、海洋、水旱、泥石流、地震、生物和森林草原火灾七大类"},{"key":"B","value":"冻雨、海啸、土地荒漠化、地质、地震、生物和森林草原火灾七大类"},{"key":"C","value":"气象、海洋、水旱、地质、地震、生物和森林草原火灾七大类"},{"key":"D","value":"龙卷风、海啸、水旱、地质、地震、沙尘暴和森林草原火灾七大类"},{"key":"E","value":"气象、海洋、洪水、干旱、地质、地震和森林草原火灾七大类"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查自然灾害按灾害的性质的分类。自然灾害是指以自然变异为主要因素造成的,危害人类生命健康、财产、社会功能以及资源、环境,且超出受影响者利用自身资源进行应对和处置能力的事件或现象。根据国家原卫生部发布的《全国自然灾害卫生应急预案》(试行),按灾害的性质将自然灾害分为气象、海洋、水旱、地质、地震、生物和森林草原火灾七大类(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"使淡水中藻类生长的主要物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大量含氮硫、氯的污水进入缓流水体"},{"key":"B","value":"大量含钾、钠、磷的污水进入缓流水体"},{"key":"C","value":"大量含氨磷、钠的污水进入缓流水体"},{"key":"D","value":"大量含氮、磷的污水进入缓流水体"},{"key":"E","value":"大量含硫、镁、磷的污水进入缓流水体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查使淡水中藻类生长的主要物质。当大量含氮、磷的污水进入缓流水体时(D对ABCE错),可使淡水中藻类迅速生长繁殖。"} {"Question":"二氧化氯消毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消毒效果稳定,受pH影响,能除臭味,成本高"},{"key":"B","value":"消毒效果稳定,不受pH影响,不与氨反应,成本高"},{"key":"C","value":"消毒效果不太稳定,不受pH影响,不与氨反应,成本高"},{"key":"D","value":"消毒效果不太稳定,受pH影响,能与氨反应,并能除臭味"},{"key":"E","value":"消毒效果稳定,不受pH影响,能与氨反应,成本高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查二氧化氯消毒的特点。二氧化氯是极为有效的饮水消毒剂,对细菌、病毒及真菌孢子的杀灭能力均很强。其消毒效果稳定,不受pH影响,不与氨反应,成本高(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"自然灾害发生后,饮用水卫生要求在流行病学上安全,主要是为了确保不发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消化道疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"介水传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"食物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"急慢性中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"水型地方病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查介水传染病。自然灾害发生后,饮用水卫生要求在流行病学上安全,主要是为了确保不发生介水传染病(B对ACDE错)。介水传染病指通过饮用或接触受病原体污染的水而传播的疾病。"} {"Question":"各种微生物因其不同的生物特性而对氯化消毒的耐受程度不同,一般规律是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌对氯化消毒的耐受力强于病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌对氯化消毒的耐受力弱于病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"腺病毒的耐受力较一般病毒更强"},{"key":"D","value":"原生生物对氯化消毒的耐受性最强"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查微生物对氯化消毒的耐受程度。各种微生物因其不同的生物特性而对氯化消毒的耐受程度不同,一般规律是细菌对氯化消毒的耐受力弱于病毒(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"欲了解水源水质情况,应进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒理实验"},{"key":"B","value":"水质检验"},{"key":"C","value":"水质卫生特征测定"},{"key":"D","value":"流行病学调查"},{"key":"E","value":"水源环境卫生调查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查水质检验。欲了解水源水质情况,最适宜的方法就是进行水质检验(B对ACDE错)。水质检验可以直接检测水中化学物质的含量,可以反映水的纯净程度,从而判断水质的好坏。它可以检测水中的水体污染物,包括有机物、无机物、重金属和微生物等,可以检测水中的pH值、电导率和溶解氧等指标,从而判断水质是否合格。水源水质检验可以及时发现水质的变化,及时预警,以便采取应对措施,保障水质的安全。它可以检测出水中的污染物,从而识别水源的污染源,帮助我们采取有效的污染治理措施。"} {"Question":"在毒性较大的微囊藻毒素中,毒性最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"MC-RR"},{"key":"B","value":"MC-YR"},{"key":"C","value":"MC-LR"},{"key":"D","value":"MC-ER"},{"key":"E","value":"MC-ZR"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查毒性最强的微囊藻毒素。微囊藻毒素有70多种异构体,毒性较大的是MC-LR、MC-RR和MC-YR。其中毒性最强的是MC-LR型(C对ABDE错),它主要累及肝脏,引起肝脏大面积肿胀、出血、坏死、肝细胞结构和功能破坏,严重者可因肝功能衰竭而死亡。"} {"Question":"过滤水的功效不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使滤后水的浊度达到生活饮用水水质标准的要求"},{"key":"B","value":"去除水中大部分病原体,特别是阿米巴包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊"},{"key":"C","value":"水经过过滤后残留的微生物失去了悬浮物的保护作用,为滤后消毒创造了条件"},{"key":"D","value":"可去除水中大部分矿物质"},{"key":"E","value":"地表水为水源的饮用水净化中,有时可省去沉淀或澄清,但过滤是不可缺少的"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查过滤的功效。过滤是以石英砂等具有孔隙的粒状滤料层截留水中的杂质从而使水获得澄清的工艺过程。其功效有:①使滤后水的浊度达到生活饮用水水质标准的要求(A对);②去除水中大部分病原体,如致病菌、病毒以及寄生原虫和蠕虫等,特别是阿米巴包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊对消毒剂的抵抗力很强,主要靠过滤去除(B对);③水经过滤后,残留微生物失去悬浮物的保护作用,为滤后消毒创造条件(C对)。在以地表水为水源的饮用水净化中,有时可省去沉淀或澄清,但过滤是不可缺少的(E对)。过滤不能去除水中大部分矿物质(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是生活饮用水水质卫生规范制定的依据","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒理学指标"},{"key":"B","value":"感官性状指标和一般化学指标"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌学指标"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性指标"},{"key":"E","value":"流行病学指标"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查生活饮用水水质卫生规范制定的依据。生活饮用水水质卫生规范制定的依据有:微生物学指标(C对)、毒理学指标(A对)、感官性状和一般化学指标(B对)、放射性指标(D对)及消毒剂指标。流行病学指标(E错,为本题正确答案)不是生活饮用水水质卫生规范制定的依据。"} {"Question":"导致人群肝癌的主要危险因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲肝病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"乙肝病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"微囊藻毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"A+B"},{"key":"E","value":"B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查导致人群肝癌的主要危险因素。肝癌即肝脏恶性肿瘤,可分为原发性和继发性两大类。乙肝病毒、微囊藻毒素(E对ABCD错)与肝癌发病有关,是人群肝癌的主要危险因素。"} {"Question":"评价水质清洁度和考核净化效果的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菌落总数"},{"key":"B","value":"总大肠菌群"},{"key":"C","value":"耐热大肠菌群"},{"key":"D","value":"大肠埃希氏菌"},{"key":"E","value":"隐孢子虫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查评价水质清洁度和考核净化效果的指标。菌落总数(A对BCDE错)是评价水质清洁度和考核净化效果的指标。菌落总数增多说明水受到了微生物污染,但不能识别其来源,必须结合总大肠菌群指标来判断污染来源及安全程度。我国现行饮用水卫生标准规定菌落总数≤100CFU\/ml。"} {"Question":"用漂白粉消毒时,水的pH升高会影响消毒效果,其原因是在消毒过程中同时产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"OCl⁻"},{"key":"B","value":"HOCl"},{"key":"C","value":"Ca(OH)₂"},{"key":"D","value":"Ca(OCl)"},{"key":"E","value":"CaCl₂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查漂白粉消毒。漂白粉的化学式为Ca(OCl)Cl,其消毒过程为2Ca(OCl)Cl+2H₂0→Ca(OH)₂+2HOCl+CaC1₂。用漂白粉消毒时,水的pH升高会影响消毒效果,其原因是在消毒过程中同时产生Ca(OH)₂(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"硫酸铝为常用的混凝剂,其特点为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腐蚀性小,对水质无不良影响,水温低时形成絮状体较松散"},{"key":"B","value":"腐蚀性大,对水质无不良影响,效果一般"},{"key":"C","value":"腐蚀性小,对水质有些影响,水温低时形成絮状体较紧密"},{"key":"D","value":"腐蚀性小,使用不方便,对水质无不良影响"},{"key":"E","value":"腐蚀性小,水温低时形成絮状体较紧密,效果好"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查硫酸铝的特点。铝盐是常用的混凝剂,硫酸铝的优点是:腐蚀性小,使用方便,混凝效果好,且对水质无不良影响。缺点是:水温低时,絮凝体形成慢且松散(A对BCDE错),效果不如铁盐。"} {"Question":"需氯量等于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加氯量+余氯量"},{"key":"B","value":"加氯量-余氯量"},{"key":"C","value":"加氯量×余氯量"},{"key":"D","value":"加氯量÷余氯"},{"key":"E","value":"加氯量-需氯量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查需氯量。需氯量是指水的加氯消毒处理时用于消灭细菌和氧化水中的有机物所需要的氯量。需氯量=加氯量-余氯量(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"有关供水单位卫生许可证的发放,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"供水单位卫生许可证由县级以上人民政府卫生计生主管部门发放,有效期三年,有效期满前三个月重新提出申请换发新证"},{"key":"B","value":"供水单位卫生许可证由省级以上人民政府卫生计生主管部门发放,有效期三年,有效期满前三个月重新提出申请换发新证"},{"key":"C","value":"供水单位卫生许可证由县级以上人民政府卫生计生主管部门发放,有效期四年,有效期满前三个月重新提出申请换发新证"},{"key":"D","value":"供水单位卫生许可证由省级以上人民政府卫生计生主管部门发放,有效期四年,有效期满前三个月重新提出申请换发新证"},{"key":"E","value":"供水单位卫生许可证由县级以上人民政府卫生计生主管部门发放,有效期四年,有效期满前六个月重新提出申请换发新证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查供水单位卫生许可证的发放。供水单位卫生许可证由县级以上人民政府卫生计生部门发放,有效期四年。有效期满前六个月重新提出申请换发新证(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"在饮水消毒中,用一般消毒方法很难将其全部杀死的微生物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隐孢子虫卵囊"},{"key":"B","value":"痢疾杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"霍乱弧菌"},{"key":"D","value":"贾第鞭毛虫"},{"key":"E","value":"甲型肝炎病毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查用一般饮水消毒方法很难将其全部杀死的微生物。贾第鞭毛虫(D对ABCE错)是寄生于人类和动物肠道的原生动物,一般消毒方法很难将其全部杀死。人感染贾第鞭毛虫后可出现腹痛、腹泻和吸收不良等症状。贾第鞭毛虫病也是最有可能通过水源或饮水而传播的介水传染病之一。"} {"Question":"饮用水卫生标准中的“游离性余氯”属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感官性状指标"},{"key":"B","value":"化学指标"},{"key":"C","value":"毒理学指标"},{"key":"D","value":"消毒剂指标"},{"key":"E","value":"放射性指标"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查饮用水卫生标准。游离性余氯是以次氯酸、次氯酸根离子或溶解的单质氯形式存在的氯。饮用水卫生标准中的“游离性余氯”属于消毒剂指标(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"1996年巴西一血液透析中心肾透析导致60多人死亡,其原因是给病人","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用了含贝毒毒素的水"},{"key":"B","value":"使用了含西加鱼毒毒素的水"},{"key":"C","value":"使用了含神经性贝毒毒素的水"},{"key":"D","value":"使用了含铜绿微囊藻毒素的水"},{"key":"E","value":"使用了含脂多糖毒素的水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查微囊藻毒素的危害。1996年巴西一血液透析中心肾透析导致60多人死亡,其原因是给病人使用了含铜绿微囊藻毒素的水(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"欲了解供水区居民介水传染病发病情况,应进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒理实验"},{"key":"B","value":"水质检验"},{"key":"C","value":"水质卫生特征测定"},{"key":"D","value":"流行病学调查"},{"key":"E","value":"水源环境卫生调查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查流行病学调查。流行病学调查是一种研究疾病发生、流行和控制的科学方法,它可以帮助我们了解疾病的发生机制、流行规律和控制策略。因此,要了解供水区居民介水传染病发病情况,应进行流行病学调查(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"卫生服务综合评价内容的主要特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重要性、实用性、足够程度、进度、效率、影响"},{"key":"B","value":"适宜程度、足够程度、实用性、进度、效率、影响"},{"key":"C","value":"适宜程度、足够程度、进度、效率、效果、影响"},{"key":"D","value":"适宜程度、足够程度、实用性、进度、效率、效果"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查卫生服务综合评价内容的主要特征。卫生服务综合评价内容的主要特征是:适宜程度、足够程度、进度、效率、效果、影响(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"下列指标中,最常用来评价人群健康状况、社会经济发展和人民生活质量的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无残疾期望寿命"},{"key":"B","value":"平均期望寿命"},{"key":"C","value":"无残疾期望寿命"},{"key":"D","value":"生命质量指数(PQLI)"},{"key":"E","value":"婴儿死亡率"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查评价人群健康状况、社会经济发展和人民生活质量的指标。婴儿死亡率(E对ABCD错)是指婴儿出生后不满周岁死亡人数同出生人数的比率。常用来评价人群健康状况、社会经济发展和人民生活质量。"} {"Question":"封闭式问题的优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"易于数据整理分析"},{"key":"B","value":"费时"},{"key":"C","value":"回答者应有较高的语言表达能力"},{"key":"D","value":"回答者能充分发表自己的看法"},{"key":"E","value":"无法归类编码"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在常用的问卷调查实施中,分发问卷法、集合法、邮寄法与面访法比较的优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以控制答卷环境"},{"key":"B","value":"可以使用较为复杂的调查表"},{"key":"C","value":"几乎不存在调查员个人素质的影响,漏填和不合理回答的发生率低"},{"key":"D","value":"节约经费和时间"},{"key":"E","value":"具有一定的灵活性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一个有关疾病家族史的问题被设计为:“您父母曾患糖尿病吗?①是②否③不清楚”。该问题的设计错误属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含糊不清"},{"key":"B","value":"抽象提问"},{"key":"C","value":"诱导性提问"},{"key":"D","value":"双重装填"},{"key":"E","value":"问题太敏感"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于访谈法缺点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提问较灵活"},{"key":"B","value":"同时了解到调查问卷以外的资料"},{"key":"C","value":"调查范围在地理上不能分布太分散"},{"key":"D","value":"访谈法的问卷回收率高"},{"key":"E","value":"随时对问题作出解释以避免误解"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查访谈法的缺点。访谈法是通过有目的谈话来收集资料的过程。其缺点是涉及交通,且需要相当的人力物力,调查范围在地理上不能分布太分散(C对)。提问较灵活(A错),同时了解到调查问卷以外的资料(B错),访谈法的问卷回收率高(D错),随时对问题作出解释以避免误解(E错)均属于访谈法的优点。"} {"Question":"根据WHO规定,老年人口为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"55岁或60岁以上人口"},{"key":"B","value":"60岁或65岁以上人口"},{"key":"C","value":"60岁或70岁以上人口"},{"key":"D","value":"70岁或75岁以上人口"},{"key":"E","value":"70岁或80岁以上人口"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反映人群健康状况较为敏感的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人群期望寿命"},{"key":"B","value":"出生率"},{"key":"C","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"D","value":"婴儿死亡率"},{"key":"E","value":"患病率"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"评价疾病负担的指标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生命质量指数(PQLI)"},{"key":"B","value":"美国社会卫生协会指标(ASHA)"},{"key":"C","value":"健康期望寿命(ALE)"},{"key":"D","value":"减寿人年数(PYLL)"},{"key":"E","value":"调整病残生命年(DALY)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查评价疾病负担的指标。伤残调整生命年(DALY)(E对ABCD错)是疾病死亡损失健康生命年与疾病伤残(残疾)损失健康生命年相结合的指标,是评价疾病负担的指标。"} {"Question":"伤残调整生命年是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PYLL"},{"key":"B","value":"LEFD"},{"key":"C","value":"ALE"},{"key":"D","value":"DALY"},{"key":"E","value":"HALE"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"表示接受治疗的患者中治愈的频率的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"患病率"},{"key":"C","value":"某病病死率"},{"key":"D","value":"某病死亡率"},{"key":"E","value":"治愈率"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对PYLL(潜在减寿年数)的表述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PYLL的大小与目标生存年龄的选择有关"},{"key":"B","value":"PYLL能够反映减少老年人的死亡后获得的生存年数"},{"key":"C","value":"PYLL间接反映死亡对寿命影响的实际水平"},{"key":"D","value":"PYLL可以衡量全死因对人群的危害程度"},{"key":"E","value":"PYLL指标计算容易,但不具有可加性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查PYLL(潜在减寿年数)的相关内容。PYLL是指某一人群在一定时期内(通常为1年)在目标生存年龄(通常为70岁或出生期望寿命)以内死亡所造成的寿命减少的总人年数。PYLL的大小与目标生存年龄的选择有关(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列不属于人际暴力主要表现形式的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亲密关系暴力"},{"key":"B","value":"帮派暴力"},{"key":"C","value":"冷暴力"},{"key":"D","value":"虐待老人"},{"key":"E","value":"青少年暴力"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查人际暴力的表现形式。人际暴力的主要表现形式包括:①儿童虐待;②青少年暴力(E对);③亲密关系暴力(A对);④性暴力;⑤虐待老人(D对);⑥工作场所暴力;⑦针对性暴力;⑧帮派暴力(B对)。冷暴力(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于人际暴力的主要表现形式。"} {"Question":"从寿命损失率指标分析,对人类寿命影响较大的疾病因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心血管疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"脑血管疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"车祸"},{"key":"E","value":"自杀"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"WHO提出了不同健康政策阶段应采取的工具和手段,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"建立执法支持框架"},{"key":"B","value":"制定统一的人力资源开发政策"},{"key":"C","value":"建立跨部委、跨部门的管理委员会及联合行动小组"},{"key":"D","value":"建立社区协商和公民审计委员会,构建伙伴关系平台"},{"key":"E","value":"建立一体化的预算财政体系以及贯穿各部门的信息评价体系"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查WHO提出的不同健康政策阶段应采取的工具和手段。WHO提出的不同健康政策阶段应采取的工具和手段包括:①建立跨部委、跨部门的管理委员会及联合行动小组(C对);②建立一体化的预算财政体系以及贯穿各部门的信息评价体系(E对);③制定统一的人力资源开发政策(B对);④建立社区协商和公民审计委员会,构建伙伴关系平台(D对);⑤对决策进行诊断、分析和评价,对可能的健康影响进行评估;⑥建立立法支持框架。建立执法支持框架(A错,为本题正确答案)不属于WHO提出的不同健康政策阶段应采取的工具和手段。"} {"Question":"下列不属于卫生系统健康治理的框架与原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公开透明"},{"key":"B","value":"依法治理"},{"key":"C","value":"惩罚制"},{"key":"D","value":"公正和广泛性"},{"key":"E","value":"伦理学原则"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查卫生系统健康治理的框架与原则。卫生系统健康治理的框架与原则包括:①具有战略视野;②建立共识;③依法治理(B对);④公开和透明(A对);⑤反应性;⑥公正和广泛性(D对);⑦效果和效率;⑧问责制;⑨情报信息;⑩伦理学原则(E对)。惩罚制(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于卫生系统健康治理的框架与原则。"} {"Question":"健康管理的载体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"管理"},{"key":"B","value":"有计划有组织的系统活动"},{"key":"C","value":"服务"},{"key":"D","value":"个体"},{"key":"E","value":"群体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查健康管理的载体。健康管理的载体为服务(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"第一次卫生革命的主要防治对象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心血管疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"意外伤害"},{"key":"C","value":"癌症"},{"key":"D","value":"传染病和寄生虫病等"},{"key":"E","value":"突发公共卫生事件"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"当前谈及的医学模式转变是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从神灵主义医学模式转向自然哲学医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"从生物医学模式转向生物-心理-社会医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"从自然哲学医学模式转向生物-心理-社会医学模式"},{"key":"D","value":"从机械论医学模式转向生物-心理-社会医学模式"},{"key":"E","value":"从自然哲学医学模式转向机械论医学模式"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查医学模式的转变。当前谈及的医学模式转变是指从传统的生物医学模式转向生物-心理-社会医学模式(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"社会医学的基本任务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弘扬正确的医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"倡导积极的健康观"},{"key":"C","value":"发现社会卫生问题"},{"key":"D","value":"开展特殊人群的预防保健工作"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国卫生事业公益性的最高原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经济效益"},{"key":"B","value":"社会效益"},{"key":"C","value":"经济效益和社会效益"},{"key":"D","value":"病人利益"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查我国卫生事业公益性的最高原则。我国卫生事业公益性的最高原则是社会效益(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"社会医学创立的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"18世纪"},{"key":"B","value":"16世纪"},{"key":"C","value":"19世纪"},{"key":"D","value":"17世纪"},{"key":"E","value":"20世纪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查社会医学创立的时间。社会医学创立的时间是19世纪(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"我国的社会医学教学研究工作开始时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"20世纪30年代"},{"key":"B","value":"20世纪60年代"},{"key":"C","value":"20世纪初"},{"key":"D","value":"20世纪50年代"},{"key":"E","value":"20世纪80年代"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查我国的社会医学教学研究工作开始时间。20世纪80年代(E对ABCD错)初期,原卫生部在六所医学院校成立“卫生管理干部培训中心”,有力地推动了社会医学学科建设和卫生管理干部培训工作。"} {"Question":"第一次卫生革命的任务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防和控制传染病"},{"key":"B","value":"心脑血管疾病和肿瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"促进人类健康长寿"},{"key":"D","value":"医学社会化"},{"key":"E","value":"发展初级卫生保健"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于自然因素和社会因素对人群健康状况的影响表述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自然因素对人群健康影响更为重要"},{"key":"B","value":"自然因素与社会因素的作用相同"},{"key":"C","value":"社会因素受自然因素的制约"},{"key":"D","value":"自然因素决定社会因素"},{"key":"E","value":"社会因素对人群健康的影响更为重要"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查影响人群健康的因素。社会因素对人群健康的影响更为重要(E对ABCD错)。社会医学应用现况调查、回顾性调查,以及前瞻性研究等多种研究方法,特别是应用社会卫生服务调查的方法,研究社会制度、经济状况、文化因素、人口发展、生活劳动条件、医疗保障制度、行为生活方式和医疗卫生服务等众多社会因素对人群健康产生的积极和消极的作用,对发现的社会卫生问题进行社会病因学分析,为制定社会卫生政策提供依据。"} {"Question":"社会经济发展过程中,由于对资源不合理的开采和利用,使得什么对人类健康产生重大威胁","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境污染"},{"key":"B","value":"生活方式"},{"key":"C","value":"现代文明病"},{"key":"D","value":"心理健康"},{"key":"E","value":"人口流动"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吸烟、饮酒、缺乏体育锻炼属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行为危险因素"},{"key":"B","value":"物理性危险因素"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗卫生服务中的危险因素"},{"key":"D","value":"生物性危险因素"},{"key":"E","value":"生物遗传危险因素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"如果一个国家人口的出生率和死亡率都非常高,平均期望寿命较短,则其人口金字塔是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增长型"},{"key":"B","value":"缩小型"},{"key":"C","value":"增大型"},{"key":"D","value":"稳定型"},{"key":"E","value":"缩减型"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查人口金字塔的类型。如果一个国家人口的出生率和死亡率都非常高,平均期望寿命较短,则其人口金字塔是增长型(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"人的社会化指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"教育"},{"key":"B","value":"社会活动"},{"key":"C","value":"从自然人到社会人的过程"},{"key":"D","value":"信仰"},{"key":"E","value":"风俗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"健康对经济发展的作用主要表现在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增强人群健康水平、促进经济发展"},{"key":"B","value":"促进卫生技术的进步、提高服务质量"},{"key":"C","value":"提高人群整体素质、增加国民收入"},{"key":"D","value":"促进社会生产力发展"},{"key":"E","value":"提高劳动生产率、减少卫生资源消耗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查健康对经济发展的作用。健康对经济发展的作用主要表现在:1.增加劳动力供给;2.提高劳动生产率;3.减少疾病损失和资源耗费(E对ABCD错);4.促进教育收益实现;5.促进自然资源利用。"} {"Question":"哪种情绪对人的生理功能起良好的作用,可以提高人的活动能力,充实体力和精力,发挥潜在能力,有利于人体健康","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"愉快、积极"},{"key":"B","value":"不愉快"},{"key":"C","value":"消极"},{"key":"D","value":"强烈"},{"key":"E","value":"长期强烈"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"生物医学模式的贡献在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重视人的社会性"},{"key":"B","value":"重视人们心理活动的复杂性"},{"key":"C","value":"抗菌药物的应用、发展了基因理论等"},{"key":"D","value":"能够圆满解释当今人类面临的所有健康问题"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"社会医学的重要任务之一,就是研究和倡导适合于时代的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"方法论"},{"key":"B","value":"技术"},{"key":"C","value":"价值观"},{"key":"D","value":"理论"},{"key":"E","value":"医学模式"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对不同历史阶段的医学科学发展和医学实践起着重要的导向作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"方法论"},{"key":"B","value":"医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"价值观"},{"key":"D","value":"技术"},{"key":"E","value":"理论"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"“没有疾病和症状就是健康”的观点属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神灵主义的健康观"},{"key":"B","value":"自然哲学的健康观"},{"key":"C","value":"恩格尔医学模式的健康观"},{"key":"D","value":"生物医学模式的健康观"},{"key":"E","value":"整体医学模式的健康观"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"何某,男,42岁,已婚,女儿上初一,妻下岗待业。近日,他所在的外资企业组织中层职员体检,何某的多数检查结果为正常,但血压值略微升高,为135\/90mmHg,心电图显示ST段有轻微改变,甘油三脂略偏高,达1.7mmol\/L。虽然何某工作和家庭生活压力较大,但他自我感觉良好,工作精力充沛,饮食睡眠均可,每天拼命工作,没有疲劳与不适感,也未患过什么病,平时连感冒都少见。为此,何某一直未把上述情况当一回事。何某健康状况属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康状态"},{"key":"B","value":"临床疾病状态"},{"key":"C","value":"亚健康状态"},{"key":"D","value":"第三状态"},{"key":"E","value":"亚临床疾病状态"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医学模式的演变过程是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神灵主义医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"神灵主义医学模式、自然哲学的医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"神灵主义医学模式、自然哲学的医学模式、机械论的医学模式"},{"key":"D","value":"神灵主义医学模式、自然哲学的医学模式、机械论的医学模式、生物医学模式"},{"key":"E","value":"神灵主义医学模式、自然哲学的医学模式、机械论的医学模式、生物医学模式、生物-心理-社会医学模式"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"把健康、疾病与人类生活的自然环境与社会环境联系起来观察与思考,产生了朴素、辩证、整体的医学观念,指的是哪种医学模式","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神灵主义医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"自然哲学的医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"机械论的医学模式"},{"key":"D","value":"生物医学模式"},{"key":"E","value":"生物-心理-社会医学模式"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医学模式的演变经历了以下几个阶段的历史演变","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神灵主义-自然哲学-机械论-生物医学-现代医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"自然哲学-机械论-生物医学-现代医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"神灵主义-机械论-自然哲学-生物医学-现代医学模式"},{"key":"D","value":"神灵主义-自然哲学-机械论-生物医学模式"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查医学模式的演变。医学模式的演变经历了以下几个阶段的历史演变:神灵主义-自然哲学-机械论-生物医学-现代医学模式(A对BCD错)。"} {"Question":"《黄帝内经》以后的中医学理论,继承并发展了阴阳学说,建立了阴阳五行病理学说及外因“六淫”(风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火)、内因“七情”(喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊)等病因学说,这一学说属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神灵主义医学模式"},{"key":"B","value":"生物医学模式"},{"key":"C","value":"机械医学模式"},{"key":"D","value":"自然哲学医学模式"},{"key":"E","value":"生物心理社会医学模式"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查自然哲学医学模式。《黄帝内经》以后的中医学理论,继承并发展了阴阳学说,建立了阴阳五行病理学说及外因“六淫”(风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火)、内因“七情”(喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊)等病因学说,这一学说属于自然哲学医学模式(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"某县2016年居民健康状况调查,两周患病率占8.95%,两周就诊率为6.20%,慢性病死亡率为530.84\/10万,这些数据中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两周患病率是卫生服务需要指标"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性病患病率是卫生服务需求指标"},{"key":"C","value":"两周就诊率是卫生服务需要指标"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性病患病率是卫生服务利用指标"},{"key":"E","value":"两周患病率是卫生服务利用指标"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据团队存在的目的和拥有的自主权大小,可将社区卫生服务团队分为()类型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两种"},{"key":"B","value":"三种"},{"key":"C","value":"四种"},{"key":"D","value":"五种"},{"key":"E","value":"六种"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪个不是社区卫生服务的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有效、经济"},{"key":"B","value":"方便"},{"key":"C","value":"综合"},{"key":"D","value":"连续"},{"key":"E","value":"服务态度好"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据社区卫生服务中心设置指导标准,业务用房使用面积不应少于多少平方米","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"200"},{"key":"B","value":"300"},{"key":"C","value":"400"},{"key":"D","value":"500"},{"key":"E","value":"600"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪个不是社区卫生服务的对象","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康人群"},{"key":"B","value":"亚健康人群"},{"key":"C","value":"高危人群与重点保健人群"},{"key":"D","value":"患者"},{"key":"E","value":"职业人群"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"开展社区卫生服务的第一步是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"建立疾病和死亡原因登记报告"},{"key":"B","value":"开展危险因素干预"},{"key":"C","value":"进行调查研究"},{"key":"D","value":"建立健康档案"},{"key":"E","value":"开展慢性病的防治"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查社区卫生服务的首要步骤。开展社区卫生服务的首要步骤是进行调查研究(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"社区卫生服务的对象包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚健康人群、高危人群、重点保健人群、病人"},{"key":"B","value":"健康人群、高危人群、重点保健人群、病人"},{"key":"C","value":"健康人群、亚健康人群、高危人群、病人"},{"key":"D","value":"健康人群、亚健康人群、高危人群、重点保健人群、病人"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查社区卫生服务的对象。社区卫生服务的对象包括:健康人群、亚健康人群、高危人群、重点保健人群、病人(D对ABC错)。"} {"Question":"下列属于评价量表的主要指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灵敏度和特异度"},{"key":"B","value":"可行性和偏倚大小"},{"key":"C","value":"信度和效度"},{"key":"D","value":"重复性和真实性"},{"key":"E","value":"可行性、信度、效度、敏感度等"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查评价量表的主要指标。评价量表的主要指标包括可行性、信度、效度、敏感度等(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"下列不属于目前生命质量评价主要应用的领域是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性病患者健康评价与治疗决策"},{"key":"B","value":"人群健康状况的测定与评价"},{"key":"C","value":"药效评价和卫生管理决策"},{"key":"D","value":"基础病理研究"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生命质量评价主要应用的领域。目前生命质量评价主要应用的领域有:慢性病患者健康评价与治疗决策(A对);人群健康状况的测定与评价(B对);药效评价和卫生管理决策(C对)。基础病理研究(D错,为本题正确答案)不属于生命质量评价主要应用的领域。"} {"Question":"下列对生命质量评价描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生命质量评价的健康状态是从生理、心理和社会生活三个方面来测定个人功能"},{"key":"B","value":"生命质量评价的内容有:生理状态、心理状态、社会功能状态、主观判断与满意度"},{"key":"C","value":"HRQOL是指在疾病、意外损伤与医疗干预的影响下,测定与个人生活事件相联系的客观健康状态和主观健康状态"},{"key":"D","value":"生命质量评价的量表主要有:一般健康问卷、疾病专门化问卷、部位专门化问卷、治疗问卷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生命质量评价的相关内容。生命质量评价的健康状态是从生理、心理和社会生活三个方面来测定个人功能(A对)。生命质量评价的内容有:生理状态、心理状态、社会功能状态、主观判断与满意度(B对)。生命质量评价的量表主要有:一般健康问卷、疾病专门化问卷、部位专门化问卷、治疗问卷(D对)。HRQOL即健康相关生命质量,是指在病伤、医疗干预、老化和社会环境改变的影响下个人的健康状态,以及与其经济、文化背景和价值取向相联系的主观满意度(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列选项中属于生命质量评价主体的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病人"},{"key":"B","value":"测量者"},{"key":"C","value":"被测量者"},{"key":"D","value":"护士"},{"key":"E","value":"医生"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生命质量评价的主体。生命质量评价是主观的评价指标,应由被测者自己评价。所以其主体是被测量者(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"等级评价是评价个体儿童的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单项发育指标的等级"},{"key":"B","value":"多项发育指标的等级"},{"key":"C","value":"单项发育指标的等级发育速度"},{"key":"D","value":"单项发育指标随年龄发育变动的趋势"},{"key":"E","value":"各发育指标之间的相互关系"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"大量的研究证实,躯干与下肢的比例主要取决于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"种族遗传"},{"key":"B","value":"营养状况"},{"key":"C","value":"体育锻炼"},{"key":"D","value":"家族遗传"},{"key":"E","value":"地理环境与季节"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查影响体格生长的因素。影响体格生长的因素:1.遗传因素;2.环境因素。遗传因素主要受家族和种族影响,成年身高在很大程度上取决于家族遗传。个体的体型、躯干和四肢长度比例受种族(A对BCDE错)影响较大。"} {"Question":"发育的不正确表述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞和组织的分化"},{"key":"B","value":"功能的不断完善"},{"key":"C","value":"心理智力的发展"},{"key":"D","value":"运动技能的获得"},{"key":"E","value":"个体在形态和功能方面已全面达到成人水平"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查发育的概念。在发育过程中,是个体从其生命开始到成熟的变化,是生物有机体的自我构建和自我组织的过程,还没有完全达到成人水平(E错,为本题正确答案)。发育是指细胞、组织、器官分化与功能成熟(ABD对),是机体质的变化,包括情感-心理(C对)的发育成熟过程。"} {"Question":"小儿生后体格发育最快的时期在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"D","value":"学龄前期"},{"key":"E","value":"学龄期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查体格生长发育的相关内容。小儿出生后生长发育最快的时期是婴儿期(B对ACDE错),是生后第一个生长高峰。"} {"Question":"某儿童身高等级评价结果,在+1~+2个标准差之间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下等"},{"key":"B","value":"中等"},{"key":"C","value":"中上等"},{"key":"D","value":"中下等"},{"key":"E","value":"上等"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查体格发育评价的相关内容。五等级划分法将测量数值分为上>x̅+2SD、中上x̅+(1SD~2SD)(C对ABDE错)、中x̅±1SD、中下x̅-(1SD~2SD)、下<x̅-2SD。"} {"Question":"体重约为出生时2倍的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3月龄"},{"key":"B","value":"6月龄"},{"key":"C","value":"8月龄"},{"key":"D","value":"10月龄"},{"key":"E","value":"12月龄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查体重的增长。我国2005年调查资料显示生后3~4月龄(A对BCDE错)的婴儿体重约等于出生体重的2倍;12月龄时体重约为出生体重的3倍。故生后第一年是生后体重增长最快的时期,为第一个生长高峰。生后第二年体重增加约2.5~3kg, 即2岁时体重约达出生体重的4倍(12~13kg);2岁后至青春前期儿童体重增长减慢但较恒定,年增长值约为2~3kg。"} {"Question":"男婴,早产,生后10天。母乳喂养,为预防佝偻病,家长来医院咨询。当小儿出现哪些表现时,可考虑为佝偻病初期","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多汗、夜惊"},{"key":"B","value":"方颅"},{"key":"C","value":"乒乓颅"},{"key":"D","value":"肋骨串珠"},{"key":"E","value":"精神萎靡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的分期。佝偻病的初期多见6月龄以内,特别是3月龄以内小婴儿,主要为神经兴奋性增高的表现,如易激惹、烦闹、多汗(A对)刺激头皮致婴儿常摇头、擦枕而出现枕秃。临床上把维生素D缺乏性佝偻病分为4期,即初期、活动期、恢复期和后遗症期。佝偻病活动期由于缺乏维生素D没有及时的得到治疗有可能会伴随精神萎靡(E错),出现钙、磷代谢失常的典型骨骼改变:①颅骨:方颅(B错)、乒乓颅(C错);②胸廓:肋骨串珠(D错);③四肢:“手镯”“足镯”;④其他。"} {"Question":"7个月男婴,体重5kg,理想体重8.8kg,每天所需热卡为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"初为3MJ\/d,以后根据食欲及消化道情况渐增到0.63MJ\/(kg·d),待体重接近正常后恢复到生理需要量"},{"key":"B","value":"初为1.36MJ\/d,以后根据食欲及消化道情况渐增到0.5~0.63MJ\/(kg·d),待体重接近正常后恢复到生理需要量"},{"key":"C","value":"2.76MJ\/d"},{"key":"D","value":"初为0.6MJ\/d,以后根据食欲及消化道情况渐增到0.63MJ\/(kg·d),待体重接近正常后恢复到生理需要量"},{"key":"E","value":"初为1.25MJ\/d,1周后根据食欲及消化道情况渐增到0.63MJ\/(kg·d),待体重接近正常后恢复到生理需要量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查儿童合理营养与膳食的相关概念。该7个月男婴,体重为5kg偏低,且理想体重8.8kg,因此每天所需热卡为初为1.25MJ\/d,1周后根据食欲及消化道情况渐增到0.63MJ\/(kg·d),待体重接近正常后恢复到生理需要量(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"佝偻病活动早期X线表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干骺端增厚,钙化预备带消失,呈毛刷样杯口状改变"},{"key":"B","value":"钙化预备带重新出现,致密增厚"},{"key":"C","value":"骨骼无明显改变"},{"key":"D","value":"长骨短曲和弯曲,干骺端变宽,呈喇叭口状,轮廓光整"},{"key":"E","value":"长骨钙化预备带密度增加,骨皮质增厚及骨硬化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查维生素D缺乏性佝偻病早期X线表现。维生素D缺乏性佝偻病早期X线表现为此期常无骨骼病变(C对ABDE错),骨骼X线可正常,或钙化带稍模糊。"} {"Question":"男婴,早产,生后10天。母乳喂养,为预防佝偻病,家长来医院咨询。医师给予家庭护理的指导不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坚持母乳喂养"},{"key":"B","value":"坚持日光浴"},{"key":"C","value":"生后2周添加鱼肝油"},{"key":"D","value":"合理补充钙剂"},{"key":"E","value":"2个月开始添加蛋黄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查预防佝偻病的家庭护理。该早产男婴,不建议2个月开始添加蛋黄(E错,为本题正确答案),对于新生儿尤其是早产儿,这个阶段的消化系统发育还不是很完善,是不可以添加辅食,一般这个阶段的宝宝除了母乳喂养以外,主要是采取奶粉喂养,添加辅食至少需要等宝宝六个月以后才可以添加,以免过早的添加辅食,宝宝容易引起消化不良,导致腹泻,影响生长发育。预防佝偻病的家庭护理可坚持母乳喂养(A对)、坚持日光浴(B对)、生后2周添加鱼肝油(C对)、合理补充钙剂(D对)。"} {"Question":"佝偻病活动期合并肺炎时对佝偻病的主要处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服鱼肝油"},{"key":"B","value":"口服钙剂"},{"key":"C","value":"晒太阳"},{"key":"D","value":"肌注维生素D₃"},{"key":"E","value":"暂不治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查佝偻病活动期合并肺炎的处理原则。佝偻病是涉及全身各系统产生病变的一种小儿常见病,可引起小儿并发症肺炎。当佝偻病活动期有并发症肺炎或无法口服者可肌内注射维生素D₃(D对ABCE错),3个月后改预防量。"} {"Question":"一对准父母来妇幼保健院咨询有关孩子出生后进行新生儿疾病筛查的事情。医师的介绍正确的是:采血的时间、取血部位分别为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生后24小时、头皮"},{"key":"B","value":"生后48小时、足跟"},{"key":"C","value":"生后48小时、头皮"},{"key":"D","value":"生后72小时、足跟"},{"key":"E","value":"生后72小时、头皮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查新生儿疾病筛查相关内容。新生儿疾病筛查于新生儿出生72小时充分哺乳后在新生儿足跟进行(D对ABCE错)进行,以避免因哺乳不足无蛋白质负荷时苯丙酮尿症筛查的假阴性,出生72小时的采血可避开促甲状腺素的生理性增高,以减少甲状腺功能减退症筛查的假阳性。"} {"Question":"关于Ⅱ度营养不良的诊断标准,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体重低于正常均值25%~40%"},{"key":"B","value":"身长低于正常"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤稍苍白松弛"},{"key":"D","value":"消瘦明显"},{"key":"E","value":"肌张力基本正常"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查Ⅱ度营养不良的诊断标准。Ⅱ度营养不良:体重低于正常均值25%~40%(A对),身高低于正常(B对),腹壁皮下脂肪厚度小于0.4厘米,消瘦明显(D对)。精神不振,烦躁不安,肌张力减弱(E错,为本题正确答案),皮肤苍白松弛(C对)、干燥,毛发无光泽。"} {"Question":"从母体带来的铁可使用的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2周"},{"key":"B","value":"3~4周"},{"key":"C","value":"1~2个月"},{"key":"D","value":"3~4个月"},{"key":"E","value":"5~6个月"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查婴儿喂养方式的相关内容。铁由肠道吸收,是血红蛋白的重要成分,也是造血的活性元素。足月出生的宝宝从母体带来的铁只能维持出生后3~4个月(D对ABCE错)对铁的需求,此后的铁必须从外界补充。"} {"Question":"婴儿首次添加辅食最好的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水果泥"},{"key":"B","value":"蔬菜泥"},{"key":"C","value":"米汤"},{"key":"D","value":"鸡蛋黄"},{"key":"E","value":"强化铁的米粉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查过渡期食物的选择。给婴儿首先选择的食物应该易于吸收、满足生长需要,又不易产生过敏的食物。因4~6月龄的婴儿体内贮存铁已消耗,选择的食物还应符合婴儿铁的补充。通常能满足这些条件的食物是强化铁的米粉(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"某城市发生儿童铅中毒,他们很有可能同时患有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"佝偻病"},{"key":"B","value":"贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"脚气病"},{"key":"D","value":"癞皮病"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查铅中毒的相关内容。铅中毒时,血浆中的铅可形成磷酸氢铅,数周后形成稳定的磷酸铅,沉积于骨,骨铅的半减期为2~10年,影响骨骼,导致钙、磷代谢失调和骨骼改变。所以发生儿童铅中毒时,有可能同时患有佝偻病(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"以下哪种疫苗不是采用注射法接种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻疹活疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"乙肝疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓灰质炎三价混合疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"卡介苗"},{"key":"E","value":"百白破混合疫苗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查各类疫苗的接种方式。脊髓灰质炎三价混合疫苗(C对)口服接种,糖丸剂型每次1粒。麻疹活疫苗(A错)上臂外侧三角肌下缘,皮下注射0.5ml。乙肝疫苗(B错)上臂外侧三角肌或大腿前外侧中部,肌内注射。卡介苗(D错)上臂外侧三角肌中部略下处,皮内注射0.1ml。百白破混合制剂(E错)上臂外侧三角肌或臀部,肌内注射0.5ml"} {"Question":"婴儿接种乙肝疫苗第3针的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3月龄"},{"key":"B","value":"4月龄"},{"key":"C","value":"5月龄"},{"key":"D","value":"6月龄"},{"key":"E","value":"8月龄"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查乙肝疫苗的接种时间。乙肝疫苗共接种3剂次,其中第1剂在新生儿出生后24小时内接种,第2剂在1月龄时接种,第3剂在6月龄(D对ABCE错)时接种。"} {"Question":"下列关于第一类和第二类疫苗的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第二类疫苗由政府免费提供"},{"key":"B","value":"第一类疫苗由公民自费"},{"key":"C","value":"两种疫苗在接种时间上有冲突的,优先接种第一类疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"狂犬病疫苗属于第一类疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"第二类疫苗由公民自费国家强制接种"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查疫苗管理的相关内容。一类疫苗和二类疫苗在接种时间上有冲突的,原则上应优先接种一类疫苗(C对);但在特殊情况下,用于预防紧急性疾病风险的二类疫苗,如狂犬病疫苗等其他需应急接种的疫苗,可优先接种。二类疫苗是由公民自费并且自愿接种的其他疫苗(AE错)。一类疫苗是政府免费向公民提供(B错)。狂犬疫苗属于二类疫苗(D错)。"} {"Question":"预防结核病疫苗初种年龄","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生后2~3天到2个月之内"},{"key":"B","value":"2个月以上"},{"key":"C","value":"9个月以上易感儿"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月以上小儿"},{"key":"E","value":"1岁以上"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查预防结核病疫苗的初种年龄。新生儿对结核病无先天免疫,出生即易感,同时新生儿细胞免疫发育较成熟,故新生儿出生后2~3天到2个月之内(A对BCDE错)即可接种卡介苗,以达到预防结核病的最佳时间。"} {"Question":"7个月婴儿,吃鸡蛋发生过敏,提醒家长该儿童以后需慎用的疫苗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡介苗"},{"key":"B","value":"乙肝疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓灰质炎疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"百白破联合疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"麻疹疫苗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查疫苗接种的禁忌症。有过敏性史的人接种疫苗,常可引起过敏反应。在接种疫苗前应详细了解其过敏原,如疫苗含有该过敏原就不能接种疫苗,不含该过敏原的疫苗则可以接种。该婴儿7个月,吃鸡蛋发生过敏,主要是对其中的蛋白质过敏,因此一般不能打含蛋白质的疫苗。临床上常见含蛋白质的疫苗有麻疹疫苗(D对ABCE错)、风疹疫苗、腮腺炎三联疫苗等,这些疫苗的疫苗菌主要是在鸡蛋的尿膜腔中培养、繁殖,即使经过过滤、浓缩等工艺的处理,制备好的疫苗一般仍含有少量的蛋白质。"} {"Question":"建议青春期男孩不穿紧身衣裤是为了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保护皮肤"},{"key":"B","value":"促进生长"},{"key":"C","value":"防止频繁遗精"},{"key":"D","value":"保护生殖系统"},{"key":"E","value":"促进健康"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查防止频繁遗精的主要措施。建议青春期男孩不穿紧身衣裤是为了防止频繁遗精(C对ABDE错)。防止频繁遗精的主要措施有:①开展生殖卫生教育,树立对遗精的正确认识;②合理安排学习生活,劳逸适度;③睡前不宜剧烈活动或阅读带有言情色彩的小说,避免过度兴奋;④不穿紧身衣裤,采取侧卧睡姿,以减少对外生殖器的刺激。"} {"Question":"患者家属加入医患关系中带来的负面效应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加重了医务人员的责任"},{"key":"B","value":"增加了对医务人员的监督"},{"key":"C","value":"有时会损害患者正当权益"},{"key":"D","value":"出现了从属关系"},{"key":"E","value":"加大了社会意义"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"该上级医生作出自已的选择之伦理依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医患之间契约关系中医师有独立人格"},{"key":"B","value":"医患之间契约关系中患者自愿进入"},{"key":"C","value":"医患之间信托关系中患者处于弱势地位"},{"key":"D","value":"医患之间信托关系中双方不是陌生人关系"},{"key":"E","value":"医患之间信托关系中患者对医师信任无疑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者的义务不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"及时就医"},{"key":"B","value":"早日康复"},{"key":"C","value":"遵守医疗部门规章制度"},{"key":"D","value":"遵守医嘱"},{"key":"E","value":"公开个人经济收入"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"询问病史的道德要求最主要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全面系统,认真细致"},{"key":"B","value":"综合分析,切忌片面"},{"key":"C","value":"全神贯注,语言得当"},{"key":"D","value":"合理配伍,细致观察"},{"key":"E","value":"精诚团结,密切协作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"保守医疗秘密之两方面的内容是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为病人保密与对病人保密"},{"key":"B","value":"为病人保密与对病人家属保密"},{"key":"C","value":"为病人家属保密与对病人保密"},{"key":"D","value":"为病人家属保密与对病人家属保密"},{"key":"E","value":"为医院保密与对同事保密"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下哪项符合检验科和病理科人员的道德要求","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"要有严谨的科学作风"},{"key":"B","value":"要有实事求是的态度"},{"key":"C","value":"不能徐改、谎报结果"},{"key":"D","value":"要有急患者所急的态度"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"落实初级卫生保健,以下不是政府的伦理责任的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加强健康教育"},{"key":"B","value":"创建公众健康良好的生存"},{"key":"C","value":"公正、合理地分配卫生资源"},{"key":"D","value":"实施初级卫生保健的各项政策和具体揩施"},{"key":"E","value":"促进人人维护健康"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对于公共卫生从业人员来说,在慢性非传染病防控中应遵循的伦理要求","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"积极开展健康教育,促进人们健康行为、生活方式的转变"},{"key":"B","value":"尊重科学,具有奉献精神"},{"key":"C","value":"认真做好传染病的监测和报告,履行其道德和法律责任"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重传染病患者的人格和权利"},{"key":"E","value":"积极开展传染病的防控,对广大群众的健康负责"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下不属于公共卫生应遵守的行为准则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重社会个人权利的方式,促进社会人群健康"},{"key":"B","value":"对公共卫生政策、方案、优先性提出评价,并把社会各种取向整合起来"},{"key":"C","value":"制定方案和政策,有效促进自然和社会环境的改善和实施"},{"key":"D","value":"公共卫生机构应当保护那些给个人和社会带来伤害的信息"},{"key":"E","value":"所有纳税的公民才有权取得健康资源"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"现代临终关怀事业的创立者是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"南丁格尔"},{"key":"B","value":"桑德斯"},{"key":"C","value":"希波克拉底"},{"key":"D","value":"白求恩"},{"key":"E","value":"恩格尔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临终关怀的伦理意义表现在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"它有利于建立和谐社会"},{"key":"B","value":"它体现生命神圣、质量和价值的统一"},{"key":"C","value":"它理解临终患者的需求"},{"key":"D","value":"它维护临终患者的生命尊严"},{"key":"E","value":"它同情和关心临终患者的家属"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"李某(殁年73岁)与邓某是母子关系。二十年来邓某赡养母亲一贯孝顺。2011年,长期卧病在床、不堪病痛折磨的李某请求邓某为其购买农药服食以结束自己生命,后被告人邓某同意,到一农药店购得农药两瓶,将农药勾兑后给李某饮用。李某喝下农药后即中毒身亡。法院判决认为,被告人明知农药具有毒性,仍帮助母亲饮用导致其死亡,构成故意杀人罪,依法应子惩处。但考虑到被告人的犯罪行为发生于家庭直系亲属之间,且是被害人在患病情况下请求而造成,念及被告人二十年来赡养母亲的一贯孝顺表现,其犯罪动机有值得宽宥之处,决定对被告人从轻处罚,判处有期徒刑三年,缓刑四年。法院的“缓刑四年”的判决可能主要基于以下考虑:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"邓某的行为是变相杀人"},{"key":"B","value":"人有生的权利,任何情况下都不能主动促其死亡"},{"key":"C","value":"只有法律部门才能依法结束一个人的生命"},{"key":"D","value":"邓某的行为可能使李某错过继续治疗得以恢复的机会"},{"key":"E","value":"李某的行为在某种程度上有利于邓某的自身利益"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"充分体现实施人类辅助生殖技术的严防商品化原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医务人员对捐赠精子、卵子、胚胎者,须告知其有关权利、义务等事宜"},{"key":"B","value":"医务人员与捐赠精子、卵子、胚胎者保持互盲,与受方夫妇及出生的后代保持互盲"},{"key":"C","value":"医务人员不得对单身女性实施人工辅助生殖技术,不得对任何人实施代孕技术"},{"key":"D","value":"医务人员不得将人工辅助生殖技术应用于有可能自然生育的夫妇"},{"key":"E","value":"医务人员运用人工辅助生殖技术应接受医学伦理委员会的审查监督"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"基因诊断及治疗的伦理原则应除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重病人的原则"},{"key":"B","value":"知情同意的原则"},{"key":"C","value":"有益于病人的原则"},{"key":"D","value":"保守秘密的原则"},{"key":"E","value":"创新至上的原则"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"规定医疗机构和医务人员不得实施任何形式的代孕技术的伦理原则于哪一年开始实施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2000"},{"key":"B","value":"2001"},{"key":"C","value":"2002"},{"key":"D","value":"2003"},{"key":"E","value":"2004"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医学伦理学的公正原则,是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不同病人给予不同对待"},{"key":"B","value":"不同的经济给予不同对待"},{"key":"C","value":"不同样的需要给予同样的对待"},{"key":"D","value":"同样需要的人给予同样的对待"},{"key":"E","value":"不同的病情给予同样的对待"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医务人员的道德义务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有独立作出诊断和治疗的权利以及特殊干涉权"},{"key":"B","value":"对病人义务和对社会义务的统一"},{"key":"C","value":"绝对干涉权"},{"key":"D","value":"保持和恢复健康,积极配合医疗,支持医学科学研究"},{"key":"E","value":"支持医学科学研究"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某患者夜间突发急腹症被送到某医院看急诊,初诊为急性胆囊炎。负责医生因自己年轻,怕担风险,未作任何处理,即让家属把患者送到20里外的中心医院就诊,延误了治疗时间,致使病人胆囊穿孔、中毒性休克。后虽经抢救挽救了生命,但医药费用去2万多元。对该医生的正确伦理评价是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"没有什么问题,不想接诊的病人就可以让他转诊"},{"key":"B","value":"没有什么问题,风险太大时首先要保护好自己"},{"key":"C","value":"没有什么问题,当时情况可以转诊"},{"key":"D","value":"错误,违反首诊负责制要求,给患者造成严重伤害"},{"key":"E","value":"错误,没有把这件事报告给院长,擅自决定转诊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"最能体现知情同意准则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生为患者选用疗效相当但价格低廉的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"医生为患者提供完全、真实的信息,供其选择表态"},{"key":"C","value":"医生使用艾滋病患者病情资料时,应作隐去姓名等处理"},{"key":"D","value":"医生诊断时应考虑患者的各方面因素"},{"key":"E","value":"医生治疗时应努力使患者受益"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"详细向患者讲清配合治疗的必要性,以获得患者与医师的合作是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患者的权利"},{"key":"B","value":"患者的义务"},{"key":"C","value":"医生的权利"},{"key":"D","value":"医生的义务"},{"key":"E","value":"患者和医生共同的义务"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对尊重患者自主权的正确理解是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"必须听从有地位的患者的决定"},{"key":"B","value":"此准则适用于所有患者"},{"key":"C","value":"此准则适用于患者的所有自我决定"},{"key":"D","value":"医生的任何干预都是不道德的"},{"key":"E","value":"承认患者有权根据自身状况作出理性决定"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对医德良心的不正确理解是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医德良心是医务人员对病人履行义务的道德责任感"},{"key":"B","value":"医德良心是医务人员对病人履行义务的自我评估能力"},{"key":"C","value":"医德良心是医务人员医德情感的深化"},{"key":"D","value":"医德良心是医务人员天生的对病人的行善之心"},{"key":"E","value":"医德良心是医务人员在医疗活动中养成的自律机制"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某肝癌患者病情已到晚期,处于极度痛苦之中,自认为是肝硬化,寄希望于治疗,病情进展和疼痛发作时,多次要求医生给以明确说法和治疗措施。此时,医生最佳的伦理选择应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正确对待保密与讲真话的关系,经家属同意后告知实情,重点减轻病痛"},{"key":"B","value":"恪守保密原则,继续隐瞒病情,直至患者病死"},{"key":"C","value":"遵循病人自主原则,全面满足病人要求"},{"key":"D","value":"依据知情同意原则,应该告知病人所有信息"},{"key":"E","value":"依据有利原则,劝导病人试用一些民间土方"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于医师违背不伤害原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医师检查患者时,由于消毒观念不强,造成交叉感染"},{"key":"B","value":"医师满足患者的一切保密要求"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医师给予引产"},{"key":"D","value":"医师对患者的呼叫或提问给予应答"},{"key":"E","value":"医师的行为使某个患者受益,但却损害了别的患者的利益"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医疗审慎的积极作用的突出表现应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利于保护医生的利益"},{"key":"B","value":"有利于保护医院的利益"},{"key":"C","value":"有利于医疗质量的提高"},{"key":"D","value":"有利于保护医学的发展"},{"key":"E","value":"有利于保护医际的和谐"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患儿,11岁,女。患甲状腺癌,并有颈淋巴结转移。医生告诉患儿母亲,女孩需做甲状腺癌根治术,按常规手术后要造成颈部塌陷变形、肩下垂,身体的外观和功能都要受到一定损害。当患儿母亲听到要造成这此后遗症后,断然拒绝治疗,带孩子出院。过了不久,患儿家属考虑到癌症将危及患者的生命,故再次来到医院,要求给子治疗,并请求医生尽可能不给孩子留下终身伤残的痛苦。医生经过再三考虑,决定打破常规,采用一种新的术式,既收到治疗效果,又使女孩子保留外形美观,功能不受破坏。患者及家属同意做此手术,尽管这种术式的治疗效果当时尚不能肯定。手术进行得很顺利,随访远期疗效也很好。下面说法,哪一点是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患者应该在医师指导下对治疗作出负责的决定并与医师合作执行"},{"key":"B","value":"既要为患者考虑眼前疗效,又考虑远期疗效"},{"key":"C","value":"医生不可以强求患者做不同意做的手术"},{"key":"D","value":"医生打破常规,采用治疗效果不肯定的术式的做法是不可取的"},{"key":"E","value":"医生为患者着想、勇担风险是值得赞扬的"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于医德良心,下述提法中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医德良心是对道德情感的深化"},{"key":"B","value":"医德良心是对道德责任的自觉认识"},{"key":"C","value":"医德良心在行为前具有指导作用"},{"key":"D","value":"医德良心在行为中具有监督作用"},{"key":"E","value":"医德良心在行为后具有社会评价作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列做法中不违背医学伦理学无伤害(不伤害)原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"因急于手术抢救患者,未由家属或患者签手术同意书"},{"key":"B","value":"发生故意伤害"},{"key":"C","value":"造成本可避免的残疾"},{"key":"D","value":"造成本可避免的患者自杀"},{"key":"E","value":"造成本可避免的人格伤害"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于医师违背尊重原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医师检查患者时,由于消毒观念不强,造成交叉感染"},{"key":"B","value":"医师满足患者的一切保密要求"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医师给予引产"},{"key":"D","value":"医师对患者的呼叫或提问给予应答"},{"key":"E","value":"医师的行为使某个患者受益,但却损害了别的患者的利益"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不属于我国社会主义医学伦理学基本原则内容的一项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中西医并重"},{"key":"B","value":"防病治病"},{"key":"C","value":"救死扶伤"},{"key":"D","value":"实行社会主义人道主义"},{"key":"E","value":"全心全意为人民身心健康服务"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"中华人民共和国卫生部颁布《医务人员医德规范及实施办法》的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1988年10月15日"},{"key":"B","value":"1988年12月15日"},{"key":"C","value":"1949年10月15日"},{"key":"D","value":"1949年12月15日"},{"key":"E","value":"1978年12月15日"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医学伦理学原则中的最高层次是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不伤害患者"},{"key":"B","value":"有利于患者"},{"key":"C","value":"全心全意为人民身心健康服务"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重患者的自主性"},{"key":"E","value":"公正地对待病人"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对三种医德评价方式相互关系的正确理解是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相辅相成、互相补充"},{"key":"B","value":"完全一致、可以替代"},{"key":"C","value":"互相冲突、都不可信"},{"key":"D","value":"比较混乱、说不清楚"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医德评价的标准不包含","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利"},{"key":"B","value":"自主"},{"key":"C","value":"公正"},{"key":"D","value":"互助"},{"key":"E","value":"奉献"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医德修养的根本途径和方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"学习医德理论知识"},{"key":"B","value":"在医疗卫生保健实践中修养"},{"key":"C","value":"有的放矢"},{"key":"D","value":"持之以恒"},{"key":"E","value":"追求慎独"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在临床医学研究中应切实保护受试者的利益,下列除外哪一项均对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实验研究前必须经过动物实验"},{"key":"B","value":"实验研究前必须制定严密科学的计划"},{"key":"C","value":"实验研究前必须有严格的审批监督程序"},{"key":"D","value":"实验研究前必须详细了解病人身心情况"},{"key":"E","value":"实验研究结束后必须作出科学报告"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为克服市场经济对医学服务产生的负面效应,要求临床医师","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不仅关心患者的躯体。而且关心患者的心理"},{"key":"B","value":"注意克服物化趋势"},{"key":"C","value":"维护和尊重患者的知情同意权"},{"key":"D","value":"正确处理同行关系"},{"key":"E","value":"不能以医谋私"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"德国一位女牙医助理马里翁在一次车祸中受重伤,送到医院后被判定为脑死亡,后来的全面检查表明:当时该“患者”腹中4个月的胎儿完全正常,如果“患者”凭借现代医术使植物人状态长期维持下去,就可以保证胎儿发育成熟,直至出生;如果让“患者”体面地死去,就必须撒掉生命维持系统。这个难题,要求医学服务认真解决","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医学中能不能做与伦理上应不应做的矛盾"},{"key":"B","value":"临床诊断技术的问题"},{"key":"C","value":"临床治疗技术的问题"},{"key":"D","value":"服务态度的问题"},{"key":"E","value":"医药卫生资源宏观分配的矛盾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下对混杂因子的认识,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"混杂因子不是疾病的危险因子"},{"key":"B","value":"混杂因子与暴露因素无关"},{"key":"C","value":"混杂因子是与疾病和暴露因素均有关的因子"},{"key":"D","value":"混杂因子是与暴露因素有关、与疾病无关的因子"},{"key":"E","value":"混杂因子是与疾病有关与暴露因素无关的因子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"普查指在一定时间内对某人群进行的调查或检查,下列哪种对象不属于普查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一定范围的全体成员"},{"key":"B","value":"某居民点的全体居民"},{"key":"C","value":"某中学当天在校的全体成员"},{"key":"D","value":"某几个地区或几个单位的几个年龄组的全体成员"},{"key":"E","value":"从事某项工作的全体成员"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查普查的概念。普查即全面调查,是指在特定时点或时期内、特定范围内的全部人群(总体)作为研究对象的调查。这个特定时点应该较短。特定范围是指某个地区或某种特征的人群。某中学当天在校的全体成员(C错,为本题正确答案)并不是总体,因此该方法不是普查。"} {"Question":"以下描述属于普查优点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调查的精确性高,不容易出现漏查"},{"key":"B","value":"适合患病率较低疾病的调查"},{"key":"C","value":"统一的调查技术可以有效保证调查质量"},{"key":"D","value":"可以很快获得疾病的发病率资料"},{"key":"E","value":"确定调查对象比较简单"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查普查的优点。普查的优点有:①调查对象为全体目标人群(E对D错),不存在抽样误差;②可以同时调查目标人群中多种疾病或健康状况的分布情况;③能发现目标人群中的全部病例,在实现“三早”(早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗)预防的同时,全面地描述疾病的分布与特征,为病因分析研究提供线索。普查的缺点有:①不适用于患病率低(B错)且无简便易行诊断手段的疾病;②工作量大,因此不易细致,难免存在漏查(A错);③调查工作人员涉及面广,掌握调查技术和检查方法的熟练程度不一,对调查项目的理解往往很难统一和标准化,较难保证调查质量(C错);④耗费的人力、物力资源一般较大,费用往往较高。"} {"Question":"2015年某市为了调查老年人中多发病的分布情况,对该市7个区的9个不同地段抽取60岁及以上的老年人7458例进行调查,这是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分析性研究"},{"key":"B","value":"抽样调查"},{"key":"C","value":"普查"},{"key":"D","value":"筛检"},{"key":"E","value":"发病率调查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"计算平均潜伏期宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"算术平均数"},{"key":"B","value":"全距"},{"key":"C","value":"离均差积和"},{"key":"D","value":"中位数"},{"key":"E","value":"变异数"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查平均潜伏期的计算。平均潜伏期的计算,一般以中位数(D对ABCE错)更能代表其平均水平。"} {"Question":"通过病例报告可实现的研究目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为了早发现、早诊断、早治疗宫颈癌"},{"key":"B","value":"对个别发生的麻疹患者进行调查"},{"key":"C","value":"烟草消耗量与肺癌的关系研究"},{"key":"D","value":"对临床诊疗过程中遇见的某罕见疾病病例的临床表现、治疗与转归等进行描述"},{"key":"E","value":"为了获取某地高校学生的乙肝感染率"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查病例报告的目的。病例报告是对临床上某种罕见病的单个病例或少数病例的详细介绍,可实现对临床诊疗过程中遇见的某罕见疾病病例的临床表现、治疗与转归等进行描述(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"在21个国家中,调查了1950年至1960年和1960年至1970年的心脏病死亡率,并分析了心脏病与该国家1971年口服避孕药使用情况的关系。校正这些国家的年龄差别后,表明口服避孕药越多的国家心脏病死亡率越高。该研究可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病例对照研究"},{"key":"B","value":"生态学研究"},{"key":"C","value":"回顾性定群研究"},{"key":"D","value":"定群研究"},{"key":"E","value":"上述答案都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对某病患病率调查,若在某市许多工厂中抽查一个大工厂,并按不同工种抽取一定比例的工人进行调查,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"随机抽样"},{"key":"B","value":"机械抽样"},{"key":"C","value":"分层抽样"},{"key":"D","value":"多阶段抽样"},{"key":"E","value":"整群抽样"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查整群抽样的概念。整群抽样是将总体分成若干群组,抽取其中部分群组作为观察单位组成样本,这种抽样方法称为整群抽样。本题中抽查一个大工厂,并按不同工种抽取一定比例的工人进行调查,属于整群抽样(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"欲了解某病在某地区的危害状况,进行现况调查时宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普查"},{"key":"B","value":"抽样调查"},{"key":"C","value":"典型病例调查"},{"key":"D","value":"住院病例调查"},{"key":"E","value":"个案调查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查抽样调查的概念。抽样调查(B对ACDE错)是指通过随机抽样的方法,对特定时点、特定范围内人群的一个代表性样本进行调查,通过对样本中的研究对象的调查研究来推论其所在总体的情况。本题中想要调查某地区某病的情况,用普查的方法较为复杂,适合用抽样调查的方式,通过样本来估计总体的情况。"} {"Question":"关于描述性研究的叙述,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生态学研究的类型包括比较研究和趋势研究"},{"key":"B","value":"生态学研究可用于评价干预试验的效果"},{"key":"C","value":"描述性研究可直接验证病因假设"},{"key":"D","value":"描述性研究属观察法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查描述性研究的用途。描述性研究的用途为:①描述疾病或者健康状况的分布及发生发展的规律;②获得病因线索,提出病因假设(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"现况研究中所用的指标主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"病死率"},{"key":"C","value":"患病率"},{"key":"D","value":"感染率"},{"key":"E","value":"死亡率"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查现况研究的概念。现况研究又称为患病率研究(C对ABDE错),是通过对特定时点(或期间)和特定范围内人群中的疾病或健康状况和有关因素的分布状况的资料收集、描述,从而为进一步的研究提供病因线索。"} {"Question":"现况研究资料的主要分析指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患病率"},{"key":"B","value":"比值比"},{"key":"C","value":"相对危险度"},{"key":"D","value":"某病病死率"},{"key":"E","value":"某病死亡人数"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查现况研究的分析指标。现况研究是通过对特定时点和特定范围内人群中的疾病或健康状况和有关因素的分布状况的资料收集、描述,从而为进一步的研究提供病因线索。从观察分析指标来说,由于这种研究所得到的频率指标一般为特定时间内调查群体的患病率(A对BCDE错),故也称之为患病率研究。"} {"Question":"普查是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对某人群的系统追踪观察"},{"key":"B","value":"对某人群中的部分人进行调查"},{"key":"C","value":"对某人群中的每个人进行调查"},{"key":"D","value":"以发现隐性感染为目的的调查"},{"key":"E","value":"对某人群的大部分人进行筛查"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查普查的概念。普查即全面调查,是指在特定时点或时期内、特定范围内的全部人群(C对ABDE错)(总体)作为研究对象的调查。这个特定时点应该较短。特定范围是指某个地区或某种特征的人群。"} {"Question":"通常被用来检验病因假说的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体外及动物水平研究"},{"key":"B","value":"描述性研究"},{"key":"C","value":"分析性研究"},{"key":"D","value":"实验性研究"},{"key":"E","value":"理论流行病学研究"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在2017年1月国务院批准公布的《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017-2025年)》中,力争30~70岁人群因心脑血管疾病、癌症、慢性呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病导致的过早死亡率较2015年降低","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.05"},{"key":"B","value":"0.1"},{"key":"C","value":"0.15"},{"key":"D","value":"0.2"},{"key":"E","value":"0.25"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下不是《全球非传染性疾病预防与控制行动计划2013-2020》的重要原则的选项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性病防治应尽早,从青年开始是最佳时机"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性病防控策略和实践应遵循循证的方法"},{"key":"C","value":"实现健康广覆盖"},{"key":"D","value":"保护公共政策、防控策略等不会受到任何形式既定利益的不恰当的影响"},{"key":"E","value":"关注健康的社会决定因素,减少健康不平等"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查《全球非传染性疾病预防与控制行动计划2013-2020》的重要原则。《全球非传染性疾病预防与控制行动计划2013-2020》的重要原则包括:①采取生命全程策略,从育龄妇女健康开始,受孕前、产前、婴幼儿、儿童青少年、成年和老年,每个阶段都有预防和控制慢性病的机会。其中,生命早期的干预是第一级预防的最佳时机(A错,为本题正确答案)。②动员全社会参与到慢性病的防控行动中来。③慢性病防控策略和实践应该基于当前最好的科学证据和(或)最佳实践、现有资源、社会的需要和价值取向,即循证的方法(B对)。④实现健康广覆盖(C对),即所有人都能平等地获得基本公共卫生服务以及基本的、安全、可负担、有效的药品,特别强调贫困人群、社会弱势群体不会因为使用这些服务而有很大的经济压力。⑤在全社会参与到慢性病防控实践的过程中,必须保护公共卫生政策、防控策略和多部门行动不会受到任何形式的既定利益的不恰当的影响(D对),如烟草防控。⑥达到可实现的健康的最高标准是每个人享有的最基本的权利,不会因性别、国家、民族、语言、宗教信仰、社会经济状况等不同。⑦应该认识到,慢性病表现出来的不平等的分布根本上是因为健康的社会决定因素的分布不平等(E对)。针对这些决定因素采取的行动,对于全人群或弱势群体来说就是创造包容、公平、生产力高和健康的社会。⑧应该充分认识到政府在慢性病防控中的主导作用和责任,同时发挥国际协作的重要作用。⑨有效的慢性病防控需要多部门行动。各部门在决策过程中应该充分考虑不同决策对健康及其决定因素的影响,保证决策对人群健康是无害或有益的。"} {"Question":"某学校教师健康体检时发现一名任课教师为乙肝“小三阳”携带者,则对该职工采取的措施正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调离教师岗位"},{"key":"B","value":"劝其离职"},{"key":"C","value":"告知学生或学生家长"},{"key":"D","value":"安排该教师进行HBV疫苗接种"},{"key":"E","value":"减轻该教师工作量,对他(她)进行相关防护知识教育"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"目前公认的导致四类主要慢性病的最重要的、共同的、可改变的四大行为危险因素不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸烟"},{"key":"B","value":"赌博"},{"key":"C","value":"过量饮酒"},{"key":"D","value":"水果摄入不足"},{"key":"E","value":"少体力活动"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"诱导持续时间较长并有交叉保护性免疫的疫苗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚单位疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"裂解疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"全病毒灭活疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"减毒活疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"流感病毒基因工程疫苗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查流感病毒的疫苗种类。减毒灭活疫苗(D对ABCE错)是由流感病毒通过减毒得到,生产过程简单,价格便宜。其诱导持续时间较长并有交叉保护性免疫,再受到病毒感染时危害性明显降低。"} {"Question":"有关流感地区分布特征的描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在世界各地均可以发生"},{"key":"B","value":"一般是城市后农村"},{"key":"C","value":"先平原后山区"},{"key":"D","value":"各地发病率水平相近"},{"key":"E","value":"流行往往沿交通线发展"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查流感的地区分布特征。流感在世界各地均可发生(A对),但各地之间的发病率可存在较大差异(D错,为本题正确答案)。这种地区分布的差异与病毒抗原的变异、人群密集程度、交往频度、传染源数量、人群免疫状况及防疫措施等有关。一般是先城市后农村(B对),先平原后山区(C对),沿交通线路发展(E对)。"} {"Question":"流感疫苗接种的重点人群是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"12岁及以下儿童"},{"key":"B","value":"12岁以上人群"},{"key":"C","value":"小于6个月的婴儿"},{"key":"D","value":"65岁及以上的人群"},{"key":"E","value":"医疗卫生机构工作人员"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"严禁使用全病毒流感疫苗的人群是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10岁及以下儿童"},{"key":"B","value":"11岁及以下儿童"},{"key":"C","value":"12岁及以下儿童"},{"key":"D","value":"12岁以上人群"},{"key":"E","value":"18岁以上人群"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"评价预防接种效果的免疫学指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗体阳转率、抗体平均滴度"},{"key":"B","value":"标化率、续发率"},{"key":"C","value":"引入率、抗体阳转率"},{"key":"D","value":"有效率,抗体平均滴度"},{"key":"E","value":"保护率、效果指数"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"开展一次以医院为基础的病例对照研究,最常见的偏倚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回忆偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"失访偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"入院率偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"检出偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"现患-新发病例偏倚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在病例对照研究中,如选用现患病例做研究对象,最常见的偏倚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"回忆偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"失访偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"入院率偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"检出偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"现患-新发病例偏倚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某广告说:“某新药治疗1000名上呼吸道感染,其中950名在5天内症状消失,从而认为,这种新药治疗上呼吸道感染有奇效”,此结论","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正确"},{"key":"B","value":"不正确,因为没有计算治愈率"},{"key":"C","value":"不正确,因为没有设立对照组"},{"key":"D","value":"不正确,因为没有做统计学检验"},{"key":"E","value":"不正确,因为样本含量不够大"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临床试验","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在易感儿童中进行疫苗接种的效果观察"},{"key":"B","value":"食盐中统一加碘,使整个研究地区的人群食用,来预防地方性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"C","value":"在医院评价某种新药的疗效"},{"key":"D","value":"对流脑流行区的儿童进行中草药漱口的预防效果观察"},{"key":"E","value":"孕妇抽烟对胎儿发有影响的观察"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"流行病学实验研究的人群来自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同一总体的患某病的患者"},{"key":"B","value":"同一总体的健康人"},{"key":"C","value":"同一总体的暴露人群和非暴露人群"},{"key":"D","value":"同一总体的干预人群和非干预人群"},{"key":"E","value":"同一总体的病例人群和非病例人群"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对于流行病学实验研究对象的选择,下面哪项不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行病学实验研究应选择依从性好的人群"},{"key":"B","value":"在新药临床试验时,应将老年人、儿童及孕妇等除外"},{"key":"C","value":"在做药物临床试验时,不应选择流动性强的人群"},{"key":"D","value":"要评价甲肝疫苗的效果,可以选择新近有甲肝流行"},{"key":"E","value":"要评价食用盐中加碘是否能有效预防地方性甲状腺肿,可以选择缺碘的内陆地区"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用住院患者做研究对象易发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"信息偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"混杂偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"选择偏倚和混杂偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"信息偏倚和混杂偏倚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"两个变量的变化程度存在相关关系就被认为有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相互排斥"},{"key":"B","value":"相互联系"},{"key":"C","value":"联系"},{"key":"D","value":"统计学显著性差异"},{"key":"E","value":"与有关结果有联系"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查联系的概念。联系(C对ABDE错)是指两个变量的变化程度存在相关关系。"} {"Question":"实验流行病学设计研究,首先应明确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"研究目的"},{"key":"B","value":"抽样方法"},{"key":"C","value":"目标人群性质"},{"key":"D","value":"样本含量"},{"key":"E","value":"分析指标"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查实验流行病学的步骤。实验流行病学是指研究者根据研究目的(A对BCDE错),按照预先确定的研究方案将研究对象随机分配到实验组和对照组,人为地施加或减少某种处理因素,然后追踪观察处理因素的作用结果,比较和分析两组人群的结局,从而判断处理因素的效果。"} {"Question":"评价治疗措施效果的主要指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有效率、治愈率、生存率"},{"key":"B","value":"有效率、续发率、标化率"},{"key":"C","value":"治愈率、引入率、失访率"},{"key":"D","value":"有效率、续发率、标化率"},{"key":"E","value":"失访率、生存率、引入率"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"农村发现甲类传染病及乙类的艾滋病,肺炭疽、病原携带者或疑似病人的报告时限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6小时以内"},{"key":"B","value":"12小时以内"},{"key":"C","value":"24小时以内"},{"key":"D","value":"36小时以内"},{"key":"E","value":"3天以内"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查传染病的报告时限。责任疫情报告人发现甲类传染病或乙类传染病中的艾滋病、肺炭疽病人、病原携带者或疑似病人时,城镇应于2小时内,农村应于6小时内(A对BCDE错)报告给发病地区所属的县(区)卫生防疫机构。"} {"Question":"以下不属于人为事故的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物恐怖"},{"key":"B","value":"校园火灾"},{"key":"C","value":"毒气泄漏"},{"key":"D","value":"瓦斯爆炸"},{"key":"E","value":"流行性感冒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查人为事故。流行性感冒(E错,为本题正确答案)属于公共卫生事件,公共卫生事件是指突然发生,造成或者可能造成社会公众健康严重损害的重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒以及其他严重影响公众健康的事件。生物恐怖(A对)、校园火灾(B对)、毒气泄漏(C对)和瓦斯爆炸(D对)均属于人为事故。"} {"Question":"1984年7月1日至14日,某单位职工中发生一次菌痢爆发流行,病例分布有两个高峰,一个峰在7月3日,一个峰在7月14日后无明显余波,这次爆发最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"点源流行"},{"key":"B","value":"连续传播"},{"key":"C","value":"同源一次暴露"},{"key":"D","value":"重复暴露的同源流行"},{"key":"E","value":"是由食物污染引起的"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查持续同源传播的特点。持续同源传播是持续暴露于同一传染源而导致疾病的暴发,与点源暴露类似,流行曲线快速上升,达到发病高峰后,出现一个平台期;如果消除传染源,则曲线快速下降,如果传染源自然损耗,则曲线呈缓慢下降。题中描述的疾病暴发特点符合重复暴露的同源流行(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"食物中毒暴发时间的确定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第一例病人症状出现的时间"},{"key":"B","value":"最后一例病人症状出现的时间"},{"key":"C","value":"发病高峰向前推一个平均潜伏期为爆发时间"},{"key":"D","value":"发病高峰向后倒推一个最短潜伏期为爆发时间"},{"key":"E","value":"发病高峰向后倒推一个最长潜伏期为爆发时间"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查暴露时间的估算。暴露时间的估算方法为:①从首例病例发病日期向前推一个最短潜伏期;②从病例高峰向前推一个平均潜伏期(C对ABDE错);③从末例病例向前推一个最长潜伏期。"} {"Question":"关于监测体系说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以是以人群为基础的监测"},{"key":"B","value":"可以是以医院为基础的监测"},{"key":"C","value":"可以是以个人为基础的监测"},{"key":"D","value":"可以是对某个公共卫生问题的监测"},{"key":"E","value":"可以是对某种疾病的监测"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"公共卫生监测本身属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"描述性研究"},{"key":"B","value":"分析性研究"},{"key":"C","value":"实验性研究"},{"key":"D","value":"理论性研究"},{"key":"E","value":"生态学研究"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查公共卫生监测。公共卫生监测是长期、连续、系统地收集、分析、解释、反馈及利用公共卫生信息的过程,其本身属于描述性研究(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"疾病预防控制机构、医疗机构和采供血机构及其执行职务的人员发现法律规定需报告的传染病疫情或者发现其他传染病暴发、流行以及突发原因不明的传染病时,应当按照国务院规定的或者国务院卫生行政部门规定的内容、程序、方式和时限报告,这种疾病监测方式属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哨点监测"},{"key":"B","value":"第二代监测"},{"key":"C","value":"主动监测"},{"key":"D","value":"被动监测"},{"key":"E","value":"行为学监测"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为了预防的目的,降低人群易感性主要通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继发免疫"},{"key":"B","value":"隐性感染免疫"},{"key":"C","value":"人工自动免疫"},{"key":"D","value":"免疫人群移入"},{"key":"E","value":"病原体的变异"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据传染病防治法,甲类传染病是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠疫、狂犬病"},{"key":"B","value":"黑热病、炭疽"},{"key":"C","value":"鼠疫、炭疽"},{"key":"D","value":"鼠疫、霍乱"},{"key":"E","value":"炭疽、霍乱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列不属于疫源地消灭条件的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患者已经离开疫源地或不再排出病原体"},{"key":"B","value":"对病人家居环境实施终末消毒"},{"key":"C","value":"对疫源地实施终末消毒"},{"key":"D","value":"对疫源地连续观察了平均潜伏期未发现新患者"},{"key":"E","value":"对疫源地连续观察了一个最长潜伏期未发现新患者"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项是传染源","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病原携带者"},{"key":"B","value":"传染病患者"},{"key":"C","value":"受感染的动物"},{"key":"D","value":"有血吸虫尾蚴的钉螺"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"婴儿期计划免疫,下列哪项措施不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8个月注射麻疹疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3个月接种卡介苗"},{"key":"C","value":"6个月结合季节,注射乙脑疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月接种百、白、破三联疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"2个月开始服脊灰减毒活疫苗糖丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查婴儿期计划免疫。婴儿应在出生时就接种卡介苗(B错,为本题正确答案);2个月开始服脊灰减毒活疫苗糖丸(E对);3个月接种百、白、破三联疫苗(D对);6个月结合季节,注射乙脑疫苗(C对);8个月注射麻疹疫苗(A对)。"} {"Question":"以下不是经接触传播所致传染病的流行特征的选项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加强传染源管理,严格消毒制度,注意个人卫生可以减少传播"},{"key":"B","value":"病例一般呈散发和家庭聚集性"},{"key":"C","value":"流行过程缓慢,全年均可发病,无明显季节性高峰"},{"key":"D","value":"个人卫生习惯不良和卫生条件差的地区发病较多"},{"key":"E","value":"有明显的季节性和地区性特点"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查经接触传播所致传染病的流行特征。经接触传播所致传染病的流性特征有:①病例多呈散发,但可在家庭或同住者之间传播而呈现家庭和同住者中病例聚集的现象(B对);②卫生条件差、卫生习惯不良的人群中病例较多(D对);③流行过程缓慢,全年均可发病,无明显季节性高峰(C对);④加强传染源管理,严格消毒制度,注意个人卫生可以减少传播(A对)。有明显的季节性和地区性特点(E错,为本题正确答案)是经空气传播的传染病流行特征。"} {"Question":"对病毒和真菌污染的物品消毒,最好采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"过氧乙酸"},{"key":"B","value":"漂白粉"},{"key":"C","value":"酒精"},{"key":"D","value":"来苏儿"},{"key":"E","value":"紫外光"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查对病毒和真菌污染的物品消毒,最好采用的消毒剂。对病毒和真菌污染的物品消毒,最好采用过氧乙酸(A对BCDE错)。过氧乙酸是一种普遍应用的,杀菌能力较强的高效消毒剂,具有强氧化作用,可以迅速杀灭各种微生物,包括病毒、细菌、真菌及芽孢。"} {"Question":"影响人群易感性升高的主要因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有计划、有步骤地开展预防接种工作"},{"key":"B","value":"流行后免疫人口的增加"},{"key":"C","value":"隐性感染后免疫人口的增加"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿在人群比例的增加"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫人口的迁入"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"早期正确诊断传染病最重要的意义在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"避免延误病情"},{"key":"B","value":"解决合理治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"有助于判断预后"},{"key":"D","value":"有助于流行病学调查"},{"key":"E","value":"有助于防止传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国规定甲类传染病报告时限在农村最多不超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1小时"},{"key":"B","value":"2小时"},{"key":"C","value":"8小时"},{"key":"D","value":"10小时"},{"key":"E","value":"12小时"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某农村地区发生3例疑似霍乱病例,这3例疑似病例均从疫区打工回来度假。根据我国传染病防治法规定,责任报告人发现后应在多长时间内向当地卫生防疫机构报告","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2小时"},{"key":"B","value":"3小时"},{"key":"C","value":"6小时"},{"key":"D","value":"12小时"},{"key":"E","value":"24小时"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响人群易感性降低的主要因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防接种"},{"key":"B","value":"易感人口的迁入"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫人口的死亡"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿在人群比例的增加"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫人口免疫力的自然消退"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下面各项陈述,何者不适于解释传染病水型流行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在水源易受污染的地区多发"},{"key":"B","value":"疾病的发生与冬季关系很大"},{"key":"C","value":"疾病的发生与职业和性别无关"},{"key":"D","value":"多次暴发时流行曲线可能不只—个高峰"},{"key":"E","value":"对污染水源采取措施后流行即可停止"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查传染病水型流行特征。传染病水型流行特征为:在水源易受污染的地区多发(A对);疾病的发生与职业和性别无关(C对);多次暴发时流行曲线可能不只—个高峰(D对);对污染水源采取措施后流行即可停止(E对)。疾病的发生与冬季关系很大(B错,为本题正确答案)不适于解释传染病水型流行。"} {"Question":"下列哪种是被动免疫的生物制品","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒菌苗"},{"key":"B","value":"卡介苗"},{"key":"C","value":"流感疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"破伤风抗毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"白喉类毒素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不是传染病个案调查的内容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"核实诊断"},{"key":"B","value":"确定传染来源及可能的传播途径"},{"key":"C","value":"确定病人传播范围"},{"key":"D","value":"查明全部接触者"},{"key":"E","value":"计算平均潜伏期并推算暴露日期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查传染病个案调查的内容。传染病个案调查的内容包括:核实诊断(A对);确定传染来源及可能的传播途径(B对);确定病人传播范围(C对);查明全部接触者(D对)。计算平均潜伏期并推算暴露日期(E错,为本题正确答案)不是传染病个案调查的内容。"} {"Question":"抗体在孕期或分娩期经胎盘从母体传给子代称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"垂直传播"},{"key":"B","value":"遗传性传播"},{"key":"C","value":"血源性传播"},{"key":"D","value":"围产期传播"},{"key":"E","value":"日常生活接触传播"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查垂直传播的概念。垂直传播(A对BCDE错)是指在怀孕期间和分娩过程中,病原体或抗体通过母体直接传给子代。"} {"Question":"流感防疫措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隔离病人"},{"key":"B","value":"终末消毒"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均要"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不要"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查流感防疫措施。流感即流行性感冒,属于我国法定报告丙类传染病,其防疫措施是隔离病人(A对),将其与周围易感者分隔开来,减少或消除病原体扩散。终末消毒是当传染源痊愈、死亡或离开后对疫源地进行的彻底消毒,从而清除传染源所播散在外界环境中的病原体。流感一般不需要进行终末消毒(BCD错)。"} {"Question":"流脑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受感染的人作为传染源"},{"key":"B","value":"受感染的动物作为传染源"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查流行性脑脊髓膜炎的传染源。流行性脑脊髓膜炎是以隐性感染为主的传染病,主要传染源为受感染的人(A对BCD错)。"} {"Question":"所谓的“四苗防六病”中的四苗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡介苗、乙肝疫苗、麻疹疫苗、流脑疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"流感疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗、卡介苗"},{"key":"C","value":"卡介苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗、乙肝疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"卡介苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查“四苗防六病”中的四苗。所谓的“四苗防六病”中的四苗是卡介苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗(D对ABC错),六病是结核病、脊髓灰质炎、百日咳、白喉、破伤风和麻疹。"} {"Question":"下列哪种情况不是经空气传播的传染病流行特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传播途径容易实现,传播广泛,发病率高"},{"key":"B","value":"有明显的季节性,冬春季高发"},{"key":"C","value":"在形成免疫的人群中,发病呈周期性"},{"key":"D","value":"居住拥挤和人口密度大的地区高发"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查经空气传播的特征。经空气传播的传染病流行特征为:①传播途径容易实现,传播广泛,发病率高(A对);②有明显的季节性,冬春季高发(B对);③在没有免疫预防人群中,发病呈周期性(C错,为本题正确答案);④居住拥挤和人口密度大的地区高发(D对)。"} {"Question":"预防破伤风","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丙种球蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"类毒素或抗病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"活疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"化学药品"},{"key":"E","value":"灭活菌苗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查破伤风的预防。预防破伤风可接种类毒素或抗病毒(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"构成传染病流行的三个基本条件是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传染源、传播途径、易感者"},{"key":"B","value":"传染来源、传播途径、易感人群"},{"key":"C","value":"传染源、传播途径、易感人群"},{"key":"D","value":"传染来源、传播途径、免疫人群"},{"key":"E","value":"传染来源、传播途径、易感者"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查传染病流行的条件。构成传染病流行的三个基本条件为:传染源、传播途径和易感人群(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"关于传染的概念,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传染也称感染"},{"key":"B","value":"感染病原体后是否发病,主要取决于病原体的特性"},{"key":"C","value":"感染病原体后是否发病,主要取决于人体的抗病能力"},{"key":"D","value":"传染病是传染或感染过程中的表现形式之一,感染病原体后不一定都发病"},{"key":"E","value":"构成传染过程必需具备病原体,人体及环境三个因素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"经空气传播的传染病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病往往有年龄差异"},{"key":"B","value":"有时可造成暴发流行"},{"key":"C","value":"两种流行特征都有"},{"key":"D","value":"两种流行特征都无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查经空气传播的传染病的流行特征。经空气传播的传染病是呼吸道传染病的主要传播方式,包括经飞沫、飞沫核和尘埃传播,其发病往往有年龄差异,有时可造成暴发流行(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"传染病流行过程的定义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"各种传染源不断向外界排出病原体"},{"key":"B","value":"病原体侵袭易感者"},{"key":"C","value":"病原体在中间宿主中的传代"},{"key":"D","value":"病原体通过一定的传播途径,不断更迭其宿主的过程"},{"key":"E","value":"病原体在宿主体内生长、繁殖的过程"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有非常明显的季节性传染病主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经节肢动物传播传染病"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸道传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"肠道传染病"},{"key":"D","value":"性病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查有非常明显的季节性传染病。经节肢动物传播的传染病(A对)有明显的季节性,其病例消长与传播媒介的活动季节一致。呼吸道传染病(B错)和肠道传染病(C错)一年四季均发病,但仅在一定月份发病率升高。性病(D错)的发病不具有季节性。"} {"Question":"病原体能够引起临床疾病的能力被称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"致病力"},{"key":"B","value":"侵袭力"},{"key":"C","value":"传染性"},{"key":"D","value":"毒力"},{"key":"E","value":"抗原性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查致病力。病原体能够引起临床疾病的能力被称为致病力(A对BCDE错)。与病原体相关的致病力取决于病原体在体内的繁殖速度、所致组织损伤的程度以及病原体产生毒素的毒性。"} {"Question":"预防接种的免疫学效果评价对照常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自身对照"},{"key":"B","value":"邻居对照"},{"key":"C","value":"亲属对照"},{"key":"D","value":"未接种的健康人为对照"},{"key":"E","value":"该病病历为对照"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查预防接种的免疫学效果评价。预防接种的免疫学效果评价对照常用自身对照(A对BCDE错)。通过测定接种后人群抗体阳转率、抗体平均滴度和抗体持续时间来评价免疫学效果。"} {"Question":"从感染后至症状出现前能排出病原体的人属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非典型病人"},{"key":"B","value":"潜伏期病原携带者"},{"key":"C","value":"恢复期病原携带者"},{"key":"D","value":"健康病原携带者"},{"key":"E","value":"所有带菌者"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查潜伏期病原携带者。从感染后至症状出现前能排出病原体的人属于潜伏期病原携带者(B对AE错)。恢复期病原携带者(C错)指临床症状消失后仍能在一定时间内向外排出病原体的人,如乙型肝炎、伤寒、霍乱等。健康病原携带者(D错)指从未患过传染病,但能排出病原体的人。"} {"Question":"接种免疫球蛋白是一种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工主动免疫"},{"key":"B","value":"人工被动免疫"},{"key":"C","value":"被动主动免疫"},{"key":"D","value":"使用类毒素制剂的免疫"},{"key":"E","value":"使用基因重组疫苗的免疫"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列说法哪种是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人群易感性增高,必须导致疾病流行"},{"key":"B","value":"人群人口数增多,则人群易感性升高"},{"key":"C","value":"人群易感性降低,则流行即可停止"},{"key":"D","value":"人群易感性增高,只是为一次流行或爆发准备了条件"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查人群易感性对传染病传播的影响。当人群易感性较高时,传染病易于发生和传播,为一次流行或暴发准备了条件(D对),而未必一定发生疾病的流行(A错)。人群易感性与人口数的多少无明确关系(B错)。人群易感性降低有利于阻断疾病的传播和流行,但未必会使疾病即刻停止(C错)。"} {"Question":"关联可以在不同人群、不同地区和不同时间重复观察到,这是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关联的一致性"},{"key":"B","value":"剂量-反应关系"},{"key":"C","value":"暴露终止效应"},{"key":"D","value":"关联的特异性"},{"key":"E","value":"关联的可重复性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"去除某因素则疾病频率下降,这是因果关系的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关联的一致性"},{"key":"B","value":"剂量-反应关系"},{"key":"C","value":"暴露终止效应"},{"key":"D","value":"关联的特异性"},{"key":"E","value":"关联的可重复性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"流行病学病因研究中以下哪一条不为必须达到的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关联的强度"},{"key":"B","value":"关联的时间顺序"},{"key":"C","value":"终止效应"},{"key":"D","value":"关联的剂量-反应关系"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查希尔病因推断。流行病学病因研究中终止效应(C错,为本题正确答案)不为必须达到的,关联的强度(A对)、关联的时间顺序(B对)、关联的剂量-反应关系(D对)都可以达到。"} {"Question":"在因果推断标准中,现在一般不包括下列哪个标准","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关联的时间顺序"},{"key":"B","value":"关联的强度"},{"key":"C","value":"关联的一致性"},{"key":"D","value":"关联的合理性"},{"key":"E","value":"关联的灵敏度"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查病因推断的标准。希尔病因推断的标准包括:①时间顺序(A对);②关联强度(B对);③剂量-反应关系;④结果的一致性(C对);⑤实验证据;⑥生物学合理性(D对);⑦生物学一致性;⑧特异性;⑨相似性;⑩预测力。关联的灵敏度(E错,为本题正确答案)不是病因推断的标准。"} {"Question":"暴露与疾病由于有共同的原因而产生的关联是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"偶然关联"},{"key":"B","value":"继发关联"},{"key":"C","value":"间接因果关联"},{"key":"D","value":"直接因果关联"},{"key":"E","value":"统计学关联"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查继发关联。暴露与疾病由于有共同的原因而产生的关联是继发关联(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"从相似的事物中寻找不同的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"求同法"},{"key":"B","value":"求异法"},{"key":"C","value":"共变法"},{"key":"D","value":"排除法"},{"key":"E","value":"类比法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪一种因果连接方式是正确且完整的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单因单果"},{"key":"B","value":"单因多果"},{"key":"C","value":"多因单果"},{"key":"D","value":"多因多果"},{"key":"E","value":"直接病因链"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于理论流行病学","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现患调查"},{"key":"B","value":"病例对照研究"},{"key":"C","value":"观察某种药物治疗的疗效"},{"key":"D","value":"将调查数据建立流行病学数学模型"},{"key":"E","value":"基础实验室检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查理论流行病学的分类。理论流行病学主要是将调查数据建立流行病学数学模型(D对)的方法。现患调查(A错)又称现况调查,属于描述性研究;病例对照研究(B错)属于分析性研究;观察某种药物治疗的疗效(C错)属于实验流行病学的范畴;基础实验室检查(E错)属于检测手段,不是流行病学的特有的研究方法。"} {"Question":"队列研究属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行病学的观察法"},{"key":"B","value":"流行病学的实验法"},{"key":"C","value":"流行病学的理论与方法学研究"},{"key":"D","value":"统计分析法"},{"key":"E","value":"基础实验法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究的特点。队列研究的基本特点为:1.属于观察法(A对BCDE错),队列研究中的暴露不是人为给予的,而是在研究之前已经客观存在的,不受研究者意志决定的;2.设立对照组;3.由因及果;4.检验暴露与结局的因果关系能力较强。"} {"Question":"发生原因不明的疾病暴发或流行时,从流行病学角度,主要的工作点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"首先隔离患者,防止进一步传播"},{"key":"B","value":"分析不同治疗方法的效果,探索可能病因"},{"key":"C","value":"调查该病分布特点,判断蔓延途径和原因"},{"key":"D","value":"调查分析该病临床表现,依靠多种检查作出诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"寻找各病例间的关联,以推测病因"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在meta分析中,若入选的研究存在严重的异质性,合并效应时最好采用下列分析方法中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固定效应模型分析"},{"key":"B","value":"随机效应模型分析"},{"key":"C","value":"亚组分析"},{"key":"D","value":"敏感性分析"},{"key":"E","value":"漏斗图分析"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查亚组分析。亚组分析是指针对不同研究特征进行资料的分析,例如将研究对象根据年龄、性别、病情轻重,干预措施不同的剂量或疗程等进行比较,主要目的是探讨临床异质性的来源,即识别效应修饰因素或评价交互作用。在meta分析中,若入选的研究存在严重的异质性,合并效应时最好采用亚组分析(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"利用现有最好的证据制定关于个体患者的诊治方案属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"系统综述"},{"key":"B","value":"meta分析"},{"key":"C","value":"循证医学"},{"key":"D","value":"循证医疗卫生决策"},{"key":"E","value":"临床实践指南"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查循证医学。循证医学(C对ABDE错)是有意识地、明确地、审慎地利用现有最好的证据制定关于个体患者的诊治方案。"} {"Question":"在5S循证医学信息服务模式演进的过程中,所有其他证据衍生品的基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原始研究"},{"key":"B","value":"系统综述"},{"key":"C","value":"证据概要"},{"key":"D","value":"综合证据"},{"key":"E","value":"证据系统"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"测量人群中某隐性感染为主的疾病时,所用指标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"罹患率"},{"key":"C","value":"感染率"},{"key":"D","value":"续发率"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查隐性感染测定指标。当测量人群中隐性感染为主的疾病时应优先选用感染率(C对ABD错)这一指标。感染率在对隐性感染、病原携带者及轻型和不典型病例的调查较为常用。"} {"Question":"以下疾病除哪个外均为自然疫源性疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钩体病"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性出血热"},{"key":"C","value":"森林脑炎"},{"key":"D","value":"地方性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"E","value":"狂犬病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查自然疫源性疾病的概念。自然疫源性是指某些疾病的病原体在繁衍种属过程中不依赖于人,而在野生动物或家畜中传播,人是偶尔介入该环节时受到感染,这种情况称为自然疫源性,这些疾病称为自然疫源性疾病,如鼠疫、钩体病(A对)、流行性出血热(B对)、森林脑炎(C对)、狂犬病(E对)等。地方性甲状腺肿(D错,为本题正确答案)属于疾病的自然地方性,又称为地方病。"} {"Question":"下面哪一个公式用于计算感染率","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"(某一时期内新病例数\/同期平均人口数)×100%"},{"key":"B","value":"(受检者中阳性人数\/受检查人数)×100%"},{"key":"C","value":"(受检查者中阳性人数\/同期暴露人口数)×100%"},{"key":"D","value":"(受检查者中阴性人数\/受检者人数)×100%"},{"key":"E","value":"(受检查者中阳性人数\/同期平均人口数)×100%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查感染率的概念。感染率是指在某时间内被检人群中某病原体现有感染者人数所占的比例,通常用百分率表示。感染率的公式为:感染率=(受检者中阳性人数\/受检查人数)×100%(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"自然疫源性疾病是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病原体能通过动物传播到人的疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"以动物为传染源的疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"一种疾病的病原体,不依靠人而能在自然界里产生动物中生存繁殖,并在一定条件下传给人和家畜。"},{"key":"D","value":"在自然界中自生自灭的疾病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查自然疫源性疾病。自然疫源性疾病是指一种疾病的病原体,不依靠人而能在自然界里产生动物中生存繁殖,并在一定条件下传给人和家畜(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"使用一种新疗法可减少某病的死亡人数,但不能使该病治愈,则会发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该病的发病率减少"},{"key":"B","value":"该病的发病率增加"},{"key":"C","value":"该病的患病率减少"},{"key":"D","value":"该病的患病率增加"},{"key":"E","value":"只减少发病率不减少患病率"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"普查妇女乳腺癌时测量疾病的频率指标应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"发病专率"},{"key":"C","value":"罹患率"},{"key":"D","value":"患病率"},{"key":"E","value":"感染率"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查患病率的应用。患病率(D对ABCE错)通常用来反映疾病的现患状况。 普查妇女乳腺癌时测量疾病的频率指标应选用时点患病率,患病率可按观察时间的不同分为时点患病率和期间患病率。"} {"Question":"1996年共发生200例某病病人,在1996年年初已知有800例病人,年内因该病死亡40例,年中人口数1000万,如果该病的发生和因该病死亡的事件均匀分布在全年中,则:1996年期间,该病的死亡率(1\/10万)是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.4"},{"key":"B","value":"8"},{"key":"C","value":"10"},{"key":"D","value":"1.6"},{"key":"E","value":"2"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查死亡率的计算。死亡率表示在一定期间内,某人群中总死亡人数在该人群中所占的比例。计算时分子为某人群某年总死亡人数,分母为该人群平均人口数,算得总死亡率为40\/1000万=0.4(A对BCDE错)\/10万。"} {"Question":"某期间内因某病死亡人数与同期某病患病人数之比是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患病率"},{"key":"B","value":"比值比"},{"key":"C","value":"相对危险度"},{"key":"D","value":"某病病死率"},{"key":"E","value":"某病死亡人数"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查病死率的概念。病死率(D对ABCE错)表示一定时期内因某病死亡者占该病病人的比例,表示某病病人因该病死亡的危险性。"} {"Question":"患病率指标来自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现况调查资料"},{"key":"B","value":"门诊病例资料"},{"key":"C","value":"住院病例资料"},{"key":"D","value":"专科医院病例资料"},{"key":"E","value":"对所有病人的调查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查患病率指标的来源。患病率指标的来源多是从现况调查(A对BCDE错)、筛检资料中获得的。"} {"Question":"我国发生的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS),很快波及许多省市,这种发病情况称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暴发"},{"key":"B","value":"季节性升高"},{"key":"C","value":"流行"},{"key":"D","value":"周期性流行"},{"key":"E","value":"长期变异"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某社区年均人口为9万,年内共死亡150人,其中60岁以上死亡100人;在全部死亡者中,因肿瘤死亡人数为50人,该社区年内共出生100人。该社区年度总死亡率为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.56‰"},{"key":"B","value":"1.66‰"},{"key":"C","value":"0.33‰"},{"key":"D","value":"1.11‰"},{"key":"E","value":"0.3333"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查总死亡率的计算。死亡率表示在一定期间内,某人群中总死亡人数在该人群中所占的比例。计算时分子为某人群某年总死亡人数,分母为该人群平均人口数,可得出该社区年度总死亡率为150\/9万=1.66‰(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"美国白人、美国的日本移民与日本人的一些死因的标化死亡比见下表。上述资料说明","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病是环境因素起作用,宫颈癌是遗传因素所致"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈癌是环境因素起作用,冠心病是遗传因素所致"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都是遗传因素起作用"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都是环境因素起作用"},{"key":"E","value":"以上判断均不正确"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发病率呈历年的一般水平,各病例间在发病时间和地点方面无明显联系,此描述属于何种流行强度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散发"},{"key":"B","value":"暴发"},{"key":"C","value":"流行"},{"key":"D","value":"大流行"},{"key":"E","value":"大暴发"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发病率、患病率与病程三者的正确关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率=患病率×病程"},{"key":"B","value":"患病率=发病率×病程"},{"key":"C","value":"发病率=患病率+病程"},{"key":"D","value":"发病率=患病率-病程"},{"key":"E","value":"病程=发病率×患病率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查患病率、发病率和病程三者的关系。当某病的发病率和该病的病程在相当长时间内保持稳定时患病率取决于两个因素,即发病率和病程。患病率、发病率和病程三者的关系是:患病率=发病率×病程(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"有关发病率和患病率,下列说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患病率是反映疾病流行强度的指标"},{"key":"B","value":"罹患率和患病率本质上是一样的,只是观察时间不同"},{"key":"C","value":"发病率指一定时期内特定人群中患某病者所占的比例"},{"key":"D","value":"患病率=发病率✕病程,因此已知任何一种疾病的发病率和病程,即可算出患病率"},{"key":"E","value":"发病率的分母中不包括具有免疫力和现患病而不会发病的人群"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种说法是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率和患病率是一样的"},{"key":"B","value":"现患率和患病率是不一样的"},{"key":"C","value":"患病率指一定时期内特定人群中发生某病的新病例的频率"},{"key":"D","value":"发病率指某特定时期内人口中新旧病例所占的比例"},{"key":"E","value":"发病率的分母中不包括具有免疫力和现患病而不会发病的人"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查发病率和患病率的概念。发病率是指一定时间内,一定范围人群中某病新发生病例的频率。发病率的分母应选择暴露人口,暴露人口不包括已患病和对疾病具有持久免疫力的群体(E对)。发病率和患病率概念不同(A错),发病率是新发病例(D错)数占暴露人口的比例,患病率是指某特定时间内总人口中某病新旧病例数(C错)占同时期平均人口数的比例。患病率又被称作现患率(B错)。"} {"Question":"某县历年流脑发病率均在12\/10万~20\/10万之间,去年该县流脑发病率为16\/10万,试判断其流行强度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散发"},{"key":"B","value":"暴发"},{"key":"C","value":"流行"},{"key":"D","value":"大流行"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查散发的概念。散发(A对BCDE错)指发病率呈历年的一般水平,各病例间在发病时间和地点上无明显联系,表现为散在发生。散发一般是对于范围较大的地区而言。确定散发时多与当地近三年该病的发病率进行比较,如果当年发病率未明显超过既往平均水平称为散发。"} {"Question":"疾病分布是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"民族分布、性别分布、职业分布"},{"key":"B","value":"时间分布、地区分布、人群分布"},{"key":"C","value":"城乡分布、年龄分布、民族分布"},{"key":"D","value":"民族分布、年龄分布、职业分布"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查疾病分布。疾病分布是指时间分布、地区分布、人群分布(B对ACD错)。"} {"Question":"疾病的流行是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"罹患率大于10%"},{"key":"B","value":"发病率以十万分率计算"},{"key":"C","value":"某病的发病率虽低,但在该地区人群中却长年不断"},{"key":"D","value":"某病的发病数明显超过往年同期发病数"},{"key":"E","value":"某病的发病呈季节性升高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某地人口为300万,过去几年每年发生伤害患者30例,而某年的发病率为10\/10万,这种情况称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暴发"},{"key":"B","value":"散发"},{"key":"C","value":"流行"},{"key":"D","value":"大流行"},{"key":"E","value":"世界大流行"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查流行的概念。流行(C对ABDE错)是指在某地区某病的发病率显著超过该病历年发病率水平。往年发病率为1\/10万,某年为10\/10万,远高于历年正常水平,属于流行。"} {"Question":"为了探讨某一疾病在不同国家人群中的发病率差异是环境因素或遗传因素所致,常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遗传流行病学"},{"key":"B","value":"血清流行病学"},{"key":"C","value":"移民流行病学"},{"key":"D","value":"描述流行病学"},{"key":"E","value":"理论流行病学"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查移民流行病学的概念。移民流行病学(C对ABDE错)是进行疾病人群、地区和时间分布综合描述的一个典型,是通过观察疾病在移民、移居地当地居民及原居地人群间的发病率或死亡率的差异,从而探讨疾病的发生与遗传因素或环境因素的关系。"} {"Question":"根据现况调查资料可计算出","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"患病率"},{"key":"C","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"D","value":"治愈率"},{"key":"E","value":"病死率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查患病率的资料来源。患病率(B对ACDE错)的资料主要来源于现况调查、筛检等。"} {"Question":"1990年8月,某远洋客轮上发生一起军团病爆发流行。船离开港口时载有350名乘客、50名船员。8月1日前的一周内,在一次风暴中有七分之一的乘客遇难。8月份第一周中,船上有30人发生军团病,其中一半很快死亡。随后的一周内又有20人发病,但无死亡。假设症状持续一个月。8月7日(8月份第一周的最后一天)军团病的患病率是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.045"},{"key":"B","value":"0.075"},{"key":"C","value":"0.143"},{"key":"D","value":"用该资料不能计算"},{"key":"E","value":"以上答案均不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查患病率的计算。患病率=(某一时点某人群中某病新旧病例数\/该时点人口数)=(30-15)\/(350+50-350×1\/7-30×1\/2)=0.045(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"在哪种情况下,某病的患病率与发病率比值将增大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病死率高"},{"key":"B","value":"该病病程短"},{"key":"C","value":"该病病程长"},{"key":"D","value":"暴露时间长"},{"key":"E","value":"该病发病率高"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列影响疾病的人群分布特征的因素中哪一项与疾病之间的关联相对来说最强","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"年龄"},{"key":"B","value":"性别"},{"key":"C","value":"职业"},{"key":"D","value":"民族或种族"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查年龄因素在疾病中的影响。年龄(A对BCD错)是人群最主要的人口学特征之一,几乎所有疾病的发生及发展均与年龄有相当密切的关系。研究疾病的年龄分布,有助于深入认识疾病的分布规律,探索流行因素,为病因研究和疾病的预防与控制提供基本线索。"} {"Question":"某地连续三年统计肝癌死亡率进行比较,以判断发病趋势下列哪一种计算较合理","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"各年粗死亡率比较"},{"key":"B","value":"各年年龄标化死亡率比较"},{"key":"C","value":"各年性别标化死亡率比较"},{"key":"D","value":"各年病死率比较"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查标化死亡率的用途。对于肝癌而言,年龄是进行研究时的一大混杂因素,不同地区死亡率进行比较时需将死亡率标化,通过标准化去除年龄这一混杂因素的影响,标化后的死亡率称为标化死亡率(B对ACD错)。同理,不同地区间的发病率、患病率等疾病频率的比较,也需要进行率的标化。"} {"Question":"不同地区的粗死亡率不能直接比较,因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不同地区的发病率水平不一样"},{"key":"B","value":"不同地区环境因素不一样"},{"key":"C","value":"不同地区人口年龄构成不一样"},{"key":"D","value":"不同地区医疗诊治不一样"},{"key":"E","value":"不同地区经济水平不一样"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查粗死亡率。粗死亡率指标具有很大局限性,由于粗死亡率没有考虑到人口年龄、性别结构的影响(C对ABDE错),在比较不同地区不同人群死亡水平差异时,用粗死亡率对比是不准确的。例如欧洲多数国家的粗死亡率比许多亚非国家要高,主要是因为人口老龄化造成,不能反映二者医疗卫生水平。所以需要其它死亡率作补充,或进行标准化处理。"} {"Question":"医院感染的分类不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自身感染"},{"key":"B","value":"医源性感染"},{"key":"C","value":"社区获得性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"带入感染"},{"key":"E","value":"交叉感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"医院感染可按病原体来源不同分为内源性医院感染和外源性医院感染两大类。\n①内源性医院感染:又称自身医院感染,是患者遭受自身体内的病原菌侵袭发生的感染,病原体一般为寄居在患者体内的正常菌群,通常不致病,但在长期使用免疫抑制剂或激素致使机体免疫力降低,或长期使用抗生素,体内生态环境失衡引起的菌群失调或发生二重感染时出现内源性医院感染。\n②外源性医院感染:包括交叉感染、环境感染、医源性感染,是指各种原因导致患者在医院内遭受非自身体内的病原菌侵袭而发生的感染,病原体来自于患者身体以外的个体、环境等。"} {"Question":"某医院收入一名哮喘患儿,在该患儿入院后的第2天发现其同时患有腮腺炎,如果该患儿在此次住院期间导致病房其他患儿感染腮腺炎,则这种感染应属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"带入感染"},{"key":"B","value":"交叉感染"},{"key":"C","value":"医源性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"自身感染"},{"key":"E","value":"内源性感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"迁延性腹泻一般是指病程在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~4周"},{"key":"B","value":"2周~2个月"},{"key":"C","value":"4周~2个月以内"},{"key":"D","value":"4周~6个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2周~4个月"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查迁延性腹泻。迁延性腹泻一般是指病程超过2周但未超过2个月(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"切断感染性腹泻途径的主要措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"到2025年腹泻导致的死亡率降到1‰以下"},{"key":"B","value":"前六个月纯母乳喂养婴儿"},{"key":"C","value":"“三管一灭”"},{"key":"D","value":"设立腹泻病门诊"},{"key":"E","value":"轮状病毒疫苗接种"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查切断感染性腹泻传播途径的主要措施。切断感染性腹泻的传播途径主要采取以下三项措施:1.三管一灭(C对ABDE错):即管理水源、粪便、饮食和消灭苍蝇,是我国多年提倡的感染性腹泻预防措施,实践证明是有效的,可大大降低感染性腹泻发病率;2.个人卫生:主要是饭前便后用肥皂洗手;3.改善饮食:主要是提倡喝安全饮用水和使用清洁水,提高婴儿母乳喂养率。"} {"Question":"感染性腹泻的传播途径不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生活接触"},{"key":"B","value":"经水传播"},{"key":"C","value":"食物型传播"},{"key":"D","value":"苍蝇"},{"key":"E","value":"垂直传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"痢疾杆菌按国际分类法可分为几个群","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2个群"},{"key":"B","value":"3个群"},{"key":"C","value":"4个群"},{"key":"D","value":"5个群"},{"key":"E","value":"6个群"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"易引起伤害的致病因子是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"物质"},{"key":"B","value":"能量"},{"key":"C","value":"宿主"},{"key":"D","value":"环境"},{"key":"E","value":"车祸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下面不属于伤害预防策略三级预防中的一级预防的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开展伤害预防的健康教育"},{"key":"B","value":"现场紧急救助"},{"key":"C","value":"交通安全法律"},{"key":"D","value":"有毒物品的安全盖"},{"key":"E","value":"游泳池周围设立栅栏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查伤害预防策略的三级预防。一级预防的目标是通过减少能量传递或暴露的机制来预防可导致伤害发生的事件。开展伤害预防的健康教育(A对),交通安全法律(C对),有毒物品的安全盖(D对),游泳池周围设立栅栏(E对)都属于一级预防措施。三级预防指伤害已经发生后控制伤害的结果,现场紧急救助(B错,为本题正确答案)属于三级预防措施。"} {"Question":"我国人群伤害死亡的首位原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自杀"},{"key":"B","value":"溺水"},{"key":"C","value":"中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"非故意跌落"},{"key":"E","value":"道路交通伤害"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不会传播结核病的患者是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰涂片阳性结核患者"},{"key":"B","value":"痰培养阳性结核患者"},{"key":"C","value":"潜隐感染结核患者"},{"key":"D","value":"活动性结核患者"},{"key":"E","value":"复燃结核患者"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肺结核患者的管理重点内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"督导患者复查"},{"key":"B","value":"督导患者休息"},{"key":"C","value":"督导化疗"},{"key":"D","value":"指导患者消毒"},{"key":"E","value":"隔离患者治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查肺结核患者的管理重点内容。肺结核患者的管理重点内容是督导化疗(C对ABDE错)。治疗有效的抗结核药物和规范的督导化疗能使90%的病人获得治愈。积极发现和治愈传染性病人是目前阻断结核病传播、防制耐药结核病发生的最有效的方法。"} {"Question":"宫颈脱落细胞筛检宫颈癌属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一级预防"},{"key":"B","value":"二级预防"},{"key":"C","value":"三级预防"},{"key":"D","value":"个体治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"社区综合防治"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为评价某疫苗的流行病学效果,其随访结果见下表:该疫苗的保护指数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5"},{"key":"B","value":"4"},{"key":"C","value":"7"},{"key":"D","value":"8"},{"key":"E","value":"9"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"三级预防的作用不包括防止","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤残"},{"key":"B","value":"合并症"},{"key":"C","value":"后遗症"},{"key":"D","value":"复发"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查三级预防的作用。第三级预防又称临床预防或疾病管理,发生在疾病的症状体征明显表现出来之后。早期,通过适当的治疗缓解症状,预防疾病进一步恶化,预防急性事件的发生和复发(D对),预防合并症(B对)和残疾(A对)的发生。到了疾病晚期,通过早期发现和管理合并症,对已经发生的残疾进行康复治疗,最大限度的恢复个体的机体功能和社会功能(C对),提高生活质量,延长寿命。防止慢性病(E错,为本题正确答案)是二级预防的作用。"} {"Question":"属于第三级预防措施的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理康复"},{"key":"B","value":"戒烟限酒"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传咨询"},{"key":"D","value":"早期诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"体育锻炼"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于第一级预防措施的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康检查"},{"key":"B","value":"产前检查"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传咨询"},{"key":"D","value":"早期诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"病后恢复"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医生用降糖药物治疗控制病情进展,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一级预防"},{"key":"B","value":"二级预防"},{"key":"C","value":"三级预防"},{"key":"D","value":"一二级预防"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查三级预防。第三级预防又称临床预防或疾病管理,发生在疾病的症状体征明显表现出来之后。早期,通过适当的治疗缓解症状,预防疾病进一步恶化,预防急性事件的发生和复发,预防合并症和残疾的发生。到了疾病晚期,通过早期发现和管理合并症,对已经发生的残疾进行康复治疗,最大限度的恢复个体的机体功能和社会功能,提高生活质量,延长寿命。医生用降糖药物治疗控制病情进展,属于三级预防(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"属于二级预防的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"游说进行烟草广告立法"},{"key":"B","value":"对高血压患者的全面监管"},{"key":"C","value":"在高危人群中定期检测HIV"},{"key":"D","value":"残疾患者中假肢、矫正器、轮椅等的应用"},{"key":"E","value":"定期对成年人进行心血管疾病危险因素评估"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查二级预防。第二级预防又称“三早”预防,即早发现、早诊断、早治疗。疾病的早发现可通过筛检、病例发现、定期体检等实现。例如,在高危人群中定期检测HIV(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"在一项接触粉尘与慢呼吸道疾病关系的病例对照研究中,如果不考虑吸烟的影响,其OR=1,如果考虑吸烟对该关系的影响,进行分层分析,其OR=2.03,吸烟对于接触粉尘与慢性呼吸道疾病关系的混杂偏倚为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.507"},{"key":"B","value":"﹣0.507"},{"key":"C","value":"1.03"},{"key":"D","value":"﹣1.03"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查混杂偏倚的分层。如果不考虑吸烟的影响,其OR=1,如果考虑吸烟对该关系的影响,进行分层分析,其OR=2.03,吸烟对于接触粉尘与慢性呼吸道疾病关系的混杂偏倚为﹣0.507(B对ACD错)。"} {"Question":"病例对照研究中,能较好地回忆和确定病因因素的病例应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现患病例"},{"key":"B","value":"新发病例"},{"key":"C","value":"死亡病例"},{"key":"D","value":"重病例"},{"key":"E","value":"轻病例"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究新发病例的优点。在病例对照研究中,首选的病例类型是新发病例(B对ACDE错),其优点在于:①新发病例包括不同病情和预后的病人,代表性好;②病人确诊不久即被调查,对有关暴露的回忆信息较为准确可靠,不受各种预后因素的影响;③病历资料容易获得。"} {"Question":"病例对照研究的主要偏倚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"回忆偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"测量偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"失访偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"随意误差"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究的主要偏倚。回忆偏倚是由于研究对象对暴露史或既往史回忆的准确性和完整性存在系统误差而引起的偏倚。由于病例对照研究主要是调查研究对象既往的暴露情况,因此回忆偏倚(B对ACDE错)是病例对照研究中最常见的信息偏倚。"} {"Question":"在吸烟与肺癌关系的病例对照研究中,已知性别与吸烟有关,不同性别发生肺癌的频率不同,在研究中对照组中女性占80%,男性占20%,而病例组女性占20%,男性占80%,这可能会造成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"信息偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"混杂偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"错分偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"观察偏倚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"病例对照研究主要检验表示暴露与疾病关联强度,即","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相对危险度"},{"key":"B","value":"比值比"},{"key":"C","value":"超额危险度"},{"key":"D","value":"归因危险度"},{"key":"E","value":"归因危险度百分比"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究的关联强度分析指标。描述暴露与疾病联系强度的指标是相对危险度,但病例对照研究中没有暴露组和非暴露组的观察人数,不能计算发病率,可用比值比(B对ACDE错)来近似估计RR。比值比又称比数比、优势比,为病例组与对照组两组暴露比值之比。"} {"Question":"Vincent纪念医院妇产科医师Herbst注意到:于1966~1969年间该院诊断了7例年轻女性阴道腺癌病例,这是一种罕见的女性生殖系统癌症,且多发生于50岁以上的妇女中。为详细了解这些病例从胚胎期至发病前的情况,以及她们的母亲在妊娠期的情况,Herbst将1969年Boston另一所医院发生的一个阴道透明细胞癌的20岁女子也包括在内。这样8个病例,每个病例配4个非该病患者做对照,要求与病例在同等级病房中出生时间前后不超过5天的女婴作为对照候选人,优先选择与病例出生时间最近者为对照。对病例、对照以及她们的母亲进行随访调查。通过对8个病例与32个对照的研究,Herbst等作出结论,母亲在妊娠早期服用己烯雌酚使她们在子宫中的女儿以后发生阴道腺癌的危险性增加。该研究属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现况研究"},{"key":"B","value":"实验研究"},{"key":"C","value":"病例对照研究"},{"key":"D","value":"队列研究"},{"key":"E","value":"生态学研究"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"广泛搜寻可能的危险因子的分析性研究是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"描述性研究"},{"key":"B","value":"检验性病例对照研究"},{"key":"C","value":"探索性病例对照研究"},{"key":"D","value":"历史性队列研究"},{"key":"E","value":"双向性队列研究"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究的优点。探索性病例对照研究(C对ABDE错)是可以广泛搜寻可能的危险因子的分析性研究。"} {"Question":"分层分析可以控制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"信息偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"混杂偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"Berkson偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"检出症候偏倚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查分层分析可以控制的偏倚。分层分析是根据潜在混杂因素的有无或程度将研究对象分为不同的层,然后在各层中比较病例组和对照组暴露因素的分布。在资料分析阶段,可采取分层分析方法控制混杂偏倚(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"在设计配对调查时确定配对条件的主要原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对所研究疾病有影响的项目均应列为配对条件"},{"key":"B","value":"对所研究疾病有较大的直接影响的项目均应列为配对条件"},{"key":"C","value":"对所研究疾病有较大的直接影响的项目,但又不是本研究项目的应列为配对条件"},{"key":"D","value":"年龄和性别必须作为配对条件"},{"key":"E","value":"对所研究疾病有较大影响的项目应全部列为配对条件"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"OR的流行病学含义为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暴露组为非暴露组发病概率的倍数"},{"key":"B","value":"暴露于某因素的发病率"},{"key":"C","value":"因素与疾病之间的相关程度"},{"key":"D","value":"暴露组与非暴露组发病比值"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查OR的流行病学含义。OR指暴露者发生疾病的危险性是非暴露者的多少倍。OR>1,说明暴露与疾病呈正关联,即暴露可增加疾病的危险性,暴露因素是疾病的危险因素;OR<1,说明暴露与疾病呈负关联,即暴露可降低疾病的危险性,暴露因素是保护因素;OR=1,表明暴露因素与疾病之间无统计学联系。因此,OR的流行病学含义为:暴露因素与疾病之间的相关程度(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"调查100例肝癌病人,100例肺癌病人,100例健康人,检查HbsAg分析乙型肝炎与肝癌的关系,这种调查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染率调查"},{"key":"B","value":"病例对照研究"},{"key":"C","value":"队列研究"},{"key":"D","value":"历史前瞻性研究"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究的概念。病例对照研究(B对ACD错)是以当前已经确诊的患有某特定疾病的一组病人作为病例组,以不患有该病但具有可比性的一组个体作为对照组,通过询间、实验室检查或复查病史,搜集研究对象既往对各种可能的危险因素的暴露史,测量并采用统计学检验,比较病例组与对照组各因素暴露比例的差异是否具有统计学意义,然后评估各种偏倚对研究结果的影响,并借助病因推断技术,判断某个或某些暴露因素是否为疾病的危险因素,从而达到探索和检验病因假说的目的。"} {"Question":"某医生观察某新药对预防流感的效果,发现未服药组流感发病率为28.013%,服药组为23.019%,则下列说法最合适的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"服药组的发病率低于未服药组发病率,可以认为该药有效"},{"key":"B","value":"由于两组发病率相差不大,不能认为该药预防流感有效"},{"key":"C","value":"由于未设对照组,不能认为该药预防流感有效"},{"key":"D","value":"本资料应作假设检验后再作结论"},{"key":"E","value":"因为有抽样误差存在,不能得出结论"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一项1∶1配比病例对照研究,共调查240对,病例和对照均有某种暴露史60对,均无某种暴露史75对,病例有某种暴露史、对照无某种暴露史70对,对照有某种暴露史、病例无某种暴露史35对。其OR值为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.7"},{"key":"B","value":"1.3"},{"key":"C","value":"0.5"},{"key":"D","value":"0.9"},{"key":"E","value":"2"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一项病例对照研究,探讨妊娠期母亲的各种暴露史与新生儿先天性畸形之间的联系。在调查时,那些生畸形孩子的母亲由于心理压力常常隐瞒怀孕时的吸烟情况,而那些对照组儿童的母亲,其报告就较准确。上述情况可能带来","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"存活病例偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"信息偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"混杂偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"入院率偏倚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在进行宫颈癌病因的病例对照研究时,下列哪一组病例最为理想","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一所肿瘤专科医院收治的所有宫颈癌患者"},{"key":"B","value":"一个地区多所医院诊断的所有宫颈癌患者"},{"key":"C","value":"一个地区肿商发病监测系统登记的所有宫颈癌患者"},{"key":"D","value":"一个地区肿瘤死亡监测系统登记的所有宫颈癌患者"},{"key":"E","value":"一个地区多所医院新诊断的宫颈癌患者"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"病例对照研究中,最好的对照来自于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"家人"},{"key":"B","value":"邻居"},{"key":"C","value":"亲属"},{"key":"D","value":"社区中非该病病人或健康人"},{"key":"E","value":"医院其他病人"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究中对照的来源。在病例对照研究中,对照的最佳选择为同一个社区中的非该病病人或健康人(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"在一项饮酒和胃癌关系的病例对照研究中,如果对照组女性比例显著高于病例组,可能会产生的偏倚为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失访偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"混杂偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"信息偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"回忆偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"测量偏倚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查混杂偏倚。混杂偏倚(B对ACDE错)是指某个既与疾病有关系,又与所研究的暴露因素有联系的外来因素的影响,掩盖或夸大了暴露与疾病的联系,所造成的偏倚。"} {"Question":"在匹配病例对照研究中,病例与对照的比例最常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1:1"},{"key":"B","value":"1:2"},{"key":"C","value":"1:3"},{"key":"D","value":"1:4"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查病例对照研究的匹配比例。总样本量一定时,如果病例和对照的来源都较充足,病例与对照之比为1:1(A对BCD错)时的统计学效率最高。但如果所研究的是罕见病或所能获得的合格病例数很少,为了达到较满意的研究功效,可以增加匹配的对照数,即采用1:r匹配。"} {"Question":"采用尿糖和血糖试验联合筛检糖尿病,结果如下。尿糖试验的灵敏度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.2613"},{"key":"B","value":"0.9987"},{"key":"C","value":"0.3417"},{"key":"D","value":"0.9976"},{"key":"E","value":"无法计算"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"假阳性率的大小","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与实际有病者有关"},{"key":"B","value":"与实际无病者有关"},{"key":"C","value":"与实际无病者无关"},{"key":"D","value":"与实际无病者无关"},{"key":"E","value":"与实际有病无病者均无关"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的论述下列哪项不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ROC曲线可表示灵敏度与特异度的关系"},{"key":"B","value":"ROC曲线常被用来直观地确定诊断试验的最佳截断值"},{"key":"C","value":"ROC曲线是以灵敏度为纵坐标,特异度为横坐标"},{"key":"D","value":"用ROC曲线确定最佳截断值处,其灵敏度和特异度均较好,误诊率和漏诊率均较低"},{"key":"E","value":"对同一种疾病的不同诊断方法进行比较时,若将各试验的ROC曲线绘制到同一坐标图中,则ROC曲线下面积最大的试验其真实性最佳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查ROC曲线。ROC曲线基本原理:将病人和非病人的测量值从小至大排序,即可划分一系列截断值。对应每个截断值可计算相应的灵敏度和特异度(A对)。绘制1-特异度为横坐标,灵敏度为纵坐标的坐标轴(C错,为本题正确答案),每个截断值对应的灵敏度和1-特异度值构成坐标点,多个坐标点相连即ROC曲线。距离坐标轴左上角最近的坐标点,可同时满足筛检试验的灵敏度和特异度相对最优,它所对应的取值即最佳截断值(B对)。用ROC曲线确定最佳截断值处,其灵敏度和特异度均较好,误诊率和漏诊率均较低(D对)。对同一种疾病的不同诊断方法进行比较时,若将各试验的ROC曲线绘制到同一坐标图中,则ROC曲线下面积最大的试验其真实性最佳(E对)。"} {"Question":"某筛选试验用被病例诊断为乳癌患者和非乳癌患者各400名妇女,试验结果乳癌组阳性者100人,非乳癌组阳性者50人,问该试验的灵敏度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.875"},{"key":"B","value":"0.676"},{"key":"C","value":"0.25"},{"key":"D","value":"0.333"},{"key":"E","value":"0.1255"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查灵敏度的计算。根据题中数据代入公式得出灵敏度=TP\/(TP+FN)=100\/400×100%=25%(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"一种筛检乳腺癌的实验,应用于已经病理检查证实的乳腺癌患者400人和未患乳腺癌400人。结果患癌组有100例阳性,未患癌组有50例阳性。该试验的阳性预测值为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100\/400"},{"key":"B","value":"350\/400"},{"key":"C","value":"100\/150"},{"key":"D","value":"100\/300"},{"key":"E","value":"350\/650"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查阳性预测值的计算。阳性预测值是指筛检发现的阳性者中患目标疾病的人所占的比例。根据图中数据代入公式得出阳性预测值=TP\/(FP+TP)=100\/150(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"关于筛检试验的评价指标下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"试验的灵敏度愈高阳性预测值愈高"},{"key":"B","value":"试验的特异度愈高阴性预测值愈高"},{"key":"C","value":"试验阳性预测值上升,试验阴性预测值随之上升"},{"key":"D","value":"现患率降低,试验阳性预测值降低"},{"key":"E","value":"现患率降低,试验阴性预测值降低"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查预测值与真实性指标、现患率的关系。预测值与真实性指标、现患率的关系为:①现患率对预测值的影响,当灵敏度与特异度一定,疾病患病率降低,阳性预测值降低(D对),阴性预测值升高(E错);②灵敏度、特异度对预测值的影响:当人群患病率不变时,灵敏度升高,特异度降低,阳性预测值下降(A错),阴性预测值升高(BC错)。"} {"Question":"青光眼病人的眼压约在22~42mmHg范围,非青光眼病人的眼压约在14~26mmHg范围内,根据这些资料,可以认为:采用两项筛检试验串联使用,可以使筛检试验的哪一特征增加","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灵敏度增加"},{"key":"B","value":"特异度增加"},{"key":"C","value":"领先时间增加"},{"key":"D","value":"阴性预测值增加"},{"key":"E","value":"患病率增加"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查提高筛检收益的方法。串联试验也称系列试验,即一组筛检试验按一定的顺序相连,初筛阳性者进入下一轮筛检,全部筛检试验结果均为阳性者才定为阳性。采用两项筛检试验串联使用,可以使筛检试验的特异度增加(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"假阳性(误诊)率","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实际有病而按诊断标准被正确地判为有病的识别能力"},{"key":"B","value":"实际有病而按诊断标准被判为无病的识别能力"},{"key":"C","value":"实际无病而按诊断标准被判为无病的识别能力"},{"key":"D","value":"实际无病而按诊断标准被判为有病的识别能力"},{"key":"E","value":"正确判断阳性的可能性是错判阳性可能性的倍数"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查假阳性(误诊)率。假阳性(误诊)率是指实际无病而按诊断标准被判为有病的识别能力(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"关于诊断方法的叙述,下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"评价某种试验方法的可靠性指标主要包括特异度和灵敏度"},{"key":"B","value":"误诊率又称假阴性率"},{"key":"C","value":"正确诊断指数=真实性+可靠性-1"},{"key":"D","value":"灵敏度是指实际有病而按该诊断标准被正确地判为有病的百分比"},{"key":"E","value":"特异度是指实际无病而按该标准被判为有病的百分比"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查诊断方法的相关内容。灵敏度是指实际患病且被筛检试验标准判断为阳性的百分比(D对)。特异度是指实际无病且被筛检试验标准判断为阴性的百分比(E错)。评价某种试验方法的可靠性指标主要包括符合率、kappa值等(A错)。误诊率又称假阳性率(B错),即实际无病,但被筛检试验判断为阳性的百分比。正确指数=(灵敏度+特异度)-1(C错)。"} {"Question":"为了尽量发现病人,在制订诊断标准时,常常","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提高灵敏度"},{"key":"B","value":"提高特异度"},{"key":"C","value":"降低假阳性率"},{"key":"D","value":"提高假阴性率"},{"key":"E","value":"采用串联试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不是评价诊断试验的指标","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"符合率"},{"key":"B","value":"相对危险度"},{"key":"C","value":"预测值"},{"key":"D","value":"似然比"},{"key":"E","value":"Kappa值"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查评价诊断试验的指标。符合率(A对)、预测值(C对)、似然比(D对)和Kappa值(E对)都是评价诊断试验的指标。相对危险度(B错,为本题正确答案)不是评价诊断试验的指标。"} {"Question":"流行病学调查方法中的筛检,其目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"筛选可疑危险因素"},{"key":"B","value":"探索病因"},{"key":"C","value":"描述疾病三间分布"},{"key":"D","value":"早期发现可疑患者"},{"key":"E","value":"确诊病人"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查筛检的目的。筛检可发现隐匿的病例,在表面健康的人群中通过筛检选出可能患有某病的个体(D对ABCE错),并进一步进行确诊和早期治疗。"} {"Question":"在糖尿病筛检方案中,甲试验血糖筛检标准定为160mg\/ml,乙试验定为130mg\/ml,比较甲乙试验时哪种说法是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲试验的灵敏度低于乙试验"},{"key":"B","value":"乙试验的特异度低于甲试验"},{"key":"C","value":"甲试验的假阴性率比乙试验高"},{"key":"D","value":"甲试验的阳性预测值比乙试验低"},{"key":"E","value":"乙试验的误诊率比甲试验高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查阳性预测值。甲试验血糖筛检标准定为160mg\/ml,乙试验定130mg\/ml,根据阳性预测值定义,甲试验的阳性预测值比乙试验高(D错,为本题正确答案),即甲试验筛检发现的阳性者中患目标疾病的人所占的比例较多。此外,甲试验的灵敏度低于乙试验(A对);乙试验的特异度低于甲试验(B对);甲试验的假阴性率比乙试验高(C对);乙试验的误诊率比甲试验高(E对)。"} {"Question":"在糖尿病的筛检方案中,A医师将餐后血糖水平定为160mg\/100ml,而B医师将餐后血糖试验定为140mg\/100ml。这就意味着","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前者的灵敏度比后者高"},{"key":"B","value":"前者的特异度比后者高"},{"key":"C","value":"前者的假阳性率比后者高"},{"key":"D","value":"前者的假阴性率比后者高"},{"key":"E","value":"前者的阳性预测值比后者高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查筛检中的特异度。特异度又称真阴性率,即实际无病且被筛检试验标准判断为阴性的百分比。它反映了筛检试验鉴别排除病人的能力。本题中A医师将餐后血糖水平定为160mg\/100ml,而B医师将餐后血糖试验定为140mg\/100ml,可知A医师血糖范围定的较宽,排除病人的能力较强,故前者的特异度比后者高(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"在某地进行男性吸烟与膀胱癌关系的大量研究,资料如下:吸烟组膀胱癌发病率为48.0\/10万,不吸烟组膀胱癌的发病率为25.4\/10万。根据该资料,比较男性吸烟和不吸烟与膀胱癌关系的相对危险度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"48"},{"key":"B","value":"48.0-25.4=22.6"},{"key":"C","value":"48.0\/25.4=1.89"},{"key":"D","value":"(48.0-25.4)\/48.0"},{"key":"E","value":"本资料不能计算"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查相对危险度的计算。相对危险度比是暴露组的危险度(测量指标是累积发病率)与对照组的危险度之比。计算为相对危险度=48.0\/25.4=1.89(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"在队列研究中,失访率一般不应超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.05"},{"key":"B","value":"0.1"},{"key":"C","value":"0.15"},{"key":"D","value":"0.2"},{"key":"E","value":"0.25"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究的失访率。队列研究的失访率一般不超过20%(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"进行队列研究时比较的方法有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暴露组与非暴露组比较"},{"key":"B","value":"队列内部按照暴露程度比较"},{"key":"C","value":"与全人群的率比较"},{"key":"D","value":"A+C"},{"key":"E","value":"A+B+C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究对照的选择。在队列研究中,对照的选择可以是:①暴露组与非暴露组比较;②队列内部按照暴露程度比较;③与全人群的率比较(E对ABCD错);④多重对照。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是历史性队列研究的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"比前瞻性队列研究节省人力和物力"},{"key":"B","value":"研究开始时所研究的疾病已发生"},{"key":"C","value":"需要随访的时间比前瞻性队列研究短"},{"key":"D","value":"研究观察的方向是前瞻性的"},{"key":"E","value":"验证病因假设的能力不及病例对照研究"}],"Answer":"DE","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究的优点。历史性队列研究的研究对象分组是根据研究开始时研究者已掌握的有关研究对象在过去某个时点的暴露状况的历史材料做出的且研究开始时研究的结局已经出现,则研究观察的方向不是前瞻性的(D错,为本题正确答案)。队列研究由于病因发生在前,疾病发生在后,因果现象发生的时间顺序是合理的,加之偏倚较少,又可直接计算各项测量疾病危险强度的指标,故其检验病因假说的能力较强(E错,为本题正确答案),一般可证实病因联系。历史性队列研究比前瞻性队列研究节省人力和物力(A对);历史性队列研究在研究开始时所研究的疾病已发生(B对);历史性队列研究需要随访的时间比前瞻性队列研究短(C对),因为相对前瞻性研究来说,历史性研究是不进行随访的。"} {"Question":"下列对队列研究与病例对照研究描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"都不需要给予人为干预"},{"key":"B","value":"病例对照研究比队列研究省时、省力"},{"key":"C","value":"都是分析性研究方法"},{"key":"D","value":"队列研究验证病因假设的能力较病例对照研究强"},{"key":"E","value":"都可以计算发病密度"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究与病例对照研究的比较。队列研究和病例对照研究都属于分析性研究(C对),都不需要给予人为干预(A对);病例对照研究比队列研究省时、省力(B对);队列研究验证病因假设的能力较病例对照研究强(D对);队列研究可以计算发病密度而病例对照研究不能计算发病密度(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"某厂20~24岁组工人500名,某年内2人死于肺癌,已知该年全人口20~24岁组肺癌的死亡率为1‰,则SMR为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2.5"},{"key":"B","value":"2"},{"key":"C","value":"4"},{"key":"D","value":"5"},{"key":"E","value":"10"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在一所医院的300名吸烟男医师中,有100人自动戒烟,200人继续吸烟,研究者进行了20年的随访观察,以确定两组肺癌的发生与死亡情况,这种研究属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实验研究"},{"key":"B","value":"病例对照研究"},{"key":"C","value":"描述性研究"},{"key":"D","value":"队列研究"},{"key":"E","value":"理论性研究"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"流行病学中的偏倚分为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"住院偏倚,测量偏倚,转诊偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"住院偏倚,测量偏倚,信息偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"选择偏倚,信息偏倚,混杂偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"测量偏倚,混杂偏倚,回忆偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"混杂偏倚,住院偏倚,回忆偏倚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在队列研究中,结局的确切概念是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"统计检验结果"},{"key":"B","value":"暴露属性的分组结果"},{"key":"C","value":"观察中出现了预期结果事件"},{"key":"D","value":"观察期限的终止时间"},{"key":"E","value":"研究队列中存在的混杂结果"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查结局。结局是指随访观察中将出现的预期结果事件(C对ABDE错),是队列研究观察的自然终点。"} {"Question":"在某地进行的吸烟与肺癌关系的研究显示,该地人群肺癌年死亡率为0.56‰,吸烟与不吸烟者的肺癌年死亡率分别为0.96‰和0.07‰。上述研究的特异危险度(AR)为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.04‰"},{"key":"B","value":"0.89‰"},{"key":"C","value":"92.7‰"},{"key":"D","value":"87.5‰"},{"key":"E","value":"0.49‰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在某地进行的吸烟与肺癌关系的研究显示,该地人群肺癌年死亡率为0.56‰,吸烟与不吸烟者的肺癌年死亡率分别为0.96‰和0.07‰。上述研究的归因危险度百分比(AR%)为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.89‰"},{"key":"B","value":"0.927"},{"key":"C","value":"0.875"},{"key":"D","value":"0.49‰"},{"key":"E","value":"0.40‰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对孕妇进行访视、询问并记录她怀孕期间的吸烟情况,而后分析吸烟暴露与婴儿低出生体重的关系,这种研究的类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"现况调查"},{"key":"B","value":"临床研究"},{"key":"C","value":"现场试验"},{"key":"D","value":"队列研究"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究的概念。队列研究(D对ABC错)是将人群按是否暴露于某可疑因素及其暴露程度分为不同组,追踪其各组的结局,比较不同组之间结局频率的差异,从而判定暴露因素与结局之间有无因果关联及关联大小的一种观察性研究方法。对孕妇进行访视、询问并记录她怀孕期间的吸烟情况,而后分析吸烟暴露与婴儿低出生体重的关系的研究属于队列研究。"} {"Question":"以下不是队列研究主要用途的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"检验病因假说"},{"key":"B","value":"研究疾病自然史"},{"key":"C","value":"评价预防措施效果"},{"key":"D","value":"新药上市前最后一阶段的药物有效性验证"},{"key":"E","value":"新药上市后监测"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在一项队列研究中,计算出某研究因素RR值的95%的可信区间为0.2~1.8,那么该研究因素可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"危险因素"},{"key":"B","value":"保护因素"},{"key":"C","value":"混杂因素"},{"key":"D","value":"无关因素"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查RR的95%置信区间。当RR95%置信区间均大于1时,该因素是危险因素;当RR95%置信区间均在0~1之间,该因素是保护因素;当RR95%置信区间包含1时,该因素为无关因素(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"以医院为基础的病例对照研究相比,队列研究的主要优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能够明确因果联系"},{"key":"B","value":"易于获得更具代表性的总体"},{"key":"C","value":"易于获得非暴露组的观察对象"},{"key":"D","value":"可直接估计所研究疾病的发生率"},{"key":"E","value":"省钱、省时"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查队列研究的最大优点。队列研究的最大优点就在于它可以直接计算出研究对象的结局的发生率(D对ABCE错),因而也就能够直接计算出相对危险度和归因危险度,从而可直接评价暴露的效应。"} {"Question":"在前瞻性队列调查中,确定人群分组方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"按发病者与未发病者分"},{"key":"B","value":"按年龄,性别,职业,生活条件相同而发病情况不同分组"},{"key":"C","value":"按不同家族史分组"},{"key":"D","value":"按暴露于某因素和未暴露于某因素分组"},{"key":"E","value":"按随机方法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查前瞻性队列研究的分组。在前瞻性队列研究中,研究人员按暴露于某因素和未暴露于某因素对人群进行分组(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"对某病进行前瞻性研究时,最初选择的队列应由下列人员组成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患该病的人"},{"key":"B","value":"未患该病的人"},{"key":"C","value":"具有欲研究因素的人"},{"key":"D","value":"具有该病家族史的人"},{"key":"E","value":"不具有欲研究因素的人"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查前瞻性队列研究的对象。在前瞻性队列研究中,研究对象的分组是根据研究对象现时的暴露状况而定的,此时研究的结局还没有出现,需要前瞻观察一段时间才能得到。对某病进行前瞻性研究时,最初应选择未患该病的人(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"某学者在某地进行吸烟与肺癌关系的研究,结果显示:该地人群肺癌年死亡率为0.56%,吸烟与不吸烟者的肺癌年死亡率分别为0.96%和0.07%,该项研究的相对危险度RR为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"92.7"},{"key":"B","value":"0.07"},{"key":"C","value":"13.71"},{"key":"D","value":"1.71"},{"key":"E","value":"8"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查相对危险度的计算。相对危险度是暴露组的危险度(测量指标是累积发病率)与对照组的危险度之比。计算为相对危险度=0.96%\/0.07%=13.71(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"表示病例组与对照组某因素暴露比例的比值","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"RR"},{"key":"B","value":"AR"},{"key":"C","value":"AR%"},{"key":"D","value":"OR"},{"key":"E","value":"PARP"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"错分偏倚","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由于回忆不准确引起的偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"由于对病例的诊断错误所引起的偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均否"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查错分偏倚的概念。错分偏倚又称信息偏倚,是指在获取暴露、结局或其他信息时所出现的系统误差或偏差,包括由于回忆不准确引起的偏倚和由于对病例的诊断错误所引起的偏倚(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"男性,40岁,不规则发热半年余,反复抗菌无效,明显消瘦,侨居国外多年,临床考虑是否同艾滋病有关,下列检查中更有价值的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰培养"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"C","value":"血清抗HIV"},{"key":"D","value":"HIV分离"},{"key":"E","value":"CD4\/CD8比值,CD4计数"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查艾滋病的检查。艾滋病的监测系统包括HIV\/AIDS病例报告系统、HIV\/AIDS血清学监测系统、HIV相关行为学监测系统和AIDS抗病毒治疗药物的耐药监测系统。本题中临床考虑是否同艾滋病有关,可知下列检查中更有价值的是血清抗HIV(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列不是急性HIV感染的临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"乏力"},{"key":"C","value":"淋巴结肿大"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔真菌感染"},{"key":"E","value":"皮疹"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查急性HIV感染的临床表现。急性HIV感染人体后,临床表现为发热(A对)、皮疹(E对)、淋巴结肿大(C对)、乏力(B对)等。口腔真菌感染(D错,为本题正确答案)不是急性HIV感染的临床表现。"} {"Question":"梅毒的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人乳头瘤病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"沙眼衣原体"},{"key":"C","value":"苍白螺旋体"},{"key":"D","value":"淋病奈瑟菌"},{"key":"E","value":"纤细螺旋体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查常见性传播疾病及其病原体。梅毒的病原体是苍白螺旋体(C对ABDE错),主要相关疾病有:一期溃殇(下疳)伴局部淋巴结肿大、皮疹、扁平湿疣、骨、心血管和神经系统损害; 妊娠失败(流产、死胎)、早产;死胎、先天梅毒。"} {"Question":"下列哪种检测结果表示乙肝感染已恢复","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HBsAg(﹢),HBeAg(﹢)"},{"key":"B","value":"HBsAg(﹢),抗-HBe(﹢),抗-HBc(﹢)"},{"key":"C","value":"HBsAg(﹢),HBeAg(﹢),抗-HBc IgM(﹢)"},{"key":"D","value":"HBsAg(﹢),抗-HBc(﹢)"},{"key":"E","value":"抗-HBc IgG(﹢),抗-HBs(﹢)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查HBV血清学标志实验室检测结果的常见模式及意义。当机体的抗-HBs和抗-HBc IgG均呈阳性(E对ABCD错)时,标明乙肝既往感染,已恢复。"} {"Question":"乙型肝炎发病的时间分布是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"春季高峰"},{"key":"B","value":"冬春高峰"},{"key":"C","value":"夏季高峰"},{"key":"D","value":"夏秋高峰"},{"key":"E","value":"无季节高峰"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"甲型肝炎的主要传播途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪-口途径传播"},{"key":"B","value":"母婴垂直传播"},{"key":"C","value":"医源性传播"},{"key":"D","value":"性接触传播"},{"key":"E","value":"空气传播"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查甲型肝炎的主要传播途径。甲型肝炎病毒主要通过粪-口途径传播(A对BCDE错),常见的传播途径有:经食物传播、经水传播和日常生活接触传播。"} {"Question":"下列关于甲型肝炎的人群易感性说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1岁以内的婴幼儿对HAV易感性高"},{"key":"B","value":"人群对HAV普遍易感"},{"key":"C","value":"HAV人群易感性随年龄的增加而增加"},{"key":"D","value":"感染HAV后的人群可获得短暂免疫力"},{"key":"E","value":"婴幼儿期甲型肝炎的易感性最低"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"预防乙型肝炎在人群中流行的最有效的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白接种"},{"key":"B","value":"乙型肝炎疫苗接种"},{"key":"C","value":"加强HBsAg携带者的管理"},{"key":"D","value":"切断经血传播途径"},{"key":"E","value":"阻断母婴传播"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乙型肝炎的预防。人工免疫特别是主动免疫为预防肝炎的根本措施,因此,乙型肝炎疫苗免疫接种(B对ACDE错)是预防乙型肝炎在人群中流行的最有效的措施。"} {"Question":"以下关于乙型肝炎人群易感性的描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人群对HBV普遍易感"},{"key":"B","value":"HBV感染后抗-HBs阳转者可在一定时期内维持免疫力"},{"key":"C","value":"HBV各亚型间无交叉免疫"},{"key":"D","value":"HBV感染具有明显的家族聚集现象"},{"key":"E","value":"接种乙肝疫苗是降低人群HBV易感性的有效措施"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"按传播途径的不同,病毒性肝炎可分成以下两类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲、乙型肝炎一类,其他另一类"},{"key":"B","value":"乙、丙型肝炎一类,其他另一类"},{"key":"C","value":"甲、丙型肝炎一类,其他另一类"},{"key":"D","value":"丙、丁型肝炎一类,其他另一类"},{"key":"E","value":"甲、戊型肝炎一类,其他另一类"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查病毒性肝炎的分类。按传播途径的不同,病毒性肝炎可分成两大类:一类为经肠道传播的病毒性肝炎,主要经粪-口途径传播,包括甲型和戊型肝炎,其发病有一定的季节性,可引起暴发及流行,感染后多为急性,呈自限性;另一类为经肠道外传播的病毒性肝炎,主要通过血液传播,包括乙型、丙型和丁型肝炎(E对ABCD错),多为散发,但也可见医源性或特殊高危人群中暴发,无季节性,感染后易转为慢性肝炎,部分病例可发展成肝硬化和肝细胞癌。"} {"Question":"下述哪个论点是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲肝没有慢性携带者"},{"key":"B","value":"乙肝潜伏期即有传染性"},{"key":"C","value":"无症状携带者是丁肝的主要传染源"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性患者是丙肝的重要传染源"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性携带者是戊肝重要传染源"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查病毒性肝炎的传染源特点。甲肝没有慢性携带者(A对);乙肝在潜伏期有传染性(B对);无症状携带者是丁肝的主要传染源(C对);慢性患者是丙肝的重要传染源(D对);戊肝的传染源主要是戊肝病人和感染的动物,并非慢性携带者(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"在低地方流行区,乙型肝炎在儿童中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少见"},{"key":"B","value":"多见"},{"key":"C","value":"一般"},{"key":"D","value":"较多见"},{"key":"E","value":"肯定不会发生"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"呼出大蒜味气体可能是()中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒精"},{"key":"B","value":"氰化物"},{"key":"C","value":"有机磷"},{"key":"D","value":"甲醇"},{"key":"E","value":"吗啡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"中毒性肾病主要见于()中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镉"},{"key":"B","value":"氟"},{"key":"C","value":"苯"},{"key":"D","value":"黄磷"},{"key":"E","value":"四氯化碳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不符合二期愈合的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"组织缺损大"},{"key":"B","value":"创缘不齐"},{"key":"C","value":"愈合时间长"},{"key":"D","value":"愈合后形成微痕"},{"key":"E","value":"伤口感染"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性乳腺炎最常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠期妇女"},{"key":"B","value":"初产哺乳的妇女"},{"key":"C","value":"哺乳半年后的妇女"},{"key":"D","value":"长期哺乳的妇女"},{"key":"E","value":"乳头凹陷的妇女"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"近年来菌痢最常见的菌群是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"志贺杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"福氏杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"宋内杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"鲍氏菌"},{"key":"E","value":"史密菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发绀多见于()中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒精"},{"key":"B","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"一氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"亚硝酸盐"},{"key":"E","value":"毒蕈"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,35岁,已婚。10小时前出现上腹部胀痛,6小时前疼痛转移至右下腹,伴恶心、呕吐、发热。查体:右下腹压痛、反跳痛阳性,肠鸣音减弱。血常规:白细胞总数及中性粒细胞分类升高。早期的最佳治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗生素治疗、温水坐浴及温盐水灌肠"},{"key":"B","value":"经直肠切开引流"},{"key":"C","value":"经阴道切开引流"},{"key":"D","value":"超声引导下腹腔穿刺"},{"key":"E","value":"经腹部切开引流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,35岁,已婚。10小时前出现上腹部胀痛,6小时前疼痛转移至右下腹,伴恶心、呕吐、发热。查体:右下腹压痛、反跳痛阳性,肠鸣音减弱。血常规:白细胞总数及中性粒细胞分类升高。术后5天,患者出现下腹坠胀、大便频繁、里急后重,伴尿频、尿痛。最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肠炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性附件炎"},{"key":"C","value":"泌尿系统感染"},{"key":"D","value":"阑尾残株炎"},{"key":"E","value":"盆腔脓肿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男,62岁。上腹部隐痛1年,进食后呕吐20天,呕吐物含有宿食。查体:贫血貌,消瘦,上腹部可见胃型,可闻及振水音。患者最早可能出现的酸碱失衡和电解质紊乱的类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低氯血症、代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"低钾血症、代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"高钾血症、代谢性碱中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"高钾血症、代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"低钾血症、代谢性碱中毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者全身水肿,颈静脉怒张,肝大,应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾性水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"心源性水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肝源性水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"内分泌性水肿"},{"key":"E","value":"营养不良水肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吞服腐蚀性剂后最早出现和最明显的症状为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口腔、咽喉、胸骨后及上腹部剧痛"},{"key":"B","value":"咽下困难、恶心、呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"食管或胃穿孔"},{"key":"D","value":"休克"},{"key":"E","value":"呕血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食管癌病人有持续性胸背痛,多表示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癌肿部有炎症"},{"key":"B","value":"癌已侵犯食管外组织"},{"key":"C","value":"有远处血行转移"},{"key":"D","value":"癌肿较长"},{"key":"E","value":"食管气管瘘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性胰腺炎并发胰腺脓肿的时间是起病后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1周"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3周"},{"key":"C","value":"4~5周"},{"key":"D","value":"6~7周"},{"key":"E","value":"8~9周"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有关消化性溃疡的病史,下列哪项描述不确切","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有节律性周期性发作"},{"key":"B","value":"肝浊音区消失,应疑及溃疡穿孔"},{"key":"C","value":"45岁以上十二指肠溃疡患者持续大便隐血阳性,考虑癌变可能"},{"key":"D","value":"部分患者以上消化道出血为首发症状"},{"key":"E","value":"出血后可使原有的溃疡症状减轻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"继发性肝癌确诊的关键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超声检查"},{"key":"B","value":"CT检查"},{"key":"C","value":"磁共振成像(MRI)"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性核素肝扫描"},{"key":"E","value":"病理检查和找到肝外原发癌的证据"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肝硬化最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上消化道出血"},{"key":"B","value":"肝性脑病"},{"key":"C","value":"感染"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"肝肺综合征"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"100\/70mmHg,肝掌(﹢),蜘蛛痣多枚,心肺(﹣),腹平软,肝未扪及,脾侧卧3cm,全腹无压痛,移动性浊音(﹣)。呕血最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃溃疡并出血"},{"key":"B","value":"十二指肠球部溃疡出血"},{"key":"C","value":"胃癌出血"},{"key":"D","value":"食管贲门黏膜撕裂症"},{"key":"E","value":"食管静脉曲张破裂出血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"代偿期肝硬化下列哪项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤色素沉着"},{"key":"B","value":"男性乳房发育"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功轻度损害"},{"key":"D","value":"脾功能亢进"},{"key":"E","value":"贫血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下检测方法中,不能确定目前存在幽门螺杆菌感染的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃黏膜组织染色"},{"key":"B","value":"快速尿素酶试验"},{"key":"C","value":"幽门螺杆菌培养"},{"key":"D","value":"¹³C或¹⁴C尿素呼气试验"},{"key":"E","value":"血清抗幽门螺杆菌抗体测定"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男,72岁。排尿困难5年,夜尿4~5次。直肠指检可触及前列腺增生Ⅲ°。B超可查残余尿220ml,双肾中度积水,血Cr360μmol\/L,尿常规:白细胞20~30个\/HP,此患者目前选择哪项治疗方法最佳","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经耻骨后前列腺切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"膀胱造瘘术"},{"key":"C","value":"留置导尿"},{"key":"D","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"经膀胱前列腺切除术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"原发性肾小球疾病的病理分型不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轻微性肾小球病变"},{"key":"B","value":"局灶性节段性病变"},{"key":"C","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"膜性肾病"},{"key":"E","value":"增生性肾炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男,46岁。近3个月出现尿频、尿急,排尿迟缓、断续,既往体健,应采取的治疗措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"观察等待"},{"key":"B","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"手术治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"激光治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"支架治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"15~20\/HP,WBC>100\/HP。该患者最紧急的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注意清洗外阴"},{"key":"B","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"补液、升压、纠正休克"},{"key":"D","value":"退热处理"},{"key":"E","value":"加强营养、补充热量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于人畜共患病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"D","value":"乙型肝炎"},{"key":"E","value":"伤寒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,男,32岁,在背部皮下发现直径为0.5~1.5cm大小的结节,约有30个,结节为圆形,硬度似软骨,无压痛,活动度好,3个月后又发生头痛、癫痫,该患者可能患的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猪带绦虫病"},{"key":"B","value":"牛带绦虫病"},{"key":"C","value":"囊尾蚴病"},{"key":"D","value":"棘球蚴病"},{"key":"E","value":"微小膜壳绦虫病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"伤寒最具特征性的病变部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝、胆囊"},{"key":"B","value":"肠系膜淋巴结"},{"key":"C","value":"结肠"},{"key":"D","value":"回肠下段淋巴结"},{"key":"E","value":"乙状结肠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪一种不属于感染性发热","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性腮腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"C","value":"钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"D","value":"药物热"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米巴脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"HBsAg阳性者,是否具有传染性,应首先检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝功"},{"key":"B","value":"抗HBs"},{"key":"C","value":"HBeAg"},{"key":"D","value":"抗HBe"},{"key":"E","value":"抗HBc"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,40岁,渔民。因发热1周伴腹痛、腹胀、腹泻,大便每日3~4次,稀便有黏冻,村卫生室给服氯霉素5天,患者热退,症状好转,继续工作,2周后再次发热,体温39℃,抽血培养有伤寒杆菌生长。患者经有效治疗后痊愈,患者病后可获得","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暂时免疫"},{"key":"B","value":"对伤寒有持久性免疫"},{"key":"C","value":"有一定免疫力"},{"key":"D","value":"无免疫力,可再次患伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"对伤寒与副伤寒均有免疫力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"霍乱与其他细菌引起的腹泻,最主要的鉴别点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行病学史"},{"key":"B","value":"有无腹痛及里急后重"},{"key":"C","value":"有无“米泔水”样粪便"},{"key":"D","value":"有无严重的脱水表现"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌学检查结果"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临床上常用驱虫药物哪项最常用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吡喹酮"},{"key":"B","value":"甲苯咪唑"},{"key":"C","value":"肠虫清"},{"key":"D","value":"硫酸二氯酚"},{"key":"E","value":"喹诺酮类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对所有疑似霍乱的病人需要采集的标本是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿"},{"key":"B","value":"血液"},{"key":"C","value":"大便"},{"key":"D","value":"痰"},{"key":"E","value":"脓液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性菌痢主要的病变部位为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小肠"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠和乙状结肠"},{"key":"C","value":"横结肠"},{"key":"D","value":"升结肠"},{"key":"E","value":"回盲部"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"4.0x10⁹\/L,多次血、痰培养无细菌生长。为明确诊断,应做的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"查血清抗-HIV"},{"key":"B","value":"查血清SARS病毒特异性抗体"},{"key":"C","value":"痰涂片找结核菌"},{"key":"D","value":"荧光抗体法测衣原体抗体"},{"key":"E","value":"插管吸痰做细菌培养并做药敏试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"代表病毒感染已愈的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HBsAg(﹢)、HBeAg(﹣)、抗HBc(﹢)"},{"key":"B","value":"HBsAg(﹣)、抗HBs(﹢)、抗HBc(﹢)"},{"key":"C","value":"HBsAg(﹢)、HBeAg(﹢)、HBV﹣DNA(﹢)"},{"key":"D","value":"HBsAg(﹢)、HBeAg(﹣)、HBV﹣DNA(﹣)"},{"key":"E","value":"HBsAg(﹢)、HBeAg(﹣)、HBV﹣DNA(﹢)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"520IU\/L。诊断应首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"败血症"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肾综合征出血热"},{"key":"D","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"斑疹伤寒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"鉴别流脑和其他化脓性脑膜炎最有价值的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起病急骤"},{"key":"B","value":"意识障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤出现淤点和淤斑"},{"key":"D","value":"脑膜刺激征"},{"key":"E","value":"脑脊液改变"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,62岁。既往体健,绝经10年。因阴道不规则流血、流液3个月入院。查体:宫颈肥大,后唇见一菜花状肿物,累及后穹窿部,质脆,触之易出血,直径约3cm,三合诊示子宫稍大,双侧附件未触及明显异常。宫颈活检示鳞状细胞癌。患者的临床分期应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ⅠB1"},{"key":"B","value":"ⅠB2"},{"key":"C","value":"ⅡA"},{"key":"D","value":"ⅡB"},{"key":"E","value":"ⅢA"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"妊娠合并糖尿病终止妊娠的最佳时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠34~35周"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠35~36周"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠36~37周"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠37~38周"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠38~39周"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"90g\/L。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫内膜癌"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈癌"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫畸形"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫肌瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫腺肌病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"早期发现宫颈癌的最佳方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴道镜检查"},{"key":"B","value":"碘试验"},{"key":"C","value":"宫颈刮片细胞学检查"},{"key":"D","value":"宫颈活体组织检查"},{"key":"E","value":"宫颈锥形切除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"产程中胎心监护,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"听胎心应在宫缩间歇期,宫缩刚结束时进行"},{"key":"B","value":"潜伏期应每小时听胎心1次"},{"key":"C","value":"活跃期每30分钟听胎心1次"},{"key":"D","value":"第二产程应每15分钟听胎心1次"},{"key":"E","value":"每次胎心听诊应听1分钟"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"病毒性肝炎对妊娠的影响,下述哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠早期患肝炎致畸发生率高"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠早期患肝炎易发展为急性、亚急性肝炎"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠晚期发病易并发妊高征"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠中晚期发病易诱发DIC"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠期发生病毒性肝炎致围生(产)儿死亡率高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"进入产程中的子宫收缩的特征,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是不自主的节律性收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"宫缩具有对称性"},{"key":"C","value":"宫缩的子宫底部为最强烈,子宫下段收缩最弱"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫肌纤维在宫缩时变短变宽,间歇时松弛恢复如旧"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫收缩间隔越来越短,持续时间越来越长"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下述哪项是早期宫颈癌的症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴道大量排液"},{"key":"B","value":"反复阴道出血"},{"key":"C","value":"接触性阴道出血"},{"key":"D","value":"大腿及腰骶部疼痛"},{"key":"E","value":"恶病质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不是决定孕妇分娩因素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产力"},{"key":"B","value":"医生的水平"},{"key":"C","value":"产道"},{"key":"D","value":"胎儿"},{"key":"E","value":"精神心理因素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者女性,54岁。白带增多,均匀稀薄,有臭味,阴道黏膜无明显充血,阴道pH值为5。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌性阴道病"},{"key":"B","value":"滴虫阴道炎"},{"key":"C","value":"老年性阴道炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性淋病"},{"key":"E","value":"念珠菌阴道炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"妊娠合并糖尿病有何临床表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出现多饮、多食、多尿三多症状"},{"key":"B","value":"外阴阴道假丝酵母菌感染反复发作"},{"key":"C","value":"孕妇体重>90kg"},{"key":"D","value":"并发羊水过多或巨大胎儿"},{"key":"E","value":"以上全是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于产褥感染的描述,以下哪项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产后病原菌侵入全身任何组织或器官,造成局部和全身感染"},{"key":"B","value":"产后病原菌侵入生殖道造成的生殖系统的感染"},{"key":"C","value":"产后病原菌侵入生殖道和乳腺组织,造成局部和全身感染"},{"key":"D","value":"产褥感染是产妇死亡的第一位原因"},{"key":"E","value":"产后4周内,体温至少2次达到或超过38℃者,称为产褥病率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"围绝经综合征血管舒缩症状主要表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失眠"},{"key":"B","value":"潮热"},{"key":"C","value":"月经紊乱"},{"key":"D","value":"耳鸣"},{"key":"E","value":"头痛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于先兆临产的特点,下列说法不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"渐增性节律性宫缩"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈管不短缩,宫口不扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"胎儿下降感"},{"key":"D","value":"见红"},{"key":"E","value":"宫缩能被强镇静剂抑制"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"初产妇,26岁。因第二产程延长行产钳助产,产后阴道流血约800ml,诊断为子宫收缩乏力所致,其主要临床表现应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎盘剥离延缓而出血"},{"key":"B","value":"胎盘娩出后出血无血块"},{"key":"C","value":"胎盘未娩出时出血不止"},{"key":"D","value":"胎儿娩出后立即出血不止"},{"key":"E","value":"胎盘娩出后阵发性出血量多"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"参与过敏性支气管哮喘发病的细胞中,不常见的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥大细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"T淋巴细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管黏膜上皮细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,30岁。呼吸困难2天就诊,发作前有鼻痒、喷嚏。既往有类似病史。体检:呼吸20次\/分,呼气末闻及哮鸣音,心率96次\/分,律齐。治疗首选药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酮替酚"},{"key":"B","value":"色甘酸二钠"},{"key":"C","value":"沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"D","value":"泼尼松"},{"key":"E","value":"特非那定"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"0.95,尿蛋白(﹢),尿沉渣涂片(﹣)。为进一步确诊首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿培养"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"C","value":"痰涂片革兰氏染色"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部超声"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部超声"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"引起COPD的重要发病因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸烟"},{"key":"B","value":"感染"},{"key":"C","value":"空气污染"},{"key":"D","value":"职业性粉尘"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白酶-抗蛋白酶失衡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男,14岁,秋游后低热、乏力、咳嗽、少量粘痰2周。X线胸片示两下肺网状及按小叶分布的斑片状浸润阴影。血白细胞9.8×10⁹\/L。患者最可能的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浸润型肺结核"},{"key":"B","value":"病毒性支气管炎"},{"key":"C","value":"军团菌肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"支原体肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"念珠菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"要判断肺结核有无传染性,以下最可靠的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PPD试验呈阳性反应"},{"key":"B","value":"痰中找到结核杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"红细胞沉降率增快"},{"key":"D","value":"X线胸片可见钙化点和空洞"},{"key":"E","value":"有发热、乏力等结核中毒症状"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肺吸虫病时,咯血的特征为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"铁锈色痰"},{"key":"B","value":"烂桃样痰"},{"key":"C","value":"浆液性粉红色泡沫样血痰"},{"key":"D","value":"巧克力色脓痰"},{"key":"E","value":"咯鲜血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,60岁。吸烟史30年,咳嗽咳痰20年,活动后气急5年,偶有下肢水肿。体检:桶状胸,两肺呼吸音低,少量湿罗音,肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喘息型慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性支气管炎急性发作"},{"key":"C","value":"老年性肺气肿"},{"key":"D","value":"慢支、肺气肿、肺心病"},{"key":"E","value":"肺源性心脏病失代偿期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,30岁。呼吸困难2天就诊,发作前有鼻痒、喷嚏。既往有类似病史。体检:呼吸20次\/分,呼气末闻及哮鸣音,心率96次\/分,律齐。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上呼吸道感染"},{"key":"B","value":"心源性哮喘"},{"key":"C","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"喘息性支气管炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"侵犯喉返神经引起声带麻痹时,咳嗽的特征为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽,声音嘶哑"},{"key":"B","value":"金属音调咳嗽"},{"key":"C","value":"犬吠样咳嗽"},{"key":"D","value":"咳嗽声音低微"},{"key":"E","value":"阵发性痉挛性咳嗽"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"喉返神经损伤的患者是很有可能导致咳嗽的主要是由于双侧声带近中线,呼吸时不能外转,声音不受影响患者双侧喉返神经的损伤通常有短暂的声音嘶哑时,咳嗽的很弱"} {"Question":"纵隔肿瘤压迫气管时,咳嗽的特征为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽,声音嘶哑"},{"key":"B","value":"金属音调咳嗽"},{"key":"C","value":"犬吠样咳嗽"},{"key":"D","value":"咳嗽声音低微"},{"key":"E","value":"阵发性痉挛性咳嗽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"0.95,尿蛋白(﹢),尿沉渣涂片(﹣)。假设上述诊断成立,首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢曲松"},{"key":"C","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"E","value":"青霉素G"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,72岁。不慎摔伤右髋部。查体:右下肢短缩,外旋50°畸形,右髋肿胀不明显,但有叩痛。该患者最容易出现的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脂肪栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"坐骨神经损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"髋内翻畸形"},{"key":"D","value":"股骨头缺血性坏死"},{"key":"E","value":"髋关节周围创伤性骨化"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,72岁。不慎摔伤右髋部。查体:右下肢短缩,外旋50°畸形,右髋肿胀不明显,但有叩痛。为证实诊断首先需要的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"CT"},{"key":"C","value":"MRI"},{"key":"D","value":"核素骨扫描"},{"key":"E","value":"关节造影"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的目标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HbAlc<5.0%"},{"key":"B","value":"HbAlc<5.5%"},{"key":"C","value":"HbAlc<6.0%"},{"key":"D","value":"HbAlc<6.5%"},{"key":"E","value":"HbAlc<7.0%"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"经治疗后,患者空腹及餐后血糖多次正常,之后最不合适的处理为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可停止药物治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"继续药物治疗,并随访血糖以调整剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"继续药物治疗,并根据糖血红蛋白随访疗效"},{"key":"D","value":"加用二甲双胍并调整原来药物剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"血脂仍高,加用降脂药物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"Ⅰ型糖尿病的主要特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起病缓慢"},{"key":"B","value":"对胰岛素不敏感"},{"key":"C","value":"有明显的遗传易感性"},{"key":"D","value":"很少发生酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"胰岛素绝对缺乏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"精神卫生工作中最主要的任务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维护和促进心理健康"},{"key":"B","value":"预防各种心理障碍、心理疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"矫治各种心理障碍、心理疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"培养健全人格"},{"key":"E","value":"提高人类对社会生活的适应能力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,52岁。渐起右上下肢抖动1年半,既往史无特殊。检查:血压150\/95mmHg,神志清楚,表情呆板,右上下肢肌力正常,肌张力增高,呈齿轮样,在上下肢可见静止性震颤,余神经系统检查未发现异常。此患者合适的治疗为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低分子右旋糖酐"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"C","value":"左旋多巴"},{"key":"D","value":"泼尼松"},{"key":"E","value":"新斯的明"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女性,38岁,最近两年因感觉丈夫有外遇而痛苦,经常悄悄跟踪及监视丈夫工作;与丈夫吵闹,请求丈夫的上司调离其身边所有女性同事;常感到丈夫表情不自然,每句话都是假的。这一症状属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被害妄想"},{"key":"B","value":"嫉妒妄想"},{"key":"C","value":"关系妄想"},{"key":"D","value":"钟情妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"焦虑症状"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"早期识别脑梗死非常敏感的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CT"},{"key":"B","value":"MRI"},{"key":"C","value":"TCD"},{"key":"D","value":"心脏彩超"},{"key":"E","value":"颈动脉彩超"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女性,35岁。皮下结节2年,1个月来癫痫发作频繁。查体:躯干、四肢、头皮下可触及多个0.5cm✕1cm大小的圆形结节,无触痛,与周围无粘连。采集病史时,应特别注意询问","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癫痛的发作情况"},{"key":"B","value":"癫痫的家族史"},{"key":"C","value":"饮食卫生状况"},{"key":"D","value":"用药史"},{"key":"E","value":"风湿病史"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"缺血性卒中二级预防最基本的预防措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降压治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"他汀治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"抗血小板治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"改变不良生活方式"},{"key":"E","value":"颈动脉内膜剥脱术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"最常见的一种妄想是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关系妄想"},{"key":"B","value":"被控制妄想"},{"key":"C","value":"夸大妄想"},{"key":"D","value":"被害妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"嫉妒妄想"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女性,21岁。3年来有发作性头痛,部位不定,每日1~2次,持续十几小时,伴恶心、呕吐、畏光,神经科体检未见明显异常。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"偏头痛"},{"key":"B","value":"丛集性头痛"},{"key":"C","value":"脑部占位性病变"},{"key":"D","value":"脑震荡后遗症"},{"key":"E","value":"头痛型癫痫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"霍奇金病分期可根据以下何条件而明确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓检查发现Reed Stcmberg细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"异常的淋巴管造影"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腔积液"},{"key":"D","value":"脾大"},{"key":"E","value":"有全身症状"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,女性,30岁。月经量多,已2年,近3个月来感乏力、头晕、心悸,查:血红蛋白65g\/L,白细胞6.0×10⁹\/L,血小板140×10⁹\/L。骨髓象:粒比红为1:1,红细胞增生活跃,中晚幼红细胞45%,体积小,胞质偏蓝,治疗首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌注维生素B₁₂"},{"key":"B","value":"口服铁剂"},{"key":"C","value":"输血"},{"key":"D","value":"脾切除"},{"key":"E","value":"口服叶酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女性,35岁。近2个月来发热,乏力伴消瘦。体检:左颈、二侧腋窝和腹股沟部位可触及数个黄豆和蚕豆大小淋巴结,肝未及,脾肋下3cm,红细胞4.0✕10¹²\/L,血红蛋白12g\/L,白细胞5.6✕10⁹\/L,血小板150✕10⁹\/L,血沉80mm\/h。本病例首选的治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α干扰素"},{"key":"B","value":"手术切除"},{"key":"C","value":"放疗治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"化学治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"大剂量丙种球蛋白静脉滴注"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"高肾素型高血压患者首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿替洛尔或卡托普利"},{"key":"B","value":"美托洛尔或硝苯地平"},{"key":"C","value":"硝苯地平或卡托普利"},{"key":"D","value":"呋塞米或尼群地平"},{"key":"E","value":"硝普钠或硝酸甘油"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"男性,76岁。有阻塞性肺气肿史,咳嗽,咳脓痰,伴气急,加重2周,今晨起神志恍惚。体检:嗜睡,口唇青紫,两肺湿啰音。心率116次\/分,律齐,血压180\/100mmHg,神经系统检查未见异常。此时最主要的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降压药"},{"key":"B","value":"用镇静剂"},{"key":"C","value":"用利尿剂"},{"key":"D","value":"吸入丙酸倍氯米松"},{"key":"E","value":"氧疗加呼吸兴奋剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"成人高血压的诊断标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"BP≥140\/90mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"BP≥150\/90mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"BP≥160\/90mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"BP≥160\/95mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"BP≥165\/95mmHg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"风湿性心脏病严重二尖瓣狭窄突发大咯血的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺毛细血管破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"合并肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肺水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管静脉破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"合并支气管扩张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"小儿动脉收缩压应用下列哪项公式计算","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"(年龄×2)+85"},{"key":"B","value":"(年龄×2)+80"},{"key":"C","value":"(年龄×5)+85"},{"key":"D","value":"(年龄×2)+75"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"麻疹的隔离期为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"至出疹后5天"},{"key":"B","value":"从接触后1天至皮疹消退"},{"key":"C","value":"接触后2周至皮疹消退"},{"key":"D","value":"从出疹至皮疹消退"},{"key":"E","value":"发疹前1天至出疹后3天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"猩红热的主要临床表现不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽峡炎"},{"key":"B","value":"疹退后皮肤脱屑"},{"key":"C","value":"肌痛"},{"key":"D","value":"发热"},{"key":"E","value":"全身弥漫性红斑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的最常见病原是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"诺沃克病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"轮状病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"埃可病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"柯萨奇病毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"风疹与麻疹的主要鉴别点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全身症状轻"},{"key":"B","value":"皮疹为全身性分布"},{"key":"C","value":"呈充血性斑丘疹"},{"key":"D","value":"皮疹1日内出齐"},{"key":"E","value":"外周血白细胞减少"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"痈切开引流术与其他脓肿不同,除一般要点外,正确的引流切口应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切口要大"},{"key":"B","value":"切口应深"},{"key":"C","value":"作低位切口"},{"key":"D","value":"作多个平行切口"},{"key":"E","value":"作“﹢”或“﹢﹢\"形切口"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"配对设计资料采用秩和检验,若n=9,T=41,查表得T0.01(9)=1~44,T0.05(9)=5~40,T0.10(9)=8~37,则其P值为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"P<0.01"},{"key":"B","value":"P<0.10"},{"key":"C","value":"0.01<P<0.05"},{"key":"D","value":"0.05<P<0.10"},{"key":"E","value":"P>0.05"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"成组设计多个样本比较的秩和检验,若最小样本例数大于5,统计量H近似服从的分布是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"t分布"},{"key":"B","value":"正态分布"},{"key":"C","value":"χ²分布"},{"key":"D","value":"F分布"},{"key":"E","value":"标准正态分布"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"配对设计差值的符号秩和检验,编秩时,遇有差值绝对值相等。","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"符号相同,必须取平均秩次"},{"key":"B","value":"符号相同,仍按顺序编秩"},{"key":"C","value":"符号不同,仍按顺序编秩"},{"key":"D","value":"不考虑符号,按顺序编秩"},{"key":"E","value":"可舍去不计"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"等级资料两样本比较的秩和检验中,如相同秩次过多,应计算校正u值,校正的结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"u值增大,P值减小"},{"key":"B","value":"u值增大,P值增大"},{"key":"C","value":"u值减小,P值增大"},{"key":"D","value":"u值减小,P值减小"},{"key":"E","value":"视具体资料而定"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于非参数统计叙述中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不受总体分布形式是否已知的限定"},{"key":"B","value":"适用范围广"},{"key":"C","value":"不要求资料服从特定的分布"},{"key":"D","value":"计算简便"},{"key":"E","value":"对服从正态分布的资料,其检验效率也同样高"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在配对设计差值的符号秩和检验中,绝对值等于3的差值有4个,它们是-3、-3、3、3。如果它们的位次为4、5、6、7,则第2个-3的秩次应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"-5.5"},{"key":"B","value":"-5"},{"key":"C","value":"4"},{"key":"D","value":"5.5"},{"key":"E","value":"7"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于均数的标准误的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是样本均数的标准差"},{"key":"B","value":"反映样本均数抽样误差大小"},{"key":"C","value":"与总体标准差成正比,与根号n成反比"},{"key":"D","value":"增加样本含量可以减少标准误"},{"key":"E","value":"其值越大,用样本均数估计总体均数的可靠性越好"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"比较某地区15岁儿童平均体重是否高于一般,宜采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"u检验"},{"key":"B","value":"t检验"},{"key":"C","value":"F检验"},{"key":"D","value":"χ2检验"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有关假设检验,下列说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"检验假设针对的是总体,而不是样本"},{"key":"B","value":"进行假设检验时,既可只写出H₀或H₁,也可同时写出H₀和H₁"},{"key":"C","value":"H₀为对立假设"},{"key":"D","value":"H₀的内容反映了检验的单双侧"},{"key":"E","value":"都需先计算出检验统计量后再获得P值"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"A项,由假设检验的零假设和备择假设可以看出,检验假设针对总体,而不是样本。B项,假设检验时必须同时写出H0和H1。C项,H0为零假设(无效假设),H1为备择假设(对立假设)。D项,H1的内容反映了检验的单双侧。E项,某些检验,例如小样本情况下的二项分布问题,可以直接通过计算出P值得出结论;精确概率法也不需要具体的检验统计量。\n\n"} {"Question":"随机抽取甲地15名9岁女童与乙地15名9岁女童体重(kg),其均数比较的检验为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"样本均数与总体均数比较的t检验"},{"key":"B","value":"配对t检验"},{"key":"C","value":"成组t检验"},{"key":"D","value":"u检验"},{"key":"E","value":"χ²检验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某地健康人血清氯总体均数μ0=102mmol\/L,抽查25名呼吸性碱中毒病人血清氯=112mmol\/L,S=15mmol\/L,呼吸性碱中毒病人和健康人有无差别的假设检验可用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"t检验"},{"key":"B","value":"u检验"},{"key":"C","value":"方差分析"},{"key":"D","value":"χ²检验"},{"key":"E","value":"方差齐性检验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"检查9个人的血型,其中A型2人,B型3人,O型3人,AB型1人。其对应的变量类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"数值变量"},{"key":"B","value":"4项无序分类资料"},{"key":"C","value":"4项有序分类资料"},{"key":"D","value":"9项无序分类资料"},{"key":"E","value":"9项有序分类资料"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查数据类型的相关内容。无序分类变量(ACE错)的各个取值间则没有程度的差异,比如性别、血型。对于无序分类变量,根据取值的不同又可分为二项分类变量和多项分类变量,比如性别取值为相互对立的两类,而血型取值则为互不相容的多个类别且为4项(B对D错)。"} {"Question":"为了由样本推断总体,样本应该是总体中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"任意的一部分"},{"key":"B","value":"典型部分"},{"key":"C","value":"有意义的一部分"},{"key":"D","value":"有价值的一部分"},{"key":"E","value":"有代表性的一部分"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查样本的定义。样本是为了解总体而观测的总体的一部分,我们常常从一个总体中抽取具有代表性的样本进行调查(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"欲测量某地2002年正常成年男子的血糖值,其总体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该地所有成年男子"},{"key":"B","value":"该地所有成年男子血糖值"},{"key":"C","value":"2002年该地所有正常成年男子血糖值"},{"key":"D","value":"2002年所有成年男子"},{"key":"E","value":"2002年所有成年男子的血糖值"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查总体的相关内容。总体是根据研究目的确定的同质研究个体的全体,本题研究目的为测量该地2002年正常成年男子的血糖值,因此,总体为2002年该地所有正常成年男子血糖值(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"说明某现象发生强度的指标为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"构成比"},{"key":"B","value":"相对比"},{"key":"C","value":"定基比"},{"key":"D","value":"环比"},{"key":"E","value":"率"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"两样本率比较可用u检验的条件是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两个样本率的差别大"},{"key":"B","value":"两个样本率的差别小"},{"key":"C","value":"两个样本率均较大"},{"key":"D","value":"两个样本率均较小"},{"key":"E","value":"两个样本含量均较大,且两个样本率均不接近0也不接近1"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某地某年男性简略寿命表中0岁组的期望寿命为70.1岁,则1岁组的期望寿命","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大于70.1岁"},{"key":"B","value":"小于70.1岁"},{"key":"C","value":"不一定"},{"key":"D","value":"大于等于70.1岁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查期望寿命。某地某年男性简略寿命表中0岁组的期望寿命为70.1岁,则1岁组的期望寿命不一定(C对ABD错)。如果0岁组的死亡率很低,则1岁组的期望寿命会大于70.1岁;如果0岁组的死亡率很高,则1岁组的期望寿命就会小于70.1岁。"} {"Question":"研究某种疾病导致的死亡对居民生命的影响时,下列那种方法最","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"简略寿命表"},{"key":"B","value":"现时寿命表"},{"key":"C","value":"定群寿命表"},{"key":"D","value":"去死因寿命表"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查去死因寿命表。去死因寿命表(D对ABC错)是用来分析某种疾病或某类疾病对平均预期寿命等指标的影响,可以综合说明某类死因对人群生命的影响程度。"} {"Question":"已知某地女性“0~”岁组的尚存人数为100000,WHO提出的终寿区间成数α=0.09,死亡人数为675人,则“0~”岁组的生存人年数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"99325"},{"key":"B","value":"99386"},{"key":"C","value":"99235"},{"key":"D","value":"99337"},{"key":"E","value":"100000"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生存人年数的计算。根据公式(17-5),将题中数据代入,“0~”岁组的生存人年数=(100000-675)+0.09×675≈99386(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"计算某地某年孕产妇死亡率的分母是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"某地某年年中妇女人口数"},{"key":"B","value":"某地某年年末妇女人口数"},{"key":"C","value":"某地某年年中15~49岁育龄妇女数"},{"key":"D","value":"某地某年年末15~49岁育龄妇女数"},{"key":"E","value":"某地某年活产数"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"粗死亡率这一指标的高低","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受人口年龄构成影响不大"},{"key":"B","value":"受人口年龄构成影响大"},{"key":"C","value":"能用来评价一个国家的卫生文化水平"},{"key":"D","value":"可以精确地反映人口的死亡水平"},{"key":"E","value":"可反映某人群主要的死亡原因"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某县有20万人口,其中农村人口占60%,现欲对40岁以上农村居民糖尿病患病率进行调查。欲进行上述调查研究,较适宜的调查方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普查"},{"key":"B","value":"典型调查"},{"key":"C","value":"单纯随机抽样"},{"key":"D","value":"系统抽样"},{"key":"E","value":"整群抽样"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某县有20万人口,其中农村人口占60%,现欲对40岁以上农村居民糖尿病患病率进行调查。关于此调查研究,下列说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不能人为施加干预措施"},{"key":"B","value":"调查指标要精选,尽量用客观、灵敏、精确的定量指标"},{"key":"C","value":"调查项目中不能包括调查对象的姓名、地址、联系电话等个人信息"},{"key":"D","value":"调查可为直接观察法和直接采访法相结合"},{"key":"E","value":"正式调查前需要对调查员进行培训"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"欲研究新药“胃痛颗粒”治疗胃病的疗效,在某医院选择了100例胃炎和胃溃疡患者,随机分到试验组和对照组。试验组服用“胃痛颗粒”治疗,对照组服用公认有效的“胃苏冲剂”。这种对照属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空白对照"},{"key":"B","value":"安慰剂对照"},{"key":"C","value":"实验对照"},{"key":"D","value":"标准对照"},{"key":"E","value":"自身对照"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对于一组服从双变量正态分布的资料,经直线相关分析得相关系数r=1,则有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SS总=SS残"},{"key":"B","value":"SS残=SS回"},{"key":"C","value":"SS总=SS回"},{"key":"D","value":"SS总>SS回"},{"key":"E","value":"不能确定SS总和SS回的关系"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"相关系数r的正、负取决于下列哪一项的正、负","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"lxx"},{"key":"B","value":"lyy"},{"key":"C","value":"∑x"},{"key":"D","value":"∑y"},{"key":"E","value":"lxy"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某医师随机抽样调查了500例本地产妇及400例外来人口中产妇的如下指标:婴儿性别、产妇年龄年人均收入(元)、产前检查次数、是否有妊娠高血压综合征、有无子痫、基础血压(mmHg)等。要分析外来人口中产妇的年人均收入(元)与产前检查次数的关系,应选用的分析方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进行标准化"},{"key":"B","value":"配对X²检验"},{"key":"C","value":"四格表X²检验"},{"key":"D","value":"等级相关分析"},{"key":"E","value":"配对t检验"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"最小二乘法原理是指各实测点距回归直线的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"垂直距离相等"},{"key":"B","value":"垂直距离的和最小"},{"key":"C","value":"垂直距离的平方和最小"},{"key":"D","value":"纵向距离之和最小"},{"key":"E","value":"纵向距离平方和最小"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某人算得某资料的标准差为-3.4,可认为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变量值都是负数"},{"key":"B","value":"变量值负的比正的多"},{"key":"C","value":"计算有错"},{"key":"D","value":"变量值多数为0"},{"key":"E","value":"变量值一个比一个小"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查标准差的相关内容。标准差是方差的平方根,是非负数(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"频数分布的两个重要特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"统计量与参数"},{"key":"B","value":"样本均数与总体均数"},{"key":"C","value":"集中趋势与离散趋势"},{"key":"D","value":"样本标准差与总体标准差"},{"key":"E","value":"样本与总体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是频数分布表的相关内容。从原始数据到整理后的数据,我们可从频数分布表得出数据的分布形态、集中位置、变异程度(C对ABDE错)等整体概貌特征。"} {"Question":"频数表通常不用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"描述资料的分布类型"},{"key":"B","value":"反映资料的集中趋势"},{"key":"C","value":"反映资料的离散趋势"},{"key":"D","value":"便于发现异常值"},{"key":"E","value":"总体均数的假设检验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查频数分布表的相关内容。我们可从频数分布表得出数据的分布类型(A对)、集中位置(B对)、变异程度(C对)等整体概貌特征,如果从频数分布表看出数据不对称,则可进一步判断数据偏离的方向(D对)(E错,为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"为制定血铅的参考值范围,测定了一批正常人的血铅含量,下列说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以制定双侧95%的参考值范围"},{"key":"B","value":"可以制定,应是单侧上限"},{"key":"C","value":"可以制定,应是单侧下限"},{"key":"D","value":"可以制定,但无法确定是上侧还是下侧范围"},{"key":"E","value":"无法制定,要制定参考值范围必须测定健康人的尿铅含量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查医学参考值范围的相关内容。制定参考值范围的步骤:(1)从正常人总体中抽样;(2)控制测量误差;(3)判定是否需要分组确定参考值范围;(4)决定取单侧还是双侧;(5)选定合适的百分界限;(6)根据资料的分布类型选定适当的方法进行参考值范围的估计。由于血铅含量过高为异常,因此应确定参考值范围的单侧上限(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列关于统计表制作的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纵标目间用竖线分隔"},{"key":"B","value":"横、纵标目用斜线分隔"},{"key":"C","value":"要求各种指标小数位数一致"},{"key":"D","value":"一张表应包含尽量多的内容"},{"key":"E","value":"统计表通常包括标题、标目、线条、数字4部分"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"表示单位时段开始时存活的个体,到该时段结束时仍存活的可能性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"死亡概率"},{"key":"B","value":"生存率"},{"key":"C","value":"生存概率"},{"key":"D","value":"生存时间"},{"key":"E","value":"中位生存时间"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生存概率的概念。生存概率(C对ABDE错)是指某时段开始时存活的个体,到该时段结束时仍存活的可能性。"} {"Question":"在某化疗药物治疗肺癌的临床随访研究中,不属于截尾数据的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"随访对象死于其它疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"随访对象因在随访期间移民出国"},{"key":"C","value":"随访对象因严重副作用未能完成治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"随访对象到研究结束时仍未死亡"},{"key":"E","value":"随访对象失去联络"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查截尾数值的产生原因。截尾数据的产生原因有:①失访,由于患者变更联系方式(E对)、未继续就诊(C对)或拒绝访问等原因,无法继续随访,未能观察到终点事件;②退出,患者死于其他疾病(A对)或因其他原因死亡(如死于车祸)而终止观察;③终止,研究结束时终点事件尚未发生(D对)。随访对象因在随访期间移民出国(B错,为本题正确答案)未必会影响随访过程而使随访被迫中止,因此该数据不属于截断数据。"} {"Question":"生存分析中,用寿命表法估计生存率与直接法相比,其主要优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"计算简单"},{"key":"B","value":"可用于完全数据资料"},{"key":"C","value":"可用于未分组小样本资料"},{"key":"D","value":"可充分利用不完全数据的信息"},{"key":"E","value":"可用实测值绘制出生存率曲线"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"现有60例心脏移植患者,随访观察其术后5年存活情况,其中2例由于迁居国外而失访,36例在随访结束时存活,而20例在随访期中由于心脏原因发生死亡,2例由于意外事故发生死亡。上述实例中的删失率为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.0333"},{"key":"B","value":"0.6667"},{"key":"C","value":"0.6"},{"key":"D","value":"0.64"},{"key":"E","value":"0.0667"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查删失率。本题中的删失率=(2+36+2)\/60=66.67%(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"某医师随机抽样调查了500例本地产妇及400例外来人口中产妇的如下指标:婴儿性别、产妇年龄年人均收入(元)、产前检查次数、是否有妊娠高血压综合征、有无子痫、基础血压(mmHg)等。要分析本地产妇及外来人口中产妇平均年龄的不同,应该首选的统计分析方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行✕列表X²检验"},{"key":"B","value":"四格表X²检验"},{"key":"C","value":"相关分析"},{"key":"D","value":"配对X²检验"},{"key":"E","value":"方差分析"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用两种方法检查已确诊的肺癌患者100名,甲法检出68名,乙法检出54名,甲、乙两法一致的检出数为38名。欲比较两种方法的检出结果有无区别,其检验假设H₀为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"μ₁=μ₂"},{"key":"B","value":"μ₂=0"},{"key":"C","value":"π₁=π₂"},{"key":"D","value":"b=c"},{"key":"E","value":"P₁=P₂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一项评价某药物治疗乙型肝炎的研究显示HBsAg阴转结果如下表:统计分析该药物HBsAg阴转效果,宜作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X²检验"},{"key":"B","value":"方差分析"},{"key":"C","value":"t检验"},{"key":"D","value":"配对X²检验"},{"key":"E","value":"秩和检验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"老年人心理健康的常见问题不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不适应离退休生活"},{"key":"B","value":"对外界环境不适应"},{"key":"C","value":"主观健康水平评价差"},{"key":"D","value":"老年人的性生活"},{"key":"E","value":"对死亡的恐惧"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"同时能刺激多种感官的游戏或运动,叫作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感觉运动训练"},{"key":"B","value":"体育活动训练"},{"key":"C","value":"人格发展训练"},{"key":"D","value":"自制能力训练"},{"key":"E","value":"感觉整合训练"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于投射性测验的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"明尼苏达多项人格调查表"},{"key":"B","value":"比奈智力测试"},{"key":"C","value":"卡特尔16PF测量"},{"key":"D","value":"主题统觉测验"},{"key":"E","value":"90项症状自评"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心理测量的误差主要来源有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"施测条件"},{"key":"B","value":"主试者素质"},{"key":"C","value":"应试者动机"},{"key":"D","value":"应试者生理状态"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某儿童8岁,在智力测验中得分为100,则其智商(IQ)为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超常"},{"key":"B","value":"优秀"},{"key":"C","value":"平常"},{"key":"D","value":"不能判断"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"智商IQ的结果“高于平常”,是指其分数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"70~79"},{"key":"B","value":"80~89"},{"key":"C","value":"90~109"},{"key":"D","value":"110~119"},{"key":"E","value":"120~129"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一位女医生声调柔和,目光亲切,讲话面带微笑,她在下列哪方面做得好","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"言语沟通"},{"key":"B","value":"非言语沟通"},{"key":"C","value":"言语沟通和非言语沟通"},{"key":"D","value":"目光沟通"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,20岁。主诉自初中毕业后,越来越不能与陌生人接触,近1年来发展为见到熟人也害怕与之说话,且一说话就脸红,对于该患者心理治疗首选的方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物反馈"},{"key":"B","value":"系统脱敏"},{"key":"C","value":"自由联想"},{"key":"D","value":"催眠治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"人本主义"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"来访者,男,18岁,大学生,求助的问题是,多年来不能感知自己内心的感受,更不知如何向其他人,包括自己的家人讲述自己内心的感受,从而来寻求帮助。对于这样的来访者,心理治疗师首选的方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人本主义"},{"key":"B","value":"精神分析"},{"key":"C","value":"生物反馈"},{"key":"D","value":"厌恶治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"催眠治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心理治疗对心理治疗师的要求不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"要有一颗帮助别人的心"},{"key":"B","value":"要有一个敏锐的观察力"},{"key":"C","value":"要有丰富的生活经验和知识"},{"key":"D","value":"要具备乐观的生活态度"},{"key":"E","value":"要有高深的技能"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于心身疾病的治疗原则描述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不间断发泄"},{"key":"B","value":"用支持疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"进行松弛训练"},{"key":"D","value":"进行暗示或催眠疗法"},{"key":"E","value":"行为疗法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心身疾病的治疗原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"培养健全人格,锻炼应对能力,获取社会支持"},{"key":"B","value":"药物治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"病情变化与心理社会因素有关"},{"key":"D","value":"心身相结合的原则"},{"key":"E","value":"心理治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"研究表明,具有C型人格特征的人易患","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"偏头痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心身疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理社会因素在病因上起主导作用的躯体疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"由心理社会因素引起的精神疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"由心理社会因素引起的器官系统的功能性改变"},{"key":"D","value":"由心理社会因素引起的神经症"},{"key":"E","value":"由心理社会因素引起的生理反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"CCU患者在发病初期全部表现不同程度的焦虑状态,哪项不是产生焦虑的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"24小时昼夜不分的医护工作"},{"key":"B","value":"各种导管造成的压迫感"},{"key":"C","value":"活动受限,被迫长期处于一定体位"},{"key":"D","value":"心理烦躁不安"},{"key":"E","value":"同室患者的抢救、死亡等"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"A型行为性格与下列哪项疾病有关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溃疡病"},{"key":"B","value":"风心病"},{"key":"C","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"D","value":"癌症"},{"key":"E","value":"神经症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"顺利完成各种活动所必备的基本能力是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"语言能力"},{"key":"B","value":"想象能力"},{"key":"C","value":"辨别能力"},{"key":"D","value":"特殊能力"},{"key":"E","value":"一般能力"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"需要是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对某种目标的渴求和欲望"},{"key":"B","value":"对有机体内部不平衡状态的反映,表现为有机体对内环境条件的欲求"},{"key":"C","value":"对有机体外部不平衡状态的反映,表现为有机体对外环境条件的欲求"},{"key":"D","value":"对有机体外部不平衡状态的反映,表现为有机体对内外环境条件的欲求"},{"key":"E","value":"对有机体外部不平衡状态的反映,表现为有机体对环境的欲求"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医学心理学的研究范围包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑与行为的关系"},{"key":"B","value":"心身关系"},{"key":"C","value":"心理障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"医患关系"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"神经系统中发育成熟最早,最快达成人水平的器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"视觉器官"},{"key":"B","value":"听觉器官"},{"key":"C","value":"大脑"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"15岁男孩,身材矮小,智力正常。可以断定他不是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"家族性矮身材"},{"key":"B","value":"体质性生长迟缓"},{"key":"C","value":"垂体性侏儒症"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺功能减低"},{"key":"E","value":"营养不良"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"内分泌系统的调节中枢是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下丘脑"},{"key":"B","value":"腺垂体"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺"},{"key":"E","value":"松果体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"出生后第二个十年开始发育的系统是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴系统"},{"key":"B","value":"神经系统"},{"key":"C","value":"生殖系统"},{"key":"D","value":"内分泌系统"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸系统"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关婴儿期心理发育特征的描述有哪一项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理发展从粗大运动、言语、精细动作等开始逐步扩展到社会性发展,形成有目的的记忆"},{"key":"B","value":"动作的发育从孤立运动到共济协调,逐步实现力量、速度、方向、平衡、协调等方面能力的提高"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿一出生就表现出有明显而稳定特征的个人气质"},{"key":"D","value":"了解婴儿的气质及其类型,对预测其未来的个性发展有重要意义"},{"key":"E","value":"依恋是婴幼儿获得安全感的基础"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪一项生长发育指标较少受到遗传因素的影响","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身高"},{"key":"B","value":"体重"},{"key":"C","value":"坐高"},{"key":"D","value":"小腿长"},{"key":"E","value":"月经初潮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"盲目减肥属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"易导致非故意伤害的行为"},{"key":"B","value":"易导致故意伤害的行为"},{"key":"C","value":"物质滥用行为"},{"key":"D","value":"不良饮食和体重控制行为"},{"key":"E","value":"缺乏体力活动行为"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"目前,我国筛查7~18岁学龄儿童、青少年超重、肥胖的全国统一标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身高标准体重"},{"key":"B","value":"体重指数"},{"key":"C","value":"身高体重指数"},{"key":"D","value":"身高坐高指数"},{"key":"E","value":"Rohrer指数"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女暑假经常是白天上网,晚上躺在床上看小说。等到开学,发现黑板上的字看不太清楚,便去校医室检查。检查右眼时,5.0和4.9行视标都看不清,4.8行认错2个,4.7行认错1个,4.6行全部认对。左眼检查结果相同。其左眼视力为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"4.6"},{"key":"B","value":"4.7"},{"key":"C","value":"4.8"},{"key":"D","value":"4.9"},{"key":"E","value":"5"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能为制定意外伤害的预防策略和措施提供依据的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"法律对策"},{"key":"B","value":"安全教育"},{"key":"C","value":"伤害监测"},{"key":"D","value":"社区康复"},{"key":"E","value":"主动和被动干预"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"青少年配镜的基本原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充分矫正,以佩戴后获得正常视力的适度凹透镜为宜"},{"key":"B","value":"不充分矫正,以佩戴后获得较好视力的低度凹透镜为宜"},{"key":"C","value":"充分矫正,以佩戴后获得正常视力的适度凸透镜为宜"},{"key":"D","value":"不充分矫正,以佩戴后获得较好视力的低度凸透镜为宜"},{"key":"E","value":"不充分矫正,以佩戴后获得正常视力的凹透镜为宜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为预防高血压,青少年膳食中每日钠盐摄入量最好不能高于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2g"},{"key":"B","value":"3g"},{"key":"C","value":"4g"},{"key":"D","value":"5g"},{"key":"E","value":"6g"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某县城有6所小学,5所初中和3所高中:所属乡镇有10所中心小学,24所村小学和6所初中。该县疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科为了观察本县学生的生长发育动态拟开展调查。为减少季节等因素对监测结果的影响,建议每年的监测时间定在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2月"},{"key":"B","value":"3~4月"},{"key":"C","value":"5~8月"},{"key":"D","value":"9~10月"},{"key":"E","value":"11~12月"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"窝沟封闭双尖牙宜在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2~3岁"},{"key":"B","value":"3~4岁"},{"key":"C","value":"6~7岁"},{"key":"D","value":"10~11岁"},{"key":"E","value":"12~13岁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"预防青少年近视的根本措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"限制过多的长时间近距离视近活动"},{"key":"B","value":"合理安排青少年的睡眠时间"},{"key":"C","value":"合理安排青少年的膳食营养"},{"key":"D","value":"适当安排青少年的体育锻炼"},{"key":"E","value":"对青少年视力状况定期进行监测"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"近年来,我国儿童、青少年肥胖率持续升高,最主要的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遗传因素"},{"key":"B","value":"儿童膳食中热能摄入超过消耗,体力活动减少"},{"key":"C","value":"中小学生课业负担过重"},{"key":"D","value":"社会经济水平提高"},{"key":"E","value":"社会保健水平提高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"窝沟封闭是WHO推荐的一种重要的防龋措施,下面关于窝沟封闭的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窝沟封闭使用的合成高分子树脂材料具有强大的防酸蚀能力"},{"key":"B","value":"通过隔绝口腔致菌因素的侵害而发挥作用"},{"key":"C","value":"重点应选择牙面深,窝沟窄的牙齿以及已患早期龋或可疑龋的点隙裂沟进行封闭"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙封闭应在3~4岁进行"},{"key":"E","value":"一生只需进行1次窝沟封闭就够了"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某学生参加小学入学体检,远视力左眼0.5,右眼1.0。到眼科医院就诊,医生对他进行屈光矫正后,远视力为0.7。他患的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"屈光性近视"},{"key":"B","value":"轴性近视"},{"key":"C","value":"弱视"},{"key":"D","value":"远视"},{"key":"E","value":"散光"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"学习生理负荷达到临界限度的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疲劳"},{"key":"B","value":"早期疲劳"},{"key":"C","value":"显著疲劳"},{"key":"D","value":"疲倦"},{"key":"E","value":"过劳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"17222-2012)要求:中学生除体育课、早操、课间操外,每周参加课外体育活动不宜少于几次","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1次"},{"key":"B","value":"2次"},{"key":"C","value":"3次"},{"key":"D","value":"4次"},{"key":"E","value":"5次"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"12岁儿童有意注意时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"15分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"20分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"25分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"30分钟"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"体育锻炼是促进身体发育,增强体质的重要因素之一。以下几点是运动对青少年的影响,不完全正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进呼吸系统发育。经常参加体育锻炼者呼吸肌发达,胸围扩大,肺通气量、肺活量等显著增加"},{"key":"B","value":"促进心血管系统发育。经常锻炼的人的心脏收缩力增强,心脏每搏输出量增大"},{"key":"C","value":"有效调节内分泌,促进青春期正常发育。体育锻炼可推迟女性初潮年龄"},{"key":"D","value":"控制体重,调节身体成分。经常锻炼的人肌肉显著增加,身体中脂肪含量相应减少"},{"key":"E","value":"促进运动系统发育。改善肌肉工作的协调性,提高运动能力个技术水平"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"体育课结束部分的脉搏宜为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"80~130次\/分"},{"key":"B","value":"90~120次\/分"},{"key":"C","value":"130~170次\/分"},{"key":"D","value":"130~180次\/分"},{"key":"E","value":"140~200次\/分"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"中小学生每天户外活动时间(包括户外的活动、体育锻炼、游戏、休息,徒步往返学校等)应该为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小学生不少于2~2.5小时,中学生不少于1.5~2小时"},{"key":"B","value":"小学生不少于2.5~3小时,中学生不少于2~2.5小时"},{"key":"C","value":"小学生不少于3~3.5小时,中学生不少于2~2.5小时"},{"key":"D","value":"小学生不少于4~4.5小时,中学生不少于3~3.5小时"},{"key":"E","value":"小学生不少于5~5.5小时,中学生不少于4~4.5小时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"模仿能力的最快发展阶段为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6~8岁"},{"key":"B","value":"9~12岁"},{"key":"C","value":"10~12岁"},{"key":"D","value":"14~16岁"},{"key":"E","value":"16~18岁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下课铃一响,几个校篮球队员便迫不及待地跑到操场上,分成两组,打起篮球。没打几分钟,周亮跳起投球,落地时摔倒了。好不容易站起来,右脚却不能动了,而且很痛。这种原因导致的运动性损伤可以采取的预防措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安全防范法"},{"key":"B","value":"保护帮助法"},{"key":"C","value":"量力适应法"},{"key":"D","value":"准备活动法"},{"key":"E","value":"消除疲劳法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于艾滋病传播的途径,错误的表达是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通过性接触传播"},{"key":"B","value":"通过血液传播"},{"key":"C","value":"通过母婴传播"},{"key":"D","value":"握手等日常生活接触不传播"},{"key":"E","value":"可通过蚊虫叮咬传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某大学二年级学生,因爸爸经常在家抽烟,他从高中就开始尝试吸烟,现在每天都会抽上1-2支。新学期一开始,学校就公布了新的奖励制度,明确规定吸烟学生不得授予奖学金和优秀称号。他便成功戒烟。爸爸经常在家抽烟是导致吸烟的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进因素"},{"key":"B","value":"保护因素"},{"key":"C","value":"危险因素"},{"key":"D","value":"协同因素"},{"key":"E","value":"刺激因素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"城市中学布点时,服务半径为学生走路上学需","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5分钟左右"},{"key":"B","value":"10分钟左右"},{"key":"C","value":"15分钟左右"},{"key":"D","value":"20分钟左右"},{"key":"E","value":"15~20分钟"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"教室各列桌间纵行走道的宽度不应小于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.2m"},{"key":"B","value":"0.6m"},{"key":"C","value":"1.0m"},{"key":"D","value":"2.0m"},{"key":"E","value":"3.6m"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某市卫生监督所对曙光小学进行物质环境检查,该校为学生配备的桌椅为升降式。抽查5年级1班10名学生,结果如下(单位cm):根据此结果计算出的桌椅高差合格率为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1"},{"key":"B","value":"0.9"},{"key":"C","value":"0.8"},{"key":"D","value":"0.7"},{"key":"E","value":"0.6"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"教学用房的外墙与铁路的距离不应小于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50m"},{"key":"B","value":"80m"},{"key":"C","value":"100m"},{"key":"D","value":"200m"},{"key":"E","value":"300m"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"身高体重指数在什么年龄时趋于稳定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"18,女16"},{"key":"B","value":"20,女18"},{"key":"C","value":"21,女17"},{"key":"D","value":"21,女19"},{"key":"E","value":"25,女23"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"指出下列关于发育的百分位数法描述中,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在大数量调查基础上计算各指标的百分位数"},{"key":"B","value":"可用百分位数划分发育等级"},{"key":"C","value":"可制成某指标的百分位数图"},{"key":"D","value":"在百分位数图上能观察出儿童发育的变动"},{"key":"E","value":"能看出身体发育的匀称程度"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对于儿童期常见的心理-行为问题,下列哪种在女童中的患病率高于男童","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注意缺陷多动障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"习惯性抽动"},{"key":"C","value":"儿童癔症"},{"key":"D","value":"儿童孤独症"},{"key":"E","value":"品行问题"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"人的个性心理特征初步形成的时期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"学龄前期"},{"key":"D","value":"学龄期"},{"key":"E","value":"青春期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"学校开展心理咨询的主要对象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"校领导"},{"key":"B","value":"教师"},{"key":"C","value":"心理教师"},{"key":"D","value":"学生"},{"key":"E","value":"家长"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某中学要设立一心理咨询室。对于求咨者和咨询者位置关系的设立,你认为存在错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理咨询的位置关系以面对面坐法最常见"},{"key":"B","value":"面对面的坐法可能会加重初次求咨者的心理负担"},{"key":"C","value":"并排坐可减少求咨者的紧张不安,但这场景常是关系亲密的象征,对内向、拘谨或异性青少年应该避免"},{"key":"D","value":"较理想的位置关系是求咨者坐在咨询者的右侧位置"},{"key":"E","value":"求咨者和咨询者之间宜放置一小桌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某患儿被诊断为“注意缺陷多动障碍”。“注意缺陷多动障碍”属于下面哪类心理-行为问题","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"学业相关问题"},{"key":"B","value":"情绪问题"},{"key":"C","value":"品行问题"},{"key":"D","value":"顽固性不良习惯"},{"key":"E","value":"广泛性发育障碍"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"最易出现心理-行为偏差的时期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"童年期"},{"key":"D","value":"学龄期"},{"key":"E","value":"青春期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于防止一氧化碳中毒的防毒面具所用的防毒滤料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活性炭"},{"key":"B","value":"钠碳"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸铜"},{"key":"D","value":"“霍布卡”"},{"key":"E","value":"含碘活性炭"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查常用防毒滤料及其防护对象。防护对象为有机化合物蒸气时,滤料选用活性炭(A错)材质;防护对象为酸雾时,滤料选用钠碳(B错)材质;防护对象为氨时,滤料选用硫酸铜(C错)材质;防护对象为一氧化碳时,滤料选用“霍布卡”(D对)材质;防护对象为汞时,滤料选用含碘活性炭(E错)材质。"} {"Question":"疲劳的确切定义应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正常的心理反应"},{"key":"B","value":"正常的生理反应"},{"key":"C","value":"正常的精神反应"},{"key":"D","value":"体力和脑力工作效率暂时的降低"},{"key":"E","value":"倦怠的感觉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"氧需不超过氧上限的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"打字"},{"key":"B","value":"搬运重物、爬坡"},{"key":"C","value":"100米跑"},{"key":"D","value":"动态作业"},{"key":"E","value":"静态作业"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"动力作业时肌肉的主要收缩方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"等张收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"等长收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"等力收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"间断性收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"持续性收缩"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"劳动能力鉴定的指标宜采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体温"},{"key":"B","value":"皮温"},{"key":"C","value":"肌电"},{"key":"D","value":"肺通气量"},{"key":"E","value":"脑诱发电位"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于工业通风论述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要作用在于排出作业地带尘、毒污染的或潮湿、过热或过冷的空气,送入清洁空气"},{"key":"B","value":"是降低车间空气中尘、毒污染的唯一有效措施"},{"key":"C","value":"使用前后工作地点空气中有害物浓度变化可作为效果评价内容"},{"key":"D","value":"效果评价应检查其设计、安装和使用是否合理"},{"key":"E","value":"安全性和有无不良影响也应是效果评价内容"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"评价职业性有害因素的最常用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有害因素危险度评价"},{"key":"B","value":"生物监测"},{"key":"C","value":"健康监护"},{"key":"D","value":"职业流行病学调查"},{"key":"E","value":"环境监测"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对生产工艺流程、生产设备布局、化学反应原理、所选原辅材料及其所含有毒杂质的名称、含量等进行分析,推测可能存在的职业危害因素的方法属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"类比法"},{"key":"B","value":"检査表法"},{"key":"C","value":"工程分析法"},{"key":"D","value":"职业流行病学调査"},{"key":"E","value":"检验、检测法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"依靠被测气体分子的扩散进行空气样品采集的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动采集"},{"key":"B","value":"被动采集"},{"key":"C","value":"集气法"},{"key":"D","value":"个体采样"},{"key":"E","value":"定点区域采样"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下面哪种物质可引起肝血管肉瘤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二异氰酸甲苯酯"},{"key":"B","value":"含氟塑料"},{"key":"C","value":"氯乙烯"},{"key":"D","value":"聚丙烯"},{"key":"E","value":"聚氯乙烯"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可致皮肤癌的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙腈"},{"key":"B","value":"沥青"},{"key":"C","value":"氯苯"},{"key":"D","value":"苯胺"},{"key":"E","value":"甲苯"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"职业性肿瘤主要多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸道"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸道、皮肤及膀胱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"接触氯乙烯单体的工人中好发","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝血管肉瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"膀胱癌"},{"key":"C","value":"胃癌"},{"key":"D","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"肝癌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查氯乙烯的致癌种类。肝血管肉瘤是一种极其罕见又很难诊断的高度恶性肝肿瘤,职业性肝血管肉瘤(A对BCDE错)主要与接触氯乙烯有关,多见于接触高浓度氯乙烯的清釜工。氯乙烯所致肝血管肉瘤诊断细则:①原发性肝血管肉瘤诊断明确;②有明确的氯乙烯单体职业暴露史,氯乙烯单体累计暴露年限1年以上(含1年);③潜隐期1年以上(含1年)。"} {"Question":"下列关于健康监护论述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通过健康监护评价劳动条件是否符合劳动卫生标准"},{"key":"B","value":"通过各种健康检查和分析掌握职工健康状况"},{"key":"C","value":"是早期发现健康损伤的重要手段"},{"key":"D","value":"就业前和定期健康检查是健康监护的基本内容之一"},{"key":"E","value":"目的在于及时发现健康损害,以便采取预防措施"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查健康监护。健康监护是通过作业环境评价和医学监护、分析和评价有害因素对接触者健康的影响及其程度,掌握作业者的健康状况(B对)和发现健康损害征象,以便采取相应的预防措施,防止有害因素所致疾患的发生和发展(E对)。健康监护是实现“早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗”的有效手段(CD对),属于二级预防(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"某化工厂的清釜工,在体检时发现1例肝血管肉瘤癌,该工人最可能接触了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯乙烯"},{"key":"B","value":"氯甲醚"},{"key":"C","value":"甲醛"},{"key":"D","value":"己内酰胺"},{"key":"E","value":"联苯胺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查引发肝血管肉瘤的物质。肝血管肉瘤又称肝血管内皮瘤,是一种极其罕见又很难诊断的高度恶性肝肿瘤。多为先天性,常见于婴儿。职业性的肝血管肉瘤主要与接触氯乙烯(A对BCDE错)有关,多见于接触高浓度氯乙烯的清釜工,潜伏期长。"} {"Question":"下列哪项职业性多发病的说法不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"又称工作有关疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"是多因素疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"职业因素是原因之一"},{"key":"D","value":"职业因素可使潜在疾病暴露或使已有疾病加重"},{"key":"E","value":"在一般人群中不会出现"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"职业卫生与职业医学的概念是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防医学的分支,主要研究如何改善劳动条件"},{"key":"B","value":"研究职业病的病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗的学科"},{"key":"C","value":"研究劳动条件对劳动者健康的影响和如何识别、评价和控制不良劳动条件的学科"},{"key":"D","value":"研究劳动者的生理变化,提高作业能力的学科"},{"key":"E","value":"研究生产工艺过程对劳动者健康影响的学科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"劳动过程中的有害因素为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通风换气不足"},{"key":"B","value":"作息制度不合理"},{"key":"C","value":"有害作业与无害作业在同一个车间内"},{"key":"D","value":"个人防护用品使用不当"},{"key":"E","value":"卫生设施不健全"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下哪一项不是职业病的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病因明确"},{"key":"B","value":"有剂量-效应关系"},{"key":"C","value":"在同一工种人群中有一定的发病率"},{"key":"D","value":"康复效果较差"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查职业病的特点。职业病具有下列五个特点:1.病因有特异性(A对):只有在接触职业性有害因素后才可能患职业病;2.病因大多可以检测:通过对职业性有害因素的接触评估,由于职业因素明确,可通过检测评价工人的接触水平,而发生的健康损害一般与接触水平有关,并且在一定范围内能判定剂量-反应关系(B对);3.不同接触人群的发病特征不同:由于接触情况和个体差异的不同,可造成不同接触人群的发病特征不同(C对);4.早期诊断,合理处理,预后较好(D错,为本题正确答案);5.大多数职业病,目前尚缺乏特效治疗,应加强保护人群健康的预防措施。"} {"Question":"被诊断为职业病患者应在多长时间之内进行复查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"24小时之内"},{"key":"B","value":"立即住院治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"应立即向有关主管部门报告"},{"key":"D","value":"每6~12个月"},{"key":"E","value":"15天之内"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于职业病论述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"职业性有害因素作用于人体的强度和时间超过一定限度引起的疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"职业性有害因素引起人体不能代偿的功能和器质性损害出现的疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"职业性有害因素引起健康损害,并出现相应的临床征象,影响劳动力"},{"key":"D","value":"政府规定,职业病均享有劳保待遇"},{"key":"E","value":"职业性有害因素直接引起的疾病均称为职业病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于二级预防的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"改变工艺,改变原材料和设备"},{"key":"B","value":"定期职业性健康检查"},{"key":"C","value":"使用优质原料、保证产品质量"},{"key":"D","value":"对已患病者正确诊断,及时处理,积极治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"毒代动力学研究"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"劳动卫生学是预防医学中的一个","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三级学科"},{"key":"B","value":"分支学科"},{"key":"C","value":"子学科"},{"key":"D","value":"一级学科"},{"key":"E","value":"重要学科"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查劳动卫生学的定位。职业卫生学以前称劳动卫生学,曾是一门独立的预防医学分支学科(B对ACDE错),是以职业人群为主要对象,主要研究劳动条件对职业人群健康的影响,主要任务是识别、评价、预测、控制和研究不良劳动条件,为保护职业从事者健康、提高作业能力、改善劳动条件所应采取的措施提供科学依据。"} {"Question":"扁平足常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坐姿作业"},{"key":"B","value":"立姿作业"},{"key":"C","value":"流水线作业"},{"key":"D","value":"视屏作业"},{"key":"E","value":"精细作业"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某搬运工,男性。工龄5年。1年来腰部经常疼痛,弯腰、转身等活动受限,经内科和X线检查均未发现异常。这种情况应考虑的诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"职业病"},{"key":"B","value":"全身振动病"},{"key":"C","value":"职业性下背痛"},{"key":"D","value":"骨质增生"},{"key":"E","value":"风湿病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在声压级的频率计权网络中,()声级是为测量飞机噪声而设定的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"A"},{"key":"B","value":"B"},{"key":"C","value":"C"},{"key":"D","value":"D"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查声级的概念。计权网络通常有“A”“B”“C”“D”等几种。D(D对)计权网络是为测量飞机噪声而设计的,可直接用于测量飞机噪声强度。A(A错)计权网络模拟人耳对40方纯音的响应曲线,对低频段有较大幅度的衰减,对高频不衰减,国内外一般用A声级作为噪声的评价指标。B(B错)计权网络模拟人耳对70方纯音的响应曲线,对低频音有一定程度的衰减。C(C错)计权网络模拟人耳对100方纯音的响应特点,对所有频率的声音几乎都同等程度地通过,故可视作总声级。"} {"Question":"减压病的治疗措施主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加压"},{"key":"B","value":"减压"},{"key":"C","value":"给氧"},{"key":"D","value":"综合治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"对症治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"热适应是指人体在热环境下,经过一段时间后产生的对热负荷的适应能力。下列改变哪项不属于热适应表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体温保持稳定"},{"key":"B","value":"心血管系统紧张性下降"},{"key":"C","value":"热应激蛋白合成量减少"},{"key":"D","value":"排汗和蒸发散热能力增强"},{"key":"E","value":"劳动时代谢率降低"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查热适应表现。热适应是指机体对于长期热环境刺激产生的耐热性提高的生理性适应过程,多见于世居热环境人群,具有可遗传性。热适应可使在高温环境下的体温保持恒定(A对)、心血管系统紧张性下降(B对)、排汗和蒸发散热能力增强(D对)、劳动代谢率降低(E对)。热适应会导致热应激蛋白合成量增加(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"从听阈到痛阈的范围是()dB","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100"},{"key":"B","value":"120"},{"key":"C","value":"150"},{"key":"D","value":"180"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查听阈到痛阈的范围。人耳所能感受的声音强度范围宽广,以l000Hz声音为例,正常青年人刚能引起音响感觉,即最低可听到的声音强度(听阈)为10⁻¹²W\/m²,而声音增大至产生痛感时的声音强度(痛阈)为1W\/m²。两者相差10¹²倍。因此引用了对数值来表示声强的等级,称为声强级。通常规定以听阈声强I₀=10⁻¹²W\/m²来度量任一声音的强度。L₁=10㏒I\/I₀(dB)。根据上述公式可以计算出:从听阈到痛阈的声强范围是120dB(B对ACD错)。在噪声卫生标准制订和噪声控制效果评价时,通常以声音能量的变化为依据。"} {"Question":"新建企业生产车间噪声容许标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"80dB(A)"},{"key":"B","value":"85dB(A)"},{"key":"C","value":"90dB(A)"},{"key":"D","value":"100dB(A)"},{"key":"E","value":"115dB(A)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国工业企业噪声卫生标准采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"总声级"},{"key":"B","value":"A声级"},{"key":"C","value":"B声级"},{"key":"D","value":"C声级"},{"key":"E","value":"D声级"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"目前评价振动强度大小的最常用的物理量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"时间"},{"key":"B","value":"位移"},{"key":"C","value":"速度"},{"key":"D","value":"加速度"},{"key":"E","value":"频率"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对生产环境气象条件的正确描述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生产环境的气象条件包括气温、气压、气湿、热辐射"},{"key":"B","value":"生产环境的气象条件包括气温、气流、气湿、热辐射"},{"key":"C","value":"热辐射主要来源于可见光"},{"key":"D","value":"相对湿度大于90%为高气湿,小于30%为低气湿"},{"key":"E","value":"相对湿度大于80%为高气湿,小于20%为低气湿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某男性建筑工人,年龄37岁,长期使用各种振动工具搅拌水泥等工作。因手指麻木和感觉异常等症状而就诊。此工人可能患何种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"局部振动病"},{"key":"B","value":"末梢神经炎"},{"key":"C","value":"风湿性关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"周围神经炎"},{"key":"E","value":"骨关节病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查局部振动病的概念。局部振动病(A对BCDE错)又称手臂振动病,是指长期从事手传振动作业而引起的以手部末梢循环障碍、手臂神经功能障碍为主的疾病,并可引起手、臂骨关节、肌肉的损伤。其典型表现为振动性白指,手臂振动病主要是由使用振动性工具引起。题中工人由于长期使用各种工具而引发的不适症状,属于局部振动病。"} {"Question":"预防减压病的关键措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减轻劳动强度"},{"key":"B","value":"保暖"},{"key":"C","value":"合理减压"},{"key":"D","value":"加强营养"},{"key":"E","value":"医疗保健"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"1000Hz纯音听阈声压为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5μPa"},{"key":"B","value":"10μPa"},{"key":"C","value":"20μPa"},{"key":"D","value":"40μPa"},{"key":"E","value":"50μPa"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"哪类属于高温、高湿作业","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"印染作业"},{"key":"B","value":"轧钢、炼钢、炼铁作业"},{"key":"C","value":"缝纫作业"},{"key":"D","value":"印刷作业"},{"key":"E","value":"建筑、修路夏季施工"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某男性,建筑工人。夏季在某工地施工,突然感到头痛、头晕、全身无力来院就诊。经检查体温正常,并见其四肢肌肉痉挛。此工人可能患哪种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热射病"},{"key":"B","value":"休克"},{"key":"C","value":"热痉挛"},{"key":"D","value":"中暑"},{"key":"E","value":"日射病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"()是局部振动病的特征性表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肢端溶骨症"},{"key":"B","value":"震颤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨质增生"},{"key":"D","value":"雷诺现象"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查局部振动病的特征。手臂振动病的典型表现是振动性白指(VWF),又称职业性雷诺(D对ABC错)现象,是诊断本病的重要依据。其发作具有一过性特点。白指常见的部位是示指、中指和无名指的远端指节,严重者可累及近端指节,以至全手指变白。"} {"Question":"人体各部位中,以()对电离辐射的反应最强","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部"},{"key":"B","value":"盆腔"},{"key":"C","value":"头颈部"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查人体对电离辐射的反应。电离辐射会受到照射部位的影响。照射的几何条件不同,使机体各部位接受不均匀而影响吸收剂量。以腹部(A对BCD错)照射的反应最强,其次为盆腔、头颈、胸部和四肢。"} {"Question":"紧张引起的心理反应可表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血压升高、心率加快"},{"key":"B","value":"对工作不满意、感情淡漠、易怒"},{"key":"C","value":"过量吸烟、酗酒、频繁就医"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤生物电反应增强"},{"key":"E","value":"脑诱发电位幅度和潜伏期改变"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一般用()作为衡量高温作业劳动者劳动强度和受热程度的综合指标","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中心温度"},{"key":"B","value":"出汗量"},{"key":"C","value":"心率"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸频率和通气量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查劳动者劳动强度和受热程度的指标。环境温度愈高,劳动强度愈大,人体出汗则愈多。汗液的有效蒸发率在干热有风的环境中高达80%以上,散热良好。但在湿热风小的环境,有效蒸发率则经常不足50%,不利于散热。出汗量(B对ACD错)是高温劳动者受热程度和劳动强度的综合指标。"} {"Question":"微波脉冲波非固定辐射平均功率密度容许接触限值为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.025μW\/cm²"},{"key":"B","value":"0.05μW\/cm²"},{"key":"C","value":"0.025mW\/cm²"},{"key":"D","value":"50μW\/cm²"},{"key":"E","value":"0.05mW\/cm²"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"微波对血液系统的影响是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白血病"},{"key":"B","value":"贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"血小板减少"},{"key":"D","value":"外周血白细胞总数减少"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"供潜水员呼吸的空气压力需","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"等于大气压"},{"key":"B","value":"高于大气压"},{"key":"C","value":"等于绝对压"},{"key":"D","value":"低于绝对压"},{"key":"E","value":"高于附加压"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不是诊断Ⅱ度慢性放射病的条件","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期射线接触史"},{"key":"B","value":"乏力、头痛、头晕等自觉症状"},{"key":"C","value":"有明显出血倾向"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞在稳定减少在3.0✕10⁹\/L以下,骨髓增生活跃"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗后恢复缓慢"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"妇女劳动卫生主要涉及","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生殖功能和体力劳动能力"},{"key":"B","value":"妇女月经功能"},{"key":"C","value":"妇女生育功能"},{"key":"D","value":"化学物对新生儿和乳儿的影响"},{"key":"E","value":"化学物对胚胎和胎儿的影响"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反映机体对毒物吸收情况的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿酚"},{"key":"B","value":"尿ALA"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"D","value":"现场空气中毒物浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"有害作业工龄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"慢性职业中毒早期多出现的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"类神经症"},{"key":"B","value":"周围神经炎"},{"key":"C","value":"中毒性脑病"},{"key":"D","value":"震颤"},{"key":"E","value":"中毒性精神病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查慢性职业中毒早期临床表现。慢性职业中毒早期常为轻度可逆的功能性改变,继续接触则可演变成严重的器质性病变,故应及早诊断和处理。慢性中毒的常见症状较多,如类神经症(A对BCDE错)、精神症状、周围神经病变、白细胞降低、接触性皮炎,慢性肝、肾病变等,应对病人进行及时合理的对症治疗。"} {"Question":"一般认为汞中毒机理是其可抑制什么酶的活性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含巯基酶"},{"key":"B","value":"含氨基酶"},{"key":"C","value":"含甲基酶"},{"key":"D","value":"含乙基酶"},{"key":"E","value":"胆碱酯酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查汞对体内酶的影响。汞进入体内后在血液内通过过氧化氢酶氧化为二价汞离子。汞离子与蛋白质的巯基(A对BCDE错)具有特殊亲和力,而巯基是细胞代谢过程中许多重要酶的活性部分,当汞与这些酶的巯基结合后,可干扰其活性甚至使其失活。"} {"Question":"慢性苯中毒主要累及","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经系统"},{"key":"B","value":"消化系统"},{"key":"C","value":"造血系统"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸系统"},{"key":"E","value":"内分泌系统"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对硫磷农药体内转化、经氧化作用可以使产物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒性增强"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性降低"},{"key":"C","value":"毒性不变"},{"key":"D","value":"物理性状改变"},{"key":"E","value":"作用器官改变"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某农药厂生产工人,因马拉硫磷中毒入院,出现毒蕈碱样症状、烟碱样症状和中枢神经系统症状。治疗该种中毒病例不宜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用温水或2%碳酸氢钠溶液反复洗胃"},{"key":"B","value":"轻度中毒者给予阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"热水清洗污染的皮肤"},{"key":"D","value":"中度中毒者,阿托品及胆碱酯酶复能剂(如氯解磷定、碘解磷定)两者并用"},{"key":"E","value":"注意迟发性中毒综合征的出现"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列物质中哪种属于刺激性气体","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一氧化碳"},{"key":"B","value":"水蒸气"},{"key":"C","value":"二氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"光气"},{"key":"E","value":"甲烷"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"职业性有害因素对妇女产生的生殖损伤包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性功能障碍和月经改变"},{"key":"B","value":"异常妊娠结局和不孕"},{"key":"C","value":"流产、早产、死胎、妊娠并发症"},{"key":"D","value":"生殖功能障碍和不良生殖结局"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查职业性有害因素对妇女的生殖损伤。毒物对生殖系统的毒作用包括对接触者本人的生殖及其对子代发育过程的不良影响,即生殖毒性和发育毒性。生殖毒性包括对接触者生殖器官、相关内分泌系统、性周期和性行为、生育力、妊娠结局、分娩过程等方面的影响(E对ABCD错);发育毒性可表现为胎儿结构异常、发育迟缓、出生体重不足、功能缺陷、甚至死亡等。很多生产性毒物具有一定的生殖毒性和发育毒性。"} {"Question":"常作为氰化物中毒时的解毒剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"依地酸钙钠"},{"key":"B","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"亚甲蓝"},{"key":"D","value":"二巯基丙磺酸钠"},{"key":"E","value":"亚硝酸钠-硫代硫酸钠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"预防职业中毒的根本措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"根除毒物"},{"key":"B","value":"降低生产环境中毒物浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"安全卫生管理"},{"key":"D","value":"个体防护"},{"key":"E","value":"职业卫生服务"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查预防职业中毒的根本措施。职业中毒的病因是生产性毒物,故预防职业中毒必须采取综合治理措施,从根本上消除、控制或尽可能减少毒物对职工的侵害。具体控制措施可概括为以下几方面:①根除毒物(A对BCDE错),这是预防职业中毒的根本措施;②降低毒物浓度,主要有以下两种途径,包括技术革新和通风排毒;③工艺、建筑布局;④个体防护;⑤职业卫生服务;⑥安全卫生管理。"} {"Question":"具有下列哪项表现者,可诊断为重度铅中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹绞痛"},{"key":"B","value":"贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"铅麻痹"},{"key":"D","value":"中毒性周围神经病"},{"key":"E","value":"神经衰弱伴腹胀,便秘"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"化学性发绀是哪种毒物中毒时的典型症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯胺"},{"key":"B","value":"氰化氢"},{"key":"C","value":"苯"},{"key":"D","value":"三硝基甲苯"},{"key":"E","value":"一氧化碳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查苯胺中毒的症状。当短时间内吸收大量苯胺,可引起苯胺(A对BCDE错)的急性中毒。早期表现为发绀,最先见于口唇、指端及耳垂等部位,其色调与一般缺氧所见的发绀不同,呈蓝灰色,称为化学性发绀。"} {"Question":"亚甲蓝(美蓝)作为以下哪种毒物中毒的解毒剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯胺"},{"key":"B","value":"三硝基甲苯"},{"key":"C","value":"苯"},{"key":"D","value":"二甲苯"},{"key":"E","value":"甲苯"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某温度计厂男工,42岁,工作十余年。近来有乏力、记忆力减退、失眠和多梦等症,常因琐事与人口角、事后又忧郁胆怯,近日发现他的字迹弯弯曲曲。该工人接触的生产性毒物在空气中存在的主要形态是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"烟尘"},{"key":"B","value":"粉尘"},{"key":"C","value":"蒸气"},{"key":"D","value":"雾"},{"key":"E","value":"气溶胶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查汞的理化性质。汞中毒初期表现为类神经症,如头昏、乏力、健忘、失眠、多梦、易激动等,部分病例可有心悸、多汗等自主神经系统紊乱现象,病情进一步发展则会发生性格改变,如急躁、易怒、胆怯、害羞、多疑等。震颤是神经毒性的早期症状,如头部震颤和运动失调。题中工人的自主神经系统紊乱和性格改变等现象是由于长期接触汞引起的慢性汞中毒。而汞的熔点低,易蒸发,在常温条件下即可蒸发为气体,以蒸气(C对ABDE错)的形态存在。"} {"Question":"某印染厂男工,45岁,工龄约10年。某日下班后突感到头痛、头晕、口唇及指端发绀,送急诊室就诊。应给予何种特效治疗药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫代硫酸钠"},{"key":"B","value":"亚硝酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"亚甲蓝"},{"key":"D","value":"4-DMAP"},{"key":"E","value":"GSH"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查苯胺中毒的治疗。从事印染行业的工人,处于长期暴露于苯胺的状态。同时长期慢性接触苯胺可出现类神经症,如头晕、头痛等症状,并出现口唇、指端及耳垂等部位的化学性发绀症状,该工人的表现符合苯胺中毒的症状,为苯胺中毒。当苯胺等苯的氨基硝基化合物中毒时,常用亚甲蓝(C对ABDE错)这类高铁血红蛋白还原剂进行治疗。"} {"Question":"作用条件的接触强度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生产工艺过程中使用某种毒物"},{"key":"B","value":"苯经皮肤进入人体"},{"key":"C","value":"噪声环境中每天工作4小时"},{"key":"D","value":"工作场所射频辐射6V\/m"},{"key":"E","value":"作业地点局部通风"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在生产条件下,苯的氨基硝基化合物主要以下列哪种形式存在于空气中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气溶胶"},{"key":"B","value":"粉尘或蒸气"},{"key":"C","value":"烟、雾"},{"key":"D","value":"粉尘和烟"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"苯可引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"低色素性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"大细胞性贫血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查苯对血液系统的影响。慢性苯中毒主要损害造血系统。最早和最常见的血象异常表现是持续性白细胞计数减少,主要是中性粒细胞减少,白细胞分类中淋巴细胞相对值可增加到40%左右。电镜检查可见血小板形态异常。严重中毒者骨髓造血系统明显受损,甚至出现再生障碍性贫血(A对BCDE错)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS),少数可转化为白血病。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项不是有机磷中毒的烟碱样症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全身紧束感"},{"key":"B","value":"全身肌肉痉挛"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸麻痹"},{"key":"D","value":"肌力增加"},{"key":"E","value":"眼睑、舌、肌肉震颤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"亚硝酸异戊酯是()中毒的特效解毒剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫化氢"},{"key":"B","value":"氰化氢"},{"key":"C","value":"一氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"苯胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氰化氢中毒的药物选择。当氰化氢(B对ACD错)中毒时,有两种主要的解毒方法。①亚硝酸钠-硫代硫酸钠疗法:立即将亚硝酸异戊酯1~2支包在手帕或纱布内打碎,给病人吸入15~30秒,每隔3分钟重复应用1支(一般最多用6支),直至使用亚硝酸钠为止;②4-二甲基氨基苯酚(4-DMAP)的应用:为新型高铁血红蛋白生成剂,形成高铁血红蛋白的速度比亚硝酸钠快,不引起血压下降,且给药方便。"} {"Question":"几种毒物同时作用,其毒物毒性等于各毒物分别作用的毒性总和,叫","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"联合作用"},{"key":"B","value":"相加作用"},{"key":"C","value":"相乘作用"},{"key":"D","value":"拮抗作用"},{"key":"E","value":"独立作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"CO造成机体缺O₂的主要机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液运O₂能力降低"},{"key":"B","value":"组织利用O₂的能力降低"},{"key":"C","value":"HbO₂的解离速度降低"},{"key":"D","value":"HbCO的形成"},{"key":"E","value":"CO和O₂竞争Hb"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"骨骼中铅的主要存在形式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化铅"},{"key":"B","value":"可溶性磷酸氢铅"},{"key":"C","value":"不溶性磷酸氢铅"},{"key":"D","value":"可溶性磷酸铅"},{"key":"E","value":"不溶性磷酸铅"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"抢救经呼吸道吸入的急性中毒,首要采取的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清除尚未吸收的毒物"},{"key":"B","value":"排除已吸收的毒物"},{"key":"C","value":"应用特殊的解毒剂"},{"key":"D","value":"立即脱离现场及急救"},{"key":"E","value":"对症治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有苦杏仁味的气体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨气"},{"key":"B","value":"硫化氢"},{"key":"C","value":"氰化氢"},{"key":"D","value":"一氧化碳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查氰化氢的理化性质。氰化氢(C对ABD错),常温常压下为无色气体或液体,有苦杏仁味;易溶于水、乙醇和乙醚。其水溶液呈酸性,称为氢氰酸;易燃,明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸;其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。"} {"Question":"慢性汞中毒震颤的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"意向性震颤"},{"key":"B","value":"阵发性震颜"},{"key":"C","value":"静止性震额"},{"key":"D","value":"对称性震颤"},{"key":"E","value":"癔症性震颤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某自来水厂工人,在工作时因接触某种有毒气体,出现头晕、胸闷和呼吸困难,并伴吐粉红色泡沫痰。X线胸透:肺纹理增粗,两肺散在大小不等的网状阴影,边缘模糊。考虑是哪种气体中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯气"},{"key":"B","value":"氰化氢"},{"key":"C","value":"二氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"一氧化碳"},{"key":"E","value":"甲烷"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查氯气中度中毒症状。当氯气(A对BCDE错)中毒时,会产生刺激反应,出现一过性眼和上呼吸道黏膜刺激症状。当发展至中度中毒时,表现为支气管肺炎、间质性肺水肿或局限性肺泡性水肿或哮喘样发作。咯粉红色泡沫痰或痰中带血,伴有神经系统症状和胃肠道反应。X线表现肺纹理增多模糊,肺门阴影增宽境界不清,两肺散在点状阴影和网状阴影,有时可见支气管袖口征及克氏B线。"} {"Question":"有机磷农药中毒的毒蕈碱样症状,下列哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食欲减退"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛腹泻"},{"key":"C","value":"多汗、流涎"},{"key":"D","value":"瞳孔缩小"},{"key":"E","value":"瞳孔放大"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吸收的锰主要经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠道排出"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脏排出"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸道排出"},{"key":"D","value":"唾液腺排出"},{"key":"E","value":"随汗液蒸发"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查锰的代谢。锰主要通过呼吸道吸收,消化道吸收较少。锰烟或锰尘经呼吸道吸收入血后,与血浆中的β₁-球蛋白结合为转锰素分布于全身,并迅速从血液中转移到在富有线粒体的肝、肾、胰、心、肺、脑的细胞中,少部分经胃肠道吸收的锰入肝。锰大多经胆囊分泌,随粪便(A对BCDE错)缓慢排出。"} {"Question":"在临床上,化学性肺水肿主要分为哪几期","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性期、慢性期、肺水肿期"},{"key":"B","value":"刺激期、肺水肿期、恢复期"},{"key":"C","value":"潜伏期、肺水肿期、痊愈期"},{"key":"D","value":"刺激期、潜伏期、肺水肿期、痊愈期"},{"key":"E","value":"刺激期、潜伏期、肺水肿期、恢复期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下面哪种论述是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高分子化合物的毒性主要取决于毒物在空气中的浓度和分散度"},{"key":"B","value":"高分子化合物的毒性主要取决于毒物所含游离单体的量和助剂的品种"},{"key":"C","value":"高分子化合物单体的毒性小于聚合物"},{"key":"D","value":"聚氯乙烯毒性大于氯乙烯"},{"key":"E","value":"高分子化合物的毒性只取决于毒物所含游离单位的量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列除哪一种疾病外,均为三氯乙烯作业的职业禁忌证","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经系统疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脏病"},{"key":"C","value":"肾脏病"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤病"},{"key":"E","value":"心血管疾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反映苯接触水平的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"测血中的赫恩小体"},{"key":"B","value":"测血中高铁血红蛋白的含量"},{"key":"C","value":"测尿酚的量"},{"key":"D","value":"测尿中对苯二酚的含量"},{"key":"E","value":"测尿中对苯硫醇的含量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"()中毒有可能引起迟发性脑病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CO"},{"key":"B","value":"NO"},{"key":"C","value":"HCN"},{"key":"D","value":"氯气"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查迟发性脑病的致病因素。一氧化碳中毒(A对BCD错)后会导致大脑后脱髓鞘和细胞变性,会引起迟发性脑病。可以用纳洛酮进行治疗。纳洛酮是特异性阿片受体拮抗剂、神经元保护剂,对一氧化碳中毒病人可以起到有效的治疗作用。"} {"Question":"矽肺胸片中,不规则小阴影的病理基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小结节"},{"key":"B","value":"间质纤维化"},{"key":"C","value":"团块状纤维化"},{"key":"D","value":"大结节"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查不规则小阴影的概念。不规则形小阴影多为接触游离SiO₂含量较低的粉尘所致,病理基础主要是肺间质纤维化(B对ACD错)。按其宽度可分为s(<1.5㎜)、t(1.5~3.0㎜)、u(3.0~10㎜)三种类型。"} {"Question":"晚发型硅沉着病是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"接触矽尘20年后才出现的硅沉着病"},{"key":"B","value":"矽尘作业工人在50岁以后出现的硅沉着病"},{"key":"C","value":"脱离矽尘作业后即出现的硅沉着病"},{"key":"D","value":"脱离矽尘作业若干年后才发现的硅沉着病"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列速发型矽肺发生的条件中哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸入高浓度粉尘"},{"key":"B","value":"游离SiO2含量很高"},{"key":"C","value":"高分散度"},{"key":"D","value":"接尘者身体比较虚弱"},{"key":"E","value":"无任何防尘措施"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查速发型矽肺的诱因。矽肺的发病受多种因素影响,粉尘的分散度越高(C对),导致矽肺的能力越强;当防护措施不到位甚至毫无防护措施(E对)时,会大大增加矽肺的发病概率。速发型矽肺是指由于持续吸入高浓度(A对)、高游离SiO₂含量(B对)的粉尘,经1~2年即发病者。矽肺的发病与接触者个体因素有关,但接尘者身体虚弱(D错,为本题正确答案)不是速发型矽肺的发生条件。"} {"Question":"矽肺患者最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺源性心脏病"},{"key":"B","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"自发性气胸"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性胸膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查矽肺的并发症。矽肺常见并发症有肺结核、肺及支气管感染、自发性气胸、肺心病等。一旦出现并发症,病情进展加剧,甚至死亡。其中,最为常见和危害最大的是肺结核(B对ACDE错)。矽肺如果合并肺结核,矽肺的病情恶化,结核难以控制,矽肺合并肺结核是病人死亡的最常见原因。"} {"Question":"单纯性煤尘是指SiO₂含量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在15%以下"},{"key":"B","value":"在10%以下"},{"key":"C","value":"在5%以下"},{"key":"D","value":"在3%以下"},{"key":"E","value":"在1%以下"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查单纯性煤尘的概念。当煤尘中的二氧化硅含量在5%以下(C对ABDE错)时,称为单纯性煤尘。"} {"Question":"农药粉尘属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矿物性粉尘"},{"key":"B","value":"人工合成的无机粉尘"},{"key":"C","value":"人工合成的有机粉尘"},{"key":"D","value":"混合性粉尘"},{"key":"E","value":"有机粉尘"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某男性工人,接尘工龄26年,主诉轻度运动后即感呼吸困难,体温正常,无明显咳痰,诊断一期石棉肺。石棉肺的基本病理变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石棉结节形成"},{"key":"B","value":"石棉小体"},{"key":"C","value":"弥漫性间质纤维化"},{"key":"D","value":"胸膜斑"},{"key":"E","value":"胸膜粘连"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查石棉肺的基本病理变化。石棉肺是在生产过程中长期吸入石棉粉尘所引起的以肺组织弥漫性纤维化(C对ABDE错)为主的疾病。其特点是全肺弥漫性纤维化,是弥漫性纤维化型尘肺的典型代表,不出现或极少出现结节性损害。石棉肺的病变特点是肺间质弥漫性纤维化,石棉小体形成及脏层胸膜肥厚,壁层胸膜形成胸膜斑。"} {"Question":"粉尘在呼吸道的沉积方式有多种,但没有下列哪项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"撞击"},{"key":"B","value":"沉降"},{"key":"C","value":"巨噬细胞吞噬"},{"key":"D","value":"弥散作用"},{"key":"E","value":"被气道上皮细胞及分泌物截留"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是粉尘在呼吸道的沉积方式。粉尘粒子随气流进入呼吸道后,主要通过撞击(A对)、截留(E对)、重力沉积、静电沉积、布朗运动(D对)而发生沉降(B对)。粒径较大的尘粒在大气道分岔处可发生撞击沉降;纤维状粉尘主要通过截留作用沉积。巨噬细胞吞噬作用(C错,为本题正确答案)是人体对粉尘的防御和清除。"} {"Question":"某男性,煤矿采煤工,年龄45岁,工龄10年以上。近来主诉咳嗽、胸痛、气短。X线胸片呈肺纹理增加,伴有块状阴影和结节。此工人最可能患何种尘肺","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石棉肺"},{"key":"B","value":"硅酸盐肺"},{"key":"C","value":"煤矽肺"},{"key":"D","value":"尘肺"},{"key":"E","value":"铝肺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查煤矽肺的概念。煤矽肺(C对ABDE错)是指既在岩石掘进工作面也在采煤工作面工作过的工人因接触煤矽尘或既接触矽尘又接触过煤尘而导致的尘肺。本题中工人在煤矿厂当采矿工,其职业史、接触史、工龄、症状符合煤矽肺的诊断标准,因此被诊断为煤矽肺。"} {"Question":"胸膜斑指压度>5mm的局限性胸膜增厚,镜下可见由玻璃样变的粗大胶原纤维束构成。它系下列哪类病患的特征性病变","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石棉肺"},{"key":"B","value":"矽肺"},{"key":"C","value":"煤肺"},{"key":"D","value":"煤矽肺"},{"key":"E","value":"尘肺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"Caplan综合征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矽肺患者的并发症之一"},{"key":"B","value":"石棉肺的并发症之一"},{"key":"C","value":"煤矿工人尘肺的并发症之一"},{"key":"D","value":"铸工尘肺的并发症之一"},{"key":"E","value":"滑石尘肺的并发症之一"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查类风湿性尘肺结节的概念。类风湿性尘肺结节(Caplan 综合征)是指煤矿工人中类风湿性关节炎的病人,在X线胸片中出现密度高而均匀、边缘清晰的圆形块状阴影,是煤矿工人尘肺的并发症之一(C对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"矽肺的X线表现有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"类圆形小阴影"},{"key":"B","value":"不规则形小阴影"},{"key":"C","value":"大阴影"},{"key":"D","value":"胸膜和肺门改变"},{"key":"E","value":"以上全有"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是矽肺的X线临床表现。在X线下,不同进程的矽肺有着不同的状态,圆形小阴影是矽肺最常见和最重要的一种X线表现形态。接触游离SiO₂会在X线表现出不规则形小阴影。晚期矽肺的重要表现是会出现长径超过10mm的大阴影。同时还会引起胸膜变化,肺气肿,肺门和肺纹理变化(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"尘肺X线诊断标准中“q”阴影是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直径在1.5mm以下的类圆形小阴影"},{"key":"B","value":"直径在1.5~3mm的类圆形小阴影"},{"key":"C","value":"直径在3~10mm以下的类圆形小阴影"},{"key":"D","value":"宽度在1.5mm以下的不规则形小阴影"},{"key":"E","value":"宽度在1.5~3mm的不规则形小阴影"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查圆形小阴影的分类。圆形小阴影是矽肺最常见的X线表现形态,呈圆或近似圆形,边缘整齐或不整齐,直径小于10mm, 按直径大小分为p(<1.5mm)、q(l.5~3.0mm)(B对ACDE错)、r(3.0~10mm)三种类型。"} {"Question":"某纺织女工,30岁,接触棉尘5年。近3个月,每逢厂休息日后第一天上班日的下班前有胸部紧束感、气急、咳嗽、发热症状,该工人所患疾病可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感冒"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管炎"},{"key":"C","value":"棉尘症"},{"key":"D","value":"棉尘病"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在防尘技术改革的工艺过程中,下列措施中哪一项不能根本消除粉尘危害","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"彻底革新生产设备"},{"key":"B","value":"以无矽物质代替使用含石英材料"},{"key":"C","value":"远距离操作"},{"key":"D","value":"密闭发生场所并用风力运输"},{"key":"E","value":"全过程采用计算机控制"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查消除粉尘危害的措施。我们的综合防尘和降尘措施可以概括为“革、水、密、风、护、管、教、查”八字方针,具体地说:①革,改革生产工艺和革新生产设备,可以通过用低毒或无毒的物质代替有毒物质(B对),改进生产工艺,还可以通过采用计算机操控(E对),革新生产设备(A对)的方式来降尘,这是消除粉尘危害的根本途径;②水,即湿式作业,可降低环境粉尘浓度;③密,将尘源密闭;④风,加强通风及抽风除尘(D对);⑤护,即个人防护;⑥管,经常性地维修和管理工作;⑦教,加强宣传教育;⑧查,定期检查环境空气中粉尘浓度和接触者的定期体格检查。粉尘是漂浮在空中的微粒,远距离操作(C错,为本题正确答案)并不是消除粉尘危害的有效途径。"} {"Question":"工业生产中以下哪一种肺尘埃沉着病最常见、进展快、危害严重","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石棉肺"},{"key":"B","value":"电焊工肺尘埃沉着病"},{"key":"C","value":"硅沉着病"},{"key":"D","value":"石墨肺尘埃沉着病"},{"key":"E","value":"水泥肺尘埃沉着病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"X线胸片中,有总密集度2级的小阴影,分布范围超过4个肺区,属于()期尘肺","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅱ"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查尘肺Ⅱ期诊断标准。有下列表现之一者可诊断为尘肺Ⅱ期(C对ABD错):①有总体密集度2级的小阴影,分布范围超过4个肺区;②有总体密集度3级的小阴影,分布范围达到4个肺区;③接触石棉粉尘,有总体密集度1级的小阴影,分布范围超过4个肺区,同时出现胸膜斑并已累及部分心缘或膈面;④接触石棉粉尘,有总体密集度2级的小阴影,分布范围达到4个肺区,同时出现胸膜斑并已累及部分心缘或膈面。"} {"Question":"能使氧化磷酸化减慢的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ATP"},{"key":"B","value":"ADP"},{"key":"C","value":"CoASH"},{"key":"D","value":"还原当量"},{"key":"E","value":"琥珀酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在三羧酸环中是催化不可逆反应的酶,但不是调节点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异柠檬酸脱氢酶、α酮戊二酸脱氢酶"},{"key":"B","value":"柠檬酸合成酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶"},{"key":"C","value":"柠檬酸合成酶"},{"key":"D","value":"琥珀酸合成酶"},{"key":"E","value":"苹果酸脱氢酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"还原当量经NAD氧化呼吸链可得","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.5分子ATP"},{"key":"B","value":"2.5分子ATP"},{"key":"C","value":"2分子ATP"},{"key":"D","value":"3分子ATP"},{"key":"E","value":"5分子ATP"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"线粒体内膜两侧形成质子梯度的能量来源是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸肌酸水解"},{"key":"B","value":"ATP水解"},{"key":"C","value":"磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸"},{"key":"D","value":"电子传递链在传递电子时所释放的能量"},{"key":"E","value":"各种三磷酸核苷酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"胞液NADH经a磷酸甘油穿梭机制可得","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.5分子ATP"},{"key":"B","value":"2.5分子ATP"},{"key":"C","value":"2分子ATP"},{"key":"D","value":"3分子ATP"},{"key":"E","value":"5分子ATP"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"体内常见的高能磷酸化合物是因为其磷酸脂键水解时释放能量(kJ\/mol)为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":">11"},{"key":"B","value":">16"},{"key":"C","value":">21"},{"key":"D","value":">26"},{"key":"E","value":">31"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"蛋白质二级结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β-折叠"},{"key":"B","value":"氨基酸侧链基团"},{"key":"C","value":"亚基"},{"key":"D","value":"氨基酸排列顺序"},{"key":"E","value":"氢键"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"蛋白质协同效应发生时可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"构象改变"},{"key":"B","value":"亚基聚合"},{"key":"C","value":"肽键断裂"},{"key":"D","value":"二硫键形成"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白质聚集"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"维系蛋白质四级结构的主要化学键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢键"},{"key":"B","value":"肽键"},{"key":"C","value":"二硫键"},{"key":"D","value":"疏水键"},{"key":"E","value":"范德华力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"促进Hb转变为HbO₂的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CO₂分压增高"},{"key":"B","value":"氧分压增高"},{"key":"C","value":"血液[H⁺]增高"},{"key":"D","value":"温度增加"},{"key":"E","value":"血液pH下降"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于“基因表达”的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所有基因表达都经历转录和翻译过程"},{"key":"B","value":"某些基因表达经历转录和翻译过程"},{"key":"C","value":"某些基因表达产物是蛋白质分子"},{"key":"D","value":"某些基因表达产物不是蛋白质分子"},{"key":"E","value":"某些基因表达产物是RNA分子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于顺式作用元件的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"转录抑制因子"},{"key":"B","value":"转录激活因子"},{"key":"C","value":"增强子"},{"key":"D","value":"外显子"},{"key":"E","value":"内含子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"DNA分子上能被RNA聚合酶特异结合的部位称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外显子"},{"key":"B","value":"增强子"},{"key":"C","value":"密码子"},{"key":"D","value":"终止子"},{"key":"E","value":"启动子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"辅酶在酶促反应中的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起运载体的作用"},{"key":"B","value":"维持酶的空间构象"},{"key":"C","value":"参加活性中心的组成"},{"key":"D","value":"促进中间复合物形成"},{"key":"E","value":"提供必需基团"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"当Km等于0.5[S]时,反应速度为最大速度的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/3"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/2"},{"key":"C","value":"2\/3"},{"key":"D","value":"3\/5"},{"key":"E","value":"3\/4"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"非竞争性抑制作用的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Km减小,Vmax减小"},{"key":"B","value":"Km增大,Vmax增大"},{"key":"C","value":"Km减小,Vmax增大"},{"key":"D","value":"Km增大,Vmax不变"},{"key":"E","value":"Km不变,Vmax减小"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"酶被底物饱和时,反应速度与之成正比的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"底物浓度"},{"key":"B","value":"酶浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"激活剂"},{"key":"D","value":"pH"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于共价修饰调节的叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"代谢物作用于酶的别位,引起酶构象改变"},{"key":"B","value":"该酶在细胞内合成或初分泌时,没有酶活性"},{"key":"C","value":"该酶是在其他酶作用下,某些特殊基团进行可逆共价修饰"},{"key":"D","value":"调节过程无逐级放大作用"},{"key":"E","value":"共价修饰消耗ATP多,不是经济有效方式"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某蛋白分子具有以下特点:①为三聚体(α、β、γ);②有激活型和抑制型两种;③αGTP为其活化形式;④具有潜在的GTP酶活性。该蛋白最有可能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"属于CAM"},{"key":"B","value":"属于胰岛素受体"},{"key":"C","value":"属于PKA"},{"key":"D","value":"活化后调节AC活性"},{"key":"E","value":"活化后调节PKC活性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"第二信使","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"DG"},{"key":"B","value":"Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶"},{"key":"C","value":"线粒体内膜嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"FFO复合体"},{"key":"E","value":"GLUT4"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"ATP合酶","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"DG"},{"key":"B","value":"Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶"},{"key":"C","value":"线粒体内膜嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"FFO复合体"},{"key":"E","value":"GLUT4"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于营养必需脂肪酸的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"软脂酸"},{"key":"B","value":"亚麻酸"},{"key":"C","value":"硬脂酸"},{"key":"D","value":"油酸"},{"key":"E","value":"十二碳脂肪酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种物质不是甘油磷脂的成分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆碱"},{"key":"B","value":"乙醇胺"},{"key":"C","value":"肌醇"},{"key":"D","value":"丝氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"神经鞘氨醇"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"运输内源性甘油三酯的主要脂蛋白是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳糜微粒"},{"key":"B","value":"极低密度脂蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"低密度脂蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"高密度脂蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"极高密度脂蛋白"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于胆汁酸合成限速酶催化的反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化反应"},{"key":"B","value":"还原反应"},{"key":"C","value":"水解反应"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄糖醛酸结合反应"},{"key":"E","value":"7α-羟化酶催化反应"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"乳糜微粒生成部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贮能和供能"},{"key":"B","value":"磷脂、胆固醇和不饱和脂肪酸"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺素、血栓曙烷及白三烯"},{"key":"D","value":"胆汁酸盐、辅脂酶与胰脂酶"},{"key":"E","value":"小肠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"生物膜组成成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贮能和供能"},{"key":"B","value":"磷脂、胆固醇和不饱和脂肪酸"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺素、血栓曙烷及白三烯"},{"key":"D","value":"胆汁酸盐、辅脂酶与胰脂酶"},{"key":"E","value":"小肠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脑组织在正常情况下主要利用葡萄糖供能,只有在下述某种情况下脑组织主要利用酮体","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剧烈运动"},{"key":"B","value":"空腹"},{"key":"C","value":"短期饥饿"},{"key":"D","value":"长期饥饿"},{"key":"E","value":"轻型糖尿病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"甘油和糖分解代谢的共同中间产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β-羟丁酸"},{"key":"B","value":"β-羟脂酰CoA"},{"key":"C","value":"HMG-CoA"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸二羟丙酮"},{"key":"E","value":"琥珀酰CoA"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脂肪乳化主要物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贮能和供能"},{"key":"B","value":"磷脂、胆固醇和不饱和脂肪酸"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺素、血栓曙烷及白三烯"},{"key":"D","value":"胆汁酸盐、辅脂酶与胰脂酶"},{"key":"E","value":"小肠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关Hb的叙述哪一项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Hb是一条多肽链和一个血红素结合而成,其氧解离曲线是直角曲线"},{"key":"B","value":"Hb是α2β2四聚体,所以一分子Hb可结合四分子氧"},{"key":"C","value":"Hb各亚基携带O₂时,具有正协同效应"},{"key":"D","value":"O₂是结合在血红素的Fe²⁺上"},{"key":"E","value":"大部分亲水基团位于Hb分子的表面"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"其产物的功能是调节Hb的运氧功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖酵解"},{"key":"B","value":"糖的有氧氧化"},{"key":"C","value":"磷酸戊糖途径"},{"key":"D","value":"2'3'-BPG旁路"},{"key":"E","value":"葡糖醛酸途径"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于胆汁的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非消化期无胆汁分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"消化期只有胆囊胆汁排入小肠"},{"key":"C","value":"胆汁中含有脂肪消化酶"},{"key":"D","value":"胆汁中与消化有关的成分是胆盐"},{"key":"E","value":"胆盐可促进蛋白质的消化和吸收"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"成熟红细胞利用葡萄糖的主要代谢途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸戊糖途径"},{"key":"B","value":"无氧酵解"},{"key":"C","value":"有氧氧化"},{"key":"D","value":"三羧酸循环"},{"key":"E","value":"糖原分解"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"糖酵解中催化不可逆反应的酶有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶"},{"key":"B","value":"磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶"},{"key":"C","value":"异柠檬酸脱氢酶"},{"key":"D","value":"苹果酸脱氢酶"},{"key":"E","value":"己糖激酶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不能补充血糖的代谢过程是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌糖原分解"},{"key":"B","value":"肝糖原分解"},{"key":"C","value":"糖类食物消化吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"糖异生作用"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小管上皮细胞的重吸收作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"糖尿出现时,全血血糖浓度至少为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8.89mmol\/L(160mg\/dl)"},{"key":"B","value":"11.11mmol\/L(200mg\/dl)"},{"key":"C","value":"27.78mmol\/L(500mg\/dl)"},{"key":"D","value":"66.67mmol\/L(1200mg\/dl)"},{"key":"E","value":"83.33mmol\/L(1500mg\/dl)"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于基因治疗的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输入干细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"注射多肽药物"},{"key":"C","value":"注射细胞因子"},{"key":"D","value":"注射动物提取的核酸"},{"key":"E","value":"输入导入了相应外源基因的细胞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有关理想质粒载体的特点,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为线性单链DNA"},{"key":"B","value":"含有多种限制酶的单一切点"},{"key":"C","value":"含有同一限制酶的多个切点"},{"key":"D","value":"其复制受宿主控制"},{"key":"E","value":"不含耐药基因"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"KlenowDNA聚合酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅰ"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅱ"},{"key":"C","value":"大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅰ大片段"},{"key":"D","value":"大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅲ"},{"key":"E","value":"水生菌YT1菌株的DNA聚合酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反式作用因子的确切定义是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调控任意基因转录的某一基因编码蛋白质"},{"key":"B","value":"调控另一基因转录的某一基因编码蛋白质"},{"key":"C","value":"具有转录调节功能的各种蛋白质因子"},{"key":"D","value":"具有翻译调节功能的各种蛋白质因子"},{"key":"E","value":"具有基因表达调控功能的各种核因子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"DNA连接酶的催化作用在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解开超螺旋"},{"key":"B","value":"解开双螺旋"},{"key":"C","value":"合成引物RNA"},{"key":"D","value":"连接DNA链3'OH末端与另一DNA链的5'P末端"},{"key":"E","value":"连接DNA与RNA分子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶共同底物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天冬酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"谷氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"谷氨酰胺"},{"key":"D","value":"酪氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"精氨酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肌酸的合成原料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精氨酸和瓜氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"精氨酸和甘氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"精氨酸和鸟氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"鸟氨酸和甘氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"乌氨酸和瓜氨酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"胆红素在血内运输形式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸胆红素"},{"key":"B","value":"胆红素清蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"胆红素配体蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"胆红素葡萄糖醛酸酯"},{"key":"E","value":"胆素原族"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"核黄疸的主要病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结合胆红素侵犯脑神经核而黄染"},{"key":"B","value":"非结合胆红素侵犯脑神经核而黄染"},{"key":"C","value":"非结合胆红素侵犯肝细胞而黄染"},{"key":"D","value":"非结合胆红素与外周神经细胞核结合"},{"key":"E","value":"结合胆红素侵犯肝细胞而黄染"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} 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{"Question":"外周免疫器官包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓、淋巴结、脾脏"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腺、脾脏、粘膜组织"},{"key":"C","value":"法氏囊、脾脏、扁桃体"},{"key":"D","value":"脾脏、淋巴结、其他淋巴组织"},{"key":"E","value":"扁桃体、骨髓、淋巴结"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"内源性抗原提呈途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"MHCⅠ类分子途径"},{"key":"B","value":"MHCⅡ类分子途径"},{"key":"C","value":"非经典的抗原提呈途径"},{"key":"D","value":"脂类抗原的CD1分子提呈途径"},{"key":"E","value":"经典的抗原提呈途径"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脾脏中淋巴细胞聚集的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被摸"},{"key":"B","value":"白髓"},{"key":"C","value":"红髓"},{"key":"D","value":"脾索"},{"key":"E","value":"边缘区"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对CD1分子描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提呈外源性脂类抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"是一类MHCⅠ类分子"},{"key":"C","value":"不能提呈自身脂类抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"有CD1a-e5个成员"},{"key":"E","value":"主要将脂类抗原提呈给NKT细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于免疫缺陷性疾病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"艾滋病"},{"key":"B","value":"系统性红班狼疮"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素过敏"},{"key":"D","value":"白血病"},{"key":"E","value":"接触性皮炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"HIV造成机体免疫功能损害主要侵犯的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD4⁺T淋巴细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"CD8⁺T淋巴细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"B淋巴细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"浆细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症是属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T细胞缺陷"},{"key":"B","value":"联合免疫缺陷"},{"key":"C","value":"吞噬细胞缺陷"},{"key":"D","value":"补体系统缺陷"},{"key":"E","value":"B细胞缺陷病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不属于免疫细胞检测技术的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流式细胞术"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫印迹"},{"key":"C","value":"增殖试验"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞毒试验"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞凋亡检测"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"检查血清中Ig各组分含量的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"免疫荧光法"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫胶体金技术"},{"key":"C","value":"对流免疫电泳"},{"key":"D","value":"ELISA"},{"key":"E","value":"放射免疫测定法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"应用酶联免疫法检测抗破伤风类毒素抗体,加底物显色后,所测定的颜色的光密度值","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同病人血清中特异性抗体的浓度成正比"},{"key":"B","value":"同固相上结合的抗原成正比"},{"key":"C","value":"同病人血清中特异性抗体的浓度成反比"},{"key":"D","value":"同酶标记的抗体浓度成正比"},{"key":"E","value":"同酶底物的浓度成正比"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"细胞水平检测抗体形成能力的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗人球蛋白(Coomb's)试验"},{"key":"B","value":"E花环试验"},{"key":"C","value":"凝集反应"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴细胞转化试验"},{"key":"E","value":"溶血空斑试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可辅助鉴别诊断B细胞免疫缺陷病的实验室技术是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外周血中抗核抗体的测定"},{"key":"B","value":"外周血白细胞的分类计数"},{"key":"C","value":"血清中IgE的含量测定"},{"key":"D","value":"血清中免疫球蛋总量测定"},{"key":"E","value":"外周血中自身抗原的测定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"化学物引起的超敏反应包括四型,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"速发型反应"},{"key":"B","value":"迟发型反应"},{"key":"C","value":"自身免疫反应"},{"key":"D","value":"免疫复合物型反应"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞毒型反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"介导Ⅳ型超敏反应的免疫细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"B细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"肥大细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"中性粒细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"注射青霉素引起过敏性休克,血压下降,是由血管活性物质引起的生物学效应,这种休克的发生是由哪种效应所致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管平滑肌收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"腺体分泌增加"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细血管扩张"},{"key":"D","value":"血管通透性增加"},{"key":"E","value":"以上全部是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一般在移植的数天或数月后发生,主要由细胞免疫应答引起,移植物的主要病理变化是实质细胞的坏死。这种移植排斥反应的类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超急排斥"},{"key":"B","value":"急性排斥"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性排斥"},{"key":"D","value":"GVHR"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列叙述中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超急排斥一般在移植24小时内发生,多由ABO血型或MHCⅠ类分子的抗体引起"},{"key":"B","value":"急性排斥发生在移植后数天或数月,主要由细胞免疫介导"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性排斥发生在移植后数月或数年"},{"key":"D","value":"HVGR是骨髓移植的主要障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"GVHR是移植物中的免疫细胞对宿主成分的免疫应答"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"HLA复合体不编码","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HLA-Ⅰ类分子的α链"},{"key":"B","value":"HIA-Ⅰ类分子的β₂m链"},{"key":"C","value":"HLA-Ⅱ类分子的α链"},{"key":"D","value":"HLA-Ⅱ类分子的β链"},{"key":"E","value":"B因子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种不是HLA复合体的遗传特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多克隆性"},{"key":"B","value":"基因常需要重组"},{"key":"C","value":"共显性遗传"},{"key":"D","value":"单元型遗传"},{"key":"E","value":"连锁不平衡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"辅助免疫应答的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"Th细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"CTL"},{"key":"E","value":"浆细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"白细胞分化成熟不同阶段的所表达的细胞表面标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD"},{"key":"B","value":"CAM"},{"key":"C","value":"CR1"},{"key":"D","value":"CKR"},{"key":"E","value":"FcR"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有抑制补体活化作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD"},{"key":"B","value":"CAM"},{"key":"C","value":"CR1"},{"key":"D","value":"CKR"},{"key":"E","value":"FcR"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"结肠直肠癌病人","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血CA19-9升高"},{"key":"B","value":"血PSA升高"},{"key":"C","value":"血CEA升高"},{"key":"D","value":"血AFP升高"},{"key":"E","value":"血酸性磷酸酶升高"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"原发性肝癌病人","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血CA19-9升高"},{"key":"B","value":"血PSA升高"},{"key":"C","value":"血CEA升高"},{"key":"D","value":"血AFP升高"},{"key":"E","value":"血酸性磷酸酶升高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于免疫调节治疗肿瘤的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射TNF-α"},{"key":"B","value":"注射LAK"},{"key":"C","value":"注射CTL"},{"key":"D","value":"注射肿瘤相关Ag疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"注射McAb-125I"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"含有相同或相似抗原表位的不同抗原称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"共同抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"异嗜性抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"同种异型抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"自身抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"独特型抗原"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"佐剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超抗原的一种"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫球蛋白的一种"},{"key":"C","value":"非特异性免疫增强物质"},{"key":"D","value":"特异性免疫增强物质"},{"key":"E","value":"非特异性免疫抑制物质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能诱导超敏反应的抗原称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"变应原"},{"key":"C","value":"耐受原"},{"key":"D","value":"超抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"丝裂原"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"存在于抗原分子表面的,决定抗原特异性的特殊的化学基团称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表位"},{"key":"B","value":"异嗜性抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"抗原结合价"},{"key":"D","value":"类属抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"Forssman抗原"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食品安全法规定,负责公布食品安全风险评估结果的行政机关是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院质量监督部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"中国疾病预防控制中心"},{"key":"D","value":"国务院食品药品监督部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国家食品安全风险评估中心"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查负责公布食品安全风险评估结果的行政机关。食品安全法规定,负责公布食品安全风险评估结果的行政机关是国务院卫生行政部门(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"在食品中有毒有害物质限量标准的制定程序中,通过动物试验才能得出的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最大无作用剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"人体每日容许摄入量"},{"key":"C","value":"总膳食中的容许含量"},{"key":"D","value":"每种食物中的最大容许量"},{"key":"E","value":"食品中有毒物质限量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食品安全管理的核心是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风险评估"},{"key":"B","value":"风险管理"},{"key":"C","value":"风险交流"},{"key":"D","value":"风险控制"},{"key":"E","value":"危害识别"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"各类营养与糖尿病的关系描述中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖尿病患者过高摄入碳水化合物时,极易出现高血糖"},{"key":"B","value":"摄入高脂膳食时,可使血糖上升"},{"key":"C","value":"摄入高蛋白质膳食时,可使血糖明显上升"},{"key":"D","value":"膳食补充三价铬和适当补硒对糖尿病有预防和辅助治疗作用"},{"key":"E","value":"糖尿病患者应多食膳食纤维含量丰富的粗粮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"世界卫生组织推荐作为反映致癌强度的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基准剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"耐受摄入量"},{"key":"C","value":"暂定耐受摄入量"},{"key":"D","value":"容许摄入量"},{"key":"E","value":"急性参考剂量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查世界卫生组织推荐作为反映致癌强度的指标。世界卫生组织推荐用基准剂量(A对BCDE错)作为反映致癌强度的指标,利用基准剂量和暴露限量对其进行危险性评估,基准剂量除以人群估计摄入量,则为暴露限量。暴露限量越小,该物质致癌危险性也就越大,反之就越小。"} {"Question":"毒蕈中毒在临床上可分为6期的是哪一型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经精神型"},{"key":"B","value":"胃肠炎型"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血型"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾损害型"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸道感染型"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不是高血压病的营养防治内容","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"限制钠盐摄入量"},{"key":"B","value":"增加钾、钙、镁的摄入量"},{"key":"C","value":"减少膳食蛋白摄入量"},{"key":"D","value":"限制饮酒"},{"key":"E","value":"克服不良饮食习惯"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肉毒毒素主要侵犯","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"感觉神经"},{"key":"C","value":"肾"},{"key":"D","value":"运动神经"},{"key":"E","value":"循环系统"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据食物中毒的特点和原因,食物中毒的现场处理不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"封存、停止食用有毒食品"},{"key":"B","value":"实施行政控制措施"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗病人"},{"key":"D","value":"追回、销毁有毒食品"},{"key":"E","value":"追查和处理食物中毒责任人或单位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某人进食午餐后回家,1小时左右出现头疼、头晕、恶心、呕吐、视物模糊、瞳孔缩小如针尖大、呼吸困难等症状,到卫生所就医,初步诊断是中毒。如检测患者血中胆碱酯酶,其活性减少的范围可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10%~20%"},{"key":"B","value":"20%~30%"},{"key":"C","value":"30%~40%"},{"key":"D","value":"40%~50%"},{"key":"E","value":"70%以上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于真菌及其毒素食物中毒的说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中毒的主要原因是被真菌污染的食品"},{"key":"B","value":"发病率较高"},{"key":"C","value":"死亡率较髙"},{"key":"D","value":"一般烹调方法加热处理即可破坏食品中的真菌毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"发病的季节性及地区性均较明显"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食物中毒系指人经口摄入了正常数量的含有生物性、化学性有毒物质的食品或把有毒有害物质当作食品摄入后所出现的非传染性急性或亚急性疾病,目前不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚硝酸钠食物中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"食用毒蘑菇引起的中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"食用发芽马铃薯引起的中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"食用未煮熟扁豆引起的中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"食源性寄生虫病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"亚硝酸盐食物中毒的机理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巯基酶失活"},{"key":"B","value":"胆碱酯酶活性被抑制"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血作用"},{"key":"D","value":"低铁血红蛋白氧化成高铁血红蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管扩张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"解放初期,我国新疆察布查尔地区由于食用面酱的半成品(米送乎乎),使许多妇女和儿童发生中毒,其症状为:眼肌麻痹,视力模糊,眼睑下垂,继之咽部肌肉麻痹,吞咽困难,咀嚼无力,声音嘶哑,头下垂等,严重者出现呼吸困难,呼吸衰竭而死亡,但患者神志始终清楚,此类中毒可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄球菌肠毒素食物中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"肉毒中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"蜡样芽孢杆菌食物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"副溶血性弧菌食物中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"变形杆菌食物中毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"预防细菌性食物中毒主要应抓好以下哪个环节","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"预防细菌污染食品"},{"key":"B","value":"加强对广大群众的宣传"},{"key":"C","value":"控制细菌在食品中的繁殖及产毒"},{"key":"D","value":"彻底加热杀灭病菌、破坏毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种脂类是合成前列腺素必需的前体","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"油酸"},{"key":"B","value":"亚麻酸"},{"key":"C","value":"花生四烯酸"},{"key":"D","value":"磷脂"},{"key":"E","value":"胆固醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于必需脂肪酸与非必需脂肪酸的正确叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前者是人体所必需的,而后者不是"},{"key":"B","value":"前者可以在人体合成,而后者不能"},{"key":"C","value":"前者不能在人体合成,而后者可以"},{"key":"D","value":"前者不必由食物提供,而后者必须"},{"key":"E","value":"前者作用大,后者作用小"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"必要氮损失不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪代谢氮"},{"key":"B","value":"尿内源氮"},{"key":"C","value":"皮肤中排出的氮"},{"key":"D","value":"毛发及其他途径排出的氮"},{"key":"E","value":"消化的氮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一克蛋白质供给能量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"16.7kJ"},{"key":"B","value":"20.7kJ"},{"key":"C","value":"24.7kJ"},{"key":"D","value":"34.7kJ"},{"key":"E","value":"35.7kJ"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"蛋白质的生物学价值是表示蛋白质的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋白质含量"},{"key":"B","value":"表观消化率"},{"key":"C","value":"真实消化率"},{"key":"D","value":"消化率"},{"key":"E","value":"生物利用率"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"儿童热能消耗包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基础代谢消耗的热能"},{"key":"B","value":"食物特殊动力作用"},{"key":"C","value":"生长发育消耗的热能"},{"key":"D","value":"体力活动消耗的热能"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都包括"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种氨基酸是半必需氨基酸","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苏氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"脯氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"酪氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"赖氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"亮氨酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于蛋白质互补作用下列说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大豆通常和玉米一起食用,可起到蛋白质互补作用"},{"key":"B","value":"适当的蛋白质按比例混合食用,可提高混合蛋白质的生物价"},{"key":"C","value":"搭配的食物种类越多,蛋白质互补作用越好"},{"key":"D","value":"各种蛋白质必须同时食用,才能发挥蛋白质互补作用"},{"key":"E","value":"谷类蛋白中的第一限制氨基酸是赖氨酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于蛋白质的特点,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是人体组织的构成成分"},{"key":"B","value":"供给能量"},{"key":"C","value":"仅由碳、氢、氧组成"},{"key":"D","value":"构成体内各种重要的生理活性物质"},{"key":"E","value":"体内蛋白质处于分解、合成的动态平衡之中"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"1g碳水化合物产生的能量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8.77kcal(36.7kJ)"},{"key":"B","value":"4kcal(16.7kJ)"},{"key":"C","value":"6kcal(25.12kJ)"},{"key":"D","value":"9kcal(37.6kJ)"},{"key":"E","value":"3kcal(12.56kJ)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"3岁男性幼儿,皮肤出现鳞屑样炎症,伴有湿疹,经实验检查,血中二十碳三烯酸与二十碳四烯酸比值增高。该患儿最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"必需氨基酸不足"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素A缺乏"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素PP缺乏"},{"key":"D","value":"必需脂肪酸缺乏"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C缺乏"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反映儿童近期营养状况及其影响的适宜指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身高"},{"key":"B","value":"体重"},{"key":"C","value":"年龄别身高"},{"key":"D","value":"年龄别体重"},{"key":"E","value":"身高别体重"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查反映儿童近期营养状况及其影响的适宜指标。反映儿童近期营养状况及其影响的适宜指标是身高别体重(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"膳食结构是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食物的化学组成"},{"key":"B","value":"居民平均每年消费的各种食物数量的总计"},{"key":"C","value":"食物内部的组织构造"},{"key":"D","value":"组成膳食的食物种类"},{"key":"E","value":"居民消费的食物种类及其数量的相对构成"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食品营养强化剂量必须以营养素供给量标准为依据,使人每日从食物中摄取强化剂的量应达到供给量标准的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/3~2\/3"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/3~1\/2"},{"key":"C","value":"1\/2~2\/3"},{"key":"D","value":"1\/4~1\/3"},{"key":"E","value":"2\/3~3\/4"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"负责审查新食品原料安全性评估材料的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国家食品药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国家质量监督检验部门"},{"key":"C","value":"国家工商行政部门"},{"key":"D","value":"国家农业行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国家卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查负责审查新食品原料安全性评估材料的部门。负责审查新食品原料安全性评估材料的部门是国家卫生行政部门(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"体型正常的人要保持适宜体重,应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减少摄食量"},{"key":"B","value":"增加蔬菜摄入量"},{"key":"C","value":"减少脂肪摄入量"},{"key":"D","value":"剧烈运动"},{"key":"E","value":"食量与体力活动要平衡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某中学生全天能量推荐摄入量为2400kcal,按照合理营养的要求早餐应摄取的能量约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"240kcal"},{"key":"B","value":"480kcal"},{"key":"C","value":"720kcal"},{"key":"D","value":"960kcal"},{"key":"E","value":"1200kcal"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"夜盲症可能是由于缺乏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"人体维生素B₁缺乏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血红蛋白浓度降低"},{"key":"B","value":"血浆视黄醇结合蛋白浓度降低"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆蛋白质含量减少"},{"key":"D","value":"红细胞转酮醇酶活力系数>25%"},{"key":"E","value":"红细胞谷胱甘肽还原酶活性系数>1.2%"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"人类不易发生维生素E缺乏症的正确的说法有以下几种,但除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人体对维生素E的利用率太低"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素E广泛存在于食物中"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素E贮存于体内多种器官组织中"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素E可在体内贮留较长时间"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E排泄速度较慢"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"1个视黄醇活性当量(μgRAE)相当于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1μg全反式视黄醇"},{"key":"B","value":"2μg全反式视黄醇"},{"key":"C","value":"3μg溶于油剂的纯品全反式β-胡萝卜素"},{"key":"D","value":"4μg膳食全反式β-胡萝卜素"},{"key":"E","value":"5μg其他膳食维生素A原类胡萝卜素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"生理盲点的测定可用于评价哪种维生素的营养状况","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₂"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素A"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与骨质疏松症有关的维生索是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种氨基酸可转变成烟酸","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苏氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"脯氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"酪氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"色氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"亮氨酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"体内维生素E主要储存在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"C","value":"骨骼"},{"key":"D","value":"肌肉"},{"key":"E","value":"脂肪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与贫血无关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素B₂"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素B₆"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素B₁₂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有抗油脂氧化作用的营养素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"B","value":"铁"},{"key":"C","value":"碘"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素E"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"含维生素A原较高的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菠菜"},{"key":"B","value":"土豆"},{"key":"C","value":"冬瓜"},{"key":"D","value":"苹果"},{"key":"E","value":"四季豆"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国预防非传染性慢性病维生素C的摄入量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100mg\/d"},{"key":"B","value":"115mg\/d"},{"key":"C","value":"150mg\/d"},{"key":"D","value":"180mg\/d"},{"key":"E","value":"200mg\/d"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"缺乏下列哪种营养素可引起多发性神经炎","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碳水化合物"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪"},{"key":"C","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"D","value":"钙"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素B₁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某人常食用方便面类食品,近日出现牙龈肿痛出血,皮肤瘀点或瘀斑,乏力,失眠,腹泻,他最有可能患的营养素缺乏病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A缺乏病"},{"key":"B","value":"烟酸缺乏病(癞皮病)"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素B₁缺乏病(脚气病)"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素B₂缺乏病(核黄素缺乏病)"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C缺乏病(坏血病)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有抗衰老作用的营养素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳糖"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"C","value":"膳食纤维"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素E"},{"key":"E","value":"硒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"2004年“陈化粮”事件曝光,部分粮库发现发霉的粮食,其原因最可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"掺杂过期粮豆"},{"key":"B","value":"储存、运输及销售过程中受到农药污染"},{"key":"C","value":"储存时自然变化"},{"key":"D","value":"原粮重金属残留"},{"key":"E","value":"储存不当害虫繁殖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查粮食的自然陈化。自然陈化即粮豆类在储存过程中,由于自身酶的作用,营养素发生分解,从而导致其风味和品质发生改变的现象。“陈化粮”事件的原因最可能为粮食储存时的自然变化(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"下列关于肉的腐败变质表述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"后熟的快慢只与环境温度有关"},{"key":"B","value":"肉经过僵直状态后就不新鲜了"},{"key":"C","value":"疲劳牲畜后熟过程短暂"},{"key":"D","value":"发生自溶的肉不能食用"},{"key":"E","value":"僵直状态的肉不宜直接用作烹饪原料"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查肉的腐败变质。肉的腐败变质经过僵直、后熟、自溶和腐败四个过程。在僵直过程中,此时的肉品一般不宜直接用作烹任原料(E对)。后熟过程与畜肉中糖原含量和外界温度有关(A错)。疲劳牲畜的肌肉中糖原少,其后熟过程延长(C错),畜肉处于僵直和后熟阶段为新鲜肉(B错)。自溶阶段的肉必须经高温处理后才可食用(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪一阶段不是肉类腐败变质的典型过程","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"僵直"},{"key":"B","value":"后熟"},{"key":"C","value":"自溶"},{"key":"D","value":"腐败"},{"key":"E","value":"混浊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"长期保藏肉类、鱼类在何种温度才能有效抑制脂肪氧化和霉败","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"‐30℃~‐20℃"},{"key":"B","value":"‐20℃~‐10℃"},{"key":"C","value":"‐10℃~0℃"},{"key":"D","value":"0℃~4℃"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某病畜的卫生处理措施如下:病畜不准解体,2m深坑加石灰掩埋,肉绝对禁止食用。此病畜可能感染了哪种人畜共患传染病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核"},{"key":"B","value":"炭疽"},{"key":"C","value":"猪瘟"},{"key":"D","value":"口蹄疫"},{"key":"E","value":"布氏杆菌病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"防止粮谷类发热霉变生虫,应将贮存粮谷的水分含量控制在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8%~10%"},{"key":"B","value":"12%~14%"},{"key":"C","value":"15%~20%"},{"key":"D","value":"17%~22%"},{"key":"E","value":"20%~25%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为减少害虫活动,粮仓温度最少应在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"12℃以下"},{"key":"B","value":"10℃以下"},{"key":"C","value":"6℃以下"},{"key":"D","value":"4℃以下"},{"key":"E","value":"0℃以下"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查可减少害虫活动的粮仓温度。为减少害虫活动,粮仓温度最少应在10℃以下(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"动脉粥样硬化的易患因素中以哪种因素占重要地位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脂质代谢异常"},{"key":"B","value":"家族史"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病"},{"key":"D","value":"饮食习惯"},{"key":"E","value":"缺乏体力活动"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"高血压患者不宜选择的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大豆制品"},{"key":"B","value":"菌藻类食物"},{"key":"C","value":"水果"},{"key":"D","value":"水产品"},{"key":"E","value":"全脂奶油"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查高血压患者不宜选择的食物。全脂奶油由蛋白质,脂肪,乳酸糖等成分组成,脂肪含量高。高血压患者应减少膳食脂肪摄入量,因此不宜选择全脂奶油(E错,为本题正确答案)。高血压患者可选择一些大豆制品(A对)、菌藻类食物(B对)、水果(C对)、水产品(D对)等。"} {"Question":"下列关于癌症的营养防治措施不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在正常体重范围内尽可能瘦"},{"key":"B","value":"限制摄入高能量密度的食物"},{"key":"C","value":"高剂量营养素补充剂预防癌症"},{"key":"D","value":"母亲对婴儿最好进行6个月的完全母乳喂养"},{"key":"E","value":"限制红肉摄入,避免加工的肉制品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"痛风患者摄入蛋白质应主要选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主食"},{"key":"B","value":"畜肉"},{"key":"C","value":"水产品"},{"key":"D","value":"牛奶、鸡蛋"},{"key":"E","value":"水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查痛风患者摄入蛋白质的选择。痛风患者应限制蛋白质的摄入量从而控制嘌呤的摄取,主要选择牛奶、鸡蛋(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"2016年《中国居民膳食指南》建议,成人每日反式脂肪酸摄入量不超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.0g"},{"key":"B","value":"2.0g"},{"key":"C","value":"2.5g"},{"key":"D","value":"5g"},{"key":"E","value":"10g"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查2016年《中国居民膳食指南》建议的成人每日反式脂肪酸摄入量。根据《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》,成人每日反式脂肪酸摄入量应不超过2.0g(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"某男,58岁,BMI为29,喜食肉多年,颈动脉B超示:“双侧颈动脉粥样硬化并粥样斑块形成”。其营养治疗应注意","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"限制脂肪摄入"},{"key":"B","value":"限制胆固醇摄入"},{"key":"C","value":"严格限制胆固醇和控制总能量摄入"},{"key":"D","value":"限制饱和脂肪的摄入"},{"key":"E","value":"限制总能量、总脂肪、饱和脂肪和胆固醇摄入"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查动脉粥样硬化的营养治疗。本题中该男性BMI为29≥28为肥胖,且患有动脉粥样硬化,其营养治疗应注意限制总能量、总脂肪、饱和脂肪和胆固醇摄入(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"急性期痛风患者嘌呤摄入量应低于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50mg\/d"},{"key":"B","value":"100mg\/d"},{"key":"C","value":"150mg\/d"},{"key":"D","value":"200mg\/d"},{"key":"E","value":"250mg\/d"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性期痛风患者嘌呤摄入量。急性期痛风患者嘌呤摄入量应低于150mg\/d(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"张某,58岁,患有2型糖尿病,进行体育锻炼的靶心率为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"60次\/分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"90次\/分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"112次\/分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"120次\/分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"130次\/分钟"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查糖尿病病人进行体育锻炼的靶心率。糖尿病病人可根据自己的身体状况,选择合适的运动方式,运动强度以接近靶心率(能获得较好运动效果并能保证安全的运动心率)为准。本题中该患者58岁,靶心率=170-年龄(岁)=170-58=112次\/分钟(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"高血压患者适宜选择的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动物内脏"},{"key":"B","value":"巧克力"},{"key":"C","value":"糖果"},{"key":"D","value":"油酥点心"},{"key":"E","value":"牛奶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查高血压患者适宜选择的食物。高血压患者适宜选择富含钙的食品,如牛奶(E对)。不宜选择高胆固醇食物,如动物内脏(A错);高能量密度的食物,如巧克力(B错)、糖果(C错)、油酥点心(D错)等。"} {"Question":"贫铁食品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋类"},{"key":"B","value":"鱼类"},{"key":"C","value":"动物内脏"},{"key":"D","value":"牛奶"},{"key":"E","value":"肉类"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"慢性铁缺乏发展的正确顺序为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓铁储存被动员和耗竭,血清铁降低,低血红蛋白,贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"血清铁降低,骨髓铁储存被动员和耗竭,贫血,低血红蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"血清铁降低,贫血,骨髓铁储存被动员和耗竭,低血红蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"骨髓铁储存被动员和耗竭,贫血,低血红蛋白,血清铁降低"},{"key":"E","value":"铁降低,低血红蛋白,贫血,骨髓铁储存被动员和耗竭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪种营养素是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的组成成分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钙"},{"key":"B","value":"硒"},{"key":"C","value":"碘"},{"key":"D","value":"铁"},{"key":"E","value":"铜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,28岁,患缺铁性贫血。膳食中应注意选择含铁丰富且吸收率高的食物尤其是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猪肝、瘦肉"},{"key":"B","value":"牛奶、鸡蛋"},{"key":"C","value":"大豆及豆制品"},{"key":"D","value":"鱼虾"},{"key":"E","value":"蔬菜、水果"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与儿童生长发育及生殖系统发育关系密切的微量元素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钙和锌"},{"key":"B","value":"钙和碘"},{"key":"C","value":"锌和铁"},{"key":"D","value":"锌和碘"},{"key":"E","value":"钙和铜"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"成年人骨骼和牙齿中的含钙量占人体总钙量的比例为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"19%"},{"key":"B","value":"39%"},{"key":"C","value":"59%"},{"key":"D","value":"79%"},{"key":"E","value":"99%"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在儿童铁缺乏的铁减少期,血生化改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清铁下降"},{"key":"B","value":"血红蛋白下降"},{"key":"C","value":"血清铁蛋白下降"},{"key":"D","value":"血细胞比容下降"},{"key":"E","value":"总铁结合力上升"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"致使食品发生腐败变质的主要微生物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌"},{"key":"B","value":"真菌"},{"key":"C","value":"酵母"},{"key":"D","value":"病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"寄生虫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"大多数真菌繁殖与产毒的最适宜温度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"20℃以下"},{"key":"B","value":"20~25℃"},{"key":"C","value":"25~30℃"},{"key":"D","value":"30~35℃"},{"key":"E","value":"35~40℃"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查大多数真菌繁殖与产毒的最适宜温度。大多数真菌繁殖与产毒的最适宜温度为25~30℃(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"使用食品添加剂必须经过规定的食品毒理学安全评价程序,证明在使用期限内长期使用。食品添加剂应有严格的质量标准,其有害杂质","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不得超过允许限量"},{"key":"B","value":"作为伪造手段"},{"key":"C","value":"对人体安全无害"},{"key":"D","value":"不得加入食品添加剂"},{"key":"E","value":"不应有破坏作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食物中亚硝基化合物含量最高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蔬菜水果"},{"key":"B","value":"酸菜"},{"key":"C","value":"罐头食品"},{"key":"D","value":"鱼类食品"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋奶类食品"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"我国规定硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐用于肉制品不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.3g\/kg"},{"key":"B","value":"0.03g\/kg"},{"key":"C","value":"3mg\/kg"},{"key":"D","value":"0.3mg\/kg"},{"key":"E","value":"0.03mg\/kg"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"动脉粥样硬化的预防措施不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"控制肥胖及超重"},{"key":"B","value":"多吃蔬菜、瓜果"},{"key":"C","value":"减少动物脂肪的摄入"},{"key":"D","value":"少食含不饱和脂肪酸较多的植物油"},{"key":"E","value":"戒烟忌酒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"拟除虫菊酯类农药的缺点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高残留性"},{"key":"B","value":"低效性"},{"key":"C","value":"高抗药性"},{"key":"D","value":"高蓄积性"},{"key":"E","value":"高毒性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查拟除虫菊酯类农药的缺点。拟除虫菊酯类农药是一类模拟除虫菊所含的天然除虫菊素的化学结构合成的仿生农药,主要用作杀虫剂和杀螨剂。该类农药的缺点是高抗药性(C对ABDE错),即昆虫在较短时间内可对其产生抗药性而使其杀虫活性降低甚至完全丧失。"} {"Question":"食品在细菌作用下发生变化的程度与特征主要取决于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌来源"},{"key":"B","value":"环境温度"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌菌相"},{"key":"D","value":"菌落总数"},{"key":"E","value":"食品本身理化特性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查食品在细菌作用下发生变化的程度与特征的取决因素。将共存于食品中的细菌种类及其相对数量的构成称为食品的细菌菌相(C对ABDE错),它决定了食品在细菌作用下发生腐败变质的程度与特征。"} {"Question":"我国常用的食品防腐剂有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯甲酸、山梨酸、丙酸"},{"key":"B","value":"糖精钠、甜味素、甜味菊苷"},{"key":"C","value":"硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐"},{"key":"D","value":"硫黄、亚硫酸钠"},{"key":"E","value":"没食子酸丙酯、二丁基羟基甲苯"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"高温烹调过程中易产生杂环胺类化合物的食品富含","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪"},{"key":"C","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素"},{"key":"E","value":"水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查杂环胺类化合物的污染。在烹调温度、时间和水分相同的情况下,蛋白质(A对BCDE错)含量较高的食物产生杂环胺较多,而且蛋白质的氨基酸构成也直接影响所产生杂环胺的种类。"} {"Question":"绝大多数微生物无法生长的水分活度(Aw)范围是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"<0.60"},{"key":"B","value":"<0.70"},{"key":"C","value":"<0.80"},{"key":"D","value":"<0.87"},{"key":"E","value":"<0.90"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"高温消毒的方法包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巴氏消毒法"},{"key":"B","value":"超高温瞬时灭菌法"},{"key":"C","value":"煮沸消毒"},{"key":"D","value":"微波消毒"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可引起马的脑白质软化的镰刀菌毒素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T-2毒素"},{"key":"B","value":"赭曲霉毒素"},{"key":"C","value":"伏马菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"玉米赤霉烯酮"},{"key":"E","value":"脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查可引起马的脑白质软化的镰刀菌毒素。伏马菌素(C对ABDE错)主要的危害是神经毒性作用,可引起马的脑白质软化。"} {"Question":"鼠伤寒沙门菌D55℃=10,是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在55℃10分钟可减弱食品中90%鼠伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"B","value":"在55℃10分钟可杀死食品中90%鼠伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"C","value":"在55℃10秒钟可减弱食品中90%鼠伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"D","value":"在55℃10秒钟可杀死食品中90%鼠伤寒沙门菌"},{"key":"E","value":"在55℃10分钟食品中90%鼠伤寒沙门菌不能繁殖"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"镉可以通过食物链的富集作用而在某些食品中达到很高的浓度,下列哪种食品最高","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"海产食品"},{"key":"B","value":"谷类"},{"key":"C","value":"洋葱"},{"key":"D","value":"豆类"},{"key":"E","value":"萝卜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"酸性食品抑制多种微生物的pH范围是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"pH4以下"},{"key":"B","value":"pH4.5以下"},{"key":"C","value":"pH5以下"},{"key":"D","value":"pH5.5以下"},{"key":"E","value":"pH6以下"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有利于降低食物中苯并(a)芘含量的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止食物霉变"},{"key":"B","value":"食物加工时减少亚硝酸盐的使用量"},{"key":"C","value":"将肉熏制后挂于厨房晾晒"},{"key":"D","value":"使食物不直接接触炭火"},{"key":"E","value":"在柏油路上晾晒粮食"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查有利于降低食物中苯并(a)芘含量的措施。食物中苯并(a)芘含量较多者主要是烘烤和熏制食品,使食物不直接接触炭火(D对ABCE错)可有利于降低食物中苯并(a)芘含量。"} {"Question":"流行病学调查表明黄曲霉毒素与人类哪种肿瘤的发生密切相关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结肠癌"},{"key":"B","value":"胰腺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"食管癌"},{"key":"D","value":"胃癌"},{"key":"E","value":"肝癌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"易引起亚硝酸盐中毒的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"罐装饮料"},{"key":"B","value":"农药喷洒蔬菜"},{"key":"C","value":"腌菜"},{"key":"D","value":"粗制棉籽油"},{"key":"E","value":"方便面"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查易引起亚硝酸盐中毒的食物。腌菜(C对ABDE错)中亚硝酸盐含量较高,易引起亚硝酸盐中毒。"} {"Question":"欧盟负责食品安全风险评估的机构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"欧洲理事会"},{"key":"B","value":"欧盟委员会"},{"key":"C","value":"欧洲食品安全局"},{"key":"D","value":"食品与兽医办公室"},{"key":"E","value":"健康与消费者保护总署"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查欧盟负责食品安全风险评估的机构。欧盟负责食品安全风险评估的机构是欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"某农药动物实验的最大无作用剂量为10mg\/(kg•bw),人和动物的种间差异为10,个体差异为10,该农药每日允许摄入量(ADI,mg\/(kg•bw))是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1"},{"key":"B","value":"1"},{"key":"C","value":"10"},{"key":"D","value":"100"},{"key":"E","value":"1000"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于HACCP系统的描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"企业的最高管理者构成HACCP工作组"},{"key":"B","value":"由一线生产操作人员绘制产品加工流程图"},{"key":"C","value":"一个关键控制点控制一个危害"},{"key":"D","value":"只要措施有效就可以被确定为关键控制点"},{"key":"E","value":"在一个具体步骤上可有多个关键限值"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于食品生产许可实行的原则,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一地多证"},{"key":"B","value":"一县一证"},{"key":"C","value":"一企多证"},{"key":"D","value":"一企一证"},{"key":"E","value":"多企一证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"HACCP体系的基本原理和组成部分不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"危害分析"},{"key":"B","value":"确定关键控制点"},{"key":"C","value":"确定监控措施"},{"key":"D","value":"人员培训"},{"key":"E","value":"建立纠偏措施"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查HACCP体系的基本原理和组成部分。HACCP即危害分析关键控制点,是一种食品安全保证体系,其基本含义是,为保障食品安全,对食品生产加工过程中造成食品污染发生或发展的各种危害因素进行系统和全面的分析,确定能有效预防、减轻或消除危害的加工环节(即“关键控制点”),进而在关键控制点对危害因素进行控制,同时监测控制效果,发生偏差时予以纠正,并随时对控制方法进行矫正和补充。HACCP体系一般由七个基本原理和部分组成:①危害分析(A对);②确定关键控制点(B对);③确定关键限值;④确定监控措施(C对);⑤建立纠偏措施(E对);⑥建立审核(验证)措施;⑦建立记录保存措施。人员培训(D错,为本题正确答案)不属于HACCP体系的基本原理和组成部分。"} {"Question":"对某饭店进行食品卫生检查,下列哪一项不符合卫生要求","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动物性食品和蔬菜分池清洗"},{"key":"B","value":"盛放生、熟食品的容器分开并有明显标记"},{"key":"C","value":"冰箱内熟食品放上层,生食品放下层"},{"key":"D","value":"冰箱内有私人药品,但分开存放"},{"key":"E","value":"木耳等干菜未放进冰箱储存"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"预防佝偻病首选食物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛奶"},{"key":"B","value":"菠菜"},{"key":"C","value":"瘦肉"},{"key":"D","value":"大米"},{"key":"E","value":"胡萝卜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"高赖氨酸玉米提高了下列哪种氨基酸的含量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亮氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"色氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"赖氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"组氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"精氨酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"谷类食品保留哪部分容易引起食物的变质","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚"},{"key":"B","value":"胚乳"},{"key":"C","value":"谷皮"},{"key":"D","value":"吸收层"},{"key":"E","value":"糊粉层"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食物成分表上的营养素含量均指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食物整体的含量"},{"key":"B","value":"食物可食部分的含量"},{"key":"C","value":"食物去皮部分的含量"},{"key":"D","value":"食物可烹调部分的含量"},{"key":"E","value":"食物加工部分的含量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查食物成分表上的营养素含量。食物成分表上的营养素含量均指可食部分的含量(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"以下哪种营养素在绿叶蔬菜中含量较高","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"C","value":"硫胺素"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素E"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"减少冷冻动物性食物营养损失的重要措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"快速冷冻,缓慢融化"},{"key":"B","value":"缓慢冷冻,快速融化"},{"key":"C","value":"长时间冷冻"},{"key":"D","value":"超低温冷冻,快速融化"},{"key":"E","value":"缓慢冷冻,缓慢融化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查减少冷冻动物性食物营养损失的重要措施。快速冷冻,缓慢融化(A对BCDE错)是减少冷冻动物性食物营养损失的重要措施。"} {"Question":"含硫胺素最多的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胚"},{"key":"B","value":"胚乳"},{"key":"C","value":"谷皮"},{"key":"D","value":"全谷粒"},{"key":"E","value":"糊粉层"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"水果中有机酸的作用不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺激消化液分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"促进钙的吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"保护维生素C的稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"增强感官作用"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制膳食纤维作用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"蔬菜在加工过程中不应该","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急火快炒"},{"key":"B","value":"加醋"},{"key":"C","value":"去除黄叶"},{"key":"D","value":"先切后洗"},{"key":"E","value":"现吃现炒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查蔬菜的加工过程。蔬菜在加工过程中应去除黄叶(C对),先洗后切(D错,为本题正确答案),急火快炒(A对),现做现吃(E对),可以适量加醋(B对)。"} {"Question":"烹调蔬菜的合理方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先切后洗"},{"key":"B","value":"长时间浸泡水中,以清除农药"},{"key":"C","value":"急火快炒"},{"key":"D","value":"水煮"},{"key":"E","value":"烧烤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查烹调蔬菜的合理方法。烹调蔬菜的合理方法是先洗后切(A错),急火快炒(C对BDE错),现做现吃。"} {"Question":"我国居民膳食中膳食纤维的重要来源","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肉类"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋类"},{"key":"C","value":"奶制品"},{"key":"D","value":"精制米面"},{"key":"E","value":"水果蔬菜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"谷类脂肪含量普遍较低,主要集中在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"谷皮和糊粉层"},{"key":"B","value":"胚乳和胚芽"},{"key":"C","value":"糊粉层和胚芽"},{"key":"D","value":"谷皮和胚芽"},{"key":"E","value":"糊粉层和胚乳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查谷类脂肪主要集中的部分。谷类脂肪含量普遍较低,主要集中在糊粉层和胚芽(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"对鱼类的营养价值描述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋白质含量一般为15%~25%"},{"key":"B","value":"含脂肪很少,一般为1%~10%"},{"key":"C","value":"脂肪多由不饱和脂肪酸组成(占80%),熔点低"},{"key":"D","value":"含铁、锌、硒较为丰富"},{"key":"E","value":"是维生素A和维生素C的重要来源"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查鱼类的营养价值。鱼类肝脏是维生素A和维生素D的重要来源,也是维生素B₂的良好来源,维生素E维生素B₁和烟酸的含量也较高,但几乎不含维生素C(E错,为本题正确答案)。鱼类中蛋白质含量因鱼的种类、年龄、肥瘦程度及捕获季节等不同而有区别,一般为15%~25%(A对)。鱼类脂肪含量低,一般为1%~10%(B对),鱼类脂肪多由不饱和脂肪酸组成(占80%),熔点低(C对)。鱼类矿物质含量为1%~2%,含铁、锌、硒较为丰富(D对)。"} {"Question":"大豆中含量较多、可弥补谷类食物不足的氨基酸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"苏氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"缬氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"亮氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"赖氨酸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查大豆中含量较多、可弥补谷类食物不足的氨基酸。利用蛋白质互补作用将谷类与豆类等含丰富赖氨酸的食物混合食用,可弥补谷类食物赖氨酸(E对ABCD错)的不足,提高谷类蛋白质的营养价值。"} {"Question":"大豆经发芽后制成豆芽的过程中含量明显增加的营养素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膳食纤维"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"D","value":"碳水化合物"},{"key":"E","value":"钾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查大豆经发芽后制成豆芽的过程中含量明显增加的营养素。大豆经浸泡和保温发芽后制成豆芽,在发芽的过程中维生素C(B对ACDE错)的含量明显增加,从0增至5~10mg\/100g左右。"} {"Question":"属于纯热能食物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"豆类"},{"key":"B","value":"蔬菜、水果类"},{"key":"C","value":"奶类"},{"key":"D","value":"谷类食物"},{"key":"E","value":"精制糖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"牛奶中碳水化合物的存在形式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖"},{"key":"B","value":"果糖"},{"key":"C","value":"乳糖"},{"key":"D","value":"半乳糖"},{"key":"E","value":"糖原"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"谷类蛋白质中含赖氨酸较低的蛋白质组分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"谷蛋白+清蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"清蛋白+醇溶蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"球蛋白+清蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"醇溶蛋白+谷蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"清蛋白+谷蛋白+醇溶蛋白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"婴儿无眼、小头等先天畸形的发生,可能是由于孕妇过多摄入","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钙"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"C","value":"铁"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素E"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查婴儿无眼、小头等先天畸形的发生原因。婴儿无眼、小头等先天畸形的发生,可能是由于孕妇过多摄入维生素A(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"孕妇的合理膳食应该做到以下,但不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"供给充足的各种营养素"},{"key":"B","value":"合理烹调与加工"},{"key":"C","value":"食物选择多样化"},{"key":"D","value":"长期大量摄入高能量食物"},{"key":"E","value":"合理的膳食制度"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"中国营养学会根据备孕期妇女营养需要提出的膳食指南为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调整孕前体重"},{"key":"B","value":"选用碘盐"},{"key":"C","value":"孕前3个月补充叶酸"},{"key":"D","value":"保持健康生活方式"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"儿童期热能消耗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生长发育消耗的热能"},{"key":"B","value":"维持基础代谢消耗的热能"},{"key":"C","value":"食物特殊动力作用"},{"key":"D","value":"体力活动消耗的热能"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"母乳中含量高于牛乳的成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳清蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"酪蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"钙"},{"key":"D","value":"铁"},{"key":"E","value":"磷"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查母乳中含量高于牛乳的成分。母乳中含量高于牛乳的成分是乳清蛋白(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"母乳中所含乳糖和脂肪最少的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产后第1周"},{"key":"B","value":"产后第2周"},{"key":"C","value":"产后第3周"},{"key":"D","value":"产后第4周"},{"key":"E","value":"产后第5周"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"按照《母婴保健法》规定,属于婚前医学检查的疾病有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严重传染病"},{"key":"B","value":"法定传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"指定传染病"},{"key":"D","value":"重性精神病"},{"key":"E","value":"肿瘤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"精神障碍的诊断说法有误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诊断应当以精神健康状况为依据。除法律另有规定外,不得违背本人意志进行确定其是否患有精神障碍的医学检查"},{"key":"B","value":"除个人自行到医疗机构进行精神障碍诊断外,疑似精神障碍患者的近亲属可以将其送往医疗机构进行精神障碍诊断。对查找不到近亲属的流浪乞讨疑似精神障碍患者,由当地人民政府按照职责分工,帮助送往医疗机构进行精神障碍诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"疑似精神障碍患者发生伤害自身、危害他人安全的行为,或者有伤害自身、危害他人安全的危险的,其近亲属、所在单位、当地公安机关应当立即采取措施予以制止,并将其送往医疗机构进行精神障碍诊断"},{"key":"D","value":"医疗机构接到送诊的疑似精神障碍患者,不得拒绝为其作出诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"精神障碍的诊断应当由精神科执业医师作出"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"精神障碍患者的病例资料及保管说法有误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗机构及其医务人员应当在病历资料中如实记录精神障碍患者的病情、治疗措施、用药情况、实施约束、隔离措施等内容"},{"key":"B","value":"医疗机构及其医务人员应当如实告知患者或者其监护人"},{"key":"C","value":"患者及其监护人可以查阅、复制病历资料"},{"key":"D","value":"患者查阅、复制可能对其治疗产生不利影响的不得查阅复制病历资料"},{"key":"E","value":"病历资料保存期限不得少于二十年"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某医疗卫生机构已安装污染物排放在线监控装置,但是装置经常处于关闭状态,且逾期不改正。该机构可能受到的处罚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处5000元以上3万元以下的罚款"},{"key":"B","value":"处5000元以上1万元以下的罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"处1万以上3万元以下的罚款"},{"key":"D","value":"吊销执业许可证件"},{"key":"E","value":"依法追究刑事责任"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食品生产经营人员有下列情形之一的,不得参加接触直接入口食品的工作。但除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患有痢疾"},{"key":"B","value":"患有伤寒"},{"key":"C","value":"患有病毒性肝炎"},{"key":"D","value":"渗出性皮肤病"},{"key":"E","value":"牙周炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"禁止生产经营下列食品,但不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超过保质期限的"},{"key":"B","value":"加入药物的"},{"key":"C","value":"掺假、掺杂、伪造,影响营养卫生的"},{"key":"D","value":"病死、毒死或者死因不明的禽、畜、兽,水产动物等及其制品"},{"key":"E","value":"未经兽医卫生检验或者检验不合格的肉类及其制品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"工商行政管理部门","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不得伪造、涂改、出借卫生许可证"},{"key":"B","value":"负责城乡集市贸易的食品卫生管理工作"},{"key":"C","value":"主管全国食品卫生监督管理工作"},{"key":"D","value":"实行食品卫生监督制度"},{"key":"E","value":"负责各类食品市场内的食品卫生管理工作"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"国务院卫生行政部","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不得伪造、涂改、出借卫生许可证"},{"key":"B","value":"负责城乡集市贸易的食品卫生管理工作"},{"key":"C","value":"主管全国食品卫生监督管理工作"},{"key":"D","value":"实行食品卫生监督制度"},{"key":"E","value":"负责各类食品市场内的食品卫生管理工作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对已造成食物中毒事故或者有证据证明可能导致食物中毒事故的,可以对该食品生产经营者采取临时控制措施的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"县级以上地方人民政府卫生行政部门"},{"key":"B","value":"省级地方人民政府卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"县级以上地方人民政府"},{"key":"D","value":"省级地方人民政府"},{"key":"E","value":"国务院卫生行政主管部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"调查食品安全事故的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严谨细致、严厉追责"},{"key":"B","value":"实事求是、尊重科学"},{"key":"C","value":"及时准确、维护稳定"},{"key":"D","value":"客观公正、依法办事"},{"key":"E","value":"诚实守信、以人为本"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"因疫苗质量不合格给受种者造成损害的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"依照药品管理法的有关规定处理"},{"key":"B","value":"依照医疗事故处理条例的有关规定处理"},{"key":"C","value":"参照《传染病防治法》执行"},{"key":"D","value":"参照《医疗事故处理条例》执行"},{"key":"E","value":"依照医疗机构管理条例的有关规定处理"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"疾病预防控制机构对学校卫生工作的任务不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"掌握学生常见病动态"},{"key":"B","value":"掌握本地区学生生长发育和健康状况"},{"key":"C","value":"对学生使用的文具实行卫生监督"},{"key":"D","value":"对本地区学校卫生工作进行技术指导"},{"key":"E","value":"开展学校卫生服务"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"职业病的分类和目录由()行政部门会同国务院安全生产监督管理部门、劳动保障行政部门制定、调整并公布","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公安"},{"key":"B","value":"卫生"},{"key":"C","value":"地方"},{"key":"D","value":"工会"},{"key":"E","value":"企业"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"进口下列,应当经国务院卫生主管部门批准,但不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人体血液"},{"key":"B","value":"人体血浆"},{"key":"C","value":"人体组织"},{"key":"D","value":"人体细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"人体血液制品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医疗卫生机构违反条例规定,公开艾滋病患者信息的,应依照哪项法规予以处罚","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"执业医师法"},{"key":"B","value":"艾滋病防治条例"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构管理条例"},{"key":"D","value":"传染病防治法:"},{"key":"E","value":"保密法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"依据《传染病防治法》的规定,各级各类医疗保健机构在传染病防治方面的职责是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对传染病防治工作实施统一监督管理"},{"key":"B","value":"按照专业分工承担责任范围内的传染病监测管理工作"},{"key":"C","value":"承担责任范围内的传染病防治工作"},{"key":"D","value":"领导所辖区域传染病防治工作"},{"key":"E","value":"设立专人负责各施工区域的卫生防疫工作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对医疗废物收集、运送、贮存、处置活动中的疾病污染防治工作实施统一监督管理的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"市容监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"城市规划行政主管部门"},{"key":"C","value":"卫生行政主管部门"},{"key":"D","value":"检验检疫行政主管部门"},{"key":"E","value":"环境保护行政主管部门"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发生传染病流行时,县级以上地方政府有权在本行政区域内","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调集各级各类医疗、防疫人员参加疫情控制工作"},{"key":"B","value":"停工、停业、停课"},{"key":"C","value":"封锁甲类或按甲类传染病管理的传染病疫区"},{"key":"D","value":"封锁跨省、直辖市的疫区"},{"key":"E","value":"宣布疫区"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"法定传染病以外的其他传染病,根据其暴发、流行情况和危害程度,需要列入乙类、丙类传染病的,应当由下列哪个部门决定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"省级以上人民政府"},{"key":"D","value":"省级以上人民政府卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国家疾病控制中心"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"公共场所卫生安全的第一责任人是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生监督部门"},{"key":"B","value":"法定代表人"},{"key":"C","value":"卫生行政部门"},{"key":"D","value":"专职卫生管理人员"},{"key":"E","value":"疾控部门"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"卫生防疫机构对公共场所的卫生监督职责不包括下面哪一项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对公共场所进行卫生监督和卫生技术指导"},{"key":"B","value":"监督从业人员健康检查"},{"key":"C","value":"指导有关部对从业人员进行卫生知识的教育和培训"},{"key":"D","value":"指导有关单位开展爱国卫生运动"},{"key":"E","value":"对新建、扩建、改建的公共场所的选址和设计进行卫生审查,并参加竣工验收"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"公共场所“卫生许可证”多长时间复核一次","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"6个月"},{"key":"E","value":"3个月"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"公共场所直接为顾客服务的人员,患有下列疾病治愈前不得从事直接为顾客服务的工作,但除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痢疾"},{"key":"B","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"C","value":"病毒性肝炎"},{"key":"D","value":"活动期肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"关节炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"病原微生物分为几类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2"},{"key":"B","value":"3"},{"key":"C","value":"5"},{"key":"D","value":"4"},{"key":"E","value":"6"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪个部门负责承担建立的健全安全管理制度,检查、维护实验设施,设备,控制实验室感染的职责","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实验室的建设单位及其主管部门"},{"key":"B","value":"实验室的设立单位及其主管部门"},{"key":"C","value":"实验室的管理单位"},{"key":"D","value":"实验室的监管部门"},{"key":"E","value":"县级以上地方人民政府主管部门"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"本条例适用于下列实验室及其从事实验活动的生物安全管理,但不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中国境内的"},{"key":"B","value":"中国境外的"},{"key":"C","value":"中国人民解放军的"},{"key":"D","value":"农业部所属的"},{"key":"E","value":"卫健委所属的"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医疗卫生服务体系坚持","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以非营利性医疗卫生机构为主体、营利性医疗卫生机构为补充"},{"key":"B","value":"以营利性医疗卫生机构为主体、非营利性医疗卫生机构为补充"},{"key":"C","value":"全部为非营利性医疗卫生机构"},{"key":"D","value":"全部为营利性医疗卫生机构"},{"key":"E","value":"非营利性医疗卫生机构与营利性医疗卫生机构并存"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"国家对医疗卫生机构实行的管理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分级"},{"key":"B","value":"分类"},{"key":"C","value":"严格"},{"key":"D","value":"分级分类"},{"key":"E","value":"监督"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医师在执业活动中发生医疗事故不按规定报告的,应承担的法律责任是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行政罚款处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"暂停1至6个月的执业活动"},{"key":"C","value":"暂停6至12个月的执业活动"},{"key":"D","value":"注销执业证书"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"医生刘某看药品经营能挣钱,便与院领导拉关系,请假离岗搞药品销售,时间近三年。对刘某离岗二年以上的行为,医院应当报告准予注册的卫生行政部门的期限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"离岗满2年的10日内"},{"key":"B","value":"离岗满2年的15日内"},{"key":"C","value":"离岗满2年的30日内"},{"key":"D","value":"离岗满2年后3个月内"},{"key":"E","value":"离岗近3年的当时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于医师执业规则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医师可以对所在机构的医疗、预防、保健工作和卫生行政部门的工作提出意见和建议,依法参加所在机构的民主管理"},{"key":"B","value":"对医学专业技术有重大突破,作出显著贡献的医师,应当给予表彰或者奖励"},{"key":"C","value":"对急危患者,医师应当采取紧急措施及时进行诊治;不得拒绝急救处置"},{"key":"D","value":"医师应当关心、爱护、尊重患者,保护患者的隐私"},{"key":"E","value":"对考核不合格的医师,可以责令其接受培训和继续医学教育"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"黄某2001年10月因医疗事故受到吊销医师执业证书的行政处罚,2002年9月向当地卫生行政部门申请重新注册。卫生行政部门经过审查决定对黄某不予注册,理由是黄某的行政处罚自处罚决定之日起至申请注册之日止不满","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下述机构中的医师不适用执业医师法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"计划生育技术服务机构"},{"key":"B","value":"药品生产经营机构"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构"},{"key":"D","value":"预防机构"},{"key":"E","value":"保健机构"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某医生被吊销医师执业证书后,若其要重新注册需要","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自处罚执行完毕之日起至申请注册之日止满二年"},{"key":"B","value":"自处罚决定之日起至申请注册之日止满二年"},{"key":"C","value":"自处罚执行完毕之日起至申请注册之日止满三年"},{"key":"D","value":"自处罚决定之日起至申请注册之日止满三年"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于医师的职业规则,以下说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应当使用经国家有关部门批准使用的药品、消毒药剂和医疗器械"},{"key":"B","value":"发现患者非正常死亡时,应按有关规定向有关部门报告"},{"key":"C","value":"医师不得进行实验性临床医疗"},{"key":"D","value":"不得出具与自己执业范围无关的医学证明文件"},{"key":"E","value":"医师不得隐置、伪造或销毁医学文书及有关资料"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,21岁,未婚,否认性生活史,体检填写病史时主诉自觉下腹胀痛,妇科检查时应采取的检查方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双合诊"},{"key":"B","value":"三合诊"},{"key":"C","value":"肛诊"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部触诊"},{"key":"E","value":"都不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查未婚妇女的妇科检查方法。了解未婚妇女妇科情况应行肛诊(C对ABDE错),检查子宫位置、大小、形状、质地、活动度及有无肿物,检查双附件有无增厚、压痛及肿物。"} {"Question":"女性生殖器官分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内、外两部分"},{"key":"B","value":"包括卵巢、输卵管、子官和阴道"},{"key":"C","value":"又称外阴,包括阴阜、大阴唇、小阴唇、阴蒂、前庭和会阴"},{"key":"D","value":"大阴唇、小阴唇、肛门、尿道口"},{"key":"E","value":"仅指卵巢"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查女性生殖器的分类。女性生殖系统分为内、外两部分(A对BCDE错)。内生殖器包括阴道、子宫、输卵管和卵巢。外生殖器又称外阴,包括阴阜、大阴唇、小阴唇、阴蒂、前庭和会阴。进入青春期,随着下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴发育日渐成熟,女性体内雌激素水平逐渐升高,在雌激素作用下,内、外生殖器官逐渐发育成熟。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不属于生殖健康的内涵","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性生活方面:人们能享有负责、满意和安全的性生活,不必担心染上传染性疾病和计划外妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"生育功能方面:根据自己意愿决定是否生育、何时生育及生育间隔"},{"key":"C","value":"母婴安全方面:妊娠及分娩经过安全、妊娠结局成功,婴儿存活并健康成长"},{"key":"D","value":"节育方面:夫妇能对节育方法进行选择,并获取安全、有效、易接受的方法"},{"key":"E","value":"在生命各阶段没有疾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查生殖健康的内涵。在生命所有阶段的生殖功能和过程中的身体、心理和社会适应的完好状态,而不仅仅是没有疾病和虚弱(E错,为本题正确答案)。其内涵主要强调:1.性生活方面:人们能享有负责、满意和安全的性生活,不必担心染上传染性疾病和计划外妊娠(A对);2.生育功能方面:根据自己意愿决定是否生育、何时生育及生育间隔(B对);3.母婴安全方面:妊娠及分娩经过安全、妊娠结局成功,婴儿存活并健康成长(C对);4.节育方面:夫妇能对节育方法进行选择,并获取安全、有效、易接受的方法(D对)。"} {"Question":"婚前医学检查的主要疾病不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严重遗传性疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"指定传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"重型精神病"},{"key":"D","value":"重要脏器疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏性疾患"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查婚前医学检查的主要疾病。过敏性疾病(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于婚前医学检查的主要疾病。婚前医学检查的主要疾病包括:严重遗传性疾病(A对)、指定传染病(B对)、有关重型精神病(C对)、重要脏器疾病(D对)和生殖器异常。"} {"Question":"属于常染色体隐性遗传病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经管缺陷"},{"key":"B","value":"苯丙酮尿症"},{"key":"C","value":"21-三体综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"血友病"},{"key":"E","value":"多囊肾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查常染色体隐性遗传病的相关内容。遗传性代谢缺陷病多为常染色体隐性遗传病,如苯丙酮尿症(B对ACDE错)、肝豆状核变性等。"} {"Question":"应提出“建议不宜生育”的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"软骨发育不全"},{"key":"B","value":"一方或双方患有重度、极重度智力低下神经衰弱"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性阴道病"},{"key":"D","value":"艾滋病病毒携带者"},{"key":"E","value":"梅毒活动期"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查医学意见的相关内容。“建议不宜生育”的情况为:患有严重遗传性疾病或其他重要脏器疾病,如进行性肌营养不良、马凡氏综合征、软骨发育不全(A对BCDE错)、成骨不全、视网膜色素变性等。"} {"Question":"一位36岁妇女,到医院进行孕前咨询,了解生唐氏综合征孩子的概率,医生经过咨询告知可能发生的概率是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/10000"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/5000"},{"key":"C","value":"1\/900"},{"key":"D","value":"1\/800"},{"key":"E","value":"1\/40"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查优生咨询中的常见遗传性疾病。21-三体(唐氏综合征):最常见的染色体异常疾病,总发生率是新生儿活胎的1\/800(D对ABCE错),其发生率与母体年龄密切相关,临床表现多种多样,其中以特殊面容(鼻梁低、眼距宽、伸舌)、通贯掌和智力发育障碍最为突出。"} {"Question":"婚前医学检查对患有指定传染病在传染期内的医学意见应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不宜结婚"},{"key":"B","value":"可结婚,同时治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"暂缓结婚,需先治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"可先结婚,不宜生育"},{"key":"E","value":"可结婚和生育"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查婚前医学检查的医学意见。根据婚前医学检查结果,患有指定传染病在传染期内,应暂缓结婚的疾病。这些对象应接受积极治疗(C对ABDE错),在治愈后或病情稳定后,婚检医师给予重新评估,最后再给出医学意见。"} {"Question":"更年期自主神经紊乱的特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"情绪不稳"},{"key":"B","value":"潮热"},{"key":"C","value":"腰背痛"},{"key":"D","value":"心悸"},{"key":"E","value":"耳鸣"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查更年期自主神经紊乱的特点。腰背痛(C错,为本题正确答案)是大部分出现在妊娠期间的症状。更年期自主神经紊乱的特点:通常表现为心慌、心悸(D对)、胸闷、耳鸣(E对)、潮热(B对)、情绪不稳(A对)等现象。经过检查后未发现器质性原因,可能考虑为更年期综合征。随着内分泌激素水平的变化,而出现一系列自主神经紊乱的症状。"} {"Question":"46岁妇女,近半年月经周期延长,经量减少,现停经2个月,出现阵发性的潮热出汗,伴有夜间睡眠不佳等症状。该妇女最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核"},{"key":"B","value":"神经症"},{"key":"C","value":"绝经"},{"key":"D","value":"更年期综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"多囊卵巢综合征"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查更年期综合征的主要症状。该46岁妇女,近半年月经周期延长,经量减少,现停经2个月,出现阵发性的潮热出汗,伴有夜间睡眠不佳等症状可推断出这位妇女是属于更年期综合(D对ABCE错)。更年期综合征的主要临床表现包括(1)血管舒缩失调症状:①潮红、潮热和出汗;②高血压:以收缩压升高为主,具有明显波动性;③假性心绞痛。(2)神经心理症状:易激动、急躁、焦虑、抑郁、失眠、记忆力减退、注意力不集中、皮肤刺痒、麻木或蚁行感。(3)一般症状:①肌肉、关节痛:常在受寒、受累时出现肩、颈、腰背部痛;②泌尿生殖系统症状:尿频、尿痛、排尿困难、阴道干燥及烧灼感、性交痛及性交困难等;③代谢改变引起的症状:面部及双下肢水肿和单纯性肥胖,尿糖和血糖增高等。"} {"Question":"妇女更年期体内性激素水平变化特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌激素下降,孕激素下降,促性腺激素升高"},{"key":"B","value":"雌激素升高,孕激素升高,促性腺激素下降"},{"key":"C","value":"雌激素下降,孕激素升高,促性腺激素下降"},{"key":"D","value":"雌激素升高,孕激素下降,促性腺激素升高"},{"key":"E","value":"雌激素下降,孕激素下降,促性腺激素下降"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查妇女更年期体内性激素水平变化特点。妇女进入更年期后,随着卵巢卵泡数目的不断减少和分泌功能下降,使机体内雌激素和孕激素水平逐渐降低,这种降低使对下丘脑和垂体的抑制作用减弱,从而导致了下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)功能增强和垂体对GnRH的反应性增高(A对BCDE错),使垂体分泌的促卵泡生长激素(FSH)和促黄体生成激素(LH)的水平升高。"} {"Question":"围绝经期保健","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是指妇女从接近绝经时出现与绝经有关的临床特征至绝经后的一段时期"},{"key":"B","value":"保健的内容有:①合理营养,保持健康的生活态度,保持心情舒畅,注意锻炼身体。②保持外阴部清洁,预防生殖器发生感染。③防治绝经前期月经失调,重视绝经后出血。④由于年老体弱,支持组织及韧带松弛,容易发生子宫脱垂及张力性尿失禁,应进行肛提肌锻炼(用力做收缩肛门的动作),以加强盆底组织的支持力。⑤围绝经期应定期体检,接受妇科及肿瘤普查:早期发现妇科肿瘤。⑥采用激素替代、补充钙剂等综合措施防治围绝经期综合征及骨质疏松的发生"},{"key":"C","value":"应于绝经1年后取出"},{"key":"D","value":"国际老年学会规定65岁以后为老年期"},{"key":"E","value":"保健重点在防治心脑血管疾病、骨质疏松和恶性肿瘤。预防老年妇女发生骨质疏松,应从儿童期开始。冠心病的发生在老年期也明显增多"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查围绝经期的保健内容。注意锻炼身体。②保持外阴部清洁,预防生殖器发生感染。③防治绝经前期月经失调,重视绝经后出血。④由于年老体弱,支持组织及韧带松弛,容易发生子宫脱垂及张力性尿失禁,应进行肛提肌锻炼(用力做收缩肛门的动作),以加强盆底组织的支持力。⑤围绝经期应定期体检,接受妇科及肿瘤普查:早期发现妇科肿瘤。⑥采用激素替代、补充钙剂等综合措施防治围绝经期综合征及骨质疏松的发生(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"围绝经期保健正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不需避孕"},{"key":"B","value":"不会有肿瘤的发生"},{"key":"C","value":"不用激素替代以防乳腺癌的发生"},{"key":"D","value":"不需定期体检"},{"key":"E","value":"补充钙剂,预防骨质疏松"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查围绝经期的保健。绝经后骨质吸收速度快于骨质生成,围绝经期约25%妇女患有骨质疏松症,严重者易骨折,多发生于桡骨远端、股骨颈、椎体等部位,因此在为围绝经期应补充钙剂,预防骨质疏松(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"以下哪项疾病绝对不应妊娠","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"女方患心脏病,但心功能正常"},{"key":"B","value":"夫妇双方之一患慢性传染病"},{"key":"C","value":"单纯性卵巢囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫肌瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"女方患肝病肝功不良"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查主要疾病的相关内容。重要脏器的严重疾病:如心脏病、肝炎(肝病肝功能不良)(E对ABCD错)、肺结核、糖尿病、甲状腺功能亢进等严重疾病,是绝对不应妊娠的,因其对婚育均有一定程度的影响,特别是女性患者怀孕后还可能发生不良结局,影响后代健康。婚育医学指导:积极治疗,待疾病控制,身体能够胜任时再怀孕,这样既能保护母体健康,又可避免因用药而影响胎儿发育或致畸。"} {"Question":"一经产妇38岁,妊娠39周,在家中请接生婆接生,胎儿娩出后,有新鲜血流出,胎盘出完整,产妇产后一个小时阴道大出血估计有两大碗,接生婆认为子宫收缩好,产妇一般状态好,呼吸平稳,又观察2个小时,阴道出血不见减少,而后转诊到县医院,检查产妇血压为零,脉搏不清,阴道左侧壁裂伤至穹隆顶端,宫颈裂伤有4cm以上,经抢救无效死亡。该产妇曾孕4产2,引产1次,既往健康,本次妊娠未接受产前检查,认为曾经顺利分娩两次,在家分娩不会有问题。最可能发生产后出血主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫收缩乏力"},{"key":"B","value":"胎盘滞留"},{"key":"C","value":"软产道裂伤"},{"key":"D","value":"血液病"},{"key":"E","value":"羊水栓塞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查软产道裂伤的临床表现。该病历提示该产妇既往健康,分娩过程胎盘完整娩出,子宫收缩好,产妇产后1个小时一般状态好,呼吸平稳,所以可排除胎盘滞留、子宫收缩乏力、血液病、羊水栓塞;由于胎儿娩出后,有新鲜血流出,县医院检查产妇阴道左侧壁裂伤至穹隆顶端,宫颈裂伤有4cm以上,因此支持软产道裂伤(C对ABDE错)诊断。"} {"Question":"国际上通用的孕产妇死亡率的计算方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内孕产妇总数×1000‰"},{"key":"B","value":"期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内活产数×1000‰"},{"key":"C","value":"期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内孕产妇总数×100000\/10万"},{"key":"D","value":"期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内活产数×100000\/10万"},{"key":"E","value":"期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内活产数×100%"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查孕产妇死亡率的计算方法。国际上通用的孕产妇死亡率的计算方法为期内孕产妇死亡数\/期内活产数×100000\/10万(D对ABCE错),某地某年孕产妇死亡率的分母是某地某年活产总数。"} {"Question":"关于正常产妇产后以下哪项不妥","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绝对卧床休息"},{"key":"B","value":"注意排尿情况"},{"key":"C","value":"观察阴道出血量"},{"key":"D","value":"早吸吮"},{"key":"E","value":"应在产房观察2小时"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查产后的保健工作。正常产妇产后不能绝对卧床休息(A错,为本题正确答案),需要进行适当的活动,一般在产后24小时即可下床在室内活动。产后的保健工作有:应在产房观察2小时(E对)、注意孕妇的排尿情况(B对)、观察阴道出血量(C对)、将奶早吸吮(D对)等。"} {"Question":"孕妇在整个孕期应该接受产前检查的次数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1次"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3次"},{"key":"C","value":"3~4次"},{"key":"D","value":"4~5次"},{"key":"E","value":"5次及以上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查孕期产前检查的次数。孕期应进行5次以上(E对ABCD错)检查,孕早期至少进行1次,孕中期至少2次,孕晚期至少2次(其中至少1次在36周后进行),发现异常应增加检查次数。"} {"Question":"性成熟期保健","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保健的原则是对胎儿有利因素要保证,不利因素要尽量避免和减少"},{"key":"B","value":"主要保健重点是清理呼吸道,建立呼吸,保温,预防脐带断端、眼和皮肤感染,母乳喂养等"},{"key":"C","value":"约为10年,是身体和智力发展很快的时期。要加强营养,合理营养,避免儿童期肥胖的发生。避免女童发生外阴阴道炎"},{"key":"D","value":"是从儿童期末到性成熟期之间的一段生命时期,在此时期内身体和心理发生巨大的变化"},{"key":"E","value":"是妇女一生中生育和劳动生产的鼎盛时期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查性成熟期的相关内容。性成熟期是妇女一生中生育和劳动生产的鼎盛时期(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"性发育迟缓分类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指超过正常青春期开始平均年龄2.5个标准差以上尚无性成熟发育者"},{"key":"B","value":"分为体质性延迟、低促性腺激素性腺功能延迟、高促性腺激素性腺技能减退"},{"key":"C","value":"重视心理疏导,积极防治全身慢性病,改善营养状况"},{"key":"D","value":"患有中枢神经系统或卵巢肿瘤者,可用性激素替代疗法"},{"key":"E","value":"年龄达12岁尚无月经来潮、无第二性征发有称性发育迟缓"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查性发育迟缓的分类。性发育迟缓分为:体质性延迟、低促性腺激素性腺功能延迟、高促性腺激素性腺技能减退(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"性早熟治疗原则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"女童在8岁以前出现乳房增大,阴毛、腋毛生长等第二性征的一种或一种以上者,均属性早熟"},{"key":"B","value":"包括真性性早熟和假性性早熟"},{"key":"C","value":"原则上是针对病因进行治疗。治疗目的在于抑制排卵、抑制月经、减慢第二性征的发育,预防身材过矮,促进身心的协调发展和心理健康"},{"key":"D","value":"女童在14岁以前出现第二性征发育,属性早熟"},{"key":"E","value":"由肿瘤引起的假性性早熟,尚无特殊疗法,可用大剂量孕激素抑制促性激素的分泌,其效果观察6~12个月"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查性早熟的治疗原则。性早熟的治疗原则主要包括:针对病因进行治疗,去除病因。治疗目的在于抑制排卵、抑制月经、抑制第二性征的发育;延缓骨成熟的时间,防止骨骺线早期闭合所导致身材矮小;防止患儿和家长出现心理和社会适应障碍,促进身心的协调发展和心理健康(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"随着青春期的发展,血中水平在白天也呈阵发性升高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄体生成素"},{"key":"B","value":"卵泡刺激素"},{"key":"C","value":"雌激素"},{"key":"D","value":"雄激素"},{"key":"E","value":"孕激素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查黄体生成素的相关内容。青春期即将开始时,女孩只是在夜间睡眠时血中水平黄体生成素有阵发性升高,升高次数不多,升高幅度也不大。青春期开始后,夜间血中水平黄体生成素阵发性升高的次数逐渐增多,升高的幅度也愈来愈大。随着青春期的发展,血中水平黄体生成素(A对BCDE错)在白天也呈阵发性升高,促卵泡激素水平亦上升。在青春期进程中,垂体分泌出愈来愈多的促卵泡激素及黄体生成素,对女孩卵巢的发育成熟起了十分重要的作用。"} {"Question":"女性青春早期是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身高生长发育刚刚开始的阶段"},{"key":"B","value":"身高生长减缓而性腺发育接近成熟阶段"},{"key":"C","value":"女孩月经初潮前的生长突增阶段"},{"key":"D","value":"月经初潮后的生长发育阶段"},{"key":"E","value":"第二性征发育近似成人阶段"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查女性青春早期的相关内容。女性的青春早期是指在月经初潮前的体格生长发育突增阶段(C对ABDE错),伴随性器官和第二性征开始发育。"} {"Question":"妇女保健与儿童发展的关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"密切相关"},{"key":"B","value":"两个不同的发展时期"},{"key":"C","value":"无关"},{"key":"D","value":"有待研究"},{"key":"E","value":"可能有关"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查妇女保健工作的重要性。女童期虽然尚不具有生殖功能,但其发育与发展,和妇女保健工作有密切相关的联系(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"女职工的劳动范围不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矿山井下作业"},{"key":"B","value":"体力劳动强度分级标准中规定的第四级体力劳动强度的作业"},{"key":"C","value":"每小时负重6次以上、每次负重超过10公斤的作业"},{"key":"D","value":"间断负重超过25公斤的作业"},{"key":"E","value":"每次负重超过25公斤的作业"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查女职工禁忌从事的劳动范围。女职工禁忌从事的劳动范围包括:矿山井下作业(A对);体力劳动强度分级标准中规定的第四级体力劳动强度的作业(B对);每小时负重6次以上、每次负重超过20公斤的作业(C错,为本题正确答案),或者间断负重每次负重超过25公斤的作业(DE对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪种叙述是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吗啡的镇咳作用较哌替啶强"},{"key":"B","value":"等效量时,吗啡的呼吸抑制作用与哌替啶相似"},{"key":"C","value":"两药对平滑肌张力的影响基本相似"},{"key":"D","value":"分娩止痛可用哌替啶,而不能用吗啡"},{"key":"E","value":"吗啡的成瘾性比哌替啶强"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"镇痛作用最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喷他佐辛"},{"key":"B","value":"罗通定"},{"key":"C","value":"曲马多"},{"key":"D","value":"芬太尼"},{"key":"E","value":"纳洛酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对铜绿假单胞菌有良好抗菌活性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲氧苄啶"},{"key":"B","value":"磺胺多辛"},{"key":"C","value":"呋喃唑酮"},{"key":"D","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"E","value":"环丙沙星"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"奥美拉唑属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"H₂受体阻断药"},{"key":"B","value":"M受体阻断药"},{"key":"C","value":"H⁺-K⁺-ATP酶抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"H₁受体阻断药"},{"key":"E","value":"助消化药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"奥美拉唑抑制胃酸分泌的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阻断H受体"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制胃壁细胞H⁺泵的功能"},{"key":"C","value":"阻断M受体"},{"key":"D","value":"阻断促胃液素(胃泌素)受体"},{"key":"E","value":"直接抑制胃酸分泌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某药的消除符合一级动力学,其t½为4小时,在定时定量给药后,需经多少小时才能达到稳态血药浓度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"约10小时"},{"key":"B","value":"约20小时"},{"key":"C","value":"约30小时"},{"key":"D","value":"约40小时"},{"key":"E","value":"约50小时"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"血脑屏障是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血-脑屏障"},{"key":"B","value":"血-脑脊液屏障"},{"key":"C","value":"脑脊液-脑细胞屏障"},{"key":"D","value":"上述三种屏障合称"},{"key":"E","value":"第一和第三种屏障合称"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临床上常用于缓解子痫、破伤风等惊厥的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙琥胺"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"C","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"D","value":"硫酸镁"},{"key":"E","value":"扑米酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"卡托普利抗高血压的作用机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拮抗β受体"},{"key":"B","value":"阻滞Ca²⁺通道"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制血管紧张素转换酶"},{"key":"E","value":"拮抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肾性高血压患者可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美加明"},{"key":"B","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"D","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"苯二氮类与巴比妥类共同的特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"都具有抗惊厥、抗癫痫作用"},{"key":"B","value":"都具有镇静催眠作用"},{"key":"C","value":"都具有抗焦虑作用"},{"key":"D","value":"剂量加大都有麻醉作用"},{"key":"E","value":"可致乏力、困倦、嗜睡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于地西泮的叙述,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌内注射吸收慢而不规则"},{"key":"B","value":"口服治疗量对呼吸和循环影响小"},{"key":"C","value":"较大剂量易引起全身麻醉"},{"key":"D","value":"可用于治疗癫痫持续状态"},{"key":"E","value":"其代谢产物也有生物活性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"疗效高,生效快,控制疟疾症状首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯喹"},{"key":"B","value":"奎宁"},{"key":"C","value":"伯氨喹"},{"key":"D","value":"乙胺嘧啶"},{"key":"E","value":"甲氟喹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"丁卡因不宜用于哪种局麻","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛛网膜下腔麻醉"},{"key":"B","value":"浸润麻醉"},{"key":"C","value":"表面麻醉"},{"key":"D","value":"传导麻醉"},{"key":"E","value":"硬膜外麻醉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"丁卡因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可用于浸润麻醉"},{"key":"B","value":"脂溶性低"},{"key":"C","value":"穿透力弱"},{"key":"D","value":"作用较普鲁卡因弱"},{"key":"E","value":"可用于表面麻醉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于烷化剂抗癌药物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡铂"},{"key":"B","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"多柔比星"},{"key":"E","value":"长春新碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主要作用于M期的抗癌药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"长春新碱"},{"key":"C","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"D","value":"泼尼松龙"},{"key":"E","value":"柔红霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,男性,32岁。有免疫缺陷,近期高热,诊断为革兰阴性杆菌败血症,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"氨苄青霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"阿米卡星+头孢曲松"},{"key":"D","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"多黏菌素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"抗菌活性强,可产生前庭反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"多西环素"},{"key":"C","value":"土霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"四环素"},{"key":"E","value":"米诺环素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"氨基苷类抗生素+呋塞米","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加肾毒性"},{"key":"B","value":"增加耳毒性"},{"key":"C","value":"延缓耐药性产生"},{"key":"D","value":"增强抗菌范围"},{"key":"E","value":"增加神经-肌肉接头阻滞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"阿托品抑制腺体分泌最敏感的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃液分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"泪腺分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸道腺体分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"唾液腺和汗腺分泌"},{"key":"E","value":"胃酸分泌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于强心苷,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有正性肌力作用"},{"key":"B","value":"有正性心肌传导功能"},{"key":"C","value":"有负性频率作用"},{"key":"D","value":"安全范围小"},{"key":"E","value":"用于治疗心衰,也可治疗室上性心动过速"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,男性,62岁。因房颤入院用地高辛后心室率得到控制,并以0.5mg\/d地高辛维持。因病人有心绞痛病史,为预防心绞痛而用一种抗心绞痛的药物,用药期间病人出现传导阻滞,你认为最可能是合并应用了哪种药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"B","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"C","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸异山梨酯"},{"key":"E","value":"美托洛尔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"双胍类降血糖药物的降糖作用机制为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进餐后胰岛素的分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"促进基础胰岛素的分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"增加机体对胰岛素的敏感性"},{"key":"D","value":"激活过氧化物酶增殖体活化因子受体"},{"key":"E","value":"增加外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于肾上腺素对血管收缩作用最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤、黏膜血管"},{"key":"B","value":"肾血管"},{"key":"C","value":"肺血管"},{"key":"D","value":"脑血管"},{"key":"E","value":"小动脉及毛细血管"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗心脏骤停宜首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静滴去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"舌下含异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"静滴地高辛"},{"key":"D","value":"肌注尼可刹米"},{"key":"E","value":"心内注射肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪个药物不宜做肌内注射","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"间羟胺"},{"key":"E","value":"麻黄碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列β受体阻断药中哪个兼有α受体阻断作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"拉贝洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"噻吗洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"吲哚洛尔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对青霉素G无效的病菌为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"革兰阳性球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"革兰阳性杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"革兰阴性球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"梅毒螺旋体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发挥作用最慢的利尿药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米洛利"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"做基础降压药宜选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米洛利"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"长期应用易使血钾升高的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"布美他尼(丁苯氧酸)"},{"key":"C","value":"依他尼酸(利尿酸)"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"噻嗪类利尿药初期的降压机制为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低血管壁细胞内Ca²⁺的含量"},{"key":"B","value":"降低血管壁细胞内Na⁺的含量"},{"key":"C","value":"降低血管壁对缩血管物质的反应性"},{"key":"D","value":"排Na⁺利尿,降低细胞外液和血容量"},{"key":"E","value":"诱导动脉壁产生扩张血管物质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某心源性水肿患者,用地高辛和氢氯噻嗪治疗,2周后患者出现多源性室性期前收缩,其主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血钾"},{"key":"B","value":"低血钙"},{"key":"C","value":"低血钠"},{"key":"D","value":"高血镁"},{"key":"E","value":"低氯碱血症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不宜用作甲亢常规治疗的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碘化物"},{"key":"B","value":"甲基硫氧嘧啶"},{"key":"C","value":"丙基硫氧嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"甲巯咪唑"},{"key":"E","value":"卡比马唑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于T₃和T₄,下列叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T₃的血浆蛋白结合率高于T₄"},{"key":"B","value":"T₃起效快,作用强"},{"key":"C","value":"T₃起效慢,作用持久"},{"key":"D","value":"T₃起效快,作用持久"},{"key":"E","value":"T₃起效慢,作用弱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临床上长期大量使用可的松治疗某些疾病时,可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺组织高度增生"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺皮质逐渐萎缩"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺髓质高度增生"},{"key":"D","value":"性腺组织逐渐萎缩"},{"key":"E","value":"ACTH和CRH分泌增多"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"变态反应是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在剂量过大或药物在体内蓄积过多时发生的不良反应"},{"key":"B","value":"停药后血药浓度已降至阈浓度以下时残存的药理效应"},{"key":"C","value":"突然停药后原有疾病加剧"},{"key":"D","value":"反应性质与药物原有效应无关,用药理性拮抗药解救无效"},{"key":"E","value":"一类先天遗传异常所致的反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"受体阻断剂的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与受体有亲和力,有内在活性"},{"key":"B","value":"与受体有亲和力,无内在活性"},{"key":"C","value":"与受体无亲和力,有内在活性"},{"key":"D","value":"与受体有亲和力,有弱的内在活性"},{"key":"E","value":"与受体有弱亲和力,有强的内在活性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"异烟肼的抗菌作用特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对静止期结核杆菌无抑菌作用"},{"key":"B","value":"对其他细菌也有效"},{"key":"C","value":"对细胞内的结核杆菌也有杀菌作用"},{"key":"D","value":"单用不易产生耐药性"},{"key":"E","value":"与其他同类药间有交叉耐药性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可以与异丙嗪、哌替啶组成冬眠合剂用于人工冬眠的子宫平滑肌兴奋药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缩宫素"},{"key":"B","value":"垂体后叶素"},{"key":"C","value":"地诺前列腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"硫前列酮"},{"key":"E","value":"氢化麦角碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"丙米嗪(米帕明)抗抑郁症的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进脑内NA和5-HT释放"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制脑内NA和5-HT释放"},{"key":"C","value":"促进脑内NA和5-HT再摄取"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制脑内NA和5-HT再摄取"},{"key":"E","value":"激活脑内D₂受体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"长期服用氯丙嗪后出现的不良反应中,哪一反应用抗胆碱药治疗反可使之加重","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体位性低血压"},{"key":"B","value":"静坐不能"},{"key":"C","value":"帕金森综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"迟发性运动障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肌张力障碍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列不属于氯丙嗪不良反应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"帕金森综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制体内催乳素分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肌张力障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"患者出现坐立不安"},{"key":"E","value":"迟发性运动障碍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毛果芸香碱(匹鲁卡品)对眼的作用表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低眼压、扩瞳、调节痉挛"},{"key":"B","value":"降低眼压、缩瞳、调节麻痹"},{"key":"C","value":"降低眼压、缩瞳、调节痉挛"},{"key":"D","value":"升高眼压、扩瞳、调节痉挛"},{"key":"E","value":"升高眼压、缩瞳、调节痉挛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肺部支原体感染用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢曲松"},{"key":"D","value":"林可霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"万古霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗军团菌感染的首选药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素G"},{"key":"B","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"四环素"},{"key":"D","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"红霉素用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支原体肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"立克次体病"},{"key":"C","value":"螺旋体病"},{"key":"D","value":"恙虫病"},{"key":"E","value":"鼠疫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"阵发性室上性心动过速并发变异型心绞痛,宜采用下述何种药物治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"B","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"D","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"E","value":"普萘洛尔"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗急性心肌梗死引起的室性心动过速的首选药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"B","value":"普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"C","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于酰基辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶抑制药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲亚油酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"烟酸"},{"key":"C","value":"考来替泊"},{"key":"D","value":"辛伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列药物无抗炎抗风湿作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"B","value":"布洛芬(异丁苯丙酸)"},{"key":"C","value":"对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)"},{"key":"D","value":"保泰松"},{"key":"E","value":"吲哚美辛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"健康教育活动包括以下几个步骤,其中第一步应进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干预计划制定"},{"key":"B","value":"健康教育诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"计划实施准备"},{"key":"D","value":"计划实施"},{"key":"E","value":"计划的评价"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"社会诊断评估的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"需求与健康"},{"key":"B","value":"健康相关行为"},{"key":"C","value":"卫生服务"},{"key":"D","value":"社会环境"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于健康教育与健康促进计划评价的叙述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"评价是将客观实际与目标进行比较的过程"},{"key":"B","value":"评价可保证计划执行的质量"},{"key":"C","value":"评价通常在项目的总结阶段进行"},{"key":"D","value":"评价的方法之一是建立监测系统"},{"key":"E","value":"评价可改进专业人员的工作"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据健康教育的知信行理论,下列表述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"知识是改变健康相关行为的基础"},{"key":"B","value":"信念是行为改变的动力"},{"key":"C","value":"正确态度的建立有可能改变危害健康的行为"},{"key":"D","value":"知识的增加总是伴随行为的改变"},{"key":"E","value":"健康教育目标是行为改变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响人类健康的因素分为四大类,下列哪项不属于这四大类","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物学因素"},{"key":"B","value":"环境因素"},{"key":"C","value":"生态因素"},{"key":"D","value":"行为生活方式"},{"key":"E","value":"卫生服务"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为了减少高血压对社区一般人群和高危人群健康的影响,某社区计划开展一项高血压的健康教育活动,下列不适于本次活动的教育内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遵医服药"},{"key":"B","value":"膳食限盐"},{"key":"C","value":"控制体重"},{"key":"D","value":"应激处理训练"},{"key":"E","value":"定期测量血压"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"控制心血管疾病的最有效的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"健康教育"},{"key":"C","value":"个体预防"},{"key":"D","value":"社区综合防治"},{"key":"E","value":"改善生活方式"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"驾车时使用安全带属于促进健康行为中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基本健康行为"},{"key":"B","value":"日常促进健康行为"},{"key":"C","value":"保健行为"},{"key":"D","value":"避开环境危害行为"},{"key":"E","value":"预警行为"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"促进健康的行为具有下列特征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利性"},{"key":"B","value":"有利性、规律性"},{"key":"C","value":"有利性、规律性、和谐性"},{"key":"D","value":"有利性、规律性、和谐性、一致性"},{"key":"E","value":"有利性、规律性、和谐性、一致性、适宜性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"城市社区健康教育基本内容不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性非传染性疾病的社区防治"},{"key":"B","value":"加强安全教育,防止意外伤害"},{"key":"C","value":"家庭健康教育"},{"key":"D","value":"移风易俗,改变不良卫生习惯"},{"key":"E","value":"社会卫生公德与卫生法规教育"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于社区健康教育与健康促进的表述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以社区为单位"},{"key":"B","value":"以社区人群为教育对象"},{"key":"C","value":"以促进社区居民健康为目标"},{"key":"D","value":"有组织、计划、有评价的健康教育活动"},{"key":"E","value":"以社区医疗机构为单位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"村卫生室和社区卫生服务站()至少举办1次健康知识讲座","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每月"},{"key":"B","value":"每2个月"},{"key":"C","value":"每季度"},{"key":"D","value":"每6个月"},{"key":"E","value":"每年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"职业卫生知识与防护技能教育的主要内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消除职业精神紧张与改变不良作业方式"},{"key":"B","value":"改善劳动环境"},{"key":"C","value":"治理职业有害因素"},{"key":"D","value":"日常个人卫生习惯教育"},{"key":"E","value":"营养与合理膳食教育"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"组织学生与家长共同参与知识竞赛,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"学校健康教育"},{"key":"B","value":"学校卫生服务"},{"key":"C","value":"学校健康政策"},{"key":"D","value":"学校事物环境"},{"key":"E","value":"学校健康物质环境"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关社区健康教育的描述,哪一项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"教育对象是社区人群"},{"key":"B","value":"要求政府采取行政措施"},{"key":"C","value":"引导居民养成良好的行为和生活方式"},{"key":"D","value":"有计划、有组织、有评价的活动"},{"key":"E","value":"是初级卫生保健的集中体现"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为了预防工作有关疾病应该","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加强个人防护"},{"key":"B","value":"开展心理卫生教育"},{"key":"C","value":"改善作业环境"},{"key":"D","value":"加强个人卫生习惯教育"},{"key":"E","value":"采取正确的作业方式"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列评价指标中属于远期效果评价指标的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生知识合格率"},{"key":"B","value":"卫生知识知晓率"},{"key":"C","value":"平均期望寿命"},{"key":"D","value":"行为改变率"},{"key":"E","value":"信念流行率"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在实施心血管疾病健康教育第二年,某市政府宣布,在所有副食商店不再出售肥肉,在全市范围内提倡禁烟活动属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"历史性因素"},{"key":"B","value":"成熟因素"},{"key":"C","value":"观察偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"人为因素"},{"key":"E","value":"回归因素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于卫生宣传与健康教育关系的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生宣传是健康教育的核心"},{"key":"B","value":"卫生宣传比健康教育更能体现卫生事业的性质"},{"key":"C","value":"健康教育是卫生宜传在功能和内容上的拓展和深化"},{"key":"D","value":"健康教育是卫生宣传的重要手段"},{"key":"E","value":"健康教育要实现行为目标,不必依靠卫生宣传"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下哪项不是健康教育与健康促进的意义","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是卫生事业发展的战略举措"},{"key":"B","value":"是实现初级卫生保健的基础"},{"key":"C","value":"是丰富和充实理论知识,提高实践水平的重要途径"},{"key":"D","value":"是提高公民素养的重要渠道"},{"key":"E","value":"是一项低投入、高产出、高效益的保健措施"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《曼谷宣言》对21世纪全球健康目标——人人享有卫生保健,提出了主要承诺,该承诺不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使健康促进成为全球发展议程的中心"},{"key":"B","value":"使健康促进成为各国政府的一项核心责任"},{"key":"C","value":"使健康促进成为社区民间社会的一个主要重点"},{"key":"D","value":"使健康促进成为公司规范的一项基本要求"},{"key":"E","value":"使健康促进成为防范公共卫生事件的一项任务"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于健康教育与健康促进的关系的正确叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康教育是健康促进的深化与发展"},{"key":"B","value":"健康促进以健康教育为先导"},{"key":"C","value":"与健康促进相比,健康教育融客观的支持和主观的参与于一体"},{"key":"D","value":"健康促进是健康教育的核心"},{"key":"E","value":"健康教育对健康促进起维护和推动作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吸烟人群戒烟率的变化属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瞬间效果评价"},{"key":"B","value":"即时效果评价"},{"key":"C","value":"近期效果评价"},{"key":"D","value":"中期效果评价"},{"key":"E","value":"远期效果评价"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"实施健康教育计划要从哪些方面控制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"社区卫生服务资源"},{"key":"B","value":"社区特定的家庭健康"},{"key":"C","value":"社区特定的个人健康"},{"key":"D","value":"社区特定的人群健康"},{"key":"E","value":"时间控制、质量控制、对象控制"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"除外哪项均是人际传播的特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"信息量大"},{"key":"B","value":"简便易行"},{"key":"C","value":"传播较慢"},{"key":"D","value":"针对性高"},{"key":"E","value":"互动性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据媒介在当地的覆盖情况、受众对媒介的拥有情况和使用习惯来选择媒介属于选择传播媒介的哪项原则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保证效果原则"},{"key":"B","value":"针对性原则"},{"key":"C","value":"速度快原则"},{"key":"D","value":"可及性原则"},{"key":"E","value":"经济性原则"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某村地理位置偏僻,全村80%是文盲和半文盲,15%的家庭拥有黑白电视机,家家装有有线广播。乡里有事往往通过有线广播通知,但村里有时停电:村里有一所民办小学,共有十几个小学生,根据传播策略选择的可及性原则。该村的传播媒介应以","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"电视为主"},{"key":"B","value":"小册子、小报为主"},{"key":"C","value":"有线广播为主"},{"key":"D","value":"小学的健康教育课为主"},{"key":"E","value":"黑板报为主"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"白喉棒状杆菌具有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"荚膜"},{"key":"B","value":"芽胞"},{"key":"C","value":"鞭毛"},{"key":"D","value":"菌毛"},{"key":"E","value":"异染颗粒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可用于鉴别细菌的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中介体"},{"key":"B","value":"包涵体"},{"key":"C","value":"吞噬体"},{"key":"D","value":"线粒体"},{"key":"E","value":"异染颗粒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于革兰染色,叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"革兰阳性菌染成深紫色"},{"key":"B","value":"染色顺序为结晶紫→95%乙醇→碘液→稀释复红"},{"key":"C","value":"革兰阴性菌染成红色"},{"key":"D","value":"具有鉴别细菌意义"},{"key":"E","value":"具有指导选择抗菌药物的意义"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与细菌耐药性有关的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性菌毛"},{"key":"B","value":"荚膜"},{"key":"C","value":"质粒"},{"key":"D","value":"鞭毛"},{"key":"E","value":"异染颗粒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"登革热的传播媒介是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蜱"},{"key":"B","value":"虱"},{"key":"C","value":"蚊"},{"key":"D","value":"蚤"},{"key":"E","value":"螨"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"动物免疫血清的除菌宜采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高压蒸汽灭菌"},{"key":"B","value":"干烤"},{"key":"C","value":"滤过除菌"},{"key":"D","value":"紫外线"},{"key":"E","value":"煮沸消毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有完整细胞核的微生物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"立克次体"},{"key":"B","value":"放线菌"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌"},{"key":"D","value":"真菌"},{"key":"E","value":"衣原体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于支原体的性状,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈多形态性,培养形成“油煎蛋样”菌落"},{"key":"B","value":"是能在无生命培养基中生长繁殖的最小微生物"},{"key":"C","value":"对青霉素敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"培养支原体的pH不低于7.0"},{"key":"E","value":"没有细胞壁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于病毒与肿瘤发生的关系,哪项组合是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EB病毒-鼻咽癌"},{"key":"B","value":"汉坦病毒-肺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"乙型肝炎病毒-原发性肝癌"},{"key":"D","value":"人乳头瘤病毒-子宫颈癌"},{"key":"E","value":"人嗜T细胞病毒-成人T细胞白血病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"成年男性,体检用ELISA试验发现血液中HIV抗体阳性。确认实验用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PCR法查DNA"},{"key":"B","value":"分离培养病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"检测病毒抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白印迹( Western blot-ting)"},{"key":"E","value":"RT-PCR查RNA"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"化脓性细菌侵入血流引起的症状称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"败血症"},{"key":"B","value":"毒血症"},{"key":"C","value":"菌血症"},{"key":"D","value":"脓毒血症"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒血症"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"正常菌群对机体的生理学作用不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物拮抗"},{"key":"B","value":"营养作用"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫作用"},{"key":"D","value":"抗衰老作用"},{"key":"E","value":"协同作用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"A群链球菌产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内毒素"},{"key":"B","value":"肠毒素"},{"key":"C","value":"神经毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"红疹毒素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"供体菌通过性菌毛将遗传物质转移给受体菌,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"转化"},{"key":"B","value":"转导"},{"key":"C","value":"溶原性转换"},{"key":"D","value":"接合"},{"key":"E","value":"原生质体融合"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"整合在宿主菌染色体上的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"染色体"},{"key":"B","value":"质粒"},{"key":"C","value":"毒力岛"},{"key":"D","value":"转座子"},{"key":"E","value":"前噬菌体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"20岁男性患者咳嗽数周。1个月前开始感到疲劳,食欲减退,发热2周后咳痰中带血丝,体重减轻。体温38℃,非急性面容,右上肺有啰音,WBC11x10⁹\/L,多形核63%,临床怀疑患肺结核,取痰做下列处置,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"做结核菌素试验"},{"key":"B","value":"痰浓缩集菌涂片进行抗酸染色"},{"key":"C","value":"PCR查结核分枝杆菌核酸"},{"key":"D","value":"痰结核分枝杆菌培养"},{"key":"E","value":"痰培养物接种豚鼠进行动物实验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下胃肠道病毒及其所致人类疾病对应关系错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"埃可病毒——神经、呼吸消化道感染"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓灰质炎病毒——脊髓灰质炎"},{"key":"C","value":"柯萨奇病毒——神经、呼吸消化道、心脏感染"},{"key":"D","value":"肠道病毒70型——神经系统感染,手足口病"},{"key":"E","value":"轮状病毒——婴幼儿腹泻、成人腹泻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脊髓灰质炎病毒的致病特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪-口途径传播"},{"key":"B","value":"5岁以下幼儿易感"},{"key":"C","value":"多为隐性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"易侵入中枢神经系统引起肢体痉挛"},{"key":"E","value":"病后获得牢固免疫"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"王某,48岁,建筑工人,因牙关紧闭、四肢痉挛而入院。8天前,右脚被铁钉扎伤,伤口深,但几日后自愈。5日后,右腿有些麻木和疼痛,咀嚼不便,吞咽困难,最后全身抽摘,四肢痉挛。入院诊断为破伤风,请问下述哪项是最佳治疗原则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"注射破伤风抗毒素和青霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"注射破伤风抗毒素和白百破疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"注射破伤风抗毒素"},{"key":"E","value":"注射白百破疫苗和青霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"引起气性坏疽的主要病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"炭疽杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"产气荚膜杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"A族链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"绿脓杆菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下述疾病中,哪项不是衣原体引起的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染"},{"key":"C","value":"沙眼"},{"key":"D","value":"性病淋巴肉芽肿"},{"key":"E","value":"急性呼吸道感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于流感病毒的特点,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是有包膜病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"具有神经氨酸酶(NA)刺突"},{"key":"C","value":"不易发生抗原性变异"},{"key":"D","value":"具有分节段的RNA和核蛋白(NP)"},{"key":"E","value":"具有血凝素HA刺突"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"诊断下列疾病,采用的血清学诊断方法,下列哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒——肥达反应"},{"key":"B","value":"风湿热——抗O试验(ASO试验)"},{"key":"C","value":"斑疹伤寒——外斐反应"},{"key":"D","value":"支原体肺炎——冷凝集试验"},{"key":"E","value":"结核——结核菌素试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"检测病毒病进行微生物学检查时,不是标本采集原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无菌操作"},{"key":"B","value":"发病早期采集"},{"key":"C","value":"采集病变部位标本"},{"key":"D","value":"查抗体时,采早期血清即可"},{"key":"E","value":"尽快送检,暂保存时放﹣70℃"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"EB病毒感染后引起的病毒免疫逃逸机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞内寄生"},{"key":"B","value":"抗原变异"},{"key":"C","value":"损伤免疫细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"降低抗原表达"},{"key":"E","value":"抗原结构复杂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不发生垂直传播的病毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风疹病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"巨细胞病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"乙型肝炎病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"人免疫缺陷病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓灰质炎病毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"最易形成潜伏感染的病毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻疹病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"流感病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"狂犬病"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓灰质炎"},{"key":"E","value":"水痘﹣带状疱疹病毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"戊型肝炎的主要传播途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性接触传播"},{"key":"B","value":"眼结膜接触传播"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸道传播"},{"key":"D","value":"虫媒传播"},{"key":"E","value":"消化道传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对病毒生物学性状的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"描述病毒大小的单位是纳米(nm)"},{"key":"B","value":"含有DNA和RNA两种核酸"},{"key":"C","value":"以复制方式增殖"},{"key":"D","value":"必须寄生于活细胞内"},{"key":"E","value":"属于非细胞型微生物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"艾滋病(AIDS)的主要传播途径之一是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性接触传播"},{"key":"B","value":"眼结膜接触传播"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸道传播"},{"key":"D","value":"虫媒传播"},{"key":"E","value":"消化道传播"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与鼻咽癌的发生有关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HSV-1"},{"key":"B","value":"HSV-2"},{"key":"C","value":"VZV"},{"key":"D","value":"CMV"},{"key":"E","value":"EBV"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"引起口唇疱疹的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HSV-1"},{"key":"B","value":"HSV-2"},{"key":"C","value":"VZV"},{"key":"D","value":"CMV"},{"key":"E","value":"EBV"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某患者,发热39℃,肝脾大,颈部淋巴结可触及,血液白细胞增多,异型淋巴细胞可检出。印象诊断是传染性单核细胞增多症,引起该病的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"丙型肝炎病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"风疹病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"巨细胞病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"EB病毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"引起水痘-带状疱疹的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HSV-1"},{"key":"B","value":"HSV-2"},{"key":"C","value":"VZV"},{"key":"D","value":"CMV"},{"key":"E","value":"EBV"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在细菌生长过程中,细菌生长最快,生物学性状最典型的阶段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"退缓期"},{"key":"B","value":"对数期"},{"key":"C","value":"减数期"},{"key":"D","value":"稳定期"},{"key":"E","value":"衰退期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主要不是经输血传播的病毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙型肝炎病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"人免疫缺陷病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"乙型脑炎病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"丙型肝炎病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"巨细胞病毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"寨卡病毒的传播途径不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伊蚊叮咬传播"},{"key":"B","value":"母婴传播"},{"key":"C","value":"血液传播"},{"key":"D","value":"性传播"},{"key":"E","value":"飞沫传播"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下面说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气体在肺泡中分压越低,越易吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"血\/气分配系数越小,越易吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"脂\/水分配系数越大,越不易吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"通气\/血流比值越大,越不易吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"大部分毒物的吸收方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滤过"},{"key":"B","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"C","value":"被动转运"},{"key":"D","value":"膜动转运"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查大部分毒物的吸收方式。被动转运为化学毒物顺浓度差通过生物膜的过程。被动转运(C对ABD错)是大部分毒物的吸收方式,包括简单扩散和滤过。"} {"Question":"下列哪些化学物质易于从呼吸道进入机体","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯"},{"key":"B","value":"CO"},{"key":"C","value":"SO₂"},{"key":"D","value":"粉尘"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"外源化学物通过生物膜的方式中需要消耗能量的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膜动转运"},{"key":"B","value":"易化扩散"},{"key":"C","value":"简单扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"滤过"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查外源化学物通过生物膜的方式。外源化学物通过生物膜的方式有被动转运、特殊转运和膜动转运等。其中膜动转运(A对BCD错)是细胞与外界环境交换大分子物质的过程,主要特点是生物膜结构发生变化,转运过程具有特异性、主动选择性、消耗一定能量的特点。"} {"Question":"铅、锰、镉、铊等通过生物膜的方式","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"简单扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"滤过"},{"key":"C","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"D","value":"易化扩散"},{"key":"E","value":"膜动转运"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在全身毒作用中常见的靶器官不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经系统"},{"key":"B","value":"造血系统"},{"key":"C","value":"脑"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查全身毒作用中常见的靶器官。外源化学物直接或主要损害的器官称为该物质的靶器官。在全身毒作用中常见的靶器官有神经系统(A对)、血液和造血系统(B对)、生殖系统以及肝(D对)、肾、肺等。脑(C错,为本题正确答案)不是常见的靶器官。"} {"Question":"CO急性吸入毒性试验中,随CO浓度的增加,试验组大鼠死亡率也相应增加,体现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"效应"},{"key":"B","value":"反应"},{"key":"C","value":"剂量-效应关系"},{"key":"D","value":"剂量-反应关系"},{"key":"E","value":"有的个体不遵循剂量(效应)反应关系规律"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"氟化物毒作用的靶器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"骨骼"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗指数(TI)指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用来计算安全性,TI越大安全性越低。"},{"key":"B","value":"TI=LD₅₀\/ED₅₀"},{"key":"C","value":"TI=LD₀₁\/ED₉₉"},{"key":"D","value":"TI=LD₅₀\/LD₁₀₀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查治疗指数(TI)。治疗指数指半数致死量(LD₅₀)与半数有效量(ED₅₀)的比值。即TI=LD₅₀\/ED₅₀(B对ACD错)。"} {"Question":"检测化学毒物的原发性DNA损伤作用选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微核试验"},{"key":"B","value":"显性致死试验"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌回复突变试验"},{"key":"D","value":"骨髓染色体畸变试验"},{"key":"E","value":"程序外DNA合成试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毒理学研究外源化学物和内源化学物对机体的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"营养作用"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗作用"},{"key":"C","value":"有害作用"},{"key":"D","value":"有益作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查毒理学研究。毒理学研究外源化学物和内源化学物对机体的有害作用(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"下列说法中正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剂量指的是被摄入到体的量"},{"key":"B","value":"送达剂量是指应用剂量中被器官吸收的剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"生物有效剂量是指直接与机体的吸收屏障接触可供吸收的量"},{"key":"D","value":"化学物对机体的损害作用的性质和强度直接取决于其在靶器官中的剂量"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查剂量的相关内容。剂量主要指外源化学物与机体接触或被机体吸收或直接导致机体损害的量(A错)。生物有效剂量又称靶剂量,是指被吸收且到达毒作用器官组织产生毒作用的剂量(C错)。化学物对机体的损害作用的性质和强度,除了与该化学物毒性密切相关外,直接取决于其在靶器官中的剂量(D对B错)。"} {"Question":"有阈值效应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能够检测出阈值的效应属有阈值效应"},{"key":"B","value":"一般的生理、生化异常和器官、组织的病理改变都属于有阈值效应"},{"key":"C","value":"发育毒性或胚胎毒性引起的结果属于有阈值效应"},{"key":"D","value":"生殖细胞突变引起的生殖毒性也属无阈值效应"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能说明慢性中毒危险性大小的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性毒作用带"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性毒作用带"},{"key":"C","value":"安全系数"},{"key":"D","value":"以上都是"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"人类目前常用的化学物质有多少种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"300万"},{"key":"B","value":"6万~7万"},{"key":"C","value":"40万"},{"key":"D","value":"100万"},{"key":"E","value":"15万"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"LD₅₀的概念是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"引起半数动物死亡的最大剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"引起半数动物死亡的最小剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"出现半数动物死亡的该试验组的剂量"},{"key":"D","value":"能引起一群动物50%死亡的剂量(统计值)"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查LD₅₀。LD₅₀是指能引起一群动物50%死亡的剂量(统计值)(D对ABC错)。"} {"Question":"从形态学角度取得毒效应的证据为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食物利用率"},{"key":"B","value":"脏器系数"},{"key":"C","value":"病理学检查"},{"key":"D","value":"一般性指标"},{"key":"E","value":"特异性指标"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于无阈值效应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"汞所致的中毒性脑病"},{"key":"B","value":"四氯化碳所致的肝细胞坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氟酸所致的皮肤灼伤"},{"key":"D","value":"阿司匹林所致的胎儿畸形"},{"key":"E","value":"氯乙烯所致的肝血管肉瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"LD₁₀₀是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绝对致死剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"最小致死剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"最大耐受剂量"},{"key":"D","value":"半数致死剂量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查LD₁₀₀。LD₁₀₀即绝对致死剂量(A对BCD错),指引起一组受试实验动物全部死亡的最低剂量。"} {"Question":"卫生毒理学研究的任务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中毒机制"},{"key":"B","value":"外来化合物进入机体的途径及生物转运、转化过程"},{"key":"C","value":"对外来化合物进行安全性评价"},{"key":"D","value":"制定有关卫生标准和管理方案"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性毒性试验一般观察的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1小时"},{"key":"B","value":"1天"},{"key":"C","value":"1周"},{"key":"D","value":"2周"},{"key":"E","value":"1个月"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"亚慢性毒性试验中一般化验指标有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血象、肝、肾功能"},{"key":"B","value":"病理学检查"},{"key":"C","value":"灵敏指标的检查"},{"key":"D","value":"特异指标的检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查亚慢性毒性试验中一般化验指标。亚慢性毒性试验中一般化验指标有血象、肝、肾功能等(A对BCD错)。"} {"Question":"急性毒性试验的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阐明外来化合物毒性作用的中毒机制"},{"key":"B","value":"确定LOAEL和NOAEL"},{"key":"C","value":"评价外来化合物对机体毒性剂量-反应关系,并根据LD₅₀进行毒性分级"},{"key":"D","value":"为致癌试验的剂量设计提供依据"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性毒性研究的接触时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一次"},{"key":"B","value":"一次或8小时内多次"},{"key":"C","value":"一次或24小时内多次"},{"key":"D","value":"一次或14天内多次"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查急性毒性研究的接触时间。急性毒性指实验动物一次接触或24小时内多次接触一定剂量的某种外源化学物短期内所产生的健康损害作用和致死效应。可知急性毒性研究的接触时间是一次或24小时内多次(C对ABD错)。"} {"Question":"霍恩法的要求是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"4个染毒剂量组"},{"key":"B","value":"每组动物4只或5只"},{"key":"C","value":"组距3.16倍"},{"key":"D","value":"组距2.15倍"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在皮肤刺激试验中最好使用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小鼠和大鼠"},{"key":"B","value":"大鼠和家兔"},{"key":"C","value":"家兔和小鼠"},{"key":"D","value":"豚鼠和家兔"},{"key":"E","value":"地鼠和豚鼠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在卫生毒理学试验中,反映毒物急性毒性最有实用意义的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"B","value":"半数致死剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"病理学变化"},{"key":"D","value":"生物化学变化"},{"key":"E","value":"剂量-效应关系"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"间接致癌物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β-丙烯内酯"},{"key":"B","value":"β-萘胺"},{"key":"C","value":"镍"},{"key":"D","value":"佛波酯"},{"key":"E","value":"己烯雌酚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于确证人类致癌物的研究方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"构效关系分析"},{"key":"B","value":"致突变试验,恶性转化试验"},{"key":"C","value":"哺乳动物短期致癌试验"},{"key":"D","value":"哺乳动物长期致癌试验"},{"key":"E","value":"流行病学调查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪组致癌物为非遗传毒性致癌物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"免疫抑制剂,无机致癌物,促癌剂"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫抑制剂,过氧化物酶体增生剂,促癌剂"},{"key":"C","value":"直接致癌物,过氧化物酶体增生剂,细胞毒物"},{"key":"D","value":"激素,固态物质,无机致癌物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查非遗传毒性致癌物。非遗传毒性致癌物泛指不直接作用于机体遗传物质的致癌物。免疫抑制剂,过氧化物酶体增生剂,促癌剂(B对ACD错)均为非遗传毒性致癌物。"} {"Question":"间接致癌物是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"代谢活化成终致癌物过程的中间代谢产物"},{"key":"B","value":"不经代谢活化即有致癌活性的物质"},{"key":"C","value":"需经代谢活化才有致癌活性的物质"},{"key":"D","value":"兼有引发(启动)、促长、进展作用的物质"},{"key":"E","value":"经代谢转化最后产生的有致癌活性的代谢产物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"体细胞突变可能的后果如下,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"致癌"},{"key":"B","value":"致畸"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"衰老"},{"key":"E","value":"动脉粥样硬化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"倒位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"染色体两次断裂后中间节段倒转360度重接"},{"key":"B","value":"染色体两次断裂后中间节段倒转180度重接"},{"key":"C","value":"染色体断下节段接到另一染色体上"},{"key":"D","value":"一条染色体上一个节段进入另一染色体臂内"},{"key":"E","value":"两同源染色体有相同位点上的插入"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查倒位。倒位是指染色体两次断裂后中间节段倒转180度重接(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"突变的后果有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肿瘤,显性致死,炎症"},{"key":"B","value":"显性致死,隐性致死,遗传性疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"显性致死,炎症,遗传性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"隐性致死,变态反应,肿瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查突变的后果。突变发生在生殖细胞,其后果可能有显性致死,隐性致死,遗传性疾病(B对ACD错)。"} {"Question":"裂隙","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"染色体的非染色带无线状连接"},{"key":"B","value":"染色体的非染色带有线状连接"},{"key":"C","value":"光镜下不可见的DNA缺失"},{"key":"D","value":"远离原位的染色体断裂节段"},{"key":"E","value":"有染色质缺失的染色体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查裂隙。裂隙是指染色体的非染色带有线状连接(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"SCE是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"染色单体交换"},{"key":"B","value":"姐妹染色单体交换"},{"key":"C","value":"染色单体互换"},{"key":"D","value":"姐妹染色体交换"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查SCE。SCE是姐妹染色单体交换(B对ACD错),是指一条染色体的两条单体在同一位置发生同源片段的易位。"} {"Question":"正向突变试验基因位点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6﹣GT位点,TK位点,HGPRT位点"},{"key":"B","value":"TK位点,HGPRT位点,OUA位点"},{"key":"C","value":"HGPRT位点,6﹣GT位点,OUA位点"},{"key":"D","value":"OUA位点,TK位点,6﹣GT位点"},{"key":"E","value":"OUA位点,TK位点,5﹣Bru位点"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于经典毒物动力学说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经典动力学基本理论是速率论和房室模型"},{"key":"B","value":"房室模型可分为一室开发模型、二室开放模型、多室模型"},{"key":"C","value":"化学毒物转运的速率过程分为一级、零级和非线性3种类型"},{"key":"D","value":"毒物动力学参数AUC越大,药物消除速率越快"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查经典毒物动力学的相关内容。经典毒物动力学有速率类型和室模型两个基本概念对(A对)。化学毒物转运的速率过程分为一级、零级和非线性3种类型(C对)。房室模型可分为一室开发模型、二室开放模型、多室模型(B对)。毒物动力学参数AUC越大,药物消除速率越慢(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"不存在于微粒体的氧化酶系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞色素P450"},{"key":"B","value":"FAD氧化酶"},{"key":"C","value":"辅酶Ⅱ-细胞色素P450还原酶"},{"key":"D","value":"黄嘌呤氧化酶"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞色素b5"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一般而言,()和相继的磷酸三酯酶水解是有机磷酸酯类农药主要的代谢途径","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化"},{"key":"B","value":"还原"},{"key":"C","value":"加成"},{"key":"D","value":"氢化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查有机磷酸酯类农药主要的代谢途径。一般而言,氧化(A对BCD错)和相继的磷酸三酯酶水解是有机磷酸酯类农药主要的代谢途径。"} {"Question":"生物转化酶主要位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内质网和线粒体"},{"key":"B","value":"线粒体和细胞核"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞核和胞液"},{"key":"D","value":"胞液和内质网"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生物转化酶的主要部位。在肝脏和大多数组织的细胞中,生物转化酶主要位于内质网和胞液(D对ABC错)。"} {"Question":"正常分娩率","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠雌性动物数与交配雌性动物数之比"},{"key":"B","value":"正常分娩雌性动物数与妊娠动物数之比"},{"key":"C","value":"出生后4天存活幼仔数与分娩时出生幼仔数之比"},{"key":"D","value":"21天断奶幼仔存活数与出生后4天幼仔存活数之比"},{"key":"E","value":"正常分娩雌性动物数与交配雌性动物数之比"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可以作为致畸试验阳性对照物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素E,敌枯双,五氯酚钠"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素D,敌枯双,五氯酚钠"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C,敌枯双,五氯酚钠"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素A,敌枯双,五氯酚钠"},{"key":"E","value":"B族维生素,敌枯双,五氯酚钠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"致畸试验使用的最高剂量一股不超过该受试物LD₅₀的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/2"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/4"},{"key":"C","value":"1\/6"},{"key":"D","value":"1\/8"},{"key":"E","value":"1\/10"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"胚胎毒性作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"母体毒性,生长迟缓"},{"key":"B","value":"生长迟缓,功能缺陷"},{"key":"C","value":"生长迟缓,致畸作用"},{"key":"D","value":"功能缺陷,致畸作用"},{"key":"E","value":"致畸作用,致死作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毒物的空间结构与毒性大小的一般规律正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直链烃﹤支链烃"},{"key":"B","value":"环烃﹤链烃"},{"key":"C","value":"间位﹤邻位﹤对位"},{"key":"D","value":"L-异构体﹤D-异构体"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"苯硫磷和马拉硫磷的联合作用经等效应线图法评定,其交点位于95%可信限下限的连线之下,可判定其作用类型为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"独立作用"},{"key":"B","value":"协同作用"},{"key":"C","value":"拮抗作用"},{"key":"D","value":"相加作用"},{"key":"E","value":"增强作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"物种差异影响化合物的毒性的例子是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大鼠、小鼠、狗体内发生N-羟化,N-2-乙酰氨基芴与硫酸结合变成致癌物"},{"key":"B","value":"猴体内可发生N-羟化,N-2-乙酰氨基芴与硫酸结合变成致癌物"},{"key":"C","value":"家兔体内可发生N-羟化,N-2-乙酰氨基芴与硫酸结合变成致癌物"},{"key":"D","value":"豚鼠体内可发生N-羟化,N-2-乙酰氨基芴与硫酸结合变成致癌物"},{"key":"E","value":"猫体内可发生N-羟化,N-2-乙酰氨基芴与硫酸结合变成致癌物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"AS₂O₃细粉状的比粗粉状的毒性大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脂\/水分配系数与毒效应"},{"key":"B","value":"电离度与毒效应"},{"key":"C","value":"挥发度和蒸汽压与毒效应"},{"key":"D","value":"分散度与毒效应"},{"key":"E","value":"纯度与毒效应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毒理学一般将动物实验按染毒期限逐级分为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性、亚急性、亚慢性、慢性"},{"key":"B","value":"亚急性、急性、慢性、亚慢性"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性、亚慢性、急性、亚急性"},{"key":"D","value":"急性、慢性、亚急性、亚慢性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查毒理学对动物实验按染毒期限的分类。毒理学一般将动物实验按染毒期限逐级分为急性、亚急性、亚慢性、慢性(A对BCD错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项不是甲状腺激素的生物学作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提高大多数组织耗氧量"},{"key":"B","value":"促进糖原合成、抑制糖原分解"},{"key":"C","value":"促进脑的发育、生长"},{"key":"D","value":"刺激骨化中心发育和软骨骨化"},{"key":"E","value":"增加心脏做功"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于糖皮质激素的作用,下列哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进全身各部位的脂肪分解"},{"key":"B","value":"促进肝外组织蛋白分解"},{"key":"C","value":"促进糖异生"},{"key":"D","value":"促进肾保钠、保水"},{"key":"E","value":"减少外周组织对葡萄糖的利用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"甲状腺激素对下列哪个器官的发育最为重要","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝和肾"},{"key":"B","value":"肾和心"},{"key":"C","value":"骨和脑"},{"key":"D","value":"肝和脑"},{"key":"E","value":"心和脑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"血液中降钙素主要由哪种细胞产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛A细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"胰岛B细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺C细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状旁腺细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"小肠上部S细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"维生素D₃的最高活性形式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"24-(OH)D₃"},{"key":"B","value":"25-(OH)D₃"},{"key":"C","value":"1-(OH)D₃"},{"key":"D","value":"1,25-(OH)₂D₃"},{"key":"E","value":"24,25-(OH)₂D₃"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"甲状旁腺激素对血液中钙磷浓度的调节作用表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低血钙浓度,升高血磷浓度"},{"key":"B","value":"升高血钙浓度,降低血磷浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"升高血钙、血磷浓度"},{"key":"D","value":"降低血钙浓度,不影响血磷浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"升高血钙浓度,不影响血磷浓度"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"临床上测定基础代谢率,主要用来判断哪个器官的功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺"},{"key":"C","value":"胰腺"},{"key":"D","value":"心脏"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脏"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响能量代谢最主要的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒冷"},{"key":"B","value":"高温"},{"key":"C","value":"肌肉活动"},{"key":"D","value":"精神活动"},{"key":"E","value":"进食"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在测定基础代谢率时,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在清晨、卧床、醒来前进行"},{"key":"B","value":"无肌肉活动"},{"key":"C","value":"无精神紧张"},{"key":"D","value":"室温20~25℃"},{"key":"E","value":"测定前至少禁食12小时"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响皮肤辐射散热的主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环境温度"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤温度"},{"key":"C","value":"机体与环境之间的温差"},{"key":"D","value":"风速"},{"key":"E","value":"环境的湿度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于体温生理变动的叙述,下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变动范围无规律"},{"key":"B","value":"昼夜变动值大于2℃"},{"key":"C","value":"午后体温比清晨低"},{"key":"D","value":"女子排卵后,体温下降"},{"key":"E","value":"肌肉活动使体温增高"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"食物特殊动力作用效应最大的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪"},{"key":"C","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素"},{"key":"E","value":"混合食物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关基础代谢中的叙述哪一项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在基础状态下测定"},{"key":"B","value":"儿童高于成人"},{"key":"C","value":"反映人体最低的能量代谢水平"},{"key":"D","value":"临床常用相对值表示"},{"key":"E","value":"正常平均值相差±10%~±15%属于正常"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"发挥体温调定点作用的中枢部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑干网状结构"},{"key":"B","value":"下丘脑弓状核"},{"key":"C","value":"丘脑特异感觉接替核"},{"key":"D","value":"视前区-下丘脑前部"},{"key":"E","value":"延髓下部薄、楔束核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"基础代谢率的正常范围是不超过正常平均值的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"±5%~±10%"},{"key":"B","value":"±0%~±5%"},{"key":"C","value":"±10%~±15%"},{"key":"D","value":"±20%~±30%"},{"key":"E","value":"±30%~±40%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"N₂受体阻断剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六烃季铵"},{"key":"B","value":"十烃季铵"},{"key":"C","value":"筒箭毒碱"},{"key":"D","value":"酚妥拉明"},{"key":"E","value":"普萘洛尔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"丘脑的特异性投射系统的主要作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"协调肌紧张"},{"key":"B","value":"维持觉醒"},{"key":"C","value":"调节内脏功能"},{"key":"D","value":"引起特定感觉"},{"key":"E","value":"引起牵涉痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"降压反射的生理意义是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低动脉血压"},{"key":"B","value":"升高动脉血压"},{"key":"C","value":"减弱心血管活动"},{"key":"D","value":"增强心血管活动"},{"key":"E","value":"维持动脉血压相对稳定"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"抑制性突触后电位产生的离子机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Na⁺内流"},{"key":"B","value":"K⁺内流"},{"key":"C","value":"Ca²⁺内流"},{"key":"D","value":"Cl⁻内流"},{"key":"E","value":"K⁺外流"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脊休克产生的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"损伤性刺激对脊髓的抑制作用"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓中的反射中枢被破坏"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓失去了高位中枢的调节作用"},{"key":"D","value":"血压下降使脊髓缺血"},{"key":"E","value":"躯体感觉传入冲动受阻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下肾上腺素能系统结合相应递质后产生的生理作用不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瞳孔缩小"},{"key":"B","value":"心率加快"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌收缩力增强"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管平滑肌舒张"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状血管收缩"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"兴奋性突触后电位是由于突触后膜提高了对下列哪些离子的通透性而引起的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Cl⁻、Na⁺,尤其是Cl⁻"},{"key":"B","value":"Na\t⁺、K⁺,尤其是Na⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"K⁺、Na⁺,尤其是K⁺"},{"key":"D","value":"Ca²⁺、 Na⁺,尤其是Ca²⁺"},{"key":"E","value":"Ca²⁺、Na⁺,尤其是Na⁺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"古小脑(前庭小脑)主要","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与身体平衡功能有关"},{"key":"B","value":"与调节肌紧张有关"},{"key":"C","value":"与调节随意运动有关"},{"key":"D","value":"与内脏运动有关"},{"key":"E","value":"与内脏感觉有关"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于儿茶酚胺与α受体结合后产生的效应,下列哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠子宫收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"扩瞳肌收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"小肠平滑肌收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"竖毛肌收缩"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某患者,全身肌紧张增高,随意运动减少,动作缓慢,面部表情呆板。临床诊断为震颤麻痹。其病变主要位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑质"},{"key":"B","value":"红核"},{"key":"C","value":"小脑"},{"key":"D","value":"纹状体"},{"key":"E","value":"苍白球"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列刺激中哪项不易引起内脏痛","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切割"},{"key":"B","value":"牵拉"},{"key":"C","value":"缺血"},{"key":"D","value":"痉挛"},{"key":"E","value":"炎症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"腱反射是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"翻正反射"},{"key":"B","value":"防御反射"},{"key":"C","value":"牵张反射"},{"key":"D","value":"状态反射"},{"key":"E","value":"对侧伸肌反射"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"受交感神经支配的汗腺上的受体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α受体"},{"key":"B","value":"β受体"},{"key":"C","value":"β₂受体"},{"key":"D","value":"M受体"},{"key":"E","value":"N₁受体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于非特异性感觉投射系统的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"投射至皮质特定区域,具有点对点关系"},{"key":"B","value":"投射至皮质,产生特定感觉"},{"key":"C","value":"投射至皮质广泛区域,维持皮质的兴奋性"},{"key":"D","value":"被切断时,动物保持清醒状态"},{"key":"E","value":"受刺激时,动物处于昏睡状态"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"糖尿病病人多尿属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水利尿"},{"key":"B","value":"渗透性利尿"},{"key":"C","value":"尿崩症"},{"key":"D","value":"尿失禁"},{"key":"E","value":"尿潴留"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可致肾素分泌增多的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"入球小动脉血压降低"},{"key":"B","value":"交感神经活动降低"},{"key":"C","value":"血Na⁺降低"},{"key":"D","value":"血K⁺升高"},{"key":"E","value":"致密斑活动降低"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肌酐肾清除率的概念可定义为肾脏在单位时间内","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完全清除掉相当于若干毫升血浆中肌酐的能力"},{"key":"B","value":"清除一定体液中肌酐的能力"},{"key":"C","value":"清除血浆中一定量肌酐的能力"},{"key":"D","value":"清除血浆中肌酐到终尿中的能力"},{"key":"E","value":"完全清除掉一定容积血液中肌酐的能力"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某人红细胞与B型血的血清发生凝集,其血清与B型血的红细胞不凝集,此人的血型可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"A₁型"},{"key":"B","value":"B型"},{"key":"C","value":"AB型"},{"key":"D","value":"O型"},{"key":"E","value":"A₂型"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能增强抗凝血酶Ⅲ抗凝作用的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝素"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白质C"},{"key":"C","value":"凝血酶调制素"},{"key":"D","value":"组织因子途径抑制物"},{"key":"E","value":"α2-巨球蛋白"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"输血时主要考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"给血者红细胞不被受血者细胞所凝集"},{"key":"B","value":"给血者红细胞不被受血者血清所凝集"},{"key":"C","value":"给血者血浆不使受血者血浆发生凝集"},{"key":"D","value":"给血者血浆不使受血者红细胞凝集"},{"key":"E","value":"受血者红细胞不与其血浆发生凝集"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"小血管损伤后止血栓正确定位于损伤部位是由于血小板的哪种生理特性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸附"},{"key":"B","value":"黏附"},{"key":"C","value":"聚集"},{"key":"D","value":"收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"释放"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某患者血沉增快,若将该患者的红细胞置于正常人血浆中,则其血沉速度将","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正常"},{"key":"B","value":"下降"},{"key":"C","value":"增快"},{"key":"D","value":"先加快后下降"},{"key":"E","value":"先下降后加快"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项不是血浆蛋白的主要功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"运输物质"},{"key":"B","value":"参与机体的免疫"},{"key":"C","value":"缓冲pH值"},{"key":"D","value":"参与生理止血"},{"key":"E","value":"维持血浆晶体渗透压"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"内环境是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞外液"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞内液"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞内液和细胞外液"},{"key":"D","value":"血浆"},{"key":"E","value":"组织液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"释放组胺引起过敏症状的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜碱性粒细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"血小板"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"O型血的红细胞膜上含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"A抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"B抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"O抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"H抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"D抗原"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"细胞内液约占体重多少","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.2"},{"key":"B","value":"0.3"},{"key":"C","value":"0.4"},{"key":"D","value":"0.5"},{"key":"E","value":"0.6"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列参与体液调节过程的化学物质来源,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"5-羟色胺"},{"key":"D","value":"腺苷"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"兴奋性突触后电位是指突触后膜出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"极化"},{"key":"B","value":"去极化"},{"key":"C","value":"超极化"},{"key":"D","value":"反极化"},{"key":"E","value":"复极化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"葡萄糖顺浓度梯度跨膜转运依赖于细胞膜上的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脂质双分子"},{"key":"B","value":"紧密连接"},{"key":"C","value":"通道蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"载体蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"钠泵"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"记录神经纤维动作电位时,加入选择性离子通道阻断剂河豚毒,会出现什么结果","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静息电位变小"},{"key":"B","value":"静息电位变大"},{"key":"C","value":"除极相不出现"},{"key":"D","value":"超射不出现"},{"key":"E","value":"复极相延缓"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"蛙的有髓神经纤维动作电位的持续时间约为2ms,从理论上讲它1s内所产生的动作电位的次数不可能超过多少次","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100"},{"key":"B","value":"200"},{"key":"C","value":"300"},{"key":"D","value":"400"},{"key":"E","value":"500"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"神经细胞动作电位的幅度接近于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Na⁺平衡电位"},{"key":"B","value":"K⁺平衡电位"},{"key":"C","value":"Na⁺平衡电位与K⁺平衡电位之和"},{"key":"D","value":"Na⁺平衡电位与K⁺平衡电位之差"},{"key":"E","value":"超射值"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"神经纤维的跨膜电位从﹢30mV变为﹣70mV的过程是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"极化"},{"key":"B","value":"去极化"},{"key":"C","value":"超极化"},{"key":"D","value":"反极化"},{"key":"E","value":"复极化"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"动作电位到达轴突前膜引起递质释放与哪种离子的跨膜移动有关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ca²⁺内流"},{"key":"B","value":"Ca²⁺外流"},{"key":"C","value":"Na⁺内流"},{"key":"D","value":"Na⁺外流"},{"key":"E","value":"K⁺外流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有关静息电位的叙述,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由K⁺外流所致,相当于K⁺的平衡电位"},{"key":"B","value":"膜内电位较膜外为负"},{"key":"C","value":"各种细胞的静息电位数值是不相同的"},{"key":"D","value":"是指细胞安静时,膜内外电位差"},{"key":"E","value":"是指细胞安静时,膜外的电位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"动作电位产生过程中,膜内电位由负变正称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"极化"},{"key":"B","value":"去极化"},{"key":"C","value":"复极化"},{"key":"D","value":"超极化"},{"key":"E","value":"反极化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"细胞受刺激兴奋时,膜内电位负值减小称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"极化"},{"key":"B","value":"去极化"},{"key":"C","value":"复极化"},{"key":"D","value":"超极化"},{"key":"E","value":"反极化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"呼吸肌完全松弛时的肺容量等于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"余气量"},{"key":"B","value":"肺活量"},{"key":"C","value":"功能余气量"},{"key":"D","value":"用力肺活量"},{"key":"E","value":"肺泡通气量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关肺泡表面活性物质生理作用的叙述,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低肺泡表面张力"},{"key":"B","value":"稳定肺泡内压"},{"key":"C","value":"维持肺泡于适当的扩张状态"},{"key":"D","value":"维持肺的回缩力"},{"key":"E","value":"阻止血管内水分滤人肺泡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"PaCO₂升高时引起呼吸加深加快,接受刺激的主要部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动脉体和颈动脉体"},{"key":"B","value":"颈动脉体和主动脉弓"},{"key":"C","value":"颈动脉窦和主动脉体"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉弓和颈动脉窦"},{"key":"E","value":"中枢化学感受器"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞分泌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺泡表而活性物质"},{"key":"B","value":"肺泡表面液体薄层"},{"key":"C","value":"肺泡上皮细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"间质"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管基膜和内皮细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"反映单位时间内充分发挥全部通气能力所达到的通气量称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最大随意通气量"},{"key":"B","value":"肺泡通气量"},{"key":"C","value":"补呼气量"},{"key":"D","value":"肺活量"},{"key":"E","value":"深吸气量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肺换气时气体通过的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管"},{"key":"B","value":"细支气管"},{"key":"C","value":"肺泡壁"},{"key":"D","value":"肺泡小管"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸膜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于雌激素的生理作用,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进子宫发育"},{"key":"B","value":"促进水和钠的排泄"},{"key":"C","value":"促进输卵管发育"},{"key":"D","value":"促进骨钙沉积"},{"key":"E","value":"促进阴道上皮细胞增生"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"切除腺垂体后,其分泌受影响最小的激素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状旁腺激素"},{"key":"B","value":"生长激素"},{"key":"C","value":"糖皮质激索"},{"key":"D","value":"雌激素"},{"key":"E","value":"雄激素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"生长激素本身在垂体前叶合成的释放;垂体可以调控肾上腺皮质分泌糖皮质激素;垂体也可调控相关性腺分泌雌激素,雄激素。\n"} {"Question":"月经的发生是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌激素急剧减少"},{"key":"B","value":"孕激素急剧减少"},{"key":"C","value":"雌激素与孕激素都急剧减少"},{"key":"D","value":"前列腺素F2α减少"},{"key":"E","value":"缩官素急剧减少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吸收铁的主要部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃底部"},{"key":"B","value":"胃窦部"},{"key":"C","value":"小肠上部"},{"key":"D","value":"回肠"},{"key":"E","value":"结肠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"盐酸由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"壁细胞分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"主细胞分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"S细胞分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"I细胞分泌"},{"key":"E","value":"G细胞分泌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对于消化道平滑肌的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"兴奋性较高"},{"key":"B","value":"有节律性"},{"key":"C","value":"对电刺激不敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"富有延展性"},{"key":"E","value":"具有紧张性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于胃酸的生理作用的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激活胃蛋白酶原"},{"key":"B","value":"促进蛋白质变性,易于分解"},{"key":"C","value":"促进维生素B₁₂的吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"进入小肠后可促进胰液、胆汁和小肠液的分泌"},{"key":"E","value":"促进铁和钙的吸收"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列食物中,刺激胆汁分泌和排出作用最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高脂肪食物"},{"key":"B","value":"高蛋白食物"},{"key":"C","value":"高盐食物"},{"key":"D","value":"糖类食物"},{"key":"E","value":"混合性食物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列哪项可引起心率减慢","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"交感神经活动增强"},{"key":"B","value":"迷走神经活动增强"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺激素"},{"key":"E","value":"发热"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心脏正常起搏点位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结"},{"key":"B","value":"房室交界区"},{"key":"C","value":"心房"},{"key":"D","value":"心室末梢普肯耶纤维网"},{"key":"E","value":"心室"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下哪种细胞不是自律细胞","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结P细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"心房、心室肌细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"心室传导束的浦肯野细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"房结区细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"结希区细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心肌不产生完全强直收缩的原因是心肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为功能合胞体"},{"key":"B","value":"有自律性"},{"key":"C","value":"肌质网不发达"},{"key":"D","value":"呈全或无收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"有效不应期特别长"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主动脉瓣关闭主要是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心室肌收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"心房肌收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉瓣收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉压高于心室内压"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉压低于心室内压"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心室肌细胞动作电位1期复极主要是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"K⁺外流"},{"key":"B","value":"Cl⁻内流"},{"key":"C","value":"Na⁺内流"},{"key":"D","value":"Ca²⁺内流"},{"key":"E","value":"K⁺内流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于分析比较不同个体心功能的常用指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每分输出量"},{"key":"B","value":"心指数"},{"key":"C","value":"射血分数"},{"key":"D","value":"心脏作功量"},{"key":"E","value":"心力贮备"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"给家兔静脉小剂量的肾上腺素后,心率增快,心缩力增强,但平均动脉压变化不大,这是因为肾上腺素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强烈兴奋降压反射"},{"key":"B","value":"通过β受体扩张全身血管"},{"key":"C","value":"通过β受体扩张骨骼肌血管"},{"key":"D","value":"无缩血管效应"},{"key":"E","value":"不影响血管收缩"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"保证运动器官血液供应的重要机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心输出量增加"},{"key":"B","value":"循环血管增加"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉回流量增加"},{"key":"D","value":"各器官血流量的重新分配"},{"key":"E","value":"血压升高"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"心动周期的等容收缩期时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心房压﹤心室压"},{"key":"B","value":"心房压﹥心室压"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉压﹤心室压"},{"key":"D","value":"心房压﹥动脉压"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉压=心室压"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"自律性最高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结"},{"key":"B","value":"心房肌"},{"key":"C","value":"房室交界"},{"key":"D","value":"心室肌"},{"key":"E","value":"普肯耶纤维"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"静脉注射去甲肾上腺素后出现血压升高,心率减慢。心率减慢出现的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去甲肾上腺素对心脏的抑制作用"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素对血管的抑制作用"},{"key":"C","value":"减压反射活动减弱"},{"key":"D","value":"减压反射活动增强"},{"key":"E","value":"大脑皮质心血管活动中枢活动减弱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"女,35岁。转移性右下腹疼痛5天,伴畏寒、发热2天。查体:T38.5℃,P90次\/分,R21次\/分。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,心律齐,全腹肌紧张,有明显压痛和反跳痛,麦氏点压痛明显,肠鸣音消失,腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体,细菌培养结果最有可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"B","value":"溶血性链球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"变形杆菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者转移性右下腹疼痛,畏寒、发热,全腹肌紧张,有明显压痛和反跳痛,麦氏点压痛明显(阑尾炎特有体征),肠鸣音消失,提示阑尾炎(P372)。腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体,提示阑尾炎症扩散至腹腔,引发继发性腹膜炎,细菌培养结果最有可能为大肠埃希菌(A对)。"} {"Question":"急性阑尾炎患者,出现寒战、高热及巩膜黄染,最可能的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阑尾坏疽穿孔"},{"key":"B","value":"阑尾类癌"},{"key":"C","value":"形成阑尾周围脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"门静脉炎"},{"key":"E","value":"盲肠后位阑尾炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本急性阑尾炎患者出现寒战、高热及巩膜黄染(化脓性门静脉炎的临床表现),所以最可能的情况为并发化脓性门静脉炎(D对)。阑尾坏疽穿孔(A错)刚开始坏疽出现剧烈腹痛,穿孔后因阑尾腔压力剧减,腹痛可减轻。阑尾类癌(B错)少见,起病隐匿,几乎总是在阑尾切除时偶然发现。阑尾周围脓肿(C错)在体检时右下腹饱满,扪及一压痛性肿块,边界不清,位置固定。盲肠后位阑尾炎(E对)的临床症状体征轻,易误诊。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。转移性右下腹痛5天,加重伴畏寒、发热2天。查体:全腹肌紧张,有明显压痛和反跳痛,麦氏点压痛明显,肠鸣音消失。腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体,细菌培养结果最有可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"C","value":"变形杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"大肠埃希菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年女性患者,转移性右下腹痛,并伴畏寒、发热,查体可见全腹肌紧张、压痛、反跳痛(腹膜刺激征),麦氏点压痛明显,肠鸣音消失(提示急性阑尾炎),腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体(提示急性阑尾炎穿孔),结合患者病史、体查和腹腔穿刺检查,应诊断为急性阑尾炎穿孔。阑尾穿孔后,肠道内常驻菌群进入腹腔可导致继发性腹膜炎。由于胃肠道内的常驻菌群以大肠杆菌最常见,故腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体的细菌培养结果最有可能是大肠埃希菌(E对),而粪链球菌(A错)和变形杆菌(C错)相对较少见。铜绿假单胞菌(B错)、金黄色葡萄球菌(D错)不是肠道内的常驻菌,因此腹腔穿刺液培养不会出现上述两种细菌。"} {"Question":"女,22岁,突发腹痛12小时。腹痛呈持续性,先以脐部为主,后固定于右下腹,逐渐加重,伴恶心,无呕吐。查体:T37.5℃,P100次/分,R22次/分,BP110\/70mmHg。痛苦面容,双肺未闻及啰音,心律齐。腹软,右下腹压痛,无反跳痛,Murphy征阴性,肝脾肋下未触及,肠鸣音减弱。血常规:Hb120g\/L,WBC13×10⁹\/L,N0.85,Plt200×10⁹\/L。拟行手术治疗。如腰大肌试验阳性,则术中阑尾最可能的位置是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盆位"},{"key":"B","value":"回肠前位"},{"key":"C","value":"盲肠后位"},{"key":"D","value":"盲肠下位"},{"key":"E","value":"回肠后位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性患者,突发腹痛12小时。腹痛呈持续性,先以脐部为主,后固定于右下腹(转移性右下腹疼痛为急性阑尾炎的典型表现),逐渐加重,伴恶心,无呕吐。查体:T37.5℃(正常值36.0℃~37.0℃),P100次/分,R22次/分,BP110\/70mmHg。痛苦面容,双肺未闻及啰音,心律齐。腹软,右下腹压痛,无反跳痛,Murphy征阴性,肝脾肋下未触及,肠鸣音减弱。血常规:Hb120g\/L,WBC13×10⁹\/L((4~10)×10⁹\/L),N0.85(正常值0.50~0.75),Plt200×10⁹\/L(100~300×10⁹\/L)。结合患者症状、体征和影像学检查,该患者最可能的诊断是急性阑尾炎,如腰大肌试验阳性,则术中阑尾最可能的位置是盲肠后位(C对)。阑尾尖端指向有回肠前位、盆位、盲肠后位、盲肠下位、盲肠外侧位和回肠后位六种类型。腰大肌试验阳性时,提示阑尾炎位置较深或在盲肠后位靠近腰大肌处,或炎症已波及腰大肌。闭孔内肌试验阳性即病人仰卧,右髋和右大腿屈曲,被动内旋时右下腹疼痛,提示阑尾的位置是盆位(A错)。而阑尾位于盲肠下位(D错)、回肠前位(B错)和回肠后位(E错)时,较难通过辅助试验判断阑尾的位置。"} {"Question":"女,43岁。右下腹持续性疼痛5天,伴恶心、呕吐,呕出物为胃内容物。体温38.5℃。体检发现右下腹5cm×5cm大小肿块,触痛明显。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪块所致肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"盲肠肿瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"急性化脓性阑尾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"阑尾周围脓肿"},{"key":"E","value":"盲肠扭转"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"女,43岁(患者为中年女性)。右下腹持续性疼痛5天(考虑阑尾、盲肠等器官疾病),伴恶心、呕吐,呕出物为胃内容物(肠道炎症状,无特异性)。体温38.5℃(考虑为炎症性疾病)。体检发现右下腹5cm×5cm大小肿块,触痛明显(考虑是否为脓肿)。综合患者的病史、症状、体征等,最可能的诊断是阑尾周围脓肿(D对)。当急性阑尾炎出现化脓或穿孔,如果此过程进展较慢,大网膜可移至右下腹部,将阑尾包裹并形成粘连,形成炎性肿块或阑尾周围脓肿(P371)。粪块所致肠梗阻(A错)好发于老年人,主要表现为机械性肠梗阻的痛、吐、胀、停止排气排便的症状;盲肠肿瘤(B错)好发于老年人,主要表现为全身症状、贫血、腹部肿块等症状;另外以上两种疾病不会出现全身性炎症以及肠道炎症状,右下腹亦可触及包块,但不会有触痛。急性化脓性阑尾炎(C错)表现为典型右下腹转移性疼痛,但除非进展为阑尾周围脓肿,否则右下腹不能触及炎症肿块。盲肠扭转(E错)极少发生,这是因为盲肠由后腹膜固定,活动度小。"} {"Question":"关于小儿急性阑尾炎,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病情发展快且重"},{"key":"B","value":"右下腹体征明显"},{"key":"C","value":"穿孔率达30%"},{"key":"D","value":"并发症及死亡率较高"},{"key":"E","value":"宜早期手术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"小儿阑尾腔相对较大而壁较薄,肌层组织和大网膜均未发育成熟,一旦感染,病情发展快且重(A对),极易发生坏疽、穿孔,穿孔率可达30%(C对),但右下腹体征不明显、不典型(B错,为本题正确答案);另一方面,小儿抗病能力明显差于成人,因此术后并发症和死亡率较高(D对)。综上,小儿急性阑尾炎病情重、发展快,体征不典型,并发症和死亡率高,因此宜早期手术治疗(E对)。"} {"Question":"急性阑尾炎手术治疗后最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阑尾残株炎"},{"key":"B","value":"粘连性肠梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"切口感染"},{"key":"D","value":"出血"},{"key":"E","value":"粪瘘"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"切口感染(C对)是最常见的术后并发症,在急性化脓性或穿孔性阑尾炎中多见。阑尾残株炎(A错)指阑尾残端保留过长超过1厘米时,或者肠石残留,术后残株可炎症复发,仍表现为阑尾炎的症状,也偶见术中未能切除病变阑尾,而将其遗留,术后炎症复发。粘连性肠梗阻(B错)也是阑尾切除术后的较常见并发症,与局部炎症重、手术损伤、切口异物、术后卧床等多种原因有关。阑尾系膜的结扎松脱会引起系膜血管出血(D错),表现为腹痛、腹胀和失血性休克等症状。粪瘘(E错)很少见,产生术后粪瘘的原因有多种,阑尾残端单纯结扎,其结扎线脱落;盲肠原为结核、癌症等;盲肠组织水肿脆弱术中缝合时裂伤。"} {"Question":"当阑尾血运障碍时,易导致其坏死的解剖学特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阑尾淋巴组织丰富"},{"key":"B","value":"阑尾体积小"},{"key":"C","value":"阑尾动脉为无侧支终末动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"阑尾腔小"},{"key":"E","value":"阑尾开口小"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阑尾动脉是回结肠动脉的分支,是一种无侧支的终末动脉,这一解剖学特点使阑尾发生血运障碍时,易导致其缺血坏死(C对)。阑尾丰富的淋巴组织增生(A错)、阑尾体积小(B错)、阑尾腔小(D错)、阑尾开口小(E错)等为阑尾管腔容易发生堵塞的解剖学基础,而阑尾腔堵塞是急性阑尾炎的最常见原因。"} {"Question":"造成阑尾管腔阻塞从而诱发急性阑尾炎的最常见原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阑尾肿瘤压迫"},{"key":"B","value":"食物残渣进入阑尾管腔"},{"key":"C","value":"阑尾壁淋巴滤泡增生"},{"key":"D","value":"蛔虫进入阑尾管腔"},{"key":"E","value":"粪石阻塞管腔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阑尾管腔阻塞是急性阑尾炎最常见的病因,且造成阑尾官腔阻塞的最常见的原因是阑尾壁淋巴滤泡增生(C对)。阑尾肿瘤压迫(A错)、食物残渣进入阑尾管腔(B错)、蛔虫进入阑尾管腔(D错)、粪石阻塞管腔(E错)则是较少见的病因。"} {"Question":"指检可触及表面光滑,且圆软的肿物,可推动,考虑诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直肠癌"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠息肉"},{"key":"C","value":"内痔"},{"key":"D","value":"肛瘘"},{"key":"E","value":"肛裂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"指检可触及表面光滑,且圆软的重物,可推动,考虑诊断为直肠息肉(B对)。指诊时触及坚硬凹凸不平的包块应考虑直肠癌(A错)。内痔多较柔软不易扪及,除非有血栓形成(C错)。能够扪到硬结样内口及条索样瘘管为肛瘘(D错)。指诊时有强烈触痛的考虑为肛裂(E对)。"} {"Question":"男,52岁。近2个月来排便次数增多,有肛门坠胀感及排便不尽感粪便变细,常有粘液血便,直肠指检发现肿块,体重下降。若经病理检查证实为直肠腺癌,肿瘤下缘距肛门约10cm,肿块直径约4cm。最佳手术方式应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Miles手术"},{"key":"B","value":"乙状结肠造口术"},{"key":"C","value":"Hartmann手术"},{"key":"D","value":"Dixon手术"},{"key":"E","value":"局部切除"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者老年男性,近2个月来排便次数增多,有肛门坠胀感及排便不尽感(直肠刺激症状)粪便变细(提示肠腔狭窄),常有粘液血便(提示癌肿破溃出血),直肠指检发现肿块(60%~70%的直肠癌能在指诊时触及),体重下降(提示消耗性疾病),综上考虑诊断为直肠癌。肛管上至齿状线,下至肛门缘,长约1.5~2cm,患者肿瘤下缘距肛门约10cm,距齿状线5cm以上,适用Dixon手术(D对)。Mils手术(A错)适用于距肛门5cm内的直肠癌。乙状结肠造口术(B错)主要适用直肠癌合并肠梗阻的一期急诊处理。Hartmann手术(C错)适用于因全身一般情况差不能耐受Mils手术或者急性梗阻不宜行Dixon手术的直肠癌病人。局部切除(E错)适用于早期瘤体小、T1、分化程度高的直肠癌。"} {"Question":"肛门检查触及到黏膜外条索状肿物,质地稍硬,固定,最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肛裂"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠癌"},{"key":"C","value":"肛瘘"},{"key":"D","value":"内痔"},{"key":"E","value":"直肠息肉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肛诊检查触及到黏膜外条索状肿物,质硬、固定,位于肠腔内,考虑肛瘘(C对)。肛裂行肛指检查时,常引起剧烈疼痛,退出可见手套染血(A错)。直肠癌在肛管或示指可及的直肠可扪及高低不平的硬结,不规则肿物(B错)。内痔一般柔软不易扪及(D错)。直肠息肉肛指检查扪及质软可推动的的圆形肿块(E错)。"} {"Question":"肛门肿物,排便时反复突出,可自行回纳,下列分级正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1级"},{"key":"B","value":"2级"},{"key":"C","value":"3级"},{"key":"D","value":"4级"},{"key":"E","value":"5级"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者肛门肿物,排便时反复突出(均内痔的主要临床表现),可自行回纳(便后自行回纳符合内痔分度2级),根据患者的临床表现可判断为2级(B对ACDE错)。内痔的分度:Ⅰ度:便时带血、滴血或手纸带血,便后出血可自行停止,无痔脱出;Ⅱ度:排便时有痔脱出,便后可自行还纳,可伴出血;Ⅲ度:排便或久站、咳嗽、劳累、负重时痔脱出肛门外,需用手辅助还纳,可伴出血;Ⅳ度:痔脱出不能还纳或还纳后又脱出,可伴出血。"} {"Question":"男性矿工,井下作业时发生塌方砸伤背部,当即倒于地上,下肢无力不能行走,立即来诊。检查见胸腰段后凸畸形并压痛,双下肢不全瘫。感觉异常平面位于双侧腹股沟水平。如果伤后病人腹胀、腹痛、大便秘结,可能是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾脏损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"便道损伤"},{"key":"E","value":"腹膜后血肿刺激"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者背部砸伤后胸腰段后凸畸形、压痛,双下肢不全瘫痪,提示患者胸腰段骨折,脊髓受压。患者感觉异常平面位于双侧腹股沟水平,提示骨折平面位于T12水平,该段脊柱骨折损伤腹膜后大血管常可引起腹膜后血肿,腹膜后血肿可压迫、刺激结肠,从而出现腹胀、腹痛、大便秘结等表现。综上,伤后病人腹胀、腹痛、大便秘结,可能是由于腹膜后血肿刺激(E对)所致。肾脏损伤(P523)(A错)主要临床表现为血尿、疼痛、腰腹部肿块、发热;直肠损伤(P327)(B错)以腹膜炎或血液从肛门排出、尿液中有粪便残渣、尿液从肛门排出为主要表现;膀胱损伤(P527)(C错)主要表现为腹痛、排尿困难、血尿、尿瘘,上述损伤均不会出现腹胀、大便秘结的表现。查阅相关资料,未见有便道损伤(D错)这一诊断。"} {"Question":"腹部闭合性损伤患者伴休克,腹部穿刺抽出不凝血。在尚未手术前应采用的最主要的治疗环节是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保持安静"},{"key":"B","value":"止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"防治休克"},{"key":"D","value":"胃肠减压"},{"key":"E","value":"应用抗生素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腹腔穿刺抽出不凝血,提示实质性器官破裂出血,而且患者已出现休克,应立即手术剖腹探查。术前最主要的治疗是积极扩容,防治休克(C对),为手术争取时间。保持安静(A错)、胃肠减压(D错)为一般辅助治疗,不是患者最主要的治疗环节。对尚未明确诊断的腹部损伤患者,禁忌使用吗啡等止痛药物(B错),以免掩盖病情,延误诊断和治疗。"} {"Question":"腹部脏器中最容易受损伤的器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"脾"},{"key":"C","value":"胰"},{"key":"D","value":"肾"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹部脏器中最容易受损伤的器官是脾(B对),脾脏损伤约占腹部损伤的40%~50%。肝脏损伤(A错)在腹部损伤中约占20%~30%。在腹部开放性损伤中,常见的受损脏器依次为肝、小肠、胃、结肠、大血管等;在腹部闭合性损伤中,常见的受损脏器依次为脾、肾(D错)、小肠、肝等。胰腺(C错)、膀胱(E错)等由于解剖位置较深,损伤发生率较低。"} {"Question":"脾破裂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左肩放射性痛"},{"key":"B","value":"尿淀粉酶升高"},{"key":"C","value":"膈下游离气体"},{"key":"D","value":"腹膜后积气"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部外伤后直肠指检指套染血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脾破裂时可出现左肩放射痛(A对)。尿淀粉酶(B错)升高多见于急性胰腺炎;膈下游离气体(C错)见于消化道穿孔;腹膜后积气(D错)见于十二指肠损伤;直肠破裂可出现腹部外伤后直肠指检指套染血(E错)。"} {"Question":"结肠破裂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹膜炎出现早"},{"key":"B","value":"腹膜炎严重,呈板状腹"},{"key":"C","value":"腹膜炎出现较晚,但较重"},{"key":"D","value":"腹膜炎出现较晚且较轻"},{"key":"E","value":"无腹膜刺激征"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"由于结肠内容物液体成分少而细菌含量多,因此结肠破裂后,腹膜炎出现得较晚,但较重(C对)。腹膜炎出现早(A错)为小肠损伤(P326)的特点。腹膜炎严重,呈板状腹(B错)为胃穿孔的特点。腹膜炎出现较晚且较轻(D错)为胰腺损伤(P325)的特点。腹膜刺激征可见于大多数腹部闭合性损伤的患者(E错)。"} {"Question":"一男性受到腹部闭合性损伤后出现腹部压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张,行腹部探查,术中依次探查肝、脾、膈均无损伤或出血,继续探查,应首先探查的脏器是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰腺"},{"key":"B","value":"胃"},{"key":"C","value":"直肠"},{"key":"D","value":"十二指肠"},{"key":"E","value":"空肠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该男性受到腹部闭合性损伤,出现腹部压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张(考虑腹膜炎体征),如果没有腹腔内大出血,则应对腹腔脏器进行系统、有序的探查,做到既不遗漏伤情,又避免不必要的重复探查。术中已对肝、脾、膈探查均无出血,接着从胃(B对)开始,逐段探查十二指肠(D错)第一段、空肠(E错)、回肠、大肠(C错)以及其系膜,然后探查盆腔脏器,再后则切开胃结肠韧带显露网膜袋,检查胃后壁和胰腺(A错);如有必要,最后还应切开后腹膜探查十二指肠二、三、四段。探查过程中发现的出血性损伤或脏器破裂,应随时进行止血或夹闭破口。"} {"Question":"腹部损伤有腹内脏器损伤时,诊断性腹腔穿刺的诊断阳性率至少可达","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5"},{"key":"B","value":"0.8"},{"key":"C","value":"0.9"},{"key":"D","value":"0.7"},{"key":"E","value":"0.6"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腹腔内脏器损伤时,诊断性腹腔穿刺是最有价值的检查方法,其诊断阳性率至少可达90%(C对),对判断哪类脏器损伤具有重要参考价值。"} {"Question":"女性,50岁,3个月前被自行车把撞伤上腹部,近3周来上腹隆起,进食后上腹胀满伴恶心、呕吐,查体:上腹部扪及18cm×13cm囊性肿块,钡餐透视见横结肠下移。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰腺囊腺瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"腹膜后血肿"},{"key":"C","value":"假性胰腺囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"肠系膜囊肿"},{"key":"E","value":"脾包膜下血肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年女性患者,上腹部自行车把撞伤史(自行车把伤、方向盘伤为胰腺损伤的常见原因),近3周出现进食后上腹胀满,伴恶心、呕吐,上腹部可扪及囊性肿块,钡餐透视见横结肠下移(提示假性胰腺囊肿),结合患者病史、体查和影像学检查,最可能的诊断为胰腺假性囊肿(C对)。假性胰腺囊肿多继发于胰腺损伤和胰腺炎,主要表现为上腹逐渐膨隆,腹胀,压迫邻近的胃、结肠可出现恶心、呕吐,影响进食。胰腺囊腺瘤(A错)、肠系膜囊肿(D错)临床均较少见,与胰腺外伤无关。腹膜后血肿(B错)多继发于骨盆及脊柱骨折,常无典型临床表现,查体肿块不易触及。脾包膜下血肿(E错)多表现为失血症状,包块位于左上腹。"} {"Question":"处理外伤性直肠损伤选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一期修补"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠切除后吻合"},{"key":"C","value":"乙状结肠造瘘,2~3月后处理"},{"key":"D","value":"观察2日"},{"key":"E","value":"生理盐水冲洗,待其自行吻合"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"直肠内容物液体成分少而细菌含量多,因此直肠损伤后应妥善处理,以避免引起严重的并发症。直肠损伤的处理原则是早期彻底清创(D错),修补破损的直肠或切除后端端吻合,同时行乙状结肠造瘘、直肠周围间隙引流,以预防感染,2~3月后再闭合造口(C对B错)。部分腹膜反折线以上的直肠损伤患者,若全身和局部情况良好,破口可一期修补,不做近端造口(A错)。由于直肠部位细菌量多、污染较重,仅用生理盐水冲洗不能彻底清创,伤口不仅不能自行愈合,且易引发严重感染(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,58岁。反复腹胀、尿少、双下肢水肿2年,加重伴腹痛1周。口服螺内酯及呋塞米后尿量无明显增加。慢性乙型肝炎病史15年。腹腔穿刺抽出淡黄色腹水,腹水白细胞750×10⁶\/L,中性粒细胞580×10⁶\/L。以下治疗措施中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹水浓缩回输"},{"key":"B","value":"应用广谱抗生素"},{"key":"C","value":"限制钠盐摄入"},{"key":"D","value":"补充白蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔穿刺放液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,慢性乙型肝炎病史15年(肝硬化的高危因素),尿少、双下肢水肿2年(低白蛋白血症→血浆胶体渗透压下降→毛细血管内液体漏入组织间隙),反复腹胀2年、加重伴腹痛1周、口服螺内酯及呋塞米后尿量无明显增加(顽固性腹水并发感染的常见表现)。腹腔穿刺抽出淡黄色腹水(漏出液为淡黄色,浆液性;渗出液可为血性、脓性、乳糜性等,提示为漏出液),腹水白细胞750×10⁶\/L(漏出液常<100×10⁶\/L,渗出液常>500×10⁶\/L,提示为渗出液),判断腹水性质介于渗、漏出性之间(自发性腹膜炎腹水的性质),中性粒细胞580×10⁶\/L(约占白细胞总数0.77,正常值0.5~0.75,提示炎症感染)。结合患者病史及腹穿,考虑肝硬化合并自发性腹膜炎。对肝硬化腹水的治疗应在限制水及钠盐摄入(C对)的前提下使用利尿剂治疗,一般联合使用保钾及排钾利尿。在利尿效果不满意时,可酌情补充白蛋白(D对),有利于减轻腹水;亦可直接腹腔穿刺放液(E对)可迅速缓解症状。自发性腹膜炎时选用肝毒性小、主要针对革兰阴性杆菌并兼顾革兰阳性球菌的广谱抗生素(B对)。腹水浓缩回输可增加血容量,抑制抗利尿激素,促进腹水消退,同时避免了外源性蛋白的应用,节省治疗费用,适用于治疗顽固性腹水。患者已出现自发性腹膜炎,腹水中存在病原菌,治疗时不应进行腹水浓缩回输(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"对判断肝硬化患者预后意义不大的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹水"},{"key":"B","value":"白蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"血清电解质"},{"key":"D","value":"凝血酶原时间"},{"key":"E","value":"肝性脑病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"临床上,通常用肝功Child-Pugh评分对肝硬化患者预后进行评估。观测指标包括腹水(A错)、胆红素、白蛋白(B错)、PT(凝血酶原时间)(D错)、肝性脑病(E错):腹水是肝功能减退和门静脉高压的共同结果(P407);胆红素可反映肝细胞损伤或胆汁淤积;白蛋白仅由肝细胞合成,绝大部分凝血因子在肝脏合成,二者可反映肝脏合成功能;肝性脑病是肝硬化最严重的并发症。血清电解质(C对)仅可反映机体内环境的变化,对于判断肝硬化患者预后的意义不大。"} {"Question":"男,44岁。右上腹胀痛3天。伴寒战、高热(39.2℃),食欲不振,乏力。右上腹皮肤有凹陷性水肿。肝肋下5cm,有压痛。血WBC19×10⁹\/L,N0.92。B超示右肝内多个2~3cm大小的液性暗区。X线片示右膈肌升高,肝阴影增大。抗感染治疗主要针对的细菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产气荚膜梭菌"},{"key":"B","value":"无芽孢厌氧菌"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"肉毒梭菌"},{"key":"E","value":"志贺菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,症状:右上腹胀痛,伴寒战、高热,食欲不振,乏力。体征:右上腹皮肤有凹陷性水肿。肝肋下5cm,有压痛。实验室检查:血WBC19×10⁹\/L,N0.92。B超示右肝内多个2~3cm大小的液性暗区。X线片示右膈肌升高,肝阴影增大。提示为肝脓肿。细菌性肝脓肿的细菌侵入途径除败血症外,可由腹腔内感染直接蔓延所引起,亦可因脐部感染经脐血管,门静脉而入肝脏。引起细菌性肝脓肿的主要菌类为大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、无芽孢厌氧链球菌(B对)、类杆菌属等。"} {"Question":"符合肝硬化门静脉高压的腹腔积液特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清腹水白蛋白梯度>11g\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"AFP升高"},{"key":"C","value":"ADA升高"},{"key":"D","value":"白细胞300×10⁶\/L,中性粒细胞居多"},{"key":"E","value":"找到异型细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹腔积液形成的机制涉及:1、门静脉高压,腹腔内脏血管床静水压增高,组织液回吸收减少而涌入腹腔,是腹腔积液形成的决定性因素;2、低清蛋白血症,清蛋白低于30g\/L时,血浆胶体渗透压降低,毛细血管内液体涌入腹腔或组织间隙(A对)。"} {"Question":"乙型肝炎后肝硬化的主要合并症不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝癌"},{"key":"B","value":"门静脉高压症"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成"},{"key":"D","value":"肝功能衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肝静脉血栓形成"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"HBV感染→慢性肝炎→肝硬化→肝癌是病情发展的一般规律,故乙型肝炎后肝硬化可合并肝癌(A对)。乙型肝炎后肝硬化可导致窦后阻塞,引起门静脉高压症(B对)。乙型肝炎后肝硬化可并发门静脉血栓形成,肠系膜上静脉属门静脉(C对)。乙型肝炎后肝硬化可表现为肝功能减退,进行性发展则可并发肝功能衰竭(D对)。肝静脉血栓形成(E错,为本题正确答案)见于布-加综合征。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁。发现肝硬化已5年。3天前与朋友聚餐时出现呕血,鲜红色,量约1000ml.患者出现头晕心慌出冷汗等。经输血补液和应用止血药物治疗后病情好转,血压和心率恢复正常。1天前起出现睡眠障碍。并出现幻听和言语不清。化验检查示:血氨130μg\/dl,血糖5.6mmol\/L,尿素氮7.2mmol\/L。首先考虑的治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"应用降氨药物"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛素治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"血液透析治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"应用镇静药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者考虑诊断为肝性脑病。氨中毒是肝性脑病的重要发病机制,故患者首选降氨药物(B对)降低血氨、减轻脑水肿。抗生素治疗(A错)可抑制肠道产尿素酶细菌,减少氨的生成,属于降氨药物的一种。胰岛素(C错)用于糖尿病及其并发症的治疗。血液透析(D错)用于尿毒症及中毒的治疗。应用镇静药物(E错)可诱发、加重肝性脑病。"} {"Question":"男,42岁,呕吐、腹泻两天,意识模糊、烦躁不安半天急诊入院。查体:BP110\/70mmHg,神志恍惚,巩膜中度黄染,颈部可见数枚蜘蛛痣,心肺未见异常,腹软,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm,双上肢散在出血点,Hb90g\/L,WBC3.2×10⁹\/L,血糖7.0mmol\/L,尿糖(+),尿酮(-)尿镜检(-)。对此患者的治疗,下列各项中不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"禁食蛋白质"},{"key":"B","value":"口服乳果糖"},{"key":"C","value":"静滴精氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"肥皂水灌肠"},{"key":"E","value":"补充支链氨基酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,巩膜中度黄染、颈部可见数枚蜘蛛痣、双上肢散在出血点(肝功能减退的表现),脾肋下3cm(脾肿大,门静脉高压的表现),提示患者有肝硬化。患者呕吐、腹泻两天(肝硬化引起肝性脑病的诱因),意识模糊、烦躁不安(肝性脑病的表现)半天。综合患者的病史、临床表现、查体检查,可初步诊断为肝性脑病。肝性脑病最主要的发病机制为氨中毒。肥皂水(D错,为本题正确答案)多为碱性溶液,可增加肠道氨的吸收,加重肝性脑病。禁食蛋白质(A对)可以减少氨的产生;口服乳果糖(B对)可减少氨的产生和吸收;静滴精氨酸(C对)理论上有降血氨作用。补充支链氨基酸(E对)可减少假性神经递质的产生,有利于正常的神经传导,缓解病情。"} {"Question":"原发性肝癌定位诊断下述哪个方面最敏感","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线肝血管造影"},{"key":"B","value":"CT肝动脉碘油造影"},{"key":"C","value":"CT肝动脉造影"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性核素肝显像"},{"key":"E","value":"X线门静脉造影"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"CT肝动脉碘油造影(八年制八版外科学第二版P620)(B对)是在肝动脉内注入碘化油后再行CT检查,显示直径仅2mm的微小肝癌,因此对原发性肝癌的定位诊断最敏感。"} {"Question":"肝硬化门静脉高压最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自发性细菌性腹膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"原发性肝癌"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"消化道出血"},{"key":"E","value":"肝性脑病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"门静脉系统的胃冠状静脉在食管下段和胃底处,与腔静脉系统的食管静脉、奇静脉相吻合,形成食管胃底静脉曲张。其破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压最常见的并发症(D对)。自发性细菌性腹膜炎、原发性肝癌、肝肾综合征、肝性脑病皆为肝硬化的并发症,但不是最常见的并发症(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"女性,16岁。因食过多桔子造成血中胡萝卜素增高,患者出现的皮肤粘膜黄染,首先常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手掌、足底"},{"key":"B","value":"巩膜"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔粘膜"},{"key":"D","value":"躯干"},{"key":"E","value":"耳后"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胡萝卜素增高首先出现在手掌、足底、前额(A对)。黄疸常首先出现在巩膜,长期服用含有黄色素的药物常首先出现在皮肤。"} {"Question":"细菌性肝脓肿鉴别诊断中,有无Charcot三联征主要用于鉴别","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胆管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米巴肝脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性肝癌"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"E","value":"右膈下脓肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"细菌性肝脓肿主要应与阿米巴性肝脓肿鉴别(P415表38-2)。细菌性肝脓肿:继发于胆道感染或其他化脓性疾病,多有糖尿病病史,病情急骤严重,全身中毒症症状明显,有寒战、高热,部分病人可有黄疸。阿米巴性肝脓肿(B错):继发于阿米巴痢疾后,起病较缓慢,病程较长,可有高热,或不规则发热、盗汗,黄疸少见。急性胆管炎(A对)特有体征:Charcot三联征(高热,腹痛,黄疸)(P446)。原发性肝癌(C错):有肝炎等肝病病史,甲胎蛋白(AFP) ≥400ng\/ml,超声、CT或MRI检查发现肝实质性肿块(P418)。急性胆囊炎(D错)特有体征:Murphy征阳性(P443)。右膈下脓肿(E错):可由肝右叶脓肿穿破肝包膜形成(P415),X线透视可见病侧膈肌升高,随呼吸活动受限或消失,肋膈角模糊、积液。X线平片显示胸膜反应、胸腔积液、肺下叶部分不张等;膈下可见占位阴影(P333)。"} {"Question":"(129~130题共用题干)男,55岁。慢性乙型肝炎病史15年,乏力、间断下肢水肿5年。腹泻4天,发热、腹胀、尿少3天。查体:全腹压痛,移动性浊音阳性。最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾功能衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"结核性腹膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"自发性腹膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肝癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者慢性乙型肝炎病史15年(肝硬化的最常见病因),腹泻4天,发热、腹胀、尿少3天(低热、腹胀或腹水持续不减为自发性细菌性腹膜炎临床表现),查体:全腹压痛,移动性浊音阳性(出现腹水,肝硬化患者出现腹水后容易导致自发性细菌性腹膜炎)。由于该患者尚未进行细菌检查,结合该患者的病史、临床表现和查体,可初步诊断为自发性腹膜炎(D对)。急性细菌性痢疾(A错)典型的临床表现是脓血便和里急后重,可伴头痛乏力。急性肾功能衰竭(P511-P512)(B错)现称为急性肾损伤,临床病程可分为起始期(高血压、缺血、脓毒血症等)、维持期(恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难、咳嗽、意识障碍)和恢复期。结核性腹膜炎(P370)(C错)患者多有结核病史,表现为结核毒血症,腹部触诊常有揉面感,脐周可触及腹部肿块。肝癌(P416)(E错)的临床表现是肝区疼痛、肝大、黄疸、肝硬化征象、全身症状和伴癌综合症。"} {"Question":"男,42岁。寒战、发热5天,右季肋部痛2天,疼痛于深呼吸及咳嗽时加重。查体:巩膜轻度黄染,肝肋下2cm,Murphy征阴性,肝区叩击痛阳性。胸部X线片:右侧膈肌抬高,肋脊角消失。肝脏B超:肝右叶可见6cm×5cm低回声区,边界欠清晰,中心有液性暗区。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肝结核"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性胸膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肝癌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年患者,寒战、发热(感染症状),肝区叩击痛,肝肋下2cm(肝大),B超示肝右叶液性暗区(脓肿形成)。结合临床表现及相应检查,首先考虑的诊断是肝脓肿(B对)。肺炎(A错)不会出现巩膜轻度黄染(黄疸)及肝区积液。肝结核(C错)常为全身性结核病的一部分,应有结核病史。结核性胸膜炎(D错)一般同时有全身性的结核病表现,且不会造成肝区积液。肝癌(E错)很少表现出急性的高热寒战等症状,且B超检查不应有液性暗区。"} {"Question":"有关AFP升高的临床意义,下列哪项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"AFP>200μg\/L时可诊断肝细胞癌"},{"key":"B","value":"肝转移癌患者AFP常显著增高"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功异常伴有AFP增高常提示合并肝癌"},{"key":"D","value":"消化道其它肿瘤AFP不会升高"},{"key":"E","value":"肝细胞癌术后AFP又升高提示复发"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"AFP(甲胎蛋白)是诊断肝细胞癌特异性的标志物,现已广泛用于肝癌的普查、诊断、判断治疗效果及预测复发。生殖腺胚胎肿瘤和消化道其它肿瘤(如胃癌、胰腺癌等)AFP含量也可升高(D错)。当排除以上肿瘤时,AFP>200μg\/L,持续8周,结合影像学及肝功能变化作综合分析或动态观察,可诊断是否为肝细胞癌(A错)。肝细胞癌术后AFP又升高提示复发(E对)。原发性肝癌患者AFP常显著增高,肝转移癌(继发性肝癌)患者AFP检测一般为阴性(B错)。肝功能异常伴有AFP增高可分为两种情况:①AFP和ALT(丙氨酸氨基转移酶)平行或同步升高或ALT持续增高至正常的数倍,则肝炎的可能性大;②AFP持续升高,而ALT不升高,常提示合并肝癌(C错)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。肝区疼痛3个月,无发热。右肋下触及肝脏,质硬,表面有直径5cm结节,无触痛。既往慢性乙型病毒性肝炎病史10年。为确认诊断最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部CT"},{"key":"B","value":"穿刺活检"},{"key":"C","value":"选择性肝动脉造影"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部MRI"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年患者,10年乙肝病史,肝区疼痛,肝大质硬有结节,结合病史及临床表现,考虑为原发性肝癌。穿刺活检(B对)可直接观察细胞、组织病变,具有确诊意义。腹部CT(A错)和MRI(E错)对肝脏恶性病变诊断价值相仿,可明确病变部位大小,但无法确诊。选择性肝动脉造影(C错)准确率比CT或MRI更高,但是是创伤性检查,会给病人带来一定痛苦甚至并发症。B超(D错)是性价比较高的无创性检查,可作为肝癌的筛查手段。"} {"Question":"肝硬化最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自发性腹膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肝性脑病"},{"key":"C","value":"门静脉血栓形成"},{"key":"D","value":"上消化道出血"},{"key":"E","value":"原发性肝癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"自发性腹膜炎(A错),肝性脑病(B错),门静脉血栓形成(C错),原发性肝癌(E错)均是肝硬化的并发症,但与上消化道出血相比,并不是最常见的。"} {"Question":"首先考虑为肝癌腹水的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"漏出液"},{"key":"B","value":"渗出液"},{"key":"C","value":"血性"},{"key":"D","value":"脓性"},{"key":"E","value":"乳糜性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝硬化患者的腹水属于漏出液,一般呈淡黄色。当肝硬化进展到肝癌时,病变可以累及血管,可抽出血性(C对)腹水。漏出液(A错)为非炎性积液,主要见于晚期肝硬化、肾病综合征、重度营养不良等。渗出液(B错)为炎性积液,主要见于感染、外伤、化学刺激、风湿性疾病等。脓性(D错)积液由化脓性细菌感染引起,主要见于腹膜腔化脓性炎症等。乳糜性(E错)积液常常是由于淋巴回流受阻所致,主要见于结核等。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。大量饮酒30年,临床诊断肝硬化失代偿期。对评估病情最重要的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹水"},{"key":"B","value":"脾进行性增大"},{"key":"C","value":"上消化道出血"},{"key":"D","value":"贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"出现蜘蛛痣和肝掌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹水是肝硬化失代偿期最突出的临床表现,对病情评估有重要作用( A对)。门脉高压早期由于血液淤积与脾脏,脾可以进行性增大,不益作为失代偿期评估病情指标(B错)。上消化出血多由进食坚硬的食物等诱因引发,随机性强,不益作为评估病情的表现(C错)。蜘蛛痣和肝掌、贫血多为病情长期进展的结果,变换较缓慢,不能及时反映失代偿期病情变化(DE错)。"} {"Question":"男,43岁。肝炎肝硬化病史15年,反复少尿、腹胀1年,一周来腹痛伴低热。腹水常规:比重1.017,蛋白28g\/L,细胞总数920×10⁶\/L,白细胞800×10⁶\/L,多形核细胞0.80。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门静脉血栓形成"},{"key":"B","value":"结核性腹膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性肝癌"},{"key":"D","value":"自发性腹膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肝肾综合征"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,有肝炎肝硬化病史15年,反复少尿、腹胀1年(提示有腹水),肝硬化患者出现腹水后容易导致自发性细菌性腹膜炎,一周来腹痛伴低热(细菌感染的表现)。腹水常规:比重1.017(漏出液低于1.018,渗出液高于1.018,提示为漏出液),蛋白28g\/L(漏出液<25g\/L,渗出液>30g\/L,提示介于渗、漏出液之间),细胞总数920×10⁶\/L(漏出液常<100,渗出液常>500,提示为渗出液),白细胞800×10⁶\/L(漏出液常<100×10⁶\/L,渗出液常>500×10⁶\/L,提示为渗出液),多形核细胞0.80(提示细菌感染),该患者的腹水常规提示该患者的腹水为渗、漏出液之间且有细菌感染。综合该患者的病史和腹水常规,最可能的诊断为肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎(D对)。肝硬化合并门静脉血栓形成(P409)(A错)常表现为剧烈腹痛、腹胀、血便、休克、短期内脾大、腹水迅速增加。结核性腹膜炎(P370)(B错)多见于中青年患者,有结核病史,长期不明原因发热,伴有腹壁柔韧感或腹部包块,腹水为渗出液,且以淋巴细胞为主。原发性肝癌(P416)(C错)常表现为右上腹痛,合并包块,血性腹水。肝肾综合征(P409)(E错)主要表现为少尿或无尿、氮质血症、血清肌酐升高等。"} {"Question":"诊断早期原发性肝癌最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CEA"},{"key":"B","value":"CA199"},{"key":"C","value":"CA125"},{"key":"D","value":"AFP"},{"key":"E","value":"PSA"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"AFP(甲胎蛋白)(D对)为诊断早期原发性肝癌最有意义的检查,在排除妊娠和生殖腺胚胎瘤的基础上,AFP>400ng\/ml为诊断肝癌的条件之一。CEA(九版诊断学P417)(A错)即癌胚抗原,是一种广谱性肿瘤标志物,可在多种肿瘤中表达,脏器特异性低,在临床上主要用于结直肠癌的复发监测。CA19-9(九版诊断学P419)(B错)即糖链抗原199,在胰腺癌、肝胆和胃肠道疾病时可明显升高,目前临床上主要作为胰腺癌的首选肿瘤标志物。CA125(九版诊断学P420)(C错)即癌抗原125,对诊断卵巢癌有较大临床价值,尤其对观察治疗效果和判断复发较为灵敏。PSA(九版诊断学P417)(E错)是前列腺特异抗原,为前列腺癌的特异性标志物。"} {"Question":"0.85。目前最重要的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手术"},{"key":"B","value":"应用广谱抗生素"},{"key":"C","value":"抗结核"},{"key":"D","value":"抗真菌"},{"key":"E","value":"应用保肝药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"老年女性患者,诊断为肝脓肿。白细胞15×10⁹g\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹g\/L)、中性粒细胞0.85(正常值0.50~0.75)(细菌感染),属于细菌性肝脓肿。细菌性肝脓肿临床上多数经非手术治疗便可痊愈,最重要的治疗措施是应用广谱抗生素(B对)。手术(A错)治疗适用于较大脓肿有穿破可能或已经穿破及慢性厚壁空洞脓肿患者。患者无结核中毒症状、无结核病史,所患疾病非肝结核,无需抗结核(C错)治疗。患者无真菌感染,无需抗真菌(D错)。应用保肝药物(E错)为一般性治疗措施,并不能抑制细菌生长,对于肝脓肿治疗意义不大。"} {"Question":"男性,40岁。水肿,乏力,腹胀2个月,有乙肝病史,查体:全身水肿,腹壁静脉曲张,腹腔积液征(+),下列哪项与该患者腹腔积液形成无关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钠与水的潴留"},{"key":"B","value":"毛细血管滤过压增高"},{"key":"C","value":"血管通透性增加"},{"key":"D","value":"血浆胶体渗透压降低"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴液生成过多"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性患者,全身水肿、乏力、腹胀2个月,有乙肝病史,腹壁静脉曲张,腹腔积液,应诊断为肝硬化所致的门静脉高压症。肝硬化患者对醛固酮和抗利尿激素灭能作用减弱,导致钠与水的潴留(A对)。门静脉压力升高,使门静脉系统毛细血管滤过压增高(B对)。肝硬化可致低白蛋白血症,白蛋白低于30g\/L时,血浆胶体渗透压降低(D对),毛细血管内液体漏入腹腔。肝淋巴量超过了淋巴循环引流的能力,肝窦内亚增高,淋巴液生成过多(E对)。以上作用共同促进患者腹腔积液的形成。血管通透性增加(C错,为本题正确答案)与该患者腹腔积液形成无关。"} {"Question":"男性,40岁,有明显黄疸,皮肤瘙痒1个月,粪便颜色变浅,伴轻度乏力,腹胀,肝肋下触及2cm,脾侧卧未及,ALT120U\/L,胆红素定量230umol\/L,碱性磷酸酶、γ-GT、胆固醇增高。此患者主要需和哪种疾病鉴别","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性黄疸型肝炎"},{"key":"B","value":"胆囊炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胆汁性肝硬化"},{"key":"D","value":"肝吸虫病"},{"key":"E","value":"肝外梗阻性黄疸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年男性,黄疸,皮肤瘙痒一个月,粪便颜色变浅(符合胆汁淤积性黄疸的临床表现),伴轻度乏力,腹胀,肝肋下触及2cm(提示肝脏增大),脾侧卧未及,ALT120U\/L(正常值<40U\/L,提示存在肝功能损伤),胆红素定量230umol\/L(正常值为3.4~14.1umol\/L),碱性磷酸酶、γ-GT、胆固醇增高(实验室检查符合胆汁淤积性黄疸)。综合该患者的临床表现、症状和实验室检查,考虑为胆汁淤积型肝炎。胆汁淤积性黄疸又分为肝内性和肝外性,这两者在临床表现上比较相似,所以因进一步鉴别(E对)"} {"Question":"胰头癌最常见的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹痛、黄疸和消瘦"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛、黄疸和呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"腹痛、黄疸和上腹包块"},{"key":"D","value":"黄疸、消瘦和上腹包块"},{"key":"E","value":"黄疸、消瘦和腹胀"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胰头癌最常见的临床表现是腹痛、黄疸和消瘦(A对),而呕吐(B错)、上腹包块(CD错)和腹胀(E错)等症状在胰头癌中较少见或出现较晚。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,饱餐后出现上腹痛7小时,伴呕吐,疼痛持续性,向腰背部放射,蜷缩体位稍减轻,血清淀粉酶650U\/dl。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌梗死"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肾结石"},{"key":"E","value":"急性胃炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"男,45岁,饱餐后出现上腹痛7小时(过度进食是急性胰腺炎的常见诱因),伴呕吐,疼痛持续性,向腰背部放射,蜷缩体位稍减轻(急性腹痛是急性胰腺炎患者常见首发症状),血清淀粉酶650U\/dl(正常35~135U\/L)。最可能的诊断是急性胰腺炎。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。酗酒后8小时出现中上腹疼痛,放射至两侧腰部,伴恶心、呕吐。体检腹部有压痛、肌紧张及两侧腰腹部出现蓝棕色斑,血压75/55mmHg,脉搏110次\/分。下列检查应首先选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血、尿常规"},{"key":"B","value":"尿淀粉酶测定"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腹部X线平片"},{"key":"D","value":"血清淀粉酶测定"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部B型超声检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"急性胰腺炎的实验室检查中,胰酶的测定是最常用的诊断方法,其中血清淀粉酶在发病数小时开始升高,24小时达高峰,4~5天后逐渐降至正常(D对),是首选的检查方法。而尿淀粉酶在24小时才开始升高,48小时达到高峰(B错),在本题所述的8小时内还未升高,所以排除此选项。血、尿常规(A错)虽对诊断有帮助,但缺乏特异性,故不作首选。腹部超声经济简便易行,但由于上腹部胃肠气体的干扰,可影响诊断的准确性,而不作为首先检查(E错)。胸腹部X线平片检查对胰腺炎诊断价值不大(C错)。"} {"Question":"下列有关急性胰腺炎的各项检查中,最早出现异常的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清脂肪酶"},{"key":"B","value":"血清正铁血白蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"血清淀粉酶"},{"key":"D","value":"尿淀粉酶"},{"key":"E","value":"血清乳酸脱氢酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"诊断急性胰腺炎的重要标志物有血清淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶及血清脂肪酶。其中,血清淀粉酶(C对)是急性胰腺炎的各项检查中最早出现异常的指标,于起病后2~12个小时开始升高;尿淀粉酶(D错)于起病后24小时开始升高;血清脂肪酶(A错)于起病后24~72小时开始升高;血清乳酸脱氢酶(5版内科学P491)(E错)于发病后8~18小时开始升高,缺乏特异性,现已少用。腹腔内出血时红细胞破坏释放出血红素,经脂肪酸和弹力蛋白酶作用转变为正铁血红素,后者与白蛋白结合成正铁血白蛋白。血清正铁血白蛋白(B错)在重症胰腺炎起病72小时内常为阳性,是判断急性胰腺炎病情和预后的指标。"} {"Question":"慢性胰腺炎最突出的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呕吐"},{"key":"B","value":"发热"},{"key":"C","value":"腹部包块"},{"key":"D","value":"便秘"},{"key":"E","value":"腹痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性胰腺炎是各种原因所致的胰实质和胰管的不可逆慢性炎症,其最突出的症状是反复发作的上腹痛(E对)伴不同程度的胰腺内、外分泌功能减退或丧失。内分泌功能减退的表现:血糖升高(胰腺β细胞破坏);外分泌功能减退的表现:食欲减退、呕吐(A错)、腹泻或脂肪泻(D错)、水肿、营养不良等。最突出的症状是与腹痛不相称的腹部轻压痛,当并发胰腺假性囊肿时,可扪及腹部包块(C错)。慢性胰腺炎也可出发热(B错),但不是最突出的症状。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁,酗酒后8小时出现中上腹疼痛,放射至两侧腰部,伴恶心呕吐。体检腹部有压痛、肌紧张及两侧腰腹部出现蓝棕色斑,血压75\/55mmHg,脉搏110次\/分,对诊断困难者进一步采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剖腹探查"},{"key":"B","value":"ERCP检查"},{"key":"C","value":"抗感染治疗下严密观察"},{"key":"D","value":"抗休克治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔穿刺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年男性患者,酗酒后(急性胰腺炎的常见病因)8小时出现中上腹疼痛,放射至两侧腰部,伴恶心、呕吐(急性胰腺炎的典型临床表现)。体查:腹部有压痛、肌紧张(腹膜刺激征),两侧腰腹部出现蓝棕色斑(Grey-Turner征),血压75/55mmHg,脉搏110次\/分(坏死性胰腺炎可出现脉速、血压下降,乃至休克)。根据患者的病史及体查,应诊断为急性胰腺炎。对诊断困难者可采取诊断性腹腔穿刺(E对),若抽出血性浑浊液体,其淀粉酶值升高,有助于明确急性胰腺炎的诊断。剖腹探查(A错)为损伤较大的有创性检查,不作首选。ERCP检查(B错)可导致2%~10%病人发生胰腺炎,须慎用。抗感染治疗下严密观察(C错)对明确诊断无意义,且患者目前尚无应用抗生素的指征。抗休克治疗(D错)为一般对症治疗措施,并不能明确诊断。"} {"Question":"女,42岁,参加宴会后突发中上腹持续性疼痛伴恶心、呕吐8小时来诊,既往无胃病史。查体:T38℃,巩膜无黄染,上腹偏左有压痛及轻度肌紧张,肝浊音界正常,Murphy征阴性,肠鸣音正常。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"急性阑尾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"消化性溃疡穿孔"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"急性胰腺炎常在饱餐和饮酒后突然发作,表现为急性腹痛,常较剧烈,且腹痛多位于左上腹,部分患者可有恶性、呕吐、轻度发热的症状。患者中年女性,参加宴会后突发中上腹持续性疼痛伴恶心、呕吐,发热,上腹偏左有压痛及轻度肌紧张,巩膜无黄染,Murphy征阴性,患者临床表现与急性胰腺炎相符,故患者最可能的诊断为急性胰腺炎(D对)。急性肠梗阻早期有腹痛、呕吐、腹胀、排气排便停止,且肠鸣音亢进(A错)。急性阑尾炎表现为转移性右下腹痛、发热、恶心、呕吐,体检右下腹固定压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张、肠鸣音减弱或消失(B错)。急性胆囊炎主要表现为上腹部疼痛,常在夜间发作,放射到右肩、肩胛和背部,伴恶心、呕吐、厌食等消化道症状,10%~20%可出现黄疸,Murphy征阳性(C错)。消化性溃疡穿孔表现突发上腹部剧痛,呈“刀割样”,伴有恶心、呕吐,严重者可有血压下降,腹式呼吸减弱或消失,全腹压痛、反跳痛明显,可出现典型的“板状腹”体征,X线检查可见膈下新月状游离气体影(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。酗酒后8小时出现中上腹疼痛,放射至两侧腰部,伴恶心、呕吐。体检:腹部有压痛、肌紧张及两侧腰腹部出现蓝棕色斑,血压75/55mmHg,脉搏110次\/分。对诊断困难者应进一步采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剖腹探查"},{"key":"B","value":"ERCP检查"},{"key":"C","value":"抗感染治疗下严密观察"},{"key":"D","value":"抗休克治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔穿刺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者为中年男性,酗酒后出现中上腹疼痛(过量饮酒是急性胰腺炎的常见病因之一),放射至两侧腰部,恶心、呕吐,腹部有压痛、腹膜刺激征,两侧腰腹部出现蓝棕色斑(严重急性胰腺炎腰部、季肋部和下腹部皮肤可出现大片青紫色瘀斑),血压75\/55mmHg(提示休克),脉搏110次\/分(坏死性胰腺炎病人可有脉搏细速、血压下降,乃至休克)。据此,该患者可诊断急性胰腺炎。腹腔穿刺对少数急性胰腺炎诊断困难有确诊意义,若抽出血性渗出液,其淀粉酶值升高对诊断很有帮助(E对)。剖腹探查(A错)创伤太大,不作为首选。ERCP检查(B错)为医源性胰腺炎的常见诱因,不宜采取。抗感染治疗下严密观察(C错)容易延误病情。抗休克治疗(D错)不能用于诊断。"} {"Question":"100次\/分,上腹部肌紧张,压痛、反跳痛阳性。为明确诊断,首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清脂肪酶"},{"key":"B","value":"血清淀粉酶"},{"key":"C","value":"尿淀粉酶"},{"key":"D","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"E","value":"立位腹部X线平片"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性,上腹部疼痛9小时,向腰背部放射,伴恶心、呕吐。发病前大量饮酒(饮酒后上腹痛,疼痛向腰背部放射,伴恶心、呕吐为急性胰腺炎典型表现),查体:T 38.3°C(正常值36~37°C,低热37.4~38°C,中等发热38.1~39°C,高热39.1~41°C,超高热41°C以上,提示中等发热),P 100次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),上腹部肌紧张,压痛、反跳痛阳性(腹膜炎体征)根据患者病史、症状、体征,最有可能的诊断是急性胰腺炎。为明确诊断,首选的检查是血清淀粉酶(B对),血清淀粉酶在发病后数小时开始升高,超过500U\/dl有诊断价值。血清脂肪酶(A错)在发病后24~72小时开始上升。尿淀粉酶(C错)在发病后24小时开始升高。急性胰腺炎可有高血糖、肝功能异常、低血钙等,但不是急性胰腺炎的诊断指标(D错)。立位腹部X线平片(P340)(E错)常用于诊断胃十二指肠穿孔,膈下可见新月状游离气体影。"} {"Question":"女,50岁。饱餐后饮酒出现上腹部持续疼痛6小时,呈腰背部放射。前屈位可稍缓解,呕吐物为胃内容物,呕吐后不缓解。查体:T37.1℃,P112次\/分,R24次\/分,BP100\/70mmHg。全腹压痛,以上腹为著,可见肌紧张,无反跳痛,Murphy征阴性,肠鸣音2次\/分,腹部B超提示:胆囊结石,胰腺肿大,回声减低。治疗6周后,患者出现发热。查体:T39.2℃。上腹可触及一巨大包块,边界不清,压痛(+),不活动。针对包块最适宜的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"禁食、胃肠减压"},{"key":"B","value":"化疗"},{"key":"C","value":"内镜下结肠支架植入术"},{"key":"D","value":"穿刺引流"},{"key":"E","value":"手术切除"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者有胆囊结石(胆道疾病高危因素),饱餐后饮酒(AP常见诱因)出现上腹部持续疼痛,向腰背部放射,呕吐物为胃内容物,呕吐后不缓解(AP特异症状)。全腹压痛,以上腹为著,可见肌紧张,肠鸣音减弱(腹膜炎体征)。轻度发热,脉搏细速、血压下降。胰腺肿大,回声减低(胰腺有水肿)。最有可能的诊断是急性胰腺炎。治疗后,患者出现高热。上腹可触及一巨大包块,边界不清,压痛(+),不活动。可能的原因是胰腺假性囊肿合并感染。假性囊肿<5cm时,6周内约50%可自行吸收;囊肿大时,需穿刺引流(九版内科学P435)。患者包块巨大,因此针对包块最适宜的治疗是穿刺引流(D对)。"} {"Question":"男,44岁。大量饮酒后出现上腹部剧烈疼痛,伴呕吐,呕吐后腹痛不缓解。保守治疗2天,病情持续恶化,并出现休克。查体:T38.9℃,脐周及背部可见大片青紫瘀斑,上腹腹肌紧张,压痛反跳痛明显,肠鸣音减弱。为明确诊断,首选的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"C","value":"血常规"},{"key":"D","value":"血CA19-9"},{"key":"E","value":"肝功能"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性胰腺炎首选的辅助检查是腹部B超(B对),可发现有无胰腺肿大和胰周液体积聚,亦可发现胆道结石及胆管扩张,有助于诊断胰腺炎。腹部X片(A错)主要用于胃肠道病变的诊断,对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值不大,一般不用。血常规(C错)检查无特异性。血CA19-9(D错)目前最常用于胰腺癌的辅助诊断和术后随访。肝功能(E错)对于诊断胰腺病变无太大意义。"} {"Question":"男,51岁。腹痛伴腹胀1天,暴饮暴食后突然剧烈上腹痛,之后出现腹胀,停止排气、排便。查体:T38.2℃,P120次\/分,R25次\/分,BP135\/73mmHg。腹部明显膨隆,双侧腰肋部皮下瘀斑,全腹肌紧张,压痛和反跳痛(+),肠鸣音消失。实验室检查:血清淀粉酶180U\/L,WBC17×10⁹\/L。关于该患者的肠外营养支持,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"各种营养成分应单瓶输注"},{"key":"B","value":"以外周静脉输注为主"},{"key":"C","value":"在肠外营养时,可同时应用生长激素"},{"key":"D","value":"加入谷氨酰胺以保护肠黏膜屏障"},{"key":"E","value":"加入白蛋白作为肠外营养的氮源"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,暴饮暴食(急性胰腺炎常见诱因)后上腹剧痛,出现腹胀(急性胰腺炎的常见临床表现),停止排气排便(提示肠梗阻)。查体:腹部明显膨隆,双侧腰肋部皮下瘀斑(Grey-Turner征,提示急性出血坏死性胰腺炎可能)。全腹肌紧张,压痛和反跳痛(腹膜刺激征),肠鸣音消失(提示麻痹性肠梗阻)。实验室检查:血清淀粉酶180U\/L,WBC17×10⁹\/L。综合该患者的病史、体查及实验室检查,诊断考虑急性出血坏死性胰腺炎。禁食和胃肠减压可使包括促胃液素、促胰液素、缩胆囊素在内的胃肠激素分泌减少,从而减少胰液分泌,使胰腺得到休息,有利于胰腺修复,因此禁食和胃肠减压是急性胰腺炎的基本治疗。谷氨酰胺是小肠黏膜细胞的主要能源物质,可为合成代谢提供能量,因此在肠外营养液中加入谷氨酰胺,可以促进肠黏膜细胞增生,保护肠黏膜屏障(D对),减少肠源性感染。为使输入的物质在体内获得更好的代谢和利用,减少污染等并发症的机会,肠外营养时,应当将各种营养制剂混合后输注,而不是各种营养成分单瓶输注(A错)。重症胰腺炎患者禁食时间较长,可达1个月以上,行肠外营养时,一般宜选用中心静脉(颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉)输注,外周静脉输注适用于肠外营养不超过2周者(B错)。在肠外营养液中,不能加入抗生素、生长激素(C错)等其他药物,若需使用,需另外开放静脉通道。肠外营养液中,作为氮源的营养素是氨基酸,白蛋白价格昂贵,一般用于治疗低蛋白血症(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,55岁。上腹疼痛8小时。进食高脂餐并饮酒后出现上腹痛,呕吐2次后疼痛无缓解。查体:T37.8℃,巩膜轻度黄染,心肺未见异常,上腹偏左压痛、反跳痛阳性。最有意义的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"血常规"},{"key":"C","value":"血清脂肪酶"},{"key":"D","value":"血清淀粉酶"},{"key":"E","value":"立位腹部X线平片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,进食高脂餐并饮酒后上腹持续疼痛8小时、呕吐2次后疼痛无缓解(饮酒、进食高脂餐是急性胰腺炎的常见诱因,急性腹痛、吐后疼痛不缓解为急性胰腺炎的典型症状)。查体:T37.8℃,上腹偏左压痛、反跳痛阳性(腹膜刺激征为急性胰腺炎的常见体征)。综合患者的病史、临床表现,可初步诊断为急性胰腺炎。血清淀粉酶,常在急性胰腺炎发病后2~12小时开始升高,48小时开始下降,持续3~5天。该患者发病仅8小时,血清淀粉酶(D对)为其最有诊断意义的辅助检查。血清脂肪酶(C错)一般在发病后24~72小时开始升高。心电图(A错)主要用于心肌梗死、心律失常等的诊断。血常规(B错)为一般性检查,不具特异性。立位腹部X线平片(E错)常用于消化道穿孔、肠梗阻等的诊断。"} {"Question":"胰腺癌特异性肿瘤标记物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CEA"},{"key":"B","value":"AFP"},{"key":"C","value":"CA199"},{"key":"D","value":"CA125"},{"key":"E","value":"碱性磷酸酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"CA199是胰腺癌的首选肿瘤标志物,连续检测对病情进展、手术疗效、预后估计及复发诊断有重要价值(C对)。CEA(A错)是一种广谱性肿瘤标志物,可在多种肿瘤中表达,脏器特异性低,在临床上主要用于辅助恶性肿瘤的诊断判断预后、监测疗效和肿瘤复发等。AFP(B错)对诊断肝细胞癌及滋养细胞恶性肿瘤有重要的临床价值。CA125(D错)一般用于诊断卵巢癌、盆腔肿瘤鉴别等,肝硬化失代偿期也有明显提升。血碱性磷酸酶升高(E错)见于肝损伤、骨肿瘤和恶性肿瘤骨转移等。"} {"Question":"腹股沟深环位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹股沟中点上方1cm"},{"key":"B","value":"腹股沟中点上方2cm"},{"key":"C","value":"腹股沟中点"},{"key":"D","value":"腹股沟中点下方1cm"},{"key":"E","value":"腹股沟中点下方2cm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹股沟管位于腹前外侧壁的下部、腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方,由外上斜向内下,男性的精索或女性的子宫圆韧带由此通过。腹股沟管有内、外两口,其中内口即腹股沟管深(腹)环,位于腹股沟中点上方2cm处(B对)。"} {"Question":"难复性疝为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疝内容物易回纳入腹腔"},{"key":"B","value":"疝内容物不能完全回纳入腹腔"},{"key":"C","value":"疝内容物有动脉性血循环障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"疝内容物被疝环卡住不能还纳,但无动脉性循环障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"疝内容为部分肠壁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"难复性疝指疝内容物不能回纳或不能完全回纳入腹腔内,但不引起严重症状的疝(B对)。疝内容物很容易回纳入腹腔的疝(A错)为易复性疝。由于嵌顿时间过长,导致疝内容物发生动脉性血循环障碍的疝(C错)称为绞窄性疝。疝内容物被疝环卡住不能还纳,但无动脉性循环障碍的疝(D错)为嵌顿疝。疝内容物仅为部分肠壁(E错),系膜侧肠壁及其系膜并未进入疝囊的疝称为肠管壁疝或Richter疝,属嵌顿性疝。各种疝的特点总结如下:①易复性疝:疝块容易回纳,疝内容物无血运障碍、坏死;②难复性疝:疝块不能回纳或不能完全回纳,疝内容物无血运障碍、坏死;③嵌顿性疝:疝块不能回纳,疝内容物静脉回流障碍、动脉循环正常;④绞窄性疝:疝块不能回纳,疝内容物动、静脉性循环障碍、坏死,并可继发感染。Littre疝指疝内容物为小肠憩室(通常是Meckel憩室)的疝,属于嵌顿性疝。"} {"Question":"关于斜疝特点描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精索在疝囊前外方"},{"key":"B","value":"精索在疝囊后方"},{"key":"C","value":"很少发生嵌顿"},{"key":"D","value":"多见于老年人"},{"key":"E","value":"疝囊颈在腹壁下动脉的内侧"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹股沟斜疝是最常见的腹外疝,疝囊经腹股沟管深环突出,斜行经过腹股沟管,再由腹股沟管浅环穿出,并可进入阴囊。精索在疝囊后方(B对A错),疝囊颈在腹壁下动脉的外侧(E错);回纳疝块后压住深环,疝块不再突出。斜疝多见于儿童及青壮年(D错),常表现为腹股沟区一梨形或椭圆形的肿块,易发生嵌顿(C错)。"} {"Question":"修补加强腹股沟管前壁修补最常见的手术方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Bassini法"},{"key":"B","value":"Ferguson法"},{"key":"C","value":"McVay法"},{"key":"D","value":"Shouldice法"},{"key":"E","value":"Halsted法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"加强或修补腹股沟管前壁的方法以Ferguson法最常用(B对)。Bassini法、Shouldice法、Halsted法、McVay修补法是加强或修补腹股沟管后壁的方法,其中McVay修补法也是股疝的常用手术。"} {"Question":"腹股沟直疝最有诊断意义的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"按压深环疝仍复出"},{"key":"B","value":"容易发生嵌顿"},{"key":"C","value":"疝囊颈位于腹壁下动脉外侧"},{"key":"D","value":"疝包块呈梨形"},{"key":"E","value":"最常见中年人"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹股沟直疝最有诊断意义的临床表现是按压深环疝仍复出(A对)。容易发生嵌顿(B错)、疝囊颈位于腹壁下动脉外侧(C错)、疝包块呈梨形(D错)均为腹股沟斜疝的特点,中年人(E错)多发生斜疝,直疝多见于老年人。"} {"Question":"男,72岁。1年来阵发性腹痛,自觉有“气块”在腹中窜动,大便次数增加,近3个月腹胀、便秘,近3天无肛门排气、排便,呕吐物有粪便臭味,伴乏力、低热。根据病史考虑肠梗阻类型为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低位不完全梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"高位完全梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"高位不完全梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"低位完全梗阻"},{"key":"E","value":"血运性肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"老年男性患者,阵发性腹痛1年,腹胀、便秘3个月,近3天无肛门排气、排便(提示完全性肠梗阻),呕吐物有粪便臭味(提示低位肠梗阻),应考虑为低位完全性肠梗阻(D对)。低位完全性梗阻腹胀明显,呕吐出现较晚,早期为胃内容物,晚期可吐粪样物,完全停止排便排气。低位不完全梗阻(A错)呕吐与腹胀均较轻,可有自肛门排便排气。高位梗阻(C错)时呕吐出现早,呕吐频繁,呕吐物主要为胃及十二指肠内容物。血运性肠梗阻(E错)早期表现为突发剧烈的腹部绞痛,恶心呕吐频繁,呕吐物为血性,腹部体征轻微,与严重的症状不相称。"} {"Question":"男性,56岁,阵发性腹痛6天,伴恶心腹胀2天入院,无发热,体格检查:腹膨隆,见肠型,肠鸣音亢进,有气过水声,腹部平片见腹中部扩张小肠呈“阶梯状”液平,结肠内少量积气,可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻痹性肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"低位小肠梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"高位小肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"坏死性小肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"乙状结肠扭转"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,阵发性腹痛,伴恶心、腹胀,无发热,查体腹膨隆,见肠型,肠鸣音亢进,有气过水声(提示肠梗阻),腹部平片见腹中部扩张,小肠呈“阶梯状”液平(提示低位小肠梗阻),结合患者病史、体查和腹部平片,最可能的诊断为低位小肠梗阻(B对)。麻痹性肠梗阻(A错)多表现为腹部持续性胀痛或不适,查体肠鸣音减弱或消失,腹部平片表现为大、小肠全部充气扩张。高位小肠梗阻(C错)以呕吐为突出表现,呕吐出现早且频繁,腹胀不明显。坏死性小肠炎即急性出血性肠炎(P357)(D错)多见于儿童和青少年,发病前多有不洁饮食史或上呼吸道感染史,临床以急性腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、腹泻、便血及发热、寒战等全身中毒症状为主要表现,腹部平片无小肠胀气等表现。乙状结肠扭转(E错)好发于老年男性,常表现为腹部持续性胀痛,左腹膨胀明显,腹部平片可见马蹄状巨大的双腔充气袢。"} {"Question":"距肛缘4~5cm的直肠癌,最常用的手术方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直肠前切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"经腹直肠癌切除,远端封闭,近端造瘘术"},{"key":"C","value":"经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术"},{"key":"D","value":"拉下式直肠癌切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"经直肠镜肿瘤切除术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"直肠癌手术方式的选择主要根据肿瘤距离肛缘的距离决定。肛缘5cm以内的直肠癌采取经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术(C对),患者肿瘤距离肛缘4~5cm,应采用此法。直肠前切除术(A错)适用于直肠癌下缘距离肛缘5~7cm以上的肿瘤。经腹直肠癌切除,远端封闭,近端造瘘术(B错)适用于不能耐受Mils手术或者急性梗阻不宜行Dixon手术的患者。拉下式直肠癌切除术(D错)适用于距离肛缘7~10cm的直肠癌。该术式保留肛门,经肛门在齿状线上切断直肠,将乙状结肠从肛门拉下,固定于肛门。经直肠镜肿瘤切除术(E错)主要适用于恶性程度不高、且不能耐受根治术的早期直肠癌。"} {"Question":"女,50岁。间断腹泻10年,大便3~5次\/日,黄稀便,无脓血。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠易激综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"克罗恩病"},{"key":"C","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米巴痢疾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中老年女性患者,间断腹泻10年(病程6个月以上),大便3~5次\/日(排便频率异常),稀便(粪便性状异常),无脓血(肠易激综合征患者粪便绝无脓血),考虑诊断为肠易激综合征(A对)。克罗恩病(P377)(B错)临床以腹痛、腹泻、体重下降、腹块、瘘管形成和肠梗阻为特点。溃疡性结肠炎(P374)(C错)的典型表现为反复发作的腹泻、腹痛和黏液脓血便。肠结核(P368)(D错)多出现发热、盗汗等结核毒血症状。阿米巴痢疾(E错)有阿米巴病史,表现为黏液血便,有腥臭。"} {"Question":"克罗恩病的肠道溃疡形态是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不规则深大溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"多发浅溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"纵行溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"环形溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"烧瓶样溃疡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"克罗恩病最典型的肠道溃疡形态是纵行溃疡(C对),进而可发展为裂隙,形成鹅卵石样外观。不规则溃疡(A错)主要见于细菌性痢疾(P360),也称地图样溃疡。多发浅溃疡(B错)主要见于溃疡性结肠炎(P194)。环形溃疡(D错)主要见于肠结核(P356)。烧瓶样溃疡(E错)主要见于肠阿米巴病(P369)。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,间断右下腹痛一年。加重伴腹泻一月,大便每日4-5次,黄色稀便,无黏液脓血,伴低热,体重减轻4kg。既往反复发作肛瘘1年,曾手术治疗。查体:T37.5℃,右下腹轻压痛,肛门视诊可见肛瘘开口,粪隐血(+++),肠镜检查发现回肠末端、回盲瓣多发溃疡,病变间黏膜基本正常。结肠、直肠未见明显异常。最适宜的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益生菌治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"抗结核治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"化疗"},{"key":"E","value":"英夫利昔单抗治疗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者间断右下腹痛、腹泻(黄色稀便,无黏液脓血)、体重减轻,伴低热、肛瘘,肠镜检查发现回肠末端、回盲瓣多发溃疡,病变间黏膜基本正常(P375)。可诊断为克罗恩病。CD治疗重要的是控制炎症反应,活动期可用氨基水杨酸类、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、抗菌药物、生物制剂。因此最适宜的治疗是英夫利昔单抗治疗(E对)。"} {"Question":"原发性肠套叠绝大部分发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴幼儿"},{"key":"B","value":"老年"},{"key":"C","value":"儿童"},{"key":"D","value":"青年"},{"key":"E","value":"中年"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"可能由于食物性质的改变导致肠蠕动节律的紊乱,婴幼儿易发生原发性肠套叠(A对)。继发性肠套叠多见于成年人(BDE错),肠腔内或肠壁部器质性病变使肠蠕动节律失调,近段肠管的强力蠕动将病变连同肠管同时送入远段肠管中。"} {"Question":"女,40岁。腹泻1年。体检发现一肛瘘,结肠镜示回盲部铺路石样改变,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结肠癌"},{"key":"B","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"D","value":"克罗恩病"},{"key":"E","value":"肠结核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年女性患者,腹泻(克罗恩病的常见症状)1年。体检发现一肛瘘(瘘管形成是克罗恩病的特征性临床表现)。结肠镜示回盲部铺路石样改变(鹅卵石征,克罗恩病的特征性病理改变)。综合该患者的病史、体检及结肠镜检查,考虑诊断为克罗恩病(D对)。结肠癌(P382)(A错)多见于老年患者,有黏液脓血便伴里急后重,结肠镜检可见肠腔狭窄、黏膜皱襞破坏或结节性肿块。溃疡性结肠炎(P374)(B错)临床以反复发作的腹泻、黏液脓血便、左下腹或下腹阵痛为特征,少有瘘管形成,结肠镜可见黏膜充血水肿,弥漫性糜烂和多发性浅溃疡形成。细菌性痢疾(C错)有黏液脓血便伴里急后重,结肠镜下呈地图状溃疡。肠结核(P368)(E错)多有低热、盗汗、消瘦等结核毒血症状,结肠镜可发现回盲部黏膜充血、水肿、溃疡形成。"} {"Question":"女,33岁。右下腹痛、便秘1年。X线钡剂灌肠检查发现回肠末端及升结肠起始部纵行溃疡及鹅卵石征,病变呈节段性。PPD试验阴性。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米巴病"},{"key":"C","value":"结肠癌"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"克罗恩病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年女性患者,右下腹痛(克罗恩病腹痛多位于右下腹或脐周)、便秘1年。X线钡剂灌肠:回肠末段及升结肠起始部(克罗恩病的好发部位)纵行溃疡及鹅卵石征,病变呈节段性(克罗恩病的典型结肠镜表现)。PPD试验阴性(鉴别肠结核)。综合该患者的病史、结肠镜检查,考虑诊断为克罗恩病(E对)。肠结核(P368)(A错)PPD试验阳性,多有低热、盗汗、乏力等结核中毒症状,结肠镜下可见回盲部带状溃疡、炎性息肉、肠腔环形狭窄。阿米巴病(八版传染病学P274)(B错)有黏液脓血便,粪质较多并有腥臭,结肠镜检查常见大小不等的散在溃疡,中心有渗出,边缘整齐并有周边红晕。结肠癌(P382)(C错)发病年龄多在40~60岁,好发于直肠,多表现为鲜血便,直肠镜检可见火山状溃疡。溃疡性结肠炎(P374)(D错)临床以反复发作的腹泻、黏液脓血便、左下腹或下腹阵痛为特征,结肠镜下可见黏膜充血水肿,弥漫性糜烂和多发性浅溃疡形成。"} {"Question":"男,36岁,1年来反复出现脓血便,抗生素系统治疗无效。结肠镜检查发现病变位于直肠和乙状结肠,粘膜弥漫性充血水肿,颗粒不平质脆,血管纹理消失,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结肠癌"},{"key":"B","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"D","value":"克罗恩病"},{"key":"E","value":"肠结核"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,1年来反复出现脓血便(黏液脓血便是溃疡性结肠炎活动期的重要表现)。结肠镜检查:病变位于直肠和乙状结肠(溃疡性结肠炎的好发部位),黏膜弥漫性充血水肿,颗粒不平质脆,血管纹理消失(溃疡性结肠炎的结肠镜表现)。综合该患者的病史、结肠镜检查,考虑诊断为溃疡性结肠炎(B对)。结肠癌(P382)(A错)多见于老年患者,有黏液脓血便伴里急后重,但结肠镜检可见肠腔狭窄、黏膜皱襞破坏或结节性肿块。细菌性痢疾(C错)有黏液脓血便伴里急后重,但抗生素系统治疗有效,结肠镜下呈地图状溃疡。克罗恩病(P377)(D错)粪便多为糊状,一般无脓血和黏液,镜下特点为纵行溃疡、鹅卵石样改变。肠结核(P368)(E错)多有低热、盗汗、消瘦等结核毒血症状,结肠镜可发现回盲部黏膜充血、水肿、溃疡形成。"} {"Question":"男,28岁。间断腹痛、发热3年。结肠镜检查:回肠末段见4cm×1cm纵型溃疡,周围黏膜铺路石样改变。活检标本可能出现的主要病理改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隐窝脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"杯状细胞减少"},{"key":"C","value":"非干酪样肉芽肿"},{"key":"D","value":"干酪样肉芽肿"},{"key":"E","value":"可见包涵体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年男性患者,间断腹痛(克罗恩病的最常见症状)、发热(全身表现)3年,结肠镜检查:回肠末段(克罗恩病的好发部位)纵型溃疡,周围黏膜铺路石样改变(克罗恩病的结肠镜表现为纵行溃疡和裂隙溃疡、鹅卵石征,病变间的黏膜正常)。综合该患者的病史、结肠镜检查,考虑诊断为克罗恩病。克罗恩病的组织学特点有裂隙溃疡、非干酪性肉芽肿(C对)、黏膜下层淋巴细胞聚集。隐窝脓肿(A错)、杯状细胞减少(B错)是溃疡性结肠炎的病理改变(P373)。干酪样肉芽肿(D错)是肠结核的病理改变(P368)。包涵体(E错)多见于病毒感染。"} {"Question":"肠管无生机的根据哪项不对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠管无弹性及张力"},{"key":"B","value":"相应的肠系膜终末小动脉无搏动"},{"key":"C","value":"肠管的颜色变黑"},{"key":"D","value":"肠管对刺激有反应,能收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"肠管无蠕动能力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"绞窄性肠梗阻由于肠段有血运障碍,易发生肠坏死,因此需及时手术治疗。手术时应根据肠袢有无生机,考虑是否作肠切除。肠管对刺激有反应,能收缩提示肠管尚有生机(D错,为本题正确答案),可不行肠切除。肠管无弹性及张力(A对)、相应的肠系膜终末小动脉无搏动(B对)、肠管的颜色变黑(C对)、无蠕动能力(E对)等均提示肠管已无生机,需要切除坏死肠袢。一看:观察颜色 二摸:有无搏动,收缩 三注射:注射温生理盐水,和普鲁卡因 有下列表现的则表明肠管已无生机:①肠壁已成紫黑色并已塌陷; ②肠壁已失去张力和蠕动能力,对刺激无收缩反应; ③相应的肠系膜终末小动脉无搏动(P376)。"} {"Question":"决定急性肠梗阻手术探查的最主要依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是否为绞窄性肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"近端肠管扩张程度"},{"key":"C","value":"梗阻部位"},{"key":"D","value":"是否为完全性梗阻"},{"key":"E","value":"梗阻持续时间"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"绞窄性肠梗阻易使相应的肠段急性缺血,所以为了避免肠坏死、穿孔,应尽早剖腹探查(A对)解除梗阻,恢复血液循环。"} {"Question":"青年男性,腹痛,腹泻,脐周痛,大便不成形,无脓血有粘液,结肠镜检阴性,便后腹痛减轻,下列哪项体征有助于诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大便不成形"},{"key":"B","value":"结肠镜检阴性"},{"key":"C","value":"腹痛腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"无脓血有粘液"},{"key":"E","value":"排便与疼痛缓解有关"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"几乎所有肠易激综合征病人都有不同程度的腹痛,部位不定,以下腹和左下腹多见,排便或排气后缓解(E对)。结肠镜检阴性不属于肠易激综合征的诊断标准(B错)。粪便性状异常属于肠易激综合征的常见症状(A错)。腹泻、黏液便属于常见症状但不是诊断所必备(CD错)。"} {"Question":"呕吐粪样内容物,腹部高度膨胀的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻痹性肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"低位肠梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"痉挛性肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"绞窄性肠梗阻"},{"key":"E","value":"高位肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"低位肠梗阻(B对)因梗阻位置较低,呕吐发生较晚,梗阻位置以上的肠管较多,因此扩张的范围较广,可出现显著的腹胀,腹部高度膨胀,且其肠内容物经发酵呈粪样,因此呕吐物后期为粪样内容物。高位肠梗阻(E错)较显著的特点是呕吐发生较早、较频繁,呕吐物常为胃及十二指肠内容物,且腹胀不明显。痉挛性肠梗阻(C错)相对比较少见,可发生于急性肠炎、慢性铅中毒或肠功能紊乱的病人。麻痹性肠梗阻(A错)腹胀较显著,因为其肠壁肌呈瘫痪状态因此无收缩即无阵发性腹痛,只有持续性胀痛或不适,肠鸣音可减弱或消失,其呕吐常为溢出性。绞窄性肠梗阻(D错)为伴有相应肠段血运障碍的肠梗阻,其特点常为持续性的剧烈腹痛,可有腹膜刺激征阳性及粘液脓血便,若呕吐物呈棕褐色或血性,应考虑肠管血运障碍。"} {"Question":"典型溃疡性结肠炎患者粪便的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稀水样便"},{"key":"B","value":"黏液便"},{"key":"C","value":"蛋花样便"},{"key":"D","value":"糊状便"},{"key":"E","value":"黏液脓血便"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"典型溃疡性结肠炎患者大便的特点是由黏膜炎性渗出、糜烂及溃疡所导致的黏液脓血便(E对)。稀水样便(A错)主要由病毒或产肠毒素性细菌引起。黏液便(B错)见于各种肠炎,并不是溃疡性结肠炎的典型表现。蛋花样便(C错)是轮状病毒引起的腹泻的特点,多见于婴幼儿。糊状便(D错)见于结核性腹膜炎(P370)以及克罗恩病(P377)。"} {"Question":"有肠绞窄的机械性肠梗阻临床征象表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剧烈的阵发性腹痛,肠鸣音亢进"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部明显隆起对称"},{"key":"C","value":"呕吐物胃肠减压液内有胆汁"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部X线检查见孤立突出的胀大肠袢,随时间而改变位置"},{"key":"E","value":"有明显腹膜刺激征"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"机械性肠梗阻发生肠绞窄时,由于肠壁血运障碍,可发生肠坏死、穿孔,肠管坏死后的炎性渗出及漏出的消化液刺激腹膜,可出现明显的腹膜刺激征(E对)。绞窄性肠梗阻发病多较急骤,由于肠管发生血运障碍,可引起肠坏死、穿孔,故患者表现为持续性的腹部疼痛,肠鸣音减弱或消失(A错);腹部呈不对称性隆起(B错),查体可触及绞窄的肠袢;呕吐物和胃肠减压液多为血性液体(C错);腹部X线检查可见孤立胀大的肠袢,不随时间变化而改变位置(D错)。"} {"Question":"女,50岁,大便习惯改变伴体重减轻2个月,近2个月来无诱因排稀便,5~6次\/日,偶伴少量脓血粘便,便前腹痛,查体:T36.5℃,P80次\/分,R18次\/分,BP120\/80mmHg,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,心率80\/分,律齐,腹软,左下腹可触及一质硬、固定、椭圆形包块,肠鸣音亢进,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结肠息肉"},{"key":"B","value":"乙状结肠癌"},{"key":"C","value":"乙状结肠扭转"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肠套叠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"老年患者,排便习惯和粪便性状改变,腹痛,肠鸣音亢进,体重减轻,左下腹可触及一质硬、固定、椭圆形包块,最可能的诊断是乙状结肠癌(B对)。结肠息肉(A错)肿块质软可推动(P384)。乙状结肠扭转(C错)多见于乙状结肠冗长、有便秘的老年人,以往可有多次腹痛发作经排气、排便后缓解的病史。病人有腹部持续胀痛,左腹部明显膨胀,可见肠型(P364)。肠套叠(E错)多见于幼儿,三大典型症状是腹痛、血便和腹部肿块。血便为果酱样血便。腹部触诊常可扪及腊肠形、表面光滑、稍可活动、具有压痛的肿块,常位于脐右上方,而右下腹扪诊有空虚感(P364)。"} {"Question":"女性,65岁,腹胀痛,腹泻、便秘交替月余,伴里急后重感,无鲜血便。体格检查:腹平软,未及包块,左锁骨上,腹股沟淋巴结未触及此病人主要的治疗应采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠造瘘术"},{"key":"B","value":"根治性切除术"},{"key":"C","value":"化学治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"放射治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫治疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"老年女性患者,腹胀痛、腹泻便秘交替月余(直肠癌常见症状),伴里急后重感(直肠刺激征的表现),结合患者病史、临床表现和相关检查,应诊断为直肠癌。体格检查无腹部包块,左锁骨上和腹股沟淋巴结未触及肿块,说明没有转移,此病人应采取根治性切除术(B对)治疗。该病人未合并肠梗阻,故不应应用肠造瘘术(A错)。化学治疗(C错)和放射治疗(D错)可一定程度上提高手术疗效,但不应作为该病人的主要治疗方法。免疫治疗(E错)尚在研究阶段,不宜作为主要治疗方法。"} {"Question":"诊断低位肠梗阻最可靠的证据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部平片示小肠多个阶梯状气液平"},{"key":"B","value":"脐周可闻气过水音"},{"key":"C","value":"阵发性腹痛伴腹胀"},{"key":"D","value":"置胃管行胃肠减压后梗阻症状明显减轻"},{"key":"E","value":"频繁呕吐、呕吐量大"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"X线检查对小肠梗阻具有重要价值。腹部平片可显示气胀肠袢和液平面,由于梗阻的部位不同,腹部平片表现也各有其特点:低位肠梗阻典型表现为多个阶梯状气液平面,高位肠梗阻表现为肠腔内鱼骨刺样改变。因此,诊断低位肠梗阻最可靠的证据是腹部平片示小肠多个阶梯状气液平(A对)。脐周可闻气过水音提示肠梗阻(B错),阵发性腹痛伴腹胀提示病情加重(C错)但均不能鉴别低位肠梗阻和高位肠梗阻。置胃管行胃肠减压后梗阻症状明显减轻,说明肠梗阻治疗有效(D错)。频繁呕吐、呕吐量大,提示高位肠梗阻(E错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,1岁。腹痛、哭闹、呕吐,伴果酱样血便3天,发热1天。查体:面色苍白,出汗,腹肌紧张,有压痛和反跳痛,脐右上方扣及腊肠形肿块,右下腹空虚。最佳的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空气灌肠"},{"key":"B","value":"钡剂灌肠"},{"key":"C","value":"结肠镜检查"},{"key":"D","value":"急诊手术"},{"key":"E","value":"抗感染治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"男性患儿,腹痛、呕吐、发热伴果酱样血便3天,脐右上方扣及腊肠形肿块,右下腹空虚,应考虑为肠套叠。患儿病程已超过48小时,并且出现腹膜刺激征,提示有肠管坏死,因此应急诊手术(D对),切除坏死肠段。空气灌肠(A错)及钡剂灌肠(B错)为肠套叠的常用诊断方法,也是回盲型或结肠型肠套叠的早期治疗方法。结肠镜检查(C错)对结肠型肠套叠有一定的诊断价值,对肠套叠的治疗意义不大。抗感染治疗(E错)为一般辅助治疗措施。手术指征1.肠套叠不能复位 2.超过48小时 3.出现腹膜刺激征 4.一般情况恶化 5.怀疑肠道坏死"} {"Question":"病变好发于直肠和乙状结肠的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠结核"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠癌"},{"key":"C","value":"克罗恩病"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡性结肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"结核性腹膜炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"溃疡性结肠炎病变好发于直肠和乙状结肠(D对)。肠结核(P368)(A错)好发于回盲部。大肠癌(P382)(B错)好发于直肠。克罗恩病(P377)(C错)好发于末段回肠。结核性腹膜炎(P370)(E错)可继发于肠道结核,是结核分枝杆菌引起的腹膜慢性弥漫性感染。"} {"Question":"关于低位肠梗阻,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹胀、腹痛不明显"},{"key":"B","value":"呕吐物多为胃内容物"},{"key":"C","value":"梗阻多位于空肠"},{"key":"D","value":"呕吐症状早"},{"key":"E","value":"X线腹透见腹部数个阶梯状含气液平面"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"低位肠梗阻是指任何原因引起的回肠、结肠和直肠肠腔(C错)内容物通过障碍,是常见的急腹症之一。腹胀、腹痛不明显为高位肠梗阻的表现,低位小肠梗阻的腹胀腹痛症状明显(A错);呕吐物多为胃内容物为高位性肠梗阻的表现,低位小肠梗阻呕吐物初期为胃内容物,后期为粪样物(B错);呕吐症状早为高位肠梗阻的表现,低位肠梗阻呕吐出现晚而次数少(D错);X线腹透见腹部数个阶梯状含气液平面为低位肠梗阻X线检查的表现(E对)。"} {"Question":"急性持续性疼痛阵发性加剧并休克,最可能的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性阑尾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"绞窄性肠梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"泌尿结石,肾绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"外伤性肝破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"急性单纯性肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性持续性腹痛,阵发性加剧并伴休克情况下,最可能的疾病是绞窄性肠梗阻(B对)。绞窄性肠梗阻时由于梗阻的肠段急性缺血、坏死,患者多表现为持续性腹痛,当肠内容物通过梗阻肠段时可加重腹痛;肠壁血运障碍,毛细血管通透性增加,大量渗出液渗入肠腔和腹腔,使血容量下降,严重者可出现休克。急性阑尾炎(A错)发病较缓,腹痛发作始于上腹,逐渐移向脐部,后转移并局限在右下腹,即转移性右下腹疼痛。泌尿系结石(P558)可出现肾绞痛,表现为阵发性腰部或上腹部疼痛,疼痛剧烈难忍,可沿输尿管行径放射至同侧腹股沟,一般不出现休克(C错)。外伤性肝脏破裂(D错)最主要的表现为失血性休克,可有持续性腹痛,但不伴阵发性加剧。急性单纯性肠梗阻(E错)的腹痛呈阵发性绞痛,由于肠管无血运障碍,体液丢失少,一般不出现休克。"} {"Question":"溃疡性结肠炎患者容易并发中毒性巨结肠的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重症患者接受激素治疗时"},{"key":"B","value":"重症患者接受水杨酸柳氮磺胺吡啶治疗时"},{"key":"C","value":"重症患者接受胆碱能受体拮抗剂时"},{"key":"D","value":"重症患者接受抗生素治疗时"},{"key":"E","value":"重症患者接受全胃肠道外营养治疗时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胆碱能受体拮抗剂可抑制受体节后胆碱能神经支配的平滑肌与腺体活动,使肠壁平滑肌张力极度下降,诱发中毒性巨结肠(C对)。另外,溃疡性结肠炎患者也常因低钾、钡剂灌肠、使用阿片类制剂而诱发中毒性巨结肠。激素(A错)、柳氮磺胺吡啶(B错)、抗生素(D错)、全肠道外营养治疗(E错)均不是中毒性巨结肠的诱因。"} {"Question":"男,68岁。阵发性腹痛1年,自觉有“气块”在腹中窜动,起初大便次数增加,近3个月腹胀便秘,近3天无肛门排气、排便,呕吐物有粪便臭味,一直感乏力和低热。该患者引起梗阻的病因最可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"肠系膜血栓"},{"key":"C","value":"粪块"},{"key":"D","value":"炎性粘连"},{"key":"E","value":"粘连带"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年男性患者,腹胀、便秘3个月,近3天无肛门排气、排便(提示完全性肠梗阻),呕吐物有粪便臭味(提示低位肠梗阻),应考虑为低位完全性肠梗阻。患者为老年男性,病程较长且一直有乏力和低热(提示恶性肿瘤)表现,因此引起梗阻的病因最可能的是肿瘤(A对)。肠系膜血栓引起的肠梗阻表现为早期突然发生剧烈的腹部绞痛,恶心呕吐频繁,呕吐物多为血性(B错)。粪块堵塞引起的低位肠梗阻,起病多较急骤,病程较短(C错)。炎性粘连(D错)、粘连带(E错)等引起的肠梗阻患者多有腹腔内炎症、手术、创伤出血等病史。"} {"Question":"男,49岁。既往体健,因头晕半天,黑便3次,急诊。血压80\/50mmHg,心率124次\/分,面色苍白,冷汗。首先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肠炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胃穿孔"},{"key":"C","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌梗塞"},{"key":"E","value":"食管下段癌出血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年患者,黑便(上消化道出血),心律124次\/分、血压80\/50mmHg、面色苍白、冷汗(失血性休克),根据临床表现,首先考虑为食管下段癌出血(P275)(E对)。食管下段癌时,可因进食食物等原因致癌肿破裂造成失血,进而可出现黑便、失血性休克等表现。急性出血性肠炎(A错)主要表现为急性的腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、腹泻等,而不会出现黑便等上消化道出血的表现。急性胃穿孔(P340)(B错)的典型表现为病人突发上腹剧痛,呈“刀割样”,腹痛迅速波及全腹,腹膜刺激征象明显。心绞痛(C错)及心肌梗塞(D错)患者主要表现为发病时心前区疼痛等。"} {"Question":"女,22岁,因服吲哚美辛数片后觉上腹痛,今晨呕咖啡样胃内容物400ml来诊。既往无胃病史。首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清胃泌素测定"},{"key":"B","value":"B型超声检查"},{"key":"C","value":"X线胃肠钡餐检查"},{"key":"D","value":"急诊胃镜检查"},{"key":"E","value":"胃液分析"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年女性患者,既往无胃病史,服用吲哚美辛(吲哚美辛为非甾体抗炎药,服用非甾体抗炎药为急性胃炎的常见病因)后胃痛、并呕咖啡样胃内容物400ml(胃痛、呕血为重症急性胃炎的表现)。根据患者的病史、临床表现,考虑诊断为急性胃炎。由于胃粘膜修复很快,当临床提示急性胃炎时,应首选急诊胃镜检查(D对)。血清胃泌素测定(A错)和胃液分析(E错)主要用于胃泌素瘤的诊断(八年制第2版内科学P440)。B型超声检查(B错)对被气体遮盖的组织探查受限,显影不佳,故对胃部疾病的诊断准确性不高。X线胃肠钡餐(C错)对胃肠道的显影效果不如胃镜,主要用于不愿接受胃镜检查者或没有胃镜时。"} {"Question":"男,36岁。车祸致胸腹复合伤4天,呕血1天,共3次,每次约50~100ml。呕血前无不适症状。既往无腹痛史。呕血的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食管胃底静脉曲张破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胃黏膜病变出血"},{"key":"C","value":"胃癌出血"},{"key":"D","value":"胃溃疡出血"},{"key":"E","value":"十二指肠溃疡出血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性胃粘膜病变是以胃粘膜发生不同程度糜烂、浅溃疡和出血为特征的病变,发生于应激状态。患者有胸腹联合伤史,处于应激状态,出现上消化道出血,考虑急性胃黏膜病变出血(B对)。食管胃底静脉曲张破裂有肝脏病史,呕血前常有腹痛等腹部症状(A错)。胃癌出血常有腹痛等腹部症状(C错)。胃溃疡:进食疼痛加剧,餐后缓解(进食增加胃酸分泌,疼痛加剧)。 十二指肠溃疡:疼痛进食缓解(进食减少胃酸流入十二指肠,疼痛减轻)(E错)。"} {"Question":"上消化道出血最常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝硬化食道静脉曲张破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"消化性溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"胆道出血"},{"key":"E","value":"胃癌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上消化道出血可见于消化性溃疡、肝硬化食道静脉曲张破裂(A错)、急性糜烂性出血性胃炎、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征(B错)、胆道出血(D错)、胃癌(E错)等。其中消化性溃疡(C对)是上消化道出血最常见的病因,约占所有病因中的50%。需要注意的是肝硬化最常见的并发症是上消化道出血,其中以食管胃底静脉曲张破裂最常见,但上消化道出血最常见的病因是消化性溃疡。"} {"Question":"应激性溃疡出血时错误的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用H₂受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"使用胃黏膜保护剂"},{"key":"C","value":"经胃管灌注止血药物"},{"key":"D","value":"胃镜下止血治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"行胃壁切开电灼止血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"应激性溃疡出血时的治疗包括:内镜下止血,经胃管或选择性腹腔动脉插管注入垂体后叶素或其它血管收缩剂、生长抑素、抑制胃酸分泌的药物。非手术治疗无效时,可以采用止血手术:缝合法止血,而不能行胃壁切开止血,会加重出血。因此应激性溃疡出血时错误的治疗是行胃壁切开电灼止血(E错,为本题正确答案)。使用H₂受体拮抗剂(A对)、使用胃黏膜保护剂(B对)、经胃管灌注止血药物(C对)、胃镜下止血治疗(D对)均为应激性溃疡出血时可采用的治疗方法。"} {"Question":"正常人体血液总量占体重的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"45%"},{"key":"B","value":"16%"},{"key":"C","value":"10%"},{"key":"D","value":"8%"},{"key":"E","value":"6%"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常人体血液总量占体重的8%(D对)。"} {"Question":"Curling溃疡的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒精"},{"key":"B","value":"幽门螺杆菌感染"},{"key":"C","value":"严重烧伤"},{"key":"D","value":"中枢神经系统严重损伤"},{"key":"E","value":"非甾体抗炎药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"Curling溃疡的病因是严重烧伤(C对)。酒精(A错)和非甾体抗炎药(E错)可导致急性胃炎。幽门螺旋杆菌常是消化性溃疡的致病因素(B错)。中枢神经系统严重损伤(D错)常引起Cushing溃疡。"} {"Question":"区分胃幽门与十二指肠的解剖标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃冠状静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"胃短静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"胃网膜右动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"幽门前静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"胃十二指肠动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"区分胃幽门与十二指肠的解剖标志是幽门前静脉(D对)(P337),其走行于幽门部环形肌增厚形成的浅沟内。"} {"Question":"男,44岁。胃癌根治术后第6天,出现上腹剧烈疼痛,逐渐加重,伴恶心、呕吐、腹胀。查体腹膜刺激征(+),腹腔引流管引流出咖啡色浑浊液体。腹部B超提示腹腔积液。针对上述情况,应采取的治疗措施中不包括的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠外营养支持"},{"key":"B","value":"吗啡止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"应用生长抑素"},{"key":"D","value":"禁食"},{"key":"E","value":"胃肠减压"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,胃癌根治术后6天出现上腹剧烈疼痛、恶心、呕吐、腹胀,腹膜刺激征阳性,腹腔引流引出咖啡色样浑浊液体,应诊断为吻合口瘘。吗啡止痛(B错,为本题正确答案)会掩盖疼痛,妨碍诊断,并且吗啡可增加平滑肌张力,加重吻合口瘘。生长抑素(C对)抑制胃酸、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶的分泌,减轻患者的症状。发生吻合口瘘后,应立即禁食(D对),以免食物继续进入腹腔而加重病情,同时放置胃管进行胃肠减压(E对),抽出胃肠道内容物和气体,以减少消化道内容物继续流入腹腔。患者禁食、胃肠减压后,能量和营养物质等摄入不足,需行肠外营养等支持治疗,以维持机体基本生命活动所需(A对)。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。5年来每于餐后半小时出现上腹饱胀、疼痛,持续约2小时后可自行缓解,常有反酸、嗳气,偶有大便颜色发黑。近期行上消化道X线钡剂造影提示胃窦小弯侧1cm大小壁外龛影,边缘光滑。该患者若手术治疗,常采用的术式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃大部切除术(毕Ⅱ式吻合)"},{"key":"B","value":"胃大部切除术(毕Ⅰ式吻合)"},{"key":"C","value":"高选择性迷走神经切断术"},{"key":"D","value":"全胃切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"选择性迷走神经切除术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"45岁男性患者(胃溃病发病年龄50岁左右,以男性多见),于餐后半小时出现上腹饱胀、疼痛,持续约2小时后可自行缓解(胃溃疡腹痛多发生在餐后0.5~1小时,持续1~2小时),常有反酸、嗳气,偶有大便颜色发黑(提示有上消化道出血,消化性溃疡是上消化道出血的最常见病因)。消化道x线钡剂造影提示胃窦小弯侧1cm 大小壁外龛影(龛影是溃疡的直接X线征象且胃溃疡以胃窦部最多见),边缘光滑。综合该患者的病史、造影检查,该患者诊断考虑为胃溃疡。胃溃疡首选术式是胃大部切除术(毕Ⅰ式吻合)(B对);胃大部切除术(毕Ⅱ式吻合)(A错)是高位胃溃疡可选术式;高选择性迷走神经切断术(C错)和选择性迷走神经切除术(E错)是较大高位胃溃疡切除后成形较为困难且有造成贲门狭窄可能时可选术式;全胃切除术(D错)是治疗胃体与胃近端癌的术式。"} {"Question":"男,25岁,突感上腹部剧痛。检查:血压130\/80mmHg,脉搏110次\/分,板样腹,肠鸣音消失。血红蛋白120g\/L,血白细胞数8.0×10⁹\/L。若腹穿抽出较多液体,应尽早采取的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃肠减压输液"},{"key":"B","value":"镇痛镇静治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"全量应用抗生素"},{"key":"D","value":"输液纠正水电和酸碱失衡"},{"key":"E","value":"手术探查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年男性患者,突发上腹部剧痛,板样腹,肠鸣音消失(提示腹腔空腔脏器穿孔),血压、血红蛋白正常可排除腹腔实质性脏器损伤,结合患者病史、体查和实验室检查,应考虑急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔。若腹穿抽出较多液体,提示腹腔内有较多渗出液,腹腔污染严重,因此应尽早进行手术探查(E对),明确损伤部位,彻底解除病因。胃肠减压,输液(A错)、镇痛镇静治疗(B错)、应用抗生素(C错)和纠正水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱(D错)均为一般治疗措施,不能从根本上解决引起腹腔渗液的原因。"} {"Question":"男,56岁。上腹不适,进食后饱胀2个月,时有恶心、呕吐,上腹部隐痛,无烧心、反酸,查体:T36.5℃,P80次/分,R18次/分,BP120\/80mmHg。身高170cm,体重52Kg,心肺查体未见异常,上腹部轻压痛,无肌紧张、反跳痛。胃镜在胃底小弯侧见直径2.5cm溃疡,上有污秽苔,质脆易出血,其转移灶最常见的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"胰"},{"key":"C","value":"肺"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"脑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者上腹不适,进食后饱胀2个月,时有恶心、呕吐,上腹部隐痛,查体上腹部轻压痛。胃镜检查发现在胃底小弯侧一直径2.5cm溃疡,上有污秽苔,质脆易出血。考虑晚期胃癌。80%的早期胃癌无症状,部分病人可有消化不良症状。进展期胃癌最常见的症状是体重减轻(患者身高170cm,体重52Kg,BMI值18,属于体重过轻)和上腹痛(50%)。早期胃癌无明显体征,进展期在上腹部可扪及肿块,有压痛。胃镜检查早期胃癌可表现为小的息肉样隆起或凹陷;也可呈平坦样,但黏膜粗糙 、触之易出血,斑片状充血及糜烂。而进展期胃癌肿瘤表面常凹凸不平,糜烂,有污秽苔,活检时易出血(P365)。血行播散在晚期病人中可占60%以上。最常转移到肝脏(D对),其次是肺(C错)、腹膜、肾上腺,也可转移到肾、脑(E错)、骨髓(A错)等。"} {"Question":"女,上腹部腹胀4个月,上消化道造影未见异常,此时缓解腹胀最有效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑酸药"},{"key":"B","value":"抗幽门螺旋杆菌药"},{"key":"C","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"D","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"E","value":"促胃动力药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该患者女,出现上腹部,腹胀的表现,4个月上消化道造影未见异常,结合患者的表现,诊断为功能性消化不良,应给予促胃动力药缓解腹胀(E对),如效果不佳,可联用抑酸药(A错)。杀灭幽门螺杆菌效果较好的抗菌药有克林霉素、阿莫西林、四环素和甲硝唑。根治幽门螺杆菌阳性的溃疡病临床常采用的联合用药有:抑制胃酸分泌药+2个抗菌药、抑制胃酸分泌药+2个抗菌药+铋剂。临床常用的具体药物搭配方案有:质子泵抑制剂+克拉霉素+阿莫西林(或甲硝唑)、枸橼酸铋钾+四环素(或阿莫西林)+甲硝唑。疗程一般为14天(B错)。硝酸甘油和硝酸异山梨脂的主要作用是扩张静脉,使静脉容量增加、右房压力降低,减轻肺淤血及呼吸困难,另外还能选择性地舒张心外膜的冠状血管,在缺血性心肌病时增加冠脉血流而提高其心室的收缩和舒张功能,解除心衰症状,提高患者的运动耐力(C错)。阿司匹林及其代谢物水杨酸对COX-1和COX-2的抑制作用基本相当,具有相似的解热、镇痛、抗炎作用(D错)。"} {"Question":"慢性胃炎的临床表现一般不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶心、呕吐"},{"key":"B","value":"反酸、烧心"},{"key":"C","value":"贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"右季肋部痛"},{"key":"E","value":"上腹部痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性胃炎患者可表现为中上腹不适(E对)、饱胀、钝痛、烧灼痛等,也可呈食欲不振,恶心、呕吐(A对)、反酸、烧心(B对)等消化不良症状。体征多不明显,有时上腹轻压痛。贫血(C对)常见于A型胃炎(慢性萎缩性胃体胃炎)患者。A型萎缩性胃炎病变部位主要在胃底和胃体,血中抗壁细胞抗体和内因子抗体阳性,VitB₁₂吸收障碍,DNA合成障碍,产生巨幼细胞性贫血。右季肋部痛(D错,为本题正确答案)是肝脏疾病的临床表现。"} {"Question":"(135~136共用题干)男,64岁。胸骨后烧灼样疼痛2周,伴嗳气,偶有吞咽不畅。口服奥美拉唑治疗2周后疼痛缓解。目前首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"冠状动脉造影"},{"key":"C","value":"胃镜"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时食管pH监测"},{"key":"E","value":"超声心动图"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者胸骨后烧灼样疼痛伴嗳气(胃食管反流病常见临床表现),偶有吞咽不畅(多由食管痉挛或狭窄引起,提示可能存在食管器质性病变)。口服奥美拉唑治疗2周后疼痛缓解(应用抑酸剂后症状缓解,提示由胃酸原因导致的消化系统疾病可能性大)。结合上述病史和临床表现,该患者最有可能的诊断为胃食管反流病,胃镜(C对)是诊断此病最准确的方法。心电图(A错)(P180)多用于心脏方面的疾患尤其是心律异常的检查。冠状动脉造影(B错)(P222)多用于确诊冠心病。24小时食管pH监测(D错)(P348)也是用于诊断胃食管反流病的主要检查手段,主要通过食管PH值的变化评定是否存在反流,没有胃镜直观,故不作为首选检查。超声心动图(E错)(P159)多用于器质性心脏病的检查。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,餐后突发右上腹及剑突下痛,放射到右肩及后背部,二小时后疼痛剧烈,伴恶心,并吐出所进食物,仍不缓解,急诊就医。数年“胃病”史及胆石症历史,间有胆绞痛发作,查体:痛苦病容,体温37.2℃,呼吸28次\/分,浅快,律齐。全腹胀,上腹肌紧张,压痛反跳痛(+)。移动性浊音(±),白细胞12×10⁹\/L,血红蛋白125g\/L,尿淀粉酶400U(温氏法正常值32μ)。下列初步诊断中,不可能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性胃肠炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性胃肠炎(E错,为本题正确答案)以腹痛、腹泻、发热为主要表现,无放射性疼痛,不会出现腹膜刺激症状和尿淀粉酶升高。胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔(A对)常见于有胃病病史的患者,多表现为突发的腹部剧烈疼痛和明显的腹膜刺激征,常伴呼吸浅快,可有尿淀粉酶升高。急性胆囊炎(B对)多见于胆囊结石的病人,饱食、进食油腻食物为其常见诱因,腹痛可放射至右肩、后背部,炎症累及壁腹膜时可有反跳痛和腹肌紧张。急性肠梗阻(C对)主要表现为腹痛、腹胀、呕吐及停止自肛门排便排气,发生绞窄后,肠管的炎性渗出累及腹膜时,可有压痛和腹膜刺激征;渗液较多时,可有移动性浊音阳性。急性胰腺炎(D对)常表现为饱餐和饮酒后突然发作的腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐,呕吐后腹痛不缓解,严重者可有腹膜刺激征,移动性浊音阳性。"} {"Question":"治疗消化性溃疡患者上腹部疼痛效果最好的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粘膜保护剂"},{"key":"B","value":"质子泵抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"H₂受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"D","value":"抗酸药"},{"key":"E","value":"促动力剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"治疗消化性溃疡上腹部疼痛效果最好的药物是质子泵抑制剂, 是治疗消化性溃疡的首选药物 (B对D错),H₂受体拮抗剂(C错)次之;黏膜保护剂(A错)可阻断胃酸和胃蛋白酶对胃粘膜的消化;促动力剂(E错)一般用于消化不良和胃食管反流病的治疗,这四种药物均可缓解上腹部疼痛,但效果不及抗酸药。"} {"Question":"男性,35岁。有胃溃疡病史,今日早饭后,突然上腹痛,拒按。查体:腹壁呈板状僵硬,可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阑尾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"胰腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胆囊炎"},{"key":"D","value":"溃疡穿孔"},{"key":"E","value":"肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年男性患者,有胃溃疡病史,突发上腹痛,查体见腹壁呈板状僵硬(腹膜刺激症状),结合患者病史和体查,最可能的诊断为溃疡穿孔(D对)。阑尾炎(A错)起病多较缓慢,典型表现为转移性右下腹疼痛,腹部体征较局限。胰腺炎(P457)(B错)多表现为左上腹疼痛,可向左肩及左腰背部放射,肌紧张程度较轻。胆囊炎(P443)(C错)多见于女性,病人多有胆囊结石病史,主要表现为右上腹绞痛或持续性疼痛伴阵发性加剧,疼痛可放射到右肩、肩甲和背部,Murphy征阳性。肠梗阻(P358)(E错)主要表现为腹痛、呕吐、腹胀及停止自肛门排气排便,查体可触及腹部包块。"} {"Question":"男性,50岁。胃窦癌行根治性胃大部切除术后2年,因上腹疼痛不适,进食后饱胀消瘦贫血入院,钡餐检查:胃空肠吻合口处有充盈缺损和狹窄。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"残胃癌"},{"key":"B","value":"胃癌复发"},{"key":"C","value":"碱液反流性胃炎"},{"key":"D","value":"吻合口消化性溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"吻合口炎症水肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,2年前行胃窦癌根治术,现出现上腹部疼痛、进食后饱胀,消瘦、贫血,钡餐检查提示胃空肠吻合口处有充盈缺损和狭窄(提示吻合口处占位性病变),结合患者病史和钡餐检查,应考虑为胃癌复发(B对)。残胃癌(A错)指因良性疾病行胃大部切除术后5年以上,残胃出现的原发癌。碱液反流性胃炎(C错)主要表现为胸骨后或上腹部烧灼痛,呕吐含胆汁的物质,钡餐检查多无明显阳性发现。吻合口消化性溃疡(D错)钡餐检查可发现吻合口龛影。吻合口炎症水肿(E错)钡餐检查不会出现吻合口处充盈缺损和狭窄,行胃肠减压、抗炎治疗后多可缓解。"} {"Question":"男,62岁。9天前因食管下段癌,行左侧开胸,今日开始进流食后突发高热,体温39.2度,胸部X线示左侧胸腔液气平面。该患者目前最可能的问题是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"反流性食管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸道感染"},{"key":"C","value":"脓胸"},{"key":"D","value":"吻合口瘘"},{"key":"E","value":"功能性胃排空障碍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"老年男性患者,食管癌术后因进食流食出现高热,体温39.2℃(正常值为36~37℃),提示感染,胸部X线示左侧胸腔液气平面(提示液气胸),结合患者病史、临床表现和影像学检查,该患者目前最可能的问题是吻合口瘘(D对)。反流性食管炎(A错)典型症状为烧心及反流,无发热、胸腔液气平面。呼吸道感染(B错)主要表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰,不会出现胸腔液气平面表现。脓胸(C错)可有高热、胸腔液气平表现,但一般由气管或食管瘘引起,其发生率没有吻合口瘘高。功能性胃排空障碍(E错)又称术后胃瘫,通常发生在术后2~3天,主要表现为恶心、呕吐,呕吐物多呈绿色。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。因胃溃疡合并多次大出血,行胃大部切除术。如果病人发生残胃癌,时间至少超过术后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"残胃癌指因良性病变施行胃大部切除术后残胃出现的原发癌,如果病人发生残胃癌,时间至少要超过术后5年(E对)。"} {"Question":"男性,58岁,进餐后突发性上腹刀割样剧痛2小时。全腹压痛,板状腹,肝浊音界及肠鸣音消失。X线显示膈下新月形游离气体。既往有胃溃疡史25年。下列治疗中,最佳的手术方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃大部切除术"},{"key":"B","value":"大网膜覆盖穿孔缝合术"},{"key":"C","value":"迷走神经切断加胃窦切除术"},{"key":"D","value":"高选择性迷走神经切断术"},{"key":"E","value":"缝合穿孔后行迷走神经切断加胃空肠吻合术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,有胃溃疡病史,突发上腹部剧痛,全腹压痛、板状腹(腹膜刺激征,提示急性腹膜炎),肝浊音界消失,膈下游离新月影(提示为胃肠穿孔),结合患者病史、体查和影像学检查,应考虑为急性胃溃疡穿孔。急性胃溃疡穿孔最佳的手术方式是胃大部切除术(A对),因为该术式可一次性解决穿孔和溃疡两个问题。溃疡穿孔缝合术(如大网膜覆盖修补术)(B错)适用于穿孔时间超过8小时、腹腔污染严重及不能耐受手术的患者,且术后仍需正规的抗溃疡药物治疗。迷走神经切断术(CDE错)主要用于治疗十二指肠溃疡,十二指肠溃疡的发生与胃酸分泌增高密切相关,迷走神经切断术可阻断迷走神经对壁细胞的刺激,消除神经性胃酸分泌;消除迷走神经引起的胃泌素分泌,减少体液性胃酸分泌。"} {"Question":"女性,60岁。反复黑便,呕吐咖啡色液体1月余,消瘦,未触及肿块,血红蛋白50g\/L,白细胞6.5×10⁹\/L,最大可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胃炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性胃炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胃癌"},{"key":"D","value":"胃溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"十二指肠溃疡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年女性患者,反复黑便、呕吐咖啡色液体(呕血)1月余,消瘦,血红蛋白50g\/L(成年女性正常为110~150g\/L),提示重度贫血(溃疡型胃癌出血时可引起呕血或黑粪,继之出现贫血)。综合患者病史与实验室检查,考虑诊断为胃癌(C对)。急性胃炎(P353)(A错)临床表现主要有上腹痛、胀满、恶心、呕吐和食欲不振,重症患者亦可出现呕血、黑粪,但不会出现贫血或消瘦等恶病质表现。慢性胃炎(P355)(B错)患者可出现中上腹不适、饱胀、钝痛、烧灼痛等,亦可出现体重减轻、贫血,但不会出现呕血、黑便。胃溃疡(P359)(D错)多见于中老年,十二指肠溃疡(E错)多见于青壮年,二者均呈周期性、节律性上腹痛,腹痛可被抑酸或抗酸药缓解。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。咽部不适、声音嘶哑半年,伴反酸、烧心,偶有干咳,无咳痰,无发热,无腹痛、腹泻、呕血、黑便。查体:T36.5℃,P80次\/分,R18次\/分,BP120\/80mmHg。咽部慢性充血。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,心律齐。腹软。最适当的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雾化吸入糖皮质激素"},{"key":"B","value":"口服胃黏膜保护剂"},{"key":"C","value":"口服抗组胺药物"},{"key":"D","value":"口服质子泵抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"应用抗生素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者反酸、烧心(GERD典型症状),咽部不适、声音嘶哑,偶有干咳,咽部慢性充血(GERD反流的食管外症状)。因此最可能诊断为GERD。最适当的治疗是口服质子泵抑制剂(D对)。"} {"Question":"男性,46岁,近2年反复上腹不适,胀痛,暖气。无反酸。查体:上腹轻压痛,胃镜:胃窦黏膜红白相间,以白为主,下列不宜食用的食物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腌制食品"},{"key":"B","value":"油腻食品"},{"key":"C","value":"面制食品"},{"key":"D","value":"纤维食品"},{"key":"E","value":"豆制品"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性萎缩性胃炎: 本病以胃黏膜萎缩变薄 ,黏膜腺体减少或消失伴有肠上皮化生,固有层内多量淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润,出现胃窦黏膜红白相间,以白为主等特点 ,故诊断为慢性萎缩性胃炎。不宜食用腌制食品(A对)。"} {"Question":"女,74岁。行胃癌根治术后7天,咳嗽后腹正中伤口内有多量淡红色液体流出。最可能出现的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切口脂肪液化"},{"key":"B","value":"切口皮下积液"},{"key":"C","value":"切口裂开"},{"key":"D","value":"切口感染"},{"key":"E","value":"切口内血肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者为老年女性,胃癌根治术后7天,咳嗽后伤口有多量淡红色液体流出,最可能出现的情况是切口裂开(C对)。切口裂开常发生于术后1周之内,往往在病人一次腹部突然用力时(如咳嗽),自觉切口疼痛和突然松开,有淡红色液体自切口溢出。切口脂肪液化(A错)为切口处脂肪细胞无菌性变性坏死过程中细胞破裂后脂滴流出,在切口内形成一定量的液态脂肪,并伴有局部细胞反应,属无菌性炎症反应。切口皮下积液(B错)主要表现为切口局部水肿。切口感染(D错)常表现为切口炎症反应,局部红、肿、热、痛,有分泌物。切口内血肿(E错)也可在咳嗽后出现,常表现为为切口部位不适感,肿胀及边缘隆起、变色,有时出现血液外渗(流出的是血液,而非淡红色液体)。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。反复上腹痛5年,再发1个月,加重2天,5年来反复上腹痛,多发生于饥饿时,进食及口服碱性药可缓解,1个月来再发上腹痛,口服碱性药物缓解不满意,2天来上腹痛加重向后背放射,查体:上腹部压痛。血清淀粉酶320U\/L,该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二指肠球前壁溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"胃窦溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"胃底溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"胃体溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"十二指肠球后壁溃疡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者青年男性,反复上腹痛5年,再发1个月,加重2天,5年来反复上腹痛(考虑上消化道疾病),多发生于饥饿时,进食及口服碱性药可缓解,诊断为十二指肠溃疡。1个月来再发上腹痛,口服碱性药物缓解不满意,2天来上腹痛加重向后背放射(可能后壁穿透入胰腺),最可能诊断为十二指肠后壁溃疡(E对)。查体:上腹部压痛。血清淀粉酶320U\/L(正常值40~110U\/L,升高提示胰腺损伤)。胃部溃疡(BCD错)表现为餐后痛。十二指肠球前壁溃疡(A错)一般不会表现为上腹痛向后背放射。"} {"Question":"典型的食管癌症状特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"持续性胸骨后异物感"},{"key":"B","value":"渐进加重的吞咽困难"},{"key":"C","value":"间断吞咽困难伴呕吐"},{"key":"D","value":"胸痛"},{"key":"E","value":"反酸、烧心伴吞咽困难"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"典型的食管癌症状特点是渐进性加重的吞咽困难(B对),先是难咽干的食物,继而半流质,最后水和唾液也不能咽下。持续性胸骨后异物感(A错)为早期食管癌的一般表现,无特异性。间断吞咽困难伴呕吐(C错)为贲门失弛缓症的典型表现。胸痛(D错)可见于食管癌晚期侵犯食管外组织的患者,还可见于多种胸部疾病,无特异性。反酸、烧心伴吞咽困难(E错)为胃食管反流病的典型表现。"} {"Question":"男,56岁。反复上腹胀痛1年,进食后呕吐1个月,呕吐物含有宿食。査体:贫血貌,消瘦,上腹可见胃型,可闻及振水音。最有价值的辅助检査是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部CT"},{"key":"C","value":"胃镜"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部X线平片"},{"key":"E","value":"上消化道钡餐"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性患者,上腹痛1年,进食后呕吐1个月,呕吐物含有宿食,查体上腹可见胃型,可闻及振水音(提示幽门梗阻),结合患者病史和体查,应考虑为消化性溃疡合并幽门梗阻。为明确诊断,最有价值的辅助检查是胃镜(C对)。胃镜可以直接观察到狭窄、不规则的幽门,同时还可进行活组织病理检查以排除肿瘤。B超(A错)、腹部CT(B错)、腹部X线平片(D错)对腹部空腔脏器的显示效果不佳,一般不用于幽门梗阻的诊断。幽门梗阻时由于钡剂很难通过且很难经胃管吸出,因此一般不选择上消化道钡餐造影(E错)。"} {"Question":"提示存在消化道肿瘤的报警症状中,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑便"},{"key":"B","value":"贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"消瘦"},{"key":"D","value":"吞咽困难"},{"key":"E","value":"喛气"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"消化道的肿瘤发生后,多会出现一些报警症状提示有消化道肿瘤的存在,包括肿瘤引起的局部表现及全身症状,包括黑便(A对)、吞咽困难(D对)等肿瘤引起的局部表现及贫血(B对)、消瘦(C对)等肿瘤引起的全身症状,而嗳气(E错,为本题正确答案)多出现在消化不良等疾病中,而不是消化道肿瘤的报警症状。"} {"Question":"男,51岁。上腹部胀痛8个月,突发剧痛2小时,消瘦,贫血貌,左锁骨上淋巴结肿大3.8cm×1.5cm,质硬,全腹肌紧张,上腹明显压痛、反跳痛(+)。腹部X线透视可见膈下游离气体。下一步治疗最合理的术式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃造瘘术"},{"key":"B","value":"胃癌根治术"},{"key":"C","value":"穿孔修补术"},{"key":"D","value":"胃空肠吻合术"},{"key":"E","value":"姑息性胃大部切除术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年男性患者,上腹部胀痛8个月,消瘦、贫血貌,左锁骨上有一肿大、质硬的淋巴结(提示晚期胃癌),2小时前突发腹部剧痛,全腹肌紧张,上腹明显压痛、反跳痛(+)(腹膜刺激征),腹部X线透视可见膈下游离气体(提示腹部空腔脏器穿孔),结合患者病史、体查和影像学表现,应考虑为晚期胃癌并发穿孔。患者为晚期胃癌,有远处淋巴结转移,不能行胃癌根治术(B错),宜采用姑息性手术。(七版黄家驷外科学P1460)姑息性手术可分为姑息性胃大部切除术和空肠吻合术、空肠造口术等短路手术。研究资料表明,姑息性胃大部切除术的疗效显著高于其他姑息性手术,且不增加手术死亡率。行姑息性胃大部切除术不但可以消除肿瘤出血、穿孔等并发症,尤其在切除术后配合药物治疗,有的仍可获得较长的生存期。因此该患者下一步治疗最合理的术式为姑息性胃大部切除术(E对)。胃造瘘术(A错)主要用于晚期食管癌的患者。因癌肿自身容易出血、坏死,行单纯穿孔修补术后创口很难愈合(C错)。胃空肠吻合术(D错)等短路手术一般不能改变胃癌的自然生存曲线,仅能起到解除梗阻、缓解症状的效果,故不选。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,间断上腹痛3年,加重1周,1周前上腹胀痛明显,进食后加重,伴恶心,呕吐,呕吐物量大,有酸臭味,呕吐后症状有所缓解,排便排气较前减少,最可能的体征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹肌紧张"},{"key":"B","value":"液波震颤阳性"},{"key":"C","value":"肠型"},{"key":"D","value":"振水音阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"肠鸣音减弱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,间断上腹痛3年,加重1周,1周前上腹胀痛明显,进食后加重,伴恶心,呕吐,呕吐物量大,有酸臭味,呕吐后症状有所缓解(典型幽门梗阻表现),排便排气较前减少,故其最可能的体征振水音阳性(D对)。腹肌紧张一般见于腹膜炎等(A错)。液波震颤阳性一般见于有大量腹水病人,腹水达到3000ml-4000ml以上才能检出(B错)。肠型一般可见于绞窄性肠梗阻、结肠梗阻等(C错)。肠鸣音减弱一般可见于血运性肠梗阻等(E错)。"} {"Question":"选择性迷走神经切断术治疗十二指肠溃疡时加作幽门成形术的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进一步降低胃酸"},{"key":"B","value":"防止手术后腹泻"},{"key":"C","value":"减低溃疡复发率"},{"key":"D","value":"解除胃滞留"},{"key":"E","value":"有利于消化吸收功能"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胃的运动和分泌主要受交感神经和迷走神经支配,迷走神经兴奋时胃的运动和分泌增强。左侧迷走神经在贲门腹侧面分出肝支和胃前支,右侧迷走神经在贲门背侧分出腹腔支和胃后支。胃前、后支至胃窦处的终末分支呈“鸦爪”状,控制胃窦的运动和排空。选择性迷走神经切断术切断了包括鸦爪支在内的胃的所有迷走神经支配,使胃蠕动减退、排空障碍,导致胃潴留,因此需加作幽门成形术,以解除胃潴留(D对)。胃酸的分泌主要受神经-体液因素的调节,附加幽门成形不会降低胃酸分泌(A错)。腹泻是迷走神经切断术的并发症之一,可能与肠转运时间缩短、肠吸收减少等因素有关,因而幽门成形术不能防止术后腹泻的发生(B错)。术后溃疡复发率(C错)与迷走神经切断是否彻底、迷走神经切断后的再生有关,食物的消化吸收(E错)与各种消化液的分泌量和小肠功能有关,而与附加幽门成形无关。八版外科学已删除迷走神经切断术有关内容。"} {"Question":"男28岁,突发上腹剧痛5小时入院。既往有胃痛史。体检:呼吸较快,双肺呼吸音略粗糙,心率108次/分,上腹部压痛,腹肌紧张,肠鸣音弱。WBC12×10⁹/L,N0.85,L0.15。胸部平片如图所示,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"消化性溃疡合并急性穿孔"},{"key":"D","value":"下壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"急性胆囊炎穿孔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"28岁男性患者,5小时前突发上腹剧痛(急腹症典型症状),有胃痛病史(疑消化性溃疡),查体呼吸较快、双肺呼吸音略粗糙,心率108次\/分(心率增快),上腹部压痛,腹肌紧张(板状腹),肠鸣音减弱。实验室检查:WBC12×10⁹\/L(4×10⁹\/L<正常成人白细胞计数<10×10⁹\/L,增高),N 0.85(0.5<正常成人中性粒细胞比例<0.7,增高),L0.15(0.2<正常成人淋巴细胞比例<0.4,减少),胸片见膈下游离气体,根据患者的病史、临床表现和体征、实验室检查结果及影像学表现,最可能的诊断是消化性溃疡合并急性穿孔(C对),导致弥漫性腹膜炎,属于急腹症,需要立刻进行处理。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁,间断上腹痛3年,加重2个月,胃镜检查发现胃角切迹溃疡,幽门螺杆菌阳性。其治疗方案首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"H₂受体拮抗剂治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"粘膜保护剂治疗,6周复查胃镜"},{"key":"C","value":"质子泵抑制剂+粘膜保护剂治疗,4周复查胃镜"},{"key":"D","value":"抗幽门螺杆菌治疗+质子泵抑制剂治疗,6周复查胃镜"},{"key":"E","value":"抗幽门螺杆菌治疗,2周复查胃镜"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,间断上腹痛3年病史,胃镜检查可见胃角切迹溃疡,幽门螺杆菌阳性,可诊断为Hp相关胃炎,其治疗方案有:1种PPI+2种抗生素或1种铋剂+2种抗生素,即抗幽门螺杆菌治疗+质子泵抑制剂,疗程通常为4~6周,然后复查胃镜(D对)。"} {"Question":"关于消化性溃疡的治疗,正确的说法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"需长期应用粘膜保护剂以降低溃疡复发率"},{"key":"B","value":"为降低复发率,需长期服用质子泵抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"只要内镜证实溃疡已经愈合,溃疡就不会复发"},{"key":"D","value":"根除幽门螺杆菌可以降低溃疡复发率"},{"key":"E","value":"有消化道出血的溃疡患者必须长期为此治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"消化性溃疡的治疗主要为药物治疗,易复发,需要维持治疗,即使内镜证实溃疡已经愈合,仍有可能复发(C错),根除Hp(幽门螺杆菌)可以降低溃疡复发率(D对)。消化性溃疡愈合后,大多数患者可以停药,需要长时程维持的情况有反复溃疡复发、Hp阴性及已经去除其他危险因素的患者(ABE错)。"} {"Question":"男性,34岁。有多年消化性溃疡病史,近半年来发生瘢痕性幽门梗阻,在出现的临床特点中哪项不符合实际情况","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呕吐量大,多发生于傍晚"},{"key":"B","value":"呕吐物中含有食物和胆汁"},{"key":"C","value":"呕吐物中有酸臭味和宿食"},{"key":"D","value":"有胃型和胃蠕动波"},{"key":"E","value":"消瘦,脱水,低氯低钾性碱中毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"瘢痕性幽门梗阻指由于幽门、幽门管或十二指肠溃疡反复发作形成的瘢痕狭窄,其主要表现为腹痛和反复呕吐,呕吐多发生在下午或傍晚,呕吐量大,一次可达1000~2000ml(七版外科学P430)(A对),吐后自觉胃部饱胀改善。幽门梗阻可引起胃排空障碍,使食物蓄积在胃内,胆汁亦不能经梗阻的幽门反流入胃,故呕吐物多为宿食,有酸臭味(C对),不含有胆汁(B错,为本题正确答案)。幽门梗阻时上腹膨隆,梗阻近端扩张,可出现胃的轮廓(胃型);若该部位伴有蠕动增强,可看到蠕动波(D对)。幽门梗阻患者由于呕吐丢失大量胃液(盐酸),可引起低氯性碱中毒;碱中毒后,细胞内钾离子和氢离子交换(H⁺出胞K⁺入胞)增加,可导致细胞外液低钾,综上幽门梗阻可出现低钾低氯性碱中毒。此外,大量呕吐,使消化液丢失可引起脱水;营养物质摄入不足,可引起消瘦(E对)。"} {"Question":"一男性患者40岁,6小时前发生十二指肠壶腹(球部)溃疡前壁穿孔,以下症状及体征中,不应出现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全腹压痛及肌紧张"},{"key":"B","value":"肠鸣音亢进"},{"key":"C","value":"肝浊音界消失"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸浅快,腹肌呈板样"},{"key":"E","value":"发热及白细胞计数上升"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,十二指肠球部溃疡穿孔,胃液进入腹腔可对腹膜产生强烈的刺激作用,引起局部腹痛,之后迅速蔓延至全腹,出现全腹压痛、反跳痛和腹肌紧张(严重者腹肌紧张呈板样),即弥漫性腹膜炎(A对)。弥漫性的腹膜炎症刺激肠管,可使肠蠕动减弱,听诊肠鸣音减弱或消失(B错,为本题正确答案)。十二指肠穿孔后气体进入腹腔,气体覆盖于肝脏表面,可使肝浊音界消失(C对)。腹部疼痛可使腹式呼吸减弱或消失,胸式呼吸增强,由于胸廓活动度较小,故表现为浅快呼吸(D对)。穿孔后继发感染可出现发热、白细胞和中性粒细胞升高等中毒症状(E对)。"} {"Question":"女性,51岁,间断上腹疼痛2年,疼痛发作与情绪、饮食有关。查:上腹部轻压痛。胃镜:胃窦皱襞平坦,粘膜粗糙无光泽,粘膜下血管透见。此病例考虑诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消化性溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胃炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性浅表性胃炎"},{"key":"D","value":"胃癌"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性萎缩性胃炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中老年女性患者,有间断上腹痛两年病史,胃镜表现为胃窦皱壁平坦,黏膜粗糙无光泽,黏膜下血管透见(慢性萎缩性胃炎的典型表现),此病例考虑诊断为慢性萎缩性胃炎(E对)。消化性溃疡(P359)(A错)患者表现为周期性上腹痛,胃镜表现为边缘光滑,底部由肉芽组织构成,覆以灰黄色渗出物,周围黏膜常有炎症水肿。急性胃炎(B错)通常发病较为紧急,胃镜表现为胃黏膜糜烂和出血。慢性浅表性胃炎(P354)(C错)(慢性非萎缩性胃炎)患者胃镜表现为红黄相间,黏膜皱襞增粗。胃癌(P365)(D错)患者胃镜表现为肿瘤表面凹凸不平,糜烂,有污秽苔,也可呈深大溃疡。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。因十二指肠溃疡行毕II式胃大部切除术后6个月。术后出现反酸、烧心症状。应用抑酸剂治疗无效。上述症状逐渐加重,并呕吐胆汁样物,上腹部及胸骨后灼烧样疼痛,体重减轻。查体:T36.5℃,P80次\/分,BP120\/80mmHg,贫血貌,消瘦,营养不良,巩膜无黄染,心肺查体未见异常。胃镜检查见黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂,胃液中无游离酸,最适当的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"采取少食多餐方式"},{"key":"B","value":"行Roux-en-Y胃空肠吻合术"},{"key":"C","value":"长期应用消胆胺治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"应用受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"注意餐后平卧"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,因十二指肠溃疡行毕II式胃大部切除术,术后6个月出现反酸、烧心症状,呕吐胆汁样物。应用抑酸剂治疗无效,胃液中无游离酸,上腹部及胸骨后灼烧样疼痛,体重减轻。胃镜检查见黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂(提示碱性反流性胃炎),结合患者病史、体查和相关检查,应诊断为碱性反流性胃炎。该患者症状较重,最适当的治疗措施是行Roux-en-Y胃空肠吻合术(B对)。采取少食多餐方式(A错)、长期应用消胆胺治疗(C错)、应用受体拮抗剂(D错)、注意餐后平卧(E错)等内科保守治疗适用于症状较轻的患者。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。周期性空腹及夜间上腹痛4年,饱食后突发剧烈上腹痛3小时。查体:上腹部腹肌紧张,压痛阳性。肝浊音界消失。为明确诊断应选择的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"立位腹部X线平片"},{"key":"B","value":"血沉"},{"key":"C","value":"CT检查"},{"key":"D","value":"超声检查"},{"key":"E","value":"大便隐血试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者疑诊为十二指肠溃疡穿孔。为明确诊断,首选立位腹部X线平片检查(A对),若显示膈下新月形游离气体影,即可确定诊断。腹部CT(C错)价格昂贵,且对空腔脏器疾病检查效果不佳。超声检查(D错)受气体干扰,不用于空腔脏器疾病的诊断。大便隐血试验(E错)阳性只能提示消化道出血,而不能明确出血位置。血沉(B错)即红细胞沉降率,用于结核病、风湿热等的辅助检查,不用于十二指肠溃疡穿孔的诊断。"} {"Question":"男,56岁。反酸烧心5年。胃镜检查:食管下段黏膜多发条形破损,相互融合。该患者首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"B","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"C","value":"硫糖铝"},{"key":"D","value":"枸橼酸铋钾"},{"key":"E","value":"铝碳酸镁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者反酸烧心5年,提示胃食管反流病,因为烧心和反流是胃食管反流的典型症状。胃镜检查食管下段黏膜多发条形破损,相互融合,提示患者为反流性食管炎的C级或D级,为重症食管炎。奥美拉唑属于抑酸药中的PPI,PPI适用于症状重的严重食管炎的患者,因此该患者首选的药物是奥美拉唑(A对)。法莫替丁属于H2RA,适用于轻、中症患者(B错)。枸橼酸铋钾为胃粘膜保护剂,主要为治疗消化性溃疡的二线药物(D错)。硫糖铝(C错)、铝碳酸镁(E错)为弱碱性抗酸药,仅用于症状轻、间歇发作的患者临时缓解症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,60岁,因胃溃疡合并多次大出血,行胃大部切除术。该病人术后可能出现的营养性并发症不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体重减轻"},{"key":"B","value":"低血糖综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"骨质疏松"},{"key":"E","value":"隐性骨质软化"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胃大部切除术后,由于术中操作不当和解剖、生理改变,病人可出现多种并发症,按发生的时间顺序可分为早期并发症和晚期并发症。晚期并发症主要包括倾倒综合征、碱性反流性胃炎、溃疡复发、营养性并发症和残胃癌等。倾倒综合征指胃大部切除术后,由于失去了幽门的节制功能,导致胃内容物排空过快而产生的一系列临床症状,可分为早期倾倒综合征和晚期倾倒综合征。晚期倾倒综合征又称低血糖综合征(B错,为本题正确答案),为食物进入肠道后刺激胰岛素大量分泌而导致的反应性低血糖。"} {"Question":"男,68岁。因胃溃疡出血行毕I式胃大部切除术。术后第6天,有肛门排气,开始进流质饮食,进食后腹胀并呕吐,呕吐物中含胆汁。腹部可见胃型,无蠕动波。X线平片示残胃内大量胃液潴留。产生此症状最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"近端空肠返流"},{"key":"B","value":"远端空肠返流"},{"key":"C","value":"残胃蠕动功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"吻合口水肿"},{"key":"E","value":"吻合口不全梗阻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者,因胃溃疡出血行胃大部切除术,术后第6天,进食流质饮食后腹胀、呕吐,腹部可见胃型,但无蠕动波,X线平片示残胃内大量胃液潴留(提示胃蠕动功能减弱),有肛门排气(提示肠道蠕动功能正常),产生此症状最可能的原因是残胃蠕动功能障碍(C对)。空肠反流(AB错)是毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后的常见并发症,主要表现为上腹或胸骨后烧灼痛、呕吐胆汁样液体,腹部不会出现胃型。吻合口水肿(D错)、吻合口不全梗阻(E错)可有呕吐,但呕吐物一般不含胆汁,且患者胃蠕动功能正常,腹部可见蠕动波。"} {"Question":"胃溃疡的主要发病机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃黏膜屏障受损"},{"key":"B","value":"胃黏膜免疫屏障破坏"},{"key":"C","value":"迷走神经功能亢进"},{"key":"D","value":"胃泌素增加"},{"key":"E","value":"前列腺素合成减少"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胃溃疡在发病机制上以黏膜屏障防御功能降低(A对)为主要机制,十二指肠溃疡则以高胃酸分泌起主导作用。胃粘膜免疫屏障破坏(B错)多见于慢性胃炎,体内出现针对壁细胞或内因子的自身抗体,易诱发巨幼细胞贫血,称之为恶性贫血。迷走神经功能亢进、胃泌素升高(CD错)可使胃酸水平增高,间接导致十二指肠溃疡。前列腺素合成减少(E错)为急性胃炎的发病机制,通过非甾体类抗炎药物抑制环氧化酶的作用,进而减少了前列腺素的合成。"} {"Question":"男,25岁。夜间上腹痛2周,黑便2天,呕血伴头晕乏力4小时。最适宜应用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雷尼替丁"},{"key":"B","value":"甲氰咪胍"},{"key":"C","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"D","value":"多潘立酮"},{"key":"E","value":"枸橼酸泌钾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年男性患者,夜间上腹痛(十二指肠球部溃疡表现为饥饿痛、夜间痛),有黑便、呕血,十二指肠球部溃疡出血可能大。该患者有头晕乏力表现,表明其为急性大量失血。对于消化性溃疡所致出血,止血措施主要有:抑制胃酸分泌;内镜治疗;介入治疗(P452)。抑制胃酸分泌首选PPI(质子泵抑制剂)如奥美拉唑静脉途径给药(C对)。雷尼替丁(A错)、甲氰咪胍(西咪替丁)(B错)是H₂受体拮抗剂,多潘立酮(D错)是促胃肠动力药,枸橼酸铋钾(E错)是胃黏膜保护剂,均不作为首选。"} {"Question":"男性,56岁,反复上腹痛1年,进食后呕吐1个月,呕吐物含有宿食。查体:贫血貌、消瘦,上腹可见胃型,可闻及振水音。最有价值的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部CT"},{"key":"C","value":"纤维胃镜"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部X线平片"},{"key":"E","value":"全消化道钡餐"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性患者,上腹痛1年,进食后呕吐1个月,呕吐物含有宿食,查体上腹可见胃型,可闻及振水音(提示幽门梗阻),结合患者病史和体查,应考虑为消化性溃疡合并幽门梗阻。为明确诊断,最有价值的辅助检查是纤维胃镜(C对)。纤维胃镜可以直接观察到狭窄、不规则的幽门,同时还可进行活组织病理检查以排除肿瘤。B超(A错)、腹部CT(B错)、腹部X线平片(D错)对腹部空腔脏器的显示效果不佳,一般不用于幽门梗阻的诊断。幽门梗阻时由于钡剂很难通过且不易经胃管吸出,因此一般不选择全消化道钡餐造影(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,30岁。上腹痛7天,餐后突然加剧6小时,并很快波及全腹。既往有胃病史。当时查体:全腹压痛,反跳痛,肌紧张,肝浊音界消失,肠鸣音减弱。入院后最可能的诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性阑尾炎穿孔"},{"key":"B","value":"胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔"},{"key":"C","value":"绞窄性肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胆囊炎穿孔"},{"key":"E","value":"急性出血性胰腺炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"男性青年患者,上腹痛7天,餐后加剧6小时,并很快波及全腹(上腹痛,饱餐等诱因后转移为全腹痛)。既往有胃病史(考虑是否有胃十二指肠溃疡),当时查体:全腹压痛,反跳痛,肌紧张,肠鸣音减弱(考虑为由胃十二指肠穿孔所引起的急性腹膜炎),肝浊音界消失(考虑为胃十二指肠穿孔所引起的腹腔积气所致)。综合病人的病史、查体,入院后最可能的诊断为胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔(B对)。急性阑尾炎(A错)典型表现为转移性右下腹痛,腹痛部位常始于上腹、脐周,而后转移至右下腹疼痛,体检右下腹有明显压痛。绞窄性肠梗阻(C错)典型表现为主要表现为“痛”、“吐”、“胀”、“停”。即腹痛,恶心、呕吐,腹胀,停止自肛门排气排便。急性胆囊炎穿孔(D错)典型表现为上腹部疼痛,疼痛放射到右肩、肩胛和背部,随后腹痛可波及至全腹。体检右上腹胆囊区域有明显压痛,Murphy征阳性,发生穿孔后可出现弥漫性腹膜炎表现,但查体不会有肝浊音界消失。急性出血(E错)典型表现为病人出现呕血或者黑便,严重时可能出现失血休克症状,与题干中病人所出现症状明显不符。"} {"Question":"男,64岁。胸骨后烧灼样疼痛2周,伴嗳气,偶有吞咽不畅。口服奥美拉唑治疗2周后疼痛缓解。目前首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"冠状动脉造影"},{"key":"C","value":"胃镜"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时食管pH监测"},{"key":"E","value":"超声心动图"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者胸骨后烧灼样疼痛伴嗳气(胃食管反流病常见临床表现),偶有吞咽不畅(多由食管痉挛或狭窄引起,提示可能存在食管器质性病变)。口服奥美拉唑治疗2周后疼痛缓解(应用抑酸剂后症状缓解,提示由胃酸原因导致的消化系统疾病可能性大)。结合上述病史和临床表现,该患者最有可能的诊断为胃食管反流病,胃镜(C对)是诊断此病最准确的方法。心电图(A错)多用于心脏方面的疾患尤其是心律异常的检查。冠状动脉造影(B错)多用于确诊冠心病。24小时食管pH监测(D错)也是用于诊断胃食管反流病的主要检查手段,主要通过食管PH值的变化评定是否存在反流,没有胃镜直观,故不作为首选检查。超声心动图(E错)多用于器质性心脏病的检查。"} {"Question":"男性,63岁。上腹痛2小时,伴恶心、呕吐2次,为胃内容物,在下列疾病诊断中,可能性最小的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌梗死"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性阑尾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"梅尼埃综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"急性胃炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心肌梗死(A对)、急性胰腺炎(B对)、急性阑尾炎(C对)、急性胃炎(E对)均可出现上腹痛、恶心呕吐等症状。梅尼埃综合征(D错,为本题正确答案)是一种特发性内耳疾病,典型的梅尼埃病有如下4个症状:眩晕、耳聋、耳鸣及耳内闷胀感,无腹痛,可有恶心呕吐的症状。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。既往有胆石病病史10年,突发右肝区绞痛,伴右肩区疼痛。右肩区疼痛的性质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牵涉痛"},{"key":"B","value":"躯体痛"},{"key":"C","value":"痉挛性痛"},{"key":"D","value":"体腔壁痛"},{"key":"E","value":"扩散性疼痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹痛依据接受痛觉的神经分为内脏神经痛、躯体神经痛和牵涉痛。内脏神经主要感受胃肠道膨胀等机械和化学刺激,通常腹痛定位模糊,范围大,不准确。躯体神经属于体神经,主要感受壁层和脏腹膜的刺激,定位清楚、腹痛点聚焦准确,如胆石病突发右肝区绞痛。牵涉痛也称放射痛,是腹痛时牵涉到远处部位的疼痛,如肩部,这是因为两者的痛觉传入同一神经根(A对)。"} {"Question":"男性,15岁。突发心窝处阵发性钻顶样疼痛6小时,疼痛时大汗淋漓,辗转不安,痛止时又平息如常。体检:剑突偏右方可有深在压痛,无腹肌紧张及反跳痛。为明确诊断应采取简单安全的方法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超检查"},{"key":"B","value":"右上腹X线平片"},{"key":"C","value":"测定血清淀粉酶"},{"key":"D","value":"十二指肠引流检查"},{"key":"E","value":"ERCP"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者心窝处阵发性钻顶样疼痛(胆道蛔虫病典型表现),痛时辗转不安、间歇如常,剑突偏右方深在压痛,根据临床表现及查体,考虑胆道蛔虫症。B超对胆道疾病显影清楚,诊断准确率高,可确诊胆道蛔虫病,且操作简单、价格低廉,为确诊疾病,应选择B超检查(A对)。右上腹X线平片(B错)对蛔虫不显影;测定血清淀粉酶(C错)主要用于胰腺炎诊断;十二指肠引流检查(D错)对于胆石症、慢性胆囊炎、十二指肠炎有一定提示意义,以上检查对胆道蛔虫病诊断意义不大。ERCP(E错)为有创检查,一般不作首选。"} {"Question":"女,68岁。突发上腹阵发性绞痛2小时,短时间内寒战高热,小便呈浓茶样,随后嗜睡。查体:T39.6℃,P128次\/分,R30次\/分,BP80\/50mmHg。神志不清,躁动,巩膜黄染,右上腹肌紧张,有压痛和反跳痛。急症手术最有效的手术方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆总管切开减压术"},{"key":"B","value":"腹腔镜胆囊切除术"},{"key":"C","value":"胆囊造瘘术"},{"key":"D","value":"胆总管空肠吻合术"},{"key":"E","value":"胆总管十二指肠吻合术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年女性患者,上腹绞痛,寒战高热,巩膜黄染(黄疸),血压80\/50mmHg(休克),神志不清、躁动(中枢神经系统抑制现象),为典型的Reynolds五联征,应诊断为急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(AOSC)。AOSC的治疗原则是立即解除胆道梗阻,其中最有效的手术方式是胆总管切开减压(A对)术,可解除梗阻,阻止胆汁和细菌向血液的逆流,阻断病情恶化。腹腔镜胆囊切除术(B错)对解除胆管梗阻作用不大,主要用于急性胆囊炎的治疗。胆囊造瘘术(C错)难以达到有效的胆道引流,临床已经少有使用。胆总管空肠吻合术(D错)、胆总管十二指肠吻合术(E错)均为胆肠吻合术,对Oddi括约肌有损伤,术后易导致逆行感染,效果有限。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。发现皮肤黄染,尿色变深伴皮肤瘙痒两周。查体:皮肤巩膜黄染,右上腹可触及无痛性圆形肿块,随呼吸上下活动。该肿块可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆总管囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脏囊肿"},{"key":"C","value":"肿大胆囊"},{"key":"D","value":"胰头癌"},{"key":"E","value":"胆管癌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者老年男性,皮肤、巩膜黄染、尿色变深、皮肤瘙痒两周,右上腹可触及无痛性圆形肿块,应首先考虑壶腹癌或胆总管中、下段癌,故右上腹触及的肿块可能是肿大胆囊(C对)。胆总管囊肿(A错)一般指小儿先天性胆管扩张症,是一种先天性疾病,多见于儿童。肝脏囊肿(B错)、胰头癌(D错)、胆管癌(E错)均可压迫胆管引起黄疸,但均不能从体表触及。"} {"Question":"急性重症胆管炎并发休克,最重要的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大量使用有效抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"应用升压药物"},{"key":"C","value":"扩容治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"解除胆道梗阻,通畅引流"},{"key":"E","value":"纠正水电解质平衡紊乱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"急性重症胆管炎的发病基础是胆道梗阻及细菌感染。如果在疾病发展过程中,胆道梗阻不能解除,胆管内细菌引起的感染得不到控制,将会危及患者生命。急性重症胆管炎并发休克,最重要的治疗措施是抗休克同时解除胆道梗阻,通畅引流(D对),可阻断病情的恶化。大量使用有效抗生素(A错)、应用升压药物(B错)、扩容治疗(C错)、纠正水电解质平衡紊乱(E错)均属于一般性非手术疗法,非手术疗法对这类病变梗阻的解除与脓灶引流实难奏效,且有延误加重病情的可能。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。体检发现胆囊结石2年。近期进食油腻食物后持续上腹痛,向右肩部放射,伴恶心、呕吐,休息后可自行缓解,症状反复发作。查体:上腹明显压痛,Murphy征可疑阳性,肋脊角无压痛、叩痛。为明确诊断,首选的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"MRI"},{"key":"B","value":"尿常规"},{"key":"C","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"D","value":"血淀粉酶"},{"key":"E","value":"X线钡餐检查"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性,既往胆囊结石病史,近期进食油腻食物后持续上腹痛,向右部放射,伴恶心、呕吐,休息后可自行缓解(胆囊结石的典型表现),症状反复发作,查体:上腹明显压痛,Murphy征可疑阳性,肋脊角无压痛、叩痛(可排除肾结石),根据患者的病史、临床症状及体征,考虑最可能的诊断为胆囊结石,首选的检查方法是腹部超声。MRI(A错)也可显示胆囊结石,但没有B超方便快捷,不是首选检查方法。尿常规(B错)、血淀粉酶(D错)、X线钡餐检查(E错)对胆囊结石的诊断并无意义。"} {"Question":"男,52岁。上腹痛伴进行性黄疸1个月,感觉乏力食欲不振,症状逐渐加重;查体:腹部膨隆,腹软未触及包块,肠鸣音弱,CA19-9和CEA增高。为诊断和设计手术方案,最有意义的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ERCP"},{"key":"B","value":"MRI"},{"key":"C","value":"上消化道钡餐造影"},{"key":"D","value":"增强CT"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部B超"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中年男性,上腹痛伴进行性黄疸1个月,感觉乏力食欲不振,症状逐渐加重;查体:腹部膨隆,腹软未触及包块,肠鸣音弱,血CA19-9和CEA增高(腹腔肿瘤,尤其用于胰腺癌的辅助诊断)。根据患者临床表现、体格检查、实验室检查,怀疑为胰腺癌,腹部增强CT(D对)可作为胰腺肿瘤病人的首选影像学检查手段。腹部超声(A错)可显示肝内外胆管扩张,胆囊胀大,胰管扩张,胰头部占位病变,同时可观察有无肝转移和淋巴结转移,由于胃、肠等脏器的遮挡,腹部超声的诊断性不如增强CT。单纯腹部MRI(B错)诊断并不优于增强CT。上消化道钡剂造影(C错)用于诊断上消化道黏膜皱襞的形态与缺损。ERCP(内镜逆行胰胆管造影)(E错)用于观察十二指肠、乳头部病变及胆道系统和胰腺胆管的解剖和病变,对胰腺癌无诊断作用。"} {"Question":"女性,47岁,胆囊结石病史4年,曾先后发作性胆绞痛4次,BUS显示胆囊内充满结石。首选的治疗方法是下列哪─种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服排石饮液"},{"key":"B","value":"口服熊去氧胆酸片"},{"key":"C","value":"口服利胆素片"},{"key":"D","value":"胆囊切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"经皮胆镜取石术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年女性患者,既往有胆结石病史,先后发作胆绞痛4次,BUS显示胆囊内充满结石,首选的治疗方法是胆囊切除术(D对),该患者有胆绞痛的症状且胆囊内充满结石,符合手术治疗的指征,所以应首选胆囊切除术。"} {"Question":"对结核性腹膜炎最有诊断价值的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PP试验"},{"key":"B","value":"结肠镜检查"},{"key":"C","value":"血沉"},{"key":"D","value":"腹水常规"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔镜检查+腹膜活检"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"结核性腹膜炎是由结核分枝杆菌引起的慢性弥漫性腹膜感染,对其最有诊断价值的检查是腹腔镜检查+腹膜活检(E对),镜下见到结核结节、干酪样坏死灶即可确诊。PPD试验(A错)应用于检出结核分枝杆菌感染,而非检出结核病(P66),不用于确诊结核性腹膜炎。结肠镜检查(B错)主要用于溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病等肠道疾病,对结核性腹膜炎无诊断价值。血沉(C错)增高可见于多种疾病,如急性炎症、白血病、结缔组织病及结核病的活动期,不具有特异性。腹水常规(D错)可提示腹水性质,对结核性腹膜炎的诊断有一定价值,但不能确诊。"} {"Question":"继发性腹膜炎的手术指征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非手术治疗24小时后,病情加重"},{"key":"B","value":"原发病情况好转时"},{"key":"C","value":"中毒休克症状转好时"},{"key":"D","value":"病因不明"},{"key":"E","value":"腹膜炎有局限趋势后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"继发性腹膜炎的手术指征有:①经上述非手术治疗6~8小时后(一般不超过12小时),腹膜炎症状及体征不缓解反而加重者。②腹腔内原发病严重,如胃肠道穿孔或胆囊坏疽、绞窄性肠梗阻、腹腔内脏器损伤破裂、胃肠道手术后短期内吻合口漏所致的腹膜炎。③腹腔内炎症较重,有大量积液,出现严重的肠麻痹或中毒症状,尤其是有休克表现者。④腹膜炎病因不明确,且无局限趋势者(D对)。"} {"Question":"男性,29岁。转移性右下腹痛伴发热36小时入院,诊断为急性阑尾炎。急症行阑尾切除术,并给予大剂量抗生素治疗,术后5天,体温38.5℃,病人出现下腹坠痛。首选的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"B","value":"盆腔CT"},{"key":"C","value":"直肠镜"},{"key":"D","value":"钡剂灌肠"},{"key":"E","value":"直肠指检"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年男性患者,因急性阑尾炎行阑尾切除术后5天,出现下腹坠痛(提示病变位于下腹部),体温38.5度(正常为36~37度,提示感染),结合患者病史、体查,应考虑为盆腔脓肿。为明确诊断,首选的检查方法是直肠指检(E对)。急性阑尾炎术后多采取斜坡卧位,此时盆腔位置最低,腹腔内的渗出液由于重力作用,易积聚在盆腔引起盆腔脓肿,主要表现为发热、直肠刺激征。直肠指诊操作简便,检查若发现肛管括约肌松弛,在直肠前壁触及向肠腔内膨起、有触痛和波动感的肿物,结合患者病史则可确立盆腔脓肿的诊断。B超检查(A错)可显示脓肿的位置和大小,有助于明确诊断,但由于操作相对较复杂,故不作为首选的检查方法。盆腔CT(B错)可明确脓肿的大小、部位,但由于价格昂贵,一般不作为首选的检查方法。直肠镜(C错)主要用于直肠肛管内病变(如肿瘤)的诊断,对盆腔脓肿的诊断价值不大。钡剂灌肠(D错)多用于评价有肠道有无梗阻及瘘道,对盆腔脓肿诊断意义不大。"} {"Question":"男,31岁。5天前因十二指肠球部溃疡行毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术,今晨出现腹痛、腹胀、恶心,呕吐少量血性液体,查体:腹肌紧张,伴压痛、反跳痛,右侧显著。血常规:Hb120g\/L,WBC11.2×10⁹\/L,N0.85,Plt112×10⁹\/L,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二指肠残端破溃"},{"key":"B","value":"胃肠吻合口漏"},{"key":"C","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"胆囊穿孔"},{"key":"E","value":"应激性溃疡穿孔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,十二指肠球部溃疡行毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术5天,突然右上腹部剧痛、腹胀、恶心,呕吐少量血性液体,查体:腹肌紧张,伴压痛、反跳痛(是腹膜炎的典型体征),右侧显著。血常规:Hb120g\/L(男性Hb正常值为120~160g\/L),WBC11.2×10⁹\/L(男性WBC正常值(4~10)×10⁹\/L,提示感染),N0.85(正常值0.50~0.75),Plt112×10⁹\/L(Plt正常值为100~300×10⁹\/L),提示存在感染,结合患者症状、体征和影像学检查,该患者最可能的诊断是胃肠吻合口漏(B对)引起的继发性腹膜炎。十二指肠残端破溃(A错)多发生在术后24~48小时,见于十二指肠残端处理不当或毕Ⅱ式输入袢梗阻。腹部检查虽然也有腹膜刺激体征,但腹腔穿刺可得腹腔液含胆汁。急性胰腺炎(C错)腹痛多位于左上腹,向左肩及左腰背部放射。胆囊穿孔(D错)多有胆囊炎病史,与该患者病史不符。应激性溃疡穿孔(E错)腹式呼吸减弱或消失,全腹压痛,但以穿孔处最重,立位X线检查膈下可见新月状游离气体影。"} {"Question":"有关结核性腹膜炎临床表现的描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要表现为腹痛腹胀,结核中毒症状少见"},{"key":"B","value":"为局限的慢性化脓性腹膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"青壮年多见,男女比例约1:2"},{"key":"D","value":"多数可触及腹部包块"},{"key":"E","value":"多数可伴有肝脾结核"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"结核性腹膜炎是由结核分枝杆菌引起的慢性弥漫性腹膜感染,而不是局限的慢性化脓性腹膜炎(B错)。本病可见于任何年龄,以中青年多见,男女之比约为1﹕2(C对)。结核毒血症常见,主要是低热与中等热,可有盗汗(A错)。腹部包块少见(D错),在粘连型或干酪型可触及腹部包块。本病主要由肠系膜淋巴结结核、输卵管结核、肠结核直接蔓延而来,少数由粟粒性肺结核经淋巴血行播散而来,肝脾结核少见(E错)。"} {"Question":"引继发性腹膜炎的细菌主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变形杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"拟杆菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"继发性腹膜炎是最常见的腹膜炎,其致病菌主要是大肠埃希菌(B对),而变形杆菌(A错)、铜绿假单胞杆菌(D错)和拟杆菌(E错)都较少见。肺炎链球菌(C错)是血行播散引起的原发性腹膜炎的主要致病菌。"} {"Question":"结核性腹膜炎腹痛规律是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"持续性腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"疼痛-排便-加重"},{"key":"C","value":"进食-疼痛-缓解"},{"key":"D","value":"疼痛-进食-缓解"},{"key":"E","value":"疼痛-排便-缓解"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"结核性腹膜炎多表现为脐周、下腹或全腹持续性隐痛(A对)。进食-疼痛-缓解(C错)为胃溃疡的腹痛特点:胃溃疡患者腹痛常因进食刺激胃酸分泌而引起,表现为餐后痛,1~2个小时逐渐缓解。疼痛-进食-缓解(D错)为十二指肠溃疡的腹痛特点:十二指肠溃疡患者多为餐前痛,常因进食中和胃内过多的胃酸,减少胃酸流入十二指肠而疼痛缓解。疼痛-排便-缓解(E错)为肠易激综合征的腹痛特点(P386)。疼痛-排便-加重(B错)少见,一般腹痛于便后缓解,很少加重。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。低热,腹痛1个月,尿少,腹围增加1周。查体腹部弥漫压痛(+),呈揉面感,移动性浊音阳性。应采用的主要治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗结核治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"口服利尿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉点滴抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉输注白蛋白"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者诊断考虑为结核性腹膜炎。治疗的关键是及早给予合理、足够疗程的抗结核化学药物治疗(A对)。该患者现有尿少症状,提示循环血量减少,不宜口服利尿剂(B错)。免疫治疗(C错)可用于炎症性肠病、风湿性疾病、血液性疾病等,不用于结核性腹膜炎的治疗。静脉输注白蛋白(E错)可用于治疗肝硬化导致的腹水。静脉点滴抗生素(D错)对于结核杆菌无效。"} {"Question":"男性患者,42岁,突发上腹剧痛2小时,蔓延至右下腹及全腹,既往有胃痛病史10余年,未诊治,查体:板状腹,压痛反跳痛,肝浊音界消失,非手术治疗中最重要的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"胃肠减压"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"洗胃"},{"key":"E","value":"低压灌肠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,有胃痛病史,2小时前突发上腹剧痛,腹部压痛、反跳痛,板状腹(腹膜刺激征,提示急性腹膜炎),肝浊音界消失(提示空腔脏器破裂),结合患者病史、体查,应考虑为急性消化性溃疡穿孔。症状和体征较轻的患者,可采用非手术治疗,治疗措施包括:①禁食、持续胃肠减压;②输液以维持水、电解质平衡并给予营养支持;③应用抗生素以防治感染;④静脉应用抑酸药;⑤酌情应用镇静、止痛药物等,其中最紧急、最重要的治疗措施是胃肠减压(B对AC错),因为胃肠减压可以抽出胃内容物和气体,减少胃内容物外漏,改善胃壁的血运,有利于炎症的吸收和穿孔的闭合。洗胃(D错)主要用于经口摄入各种有毒物质(如农药、过量药物)的患者,其目的是清除胃内未被吸收的毒物或清洁胃腔。低压灌肠(E错)可刺激肠蠕动,软化大便,排出肠道内的气体,减轻腹胀,主要用于解除便秘或胃肠道手术的术前准备。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。右腿车轮碾压伤2小时。查体:T37.2°C,P145次\/分,R28次\/分,BP85\/55mmHg。神情淡漠,面色苍白,口唇干燥。两肺呼吸音清。腹软,无压痛。右小腿中部开放性外伤,伤口近端在院外己用止血带缚扎30分钟,伤口无明显渗血。足背动脉搏动弱。此时该患者处理措施错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中心静脉置管"},{"key":"B","value":"做好术前准备,急诊手术"},{"key":"C","value":"备血"},{"key":"D","value":"放开止血带,以免远端肢体缺血"},{"key":"E","value":"补充血容量"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者右腿车轮碾压伤,T37.2°C(轻度升高,正常36°C-37°C),P145次\/分(加快,正常60-100次\/分),R28次\/分(加快,正常12-20次\/分),BP85\/55mmHg(低,正常﹥90\/60mmHg,提示血容量不足)。神情淡漠,面色苍白,口唇干燥。右小腿中部开放性外伤,伤口近端在院外己用止血带缚扎30分钟(止血带应每隔1小时放松1-2分钟)(D错,为本题正确答案),伤口无明显渗血。足背动脉搏动弱。中心静脉置管(A对)、备血(C对)、补充血容量(E对)均为进一步救治措施,做好术前准备,急诊手术(B对)为急症措施。"} {"Question":"手部创口清创处理,一般不迟于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8小时"},{"key":"B","value":"9小时"},{"key":"C","value":"10小时"},{"key":"D","value":"11小时"},{"key":"E","value":"12小时"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"手部创口为开放性伤口,常有污染,应行清创术,目的是将污染伤口变成清洁伤口,为组织愈合创造良好条件。清创时间越早越好,伤后6~8小时内(A对BCDE错)清创一般都可达到一期愈合。如果是手部断肢再植的话,时间也应严格控制在6~8小时以内,以防再灌注损伤引起全身毒性反应。"} {"Question":"成年男性右侧膝关节以下烧伤,其烧伤面积占人体体表面积的百分比","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5%"},{"key":"B","value":"6%"},{"key":"C","value":"8%"},{"key":"D","value":"10%"},{"key":"E","value":"13%"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据中国新九分法(P138表13-1),成年男性双小腿表面积占全身体表面积的13%,双足占7%(女性双足占6%),故右侧膝关节以下即右小腿和右足的表面积,约占体表表面积的(13%+7%)\/2=10%(D对)。"} {"Question":"男性,25岁。烧伤后2小时入院,Ⅱ°烧伤面积共约40%,体重约60公斤。第一个24个小时,应输入的液体总量约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2400ml"},{"key":"B","value":"3400ml"},{"key":"C","value":"4600ml"},{"key":"D","value":"5600ml"},{"key":"E","value":"6500ml"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常成年人烧伤后第一个24个小时,每1%Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°烧伤面积每公斤体重补充胶体液0.5ml和电解质液1ml,总计1.5ml\/kg。该25岁男性病人,Ⅱ°烧伤面积共约40%、体重约60公斤,因此该病人第一个24个小时,应输入的液体总量约为60×40×1.5+2000=5600ml(D对)。其中一半液体于伤后前8小时内输入,另一半液体在后16小时补入。"} {"Question":"重度烧伤是指3度烧伤面积","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不足10%"},{"key":"B","value":"10~19%"},{"key":"C","value":"20~29%"},{"key":"D","value":"30~39%"},{"key":"E","value":"0.04"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"重度烧伤:烧伤总面积31%~50%;或Ⅲ⁰烧伤面积11%~20%(B对);或Ⅱ⁰、Ⅲ⁰烧伤面积虽不到上述百分比,但已发生休克等并发症,或存在较重的吸入性损伤、复合伤等。Ⅲ⁰烧伤面积不足10%(A错)为中度烧伤。Ⅲ⁰烧伤面积20%以上(CDE错)为特重度烧伤。"} {"Question":"浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"局部红肿"},{"key":"B","value":"局部水泡"},{"key":"C","value":"红白相间"},{"key":"D","value":"可见网状栓塞血管"},{"key":"E","value":"焦黄无水泡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"浅Ⅱ度和深Ⅱ度烧伤均有水疱形成,且前者为大水疱后者为小水疱,而Ⅰ度和Ⅲ度烧伤均无水疱形成,故浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面特征是局部水疱(B对)。由于Ⅰ度烧伤为轻度红肿,浅Ⅱ度烧伤为明显红肿,故局部红肿(A错)不是浅Ⅱ度烧伤的创面特征。创面红白相间(C错)为深Ⅱ度烧伤的特点。创面焦黄无水疱(E错),焦痂下可见网状栓塞血管(D错)为Ⅲ度烧伤的特点。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。体重60kg,右上肢肩关节以下右下肢膝关节以下烧伤,深度为浅Ⅱ度至深Ⅱ度,右足部烧伤深度为Ⅲ度。该患者第一个24小时的补液量应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2500ml"},{"key":"B","value":"1700ml"},{"key":"C","value":"2000ml"},{"key":"D","value":"3700ml"},{"key":"E","value":"4000ml"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者烧伤面积为19%。计算:19(烧伤百分比)×60(体重)×1.5(胶体与电解质液)=1710ml,再加上基础水分2000ml,共计3710ml,约为3700ml(D对)。"} {"Question":"男,28岁,建筑工人。下午3时露天工作时发生大汗、头痛、腹痛、呕吐、抽搐,无尿、便失禁,流涎,口吐白沫。当日最高气温38℃,既往体健。查体:T38.1℃,心率106次\/分,血压90\/60mmHg。神志清楚,面色潮红,双肺未闻及干湿啰音,心律齐。最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"热射病"},{"key":"C","value":"热痉挛"},{"key":"D","value":"低血糖"},{"key":"E","value":"脱水"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年男性患者,建筑工人。下午3时露天工作时(劳力工作)发生大汗、头痛、腹痛、呕吐、抽搐,无尿、便失禁,流涎,口吐白沫(热痉挛表现)。当日最高气温38℃,既往体健。查体:T38.1℃(高热),心率106次\/分,血压90\/60mmHg,神志清楚,面色潮红,双肺未闻及干湿啰音,心率齐,故患者诊断为热痉挛(C对)。热衰竭(A错)多见于老年人、儿童和慢性病病人,心率明显增快。热射病(B错)一般有高热>40℃伴神志障碍。低血糖(D错)的症状通常表现为出汗、饥饿、心慌、颤抖、面色苍白等。露天工作导致的脱水(E错)往往是高渗性脱水,会有极度口渴的症状。"} {"Question":"机体处于应激如创伤手术感染等情况下,能量代谢的变化中,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"机体出现高代谢和分解代谢"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪动员加速"},{"key":"C","value":"蛋白质分解加速"},{"key":"D","value":"处理葡萄糖能力增强"},{"key":"E","value":"机体处于负氮平衡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"机体处于应激情况下时,出现高代谢和分解代谢(A对),机体糖异生作用增强,脂肪动员加速(B对),蛋白质分解加速(C对),形成负氮平衡(E对),但机体对葡萄糖的处理能力降低(D错,为本题正确答案),从而造成高血糖。"} {"Question":"女,50岁。因患短肠综合症,予全胃肠外营养(TPN)治疗。应用一周时,病人出现昏迷,但尿内无酮体。病人既往曾有空腹血糖高(11mmol/L)。此病的预防主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开始一周内注意葡萄糖输注的浓度、速度和与胰岛素的比例"},{"key":"B","value":"加强保肝"},{"key":"C","value":"加强导管护理、无菌操作"},{"key":"D","value":"纠正水和电解质紊乱,预防酸中毒发生"},{"key":"E","value":"保护肾功能"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"预防高渗性非酮性昏迷的发生,应注意葡萄糖输注的浓度不宜过高、速度不宜过快,与胰岛素的比例合适(A对)。加强导管护理、无菌操作(C错)是导管感染败血症的预防措施。加强保肝(B错)、保护肾功能(E错)、纠正水和电解质紊乱,预防酸中毒发生(D错)与高渗性非酮性昏迷无关。"} {"Question":"以下哪项符合绝对禁食","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胰腺炎早期"},{"key":"B","value":"急性糜烂出血性胃炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性透壁性溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"持续潜血阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"肝性脑病昏迷"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"急性胰腺炎早期为了降低胰液分泌,减少胰酶对胰腺的自身消化,就需要短期禁食(A对)。急性糜烂出血性胃炎(B错)、慢性透壁性溃疡(C错)、持续潜血阳性(D错)一般都不提倡进行绝对禁食。肝性脑病昏迷患者应当尽可能保持热量供应,防止低血糖(E错)。"} {"Question":"长期采用全胃肠外营养,理想静脉为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颈内或锁骨下静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"颈外静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"头静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"大隐静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"上肢静脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肠外营养的输注途径主要有中心静脉和周围静脉途径。中心静脉途径适用于需要长期肠外营养,需要高渗透压营养液的病人。临床上常用的中心静脉途径有:颈内静脉途径、锁骨下静脉途径(A对)、经头静脉或贵要静脉插入中心静脉导管途径(不如前两个常用)。周围静脉途径适用于只需短期肠外营养支持的病人,通常采用浅表静脉。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。突发呕鲜血2小时,约400mL。发现HBsAg阳性20年。查体:T36.5℃,P80次\/分,R18次\/分,BP120\/80mmHg。巩膜无黄染,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,心律齐。腹膨隆,无压痛、反跳痛、肌紧张,肝脏肋下未触及,脾脏肋下4cm,移动性浊音阳性。准备急症手术治疗,术前检查中不包括:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹水常规检查"},{"key":"B","value":"肾功能测定"},{"key":"C","value":"出、凝血功能测定"},{"key":"D","value":"血清电解质测定"},{"key":"E","value":"肝功能检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年患者,发现HBsAg阳性20年(可发展为肝炎后肝硬化),突发呕鲜血约400mL,查体:脾脏肋下4cm(脾大),移动性浊音阳性(提示有腹水),根据临床表现及病史,最可能的诊断为胃底食管静脉曲张出血。准备行急症手术,术前检查不包括腹水常规检查(A错,为本题正确答案),腹水是肝硬化导致的门脉高压的继发性改变之一,不作为术前常规检查。肝功能(E对)是判断是否手术和术式选择的重要依据,术前检查包括心理和营养状态;肾功能(B对);出、凝血功能检查(C对);血清电解质测定等(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者结肠癌右半结肠切除术后两小时,查体:T36.9℃,P85次\/分,R21次\/分,BP130\/85mmHg,意识清醒。此时应该采取的体位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低半坐位"},{"key":"B","value":"高半坐位"},{"key":"C","value":"平卧位"},{"key":"D","value":"侧卧位"},{"key":"E","value":"头低脚高位"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹部手术后,多取低半坐位(A对)卧式或斜坡卧位,以减少腹壁张力。施行颈、胸手术后,多采用高半坐位卧式(B错),以便于呼吸及有效引流。脊柱或臀部手术后,可采用俯卧或仰卧(C错)位。腹腔内有污染的病人,在病情许可情况下,尽早改为半坐位或头高脚低位,以便体位引流。休克病人,应取下肢抬高15°~20°,头部和躯干抬高20°~30°的特殊体位。肥胖病人可取侧卧位(E错),有利于呼吸和静脉回流"} {"Question":"女,64岁。拟行直肠癌根治术。2型糖尿病病史20余年。现每日皮下注射胰岛素,平素晨起应用胰岛素12U。空腹血糖常为7~10mmol\/L,尿糖(+~++)。下列围手术期处理不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手术当日测定空腹血糖"},{"key":"B","value":"必须将空腹血糖控制到正常水平"},{"key":"C","value":"术前应用葡萄糖及胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"尿糖可维持原水平"},{"key":"E","value":"手术日晨停用胰岛素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年女性,根据题意可知患者拟施行直肠癌根治术,且患者患有2型糖尿病20余年,每日皮下注射胰岛素治疗。现患者空腹血糖为7~10mmol\/L(空腹正常值为3.9~6.1mmol\/L),尿糖(+~++)。直肠癌根治术术前需肠道准备,严格控制饮食及血糖,但无需控制在正常范围(B错,为本题正确答案),尿糖维持原水平(+~++)(D对),患者应于手术当日测定空腹血糖(A对)以了解血糖情况,以避免因胰岛素过多而发生低血糖,也可避免因胰岛素过少而发生酸中毒。因患者平日皮下注射胰岛素治疗,故患者术前应以葡萄糖和胰岛素维持正常糖代谢(C对),且在手术日晨停用胰岛素(E对)。"} {"Question":"男,18岁,因急性阑尾炎穿孔行阑尾切除术,术后3天切口红肿,有脓性分泌物,将缝线拆除后引出20ml脓液,10天后再次缝合而愈合,该病人切口愈合类型应记为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅱ\/乙"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ\/丙"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ\/甲"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ\/乙"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅲ\/丙"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"阑尾穿孔的阑尾切除术手术时,切口邻近污染区、组织直接暴露于污染物,故属于Ⅲ类切口。术后切口红肿、化脓,有脓液引出,故属于丙级愈合。因此该病人切口愈合类型为Ⅲ\/丙(E对)。切口的分类:①清洁切口(Ⅰ类切口),指缝合的无菌切口,如甲状腺大部切除术等。②可能污染切口(Ⅱ类切口),指手术时可能带有污染的缝合切口,如胃大部切除术等(AB错)。③污染切口(Ⅲ类切口),指邻近感染区或组织直接暴露于污染或感染物的切口,如阑尾穿孔的阑尾切除术,肠梗阻坏死肠管切除手术等。切口的愈合也分为三级:①甲级愈合,用“甲”字代表,指愈合优良,无不良反应(C错)。②乙级愈合,用“乙”字代表,指愈合处有炎症反应,如红肿、硬结、血肿、积液等,但未化脓(D错)。③丙级愈合,用“丙”字代表,指切口化脓,需要作切开引流等处理。"} {"Question":"预防术后肺不张最主要的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用大量抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"蒸汽吸入"},{"key":"C","value":"多翻身多做深呼吸,鼓励咳嗽"},{"key":"D","value":"应用祛痰药物"},{"key":"E","value":"氧气吸入"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"叩击胸、背部,鼓励咳嗽和深呼吸(C对)可以有效预防术后肺不张,为预防术后肺不张的最主要措施;应用大量抗生素(A错)有助于减轻肺部感染症状,与预防术后肺不张无关;蒸汽吸入(B错)、应用祛痰药物(D错)、氧气吸入(E错)均为肺不张的缓解、治疗措施,而非预防措施。"} {"Question":"女,33岁。现左乳房包块10天,无不适症状。查体:乳房视诊无异常,左乳房外上象限可触及1.5cm×1.5cm包块,质硬,活动度良好,左腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结。钼靶X线片检查示1.5cm×lcm密度增高影,周边有小毛刺,中央可见聚集细小钙化点。准备手术治疗。以下可选择的术式中,必须在术后放疗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保留胸大、小肌的改良根治术"},{"key":"B","value":"全乳房切除术"},{"key":"C","value":"保留胸大肌的改良根治术"},{"key":"D","value":"乳腺癌根治术"},{"key":"E","value":"保留乳房的乳腺切除术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年女性患者,左乳房包块。体查:左乳外上象限(乳腺癌好发部位)可及质硬、粗糙的包块(乳腺癌常见临床表现)。钼靶X线片示:密度增高肿块,周边有小毛刺,中央可见聚集细小钙化点(乳腺癌典型X线表现)。综合该患者病史、体查及影像学检查,诊断考虑乳腺癌。保留乳房的乳腺切除术(E对)仅完整切除了肿块,并清除了腋淋巴结,为减少复发,术后须用超高压放射线照射乳腺部及内乳、锁骨上区。全乳房切除术(B错)后可根据病人年龄、疾病分期分类等情况,决定是否应用放疗。保留胸大、小肌的改良根治术(A错)、保留胸大肌的改良根治术(C错)、乳腺癌根治术(D错)均切除了全部乳房,术后是否接受放疗须根据患者有无放疗指征。"} {"Question":"因雌孕激素比例失调,使乳腺实质增生过度和复旧不全引起的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳腺癌"},{"key":"B","value":"乳管内乳头状瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"乳房肉瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"乳房纤维腺瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"乳腺囊性增生病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"乳腺囊性增生病是因雌、孕激素比例失调,使乳腺实质增生过度和复旧不全而导致的(E对)。乳腺癌(A错)是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,病因尚不清楚。乳管内乳头状瘤(B错)是指发生在导管上皮的良性肿瘤。乳房肉瘤(C错)是较少见的恶性肿瘤,包括中胚叶结缔组织来源的间质肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、血管肉瘤和淋巴肉瘤等。乳房纤维腺瘤(D错)产生的原因是小叶内纤维细胞对雌激素的敏感性异常增高,可能与纤维细胞所含雌激素受体的量或质的异常有关,是青年女性常见的乳房肿瘤。"} {"Question":"女,38岁,已婚,右乳外上象限可触及一直径3cm包块,同侧腋窝触到肿大淋巴结,其它器官系统未见异常术后病理诊断乳腺导管浸润癌伴同侧腋窝淋巴结转移,将行粒子加速器治疗,预期疗效属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高度敏感"},{"key":"B","value":"中度敏感"},{"key":"C","value":"低度敏感"},{"key":"D","value":"不敏感"},{"key":"E","value":"可能使病情加重"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"放射治疗是乳腺癌的局部治疗手段之一,根治术后是否应用放疗,多数认为对Ⅰ期病例无益,对Ⅱ期以后病例可能降低局部复发率。又该患者按TNM分期法属于Ⅱ期,故预期疗效属于中度敏感(B对)。"} {"Question":"恶性程度最高的乳癌类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浸润性导管癌"},{"key":"B","value":"浸润性小叶癌"},{"key":"C","value":"湿疹样癌"},{"key":"D","value":"炎性乳癌"},{"key":"E","value":"髓样癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"恶性程度最高的乳癌类型是炎性乳癌(D对),常表现为皮肤红肿、局部温度增高、水肿、肿块边界不清,常有腋淋巴结转移,该型肿瘤生长快,预后极差。"} {"Question":"女,左乳3cm×3cm肿块,质硬,光滑,可推动,无淋巴结肿大,首选检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳腺X线检查"},{"key":"B","value":"乳腺导管检查"},{"key":"C","value":"乳腺B超"},{"key":"D","value":"CT"},{"key":"E","value":"MRI"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者女,左乳出现3cm×3cm肿块,质硬,光滑,可推动,无淋巴结肿大,首选应行乳腺B超检查,乳腺B超可以检出囊性病变,观察血供情况,提高判断的敏感性,也可以对肿瘤的定性诊断提供有价值的依据(C对)。乳房X线摄影是常用的影像学检查方法,广泛用于乳腺癌的普查。乳腺癌的X线表现为密度增高的肿块影,边界不规则,或呈毛刺征。有时可见钙化点,颗粒细小、密集(A错)。乳头溢液未抇及肿块者,可作乳腺导管内视镜检查(B错)。MRI是乳腺X线摄影和超声检查的重要补充,对微小病灶、多中心、多病灶的发现及评价病变范围有优势(E错)。"} {"Question":"(122~123题共用题干)女,55岁。右乳房肿块6个月,不伴疼痛,无乳头溢液。查体:右乳外上象限可触及6cm×5cm肿块,质硬,边界不清。右腋窝可触及数个肿大淋巴结,部分融合。肿块穿刺活检确诊为乳腺癌,首选的治疗方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保乳手术"},{"key":"B","value":"改良根治术"},{"key":"C","value":"放射治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"术前化疗"},{"key":"E","value":"靶向治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者右乳房肿块6个月,查体发现右乳外上象限可触及 6cm×5cm肿块(T₃),质硬,边界不清。右腋窝可触及数个肿大淋巴结,部分融合(N₂),肿块穿刺活检确诊为乳腺癌。综合患者的临床表现和病理检查,应诊断为乳腺癌Ⅲ期(T₃N₂M₀,癌瘤长径>5cm,同侧腋窝肿大淋巴结彼此融合,或与周围组织粘连)。术前化疗(D对)多用于局部晚期的病例,目的在于缩小肿瘤,提高手术成功率及探测肿瘤对药物的敏感性。保乳手术(A错)适用于临床Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期的病人,且患者为老年女性对外观要求低。乳腺癌改良根治术(B错)适用于临床Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期的病人,是目前常用的手术方式。放射治疗(C错)是局部治疗手段之一,是乳腺癌手术后治疗的重要组成部分。靶向治疗(E错)对HER2过度表达的患者有一定效果,常用于辅助治疗,特别是对其他化疗药物无效的病人也能有部分的疗效。"} {"Question":"乳腺癌术后必须辅以放疗化疗的术式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳腺癌根治术"},{"key":"B","value":"乳腺癌扩大根治术"},{"key":"C","value":"乳腺癌改良根治术"},{"key":"D","value":"保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"全乳房切除术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术(D对)仅包括完整切除肿块及腋淋巴结清扫,手术切除范围小,保留了乳房,但术后须辅以放疗、化疗。术后放疗可以减少局部复发;术后化疗可杀灭术时已存在的亚临床转移灶并能够减少因手术操作而引起的肿瘤播散。乳腺癌根治术(A错)、乳腺癌扩大根治术(B错)、乳腺癌改良根治术(C错)、全乳房切除术(E错)均切除了全部乳房,术后是否进行放化疗须根据有无指征。"} {"Question":"乳房表浅脓肿切开引流,最佳切口应选择为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轮辐状切口"},{"key":"B","value":"横切口"},{"key":"C","value":"“+”字切口"},{"key":"D","value":"“++”切口"},{"key":"E","value":"竖切口"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳腺叶和输乳管均以乳头为中心呈放射状排列,因此乳房表浅脓肿切开引流的最佳切口为轮辐状切口(A对),可减少对乳腺叶和输乳管的损伤,减少术后乳瘘的形成。“十”字切口(C错)及“十十”切口(D错)可用于痈的切开引流。"} {"Question":"雌激素受体阳性的乳癌在根治术后最常用的激素治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵巢切除"},{"key":"B","value":"口服三苯氧胺"},{"key":"C","value":"口服甲地孕酮"},{"key":"D","value":"肌注丙酸睾丸酮"},{"key":"E","value":"口服泼尼松"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"乳腺癌细胞中雌激素受体阳性者,称激素依赖性肿瘤,这些病例对内分泌治疗敏感。三苯氧胺又称他莫昔芬,其结构式与雌激素相似,可在靶器官内与雌二醇争夺雌激素受体,三苯氧胺-ER复合物能影响DNA的基因转录,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长。因此,口服三苯氧胺(B对)为雌激素受体阳性的乳癌在根治术后最常用的激素治疗方法,有效率约为55%~60%。甲地孕酮(C错)由于具有抗雌激素活性,近来也用于乳腺癌的姑息治疗,有效率约10%~15%。肌注丙酸睾丸酮(D错)用于绝经期后女性晚期乳腺癌的姑息性治疗。口服泼尼松(E错)不属于乳癌的激素治疗方法。卵巢切除(A错)用于治疗晚期乳腺癌和复发性乳腺癌。"} {"Question":"乳腺癌扩大根治术的切除范围包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳房及同侧腋窝脂肪淋巴组织"},{"key":"B","value":"乳房胸大肌胸小肌及其筋膜"},{"key":"C","value":"乳房胸大肌胸小肌及同侧腋窝脂肪淋巴组织"},{"key":"D","value":"乳房胸大肌胸小肌及同侧腋窝锁骨上脂肪淋巴组织"},{"key":"E","value":"乳房胸大肌胸小肌及同侧腋窝胸骨旁脂肪淋巴组织"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"乳腺癌扩大根治术的切除范围包括乳房、胸大肌、胸小肌及同侧腋窝、胸骨旁脂肪淋巴组织(E对)。乳房、胸大肌、胸小肌及同侧腋窝、锁骨上脂肪淋巴组织(D错)为乳腺癌根治术的切除范围。ABC选项所述并不是规范的乳腺癌手术方式。"} {"Question":"乳房后脓肿切开引流最好采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳房表面放射状切口"},{"key":"B","value":"乳房表面横切口"},{"key":"C","value":"乳晕下缘弧形切口"},{"key":"D","value":"乳房下缘弧形切口"},{"key":"E","value":"乳房外侧斜切口"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"乳房底部与胸大肌表面之间有一潜在腔隙,细菌在此腔隙内繁殖,即可引起乳房后脓肿,此时在乳房下缘作弧形切口(D对),经过乳房后间隙引流脓液,可减少对乳腺小叶及乳管的损伤。乳房表面放射状切口(A错)用于引流乳腺小叶脓肿,系因乳管以乳头为中心,呈放射状分布,作放射状切口可减少对正常乳腺小叶及乳管的损伤。临床上一般不作乳房表面横切口(B错)和乳房外侧斜切口(E错)。乳晕下缘弧形切口(C错)用于引流乳晕下脓肿。"} {"Question":"女,45岁。左乳房包块5个月,乳房无不适症状,有时感左肩背部不适,隐痛。查体:一般情况好,左乳房外上象限可触及3cm×2cm包块,质硬。不光滑,活动,无压痛,左腋窝触及3枚肿大淋巴结。钼靶摄片:左乳房2cm×2cm高密度影,周边有毛刺,中央有细沙样钙化点。患者术后3年出腰背部疼痛,逐渐加重,为明确诊断首选的主要检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PET-CT"},{"key":"B","value":"CEA"},{"key":"C","value":"CA15-3"},{"key":"D","value":"同位素骨扫描"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫指标检测"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"乳腺癌易经椎旁静脉系统转移至椎体,因此乳腺癌患者术后3年诉腰背部疼痛,考虑乳腺癌椎体转移。为明确诊断首选的主要检查是同位素骨扫描(D对),其敏感性较高,不仅可以早期发现骨转移病灶,还对恶性肿瘤患者的临床分期、选择合适的治疗计划、判定疗效等方面具有重要价值。PET-CT(A错),即正电子发射计算机断层-CT与同位素骨扫描相比,具有半衰期短、骨骼系统辐射剂量小、图像分辨率高、对肿瘤检测灵敏度和特异性高等优势,但价格过于昂贵,因此一般不作首选。CEA(B错)即癌胚抗原(P391),主要用于预测直肠癌的预后和监测复发。CA15-3(C错)即癌胚抗原153主要用于辅助诊断乳腺癌及预后监测。免疫指标检测(E错)主要用于诊断自身免疫性疾病。"} {"Question":"乳癌多发生于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳头乳晕区"},{"key":"B","value":"内上象限"},{"key":"C","value":"外上象限"},{"key":"D","value":"内下象限"},{"key":"E","value":"外下象限"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"乳腺癌的多发于乳腺外上象限(C对),占50%以上,扪诊时应重点检查。"} {"Question":"下列乳腺癌类型中常表现为粉刺癌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浸润性小叶癌"},{"key":"B","value":"浸润性导管癌"},{"key":"C","value":"导管内原位癌"},{"key":"D","value":"小叶原位癌"},{"key":"E","value":"髓样癌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"导管内原位癌中的高级别DCIS往往由较大的多形性细胞构成,核仁明显、核分裂象常见,管腔内常出现伴有大量坏死碎屑的粉剌样坏死,即表现为粉刺癌(C对)。浸润性小叶癌癌细胞呈单行串珠状或细条索状浸润于纤维间质之间(A错)。浸润性导管癌,癌细胞排列成巢状、团索状,或伴有少量腺样结构(B错)。小叶原位癌表现为扩张乳腺小叶末梢导管和腺泡内充满呈实体排列的肿瘤细胞,小叶结构尚存(D错)。髓样癌表现为大量癌细胞巢,间质少,伴有大量淋巴细胞浸润(E错)。"} {"Question":"慢性苯中毒会累及的系统是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液系统"},{"key":"B","value":"消化系统"},{"key":"C","value":"中枢神经系统"},{"key":"D","value":"泌尿系统"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸系统"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性苯中毒时苯代谢产物(邻苯二酚、氢醌和苯醌)抑制骨髓基质生成造血干细胞,干扰细胞增殖和分化的调节因子,阻断造血干细胞分化过程而诱发白血病(A对)。急性苯中毒后会损害细胞膜结构,影响细胞膜蛋白功能,干扰细胞膜的脂质和磷脂代谢,抑制细胞膜功能,导致中枢神经麻醉(C错)。"} {"Question":"某蓄电池厂,男工,工龄8年,主诉头昏、头痛、乏力、记忆减退、睡眠障碍、纳差、脐周隐痛,经检验,尿中6-ALA为28.6μmol\/L。最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性铅中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性苯中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性汞中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性氰化物中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性硫化氢中毒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"男性患者,有长期接触铅的职业史,出现头昏头痛、乏力、记忆减退、睡眠障碍等神经衰弱表现和纳差伴脐周隐痛等消化系统表现(慢性铅中毒的典型表现),实验室检查尿中ALA增高(慢性铅中毒干扰血红素合成可导致ALA无法转变为卟胆原,血及尿ALA升高),最可能的诊断为慢性铅中毒(A对)。慢性苯中毒(B错)多见于长期吸入苯蓄积的人群如制鞋工人,可出现头昏头痛、失眠、乏力、多梦等神经衰弱症状,血液系统变化为其主要表现,开始先有白细胞减少,后出现贫血和血小板减少,一般无消化系统表现,尿ALA多降低。慢性汞中毒(C错)主要发生在生产活动中,长期吸入汞蒸汽和汞化合物粉尘所致,以精神-神经异常、齿龈炎及震颤为主要症状,尿ALA多正常。慢性氰化物中毒(D错)多见于电镀厂工人,可出现头晕、头痛、嗜睡、注意力分散等神经系统表现以及恶心、呕吐、胃灼热感等消化系统表现,但尿ALA正常。慢性硫化氢中毒(E错)多见于采煤、印染等工人中,可出现神经系统及呼吸系统表现,但尿ALA正常。"} {"Question":"男性,26岁,与其父吵架后服敌敌畏,30分钟后被家人送到医院,神志清楚,治疗过程中最重要的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉注射安定"},{"key":"B","value":"应用阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"应用解磷定"},{"key":"D","value":"应用水合氯醛"},{"key":"E","value":"彻底洗胃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年男性患者口服敌敌畏30分钟后入院,神志清楚,首选的治疗方案是彻底洗胃(E对)清除体内尚未吸收的毒物。阿托品(B错)、解磷定(C错)为敌敌畏治疗的解毒药物,此时患者服药仅30分钟,且未出现症状,最重要的是要减少胃肠道毒物吸收。安定(A错)、水合氯醛(D错)一般不用于有机磷中毒(敌敌畏)的治疗。"} {"Question":"一氧化碳中毒的患者,出现发绀,呼吸困难的原因是因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血红蛋白对氧气的亲和力下降"},{"key":"B","value":"氧解离曲线右移"},{"key":"C","value":"肺弥散功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"碳氧血红蛋白的形成"},{"key":"E","value":"通气功能障碍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"COHb与血红蛋白中的血红素部分结合,抑制其他3个氧结合位点释放氧至外周组织的能力,导致血红蛋白氧解离曲线左移,加重组织细胞缺氧(D对)。1.虽然有缺氧,但没有发绀 2.曲线左移,O2与Hb亲和力增高,妨碍Hb与O2解离,加重缺氧 3.CO与Hb结合,影响Hb与O2结合 4.PO2通常正常,不刺激呼吸中枢,也不增加肺通气量 5.血氧含量下降"} {"Question":"下列临床表现最有利于有机磷农药中毒诊断的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫绀"},{"key":"B","value":"昏迷"},{"key":"C","value":"气急"},{"key":"D","value":"蒜臭"},{"key":"E","value":"腹泻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"有机磷农药中毒的特殊体征为呼出气有大蒜气味(D对),紫绀(A错)、昏迷(B错)、气急(C错)、腹泻(E错)不仅可见于有机磷农药中毒患者,亦可见于其他化学物质中毒,不存在特异性。"} {"Question":"阿托品中毒时常见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"深昏迷,口唇呈樱桃红色"},{"key":"B","value":"瞳孔缩小,出汗流涎"},{"key":"C","value":"瞳孔扩大,谵妄幻觉"},{"key":"D","value":"深昏迷,瞳孔时大时小"},{"key":"E","value":"昏迷伴肌纤维颤动"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阿托品为竞争性M胆碱受体阻断药,其作用广泛,各器官对药物的敏感性亦不同。随着剂量增加可出现中毒现象,主要表现瞳孔明显扩大、神志模糊、烦躁不安、抽搐、昏迷和尿滞留等(C对)。深昏迷,口唇呈樱桃红色(A错)为急性一氧化碳中毒的主要临床表现。瞳孔缩小,出汗流涎(B错)属于毒蕈碱样症状(M样症状)主要是副交感神经末梢过度兴奋。深昏迷,瞳孔时大时小(D错)是枕骨大孔疝的主要表现。昏迷伴肌纤维颤动(E错)是有机磷农药中毒的主要表现。"} {"Question":"CO中毒时下列哪项是不正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"老人和孩子易患"},{"key":"B","value":"老人应与脑血管意外鉴别"},{"key":"C","value":"严重中毒血液COHb浓度可高于50%"},{"key":"D","value":"应立即原地抢救"},{"key":"E","value":"迟发脑病恢复较慢"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"CO中毒的严重程度与中毒前患者身体状况有关,老人和孩子机体耐受性较差,较易出现中毒表现(A对)。CO中毒严重者可出现精神神经障碍,此时应与多种疾病相鉴别,老年病人应与脑血管疾病鉴别(B对)。按照中毒程度,CO中毒可分为三级,重度中毒患者血COHb浓度可高于50%(C对)。CO中毒现场急救首先采取的是撤离现场,终止CO继续吸入,然后再进行吸氧等其他治疗措施,而不能在原地抢救(D错,为本题正确答案)。CO中毒迟发性脑病已发生脑实质损伤,恢复较慢。"} {"Question":"女,35岁。口服有机磷农药40ml后出现口吐白沫、呼吸困难立即入院,经洗胃、碘解磷定及阿托品治疗后症状缓解,但24小时后再次出现呼吸困难。查体:R6~8次\/分,BP112\/65mmHg,昏迷,呼吸浅慢,皮肤湿冷,瞳孔针尖样,双肺可闻及啰音,心率50~60次\/分。急诊处理正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"立即气管插管机械通气治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"立即解毒治疗,导泻"},{"key":"C","value":"立即解毒治疗,重复洗胃"},{"key":"D","value":"病情稳定后气管插管机械通气治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"立即给予呼吸兴奋剂+解毒治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者有有机磷农药接触史,并且存在口吐白沫、呼吸困难等中毒相关症状,考虑有机磷中毒。经洗胃、碘解磷定及阿托品治疗后症状有所缓解,但24小时后再次出现呼吸困难,昏迷,皮肤湿冷,查体瞳孔针尖样,双肺湿啰音,心率50-60\/分。考虑中间型综合征,多发生在重度OPI中毒后24-96小时及ChE复能药用量不足病人,经治疗胆碱能危象消失,突然出现呼吸肌麻痹,引起通气障碍性呼吸困难或衰竭,可导致死亡。治疗应立即给予人工机械通气(A对),同时应用氯解磷定。呼吸兴奋剂作用于颈动脉体和主动脉体的化学感受器兴奋呼吸中枢,增加通气量,患者呼吸肌衰竭不宜使用呼吸兴奋剂(E错)。"} {"Question":"属于破伤风较为特异的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稽留热"},{"key":"B","value":"张口困难"},{"key":"C","value":"恐水"},{"key":"D","value":"昏迷"},{"key":"E","value":"坏疽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"破伤风梭菌可产生痉挛毒素,此毒素吸收至脊髓、脑干等处,与联络神经细胞的突触相结合,抑制突触释放抑制性递质。运动神经元因失去中枢抑制而兴奋性增强,致使随意肌紧张与痉挛。通常最先受影响的肌群是咬肌,相应出现的征象为张口困难(牙关紧闭)(B对)。稽留热(A错)常见于大叶性肺炎、斑疹伤寒及伤寒高热期。狂犬病以吞咽抽搐为主,喝水不能下咽,并留大量口涎,病人恐水(C错)。化脓性脑膜炎可有昏迷(D错)。气性坏疽(E错)是厌氧菌感染的一种,即梭状芽胞杆菌所致的肌坏死或肌炎。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。左手示指末节皮下感染5天,伴剧烈跳痛,肿胀明显,需切开引流。正确的切口应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经甲床切开"},{"key":"B","value":"经甲沟切开"},{"key":"C","value":"指末端鱼口状切开"},{"key":"D","value":"指侧面纵切口"},{"key":"E","value":"末节指腹横切口"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者食指末节皮下感染后出现剧烈跳痛,肿胀明显,应诊断为脓性指头炎(为手指末节掌面的皮下化脓性细菌感染,多因甲沟炎加重或指尖、手指末节皮肤受伤后引起,感染后局部肿胀严重,脓肿不易破出)。手指末节感染灶剧烈跳痛、肿胀明显,需切开引流,正确的切口应是指侧面纵切口(应避免于掌侧做切口,防止局部瘢痕形成,影响指腹功能)(D对)。经甲床切开(A错)不利于指甲再生。经甲沟切开(P113)(B错)为甲沟炎的切口选择。指末端鱼口状切开(P113)(形成鱼嘴状指腹畸形)(C错)及末节指腹横切口(E错)术后易形成瘢痕,影响手指的功能。"} {"Question":"24×10⁹\/L。为明确诊断,最有意义的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽拭子培养"},{"key":"B","value":"正侧位胸部X片"},{"key":"C","value":"右大腿肿胀处B超检查"},{"key":"D","value":"血常规+血沉"},{"key":"E","value":"患者高热时行血培养检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者有外伤史,右大腿外侧明显肿胀,压痛,近日出现寒战、高热,恶心、烦躁,WBC明显升高(正常值为4~10×10⁹\/L),重病容等全身感染症状,应考虑脓毒症(脓毒症属全身性外科感染的一种,主要表现为骤起寒战,继以高热可达40℃,恶心、呕吐,神志淡漠或烦躁,心率加快、呼吸急促等)。脓毒症(七版黄家驷外科学P117)的确诊必须具备两个条件:①有活跃的细菌感染的确实证据,但血培养不一定为阳性;②有SIRS,即全身性炎症反应综合征。SIRS的四项标准符合两项即可诊断:体温>38℃或<36℃;心率>90次\/分;呼吸>20次\/分或有过度通气致PaCO₂<4.3(32mmHg);白细胞计数>12×10⁹\/L或<4×10⁹\/L,或幼稚细胞>0.10。患者体温高达40℃,P110次\/分,R22次\/分,血WBC24×10⁹\/L,符合SIRS。为明确诊断,应寻找有活跃的细菌感染的确实证据,最有意义的检查方法是患者高热时进行血培养(E对)。咽拭子培养(A错)主要用于诊断上呼吸道感染。正侧位胸部X片(B错)主要用于检查心肺及纵膈病变,不能证实有细菌感染活动。右大腿肿胀处B超检查(C错)可了解脓肿是否形成,而无法用于病因的诊断。血常规+血沉(D错)无特异性,不作为最有意义的检查方法。"} {"Question":"关于痈的治疗正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"初期只有红肿时,热敷治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"当表面紫褐色己破溃流脓时,不必切开"},{"key":"C","value":"切开引流时作“十”形切口"},{"key":"D","value":"切口应达病变边缘皮肤"},{"key":"E","value":"切口应深达筋膜深面"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"痈的皮下病变广泛,治疗时须充分引流,作“+”形切口以充分暴露感染面(C对)。因为皮下病变区域比皮肤病变更广,切口线应超出病变边缘(D错)。切开皮肤要深达筋膜(但不需要达到筋膜深面)(E错),切断皮下纤维小梁,清除已化脓和尚未成脓、但已经失活的组织。当皮肤表面呈紫褐色己破溃流脓时,表明该处皮肤已经坏死及化脓,应予以切开清创(B错)。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。右鼻翼皮肤红肿、疼痛5天,中心有脓头,自行挑破、挤压、排脓。1天后局部肿胀加重伴寒战、高热、头痛,逐渐神志不清。查体:T39°C,P90次\/分,BP100\/60mmHg。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化脓性海绵状静脉窦炎"},{"key":"B","value":"面部蜂窝织炎"},{"key":"C","value":"眼眶内化脓性炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"菌血症"},{"key":"E","value":"面部痈"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者鼻翼(危险区)有疖痈,自行挑破、挤压、排脓后(处理不当,病菌可经内眦静脉、眼静脉进入颅内海绵状静脉窦)局部肿胀加重伴寒战、高热、头痛,逐渐神志不清(化脓性海绵状静脉窦炎的表现),因此最可能的诊断是化脓性海绵状静脉窦炎(A对)。"} {"Question":"患者女性,54岁,被鱼刺刺伤右手示指指尖两天,出现手指端针刺样疼痛、肿胀就诊,患指剧痛、肿胀明显。首先应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蜂窝织炎"},{"key":"B","value":"脓性指头炎"},{"key":"C","value":"脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"痈"},{"key":"E","value":"甲沟炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者右手示指尖刺伤史2天,出现手指端针刺样疼痛、肿胀,考虑右手示指脓性指头炎(多因指尖、手指末节皮肤受伤后引起,初起有针刺样痛,轻度肿胀)(B对)。甲沟炎(E错)是皮肤沿指甲两侧形成的甲沟及其周围组织的化脓性细菌感染,常发生在一侧甲沟皮下。"} {"Question":"关于下肢丹毒临床表现的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在中央部的表面有脓栓"},{"key":"B","value":"局部多呈紫红色"},{"key":"C","value":"界线清楚"},{"key":"D","value":"局部硬肿"},{"key":"E","value":"常累及双侧肢体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"丹毒起病急,开始即可有畏寒、发热、头痛、全身不适等。病变多见于单侧下肢(E错),表现为片状皮肤红疹、微隆起、色鲜红(B错)、中间稍淡、境界较清楚(C对)。局部有烧灼样疼痛,病变范围向外周扩展时,中央红肿消退而转变为棕黄。有的可起水疱,附近淋巴结常肿大、有触痛,但皮肤和淋巴结少见化脓破溃。疖的临床表现为初始局部皮肤有红、肿、痛的小硬结(D错),数日后肿痛范围扩大、小硬结中央组织坏死、软化,出现黄白色的脓栓(A错),而不是丹毒。"} {"Question":"男性,55岁,大量饮酒20余年,2天前停止饮酒,肢体粗大震颤,不认识家人,夜间吵闹,自称墙上有鬼,索要他姓名,有时大吼,并伴挥拳,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒精性痴呆"},{"key":"B","value":"酒精性幻觉症"},{"key":"C","value":"震颤谵妄"},{"key":"D","value":"柯萨可夫综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"酒精性妄想"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肢体粗大震颤,不认识家人,夜间吵闹,自称墙上有鬼(符合戒断反应中的震颤谵妄),戒断反应分单纯性戒断反应、震颤谵妄、癫痫样发作(C对)。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,约一年时间孤僻、寡言,近期由于被上级批评后出现失眠,不上班并紧闭门窗,声称有人监视自己,在家中不敢谈话,说家中已被安装窃听器,公安局也要逮捕自己,不吃妻子做的饭食,认为妻子已同他人合伙在饭菜中放了毒药。因此殴打妻子。除药物治疗外要注意的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"说服病人放弃怀疑"},{"key":"B","value":"外出旅行、疗养"},{"key":"C","value":"防止发生意外"},{"key":"D","value":"更换工作单位"},{"key":"E","value":"请上级、同事改变对病人的态度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年男性患者,既往约一年时间孤僻、寡言,近期出现失眠,不上班并紧闭门窗,声称有人监视自己,在家中不敢谈话,说家中已被安装窃听器,公安局也要逮捕自己,不吃妻子做的饭食,认为妻子已同他人合伙在饭菜中放了毒药(患者认为自己被某些人或某些组织进行迫害,投毒、监视),最可能的诊断为精神分裂症偏执型。精神分裂偏执型表现为开始敏感多疑,逐渐发展为妄想并有泛化趋势。精神分裂的治疗包括药物治疗和心理社会干预。心理社会干预理想状态患是,患者恢复了由于疾病所致的精力下降与体力下降,可减少外出旅行、疗养(B错),要达到并保持良好的健康状态,恢复原有的工作或学习能力;不要更换工作单位(D错),注意重建恰当稳定的人际关系;不要请上级、同事改变对病人的态度(E错),注意提高患者和监护人对疾病的理解;要求家庭做到能接受患者的精神症状的存在,不要说服病人放弃怀疑(A错)。应消除可能诱发精神病的应急源,防止意外的发生(C对)。"} {"Question":"女,30岁,半年行动退化,个性多疑,自觉有敌对公司监视,家里有监控器,窃听器,把家里墙板沙发拆掉没有发现,仍觉得有人监视,觉得家人被收买,在菜里下毒,自己买方便面吃,经常自言自语,突然大笑,考虑诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神分裂症"},{"key":"B","value":"妄想障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"强迫障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"分离障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"躁狂发作"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者女,30岁,出现行动退化,个性多疑(精神分裂症的表现)等,结合患者的表现,提示为精神分裂症(A对)。(P99)妄想性障碍又称偏执性障碍,是指一组病因未明,以发展成一种或一整套相互关联的系统妄想(妄想症状持续三个月及以上)为主要表现的精神疾病。妄想发作时没有抑郁、躁狂及混合发作的心境障碍,也没有其他精神分裂症的特征性症状(如持续性的听幻觉、思维障碍及阴性症状)(B错)。(P137)强迫障碍 强迫障碍的恐惧源于自己内心的某些思想或观念,怕的是失去自我控制,并非对外界事物恐惧(C错)。(P152)分离障碍则是一类复杂的心理生理紊乱过程患者非自主地、间断地丧失部分或全部心理生理功能的整合能力,在感知觉、记忆情感、行为、自我(身份)意识及环境意识等方面的失整合,即所谓的分离状态,如自我身份不连续、不能用病理生理性解释的记忆丧失、躯体功能障碍而相应生理无改变等(D错)。(P123)躁狂发作的典型临床表现是情感高涨、思维奔逸、活动增多“三高"症状,可伴有夸大观念或妄想、冲动行为等。发作应至少持续一周,并有不同程度的社会功能损害,可给自己或他人造成危险或不良后果(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,30岁。约1年时间孤僻、寡言,近期由于被上级批评后出现失眠,不上班并紧闭门窗,声称有人监视自己,在家中不敢谈话,说家中已被安装窃听器,公安局也要逮捕自己,不吃妻子做的饭食,认为妻子已同他人合伙在饭菜中放了毒药。因此殴打妻子。除药物治疗外要注意的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"说服病人放弃怀疑"},{"key":"B","value":"外出旅行、疗养"},{"key":"C","value":"防止发生意外"},{"key":"D","value":"更换工作单位"},{"key":"E","value":"请上级、同事改变对病人的态度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中青年男性,约1年时间孤僻、寡言(抑郁症状),近期由于被上级批评后出现失眠,不上班并紧闭门窗,声称有人监视自己(典型的幻觉症状),在家中不敢谈话,说家中已被安装窃听器,公安局也要逮捕自己,不吃妻子做的饭食,认为妻子已同他人合伙在饭菜中放了毒药(典型的被害妄想症状),因此殴打妻子,根据患者的临床症状及体征,考虑最可能的诊断为精神分裂症偏执型,由于该患者是首次急性发作且存在攻击暴力,所以除药物治疗外要注意的是防止发生意外(C对),该患者应住院治疗,以免伤害到自己或他人。"} {"Question":"女,25岁,3个月前因工作失误受到领导批评,觉得脸上无光,觉得同事看不起她,在背后议论她,不好意思出门,耳边常有命令性幻听,查体:躯体及神经系统无阳性体征。经药物治疗仍然极度兴奋则进一步选择治疗方案","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"改良电抽搐治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"心理治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"针灸治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"中药治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"加大药物剂量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该青年女性,3个月前觉得同事在背后议论她(关系妄想),耳边常有命令性幻听(听幻觉),不好意思出门(在妄想和幻觉的支配下表现的行为),查体:躯体及神经系统无阳性体征。故最可能诊断为精神分裂症。本例患者经药物治疗仍然极度兴奋应合用辅助药物(增效药物),或电抽搐(ECT)治疗(A对),或经颅磁刺激治疗,或联合使用不同种类的抗精神病药物,亦可单独应用ECT治疗。"} {"Question":"男,20岁。3年前无明显诱因渐起孤僻少语,不愿参加集体活动,甚至与父母也很少交流,上课时注意力不集中,成绩下降。个人生活懒于料理。该患者最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神分裂症青春型"},{"key":"B","value":"精神分裂症单纯型"},{"key":"C","value":"精神分裂症紧张型"},{"key":"D","value":"精神分裂症偏执型"},{"key":"E","value":"精神分裂症混合型"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该青年患者,3年前(起病缓慢)无明显诱因渐起孤僻少语,不愿参加集体活动,甚至与父母也很少交流,上课时注意力不集中,成绩下降(缺乏进取心),个人生活懒于料理(生活懒散),主要以阴性症状为表现,故最可能的诊断为精神分裂症单纯型(B对)。精神分裂症青春型起病急或亚急性,患者表现为思维破裂,言语零乱,话多,喜怒无常,表情做作,好扮鬼脸,傻笑等,与本例不符(A错)。精神分裂症紧张型患者常表现紧张性兴奋和紧张性木僵交替出现,亦可单独发生,以木僵多见,本例无此症状,故不考虑(C错)。精神分裂症偏执型以妄想为主要表现,往往伴有幻觉,与本例不符(D错)。"} {"Question":"女,35岁,半年前母突然病故,此后失眠情绪低沉,不愿与人交往。近三个月来独处时常听见有声音对她讲话,说母亲病故与某人有关,故多次给公安机关写信反映母亲被害之事,后来又感到自己的思维情感不由自己支配,自己的想法还未说出已人人皆知,常独自哭泣。神经系统检查未见异常,有慢性肝炎病史3年,目前肝功ALT80U\/L。该患者治疗首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯硝安定"},{"key":"B","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"C","value":"氯丙嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"丙咪嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"利培酮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该病例为青年女性,时常听到有声音对她讲话(言语性幻听)、自己的想法还未说出已人人皆知(思维被洞悉妄想)为主要表现,且近三个月来独处(在妄想、幻觉的支配下的表现行为),诊断精神分裂症,伴有失眠情绪低沉,常独处暗自哭泣(伴抑郁症状),首选治疗措施为抗精神病药物治疗,氯丙嗪和利培酮均为抗精神病药物,因患者有3年慢性肝炎病史,肝功能ALT(谷丙转氨酶) 升高(正常值0-40U\/L),提示肝功能损伤,故慎用氯丙嗪(C错),故首选利培酮(E对)。氯硝安定(氯硝西泮)为广谱抗癫痫药物,可治疗各型癫痫(A错)。精神分裂症伴抑郁症状应辅助药物(如抗抑郁药)或电抽搐治疗。氟西汀和丙咪嗪均为抗抑郁药,为辅助药物,不作首选(BD错)。"} {"Question":"目前诊断精神分裂症主要依靠的手段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床观察"},{"key":"B","value":"心理学测验"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传学检查"},{"key":"D","value":"脑电图检查"},{"key":"E","value":"脑影像学检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"精神分裂症的诊断依据临床特点,即建立在临床观察(A对)和描述性精神病理学的基础上。"} {"Question":"女,16岁。大学二年级学生。1年前和同学争吵后,便觉的同学都在议论她,常不怀好意地盯着她,甚至觉得有人跟踪她,想杀她。整天不敢出门,在屋里自言自语。该患者的诊断最恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癔症"},{"key":"B","value":"精神分裂"},{"key":"C","value":"急性惊恐发作"},{"key":"D","value":"强迫症"},{"key":"E","value":"躁狂症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"16岁学生,1年前和同学争吵后,便觉的同学都在议论她,常不怀好意地盯着她,甚至觉得有人跟踪她,想杀她(被害妄想是精神分裂症的常见临床阳性症状)。整天不敢出门,在屋里自言自语(出现幻觉是精神分裂症的常见临床阳性症状),综上考虑诊断为精神分裂(B对)。癔症(A错)的主要表现有分离症状和转换症状两种。分离,是指对过去经历与当今环境和自我身份的认知完全或部分不相符合。转换,是指精神刺激引起的情绪反应,接着出现躯体症状,一旦躯体症状出现,情绪反应便褪色或消失。急性惊恐发作(C错)指患者突然发生强烈不适,可有胸闷、气透不过来的感觉、心悸、出汗、胃不适、颤抖、手足发麻、濒死感、要发疯感或失去控制感,每次发作约一刻钟左右。强迫症(D错)的特点为有意识的强迫和反强迫并存,一些毫无意义、甚至违背自己意愿的想法或冲动反反复复侵入患者的日常生活。患者虽体验到这些想法或冲动是来源于自身,极力抵抗,但始终无法控制。躁狂症(E错)以情感高涨或易激惹为主要临床相,伴随精力旺盛、言语增多、活动增多,严重时伴有幻觉、妄想、紧张症状等精神病性症状。"} {"Question":"普通型和典型偏头痛两者的区别之一,在于后者一定有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"搏动性头痛"},{"key":"B","value":"恶心、呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"畏光、畏声"},{"key":"D","value":"神经系统检查无异常"},{"key":"E","value":"10~40分钟先兆症状"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"普通型偏头痛现称无先兆偏头痛,其发病特点为没有先兆,表现出反复发作的额颞部搏动性头痛,伴有恶心呕吐、畏光畏声等症状。典型偏头痛现称先兆偏头痛,发病特点为头痛表现前一定会有10-40分钟(7版神经病学已改为5-20分钟)先兆症状。因此普通型和典型偏头痛两者的区别之一,在于后者一定有先兆症状(E对),其余搏动性头痛(A错)、恶心呕吐(B错)、畏光畏声(C错)、神经系统检查无异常(D错)等为二者共有表现。"} {"Question":"偏头痛的预防性治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咖啡因麦角胺"},{"key":"B","value":"英明格"},{"key":"C","value":"苯噻啶"},{"key":"D","value":"小剂量阿司匹林"},{"key":"E","value":"消炎药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"偏头痛的预防用药包括:肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂,钙离子拮抗剂,抗癫痫药,抗抑郁药,5-HT受体拮抗剂。苯噻啶(C对)属于5-HT受体拮抗剂,可作为偏头痛的预防用药。咖啡因麦角胺(特异性止痛药)(A错)、英明格(B错)、小剂量阿司匹林(非特异性止痛药)(D错)和消炎药(E错)等为偏头痛发作期的治疗用药(P162)。"} {"Question":"一岁女婴,反复发热、恶心5天,喷射性呕吐一次,克氏征阳性,脑脊液检查:WBC:600×10⁹\/L,N:0.8,L:0.2,蛋白2g\/l,糖1.8mmol\/l,氯化物16mmol\/l,考虑诊断为哪种疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"中毒性脑病"},{"key":"D","value":"隐球菌性脑炎"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒性脑炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"一岁女婴,反复发热、恶心5天,喷射性呕吐一次,克氏征阳性(化脓性脑膜炎的表现),脑脊液检查:WBC:600*10⁹\/L,N:0.8,L:0.2,蛋白2g\/l,糖1.8mmol\/l,氯化物16mmol\/l(化脓性脑膜炎的脑脊液检查结果),结合患者的表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为化脓性脑膜炎(A对)。(P291) 结核性脑膜炎 脑脊液压力增高可达400mmH₂0或以上,外观无色透明或微黄,静置后可有薄膜形成;淋巴细胞数显著增多,常为(50~500)×10⁶ \/ L;蛋白质增高,通常为1~2g\/L,糖及氯化物下降,典型脑脊液改变可高度提提示诊断(B错)。新型隐球菌脑膜炎的脑脊液检查:压力常增高,淋巴细胞数轻度、中度增多,一般为(10~500)×10⁶\/L,以淋巴细胞为主,蛋白质含量增高,糖含量降低,脑脊液离心沉淀后涂片做墨汁染色,检出隐球菌可确定诊断(D错)。“病毒性脑膜炎脑脊液压力正常或增高,白细胞数正常或增高,可达(10~1000)×10⁶\/L,早期以多形核细胞为主,8~48小时后以淋巴细胞为主。蛋白质可轻度增高,糖和氯化物含量正常(E错)。以上四种疾病的脑脊液检查结果与化脓性脑膜炎的脑脊液检查结果不一样。"} {"Question":"对抑郁症的处理措施中最首要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"改善情绪状态"},{"key":"B","value":"加强心理治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"改善营养"},{"key":"D","value":"改善睡眠状况"},{"key":"E","value":"评估自杀风险"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"抑郁障碍的治疗包括药物治疗、心理治疗和物理治疗(包括无抽搐治疗和休克治疗)。首要措施是采用HAMD-17(汉密尔顿抑郁量表)或MADRS(蒙哥马利抑郁量表)评估自杀风险(E对)。"} {"Question":"属于非典型抗精神药物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯氮平"},{"key":"B","value":"氯丙咪嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"D","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"E","value":"阿普吗啡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"氯氮平为非典型抗精神病药物(第二代抗精神药物)(A对)。氯丙咪嗪(氯米帕明)为三环类抗抑郁药(B错)。卡马西平为抗癫痫药物(C错)。氟西汀为抗抑郁药物(D错)。阿普吗啡用于治疗酒精依赖(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,18岁学生,不出门怕见人,不去上课,纠缠父母出钱给自己做美容手术半年。原因是半年来反复照镜子发现自己的鼻子比以前变大了,难看了。说班上的同学都讥笑他,出门就感觉别人在说他,别人的眼光看他时很特别,能使他头痛。父母不愿意出钱就说父母不关心他,父母不是亲生的,曾说要去做亲子鉴定。如给予药物治疗,下列不属于抗精神病药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟哌啶醇"},{"key":"B","value":"氟奋乃静"},{"key":"C","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"D","value":"氯氮平"},{"key":"E","value":"三氟拉嗪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"氟西汀属于选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)的抗抑郁药物(C错,为本题正确答案)。氟哌啶醇、氟奋乃静、三氟拉嗪属于第一代抗精神病药物(ABE对)。氯氮平属于第二代抗精神病药物(D对)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,干部。近1个月出现情绪低落,对工作及娱乐圈没有兴趣,卧床多,不思饮食,入睡困难,早醒,有轻生想法。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分裂情感性精神障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"精神分裂症后抑郁"},{"key":"C","value":"广泛性焦虑障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"适应障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"抑郁发作"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该中年男性,近1个月以情绪低落为主要表现,对工作及娱乐圈没有兴趣,卧床多,不思饮食(食欲下降),入睡困难、早醒(睡眠障碍),有轻生想法(自杀观念),故诊断为抑郁发作(E对)。广泛性焦虑障碍(焦虑症)以焦虑为主要临床表现,患者常常有不明原因的提心吊胆、紧张不安,无情感低落(忧愁、苦闷、唉声叹气、暗自落泪,严重时可因悲观绝望而出现自杀企图及行为等)的表现,故不考虑(C错)。"} {"Question":"关于谵妄病人的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"会发生冲动行为但不会有自伤"},{"key":"B","value":"常有恐怖性的视幻觉但内容常模糊不清"},{"key":"C","value":"主要是意识范围障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"不会产生被害妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"突然变得安静,说明病情可能加剧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"谵妄是一组表现为急性、一过性、广泛性的认知障碍,尤以意识障碍(C对)为主要特征。谵妄是在意识清晰度下降的同时,表现有定向力障碍,包括时间、地点、人物定向力及自身认识障碍,并产生大量的幻觉、错觉,幻觉以幻视多见,内容多为生动、逼真而鲜明的形象(B错),如看到猛兽、鬼神、战争场面等。"} {"Question":"谵妄时最多见的幻觉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"听幻觉"},{"key":"B","value":"视幻觉"},{"key":"C","value":"味幻觉"},{"key":"D","value":"触幻觉"},{"key":"E","value":"嗅幻觉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"谵妄(急性脑病综合征)的临床特征包括:1.意识障碍:为主要特征,有明显的昼夜节律变化,表现为昼轻夜重;2.感知障碍:错觉和幻觉,以视错觉和视幻觉(B对)最常见;3.注意障碍:注意涣散,表现为注意力不集中;4.定向障碍:对周围环境与事物的觉察清晰度降低。常考内容,请牢记。"} {"Question":"男,72岁,脑血管病患者。住院期间突然半夜起床活动。无目的地摸床,摸墙,摸病友的头,自语,白天安静入睡。该患者治疗不宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆碱酯酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"氟哌啶醇"},{"key":"C","value":"苯二氮类镇静催眠药"},{"key":"D","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"E","value":"丙戊酸钠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者为老年男性,有脑血管病史,突发精神神智异常症状,考虑诊断为血管性痴呆。血管性老年痴呆如能早期治疗,预后相对较好,其治疗包括运用阿司匹林(D对)等抗血小板聚集的病因治疗,运用胆碱酯酶抑制剂(A对)等对认知症状的治疗和运用氟哌啶醇(B对)等抗精神病药物、苯二氮类镇静催眠药(C对)等对症治疗。丙戊酸钠(E错,为本题正确答案)是一种广谱抗癫痫药物,对血管性痴呆治疗无效。"} {"Question":"关于谵妄病人,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"会发生冲动行为但不会有自伤"},{"key":"B","value":"常有恐怖性的视幻觉但内容常模糊不清"},{"key":"C","value":"主要是意识范围障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"不会产生被害妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"突然变得安静,说明病情可能加剧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"谵妄是一组表现为急性、一过性、广泛性的认知障碍,尤以意识障碍(C对)为主要特征。谵妄是在意识清晰度下降的同时,表现有定向力障碍,包括时间、地点、人物定向力及自身认识障碍,并产生大量的幻觉、错觉。幻觉以幻视多见,内容多为生动、逼真而鲜明的形象(B错),如看到猛兽、鬼神、战争场面等。部分患者会在知觉障碍的基础上出现片段的妄想,内容常常是被害性质(D错)。临床上谵妄常呈昼轻夜重的波动性也是谵妄的重要特征之一(E错)(八年制精神病学 第3版P173-174)。谵妄病人会发生冲动行为也会造成自伤,所以家属及医务人员亦应加强对谵妄患者的看护,预防伤人及自伤行为的发生(A错)。"} {"Question":"谵妄综合征的主要特征为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"意识障碍、昼轻夜重"},{"key":"B","value":"幻觉"},{"key":"C","value":"注意涣散"},{"key":"D","value":"记忆减退"},{"key":"E","value":"错觉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"谵妄的临床特征包括:1.意识障碍:为主要特征,有明显的昼夜节律变化,表现为昼轻夜重(A对);2.感知障碍:错觉和幻觉,以视错觉和视幻觉较常见;3.注意障碍:注意涣散,表现为注意力不集中;4.定向障碍:对周围环境与事物的觉察清晰度降低。幻觉、注意力涣散和错觉均属于谵妄的临床特征,但均非主要特征(BCE错)。记忆力减退为痴呆的主要特征(D错)。"} {"Question":"女性72岁。银行职员,高中文化,3年前开始记忆力下降,逐渐加重,刚吃完饭就忘记,说没吃饭,记不住孙子的名字,把子女错认为别人,远记忆力尚可,经常吵闹要回原来家,有时焦虑,简单计算均可,复杂计算力差,在家乱翻东西,自己存折忘记放在什么地方,找不到认为被女儿偷去了,躯体及神经系统检查无显著体征。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"老年性痴呆"},{"key":"B","value":"脑肿瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"脑血管疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"人格改变"},{"key":"E","value":"抑郁症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者老年女性,3年前开始记忆力下降,逐渐加重(日益严重的记忆障碍),认不出子女(失认),远记忆力尚可,简单计算均可,复杂计算力差(计算力障碍),忘记存折放置的地方,没找到便怀疑被女儿偷了(被窃妄想),躯体及神经系统检查无著征(排除其他原因引起的痴呆),故最可能的诊断是老年痴呆(阿尔茨海默病)(A对)。抑郁发作以显著而持久的情感低落(忧愁、苦闷、唉声叹气、暗自落泪等)为主要表现,伴有兴趣缺乏、快感缺失等,无记忆力减退典型症状,与本例不符(E错)。"} {"Question":"单侧三叉神经损害可出现的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单侧眼睑下垂"},{"key":"B","value":"单侧额纹消失"},{"key":"C","value":"单侧鼻唇沟浅"},{"key":"D","value":"单侧舌肌萎缩"},{"key":"E","value":"单侧角膜反射消失"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"单侧三叉神经损害可出现的表现是单侧角膜反射消失(E对)。三叉神经损害表现:检查一侧角膜反射发现双侧角膜反射消失,见于受试侧三叉神经麻痹,此时健侧受试则双侧角膜反射存在;下颌反射亢进,见于双侧皮质脑干束病变。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,高空坠落5小时,伤后意识丧失5分钟,清醒后头痛恶心两次,烦躁,左侧外耳道流出混血性液体,CT检查提示,新月形,少量积气,目前治疗不合适的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"填塞耳道"},{"key":"B","value":"暂不手术治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"避免用力咳嗽"},{"key":"D","value":"头高卧位休息"},{"key":"E","value":"预防性使用抗生素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,有高空坠落外伤史,伤后意识丧失5分钟,清醒后头痛恶心两次,烦躁(颅高压表现),左侧外耳道流出混血性液体(考虑颅中窝骨折),CT检查提示颅内新月形,少量积气(颅骨骨折合并硬膜下血肿),根据患者的临床表现、体征和影像学检查结果,最可能的诊断是颅骨骨折(骨折部位为颅中窝),合并急性硬膜下血肿,根据患者目前的情况,暂不需要手术治疗(B对),严密观察24小时或更长时间,观察意识、瞳孔生命体征及神经系统体征的变化,对症处理相关症状,同时需要向家属说明迟发型颅内血肿及其他病情变化的可能,最适宜的处理方式为病人须取头高位并绝对卧床休息(D对),避免用力咳嗽、打喷嚏和擤鼻涕(C对),同时给予抗生素预防颅内感染治疗(E对),一般不堵塞或冲洗破口处,不做腰穿(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女,67岁,车祸后即昏迷,伤后2小时被送至医院。查体:昏迷状态,左顶枕部有一直径4cm头皮血肿,右侧瞳孔散大,对光反射消失,左侧肢体肌张力增高,病理反射阳性。头颅CT示右额颞部骨板下新月形高密度影。该患者颅内出血最可能来自于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑表面小血管"},{"key":"B","value":"硬脑膜中动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"大脑中动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"蛛网膜颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"矢状窦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年女性患者,车祸后持续昏迷,左顶枕部有一头皮血肿(提示右额颞部对冲伤),右侧瞳孔散大,对光反射消失(提示右侧动眼神经受压),左侧肢体肌张力增高,病理反射阳性(提示右侧小脑幕切迹疝),头颅CT示右额颞部骨板下新月形高密度影(急性硬膜下血肿的典型影像学表现),结合患者病史、临床表现和影像学检查,最可能的诊断为右额颞急性硬脑膜下血肿并小脑幕切迹疝。硬脑膜下血肿主要是由于对冲性脑挫裂伤引起脑表面小血管(A对)破裂而形成的。脑膜中动脉(B错)是硬膜外血肿的主要出血来源。大脑中动脉(C错)的分支—豆纹动脉是高血压脑出血的常见出血来源。蛛网膜颗粒(D错)指脑蛛网膜突入上矢状窦内形成的绒毛状突起,是脑脊液回流入静脉的重要部位,较少受到损伤。矢状窦(E错)是脑内静脉血液回流的重要通道,其破裂出血可引起硬膜外血肿。"} {"Question":"男,28岁。枕部着地,昏迷5分钟后清醒,并自己回到家中,其后出现头痛并逐渐加重伴呕吐,1小时后不省人事,急送医院。查体:BP160\/90mmHg,脉率65次\/分,呼吸15次\/分。浅昏迷,右枕部头皮挫伤,左侧瞳孔4mm,对光反应消失;右侧瞳孔2.5mm,对光反应存在。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅脑肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"颅内血肿"},{"key":"C","value":"脑梗塞"},{"key":"D","value":"蛛网膜下腔出血"},{"key":"E","value":"脑挫伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,枕部外伤,昏迷5分钟后清醒,后再次陷入昏迷(昏迷→清醒→昏迷,为急性硬膜外血肿的典型表现)。左侧瞳孔4mm,对光反应消失;右侧瞳孔2.5mm,对光反应存在(双侧瞳孔不等大,左侧对光反射消失,提示左侧动眼神经受压)。综合患者的病史及体查,最可能的诊断是急性硬膜外血肿并小脑幕切迹疝。颅内血肿(B对)包括硬脑膜外血肿、硬脑膜下血肿和脑内血肿。颅脑肿瘤(P198)(A错)以颅内压增高和神经功能定位症状为主要表现,多无外伤史。脑梗塞(C错)即脑梗死,亦称缺血性脑卒中,多见于老年人,指因脑部血液供应障碍,缺血、缺氧所导致的局限性脑组织的缺血性坏死或软化,临床表现以猝然昏倒、不省人事、半身不遂、言语障碍、智力障碍为主要特征。蛛网膜下腔出血(D错)多见于颅内动脉瘤破裂、畸形脑血管破裂,以偏瘫、视力视野障碍为主要表现,极少见于颅脑外伤的患者。脑挫伤(P188)(E错)多表现为伤后立即出现的意识障碍,不会出现中间清醒期。"} {"Question":"女,27岁,后仰摔倒左枕部着地,伤后昏迷,检查发现患者左枕部头皮血肿,右侧瞳孔5mm,光反射消失,左侧瞳孔2mm,左侧肢体偏瘫,右侧肢体有自主动作,正确诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左额颞硬膜下血肿并脑疝"},{"key":"B","value":"左额颞硬膜外血肿并脑疝"},{"key":"C","value":"左枕头皮血肿并右额颞硬膜外血肿"},{"key":"D","value":"左枕头皮血肿并左额颞硬膜下血肿"},{"key":"E","value":"右额颞硬膜下血肿并脑疝"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年女性患者,左枕部摔伤(提示可能有右额颞部对冲伤)后昏迷,检查见左枕部头皮血肿,右侧瞳孔5mm(正常值为3~4mm),光反射消失(提示右侧动眼神经麻痹),左侧瞳孔2mm(正常值为3~4mm),左侧肢体偏瘫,右侧肢体有自主动作(右侧瞳孔散大,左侧肢体偏瘫,提示脑疝),结合患者的病史、症状和查体,应诊断为右侧额颞部硬膜下血肿并小脑扁桃体疝(E对)。注意:硬膜外血肿多见于着力部位,而硬膜下血肿既可见于着力部位,也可见于对冲部位。"} {"Question":"不属于延髓背外侧综合征临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眩晕,眼球震颤"},{"key":"B","value":"饮水呛咳,吞咽困难"},{"key":"C","value":"交叉性感觉障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"锥体束征阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"同侧肢体共济失调"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"锥体束征阳性(D错,为本题正确答案)为上运动神经元损害出现的原始反射,而延髓背外侧综合征并不累及锥体束。延髓背外侧综合征,指小脑后下动脉闭塞过血供不足引起的延髓背侧梗死引起的临床综合征。主要症状包括:①病侧面部和对侧躯干和肢体(不包括面部)痛、温觉障碍,即交叉性感觉障碍(C对)。②病侧软腭麻痹、构音及吞咽障碍,咽反射减弱或丧失,导致饮水呛咳(B对)。③眩晕、恶心、呕吐及眼球震颤(A对);④病灶侧不全型Horner征⑤同侧肢体和躯干共济失调(E对)。"} {"Question":"女性,85岁。20年来反复发作右面部闪电样疼痛。说话和鼻翼旁触摸诱发疼痛.今年已痛10月未缓解。诊断为三叉神经痛。若为原发性三叉神经痛,应具备的条件是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右角膜反射和右面部痛温觉减退"},{"key":"B","value":"右面部分离性感觉障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"右角膜反射存在,右面部痛温觉正常"},{"key":"D","value":"右角膜反射存在,右侧咀嚼肌无力"},{"key":"E","value":"右角膜反射减退,右侧咀嚼肌无力"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"三叉神经痛是原发性三叉神经痛的简称,表现为三叉神经分布区内短暂的反复发作性剧痛,神经系统检查一般无阳性体征(C对)。而继发性三叉神经痛由于常继发于脑神经损害,故有明显的患侧角膜反射减退(E错)、面部痛温觉减退(A错)、面部分离性感觉障碍(B错)、咀嚼肌无力(D错)等脑神经损害症状。"} {"Question":"男,21岁。突起四肢无力1周。查体:四肢肌力2级,肌张力低,腱反射消失,病理征未引出,无明显感觉障碍,双侧腓肠肌压痛。该患者最常见的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CJ"},{"key":"B","value":"HPV"},{"key":"C","value":"EB病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"HBV"},{"key":"E","value":"HIV"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"男,21岁。突起四肢无力1周(诱因未明)。查体:四肢肌力2级,肌张力低,腱反射消失,病理征未引出,无明显感觉障碍,双侧腓肠肌压痛(吉兰巴雷综合征典型表现),骨患者考虑诊断为吉兰巴雷综合征,该患者最常见的病原体是空肠弯曲菌(CJ)(A对),以腹泻为前驱症状的GBS患者CJ感染率高达85%,常引起急性运动轴索性神经病。HPV(B错)为人类乳头瘤病毒,感染可引起生殖器湿疣、子宫颈癌等。EB病毒(C错)感染可引起淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌。HBV(D错)为乙型肝炎病毒,可引起乙型肝炎。HIV(E错)是人类免疫缺陷病毒,感染可引起艾滋病。"} {"Question":"女,40岁。眼睑下垂,全身无力3年。服用吡啶斯的明有效,近两日感冒后突感胸闷,今日上午气促,口唇发绀。下列处理中,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保持呼吸道通畅"},{"key":"B","value":"立即停用抗胆碱酯酶药物"},{"key":"C","value":"肌注新斯的明"},{"key":"D","value":"气管切开,人工呼吸"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉补液,维持水、电解质平衡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者中年女性,眼睑下垂,全身无力3年,服用吡啶斯的明有效,考虑诊断为重症肌无力。患者近两日感冒后突感胸闷,今日上午气促,口唇发绀,说明患者已经出现呼吸肌无力的重症肌无力危象,此时最重要的是保持呼吸道通畅(A对),静脉补液维持水、电解质平衡(E对),如果这些早期治疗无效,应行气管切开,人工呼吸(D对),立即停用新斯的明等抗胆碱酯酶药物(B对)(C错,为本题正确答案)以减少气管内的分泌物(新斯的明会抑制胆碱酯酶,导致Ach降解减少,从而导致气管内分泌物增多),还需选用抗生素积极控制肺部感染。"} {"Question":"脊髓压迫症中,脊髓外硬膜内和神经根处最常见病变为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经纤维瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"结核"},{"key":"D","value":"转移瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"血管瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脊髓压迫症中,脊髓外硬膜内和神经根处最常见病变为神经纤维瘤(A对)。脓肿(B错)一般好发于长骨干骺端而非脊髓;结核(C错)一般继发于肺结核,好发于脊柱、膝关节和髋关节,而非脊髓外硬膜内和神经根处;虽然大多数椎管内转移瘤(D错)位于硬脊膜外,但其并不是脊髓外硬膜内和神经根处最常见病变;血管瘤(E错)呈浸润性生长,为良性肿瘤,好发于大血管,并不在脊髓外硬膜内和神经根处发生。"} {"Question":"急性硬脑膜外血肿最常合并的颅脑损伤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"颅骨骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"脑积水"},{"key":"D","value":"脑挫伤"},{"key":"E","value":"脑干损伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性硬膜外血肿最常合并的损伤是颅骨骨折(B对)。硬脑膜外血肿的形成与颅骨损伤有密切关系,骨折或颅骨的短暂变形,撕破位于骨沟内的硬脑膜动脉(以脑膜中动脉为主)或静脉窦引起出血形成血肿,或骨折处的板障出血形成血肿。脑水肿(A错)、脑积水(C错)、脑挫伤(D错)和脑干损伤(E错)亦是急性硬膜外血肿的并发症,但均不如颅骨骨折常见。"} {"Question":"脑膜瘤复发的重要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"年龄"},{"key":"B","value":"组织类型"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤部位"},{"key":"D","value":"性别"},{"key":"E","value":"术后肿瘤残余"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脑膜瘤为良性脑外肿瘤,肿瘤边界清,生长缓慢,如能根治,多预后良好。脑膜瘤复发的主要影响因素是术后肿瘤残余(E对),术后残留越多,肿瘤复发率越高。此外,肿瘤的部位(C错)、组织类型(B错)等因素也可影响肿瘤的复发。年龄(A错)、性别(D错)与脑膜瘤的发病有一定的相关性,但对脑膜瘤的复发影响不大。"} {"Question":"男、38岁。性欲减退、阳萎3年,近1年轻度头痛。头颅磁共振(MRI)检查发现高2.8cm垂体大腺瘤、压迫视神经交叉、浸润左侧海绵窦。第二天晨取血查垂体及其靶腺功能后接受了γ-刀垂体外照射放射治疗。5天后化验报告血睾酮水平0.7mmol\/L、FSH及LH均<2mIU\/L(垂体-性腺轴功能减低),血PRL、GH、ACTH及TSH、T₃、T₄水平均无特殊,符合垂体无功能性大腺瘤。本例垂体腺瘤治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"采用γ-刀放射治疗是合理的选择"},{"key":"B","value":"用睾酮类药物替代治疗后再放射治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"首选溴隐亭等多巴胺激动剂治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"手术治疗、术后加用放射治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"无功能性垂体腺瘤可暂不处理观察1~2年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者确诊为无功能性垂体大腺瘤(肿瘤直径大于1cm),且有明显的压迫症状,应首选手术治疗,术后加用放射治疗(D对)。γ-刀放射治疗(A错)适用于垂体微腺瘤(肿瘤直径小于1cm)和生长激素瘤,该患者为垂体大腺瘤,故不选。放射治疗,GH瘤对放射较敏感,其他垂体腺瘤 均不敏感9(B错)。溴隐亭等多巴胺激动剂(C错)主要用于泌乳素瘤的治疗,可使90%PRL瘤体积缩小,但对无功能性腺瘤的治疗无明显效果。患者虽为无功能垂体腺瘤,但由于肿瘤体积较大,而且已出现明显的压迫症状,应及时手术切除(E错)。"} {"Question":"脑干胶质瘤最早临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅神经麻痹"},{"key":"B","value":"脑积水"},{"key":"C","value":"头痛"},{"key":"D","value":"癫痫"},{"key":"E","value":"视神经盘水肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脑干胶质瘤主要为神经胶质瘤,其中以星形细胞瘤和极性成胶质细胞瘤较为多,最早出现的症状为脑组织受肿瘤的压迫、浸润、破坏所产生的局部症状,如颅神经麻痹(A对),病变逐渐发展后出现颅内压增高等表现,如脑积水(B错)、头痛(C错)、癫痫(D错)、视乳头水肿(E错)等。"} {"Question":"强迫症的核心症状","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强迫行为"},{"key":"B","value":"强迫意向"},{"key":"C","value":"强迫表象"},{"key":"D","value":"强迫性恐惧"},{"key":"E","value":"强迫意念"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"强迫症基本症状为强迫观念和强迫行为,其中以强迫观念为核心症状,最为常见(E对)。强迫动作是一再出现的重复或刻板的行为,常继发于强迫观念,不是强迫症的核心症状(A错)。强迫意向是强迫观念的症状之一,不是强迫症的核心症状(B错)。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。3天前受惊吓后突然不语不动,不吃不喝,肢体僵硬,口中唾液外流,不知主动吐出,晚间自己到厨房找吃的。患者2年前曾有凭空闻语、捡食垃圾等怪异行为,持续1个月好转。患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分离(转换)性障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"急性应激障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"脑器质性精神障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"精神分裂症"},{"key":"E","value":"妄想性障碍"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年女性,3天前受惊吓后(起病前有明确的心理社会因素)突然不语(分离障碍中的缄默失声)不动,不吃不喝,肢体僵硬,口中唾液外流,不知主动吐出(木僵症状),晚间自己到厨房找吃的。患者2年前曾有凭空闻语、捡食垃圾等怪异行为(癔症性精神病),持续1个月好转。根据该患者的病史、临床表现等,最有可能的诊断是分离(转换)性障碍(A对)。急性应激障碍(B错)与应激源有明显因果关系,其临床表现和预后与应激因素密切相关。脑器质性精神障碍(C错)是中枢神经系统的器质性病变,可出现强迫症状。精神分类症(D错)主要症状有幻觉、妄想症状(出现频率最高),且精神分裂症大多为持续性病程。妄想性障碍(E错)碍的特点是妄想结构严密系统,妄想内容有一定的事实基础,不荒谬离奇,思维有条理和逻辑,行为和清感反应与妄想内容一致,无智能和人格衰退,一般没有幻觉或不为主要表现。"} {"Question":"儿童期出现注意力不集中,离开母亲时有深感不安,焦虑,担心自己大祸临头,患者属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"幻觉"},{"key":"B","value":"错觉"},{"key":"C","value":"感知综合障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"妄想症"},{"key":"E","value":"分离性焦虑"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该病例是在儿童期出现注意力不集中,离开母亲(所依恋的对象)时深感不安、焦虑、大祸临头为主要表现,为分离性焦虑(E对)。幻觉是没有现实刺激作用于感觉器官时出现的知觉体验,是一种虚幻的知觉(A错)。错觉是对客观事物歪曲的知觉,如患者把输液管看成一条正在吸血的蛇等(B错)。感知综合障碍是指患者对客观事物的整体属性能够正确感知,但对某些个别属性如状、颜色、距离、空间位置等产生错误的感知(C错)。"} {"Question":"女,53岁。近1年来怕脏,不敢倒垃圾和上厕所。在街上遇到垃圾车也害怕,会反复洗手。自己知道不应该,但不能控制,为此感到苦恼而就诊。首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丁螺环酮"},{"key":"B","value":"氯米帕明"},{"key":"C","value":"阿普唑仑"},{"key":"D","value":"奥氮平"},{"key":"E","value":"利培酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据患者典型的强迫观念和强迫行为,已明确诊断为强迫障碍,治疗强迫障碍的药物有SSRⅠs和氯米帕明,其中SSRⅠs为目前的一线用药,且氯米帕明因不良反应限制了该药的临床应用,但本题的答案中并未给出SSRⅠs药物,所以对于本题来说,首选用药为氯米帕明(B对)。丁螺环酮(A错)是非苯二氮䓬类抗焦虑药。阿普唑仑(C错)是苯二氮䓬类药物,主要作用为抗焦虑和镇静催眠。奥氮平(D错)和利培酮(E错)都是抗精神病药物,主要用于治疗精神分裂症和预防精神分裂症的复发。"} {"Question":"女,36岁。春节乘长途汽车回家途中,突然感到心前区发闷、呼吸困难、出汗,觉得自己要不行了,不能自控,要发疯,为此感到紧张、害怕,立即被送到医院急诊。未经特殊处理,半小时后症状消失。体格检查正常。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"B","value":"心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"惊恐发作"},{"key":"D","value":"分离(转换)性障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜铬细胞瘤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者春节回家途中突然感到心前区发闷,呼吸困难、出汗(自主神经功能紊乱症状),不能自控,感到紧张、害怕,未经特殊处理,半小时后症状消失(终止迅速),体格检查正常,故诊断为惊恐发作(C对)。心绞痛和惊恐发作均可表现为胸闷、心悸伴有濒死感,但本例无明显诱因(过重的体力劳动),体格检查正常,故患心绞痛的可能性较小(B错),为进一步明确诊断,需借助心电图和心肌酶学检查进行排查。"} {"Question":"关于脑衰弱综合征,错误的叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"核心症状是易兴奋和易疲劳"},{"key":"B","value":"睡眠障碍是其常见症状之一"},{"key":"C","value":"可继发于许多躯体疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"可见于精神分裂症"},{"key":"E","value":"对于神经衰弱具有诊断特异性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脑衰弱综合征是一个非特异性的综合征,可出现在许多精神疾病、躯体疾病和神经系统疾病,作为这些疾病的伴随症状之一(C对),故对神经衰弱不具有诊断特异性(E错,为本题正确答案)。脑衰弱综合征以精神易兴奋、易疲劳(A对)为核心症状。"} {"Question":"关于神经症,正确的叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多数伴有人格障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"多在强烈心理刺激下发病"},{"key":"C","value":"症状的特异性较差"},{"key":"D","value":"起病一般较急"},{"key":"E","value":"患者的社会功能不受影响"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"神经症又名神经官能症,是一组精神障碍的总称,几乎可以发生在任何一种精神疾病和一些躯体疾病中,包括神经衰弱、强迫症、焦虚症、恐怖症、躯体形式障碍等等,特异性较差(C对)。神经症具有一定的人格特质基础但非人格障碍(A错)。神经症起病急,病程不足3个月或仅有一次短暂发作。社会功能相对良好,患者一般能适应社会,其行为一般保持在社会规范容许的范围内,可以为他人理解和接受,但其症状妨碍了患者的心理功能或社会功能(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,10岁。上课时突然见讲台上老师变成“数寸长短的小人”,约5~10秒后此现象消失。伴随不自主发笑,事后不能回忆发笑之事。3周内反复发作9次。查体和头颅MRI未见异常。可能的癫痫发作类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯运动性发作"},{"key":"B","value":"单纯部分性发作"},{"key":"C","value":"复杂部分性发作"},{"key":"D","value":"单纯感觉性发作"},{"key":"E","value":"失神发作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者10岁儿童,上课时突然见讲台上老师变成“数寸长短的小人”(错觉),约5-10秒后此现象消失,伴随不自主发笑(情感障碍,欣快),事后不能回忆发笑之事(意识障碍),3周内反复发作9次,查体和头颅MRI未见异常(提示无器质性疾病),可判断为精神性发作,但精神性发作又常为复杂部分性发作的先兆,因此可能的癫痫发作类型是复杂部分性发作(C对)。单纯部分性发作(B错)分为四型,均无意识障碍。其中单纯运动性发作(A错)主要表现为肢体或面部等处的不自主抽动。单纯感觉性发作(D错)主要表现为肢体麻木感和针刺感等症状。失神发作(E错)主要表现为突然意识丧失、呼之不应、双眼茫然凝视等症状。"} {"Question":"下列检查项目中最急需的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经系统检查"},{"key":"B","value":"脑CT"},{"key":"C","value":"脑脊液"},{"key":"D","value":"EEG"},{"key":"E","value":"ECG"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者青年女性,与邻居口角,被对方打了一耳光(外伤史),患者走回家中,取一菜刀追赶对方,被石头绊倒(外伤史),当即神志不清,牙关紧闭,双手握拳,四肢僵硬,呼之不应,半小时后遂来急诊,尚未清醒(疑似精神系统受损症状)。根据病史应考虑患者有外伤致急性脑出血的可能,因此最急需的为脑CT检查(B对)观察是否有脑出血。神经系统检查(A错)、脑脊液(C错)、EEG(脑电图)(D错)、ECG(E错)均不是最急需的。"} {"Question":"男,22岁。上课时突然手中钢笔掉落,两眼向前瞪视,呼之不应,持续数秒钟。过后对上述情况全无记忆,以后反复有类似发作,有时1天发作几次。本题患者诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失神发作"},{"key":"B","value":"癔症"},{"key":"C","value":"局限性癫痫"},{"key":"D","value":"复杂部分性发作"},{"key":"E","value":"肌阵挛发作"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年男性患者,上课时突然手中钢笔掉落,两眼向前瞪视,呼之不应,持续数秒钟,过后对上述情况全无记忆,以后反复有类似发作,有时1天发作几次,该患者的表现为典型的失神发作(A对)。局限性癫痫即癫痫部分性发作(C错)表现身体某部分如颜面或口角抽动、个别手指或单侧肢体持续不停抽动达数小时或数天,无意识障碍发作终止后可遗留发作部位Todd麻痹,也可扩展为继发性全面性发作。癫痫复杂部分发作(D错)在发作开始的时候,大多为简单部分性发作的形式,然后会出现意识障碍,或者是伴有各种自动症。肌阵挛发作(E错)表现为身体某一部分的一组肌群突然快速收缩,可以出现点头、拥抱或者突然身体向一侧偏斜、跌倒等,是癫痫的一种常见发作形式。癔症(分离(转换)障碍)(B错)症状丰富多变,在轻微不愉快的生活事件(与本例严重精神刺激不符)作用下反复发作,且发作具有明显的表演性、夸张性、做作性、躯体转换症状。"} {"Question":"单纯小脑幕裂孔疝的临床症状不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"昏迷"},{"key":"B","value":"呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"偏瘫"},{"key":"D","value":"双侧瞳孔大小多变"},{"key":"E","value":"病侧瞳孔散大"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小脑幕切迹疝(又称颞叶钩回疝)指颅内压增高使颞叶海马回、钩回通过小脑幕切迹被推移至幕下。单纯小脑幕裂孔疝可表现为:①颅内压增高引起的头痛、呕吐(B对)症状;②颞叶钩回、海马回向下移位使动眼神经受牵拉,引起患侧瞳孔一过性缩小,之后动眼神经麻痹,患侧瞳孔逐渐散大(E对),直接和间接对光反射消失;③移位的颞叶组织压迫中脑,引起嗜睡、昏迷(A对),并可出现对侧肢体瘫痪(C对),肌力减退,肌张力增高,病理征阳性等症状。单纯小脑幕裂孔疝的临床症状不包括双侧瞳孔大小多变(D错,为本题正确答案)。枕骨大孔疝患者,因脑干缺氧,可出现瞳孔忽大忽小。"} {"Question":"患儿5岁,阵发性头痛3个月,因突然剧烈头痛、反复呕吐半天急诊入院,检查:神志清醒,双瞳孔正常,颈项强直,半小时后突然呼吸停止,心跳存在。其诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"垂体腺瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"急性脑水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"急性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"枕骨大孔疝"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑幕切迹疝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"5岁患儿,阵发性头痛3个月。突发剧烈头痛、反复呕吐(颅内压增高的表现)半天,检查见神志清醒,双瞳孔正常,颈项强直(提示存在脑膜刺激征),半小时后突然呼吸停止(提示延髓呼吸中枢受损)。综合该患者的病史及体查,应诊断为枕骨大孔疝(D对)。小脑幕切迹疝(P183)(E错)也以剧烈头痛、频繁呕吐为主要表现,但由于动眼神经受挤压,早期可出现患侧瞳孔缩小、对光反射迟钝,晚期患侧瞳孔散大、对光反射消失。此外,本病呼吸不规则、心率减慢等生命体征紊乱出现一般较晚。垂体腺瘤(P201)(A错)可分为功能性(分泌性)和无功能性两种,前者可出现巨人症、肢端肥大等内分泌功能紊乱的表现,后者以视力下降、眼底视乳头原发萎缩等视神经受压表现为主。急性脑水肿(B错)多见于颅脑损伤、颅内感染等神经系统疾病,一般不会出现短时间内呼吸骤停死亡。急性脑膜炎(C错)包括急性病毒性脑膜炎、急性化脓性脑膜炎和急性结核性脑膜炎,均可表现为脑膜刺激征,但一般不会出现短时间内呼吸骤停死亡。"} {"Question":"小脑幕切迹疝最有意义的临床体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患侧肢体活动减少或消失"},{"key":"B","value":"对侧腹壁反射消失"},{"key":"C","value":"患侧瞳孔散大"},{"key":"D","value":"对侧肢体反射亢进"},{"key":"E","value":"患侧下肢病理反射"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小脑幕切迹疝又称颞叶钩回疝,指颅内压增高使颞叶海马回、钩回通过小脑幕切迹被推移至幕下。由于颞叶钩回、海马回向下移位可牵伸动眼神经,最初可出现一过性的瞳孔缩小,进而患侧动眼神经麻痹,患侧瞳孔逐渐散大,直接和间接对光反射均消失,且有患侧上睑下垂、眼球外斜,这种瞳孔变化对小脑幕切迹疝具有定位诊断价值。因此,小脑幕切迹疝最有意义的临床定位体征是是患侧瞳孔逐渐散大(C对)。患侧肢体活动减少或消失(A错)、对侧腹壁反射消失(B错)、对侧肢体腱反射亢进(D错)以及患侧下肢病理反射阳性(E错)可出现于多种颅内占位性病变,对疾病定位意义较低。"} {"Question":"女,40岁。当听到家中房子因洪水倒塌的消息后,突然顿足哭喊,表情恐惧而紧张,砖头打砸旁边的房子,反复喊叫“我没有房子啦,我没有房子啦……”,1天后开始逐渐恢复平静。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分离(转换)性障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"创伤后应激障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"急性应激障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"急性短暂性精神病性障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"适应障碍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年女性患者,有遭受到急剧、严重的精神创伤性事件的病史,表现为一过性的应激反应,综合患者的症状、体征,初步诊断为急性应激障碍(C对)。分离(转换)性障碍(A错)是一类复杂的心理-生理紊乱过程,表现在感知觉、情感、行为、自我(身份)意识及环境意识等方面的失整合,即所谓的分离状态。创伤后应激障碍(B错)长期持续存在。急性短暂性精神病性障碍(D错)的特点是既往精神状况正常的个体在没有任何前驱期症状的情况下急性起病,在两周内达到疾病的顶峰状态,并通常伴有社会和职业功能的急剧恶化。适应障碍(E错)不出现精神病性症状。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。近2个月频繁出现入睡困难、多梦易醒、醒后难以再入睡,白天精力疲乏,影响日常生活工作。每周至少发生3次。最常用的药物治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"米氮平"},{"key":"B","value":"曲唑酮"},{"key":"C","value":"喹硫平"},{"key":"D","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"E","value":"艾司唑仑"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者中年男性,近2月频繁出现入睡困难、多梦易醒、醒后难以再入睡,白天精力疲乏,影响日常生活工作。每周至少发作3次(典型的失眠症临床表现)。失眠症主要使用苯二氮䓬类药物治疗,常用的苯二氮䓬类药物有地西泮、氯氮䓬、硝西泮、阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑(E对)等。米氮平(A错)和曲唑酮(B错)都为抗抑郁药物,主要用于抑郁患者。喹硫平(C错)为第二代抗精神病药物,主要用于治疗精神分裂症和预防精神分裂症的复发。阿米卡星(D错)是一种氨基糖苷类抗生素,主要用于革兰阴性杆菌引起的各种感染。"} {"Question":"男,70岁,2年来经常不能完整叙述新近发生的事情,且常常无中生有地讲述一些从未发生过的事情,患者意识清楚,常搞错时间和地点,最可能的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性脑综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"脑衰弱综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"遗忘综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"精神自动症"},{"key":"E","value":"紧张综合征"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者,近事记忆减退,出现视空间障碍,考虑诊断为AD(阿尔茨海默病),症状表现为遗忘综合征。"} {"Question":"当某一感官处于功能状态时,另一感官出现幻觉,此现象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"功能性幻觉"},{"key":"B","value":"内脏性幻觉"},{"key":"C","value":"假性幻觉"},{"key":"D","value":"反射性幻觉"},{"key":"E","value":"原始性幻觉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"当某一感觉器官处于功能活动状态时,出现涉及另一感官的幻觉是反射性幻觉(D对)。功能性幻觉是一种伴随现实刺激而出现的幻觉,即当某种感觉器官处于功能活动状态时出现涉及该器官(A错)的幻觉,正常知觉与幻觉并存。内脏幻觉是患者身体内部某一部位或某一脏器(B错)虚幻的知觉体验。假性幻觉是存在于自己的主观空间内,不通过感觉器官(C错)而获得的幻觉。"} {"Question":"遗忘综合征的三大特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"谵妄、近记忆障碍、虚构"},{"key":"B","value":"谵妄、虚构、定向障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"近记忆障碍、虚构、定向障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"近记忆障碍、幻觉、定向障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"幻觉、虚构、定向障碍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"遗忘综合症主要的临床表现为近视记忆障碍、定向力障碍和虚构(此为遗忘综合症的三大特征),且患者无意识障碍,智力相对完好(C对)。"} {"Question":"关于妄想以下哪项不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妄想都是与事实不相符的信念"},{"key":"B","value":"妄想是一种病理性的歪曲信念"},{"key":"C","value":"妄想是可以通过摆事实,讲道理说服的信念"},{"key":"D","value":"妄想是一种坚信不疑的信念"},{"key":"E","value":"妄想与患者的文化水平,社会背景相称"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"妄想内容与事实不符(A对),但患者仍坚信不移(D对)(C错,为本题正确答案)。妄想是在病态推理和判断基础上形成的一种病理性的歪曲的信念(B对)。妄想内容与患者的文化背景和经历有关(E对)。在这里A选项表述得过于绝对,应强调的是妄想的概念,是在病态推断和判断基础上形成的一种病理性的歪曲的信念,在这种情况下,重要的是得出信念的过程是病态的,而结论是次要的。但C项的错误更加明显,故本题选择C为正确答案。"} {"Question":"患者在患病后变得以自我为中心、兴趣减少、依赖性增强,并过分关注自己的机体功能,这种心理反应属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猜疑加重"},{"key":"B","value":"行为退化"},{"key":"C","value":"感情淡漠"},{"key":"D","value":"焦虑增强"},{"key":"E","value":"情绪低落"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者病后以自我为中心、兴趣减少、依赖性增强,并过分关注自己的机体功能,属于行为退化的表现(B对)。猜疑加重属于妄想,不符合该病患的表现(A错),感情淡漠的患者表现为面部表情呆板,对周围发生的事物漠不关心,即使对与自身有密切利害关系的事情也如此(C错),无顾虑重重、紧张恐惧、坐立不安的表现(D错)。情绪低落表现为忧愁、苦闷、唉声叹气、暗自落泪等,有时感到前途灰暗,没有希望,严重时可因悲观绝望而出现自杀企图及行为(E错)。"} {"Question":"女性,32岁。病人表现紧张恐惧,坐立不安,有大祸临头之感,惶惶不可终日,说不出具体原因属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"焦虑"},{"key":"B","value":"恐惧"},{"key":"C","value":"情感爆发"},{"key":"D","value":"易激惹"},{"key":"E","value":"情感不稳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该病人不明原因的表现为紧张恐惧,坐立不安,有大祸临头之感,惶惶不可终日,为焦虑的临床表现(A对)。恐惧患者以过分和不合理地惧怕外界某种客观事物(黑暗、雷电)或情境(公众场合发表演讲)为主要表现,明知这种恐惧反应是过分的或不合理的,但仍反复出现,与本例不符(B错)。易激惹是情感活动的激惹性增高,表现为极易因一般小事而引起强烈的不愉快情感反应,如暴怒发作(D错)。情感不稳是情感活动的稳定性障碍,表现为患者的情感反应极易发生变化,从一个极端波动至另一极端,显得喜怒无常,变化莫测(E错)。"} {"Question":"病人认为自己的思想、情感和行为均受雷达的控制,因而终日坐卧不安,这种表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"影响妄想"},{"key":"B","value":"关系妄想"},{"key":"C","value":"钟情妄想"},{"key":"D","value":"嫉妒妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"被害妄想"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"影响妄想(A对)又称被控制感,患者感到自己的思想、情感或意志行为受到某种外界力量的控制而身不由己。患者认为自己的思想、情感和行为均受雷达的控制,因而终日坐卧不安,为物理影响妄想。关系妄想(B错)患者认为周围环境中所发生均与自己有关。钟情妄想(C错)患者坚信自己被某异性或许多异性钟情,对方的一言一行都是对自己爱的表达。嫉妒妄想(D错)患者无中生有坚信自己的配偶对自己不忠,另有所爱。被害妄想(E错)患者坚信自己被某些人或某组织进行迫害,如投毒、跟踪、监视、诽谤等。"} {"Question":"男,20岁,自述2个月来脑海里总是在回荡“你去死吧”的声音,有时很清晰有时不清晰。该患者最可能的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"记忆障碍"},{"key":"B","value":"错觉"},{"key":"C","value":"真性幻觉"},{"key":"D","value":"假性幻觉"},{"key":"E","value":"人格解体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者脑海里总是在回荡“你去死吧”的声音,有时很清晰有时不清晰。该患者最可能的症状是假性幻觉(D对)。真性幻觉(C错)患者常常述说是亲耳听到或亲眼看到的。人格解体(E错)是指患者感受到完整的自我有分离的体验,即体验到自我的整体性分离,如躯体的完整性、心理活动与生理活动的分离等,或感到自己就像一个旁观者从外部来审视自我。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。近3天夜间行为紊乱,说房间地板上有老鼠、蛇,能看见死人,表情恐怖、紧张,不认识家人,白天较安静,喜卧床,不能回忆夜间行为,能认识家人,头部CT示:顶枕叶片状梗死灶,考虑患者处于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痴呆状态"},{"key":"B","value":"幻觉妄想状态"},{"key":"C","value":"抑郁状态"},{"key":"D","value":"谵妄状态"},{"key":"E","value":"木僵状态"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者近3天夜间能看见老鼠、蛇、死人(幻视、错觉),表情恐怖、紧张(情绪紊乱),不认识家人,白天安静,喜卧床,不能回忆夜间行为,能认识家人,患者以意识障碍为主要临床表现,表现为昼轻夜重,头部CT示:顶枕叶片状梗死灶,考虑为谵妄状态(D对)。痴呆以记忆力减退为主要特征,本例无此症状,故不考虑(A错)。抑郁发作以显著而持久的情感低落(忧愁、苦闷、唉声叹气、暗自落泪等)为主要表现,伴有兴趣缺乏、快感缺失等,本例无此症状,故不考虑(C错)。"} {"Question":"与CCMD-3最接近的分类诊断标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ICD-9"},{"key":"B","value":"ICD-10"},{"key":"C","value":"DSM-Ⅲ"},{"key":"D","value":"DSM-Ⅲ-R"},{"key":"E","value":"DSM-Ⅳ"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"CCMD-3(中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准)与ICD-10(疾病及有关保健问题的国际分类)的分类诊断标准最接近。CCMD-3(中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准)沿用了ICD-10(疾病及有关保健问题的国际分类)的诊断标准(B对)。 CCMD-3(中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准)与ICD-10(疾病及有关保健问题的国际分类)的分类诊断标准最接近。CCMD-3(中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准)沿用了ICD-10(疾病及有关保健问题的国际分类)的诊断标准(B对)。"} {"Question":"女,19岁。因急性白血病接受骨髓移植治疗,术后被安置于无菌病房中,根据病情,需限制亲属探视。在此期间患者常常出现心情烦躁、不安。针对此情况,心理治疗师指导其采用冥想结合深呼吸的方法来改善自己的情绪,这种应对方式属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"取得社会支持"},{"key":"B","value":"消除应激来源"},{"key":"C","value":"调整认知评价"},{"key":"D","value":"心理防御机制"},{"key":"E","value":"自我调节放松"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"心理治疗师指导其采用冥想结合深呼吸的方法来改善患者情绪的应对方式属于自我调节放松(E对)。心理防御机制是指个体面临挫折或冲突的紧张情境时,在其内部心理活动中具有的自觉或不自觉地解脱烦恼,减轻内心不安,以恢复心理平衡与稳定的一种适应性倾向(D错)。"} {"Question":"女,26岁,半年来无原因认为同事指桑骂槐地议论她,街上行人的举动及电视内容都针对她。为之心情烦躁,不敢上班。该病人的精神症状最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被害妄想"},{"key":"B","value":"情感脆弱"},{"key":"C","value":"影响妄想"},{"key":"D","value":"关系妄想"},{"key":"E","value":"焦虑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该病例患者无原因认为同事在议论她,甚至街上行人的举动和电视内容(周围环境所发生的事与其无关)都针对她为关系妄想(D对)。被害妄想的患者坚信自己被某些人或组织进行迫害,如投毒、跟踪、监视、诽谤等,与本例不符(A错)。焦虑的患者表现为顾虑重重、紧张恐惧,坐立不安,严重者可表现为搓手顿足,惶惶不可终日,似有大祸临头的感觉,常伴有心悸、出汗、手抖、尿频等自主神经功能紊乱症状,与本例不符(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。渐起走路不稳2年,有共济失调障碍,步幅加宽,左右摇摆。最可能受损的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小脑半球"},{"key":"B","value":"小脑蚓部"},{"key":"C","value":"丘脑"},{"key":"D","value":"延髓"},{"key":"E","value":"大脑半球"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者中年男性,渐起走路不稳2年,有共济失调障碍,步幅加宽,左右摇摆,是躯干共济失调的表现,最可能的受损部位是小脑蚓部(B对)。小脑半球(A错)损害表现为同侧肢体共济失调,指鼻试验、跟膝胫试验、轮替试验笨拙,眼球震颤,小脑性语言(P19)。丘脑(C错)损害表现为对侧感觉缺失和(或)刺激症状,对侧不自主运动,并有感情与记忆障碍(P11)。延髓(D错)损害表现为延髓背外侧综合征或延髓内侧综合征(P14)。大脑半球(E错)损害分优势半球损害和非优势半球损害,前者出现语言、逻辑思维、分析综合能力及计算功能的障碍,后者表现为图形、几何、空间、人物面容、视觉记忆等方面的功能缺失(P4)。"} {"Question":"高位截瘫病人急性期排尿障碍表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿失禁"},{"key":"B","value":"尿潴留"},{"key":"C","value":"无尿"},{"key":"D","value":"尿崩症"},{"key":"E","value":"少尿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"高位截瘫即高位的脊髓横贯性损害,表现出受损平面以下各种感觉缺失、迟缓性瘫痪、肌张力减弱、腱反射减弱、病理反射阴性等的下运动神经元性瘫痪及括约肌障碍的尿潴留(B对A错)等。尿潴留并非无尿(C错)或少尿(E错),尿潴留表现为尿的生成可正常而排泄不畅,无尿或少尿则是尿的生成减少而排泄可正常。尿崩症(D错)见于抗利尿激素的合成障碍或利用障碍,有下丘脑垂体性尿崩和肾性尿崩。"} {"Question":"小脑绒球小结叶受损后的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"运动编程功能受损"},{"key":"B","value":"运动启动功能障碍"},{"key":"C","value":"肌肉精细运动受损"},{"key":"D","value":"身体平衡功能障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"运动协调功能受损"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小脑的中央为小脑蚓部,两侧为小脑半球。根据小脑表面的沟和裂,小脑分为三个主叶,即绒球小结叶、前叶和后叶。绒球小结叶主要接受来自前庭核和前庭神经的传入纤维,调节躯干肌肉的活动,在维持肌紧张、身体平衡和姿势等方面起重要作用,受损时可表现为身体平衡功能障碍(D对);肌肉精细运动受损(C错)见于前叶的蚓部及后叶蚓部的后外侧部(其主要功能是与头部和身体的本体感受和外感受的传入信息有关,有调节肌紧张的作用);运动协调功能受损(E错)见于小脑半球大部分和部分蚓部(其主要接受经脑桥接转的来自大脑皮质的纤维,参与由大脑皮层发起的随意运动的调节)。运动编程功能受损(A错)见于小脑皮层的外侧区和齿状核(其通过其与大脑皮层之间的交互联系,在随意运动发生的早期与大脑皮层联络区、基底神经节、丘脑腹外侧核等神经结构一起,参加了随意运动的设计和运动程序的编制);运动启动功能障碍(B错)见于小脑皮层的间位区和间位核(其参加了随意运动的执行)。"} {"Question":"可有痉挛性斜颈表现的病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"帕金森病"},{"key":"B","value":"锥体系损害"},{"key":"C","value":"舞蹈病"},{"key":"D","value":"脑干疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"肌张力障碍"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"痉挛性斜颈是由于局限性肌张力障碍(E对),以胸锁乳突肌、斜方肌为主的颈部肌群阵发性不自主收缩,引起头向一侧扭转或阵挛性倾斜。帕金森病(A错)临床主要特征为静止性震颤、运动迟缓、肌强直和姿势平衡障碍(P279)。锥体系损害(B错)损害表现为中枢性瘫痪,颈部肌肉随意运动消失,还有四肢随意运动消失,肌张力增高,腱反射亢进,病理征阳性。舞蹈病(C错)表现为肌张力降低,不自主增多,主要累及面部及肢体远端(P289)。脑干疾病(D错)主要表现为交叉性瘫痪及脑神经核受损征象。"} {"Question":"痉挛性截瘫的典型步态是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"划圏样步态"},{"key":"B","value":"跨阈步态"},{"key":"C","value":"慌张步态"},{"key":"D","value":"剪刀样步态"},{"key":"E","value":"醉汉步态"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"剪刀样步态(D对)时,由于双下肢肌张力增高,尤以伸肌和内收肌张力增高明显,移步时下肢内收过度,双腿交叉呈剪刀状,见于脑性瘫痪与截瘫患者。划圏样步态(痉挛性偏瘫步态)(A错)下肢伸直、外旋,向外前摆动,行走时呈划圈样步态,见于脑卒中后遗症。跨阈步态(B错)时,由于踝部肌腱、肌肉弛缓,患足下垂,行走时必须抬高下肢才能起步,见于腓总神经麻痹。慌张步态(C错)时,起步后小步急速趋行,双脚擦地,身体前倾,有难以止步之势,见于帕金森病患者。醉酒步态(E错)时,行走时躯干重心不稳,步态紊乱不准确如醉酒状,见于小脑疾病、酒精及巴比妥中毒。"} {"Question":"动脉瘤性动眼神经麻痹的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眼裂正常,瞳孔扩大,直接对光反射迟钝"},{"key":"B","value":"眼裂扩大,瞳孔缩小,直接对光反射正常"},{"key":"C","value":"眼裂变小,瞳孔缩小,直接对光反射正常"},{"key":"D","value":"眼裂变小,瞳孔正常,直接对光反射正常"},{"key":"E","value":"眼裂变小,瞳孔扩大,直接对光反射消失"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"动眼神经支配上睑提肌,使瞳孔缩小,当发生动脉瘤性动眼神经麻痹时,眼裂变小(AB错),瞳孔扩大(BCD错),直接对光反射消失(E对)。"} {"Question":"成年男性,三月来双下肢无力,双下肢麻木逐渐发展到腰部,背后疼痛且咳嗽时加剧。查体左半侧T5下痛温觉消失;右下肢肌力Ⅲ°,腱反射亢进,Babinski征阳性,右下肢足趾振动觉位置觉消失。可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T8附近脊髓髓内病变"},{"key":"B","value":"左T8附近脊髓髓外病变"},{"key":"C","value":"右T3附近脊髓髓外病变"},{"key":"D","value":"T8附近脊髓休克性病变"},{"key":"E","value":"右T5附近脊髓髓内病变"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脊髓半侧损害表现为病变节段以下患侧上运动神经元瘫痪和深感觉消失以及对侧浅感觉消失。由于脊髓后角纤维在一侧上升2~3个节段后再经白质前连合交叉至对侧,故对侧传导束性感觉障碍平面较脊髓损害节段水平低2~3个节段。本例患者三月来双下肢无力双下肢麻木逐渐发展到腰部,提示髓外病变压迫脊髓(ADE错)。查体右下肢肌力Ⅲ度,腱反射亢进,Babinski征阳性,右下肢足趾振动觉位置觉消失(右下肢上运动神经元瘫痪、深感觉消失),说明脊髓损害在右侧(B错)。左半侧T5下痛温觉(浅感觉)消失,说明脊髓损害部位在右侧T2~3节段,因此诊断该患者为右T3附近脊髓髓外病变(C对)。"} {"Question":"男性,56岁。高血压患者。旅游登山中突然左侧肢体发麻乏力。急送医院,摄头颅CT片如图(暂无图)。病损部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左侧大脑皮质"},{"key":"B","value":"右侧大脑皮质"},{"key":"C","value":"左侧基底节区"},{"key":"D","value":"右侧基底节区"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"高血压脑出血(ICH)以基底节区出血最常见,约占50%-60%,系豆纹动脉尤其是其外侧支破裂所致,常有病灶对侧偏瘫、偏身感觉缺失等表现。患者老年男性,高血压患者,登山中突然左侧肢体发麻乏力(左侧偏瘫、偏身感觉缺失),提示病变部位在右侧基底节区(D对C错)。大脑皮质出血和小脑出血临床均不多见,大脑皮质(AB错)出血会有相应的皮质反应区的功能障碍表现,小脑(E错)出血会有共济失调表现。"} {"Question":"一青年患者,突然出现剧烈头痛、恶心和呕吐,意识清、四肢无瘫痪、颈项有阻力。为鉴别其为蛛网膜下腔出血,还是化脓性脑膜炎,宜采用的主要方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血白细胞总数和分类检查"},{"key":"B","value":"颅脑CT扫描"},{"key":"C","value":"反复测量体温"},{"key":"D","value":"抽血作细菌培养"},{"key":"E","value":"腰椎穿刺查脑脊液"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"蛛网膜下腔出血和化脓性脑膜炎早期均可颅内高压表现及脑膜刺激征。腰椎穿刺查脑脊液(E对)可以很好的鉴别蛛网膜下腔出血和化脓性脑膜炎,前者表现为均匀血性脑脊液(特征性表现),后者表现为脑脊液压力升高、外观浑浊或呈脓性。血白细胞总数和分类检查(A错)、抽血作细菌培养(D错)特异性和敏感性都不高,早期均可无阳性表现。颅脑CT扫描(B错)均可出现阴性或同时检出蛛网膜下腔高信号。反复测量体温(C错)受干扰性因素太大,且无特异性。"} {"Question":"成年男性,三月来双下肢无力,双下肢麻木逐渐发展到腰部,背后疼痛且咳嗽时加剧。查体左半侧T5下痛温觉消失;右下肢肌力Ⅲ度,腱反射亢进,Babinski征阳性,右下肢足趾振动觉位置觉消失。该脊髓损害为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓半切综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓横贯性损害"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓后角损害"},{"key":"D","value":"脊神经根损害"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓后索和侧索联合损害"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者成年男性,三月来出现自下而上发展的脊髓损害症状、明显神经根痛、左半侧浅感觉消失、右下肢上运动神经元瘫痪、深感觉消失。结合病史诊断为慢性脊髓受压所致的神经根痛及右侧T2-3水平脊髓半切综合征(A对)。脊髓横贯性损害(B错)表现为损害平面以下各种感觉缺失、上运动神经元瘫痪及括约肌障碍等(P22)。脊髓后角损害(C错)表现为患侧痛温觉缺失、触觉保留的分离性感觉障碍(P22)。脊神经根损害(D错)表现损伤相应节段的下运动神经元性瘫痪(损伤脊神经前根)和(或)深浅感觉障碍(损伤脊神经后根)。脊髓后索和侧索联合损害(E错)分别表现为振动觉、位置觉障碍、感觉性共济失调和同侧肢体病变水平以下上运动神经元性瘫痪和对侧痛温觉障碍(P22)。"} {"Question":"肢体浅感觉的2级神经元位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"内侧丘系"},{"key":"C","value":"白质前联合"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓后角"},{"key":"E","value":"薄束核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肢体浅感觉的第1级神经元位于脊神经节内,周围突构成脊神经的感觉纤维,然后从后根外侧部的中枢突进入位于脊髓后角2级神经元(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"脊髓休克见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓胶质瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓蛛网膜粘连"},{"key":"C","value":"急性横贯性脊髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓空洞症"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓后动脉血栓形成"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脊髓休克是指脊髓与高位中枢离断后,断面以下的脊髓暂时丧失反射活动的能力而进入无反应状态的现象,可见于急性横贯性脊髓炎(C对)的早期,以病损平面以下肢体瘫痪、传导束性感觉障碍和尿便障碍为特征。脊髓胶质瘤(A错)、脊髓蛛网膜黏连(B错)、脊髓空洞症(D错)均不会导致脊髓与高位中枢离断,因而不会出现脊髓休克。脊髓胶质瘤(A错)属于髓内病变,典型表现为脊髓压迫症状。脊髓蛛网膜黏连(B错)可导致脊髓蛛网膜炎,由于病损来源于蛛网膜,一般不会引起脊髓横贯性损伤。脊髓空洞症(D错)由于多种原因导致脊髓形成管状空腔,临床表现为受累的脊髓节段神经损害症状,以痛、温觉减退与消失、而深感觉保存的分离性感觉障碍为特点。脊髓后动脉供应脊髓横断面后1\/3的血供,脊髓后动脉血栓形成(E错)会出现脊髓后动脉综合征,表现为急性根痛,病变水平以下深感觉缺失和感觉性共济失调,痛温觉和肌力保存,括约肌功能常不受累,不会出现脊髓休克。"} {"Question":"脑血栓形成的最常见病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压"},{"key":"B","value":"脑动脉粥样硬化"},{"key":"C","value":"各种脑动脉炎"},{"key":"D","value":"血压偏低"},{"key":"E","value":"红细胞增多症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"脑动脉粥样硬化的病理变化,从动脉内中膜增厚,形成粥样硬化斑块。粥样硬化斑块分为易损斑块和稳定斑块两种类型。易损斑块又称不稳定斑块,或“犯罪斑块”。其特点为斑块表面溃疡、破裂、血栓形成,斑块内出血,薄纤维帽,大脂质核,及严重血管狭窄等。目前认为易损斑块破裂是动脉粥样硬化导致血栓栓塞事件的重要原因(B对)。各种脑动脉炎(C错)、红细胞增多症(E错)、高血压病(A错)、血压偏低(D错)可引起脑血栓形成,但不为最常见原因。"} {"Question":"男,58岁。突感头、颈项部剧烈疼痛,大汗伴恶心、呕吐、眩晕。查体:急性病容,四肢活动自如,脑膜刺激征阳性。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"椎基底动脉供血不足"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压脑病"},{"key":"D","value":"蛛网膜下腔出血"},{"key":"E","value":"脑血栓形成"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中老年患者突发头部剧烈疼痛、恶心、呕吐及眩晕等明显颅内压增高的表现,脑膜刺激征阳性,无偏瘫等脑实质损害表现,最可能诊断为蛛网膜下腔出血(D对)。脑栓塞(A错)及脑血栓形成(E错)患者常有明显偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍等脑实质损害症状,极少出现脑膜刺激征的表现。椎基底动脉供血不足(B错)最常表现为眩晕、平衡障碍、眼球运动异常和复视。高血压脑病(C错)患者常有高血压病史,大多数有头痛、抽搐和意识障碍三大特征。"} {"Question":"高血压病脑出血最多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基底节"},{"key":"B","value":"脑桥"},{"key":"C","value":"小脑"},{"key":"D","value":"大脑白质"},{"key":"E","value":"脑干"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"高血压脑出血常发生于基底节(A对)、内囊,其次为大脑白质(D错)、脑干(E错)和小脑(C错),脑桥(B错)出血是脑干出血的主要部位。由于基底节区域尤其是豆状核区域的供应动脉即豆纹动脉,从大脑中动脉呈直角分支,直接受到大脑中动脉压力较高的血流冲击和牵引,易致豆纹动脉破裂出血。"} {"Question":"易造成蛛网膜下腔出血的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅内动脉瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"后颅凹肿瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"颞部巨大硬脑膜外血肿"},{"key":"D","value":"脑挫裂伤"},{"key":"E","value":"脑膜膨出"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"最易造成蛛网膜下腔出血的病因是颅内动脉瘤(A对)破裂,占到所有病因的50%-80%,血管畸形及后颅凹肿瘤(B错)、颞部巨大硬脑膜外血肿(C错)、脑挫裂伤(D错)、脑膜膨出(E错)、烟雾病等约占蛛网膜下腔出血病因的10%。其余病因不明确者较为少见,约占10%。"} {"Question":"高血压脑出血最好发的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑室"},{"key":"B","value":"内囊和基底节附近"},{"key":"C","value":"丘脑"},{"key":"D","value":"脑桥"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"高血压脑出血最好发的部位是内囊和基底节附近(B对),内囊和基底节附近出血约占高血压脑出血(ICH)的70%。脑室(D错)出血约占ICH的3%-5%。丘脑(A错)出血约占ICH的10%-15%。脑桥(D错)出血和小脑(E错)出血均约占脑出血的10%。"} {"Question":"女,23岁。跟邻居吵架时突发剧烈头痛、呕吐、视物双影2小时。平时偶有一侧头痛,严重时伴畏光、恶心、呕吐。查体:右眼睑下垂,右瞳孔散大,对光反射消失,右眼向上、下、内活动受限,颈强直(+)。急诊首选的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头颅MRI"},{"key":"B","value":"DSA"},{"key":"C","value":"经颅多普勒超声"},{"key":"D","value":"腰椎穿刺"},{"key":"E","value":"头颅CT"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年患者,既往有头痛史,严重时伴畏光、恶心、呕吐,情绪激动后突发剧烈头痛、呕吐、视物双影2小时,查体:右眼睑下垂,右瞳孔散大,对光反射消失,右眼向上、下、内活动受限(提示动眼神经受压),颈强直(+)(脑膜刺激征阳性),根据患者的病史、临床症状及体征,考虑最可能的诊断为颅内动脉瘤破裂导致的蛛网膜下腔出血,急诊首选的辅助检查是头颅CT(E对),该检查出血早期敏感性高,可检出90%以上的蛛网膜下腔出血。头颅MRI(A错)在数天CT检查的敏感性降低时,可发挥较大作用。DSA(B错)是确诊的金标准, 可明确动脉瘤的大小、位置、与载瘤动脉的关系,但不是急诊首选方法。 腰椎穿剌(D错)如果CT扫描结果阴性,强烈建议行腰穿CSF检查。经颅多普勒超声(C错)对该病的诊断意义不大。"} {"Question":"有偏瘫同向性偏盲偏身感觉障碍,见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椎-基底动脉血栓形成"},{"key":"B","value":"大脑前动脉血栓形成"},{"key":"C","value":"大脑中动脉血栓形成"},{"key":"D","value":"蛛网膜下腔出血"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑出血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"偏瘫同向性偏盲偏身感觉障碍,可见于基底核区病变。基底核由大脑中动脉供血,当大脑中动脉血栓形成(C对)、栓塞或出血时会导致的基底核区功能障碍,出现三偏症状,即病灶对侧偏瘫(中枢性面舌瘫和肢体瘫痪)、偏身感觉障碍及偏盲(三偏)。大脑前动脉血栓形成(B错)可导致大脑前动脉供血区出血,可出现人格和情感障碍、对侧下肢无力等(P178)。椎-基底动脉血栓形成(A错)可出现阵发性眩晕、眼震以及构音障碍、交叉性瘫痪等脑干缺血综合征(P178)。蛛网膜下腔出血(D错)表现为头痛、脑膜刺激征、眼部症状、谵妄和幻觉等(P173)。小脑出血(E错)表现为频繁呕吐、枕部剧烈疼痛、行动不稳、共济失调和眼球震颤(P190)。"} {"Question":"医德修养的根本途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不断地学习医德理论知识"},{"key":"B","value":"创造一个良好的医德修养氛围"},{"key":"C","value":"向医德高尚的医务人员学习"},{"key":"D","value":"坚持在医疗卫生保健实践中修养"},{"key":"E","value":"坚持有的放矢的医德修养"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医德修养是指医务人员按照社会所倡导的医德理念及其规范,在医德实践中进行自我教育、自我评价、自我锻炼和自我陶冶的过程及其所达到的医德境界。医德修养来源于医疗实践,又服务于实践,因此医德修养最根本的途径、最重要的方法是坚持在医疗卫生保健实践中修养(D对)。不断的学习医德理论知识(A错)、创造一个良好的医德修养氛围(B错)、向医德高尚的医务人员学习(C错)、坚持有的放矢的医德修养(E错)只是医德修养的一般途径。"} {"Question":"医务人员在自己独处的时候,更要严格约束自己,这是因为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慎独原则"},{"key":"B","value":"保密原则"},{"key":"C","value":"回避原则"},{"key":"D","value":"公平公正"},{"key":"E","value":"道德修养"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"“慎独”是指医务人员在单独工作无人监督时,仍能坚持医德信念,严格按照医德规范行事的修养方法及其所达到的境界。作为医德修养方法的慎独,其要点有三:一是坚持修养的高度自觉性,正确认识慎独修养的价值,不是把美德修养当作门面来装潢,也不是因为怕出丑遭人谴责而不得不慎独,而是自己自觉严格要求,自觉坚持提高,自觉保持在任何情况下做善事而不做恶事;二是坚持修养的高度彻底性,形成慎独精神,不忽视小事和细节,做到人前人后一个样,领导在和不在一个样,门诊病房一个样,白班、夜班一个样,也就是说,面对哪怕是极微小和隐蔽的不良诱惑,都能防微杜渐,“勿以恶小而为之”,面对哪怕是极琐碎但有益于患者健康之事,都能认真做好,“勿以善小而不为”;三是坚持修养的高度严谨性,打消一切侥幸心理,时时处处保持科学态度(A对)。"} {"Question":"医务人员的共同义务和天职是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"彼此平等,相互尊重"},{"key":"B","value":"彼此独立,相互支持和帮助"},{"key":"C","value":"彼此信任,相互协作和监督"},{"key":"D","value":"共同维护病人的利益和社会公益"},{"key":"E","value":"相互学习,共同提高和发挥优势"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"大公无私是医德境界的最高层次,其主要特点是:医务人员把有利于病人、集体和社会作为职业行为准则,自觉坚持,持之以恒;凡事先为病人、集体和社会着想,把共同维护病人的利益和社会公益(D对)作为自己的天职。彼此平等,相互尊重(A错);彼此独立,相互支持和帮助(B错);彼此信任,相互协作和监督(C错);相互学习,共同提高和发挥优势(E错)均为正确处理医务人员之间关系的道德原则。"} {"Question":"按照我国“人类辅助生殖技术伦理原则”的要求,目前允许实施的辅助生殖技术是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人卵胞浆移植"},{"key":"B","value":"精子捐赠助孕"},{"key":"C","value":"胚胎赠送助孕"},{"key":"D","value":"人卵核移植"},{"key":"E","value":"非商业性代孕"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"按照我国“人类辅助生殖技术伦理原则”的要求,目前允许实施的辅助生殖技术是精子捐赠助孕(B对)。根据保护后代原则…⑤医务人员不得实施代孕技术(E错)。⑥医务人员不得实施胚胎赠送助孕技术(C错)。⑦在尚未解决人卵胞浆移植和人卵核移植技术安全性问题之前,医务人员不得实施以治疗不育为目的的人卵胞浆移植(A错)和人卵核移植技术(D错)。"} {"Question":"医师在旅游途中救治了一位突发心脏病的旅客,该医师遵循的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"岗位职责"},{"key":"B","value":"医师职权"},{"key":"C","value":"政治义务"},{"key":"D","value":"法律义务"},{"key":"E","value":"道德义务"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医患关系的内容包括:法律权利和法律义务、道德权利和道德义务。医师在旅游途中救治了一位突发心脏病的旅客,属于在正常的医疗活动之外救治急危重症患者。该案例中医师遵循的是道德义务(E对)。"} {"Question":"医务人员彼此协作的基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"没有分歧"},{"key":"B","value":"彼此独立"},{"key":"C","value":"互相信任"},{"key":"D","value":"互相学习"},{"key":"E","value":"彼此竞争"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"互尊互学、团结协作是正确处理同事、同行之间医际关系的医德准则(P61),而医务人员彼此协作的基础和前提是互相信任(C对)。"} {"Question":"医师应履行的专业责任是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"彼此信任,互相协作"},{"key":"B","value":"关心,爱护,尊重患者,保护患者隐私"},{"key":"C","value":"努力消除歧视,促进医疗卫生资源的公平分配"},{"key":"D","value":"努力钻研业务,更新知识,提高专业技术水平"},{"key":"E","value":"提高道德修养水平"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医德基本准则医务人员在具体、典型的医学情境中应该遵循的职业行为准则,是社会对医务人员的基本道德要求,具体包括:①以人为本,救死扶伤②严谨求实,精益求精③平等交往,一视同仁④举止端庄,语言文明⑤廉洁行医,遵纪守法⑥诚实守信,保守医密⑦互尊互学,团结协作⑧乐于奉献,热心公益。严谨求实,精益求精要求医务人员努力钻研业务,更新知识,提高专业技术水平(D对),是医务人员的专业责任。彼此信任,互相协作(A错)是同事、同行之间医际关系的医德准则。关心,爱护,尊重患者,保护患者隐私(B错)是医师对患者的伦理要求。提高道德修养水平(E错)既是医师的权利,也是医师的义务,是对医务人员医德修养的要求。医疗卫生资源分配公正要求在医疗服务资源分配上遵循公平优先、兼顾效率的基本原则,达到最科学合理、社会和人民收益最大的目标,而不是简单的公平分配(C错)。"} {"Question":"下列选项中仅属于医师的道德义务不属于法律义务的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"努力钻研业务,提高专业技术水平"},{"key":"B","value":"关心、爱护、尊重患者、保护患者隐私"},{"key":"C","value":"宣传卫生保健知识,对患者进行健康教育"},{"key":"D","value":"遵守法律、法规、遵守技术操作规范"},{"key":"E","value":"积极开展义诊,尽力满足患者的健康需求"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"努力钻研业务,提高专业技术水平(A对);关心、爱护、尊重患者、保护患者隐私(B对);宣传卫生保健知识,对患者进行健康教育(C对);遵守法律、法规、遵守技术操作规范(D对)既属于医师的道德义务,也属于医师的法律义务,而积极开展义诊,尽力满足患者的健康需求(E错,为本题正确答案)只是道德义务,不属于法律义务,不是医师在法律上必须要做的。"} {"Question":"医务人员遵从临终患者和家属的请求,给予减轻痛苦的维持治疗,直至生命自行终止。这种做法属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"积极安乐死"},{"key":"B","value":"终止治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"医助自杀"},{"key":"D","value":"消极安乐死"},{"key":"E","value":"主动安乐死"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医务人员经患者或患者家属的请求,不再给与积极治疗,撤除患者赖以维持生命的体外循环装置、人工呼吸装置及其他辅助设施,给予减轻痛苦的适当维持治疗,任其等待死亡的降临,自然逝去(D对)称为安乐死。主动安乐死:亦称积极安乐死,指患者治愈无望,痛苦难耐,应患者或家属的请求,医务人员采用药物或其他主动的手段促进患者生命的结束,让其安然死亡(AE错)。"} {"Question":"不符合卫生资源分配的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"效益最大化"},{"key":"B","value":"效率最大化原则"},{"key":"C","value":"公益化原则"},{"key":"D","value":"公正原则"},{"key":"E","value":"合理化原则"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"卫生资源配置是指政府或市场如何使卫生资源公平且有效率地在不同的领域、地区、部门、项目、人群中分配,从而实现卫生资源的社会和经济效益最大化,即合理公正地分配卫生资源,从而实现卫生资源的社会和经济效益最大化,因此,公正原则(D对)、合理化原则(E对)、效益最大化原则(A对)符合卫生资源配置原则。效率是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出,而卫生事业是政府实行一定福利政策的社会公益事业,因此,公益化原则也符合卫生资源配置原则(C对),效率最大化原则不符合卫生资源配置原则(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"不属于医学伦理学原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尊重原则"},{"key":"B","value":"不伤害原则"},{"key":"C","value":"知情同意原则"},{"key":"D","value":"公正原则"},{"key":"E","value":"有利原则"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"“四原则说”由比彻姆和查尔瑞斯在其合著的《生物医学伦理学原理》一书中提出和阐释。他们认为,自主原则、不伤害原则、行善原则、公正原则是生命伦理的基本原则。生命伦理四原则传入我国后,逐渐成为教科书中的主要内容,并被列为国家医师资格考试的内容,所不同的是,其中的自主原则被改称为尊重原则,行善原则被改称为有利或有益原则。因此,医学伦理学原则包括有利原则(E对)、公正原则(D对)、不伤害原则(B对)和尊重原则(A对),不包括知情同意(C错,为本题正确答案)原则。"} {"Question":"下列符合动物实验伦理要求的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对医学研究中的低等动物无需考虑人道问题"},{"key":"B","value":"用尽可能少的实验动物获得尽可能多的实验数据"},{"key":"C","value":"医学研究的科学性不能以牺牲动物的福利为代价"},{"key":"D","value":"尽可能用活体动物代替无知觉的实验材料"},{"key":"E","value":"尽可能用高等动物代替低等动物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"动物实验应遵循的伦理原则包括:替代、减少、优化和责任。替代是指使用没有知觉的实验材料代替活体动物(D错),或使用低等动物替代高等动物进行试验(E错)。减少就是在动物实验时尽量减少动物的使用量,使用较少量的动物获取同样多的试验数据或使用一定数量的动物能获得更多的试验数据(B对)。优化是指在必须使用动物进行实验时,尽量减少非人道程序对动物的影响范围和程度(A错)。动物福利是指人类应该避免对动物造成不必要的伤害,反对并防止虐待动物,让动物在康乐的状态下生存”(C错)。"} {"Question":"某医师给住院患者开具了药物医嘱后,很快发现自己的医嘱有误,但判断其不会给患者造成严重后果。此时该医师的最佳做法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失误不会造成严重后果,可隐瞒以避免纠纷"},{"key":"B","value":"不告知患者失误的实情,后续治疗中适当弥补"},{"key":"C","value":"不告知其他人,对患者进行密切观察"},{"key":"D","value":"纠正医嘱,并对出现的失误予以积极补救"},{"key":"E","value":"先不告知患者,若其知晓再为自己的失误辩护"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"不伤害原则是指医务人员在医疗行为中应尽量避免对患者造成生理及心理上的伤害,因此医务人员应尽可能提供最佳的诊疗措施去防范无意但是却可预知的伤害,把不可避免但可控的伤害控制在最低限度内。因为患者具有知情同意权,所以对于本题中某医生应遵循不伤害原则,不论会不会给患者造成严重后果,将情况告知患者并争取得其谅解,且纠正医嘱,并对出现的失误予以积极补救(D对)。"} {"Question":"公正不仅指形式上的类似,强调公正的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"本质"},{"key":"B","value":"内容"},{"key":"C","value":"基础"},{"key":"D","value":"内涵"},{"key":"E","value":"意义"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"公正原则是指以形式公正与内容公正的有机统一为依据分配和实现医疗和健康利益的伦理原则。公正既包括形式公正也包括内容公正,为形式公正与内容(B对)公正的有机统一。"} {"Question":"下述各项中属于医生违背尊重原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生检查病人时,由于消毒观念不强,造成交叉感染"},{"key":"B","value":"医生满足病人的一切保密要求"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医生给予引产"},{"key":"D","value":"医生对病人的呼叫或提问给予应答"},{"key":"E","value":"医生的行为使某个病人受益,但却损害了别的病人的利益"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尊重原则是指医务人员尊重病人的伦理原则,其实现取决于医务人员对其合理性的认同以及医患之间平等关系的认可和构建,要求医务人员尊重病人的信仰、习惯、感情,尽力满足病人的正当要求,并不是指满足病人的一切保密要求(B对)。不伤害原则是指在医务人员的整个医疗行为中,无论动机,还是效果,均应避免对病人造成伤害。医生检查病人时,由于消毒观念不强,造成了交叉感染(A错),对病人造成了伤害,违背了不伤害原则。妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医生给予引产(C错);医生对病人的呼叫或提问给予应答(D错)属于遵守不伤害原则。医生的行为使某个病人受益,但却损害了别的病人的利益(E错)违背了有利原则。"} {"Question":"在下列选项中,不属于医学伦理学的基本原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不伤害原则"},{"key":"B","value":"人道原则"},{"key":"C","value":"有利原则"},{"key":"D","value":"尊重原则"},{"key":"E","value":"公正原则"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"目前对我国影响较大的美国生命伦理基本原则有“二原则说”、“四原则说”、“五原则说”等。其中生命伦理四原则经修改后逐渐成为我国教科书中的主要内容,即医学伦理学原则,分别为“尊重原则(D对)、不伤害原则(A对)、有利原则(C对)、公正(E对)原则,不包括人道原则(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下述属于医生违背尊重原则的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生对病人的呼叫或提问给予应答"},{"key":"B","value":"医生的行为使某个病人受益,但却给别的病人带来了损害"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医生给予引产"},{"key":"D","value":"医生给病人实施粗暴性的检查"},{"key":"E","value":"医生尊重病人是指满足病人的一切要求"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尊重原则的合理性源于病人享有人格尊严和医疗自主权,但其实现取决于医务人员对其合理性的认同以及医患之间平等关系的认可和构建,要求医务人员尊重病人的信仰、习惯、感情,尽力满足病人的正当要求,医生尊重病人不是指满足病人的一切要求(E对)。医生对病人的呼叫或提问给予应答(A错);妊娠危及母亲的生命时,医生给予引产(C错),属于遵守不伤害原则。医生的行为使某个病人收益,但却给别的病人带来了损害(B错),属于违背有利原则。医生给病人实施粗暴性的检查(D错)属于违背不伤害原则。"} {"Question":"当患者要求住院医师开具精神药品时,该医师应当遵循的伦理要求是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严守法规"},{"key":"B","value":"公正分配"},{"key":"C","value":"加强协作"},{"key":"D","value":"合理配伍"},{"key":"E","value":"对症下药"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"当患者要求住院医师开具精神药品时,应严格遵守《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,故医师应当遵循的伦理要求是严守法规(A对)。对症下药(E错)是医生根据临床诊断选择相应的药物进行治疗遵循的医学伦理学要求。合理配伍(D错)是药物治疗对医生的道德要求。"} {"Question":"根据我国法律,不允许青少年捐献器官,最主要的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青少年认知不足"},{"key":"B","value":"主治医师的情感"},{"key":"C","value":"器官摘除医师的心理负担"},{"key":"D","value":"器官年轻,用处不大"},{"key":"E","value":"社会大众的普遍反对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青少年认知能力不足,未拥有成熟的三观,因此不允许进行器官捐献(A对)。"} {"Question":"医务人员在手术中应遵循的伦理要求是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平等相待,廉洁奉公"},{"key":"B","value":"积极进取,保证安全"},{"key":"C","value":"精诚团结,密切协作"},{"key":"D","value":"耐心倾听,正确引导"},{"key":"E","value":"关心体贴,减少痛苦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"手术中的伦理要求:1.严密观察,处理得当;2.认真操作,一丝不苟;3.互相支持,团结协作(C对)。耐心倾听,正确引导(P111)(D错)为诊治的基本伦理要求。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,在交往中保持独立而完整的人格,有自知之明,不卑不亢,属于心理健康标准中的哪一项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人格完整"},{"key":"B","value":"适应环境"},{"key":"C","value":"智力正常"},{"key":"D","value":"情绪良好"},{"key":"E","value":"人际和谐"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年男性患者,在交往中保持独立而完整的人格,有自知之明,不卑不亢(人际和谐表现),故属于心理健康标准中的人际和谐(E对)。人格完整一般表现为包括人格的各个结构要素不存在明显的缺陷与偏差;具有清醒的自我意识,不产生自我同一性混乱;以积极进取的人生观作为人格的核心,有相对完整的心理特征等(A错)。适应环境包括有积极的处世态度,与社会广泛接触,对社会现状有较清晰正确的认识,具有顺应社会改革变化的能力,勇于改造现实环境,达到自我实现与社会奉献的协调统一(B错)。智力正常包括分布在智力正态分布曲线之内者以及能对日常生活作出正常反应的智力超常者(C错)。情绪良好包括能够经常保持愉快、开朗 自信的心情,善于从生活中寻求乐趣,对生活充满希望。一且有了负性情绪,能够并善于调整,具有情绪的稳定性(D错)。"} {"Question":"心理治疗医生是否成熟称职的重要条件及心理治疗成败的关键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生的技术水平"},{"key":"B","value":"心理治疗实施的计划性"},{"key":"C","value":"是否坚持保密原则"},{"key":"D","value":"建立良好的医患关系"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗方法的灵活性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"医患关系是指医生与患者在健康与疾病问题上建立起来的真诚、信任、彼此尊重的人际关系,是一种特殊的人际关系。在诊治病人的过程中,医患关系非常重要。心理治疗中的一环关系指在治疗者与患者之间为达到治疗目的而建立的一种密切的、有感情交流的职业性帮助关系,这种医患关系比临床其他领域中谈到的医患关系更具有特殊性和重要性。合格的治疗师都有一系列共同咨询特质,即治疗者在治疗过程中对疗效有直接影响的因素,是他表现出来的人际反应特点或态度,如治疗者的温暖、真诚、尊重、积极关注和共情等特点。因此,心理治疗医生是否成熟称职的重要条件及心理治疗成败的关键是建立良好的医患关系(D对),医生的技术水平(A错)、心理治疗实施的计划性(B错)、是否坚持保密原则(C错)、治疗方法的灵活性(E错)是影响心理治疗成败的因素,但不是关键因素。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。因慢性皮肤溃疡迁延不愈需接受高压氧治疗。患者对高压氧舱的封闭环境感到十分恐惧。心理医生与患者进行了充分的沟通,在做好各种应急准备之后,让患者直接进入髙压氧舱以快速克服恐惧心理。同时完成高压氧治疗。这种心理治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放松训练"},{"key":"B","value":"冲击疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"厌恶疗法"},{"key":"D","value":"系统脱敏法"},{"key":"E","value":"认知疗法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者对高压氧舱的封闭环境感到十分恐惧。心理医生与患者进行了充分的沟通,在做好各种应急准备之后,让患者直接进入髙压氧舱以快速克服恐惧心理。让病人一下子面对最高等级惧怕的情况,甚至过分地与惧怕的情况接触,为冲击疗法(B对)。放松训练(A错)是让病人坐在沙发上或藤椅上,双臂放于扶手,随意采取舒适的姿势。厌恶疗法(C错)是一种通过轻微的惩罚来消除适应不良行为的治疗方法。系统脱敏法(D错)是以社交恐惧症为例。由引起最低紧张等级的刺激开始脱敏。认知疗法(E错)主要目标是协助当事人克服认知的盲点,模糊的知觉,自我欺骗,不正确的判断,以及改变认知中对现实的直接扭曲或不合逻辑的思考方式(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,大一学生,周围环境不适应。治疗方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心理咨询"},{"key":"B","value":"住院观察"},{"key":"C","value":"特别照顾"},{"key":"D","value":"任其自己调整"},{"key":"E","value":"人本主义"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"文中的患者有社会适应不良的问题,可以通过人本主义疗法(E对)得到治疗,通过适当的引导使其接纳自己的情绪感受,该疗法的目的在于帮助患者在治疗中成为自己,从而让个体变得更相信自己,变成一个较少防御性和更多对经验抱着开放态度、协调一致的人,从而更好地适应社会环境,符合文中患者的情况。心理咨询(P196)(A错)的对象一般是有现实问题或心理干扰的正常人,但文中的对象是有心理障碍的患者,所以既不能任其自己调整(D错),也不能只靠心理咨询。住院观察(B错)和特别照顾(C错)一般用于患较严重的心理疾病乃至威胁到自身及周围的身体安全的患者,比如精神分裂症等。"} {"Question":"女,22岁。每逢路过商店时就会有被售货员怀疑偷窃的想法,无法自制,十分痛苦。遂到心理门诊寻求帮助,心理治疗师指导其每当出现该想法时就用力拉弹手腕上的橡皮筋,使其产生疼痛,从而逐步消除其强迫症状。这种治疗方法属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厌恶疗法"},{"key":"B","value":"系统脱敏疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"习惯转换法"},{"key":"D","value":"冲击疗法"},{"key":"E","value":"代币疗法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"厌恶疗法是行为疗法的一种,通过轻微的惩罚来消除适应不良行为,主要适应症是露阴癖、恋物癖、酒精依赖、强迫症等。本例中患者的出现被怀疑偷窃想法时候拉弹橡皮筋产生疼痛,产生厌恶体验,反复实施后,被猜疑偷窃的想法和厌恶体验建立一定的条件联系,使得患者一产生被怀疑偷窃的想法就会产生厌恶体验,从而放弃强迫症状,这种方法是厌恶疗法(A对)。系统脱敏疗法(B错)是治疗师帮助患者建立与不良行为反应相对抗的松弛条件反射,然后在接触引起这种行为的条件刺激中,将习得的放松状态用于抑制焦虑反应,使不良行为逐渐消退(脱敏),最终使不良行为得到矫正。冲击疗法(D错)是让病人一下子面对最高等级惧怕的情况,甚至过分地与惧怕的情况接触。由于惧怕刺激的“泛滥性”的来临,个体面对过分的惧怕刺激,恐怖反应可能会逐渐减轻,甚至最终消失。代币法(E错)是用奖励强化所期望的行为,用惩罚消除不良行为而达到目的。"} {"Question":"脱敏治疗的最佳适应证为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神分裂症"},{"key":"B","value":"恐怖症"},{"key":"C","value":"躁狂症"},{"key":"D","value":"神经衰弱"},{"key":"E","value":"强迫症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"系统脱敏疗法是行为疗法的一种,它的基本思想是:治疗师帮助患者建立与不良行为反应相对抗的松弛条件反射,然后在接触引起这种行为的条件刺激中,将习得的放松状态用于抑制焦虑反应,使不良行为逐渐消退(脱敏),最终使不良行为得到矫正。系统脱敏主要用于治疗恐怖症(B对)。精神分裂症(A错)、躁狂症(C错)、神经衰弱(D错)、强迫症(E错)均不是脱敏治疗的适应症。"} {"Question":"男,37岁。因有明显的幻觉及妄想表现而到医院就诊。经询问病情后,医生欲采用心理测验对其进评估,以协助诊断。针对该患者,通常可采用的心理测验工具为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EPQ"},{"key":"B","value":"MMPI"},{"key":"C","value":"SAS"},{"key":"D","value":"SCL-90"},{"key":"E","value":"TAT"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"MMPI(B对)以精神患者作为效标团体,可以协助医生对患者的精神状况作出诊断,并确定病情轻重,对疗效判断和病情预后有一定参考价值。EPQ(埃森克人格问卷)(A错)、SAS(焦虑自评量表)(C错)一般用于正常人。SCL-90(D错)为自评量表。TAT(主题统觉测验)(E错)用于人格测量。"} {"Question":"智商同为85,其一是山区农民,结合他受教育程度和所处环境,考虑其智力基本正常,其二是某大学教授,结合其他表现,考虑有大脑退行性改变的可能,这是遵循心理测验的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"标准化原则"},{"key":"B","value":"保密性原则"},{"key":"C","value":"客观性原则"},{"key":"D","value":"统一性原则"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心理测验的原则有标准化原则、保密原则、客观性原则。客观性原则(C对),是对结果的解释要符合受试者的实际情况。如两个被试智力测验的结果,智商都是85,一个受试者是山区农民,结合他所受教育程度和生活环境等条件,可考虑他的智力水平基本上是正常的:而另一个是某大学教授,测量时严格遵守了测验的要求,结合其他的表现则考虑到该人的大脑有退行性改变的可能。标准化原则(A错)是指测量应采用公认的标准化的工具,施测方法要严格根据测验指导手册的规定执行。保密原则(B错)是指,关于测验的内容、答案及记分方法只有作此项工作的有关人员才能掌握,不允许随意扩散,更不允许在出版物上公开发表。"} {"Question":"面对同样的社会应激,有人难以适应而得病,有人很快度过难关。医学心理学解释此现象的基本观点为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"社会影响的观点"},{"key":"B","value":"情绪作用的观点"},{"key":"C","value":"个性特征的观点"},{"key":"D","value":"心身统一的观点"},{"key":"E","value":"主动调节的观点"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"旧版教材中,医学心理学的6个基本观点为:心身统一的观点、社会对个体影响的观点、认知评价的观点、主动适应和调节的观点、情绪因素作用的观点、个性特征作用的观点。社会影响的观点(A错)是一个完整的个体不仅是生物的人,而且是社会的人,即人生活在一个多层次多等级的系统中。情绪作用的观点(B错)是指,情绪与健康有着十分密切的关系。认知评价的观点是指,心理社会因素能否影响健康或导致疾病,不完全取决于该因素的性质和意义,还取决于个体对外界刺激怎样认知和评价。个性特征的观点(C对)是指,面对同样的社会应激,有的人得病,难以适应,有的人则“游刃有余”,很快度过“难关”,这种现象与个性特征有着十分密切的关系,不同人有不同的个性特征,从而对同样的同样的应激有不同的结果。心身统一的观点(D错)是指一个完整的个体应包括心、身即精神与躯体两个部分,两者相互影响,对外界环境的刺激,心、身是作为一个整体来反应的。主动调节的观点(E错)是指个体在成长发育过程中,逐渐对外界事物形成了一个特定的反应模式,构成了相对稳定的个性特点,是使个体行为与外界保持相对和谐一致的主要因素。"} {"Question":"某初中生,特别喜欢玩电子游戏,也常常因贪玩完不成作业而叹息,但就是管不住自己,这表明他的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"情绪不稳定"},{"key":"B","value":"兴趣太广泛"},{"key":"C","value":"耐受力差"},{"key":"D","value":"自制力差"},{"key":"E","value":"理智感差"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"文中的电子游戏对初中生来说是外界的诱惑,因为贪玩而不能按时完成作业,这说明他不能约束自己的行为来执行已确定的计划,是自制力差的表现(D对)。耐受力(P28)(C错)是指人对环境的变化能保持良好的适应,面对各种应激时间能有较强的承受能力的品质,文中的男孩只是面对诱惑不能自控,没有提到面对困难而屈服的事情。理智感(P25)(E错)是指人们在认识和评价事物过程中产生的情感,是人们学习科学知识,认识掌握事物发展规律的动力,例如求知欲和好奇心等。"} {"Question":"某人做事总是风风火火,速度很快,脾气暴躁,缺乏耐性,而且时不时会出些错误。其气质类型属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆汁质"},{"key":"B","value":"多血质"},{"key":"C","value":"黏液质"},{"key":"D","value":"多动质"},{"key":"E","value":"抑郁质"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"古希腊著名医生希波克拉底提出体质体液学说,他认为人体内有血液、黏液、黑胆汁和黄胆汁四种液体,根据在人体内四种体液的不同比例将气质分为多血质、胆汁质、黏液质和抑郁质。(1)多血质(B错):注意力容易转移,志趣容易变化,灵活好动,有较生动的面部表情和语言表达能力,感染力较强,直爽热情,容易适应环境的变化。活动中行动敏捷,精力充沛。(2)胆汁质(A对):动作迅速,情绪易于冲动,自我控制能力较差,心境变化大。活动中缺乏耐心,可塑性差。(3)黏液质(C错):安静稳重,注意力稳定但难以转移,喜怒不形于色。动作反应慢,不灵活,对工作有条理,易于因循守旧,缺乏创新精神。(4)抑郁质(E错):对事物体验深刻,善于觉察他人难以发现的细小环节,对事物和他人羞怯,孤僻内向。动作迟钝,多愁善感。分类中无多动质(D错)。"} {"Question":"男,22岁,大学生。平常乐于助人、尊师爱校。不仅在学习上经常帮助同学,而且在生活上也常常照顾他人,并能积极组织班级的集体活动。这种行为方式在性格的特征中属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行为特征"},{"key":"B","value":"意志特征"},{"key":"C","value":"态度特征"},{"key":"D","value":"情绪特征"},{"key":"E","value":"理智特征"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"性格的结构可以分为四个维度的特征,分别是态度特征、意志特征、理智特征、情绪特征。态度特征(C对)是指个体在对现实生活各个方面的态度中表现出来的一般特征。题中同学乐于助人、尊师爱校的行为方式属于性格的态度特征。理智特征(E错)是指个体在认知活动中表现出来的心理特征。情绪特征(D错)是指个体在情绪表现方面的心理特征。意志特征(B错)是指个体在调节自己的心理活动时表现出的心理特征。"} {"Question":"思维属心理现象中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"认识过程"},{"key":"B","value":"情感过程"},{"key":"C","value":"意志过程"},{"key":"D","value":"人格特征"},{"key":"E","value":"情绪过程"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心理现象分为两大类,分别是心理过程和个性特征。心理过程包括认识过程、情感过程、意志过程;个性特征包括人格倾向性、人格特征和自我意识系统。其中,认识过程(A对)又包括了感觉、知觉、记忆、思维和想象等;情感、情绪过程(P21)(BE错)包括喜怒哀乐等;意志过程(P27)(C错)是指有意识的确定目标、克服困难和支配自身的行动等。人格特征(P29)(D错)包括能力、气质、性格。"} {"Question":"下列不属于心身疾病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神分裂症"},{"key":"B","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"C","value":"消化性溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病"},{"key":"E","value":"高血压"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心身疾病指心理社会因素在疾病的发生、发展过程中起重要作用的躯体器质性疾病和躯体功能性障碍,心身疾病是并列于躯体疾病和精神疾病的第三类疾病。精神分裂症属于精神疾病,患者没有器质性病变表现(A错,为本题正确答案)。冠心病(B对)、消化性溃疡(C对)、糖尿病(D对)、高血压(E对)这些疾病均可在心理应激后起病,因情绪影响而恶化,属于心身疾病范畴。"} {"Question":"不属于细菌性肝脓肿临床特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全身中毒症状明显"},{"key":"B","value":"脓肿较小,常多发"},{"key":"C","value":"常继发于肠道感染"},{"key":"D","value":"穿刺液为咖啡色"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌培养可阳性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"穿刺液为咖啡色(D错,为本题正确答案)常见于阿米巴性肝脓肿,细菌性肝脓肿的穿刺液为黄白色。细菌性肝脓肿的全身中毒症状明显(A对),突发寒颤高热,腺肿较小,常多发(B对),常继发于肠道感染(C对),细菌培养可阳性(E对)。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,全身不适,发热、纳差、恶心半个月,既往毒品注射史。查体:全身多处淋巴结肿大,口腔毛状白膜,血白细胞2.5×10⁹\/L,尿蛋白(+),首先需要检查的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HIV抗体"},{"key":"B","value":"登革热病毒抗体"},{"key":"C","value":"汉坦病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"乙肝五项"},{"key":"E","value":"埃博拉病毒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,全身不适,发热、纳差、恶心半个月(艾滋病常见表现),既往毒品注射史(艾滋病高危人群)。查体:全身多处淋巴结肿大,口腔毛状白膜(艾滋病典型体征),血白细胞2.5×10⁹\/L,尿蛋白(+)(典型血象),结合患者的症状、体征和实验室检查,怀疑诊断为艾滋病,故首先需要检查的是HIV抗体(A对)。登革热病毒抗体(B错)是用于诊断登革热的。汉坦病毒(C错)是用于检查诊断肾综合征出血热的。乙肝五项(D错)是用于检查诊断乙肝的。埃博拉病毒(E错)是用来检查诊断埃博拉的。"} {"Question":"患囊尾蚴病的原因是进食了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"裂头蚴"},{"key":"B","value":"猪带绦虫卵"},{"key":"C","value":"猪带绦虫幼虫"},{"key":"D","value":"牛带绦虫幼虫"},{"key":"E","value":"牛带绦虫卵"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患囊尾蚴病的原因是进食了猪带绦虫卵(B对)。"} {"Question":"结核菌素试验72小时注射部位出现红肿硬结直径20mm并出现水疱坏死,判断结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"“-”"},{"key":"B","value":"“±”"},{"key":"C","value":"“+”"},{"key":"D","value":"“++”"},{"key":"E","value":"“+++”"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"结核菌素试验72小时注射部位出现红肿硬结直径20mm并出现水疱坏死,判断结果是强阳性(+++)(E对)。“-”(A错)为阴性,无硬结或硬结平均直径<5mm者。“+”(C错)为一般阳性,皮肤硬结直径5~9mm。“++”(D错)为中度阳性反应,皮肤硬结直径10~19mm。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。血吸虫病患者,曾用锑剂治疗1次,1年前用吡喹酮治疗1次。近1个月来乏力,腹胀,刷牙易出血。查体:慢性病容,巩膜无明显黄染,腹水征阳性,肝未及,脾肋下7cm。血象:Hb100g\/L,WBC3×10⁹\/L,N0.65,PLT₄0×10⁹\/L。对于患者的诊断和治疗最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粪便直接涂片"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠黏膜活检"},{"key":"C","value":"粪便沉孵法"},{"key":"D","value":"环卵沉淀试验"},{"key":"E","value":"皮内试验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"日本血吸虫病是日本血吸虫寄生于门静脉系统所引起的疾病,分为急性、慢性、晚期、异位四型。慢性血吸虫病病程经过半年以上,是急性症状消退而未经治疗或疫区反复轻度感染而获得部分免疫力的病人。本患者是二次发病,病程一年以上,从病程判断为慢性患者。慢性血吸虫病的症状主要为慢性腹泻和脓血黏液便,时轻时重,时发时愈,病程长者可出现肠梗阻、贫血、消瘦、体力下降等。肝脏病变可由早期增大逐渐发展为肝硬化。脾脏逐渐增大。本患者有乏力、腹胀、腹水、脾大等症状,与慢性病症一致。实验室检查方法包括粪便检查、肝功能试验、免疫学检查和直肠黏膜活检。粪便内检查虫卵和孵出毛蚴是确诊血吸虫病的直接依据:1)直接涂片法能发现感染较重的早期病人,本患者不适用(A错);2)粪便沉淀法和毛蚴孵化法同时进行,可以提高检出效率,应对每个动物采粪样3次,每粪样检查2次,适用于本患者(C对)。肝功能试验不适用于慢性患者,其肝功能试验大多正常。免疫学检查方法较多,包括皮内试验、环卵沉淀试验、间接血凝试验、ELISA和循环抗原酶免疫法这些方法不能区别既往感染与现症患者,并有假阳性假阴性等缺点,故不适用(DE错)。直肠粘膜活检是血吸虫病原诊断方法之一,阳性率较高,适用于临床可疑而粪检阴性者(B错)。"} {"Question":"男,17岁。发热伴乏力,纳差,眼黄,尿黄5天。实验室检查:ALT860U\/L,AST620U\/L,TBil60μmol\/L。经常在街边小摊进餐。曾注射乙肝疫苗。本患者所患疾病的病原属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单股负链RNA病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"双股RNA病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"单股正链RNA病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"DNA病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"小RNA病毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者青少年男性,急性发病过程,有摄入可疑不洁食物史(甲型肝炎和戊型肝炎的主要感染途径),发热伴乏力,纳差,眼黄,尿黄5天(急性黄疸型肝炎常见表现)。实验室检查:ALT860U\/L(正常ALT5~40U\/L),AST620U\/L(正常AST8~40U\/L),TBil60μmol\/L(正常TBil3.4~17.1μmol\/L)。结合病史、症状和实验室检查。考虑诊断为可初步“”诊断为急性黄疸型肝炎。病原体为经消化道传染的HAV(单股线状RNA病毒)和HEV(单股正链RNA病毒)(C对),且曾注射过乙肝疫苗,故感染经体液传染的HBV(DNA病毒)(D错)、HCV(单股正链RNA病毒)、HDV(单股环状闭合负链RNA病毒)(A错)的可能性较小。"} {"Question":"丙型肝炎的主要传播途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输血、注射"},{"key":"B","value":"消化道传播"},{"key":"C","value":"生活接触"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸道传播"},{"key":"E","value":"性接触"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"丙型肝炎的主要传播途径是输血、注射(A对)。消化道传播(B错)多见于甲肝、戊肝传播感染。生活传播(C错)可见于丙肝。呼吸道传播(D错)不是肝炎的传播途径,属于呼吸道病毒的传播途径。性接触传播(E错)见于乙肝、丙肝、丁肝。"} {"Question":"白假丝酵母菌用的抗生素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲硝唑"},{"key":"B","value":"克霉唑"},{"key":"C","value":"酮康唑"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿奇霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"白假丝酵母菌又称为白色念珠菌,可引起皮肤、口腔、黏膜和内脏的急、慢性感染,即假丝酵母菌病,常用克霉唑治疗(B对)。"} {"Question":"风疹隔离至出疹后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15天"},{"key":"B","value":"10天"},{"key":"C","value":"5天"},{"key":"D","value":"21天"},{"key":"E","value":"8天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"风疹患者应隔离至出疹后5天(C对),易感者接触隔离21天(D错)。麻疹患者应隔离至出疹后5天,若并发肺炎,则隔离至出疹后10天。"} {"Question":"患者,男,7岁。暑期外出旅游,回家当晚高热,头痛,呕吐。可能感染的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性脑炎"},{"key":"B","value":"麻疹"},{"key":"C","value":"艾滋病"},{"key":"D","value":"水痘"},{"key":"E","value":"结核"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"7岁男性患儿(流行性脑炎的好发人群),暑期(流行性脑炎的流行季节)外出旅游(提示可能去过流行性脑炎的疫区),回家当晚高热,头痛,呕吐(提示可能存在颅内感染及颅内高压可能)。综合该患者的年龄、病史及临床表现,可能感染的疾病是流行性脑炎(A对)。麻疹(P65)(B错)常冬春季发病,但全年均可发生,主要临床表现有发热、咳嗽、流涕等卡他症状及眼结合膜炎,特征性表现为口腔麻疹黏膜斑(Koplic spot)及皮肤斑丘疹。艾滋病(P112)(C错)传染途径包括性接触传播、血液接触传播及母婴传播,该患儿无艾滋病的暴露史,暂不考虑艾滋病可能,且艾滋病急性期常有肌痛、淋巴结肿大及神经系统症状等。水痘(P69)(D错)多有14~16天的潜伏期,且多为低热,儿童常同时有皮疹出现。结核(P215)(E错)常起病缓慢,且有长期午后低热,可有倦怠、盗汗、食欲下降、体重减轻等全身症状。"} {"Question":"真菌感染引起的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺孢子菌感染"},{"key":"B","value":"病毒性肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核病"},{"key":"E","value":"小叶性肺炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"卡氏肺孢子菌,近年认为它是一种不典型的真菌,属囊菌纲,故目前认为属于真菌,命名为肺孢子菌。故肺孢子菌感染(A对)是由真菌感染引起的疾病。结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性感染性疾病,以肺结核(D错)(P212)最常见,主要病变为结核结节、浸润、干酪样变和空洞形成。大叶性肺炎(C错)(八版病理学P163)是主要由肺炎球菌引起的以肺泡内弥漫性纤维素渗出为主的炎症。小叶性肺炎(E错)(八版病理学P165)是主要由化脓性细菌引起,以肺小叶为病变单位的急性化脓性炎症。"} {"Question":"典型霍乱患者,发病后最先出现的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"畏寒、发热"},{"key":"B","value":"声音嘶哑"},{"key":"C","value":"剧烈腹泻,继之呕吐"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部绞痛"},{"key":"E","value":"腓肠肌痉挛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"典型霍乱患者,发病后最先出现的症状是剧烈腹泻,继之呕吐(C对),其特点为无发热(A错)、无里急后重感,多数不伴腹痛(D错)。声音嘶哑(B错)、腓肠肌痉挛(E错)是霍乱脱水期的表现,不是最先出现的症状。"} {"Question":"男,43岁。3天前自非洲回北京,回京后开始发冷、寒战,继之高热,持续3小时后出汗、热退,每两天发作1次。血涂片见疟原虫滋养体。应选择的治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺加乙胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"青蒿素加另一种抗疟药"},{"key":"C","value":"青蒿素加氯喹"},{"key":"D","value":"奎宁加伯氨喹"},{"key":"E","value":"乙胺嘧啶加伯氨喹"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"疟疾治疗: 伯父杀青预订旅馆\n氯喹――最常用最有效,控制病情,管 旅馆\n伯氨喹――控制复发 伯父\n乙胺嘧啶――用于预防 预啶\n青蒿素――同时杀死细胞内外虐原虫 杀青\n所以治疗方案应为青蒿素加另一种抗疟药B对)。"} {"Question":"男,渔民,发热1~2天,最高38.8℃,伴腹痛腹泻,3~5次\/天,白细胞11×10⁹\/L,N0.52,L0.13。2周尿培养正常。下一步检查应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血培养"},{"key":"B","value":"尿培养"},{"key":"C","value":"大便培养"},{"key":"D","value":"大便涂片"},{"key":"E","value":"钩体血清学检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"男,渔民,考虑诊断为钩端螺旋体病,2周尿培养正常(提示患者肾脏未受感染),下一步检查应为钩体血清学检查(E对),其中的MAT,1次凝集效价≥1:400,或早、晚期两份血清比较,效价增加4倍即有诊断意义。血培养(A错)一般于钩端螺旋体病发病一周内抽血培养。尿培养(B错)正常,一般不再进行尿培养,常规用于检测尿液中引起感染的细菌等微生物。大便培养(C错)一般用于检测霍乱等疾病。大便涂片(D错)一般用于检测蠕虫、原虫感染等疾病。"} {"Question":"男性,22岁,既往有HBsAg阳性史,10天前无诱因发烧,体温逐渐上升,波动于37.5~39℃,近3天体温持续在38.5~39.5℃不降,伴有食欲不振乏力腹胀及尿黄。查体:T39.5℃,P88次\/分,BP110\/70mmHg,神清,表情淡漠,未见皮疹,巩膜轻度黄染,心肺未见异常,腹软,右下腹压痛(+),肝右肋下2cm,脾未触及,肝浊音区不小,移动性浊音阴性,双下肢无浮肿。化验:WBC3.5×10⁹\/L,N60%,L40%,血HBsAg(+),抗-HAV-IgG(+)。该患者可能发生的严重并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胆囊炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肠出血肠穿孔"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肝昏迷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"22岁男性患者,既往有HBsAg阳性史(无症状携带者或慢性乙肝患者),10天前无诱因发烧,一周后高热不降(最早出现发热,热度呈阶梯形上升,稽留热),伴有食欲不振乏力腹胀及尿黄(伤寒的全身症状)。查体:T39.5℃,P88次\/分,BP110\/70mmHg,神清,表情淡漠,未见皮疹,巩膜轻度黄染,心肺未见异常,腹软,右下腹压痛(+)(伤寒的典型体征),肝右肋下2cm(肝脏增大),脾未触及,肝浊音区不小,移动性浊音阴性,双下肢无浮肿。化验:WBC3.5×10⁹\/L(成人正常参考值4~10×10⁹\/L),N60%,L40%,血HBsAg(+)(无症状携带者或慢性乙肝患者),抗-HAV-IgG(+)(既往感染HAV或免疫接种后),根据患者的病史、临床症状和实验室数据,可知患者有稽留热,表情淡漠,右下腹压痛,白细胞减低等表现,应考虑存在伤寒,急性黄疸型乙型肝炎少见,结合既往有HBsAg阳性史,急性乙型肝炎可能性小,抗-HAV-IgG阳性是既往感染HAV或免疫接种后的标志,可长期存在,不能作为甲肝的诊断依据,综合考虑该患者最可能的诊断是伤寒、乙肝表面抗原携带者。伤寒的并发症有:①肠出血;②肠穿孔;③中毒性肝炎;④中毒性心肌炎(A错);⑤其他并发症,如中毒性脑病、急性胆囊炎(B错)、支气管肺炎(D错)、肝昏迷(E错)等。其中最严重的并发症是肠穿孔,最常见的并发症是肠出血(C对)。"} {"Question":"能够杀灭各型阿米巴原虫,适于肠内、外急慢性阿米巴病的药物为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯喹"},{"key":"B","value":"卡巴肿"},{"key":"C","value":"痢特灵"},{"key":"D","value":"甲硝咪唑"},{"key":"E","value":"吐根碱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"能够杀灭各型阿米巴原虫,适于肠内、外急慢性阿米巴病的药物为甲硝咪唑(D对),硝基咪唑类对阿米巴滋养体有强大杀灭作用,是目前治疗肠内、外各型阿米巴病的首选药物。"} {"Question":"引起恶性疟疾发作不规则的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶性疟原虫侵犯各期红细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"潜伏在肝脏中的裂殖子侵犯红细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性疟原虫在红细胞内发育时间不一致"},{"key":"D","value":"粘附在血管内的疟原虫再度侵犯新的红细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"疟原虫释放毒素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"疟原虫在红细胞内发育时一般无症状,红细胞破裂后,释放出裂殖子及其代谢产物,一部分被单核-吞噬细胞系统吞噬而消灭,一部分侵入新的红细胞,继续发育、繁殖,且发育时间不一(C对),故发作不规则。恶性疟原虫侵犯各期红细胞(A错),且繁殖周期短,将导致更严重的临床症状和贫血。潜伏在肝脏中的裂殖子(B错)会致复发(P283)。粘附在血管内的疟原虫(D错)会致再燃(P283)。疟原虫释放毒素(E错)会致黑尿热(P283)。"} {"Question":"男,20岁,8月5日来诊。进食海鲜3小时后出现腹泻,呕吐伴轻微腹痛,大便为稀水样,共便20次。查体:烦躁不安,脱水貌,双侧腓肠肌痉挛。粪常规可见少量白细胞,未见红细胞。该患者最可能的诊断是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性食物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"急性胃肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"胃肠型感冒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者8月份发病,进食海鲜后突发腹泻、呕吐,大便为稀水样,次数多,腓肠肌痉挛,烦躁不安,脱水貌,应诊断为霍乱(A对)。菌痢(P178)(B错)多有不洁饮食史,常表现为腹痛腹泻,排黏液脓血便以及里急后重等。细菌性食物中毒(P157)(C错)好发于夏秋季,集体暴发起病,以急性胃肠炎为主,病程较短。急性胃肠炎(P165)(D错)常以胃肠道症状为主,轻重不一,一般不出现腓肠肌痉挛。胃肠型感冒(P57)(E错)是感冒的一种,有呕吐、腹泻等消化道症状,一般不伴烦躁不安,脱水貌,双侧腓肠肌痉挛。"} {"Question":"男性,2岁。1个月来食欲减退,消瘦伴乏力,低热、盗汗、干咳2个月,易怒。体检:颈部可见数个肿大淋巴结,肝肋下1.5cm,结核菌素试验(++)。进行治疗药物选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"B","value":"异烟肼+利福平"},{"key":"C","value":"利福平+链霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"链霉素+乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"E","value":"利福平"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"结核病治疗的化疗方案原则(P218)为早期、规则、全程、联合(AE错)、适量。异烟肼+利福平(P219)(B对)化疗方案是常用方案。"} {"Question":"0.4。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性感冒"},{"key":"C","value":"钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"D","value":"败血症"},{"key":"E","value":"疟疾"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者年轻女性,5天前突然寒战,继之高热伴头痛,自服退热药后热退出汗,2日后再次寒战、高热,持续数小时,出汗后退热,乏力,精神差(反复发作的间歇性寒战、高热继之出大汗后缓解为疟疾的典型临床表现,间歇期为48~72小时)。1周前由云南到北京旅游(患者有疫区旅游史)。实验室检查:血WBC 6.5x10⁹\/L(正常值4~10✕10⁹\/L),L 0.4(正常值0.2~0.4)。根据患者的病史、症状等可诊断为疟疾(E对)。流行性乙型脑炎(A错)临床上以高热、意识障碍、抽搐、病理反射及脑膜刺激征为特征。流行性感冒(B错)临床症状主要为高热、乏力、头痛、全身肌肉酸痛等中毒症状。钩端螺旋体病(C错)临床表现主要为急性发热,全身酸痛,腓肠肌疼痛与压痛,腹股沟淋巴结肿大;或并发有肺出血、黄疸、肾损害、脑膜脑炎。败血症(D错)主要表现为毒血症状、皮疹、关节损害、肝脾肿大等症状,且有原发病灶和迁徙性病灶的特征。"} {"Question":"男,50岁。乏力,腹胀伴尿黄1月余,15年前检查HBsAg(+),肝功能反复异常,但未诊治。既往有食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血史。查体:皮肤巩膜重度黄染,肝掌及蜘蛛痣(+),腹水征(+)。实验室检查:ALT250U\/L,TBil320µmoI\/L,HBsAg(+),PTA18%。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肝炎急性发作"},{"key":"B","value":"HBsAg携带者"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肝衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肝衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"亚急性肝衰竭"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性患者,HBsAg(+)(乙肝感染史),既往有食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血史(肝炎致肝硬化史)。乏力,腹胀伴尿黄1月余,查体:皮肤巩膜重度黄染,肝掌及蜘蛛痣(+),腹水征(+)。实验室检查:ALT250U\/L(正常值<40U\/L,提示存在肝功能损伤),TBil320µmoI\/L(黄疸进行性加深,正常高值为17.1mmol\/L),HBsAg(+),PTA18%(血浆凝血酶原活动度(PTA)≤40%)。综合患者的病史、临表、实验室检查,考虑诊断为慢性肝衰竭(C对AB错)。急性肝衰竭(D错)起病2周内发生肝衰竭。(P41)在慢性肝病基础上出现的急性肝功能失代偿为慢加急性 (亚急性)肝衰竭(E错)。在慢性肝炎或肝硬化基础上出现的重型肝炎为慢性肝衰竭。"} {"Question":"流行性乙型脑炎的防御措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灭虱"},{"key":"B","value":"灭鼠"},{"key":"C","value":"灭蜱"},{"key":"D","value":"灭蚤"},{"key":"E","value":"灭蚊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"流行性乙型脑炎的防御措施是灭蚊(E对),防蚊和灭蚊是预防乙脑病毒传播的重要措施。灭虱(A错)是流行性斑疹伤寒的防御措施(P138)。灭鼠(B错)是流行性出血热的防御措施(P85)。灭蚤(D错)灭鼠是地方性斑疹伤寒的防御措施(P140)。灭蜱(D错)是人无形体病的防御措施(P145)。"} {"Question":"男,20岁,农民。发热,头痛,恶心呕吐3天。查体:T:37.8℃,BP:60\/40mmHg,脉搏细速,躯干有瘀点,双肾区叩击痛。检查血常规WBC30×10⁹\/L,中性0.80,异常淋巴细胞0.10,血小板50×10⁹\/L,尿蛋白++。诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"败血症,感染性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性肾综合出血热"},{"key":"D","value":"钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"E","value":"传染性单核细胞增多症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"20岁男性患者,职业农民(男性青壮年农民高发),发热、头痛、呕吐3天(流行性出血热发热期症状),脉搏细速,躯干有瘀点(流行性出血热发热期体征),尿蛋白(++),双肾区叩击痛(肾功能受损),血WBC30×10⁹\/L(成人正常参考值4~10×10⁹\/L),中性0.80,异常淋巴细胞0.10(出现异性淋巴细胞),PLT50×10⁹\/L(100~300×10⁹\/L),根据患者个人史、临床症状和实验室检查,该患者的诊断可能为流行性出血热(C对),流行性出血热的典型表现为发热、出血和肾脏损害,血压低(60\/40mmHg)说明进入低血压休克期。流行性脑脊髓膜炎(A错)多见于5岁以下小儿,常表现为高热、寒战、头痛呕吐,皮肤大片瘀斑,脑膜刺激征阳性等,无异常淋巴细胞升高。败血症,感染性休克(B错)临床表现无特异性,可反复出现的畏寒甚至寒战,高热可呈弛张型或间歇型,以瘀点为主的皮疹,累及大关节的关节痛,轻度的肝脾大,重者可有神志改变、心肌炎、感染性休克、DIC、呼吸窘迫综合征等,外周血白细胞升高,各种不同致病菌所引起的败血症,临床特点各不相同。钩体病(D错)常表现为发热、酸痛、全身软、眼红、腿痛、淋巴结肿大,有明显的腓肠肌疼痛,外周血白细胞总数和中性粒细胞轻度增高或正常。传染性单核细胞增多症(E错)发热,颈淋巴结肿大咽痛,肝脾肿大,多形性皮疹,神经系统症状见于少数严重的病例。现将流行性出血热发热期临床表现总结口诀如下:“发热三红醉酒貌,头腰眼痛像感冒,腋下鞭击出血点,恶心呕吐蛋白尿”。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。6月下旬来诊,腹泻、呕吐伴轻度腹痛1天。共腹泻6次,开始为黄稀便,继之水样便。呕吐1次,为胃内容物。无发热。粪便检查动力试验(+),碱性蛋白胨培养有细菌生长。最有可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变形杆菌肠炎"},{"key":"B","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"C","value":"空肠弯曲菌肠炎"},{"key":"D","value":"沙门菌食物中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌性痢疾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者年轻女性,6月下旬来诊(我国霍乱流行季节为夏秋季,以7~10月为多),腹泻、呕吐伴轻度腹痛1天。共腹泻6次,开始为黄稀便,继之水样便。呕吐1次,为胃内容物。无发热(腹泻但无发热是霍乱弧菌感染的特点)。粪便检查动力试验(+)(霍乱流行期间的快速诊断方法),碱性蛋白胨培养有细菌生长。根据患者的症状,体征和实验室检查,最有可能的诊断是霍乱(B对)。变形杆菌肠炎(A错)有食用海(水)产品或不洁食物史,常先吐后泻,排便前常常有肠鸣、阵发性腹部剧痛。空肠弯曲菌肠炎(C错)初期有头痛、发热、肌肉酸痛等前驱症状,随后出现腹泻、恶心呕吐,腹痛腹泻为最常见症状,表现为整个腹部或右下腹痉挛性绞痛,剧者似急腹征,病变累及直肠、乙状结肠者,可有里急后重。沙门菌食物中毒(D错)依症状的不同可分为5大类型:胃肠炎型、类霍乱型、类伤寒型、类感冒型、败血症型。其中以胃肠炎型最常见,前驱症状有头痛、头晕、恶心、腹痛、寒战。以后出现呕吐、腹泻、发热。大便为黄色或黄绿色、带粘液和血。细菌性痢疾(E错)由志贺菌侵袭肠粘膜,引起肠粘膜炎症及溃疡,临床症状以发热,腹痛,腹泻,里急后重,粘液脓血便为主要特征,有全身中毒症状,粪便或肛拭子检出志贺菌可确诊。"} {"Question":"麻疹病人解除隔离的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"隔离至热退"},{"key":"B","value":"皮疹完全消退后"},{"key":"C","value":"出疹后5天"},{"key":"D","value":"出疹后10~14天"},{"key":"E","value":"出疹后3~4天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"麻疹病人解除隔离的指标是出疹后5天(C对),伴呼吸道并发症者应延长到出疹后10天。麻疹病毒的唯一自然储存宿主是人,急性期患者是传染源,患者在出疹前2天至出疹后5天有传染性,前驱期传染性最强,出疹后逐渐降低,疹退时已无传染性,传染期患者口鼻咽眼结合膜分泌物均含病毒,恢复期不含病毒,主要通过飞沫传播,也可经用具、玩具或密切接触传播,麻疹传染性极强,易感者接触后几乎全部发病。"} {"Question":"病情恢复后不发生病原携带状态的传染病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙型肝炎"},{"key":"B","value":"甲型肝炎"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌性痢疾"},{"key":"D","value":"丙型肝炎"},{"key":"E","value":"伤寒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"病原携带者即不显出临床症状而能排出病原体。许多传染性疾病中如伤寒(E错)、痢疾(C错)、霍乱、白喉、乙型肝炎(A错)、丙型肝炎(D错)等,病原携带者成为重要的传染来源。但并非所有传染病都有病原携带者,如麻疹、流感、甲型肝炎(B对)、戊型肝炎,病原携带者极为罕见。"} {"Question":"流行性斑疹伤寒的传播媒介是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人虱"},{"key":"B","value":"鼠蚤"},{"key":"C","value":"恙螨"},{"key":"D","value":"蜱"},{"key":"E","value":"蚊"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"流行性斑疹伤寒的传播媒介是人虱(A对)。鼠蚤(B错)是莫氏立克次体引起的地方性斑疹伤寒的传播媒介(P134)。恙螨(C错)是恙虫病的主要传播媒介(P141)。蜱(D错)是人无形体病的主要传播媒介(P145)。蚊(E错)是由乙脑病毒引起的流行性乙型脑炎的传播媒介(P86)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。因腹胀乏力纳差3天来诊。10年前体检发现HBsAg阳性,HBeAg阳性,ALT正常,口服中药断续治疗,有长期大量饮酒史。家中母亲及2个兄弟均为乙肝患者。查体:神志清楚,面色晦暗,无明显黄染,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。腹水征(+)。实验室检查:ALT50U\/L,HBVDNA2×10⁵\/ml。最重要的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"核苷(酸)类似物"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腺肽"},{"key":"C","value":"丹参"},{"key":"D","value":"甘草酸制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"干扰素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"40岁男性患者,腹胀乏力纳差3天(慢性肝炎一般表现),10年前体检发现HBsAg阳性,HBeAg阳性,ALT正常(乙肝病史),口服中药断续治疗,有长期大量饮酒史,家中母亲及2个兄弟均为乙肝患者(乙肝家族史);查体:神志清楚,面色晦暗,无明显黄染,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。腹水征(+)(慢性肝炎临床表现);实验室检查:ALT50U\/L(正常参考值0~40U\/L),HBV DNA2×10⁵拷贝\/ml(﹥10⁵拷贝\/ml),根据患者的病史、临床表现和实验室检查,患者为慢性乙型肝炎,且已达失代偿期,最重要的治疗是抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素、核苷类似物和其他抗病毒药物。该例患者腹水征(+),已有失代偿性肝硬化表现,故不宜应用干扰素(E错);核苷(酸)类似物(A对)为重要的抗病毒治疗药物。胸腺肽(B错)有免疫调节的作用。丹参(C错)是改善和恢复肝功的退黄药物,并能抗纤维化。甘草酸制剂(D错)是改善和恢复肝功的降酶药,有降低转氨酶的作用。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。近3个月自觉轻度乏力。母亲HBsAg(+)。实验室检査:血ALT420U\/L,TBil64μmol\/L,PTA88%,HBsAg(+),HBeAg(+),抗HBc(+),HBVDNA4.5x10⁵copies\/ml。首选治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恩替卡韦"},{"key":"B","value":"护肝片"},{"key":"C","value":"茵栀黄口服液"},{"key":"D","value":"甘草酸二胺"},{"key":"E","value":"干扰素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,轻度乏力3个月(慢性肝炎一般表现),母亲HBsAg(+)(乙肝家族史)。实验室检査:ALT420U\/L(正常参考值0~40U\/L),TBil64μmol\/L(正常参考值3.4~17.1umol\/L),HBVDNA4.5×10⁵拷贝\/ml(﹥10⁵拷贝\/ml),根据患者的病史、临床表现和实验室检查,患者为慢性乙型肝炎,抗病毒治疗药物选择以核苷类药物或干扰素类,核苷类药物包括拉米夫定、恩替卡韦(A对)、阿德福韦酯、特诺福韦等,以改善肝功能并延缓或减少肝移植的需求,患者血TBil64μmol\/L,大于2×ULN,不宜使用干扰素(E错)。护肝药物(B错)缺乏循证医学证据,过多使用加重肝负担。茵栀黄口服液(C错)为退黄药物,用于肝胆湿热所致的黄疸,可以改善胆汁淤积,为辅助用药。甘草酸制剂(D错)是改善和恢复肝功的降酶药,有降低转氨酶的作用,不作为首选用药。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁。既往体健,查体时发现肝在右季肋下2cm,质硬、无压痛,脾可触及,其最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性活动性肝炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性持续性肝炎"},{"key":"C","value":"代偿期肝硬化"},{"key":"D","value":"肝淤血"},{"key":"E","value":"多囊肝"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年患者,既往体健,查体:肝在右季肋下2cm(肝大,正常肝脏肋下<1cm),质硬、无压痛(肝硬化的触诊特点),脾可触及(门脉高压的表现),综合病史和查体,该患者最可能的诊断为代偿期肝硬化(C对)。慢性重度肝炎(P29)(A错)表现为乏力、食欲减退、腹胀、尿黄等,伴肝病面容、肝掌、蜘蛛痣、脾大等。慢性轻度肝炎(P29)(B错)病情较轻,可表现为轻度乏力、头晕、厌油、肝区不适、肝稍大有轻度触痛等。肝淤血(D错)可有多种原因引起,表现为呕吐、食欲减退、消瘦、肝大、腹水等。多囊肝(E错)临床上,囊肿小时无症状,囊肿较大时可压迫周围脏器,可有食后饱胀、恶心、呕吐、右上腹不适等症状,但脾不大。"} {"Question":"女,4岁。发热、呕吐1周,双眼呆滞1天。查体:消瘦明显,颈项强直。经治疗无效死亡。尸体解剖见脑膜血管扩张淤血,脑底蛛网膜下腔见灰白色胶样渗出物聚集,以脑桥、脚间池、视神经交叉处最明显,并见灰白色粟粒大小结节弥漫分布。镜下见渗出物中有淋巴细胞、单核细胞、纤维素及肉芽肿。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"B","value":"化脓性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"真菌性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"多发性脑脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为4岁幼儿,出现发热、呕吐1周,双眼呆滞1天,查体:消瘦明显,颈项强直,治疗无效死亡,尸检见脑膜血管扩张淤血,脑底蛛网膜下腔见灰白色胶样渗出物聚集,以脑桥、脚间池、视神经交叉处最明显,并见灰白色粟粒大小结节弥漫分布,镜下见炎性细胞及肉芽肿,根据病史诊断为结核性脑膜炎(D对)。流行性乙型脑炎(A错)有高热、惊厥和意识障碍表现,尸检病变范围较广,从大脑到脊髓均可出现病理改变,其中以大脑、中脑、丘脑的病变最重。化脓性脑脊髓膜炎(B错)多以中性粒细胞为主,真菌性脑膜炎(C错)起病多呈亚急性,尸检可发现脑积水、脑水肿等。多发性脑脓肿(E错)尸检多有脑疝或脑室炎。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。呕吐,腹胀5天。神志不清,胡言乱语1天。平素体健。查体:T36.5℃,P90次\/分,R18次\/分,BP120\/80mmHg,巩膜明显黄染,心肺未见明显异常。腹软,无压痛。肝浊音界缩小。实验室检查:血ALT520U\/L,TBil215μmol\/L,DBil138μmol\/L。其典型的肝脏病理改变主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"汇管区纤维化"},{"key":"B","value":"多个小叶或大块肝细胞坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"淤血性改变"},{"key":"D","value":"汇管区中性粒细胞浸润"},{"key":"E","value":"肝细胞脂肪变性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年女性,呕吐,腹胀5天。神志不清,胡言乱语1天。巩膜明显黄染,肝浊音界缩小。实验室检查:血ALT520U\/L(正常值为0~40U\/L,升高提示肝功能受损),TBil215μmol\/L(正常值3.4~17.1μmol\/L,升高提示肝功能受损),DBil138μmol\/L(正常值0~6.8μmol\/L,升高提示肝功能受损)。诊断为急性重症肝炎,发病初期肝脏无明显缩小,约一周后肝细胞大块坏死或亚大块坏死或桥接坏死(B对),坏死肝细胞占2\/3以上,周围有中性粒细胞浸润,不是主要特征(D错),无纤维组织增生(A错),亦无明显的肝细胞再生。淤血性改变和肝细胞脂肪变性见于右心衰(CE错)。"} {"Question":"中毒型细菌性痢疾多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2~7岁体格健壮的小儿"},{"key":"B","value":"3~6个月体格健壮的婴幼儿"},{"key":"C","value":"低出生体重儿"},{"key":"D","value":"8~10岁营养状况较差的儿童"},{"key":"E","value":"12~14岁青春期儿童"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中毒型细菌性痢疾是由志贺菌属引起的肠道传染病,夏秋多见,多见于体格健壮的小儿,发病年龄以2~7岁多见(A对)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。因腹胀乏力纳差3天来诊。10年前体检发现HBsAg阳性,HBeAg阳性,ALT正常,口服中药断续治疗,有长期大量饮酒史。家中母亲及2个兄弟均为乙肝患者。查体:神志清楚,面色晦暗,无明显黄染,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。腹水征(+)。实验室检查:ALT50U\/L,HBVDNA2×10⁵\/ml。该患者最重要的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对症治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"保肝治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"抗纤维化治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"免疫治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"抗病毒治疗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"40岁男性患者,腹胀乏力纳差3天(慢性肝炎一般表现),10年前体检发现HBsAg阳性,HBeAg阳性,ALT正常(乙肝病史),口服中药断续治疗,有长期大量饮酒史,家中母亲及2个兄弟均为乙肝患者(乙肝家族史);查体:神志清楚,面色晦暗,无明显黄染,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。腹水征(+)(慢性肝炎临床表现);实验室检查:ALT50U\/L(正常参考值0~40U\/L),HBV DNA2×10⁵拷贝\/ml(﹥10⁵拷贝\/ml),根据患者的病史、临床表现和实验室检查,患者为慢性乙型肝炎,且已达失代偿期,最重要的治疗是抗病毒治疗(E对),可抑制HBV复制,使肝病缓解,防止肝硬化及原发性肝癌的发生,提高生存率。对症治疗(A错)、保肝治疗(B错)、抗纤维化治疗(C错)、免疫治疗(D错)也属于慢性乙型肝炎的治疗的方法。"} {"Question":"咽-结合膜热的病原体为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流感病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"合胞病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"柯萨奇病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"腺病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"EB病毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"咽-结合膜热的病原体为腺病毒(D对),血清型为3、7、14,常发生于春夏季,散发或发生小流行。以发热、咽炎、结膜炎为特征,症状与急性发热性咽喉炎相似,但常同时发生结膜炎,有暴发流行倾向。流感病毒(A错)常引起流感。合胞病毒(B错)是引起小儿病毒性肺炎最常见的病原,可引起间质性肺炎,及毛细支气管炎。柯萨奇病毒(C错)可引起疱疹性咽峡炎和非麻痹性类脊髓灰质炎。EB病毒(E错)可引起传染性单核细胞增多症、非洲儿童淋巴瘤(即Burkitt淋巴瘤)、鼻咽癌。"} {"Question":"男,10岁。发热、头痛、呕吐3天,嗜睡半天,于7月10日入院。既往体健。查体:T38.6℃,P112次\/分,R20次\/分,BP130\/75mmHg。神志不清,皮肤未见出血点,心肺未见异常,腹软,压痛及反跳痛(-),肝脾肋下未触及,颈抵抗(+),双侧Babinski征(+)。实验室检查:血WBC12.4×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞0.70,淋巴细胞0.30。腰穿脑脊液检查:压力200mmH2O,WBC170×10⁶\/L,单核0.66,多核0.34,蛋白1.1g\/L,糖4.2mmol\/L,氯化物115mmol\/L。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流行性乙型脑炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肾综合征出血热"},{"key":"C","value":"流行性脑脊髓膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"隐球菌性脑膜炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"男性儿童 ,发热头痛呕吐3天,嗜睡半天(流行性乙型脑炎初期症状),于7月10日入院(流行性乙型脑炎夏秋季高发),既往体健,查体T38.6℃(正常值36~37℃),P112次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),R20次\/分(正常值12~20次\/分),BP130\/75mmHg(正常值小于120\/80mmHg)。神志不清,皮肤未见出血点,心肺未见异常,腹软,压痛及反跳痛(-),肝脾肋下未触及,颈抵抗(+),双侧Babinski征(+)(流行性乙型脑炎极期症状)。实验室检查血WBC124×10⁹\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹\/L),中性粒细胞0.70(正常值0.5~0.75),淋巴细胞0.30(正常值0.2~0.4)。腰穿脑脊液检查压力200mmH₂O(儿童脑压正常值40~100mmH₂O),WBC170×10⁶\/L(儿童正常值0~15×10⁶\/L),单核0.66(正常值0.3),多核0.34,蛋白11g\/L(腰穿正常值0.2~0.45g\/L),糖4.2mmol\/L(腰穿正常值2.5~4.5mmol\/L),氯化物115mmol\/L(腰穿正常值120~130mmol\/L),结合患者病史、临床表现及实验室检查,应诊断为流行性乙型脑炎(A对)。临床上以高热、意识障碍、抽搐、病理反射及脑膜刺激征为特征,外周血白细胞总数增高,脑脊液压力增高,白细胞增多,蛋白轻度增高,糖正常或偏高,氯化物正常。肾综合症出血热(B错),又称流行性出血热,是由汉坦病毒病毒引起的,以鼠类为主要传染源的一种自然疫源性疾病,本病的主要病理变化是全身小血管和毛细血管广泛性损害,临床上以发热、低血压休克、充血出血和肾损害为主要表现,可有典型“三痛征”和“三红征”(P77)。流行性脑脊髓膜炎(C错)的病原菌是脑膜炎奈瑟菌,儿童易感,前驱期主要表现为上呼吸道症状,败血症期可见高热寒战,伴有明显的全身中毒症状,精神极度萎靡,可见皮肤瘀斑瘀点(P207)。结核性脑膜炎(D错)起病缓慢,多于1~2周非特异性感染症状后,出现脑膜刺激征。隐球菌性脑膜炎(E错)病初症状不明显,常有间歇性头痛、发热,随着颅内压的进一步增加,头痛剧烈,可伴有恶心、呕吐、烦躁和性格改变等表现,体检可发现步态蹒跚、颈项强直、脑膜刺激征阳性,但血常规一般正常、脑脊液压力可达600mmH₂O,脑脊液、血液科分离到隐球菌是诊断最好的依据(P234)。"} {"Question":"传染病隐性感染特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染过程结束后少数人可转变为病原携带状态"},{"key":"B","value":"病原体感染人体后诱导机体产生特异性免疫应答"},{"key":"C","value":"不引起或仅引起轻微组织损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"无明显临床表现"},{"key":"E","value":"在传染病中少见"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"病原体感染人体后诱导机体产生特异性免疫应答(B对),不引起或仅引起轻微组织损伤(C对),无明显临床表现(D对),感染过程结束后少数人可转变为病原携带状态(A对),在大多数病毒性传染病中,隐性感染是最常见的表现(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"传染病的基本特征不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染后免疫"},{"key":"B","value":"病原体"},{"key":"C","value":"流行病学特征"},{"key":"D","value":"传染性"},{"key":"E","value":"遗传性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"感染后免疫(A对)、病原体(B对)、流行病学特征(C对)、传染性(D对)为传染病四大基本特征,遗传性(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于传染病基本特征。"} {"Question":"在感染过程的5种表现中,所占比例最低,但最易识别的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病原体被清除"},{"key":"B","value":"隐性感染"},{"key":"C","value":"显性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"病原携带状态"},{"key":"E","value":"潜伏性感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"病原体被清除(A错)、隐性感染(B错)、显性感染、病原携带状态(D错)、潜伏性感染(E错)都是传染病感染过程的表现形式,隐性感染(B错)最常见,病原携带状态(D错)次之,显性感染(C对)所占比重最低,但出现容易识别。"} {"Question":"需要“严格管理”的传染病疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠疫"},{"key":"B","value":"霍乱"},{"key":"C","value":"巨细胞病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"艾滋病"},{"key":"E","value":"麻风"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"鼠疫(A错)、霍乱(B错)为甲类传染病,属于强制管理的烈性传染病,要求发现后2小时内通过传染病疫清监测信息系统上报;麻风(E错)为丙类传染病,属于监测管理传染病,采取乙类传染病的报告、控制措施;巨细胞病毒(C错)属于庖疹病毒科,在人群中感染广泛,目前还没有疫苗上市。"} {"Question":"构成传染病流行过程的三个基本条件是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微生物,宿主,媒介"},{"key":"B","value":"传染源,传播途径,易感人群"},{"key":"C","value":"病原体,环境,宿主"},{"key":"D","value":"病原体数量,致病力,定位"},{"key":"E","value":"病原体,人体,他们所处的环境"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"传染病的流行过程是指传染病在人群中发生、发展和转归的过程。传染病流行过程的发生需要三个基本条件,包括传染源,传播途径,易感人群(B对)。传染源是指能排出病原体的人和动物。传染途径是指病原体离开传染源到达另一个易感者的途径。易感人群是指对某种传染病缺乏特异性免疫的人。须注意,传染病流行过程的三个基本条件不同于传染病的基本特征,传染病的基本特征(P8)是(一)病原体(二)传染性(三)流行病学特征(四)感染后免疫。"} {"Question":"下列疾病不属于乙类传染病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风疹"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炭疽"},{"key":"C","value":"传染性非典型肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"禽流感"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺炭疽(B对)、传染性非典型肺炎(C对)、禽流感(D对)、肺结核(E对)均属于乙类传染病。风疹属于丙类传染病(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女性淋菌性腹膜炎的常见感染途径","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"上行性感染"},{"key":"C","value":"透壁性感染"},{"key":"D","value":"血行播散"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴感染"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"女性淋菌性腹膜炎的常见感染途径是上行性感染(B对)。直接扩散(A错)一般见于累及周围器官。透壁性感染(C错)一般可见于肝硬化、肾病等疾病导致的腹膜炎的感染途径。血行播散(D错)可见于淋病奈瑟菌感染身体泌尿系统其他部位。淋巴感染(E错)一般不是淋病奈瑟菌的感染途径。"} {"Question":"尖锐湿疣的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯疱疹病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"苍白密螺旋体"},{"key":"C","value":"人免疫缺陷病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"人乳头瘤病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"革兰阴性双球菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"尖锐湿疣的病原体是人乳头瘤病毒(D对),单纯疱疹病毒感染(A错)引起生殖器疱疹,苍白密螺旋体(B错)感染引起梅毒,人免疫缺陷病毒(C错)感染引起艾滋病,革兰阴性双球菌(E错)(淋病奈瑟菌)感染引起淋病。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。宫颈管分泌物涂片见中性粒细胞内有革兰阴性双球菌首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多西环素"},{"key":"B","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢曲松"},{"key":"E","value":"阿奇霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"25岁青年女性,宫颈管分泌物涂片提示中性粒细胞内有革兰阴性双球菌,提示患者患有淋病,治疗淋病推荐联合使用头孢菌素和阿奇霉素(D对),首选头孢曲松钠250mg。多西环素常用于治疗沙眼衣原体或支原体引起的感染(A错)。青霉素常用于治疗梅毒的首选治疗用药(B错)。0.5% 红霉素眼膏可用于预防淋病产妇分挽的新生儿淋菌性眼炎,也可以用于青霉素过敏的梅毒患者的治疗(C错)。阿奇霉素可用于淋病患者单次肌内注射的患者,是妊娠期感染沙眼衣原体首选用药(E错)。"} {"Question":"初产妇,23岁。规律宫缩10小时,连续观察2小时,宫口由6cm开大至7cm,胎头+1,胎心140次\/分。恰当的处置应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严密观察产程进展"},{"key":"B","value":"肌注杜冷丁"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"D","value":"立即行人工破膜"},{"key":"E","value":"立即行剖宫产术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年初产妇,规律宫缩10小时,连续观察2小时,宫口由6cm开大至7cm(活跃期是指宫口扩张3~10cm,活跃期宫口扩张速度为0.5cm\/h),按八版教材该孕妇可考虑为活跃期延长,符合人工破膜(D对)的指征(人工破膜适用于宫口扩张≥3cm、无头盆不称、胎头已衔接而产程延缓者)。按九版教材活跃期宫颈口扩张速度<0.5cm\/h 称为活跃期延长,所以该患者属于正常产程,应该严密观察产程进展(A对),原答案为D。由于不能确定是否有剖宫产适应证以及题干没有提及产妇剧烈疼痛,肌注杜冷丁(P190)(B错)主要用于不协调性宫缩乏力。静脉滴注缩宫素(P189)(C错)适用于协调性宫缩乏力或使不协调宫缩乏力恢复协调性。"} {"Question":"第一产程活跃期的减速期是指宫口扩张","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8~10cm"},{"key":"B","value":"3~10cm"},{"key":"C","value":"7~10cm"},{"key":"D","value":"5~10cm"},{"key":"E","value":"9~10cm"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"第一产程活跃期的减速期是指宫口扩张9~10cm(E对)。"} {"Question":"27岁初产妇,妊娠40周。阵发性腹痛10小时,宫缩10~15分钟1次,一次持续30秒,宫口开大2cm。出现上述临床表现的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫收缩节律性异常"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫收缩对称性异常"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫收缩极性异常"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫收缩缩复作用异常"},{"key":"E","value":"腹肌和膈肌收缩力异常"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该孕妇已阵痛10小时,宫口开大2cm(第一产程初产妇一般为11~12小时),宫缩一次持续时间30秒,10~15分钟1次,(第一产程,开始时宫缩持续30秒且弱,间歇期5~6分钟1次)综合该产妇的临床表现可判断该产妇属于第一产程潜伏期。由于宫缩间歇期长于正常间歇期,因此可诊断为子宫收缩节律性异常(A对)。子宫收缩的对称性(B错)指宫缩源于两侧宫角部,以微波形式向宫底中线集中,左右对称,再以2cm\/秒速度向子宫下段扩散,约需15秒均匀协调地扩散至整个子宫,该产妇无子宫收缩对称性(P170)。宫缩以宫底部最强最持久,向下依次减弱,该产妇无子宫收缩极性的表现(C错)(P170)。宫缩时,肌纤维缩短变宽,间歇期不能恢复至原长度,经反复收缩,肌纤维越来越短,使宫腔的容积逐渐缩小,迫使胎先露下降和宫颈管的变短,此为缩复作用(D错),该产妇无子宫收缩缩复作用表现(P170)。腹肌和膈肌收缩力(E错)是第二产程胎儿娩出时的重要辅助力量,该产妇宫口开大2cm,尚处于第一产程(P170)。"} {"Question":"女,26岁,初产妇。妊娠38周,规律腹痛8小时,胎膜破裂。骨盆外测量正常,枕左前位,胎心率146次\/分,宫口开大6cm,S=+1。该产妇的产程进展最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产程进展正常"},{"key":"B","value":"羊膜腔感染"},{"key":"C","value":"活跃期延长"},{"key":"D","value":"潜伏期延长"},{"key":"E","value":"胎头下降停滞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"初产妇,妊娠38周(足月产),规律腹痛8小时(出现规律宫缩),胎膜破裂,骨盆外测量正常,枕左前位,胎心率146次\/分(正常值110~160次\/分),宫口开大6cm(最大加速期),S=+1(胎头下降至坐骨棘平面下1cm),该产妇处于正常的第一产程,所以该产妇产程进展正常(A对)。产妇并没有感染的症状及体征,故羊膜腔感染(B错)不考虑。活跃期延长(P208)(C错)为活跃期超过8小时。潜伏期延长(P208)(D错)为潜伏期超过16小时;胎头下降停滞(P209)(E错)为减速期后胎头下降停止>1小时。"} {"Question":"临产第2产程的标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外阴膨隆"},{"key":"B","value":"胎头拨露"},{"key":"C","value":"胎头着冠"},{"key":"D","value":"宫口开全10cm"},{"key":"E","value":"肛门括约肌痉挛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"当宫口开全10cm(D对)时,标志第二产程开始。随产程进展,会阴体逐渐膨隆和变薄,肛门括约肌松弛,出现胎头拨露,继而出现胎头着冠。外阴膨隆(A错)、胎头拨露(B错)、胎头着冠(C错)及肛门括约肌痉挛(E错)均是在第二产程的过程中出现,但不是临产第二产程的标志。"} {"Question":"经产妇,足月活胎可经阴道娩出的胎位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枕右后位"},{"key":"B","value":"肩左后位"},{"key":"C","value":"肩右后位"},{"key":"D","value":"颏左后位"},{"key":"E","value":"颏右后位"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"枕右后位者(A对),取左侧俯卧位,左腿后伸,右腿屈曲于腹前,使胎背依靠重力作用沿较短途径旋转至枕前位,足月活胎可经阴道娩出。颏后位(DE错)时,若能向前内旋转135°,可以颏前位娩出;若内旋转受阻,成为持续性颏后位,足月活胎不能经阴道自然娩出。以肩胛骨为指示点,有肩左前、肩左后(B错),肩右前、肩右后(C错)4种胎位,是最不利于分娩的胎位,除死胎及早产儿胎体可折叠而自然娩出外,足月活胎不可能经阴道自然娩出。"} {"Question":",羊水平段3.8cm。若产妇宫缩正常,胎头降至+3,宫口开大4cm,此时最恰当的处理应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工破膜"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"C","value":"让产妇于宫缩时加腹压"},{"key":"D","value":"行温肥皂水灌肠"},{"key":"E","value":"行剖宫产术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"初孕妇,妊娠39周(妊娠满37周至不满42足周期间分娩,为足月产),规律宫缩2小时(已进入第一产程),枕右前位(正常胎方位为枕左前和枕右前),胎心良好(正常胎心为110~160次\/分)。骨盆外测量正常,B超测胎头双顶径9.3cm(妊娠足月时胎头双顶径平均约9.3cm),羊水平段3.8cm(羊水平段的正常值为>2cm~<8cm)。此时产妇宫缩正常,胎头降至+3,表明胎头已下降至坐骨棘平面下3cm,此时仍未破膜,可能影响胎头继续下降,可行人工破膜(A对)以加速产程进展,不需行剖宫产术(E错)。静脉滴注缩宫素(B错)主要用于协调性宫缩乏力(P189),该孕妇宫缩正常,无需静滴缩宫素。此时胎头已下降至坐骨棘平面下3cm,但仍未破膜,让产妇于宫缩时加腹压可能会造成胎儿窘迫(C错),该方法多在宫口开全时使用,过早使用可能造成产妇疲劳,使产程延长。行肥皂水灌肠(D错)适用于初产妇宫口扩张<4cm,而本例孕妇宫口扩张4cm,不适用。"} {"Question":"女,31岁。产后5个月,哺乳期,阴道不规则流血半月余,胸闷咳嗽10天。妇科检查:宫颈前唇有一个2cm×1cm×1cm的紫蓝色结节,子宫如50天妊娠大小,质软,无压痛。双侧附件区各触及囊性包块,均约6cm×5cm×5cm大小,表面光滑。胸X线片示双肺下部多发棉絮状阴影。对诊断意义最大的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部CT检查"},{"key":"B","value":"药物撤退试验"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腔镜检查"},{"key":"D","value":"血,尿常规检查"},{"key":"E","value":"血清hCG测检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该患者女,31岁,产后5个月,哺乳期,存在阴道不规则流血,胸闷咳嗽(肺转移表现)。妇科检查:宫颈前唇有一个紫蓝色结节,胸X线片示双肺下部多发棉絮状阴影(肺转移)。综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,初步诊断为绒癌。对诊断意义最大大的辅助检查是hCG 检测(E对),与葡萄胎相比,绒癌的B超检查不见“落雪状”与“蜂窝状”表现。腹部CT检查(A错)有助于诊断肝转移、胸腔镜检查(C错)有助于诊断肺转移有助于诊断滋养细胞肿瘤,但三者均不能区别侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒癌。药物撤退试验用于评估体内雌激素水平,以确定闭经程度(B错)。血,尿常规检查(D错)无特异性表现。"} {"Question":"25岁。平时月经规则,3个月前妇科检查有小肌瘤,现停经2月余,阴道流血10天。妇科检查子宫如妊娠14周大,软,轻压痛,双侧附件区触及5cm囊性包块,壁薄、活动好,无压痛,血HCG增高明显。为确诊应首先进行的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B型超声检查"},{"key":"B","value":"血清CA125测定"},{"key":"C","value":"盆腔CT"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部X线摄片"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔镜检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者为育龄期女性,平时月经规则,现停经2月余(疑为早孕),阴道流血10天(葡萄胎患者停经8~12周左右开始不规则阴道流血,量多少不定),妇检:子宫如妊娠14周大,软(因葡萄胎迅速增长及宫腔内出血,约半数以上患者的子宫大于停经月份,质地变软),轻压痛,双侧附件区触及5cm囊性包块,壁薄(大量hCG刺激卵巢卵泡内膜细胞发生黄素化形成卵巢黄素化囊肿。常为双侧,活动度好…囊壁薄),活动好,无压痛。血hCG增高明显(葡萄胎患者hCG水平异常升高),最可能的诊断是葡萄胎。为确诊应首先进行的检查是B型超声(A对),其是诊断葡萄胎的一项可靠和敏感的辅助检查且具有无创、无辐射的优点:完全性葡萄胎的典型超声图像为子宫大于相应孕周,无妊娠囊或胎心搏动,宫腔内充满不均质密集状或短条状回声,呈落雪状,水泡较大时则呈蜂窝状;部分性葡萄胎可在胎盘部位出现由局灶性水泡状胎块引起的超声图像改变,有时可见胎儿或羊膜囊,胎儿通常畸形。B超检查后,可行X线胸片或胸部CT检查,观察是否恶变有肺转移,与妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤相鉴别,进一步明确诊断。但盆腔CT(C错)与腹部X线摄片(D错)对确诊葡萄胎及观察其是否恶变发生转移意义不大。血清CA125测定(P324)(B错)主要用于卵巢上皮性肿瘤的辅助检查。葡萄胎病变部位在宫腔,腹腔镜检查意义不大(E错)。"} {"Question":"高危滋养细胞肿瘤患者首选的化疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PVB"},{"key":"B","value":"TP"},{"key":"C","value":"BEP"},{"key":"D","value":"EMA-CO"},{"key":"E","value":"EP-EMA"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"高危滋养细胞肿瘤患者首选的化疗方案是EMA-CO方案(D对)。PVB,TP,BEP,EP-EMA方案用于耐药复发病例的治疗(ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"(104~105题共用题干)女,26岁。人流后5个月,阴道不规则出血20天,伴头晕、乏力3天。近2天,出现胸痛、咯血。妇科检查:子宫孕7周大小,质软,有轻度压痛,双侧可触及囊性肿物,直径均为5cm大小。胸部X线片提示双下肺多发圆形结节影。确诊后首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内分泌治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"化疗"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫切除术+双侧附件切除术"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"放疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者女,26岁。人流后5个月,阴道不规则出血20天,伴头晕、乏力3天(阴道流血,人流后继发妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤典型表现,无葡萄胎病史)。近2天,出现胸痛、咯血(绒癌肺转移)。妇科检查:子宫孕7周大小(子宫增大),质软,有轻度压痛,双侧可触及囊性肿物,直径均为5cm大小。胸部X线片提示双下肺多发圆形结节影(X线征象发展为片状或小结节阴影是妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤常见表现)(P340),本患者可诊断为绒癌,绒癌首选以化疗为主的综合性治疗(B对)。内分泌治疗(A错)较少用于治疗绒癌。放疗(E错)应用较少,可辅助治疗。子宫切除、双附件切除应用于无生育要求的患者(CD错)。"} {"Question":"女,35岁。停经80天,阴道不规则流血4天,下腹隐痛,呕吐反应剧烈,既往无孕产史。妇科检查:宫底平脐,质软,未触及胎体,未闻及胎心,尿hCG(+)。该患者首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稽留流产"},{"key":"B","value":"葡萄胎"},{"key":"C","value":"先兆流产"},{"key":"D","value":"绒毛膜癌"},{"key":"E","value":"侵蚀性葡萄胎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者为年轻女性,停经80天(怀疑早孕),阴道不规则流血4天(葡萄胎患者般在停经8~12周左右开始不规则阴道流血,量多少不定),下腹隐痛(因葡萄胎增长迅速和子宫过度快速扩张引起阵发性下腹痛,一般不剧烈,能忍受)。呕吐反应剧烈(提示早孕反应),妇科检查:宫底平脐(为22周左右的子宫大小,大于停经月份。因葡萄胎迅速增长及宫腔内出血,约半数以上患者的子宫大于停经月份,质地变软),质软,未触及胎体,未闻及胎心(葡萄胎患者B超检查,无妊娠囊或胎心搏动),尿hCG(+),应首先考虑的诊断是葡萄胎(B对)。先兆流产(P48)(C错)指妊娠28周前先出现少量阴道流血,随后出现阵发性下腹痛或腰背痛。妇检:子宫大小与停经周数相符。稽留流产(P49)(A错)又称过期流产,指胚胎或胎儿已死亡滞留宫腔内未能及时自然排出者。主要表现为胎动、胎心消失,子宫较停经周数小,质地不软。侵蚀性葡萄胎(E错)(P338)继发于葡萄胎妊娠,镜下可见水泡状组织侵入子宫肌层,有绒毛结构及滋养细胞增生和异型性。绒毛膜癌(D错)大体观见肿瘤侵入子宫肌层,与周围组织分界清,伴明显出血坏死。镜下见细胞滋养细胞和合体滋养细胞成片状高度增生,明显异型,不形成绒毛或水泡状结构。"} {"Question":"女,26岁。产前检查发现子宫肌瘤直径2cm。足月顺产后,阴道流血淋漓2月余,前日妇科检查子宫如孕10周,均匀增大。血hCG阳性。首选的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全子宫切除+双附件切除"},{"key":"B","value":"全子宫切除"},{"key":"C","value":"抗癌药物治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"全子宫切除+化疗"},{"key":"E","value":"广泛性子宫切除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者产前检查发现子宫肌瘤直径2cm。足月顺产后,阴道流血淋漓2月余(妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤常见于葡萄胎排空后或流产、足月分娩、异位妊娠后出现阴道流血),妇科检查子宫如孕10周,均匀增大(妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤常于产后子宫未恢复到正常大小,而表现为子宫增大),血hCG阳性(妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤常在足月产后超过4周血hCG仍为阳性,或一度下降后又上升)。结合患者的临床表现,可诊断为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤。妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的治疗原则为采用以化疗为主、手术和放疗为辅的综合治疗,因此该患者首选的治疗是抗癌药物治疗(C对)。子宫切除适用于①无生育要求的无转移患者;②病灶大、耐药、穿孔出血者;③有生育要求但穿孔病灶不大者;④耐药病灶为单个及子宫外转移已控制者。 该患者仅26岁,尚处于生育期年龄,转移情况未知,暂无手术指征"} {"Question":"诊断侵蚀性葡萄胎的依据,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不发生脑转移"},{"key":"B","value":"前次妊娠为早产"},{"key":"C","value":"清宫后半年内发病"},{"key":"D","value":"能査到卵巢黄素囊肿"},{"key":"E","value":"光镜下见不到绒毛结构"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"前次妊娠为早产(B错)只继发绒癌,而侵蚀性葡萄胎只由葡萄胎妊娠继发形成。妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤主要经血行播散,转移发生早而且广泛,可发生肺、阴道、盆腔、肝和脑转移(A错),但不能区分侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌。组织病理学检查时,在子宫肌层内或子宫外转移灶组织中若见到绒毛或退化的绒毛阴影,则诊断为侵蚀性葡萄胎;若仅见成片滋养细胞浸润及坏死出血,未见绒毛结构者,则诊断为绒癌(E错)。根据七版妇产科学观点,继发于葡萄胎清宫后半年内发病者多为侵蚀性葡萄胎(C对),一年以上者多为绒癌。大量hCG刺激卵巢卵泡内膜细胞发生黄素化形成卵巢黄素囊肿,故只要存在大量hCG的持续作用,如葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎、绒癌,都能查到卵巢黄素化囊肿(D错),无特异性,不是诊断依据。"} {"Question":"葡萄胎处理,下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一经确诊,应尽快清宫"},{"key":"B","value":"必要时第2次刮宫"},{"key":"C","value":"宫腔内刮出物病理检查"},{"key":"D","value":"术后严密随访至妊娠试验(-)为止"},{"key":"E","value":"嘱患者术后避孕一年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"葡萄胎诊断一经成立,应尽快清宫(A对);子宫大于妊娠12周或术中感到一次刮净有困难时,可于一周后行第二次刮宫(B对);病理检查是葡萄胎的最终诊断依据,所以葡萄胎的宫腔内刮出物,必须送病理检查检查(C对),根据九版妇产科学:避孕时间为6个月(九版妇产科学P328)(E错);定期hCG测定,葡萄胎清宫后每周一次,直至连续3次阴性,以后每个月一次共6个月,然后再每2个月一次共6个月,自第一次阴性后共计1年(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"对于淋病引起的子宫颈炎治疗,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常使用头孢菌素"},{"key":"B","value":"同时应用抗衣原体药物"},{"key":"C","value":"单次、大剂量治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"性伴侣同时治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"及时足量规范化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"淋病推荐联合使用头孢菌素(A对)和阿奇霉素(B对)。淋病要通过性接触传播,所以性伴侣同时治疗(D对)。足量用药为原则不是大剂量(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女,35岁,初产妇,妊娠34+1周,头痛1天。查体:BP170\/110mmHg,胎心率150次\/分,胎儿大小相当于32周,羊水深度2.0cm,尿蛋白(+++)。该患者正确的处理原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解痉降压后羊膜腔内药物引产"},{"key":"B","value":"硫酸镁解痉后剖宫产"},{"key":"C","value":"降压治疗后继续妊娠"},{"key":"D","value":"对症处理继续妊娠"},{"key":"E","value":"降压的同时宫缩素引产"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者女,35岁,初产妇。妊娠34+1周,头痛1天(符合颅内高压主要临床表现)。查体:BP170\/110mmHg,胎心率150次\/分,胎儿大小相当于32周,羊水深度2.0cm(提示羊水过少)。尿蛋白(+++)(提示肾功能不全)。综上所述,该患者初步诊断为子痫前期,且羊水过少,胎儿有宫内窒息危险,应立即终止妊娠,故该患者正确的处理原则是硫酸镁解痉后剖宫产(B对)。因患儿有宫内窘迫危险,预估短时间不能结束分娩,故不应选择阴道试产及引产,故解痉降压后羊膜腔内药物引产(A错)和降压的同时缩宫素引产(E错)均不正确。该患者羊水过少,胎儿储备下降,有宫内窘迫风险,不能降压治疗后继续妊娠(C错),也不能对症处理继续妊娠(D错)。"} {"Question":"女,42岁,患2型糖尿病5年,孕39+2周,宫高腹围B超估算胎儿体重4500克,原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高胰岛素促进蛋白和脂肪合成,抑制脂肪分解"},{"key":"B","value":"高胰岛素促进蛋白合成,促脂肪分解"},{"key":"C","value":"高胰岛素促进蛋白和脂肪合成,促进脂肪分解"},{"key":"D","value":"高胰岛素促进蛋白和脂肪合成,促蛋白分解"},{"key":"E","value":"高胰岛素促脂肪合成,蛋白质分解"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胎儿长期处于母体高血糖所致的高胰岛素血症环境中,促进蛋白、脂肪合成和抑制脂解作用(A对),导致躯体过度发育。"} {"Question":"孕妇出现巨幼细胞性贫血主要是由于缺乏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素B2"},{"key":"B","value":"泛酸"},{"key":"C","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"E","value":"铁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"孕妇出现巨幼细胞性贫血主要是由于缺乏叶酸(C对),少数是缺乏维生素B12(A错)。缺铁性贫血主要是由于铁的缺乏(E错)。"} {"Question":"经产妇,31岁。现妊娠35周。查体:BP120\/80mmHg,宫底35cm,胎心136次\/分。空腹血糖6.2mmol\/L,尿糖(+)。2年前因妊娠8个月死胎行引产术。对该患者最有意义的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖耐量试验"},{"key":"B","value":"血常规"},{"key":"C","value":"尿常规"},{"key":"D","value":"尿雌三醇"},{"key":"E","value":"血生化检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者妊娠35周,空腹血糖6.2mmol\/L(空腹血糖正常值为3.9~6.1mmol\/L,6.1~7.0mmol\/L提示空腹血糖受损,≥7.0mmol\/L为糖尿病),尿糖(+),考虑可能为妊娠期糖尿病(GDM),故应对其进行葡萄糖耐量试验(A对)进行确诊。诊断标准:空腹及服糖后1、2小时的血糖值分别为5.1mmol\/L、10.0mmol\/L、8.5mmol\/L。任何一点血糖值达到或超过上述标准即诊断为GDM。尿雌三醇(P152)(D错)用于评估胎儿胎盘功能;血常规(B错)、尿常规(C错)、血生化检查(E错)对诊断妊娠期糖尿病没有价值。"} {"Question":"经产妇,31岁。现妊娠35周。查体:BP120\/80mmHg,宫底35cm,胎心136次\/分。空腹血糖6.2mmol\/L,尿糖(+)。2年前因妊娠8个月死胎行引产术。对该产妇分娩的新生儿,不必要的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"检测血糖值"},{"key":"B","value":"按早产儿护理"},{"key":"C","value":"检测血钙值"},{"key":"D","value":"定时滴服葡萄糖液"},{"key":"E","value":"加压吸氧"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"早产是指妊娠满28周至不足37周分娩者,该产妇妊娠35周,分娩的新生儿属于早产儿,故不答A。妊娠合并糖尿病产妇所生新生儿出生时应留脐血,测定血糖、 胰岛素、胆红素、钙、磷、镁;注意保暖和吸氧;重点防止新生儿低血糖,应在开奶同时,定期滴服葡萄糖液。 早产儿加压吸氧易导致视网膜病变,故答 E。"} {"Question":"诊断胎儿遗传性疾病,准确性较差的产前诊断技术是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕妇血提取胎儿细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"羊水穿刺"},{"key":"C","value":"胎儿镜下活检"},{"key":"D","value":"经皮脐血穿刺技术"},{"key":"E","value":"绒毛穿刺取样"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"妊娠过程中,少许胎儿细胞可经胎盘循环进入母亲血液中,经孕妇血提取胎儿细胞(A错,为本题正确答案)可进行产前检查,此为无创间接手段获取胎儿细胞,可存在误差,准确性较差。羊水穿刺(B对)一般在妊娠14~20周进行,在B超引导下,抽取少量羊水进行染色体检查;胎儿镜下活检(C对)是通过0.5~3mm光纤内镜进入羊膜腔内观察胎儿,并可采取羊水、胎儿血、胎儿体表组织进行遗传学检查;经皮脐血穿刺技术(D对)是在B超引导下,穿刺脐血管抽取少量脐血进行染色体核型分析;绒毛穿刺取样(E对)是妊娠10~13周在B超引导下,用穿刺针穿过孕妇的腹壁刺入宫腔吸出少许绒毛进行检查,是用于确诊胎儿是否有染色体异常、神经管缺陷以及某些能在羊水中反映出来的遗传性代谢疾病。后四种皆为直接获取胎儿成分,相较A而言准确性更高。"} {"Question":"阴道粘膜上皮为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单层高柱状上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"有纤毛的高柱状上皮"},{"key":"C","value":"复层鳞状上皮"},{"key":"D","value":"鳞状上皮化生"},{"key":"E","value":"生发上皮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阴道黏膜上皮为非角化的复层鳞状上皮(C对)。单层高柱状上皮(P7)(A错)为子宫颈管黏膜的被覆上皮。有纤毛的高柱状上皮(P7)(B错)为输卵管的被覆上皮。鳞状上皮化生(P302)(D错)易发生于子宫颈柱状上皮与鳞状上皮交界处。生发上皮(P8)(E错)为卵巢表面的被覆上皮。"} {"Question":"女性38岁。已婚未育,经期腹痛4个月余,呈进行性加重。妇科检查:宫颈糜烂Ⅰ°,子宫正常大小,后倾,活动欠佳,附件增厚压痛,子宫骶韧带扪及触痛性结节,最可能的诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盆腔结核"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈癌"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性盆腔炎"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫内膜异位症"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫肌瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"女性38岁,已婚未育(生育年龄女性不孕),经期腹痛4个月余,呈进行性加重(有继发性痛经且进行性加重),妇科检查子宫正常大小,后倾,活动欠佳,附件增厚压痛,子宫骶韧带扪及触痛性结节(扪及与子宫相连的囊性包块及盆腔内有触痛性结节),根据患者的生育史、临床表现和查体结果,最可能的诊断是子宫内膜异位症(D对)。盆腔结核(A错)可有不孕、月经失调、下腹坠痛和结核病的一般症状,但少有进行性加重的痛经,若附件受累,在子宫两侧可触及条索状的输卵管或输卵管与卵巢等粘连形成的大小不等及形状不规则的肿块,质硬、表面不平,呈结节状突起,或可触及钙化结节(P265-P266)。宫颈癌(B错)的典型表现为接触性出血(P306),与本例临床表现不符。慢性盆腔炎(C多)多有急性盆腔炎病史,常见症状为下腹痛、阴道分泌物增多,腹痛为持续性,活动或性交后加重(P261)。子宫肌瘤(E错)多表现为经量增多及经期延长,可有下腹坠胀、腰酸背痛,经期加重,肌瘤导致子宫增大超过3个月妊娠时可从腹部触及下腹包块,同时可有相应的压迫症状(P310-P311)。"} {"Question":"女,31岁。婚后2年未孕,性生活正常,既往痛经5年,妇科检查:子宫后倾后屈位,正常大小,活动度差,后穹隆有触痛结节,子宫左侧可触及直径5cm包块,该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输卵管妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"生殖器结核"},{"key":"C","value":"盆腔炎性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"卵巢上皮性癌"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫内膜异位症"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年女性患者,婚后2年未孕,性生活正常,既往痛经5年,妇科检查:子宫后倾后屈位,正常大小,活动度差,后穹隆有触痛结节,子宫左侧可触及直径5cm包块,患者有痛经及不孕史,综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,该患者最可能的诊断是子宫内膜异位症(E对)。输卵管妊娠(A错)主要表现为停经、腹痛、阴道不规则流血。生殖器结核(B错)多有结核病史及结核中毒症状。盆腔炎性疾病(C错)主要表现为子宫颈举痛或子宫压痛或附件区压痛。卵巢上皮性癌(D错)早期癌多无明显症状,较晚期的病人可有消瘦、低热、食欲缺乏及胃肠功能紊乱等症状,盆腔检查可触及囊实性肿块。"} {"Question":"60g\/L。该患者应立即采取的常规处理措施不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静滴缩宫素"},{"key":"B","value":"静滴广谱抗生素预防感染"},{"key":"C","value":"行清宫术止血"},{"key":"D","value":"B超检查"},{"key":"E","value":"补液、输血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者女,30岁,剖宫产术后15天,突然阴道大量流血3小时(晚期产后出血),查体:BP 80\/60mmHg(提示休克,正常值<120\/80mmHg,低于90\/60mmHg为低血压),心率125次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),化验血Hb 60g\/L(提示贫血,正常值 成年女性110~150g\/L),结合患者临床表现、查体及实验室检查,最可能的诊断为晚期产后出血。此时患者应立即采取的常规措施包括静滴缩宫素(A对)止血,静滴广谱抗生素预防感染(B对),补液、输血(E对)抗休克;B超检查(D对)以了解子宫大小、宫腔有无残留物及子宫切口愈合情况;若B超检查明确出血为宫腔内残留物引起,再行清宫术止血(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女,32岁。外阴瘙痒伴烧灼感4天。妇科检查见外阴局部充血小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜表面有白色片状薄膜或凝乳状物。首先考虑什么病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌性阴道炎"},{"key":"B","value":"滴虫性阴道炎"},{"key":"C","value":"外阴阴道念珠菌病"},{"key":"D","value":"淋病性阴道炎"},{"key":"E","value":"萎缩性阴道炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者出现外阴瘙痒伴烧灼感(外阴阴道念珠菌病的主要表现为外阴瘙痒、灼痛、性交痛以及尿痛),外阴局部充血小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜表面有白色片状薄膜或凝乳状物(妇检可见外阴红斑、水肿,小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜附有白色块状物),首先考虑为外阴阴道念珠菌病(C对)。细菌性阴道炎(P251)(A错)主要表现为分泌物增多,有鱼腥臭味,尤其性交后加重。检查见阴道黏膜无充血的炎症表现,分泌物特点为灰白色、均匀一致、稀薄,常黏附于阴道壁,易拭去。滴虫性阴道炎(P247)(B错)主要症状是阴道分泌物增多及外阴瘙痒,分泌物呈稀薄脓性、黄绿色、泡沫状、有臭味。淋病性阴道炎(P101)(D错)主要有阴道脓性分泌物增多,外阴瘙痒或灼热,偶有下腹痛,妇检可见宫颈水肿、充血等宫颈炎表现。萎缩性阴道炎(P252)(E错)主要症状有外阴灼热不适,瘙痒及阴道分泌物增多,阴道分泌物稀薄,呈淡黄色,感染严重者呈脓血性白带。"} {"Question":"正常阴道中优势菌群是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳酸杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"棒状杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"大肠杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"类杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"梭状杆菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常阴道微生物群中,以产生过氧化氢的乳杆菌为优势菌(A对),其将单糖转化为乳酸,维持阴道正常的酸性环境(pH≤4.5,多在3.8~4.4),从而抑制棒状杆菌、大肠杆菌、类杆菌、梭状杆菌等其他病原体生长。"} {"Question":"女,25岁,阴道分泌物增多伴外阴瘙痒3天,妇科检查,阴道黏膜充血,后穹窿有大量稀薄、黄绿色、泡沫状、有臭味分泌物。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌性阴道病"},{"key":"B","value":"滴虫阴道炎"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫内膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"萎缩性阴道炎"},{"key":"E","value":"外阴阴道假丝酵母病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"女性患者,阴道分泌物增多伴外阴瘙痒,分泌物稀薄、呈黄绿色(合并其他细菌感染)、泡沫状、有臭味(滴虫阴道炎分泌物典型特点),阴道黏膜充血。据患者临床表现,实验室检查,最可能的诊断是滴虫阴道炎(B对)。细菌性阴道病(A错)临床特点为鱼腥臭味的稀薄阴道分泌物增加,但阴道检查无炎症改变。萎缩性阴道炎(D错)常见于雌激素缺乏患者,主要症状为外阴灼热不适、瘙痒,阴道分泌物稀薄,呈淡黄色;感染严重者阴道分泌物呈脓血性,可伴有性交痛。妇科检查见阴道皱襞消失、萎缩、菲薄,阴道黏膜充血。外阴阴道假丝酵母病(E错)主要症状为外阴阴道瘙痒、灼热痛,阴道分泌物呈豆渣状或凝乳样。"} {"Question":"女性最常见的生殖器结核是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宫颈结核"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫内膜结核"},{"key":"C","value":"输卵管结核"},{"key":"D","value":"卵巢结核"},{"key":"E","value":"盆腔腹膜结核"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"最常见的女性生殖器官结核是输卵管结核(C对),占90%~100%,是由于输卵管黏膜有利于结核菌的潜伏感染;子宫内膜结核(B错)常由输卵管结核蔓延而来,占50%~80%;卵巢结核(D错)占20%~30%;宫颈结核(A错)常由子宫内膜结核蔓延而来或经淋巴或血液循环传播,较少见,占10%~20%;盆腔腹膜结核(E错)多合并输卵管结核。"} {"Question":"女,48岁。外阴瘙痒伴灼热感3天。妇科检查:见外阴红肿、小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜表面有白色凝乳状物覆盖。该患者首先考虑为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前庭大腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"淋菌性阴道炎"},{"key":"C","value":"外阴阴道念珠菌病"},{"key":"D","value":"滴虫性阴道炎"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌性阴道炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该患者出现外阴瘙痒伴烧灼感(外阴阴道念珠菌病的主要表现为外阴瘙痒、灼痛、性交痛以及尿痛),外阴局部充血小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜表面有白色片状薄膜或凝乳状物(妇检可见外阴红斑、水肿,小阴唇内侧及阴道黏膜附有白色块状物),首先考虑为外阴阴道念珠菌病(C对)。细菌性阴道炎(E错)主要表现为分泌物增多,有鱼腥臭味,尤其性交后加重。检查见阴道黏膜无充血的炎症表现,分泌物特点为灰白色、均匀一致、稀薄,常黏附于阴道壁,易拭去。淋菌性阴道炎(B错)主要有阴道脓性分泌物增多,外阴瘙痒或灼热,偶有下腹痛,妇检可见宫颈水肿、充血等宫颈炎表现。滴虫性阴道炎(D错)主要症状是阴道分泌物增多及外阴瘙痒,分泌物呈稀薄脓性、黄绿色、泡沫状、有臭味。前庭大腺炎(A错)主要表现为外阴一侧的急性炎症表现,即外阴局部的红、肿、热、痛,当病程较长时,可形成前庭大腺脓肿,若自发破溃可有脓液溢出。"} {"Question":"关于滴虫性阴道炎叙述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传播方式有直接传播或间接传播"},{"key":"B","value":"主要症状是阴道分泌物增多及外阴瘙痒"},{"key":"C","value":"阴道分泌物为常为稀薄液体或黄绿色脓性分泌物"},{"key":"D","value":"主要治疗药物为红霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"潜伏期为4~28日"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"滴虫性阴道炎潜伏期为4~28日(E对);其传播方式有(性交)直接传播或间接传播(A对);主要症状是阴道分泌物增多及外阴瘙痒(B对);阴道分泌物常为稀薄液体或黄绿色脓性分泌物(C对);主要治疗药物为硝基咪唑类药物,例如甲硝唑及替硝唑,而不是红霉素(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"细菌性阴道病诊断标准不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"匀质稀薄白带"},{"key":"B","value":"阴道pH>4.5"},{"key":"C","value":"氨臭味试验阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"线索细胞阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"挖空细胞阳性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"以下四项中有三项阳性,即可临床诊断为细菌性阴道病。1 、匀质稀薄的白带(A对),常黏附于阴道壁;2 、线索细胞阳性(D对);3、 阴道分泌物pH>4.5(B对);4 、胺臭味实验阳性(C对)。挖空细胞(P104)(E错,为本题正确答案)多见于尖锐湿疣。"} {"Question":"细菌性阴道病的首选治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"制霉菌素"},{"key":"B","value":"甲硝唑"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿奇霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"细菌性阴道病的首选治疗药物是甲硝唑(B对),抑制厌氧菌生长的同时,也不影响乳杆菌生长。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。7个月前孕48天行人工流产术,术后未来月经,雌孕激素试验均阴性,闭经的原因应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵巢性闭经"},{"key":"B","value":"垂体性闭经"},{"key":"C","value":"下丘脑性闭经"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫性闭经"},{"key":"E","value":"难以确定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为年轻女性,7个月前孕48天行人工流产术,术后未来月经,孕激素试验(孕激素试验时,若停药后无撤药性出血(阴性反应),应进一步行雌孕激素序贯试验)、雌孕激素试验均阴性(雌孕激素序贯试验时,无撤药性出血者为阴性,应重复一次试验,若仍无出血,提示子宫内膜有缺陷或被破坏,可诊断为子宫性闭经),闭经的原因应是子宫性闭经(D对E错)。诊断垂体性闭经(P355)(B错)时行垂体兴奋试验,若注射LHRH(黄体生成素释放激素)后LH(黄体生成素)不升高或不明显,说明垂体功能减退;若注射LHRH后LH升高,则说明垂体功能正常,是下丘脑闭经(P355)(C错)。卵巢性闭经(P354)(A错)主要特征为促性腺激素升高,属高促性腺素性闭经。"} {"Question":"女,35岁,闭经2年。检查发现双侧乳房触发溢乳。首选检测的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PRL"},{"key":"B","value":"FSH"},{"key":"C","value":"ACTH"},{"key":"D","value":"GH"},{"key":"E","value":"TSH"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者为中青年女性,闭经2年,检查发现双侧乳房触发溢乳(对出现月经紊乱及不育、溢乳、闭经、多毛、青春期延迟者,应考虑为高催乳素血症),考虑为高催乳素血症。为明确诊断,首选检测指标是PRL(催乳素)(A对),若血清催乳素>1.14nmol\/L(25µg\/L)可确诊。FSH(卵泡刺激素)(B错)和LH(黄体生成素)一起用于鉴别闭经原因,若FSH及LH水平低于正常值,提示闭经原因在腺垂体或下丘脑,若FSH及LH水平高于正常值,提示病变部位在卵巢;ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)(C错)的测定主要用于下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能的检测;GH(生长激素)(D错)的测定主要用于巨人症及侏儒症的诊断;TSH(促甲状腺激素)(E错)的测定主要用于甲状腺疾病的诊断。以上四项均不是首选检测指标。"} {"Question":"无排卵性功能失调性子宫出血子宫内膜的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经5~6日刮宫子宫内膜呈增生和分泌并存"},{"key":"B","value":"月经5~6日刮宫子宫内膜呈分泌型"},{"key":"C","value":"经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈增生型"},{"key":"D","value":"经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈蜕膜反应"},{"key":"E","value":"经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈分泌不良"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"无排卵性功血患者的子宫内膜受雌激素持续作用而无孕激素拮抗,可发生不同程度的增生性改变,少数可呈萎缩性改变,故经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈增生型(C对)。经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈蜕膜反应(D错)为早期妊娠的表现。经前诊断性刮宫子宫内膜呈分泌不良(P350)(E错)为黄体功能不全的表现。月经5~6天刮宫子宫内膜呈增殖期与分泌期并存(P351)(A错)、月经5~6日刮宫子宫内膜呈分泌型(P351)(B错)为子宫内膜不规则脱落的表现。"} {"Question":"女,13岁。月经初潮1年后,月经周期1~4个月,经量多伴血块,此次行经已8天,量仍多。主要的止血措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大剂量雌激素"},{"key":"B","value":"大剂量雄激素"},{"key":"C","value":"小剂量孕激素"},{"key":"D","value":"抗纤溶及促凝药物"},{"key":"E","value":"诊断性刮宫术"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者为青春期女性,月经初潮后1年,月经周期1~4个月(周期不规则),经量多伴血块(经量增多),此次行经已8日(经期延长),量仍多(为急性大量出血),考虑青春期无排卵性功能失调性子宫出血。这是由于在青春期,下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴激素间的反馈调节尚未成熟,导致雌激素水平低,子宫内膜修复能力差而引起出血。主要止血措施是应用大剂量雌激素(A对B错),其可迅速促使子宫内膜生长,短期内修复创面而止血。孕激素(P348)(C错)止血机制是使雌激素作用下的持续增生的子宫内膜转化为分泌期,达到止血效果,停药后子宫内膜脱落较完全,起到药物性刮宫作用,适用于体内已有一定雌激素水平的患者。抗纤溶及促凝药物(D错)适用于凝血功能异常的患者。刮宫术(P348)(E错)可迅速止血,适用于绝经过渡期及病程长的生育年龄患者,但对无性生活史青少年,不轻易做刮宫术。"} {"Question":"女,18岁。月经不规律2年,阴道大量流血2周,贫血貌。B超示子宫及双侧附件未见异常。血FSH、LH、T、PRL水平正常。经过治疗止血并撤退性出血后,首选的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯米芬促排卵治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"雌孕激素序贯疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"雌激素治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"孕激素治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"雄激素治疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者为青春期女性(无排卵功血好发于青春期和绝境过渡期),月经不规律2年,阴道大量流血2周(经期延长、经量增多),贫血貌(长期经量过多导致贫血)。子宫及双侧附件未见异常,血FSH(卵泡刺激素)、LH(黄体生成素)、T(睾酮)、PRL(催乳素)水平正常,最可能的诊断为青春期无排卵性功血。经过治疗止血并撤退性出血后,必须调整月经周期,首选雌孕激素序贯疗法(B对),模拟自然月经周期中卵巢的内分泌变化,序贯应用雌、孕激素,使子宫内膜发生相应变化,引起周期性脱落。此法比孕激素治疗(D错)疗效好。青春期一般不提倡使用氯米芬促排卵治疗(A错)。雌激素治疗(P347)(C错)为功血的止血方法,而不是调整月经周期的方法。雄激素治疗(P348)(E错)中的丙酸睾酮具有对抗雌激素作用,减少盆腔充血和增加子宫血管张力,以减少子宫出血量,但仅仅起协助止血作用。"} {"Question":"女,43岁。乏力、厌食、嗜睡5年,逐渐加重2年。20年前产后大出血休克、昏迷7小时,产后闭经至今。具体治疗不详,近3年多中断治疗。首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌激素"},{"key":"B","value":"血管加压素"},{"key":"C","value":"左旋甲状腺素钠"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"孕激素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者为中年女性,20年前产后大出血休克,昏迷7小时,产后闭经至今。乏力,厌食,嗜睡5年,逐渐加重2年(希恩综合征引起腺垂体功能低下,表现为畏寒、嗜睡、低血压),最可能诊断为希恩综合征。由于产后大出血休克,导致垂体尤其是腺垂体促性腺激素分泌细胞缺血坏死,引起腺垂体功能低下,从而引起促肾上腺皮质激素分泌减少,最终导致肾上腺皮质激素分泌减少,故首选的治疗药物是肾上腺皮质激素(D对)。雌激素(A错)、孕激素(E错)补充的治疗目的主要是:维持女性体内雌孕激素水平,调节月经周期和维持第二性征,主要用于闭经、功血的治疗。血管加压素(B错)主要用于尿崩症的患者。左旋甲状腺素钠(C错)主要用于甲状腺功能减退的患者。"} {"Question":"月经来潮前性激素的生理变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕激素出现两个高峰"},{"key":"B","value":"出现雌孕激素高峰"},{"key":"C","value":"只出现雌激素高峰"},{"key":"D","value":"只出现孕激素高峰"},{"key":"E","value":"雌、孕激素均不出现高峰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"此题月经来潮前是指月经来潮前的一个完整月经周期。在一个完整月经周期中,排卵前雌激素出现一次分泌高峰,排卵后第7~8天孕激素达到分泌高峰,雌激素又一次达到高峰。月经来潮前性激素的生理变化是出现雌孕激素高峰(B对CDE错)。一个完整月经周期中孕激素只会出现一个高峰(A错)。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。月经不规律,自测基础体温高温相已持续22天,宫颈黏液涂片结果显示典型椭圆小体。该患者处于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经前期"},{"key":"B","value":"排卵后期"},{"key":"C","value":"接近排卵期"},{"key":"D","value":"早孕期"},{"key":"E","value":"月经期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"育龄期女性,月经不规律,基础体温持高温相22天(t>黄体周期)。宫颈粘液涂片示典型椭圆小体(提示为孕激素作用下粘液结晶),诊断该患者处于早孕期。女性月经周期分为卵泡期和黄体期,前者包括月经期始前14天,后者为自排卵日开始的后14天。黄体有主要分泌孕激素,少量分泌雌二醇的作用,因此于排卵后一周循环中孕激素达到高峰,雌激素亦达到又一高峰。此时,若卵细胞未受精,因下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴中雌孕激素等的负反馈作用,二者循环中含量逐渐降低,黄体萎缩退化为白体,子宫内膜失去性激素支持剥脱从而进入月经期;若卵细胞受精成功,则黄体转化为妊娠黄体,维持循环中雌孕激素高水平状态。孕激素有兴奋下丘脑体温调节中枢,使基础体温升高0.3~0.5℃的作用,临床上可以此作为判定排卵日期的标志之一。该育龄女性月经不规律,高温相持续时期大于黄体期,高度提示循环中孕激素高水平状态,为早孕期(D对)。"} {"Question":"为了解黄体功能进行诊刮的时间应选在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"月经来潮后6小时内"},{"key":"B","value":"月经期2—3日"},{"key":"C","value":"月经期5—6日"},{"key":"D","value":"月经干净3—7日"},{"key":"E","value":"月经干净10-14日"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"判断有无排卵或黄体功能不良,在月经前或月经来潮6小时内刮宫(A对);IUD取器时间在月经干净后3-7日为宜;疑为子宫内膜不规则脱落时,应于月经第5-6日取材。"} {"Question":"造成宫颈黏液涂片干后镜下见羊齿状结晶的激素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌激素"},{"key":"B","value":"孕激素"},{"key":"C","value":"雄激素"},{"key":"D","value":"催乳激素"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"宫颈黏液中的蛋白质、糖和某些电解质相结合,于涂片干燥后出现羊齿状结晶,雌激素(A对)促进结晶形成,孕激素(B错)则抑制其形成。排卵前受雌激素的影响,宫颈黏液分泌量逐渐增多,黏液分泌稀薄而透明,月经周期第7天出现不典型结晶,排卵期出现典型羊齿状结晶。排卵后受孕激素影响,黏液分泌量逐渐减少,质地变黏稠而浑浊,涂片检查时结晶逐步模糊,至月经周期第22日左右完全消失,而代之以排列成行的椭圆体。"} {"Question":"不协调性子宫收缩乏力时,首选药物应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸镁静脉滴注"},{"key":"B","value":"哌替啶肌内注射"},{"key":"C","value":"肼苯达嗪静脉滴注"},{"key":"D","value":"甘露醇快速静滴"},{"key":"E","value":"氯丙嗪静脉推注"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"不协调性子宫收缩乏力时,镇静剂哌替啶肌内注射(B对)能使产妇充分休息,醒后不协调性宫缩多能恢复为协调性宫缩。硫酸镁静脉滴注(P71)(A错)主要用于治疗子痫。肼苯达嗪静脉滴注(C错)用于扩张血管快速降压。甘露醇快速静滴(P71)(D错)主要用于降低颅内压。哌替啶、异丙嗪与氯丙嗪(P70)(E错)组成的冬眠药物肌内注射有助于解痉降压,控制子痫抽搐。"} {"Question":"初产妇,25岁。妊娠40周,临产10小时宫口开大6cm,已破水,头先露,S+1,5小时后查胎心142次\/分,宫口仍为6cm,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活跃期停滞"},{"key":"B","value":"活跃期延长"},{"key":"C","value":"正常产程"},{"key":"D","value":"潜伏期延长"},{"key":"E","value":"第二产程延长"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"初产妇,临产10小时宫口开大6cm(进入第一产程活跃期),头先露,S+1,5小时(≥4小时)后宫口仍为6cm,最可能的诊断是活跃期停滞(A对)。正常分娩分为3个阶段:第一产程称宫颈扩张期,指从规律宫缩开始到宫颈口开全(10cm),分潜伏期和活跃期:潜伏期指从临产规律宫缩开始至活跃期起点(4~6cm) ,初产妇>20 小时、经产妇>14小时称为潜伏期延长(D错);活跃期异常包括活跃期延长(B错)和活跃期停滞(A对):前者为从活跃期起点至宫颈口开全,该阶段宫颈口扩张速度<0.5cm\/h即可确诊;后者为当破膜且宫颈口扩张≥6cm后,若宫缩正常,宫颈口停止扩张≥4小时;若宫缩欠佳,宫颈口停止扩张≥6小时确诊。第二产程称胎儿娩出期,指从宫口开全至胎儿娩出,该阶段若初产妇>3小时,经产妇>2小时而生产无进展,则为第二产程延长(E错)。第三产程为胎盘娩出期,即从胎儿娩出到胎盘娩出。"} {"Question":"26岁初产妇,妊娠39周,规律宫缩3小时,胎心136次\/分。为估计头盆关系,检查头盆相称程度,结果如图示。这一结果不会出现的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫收缩过强"},{"key":"B","value":"髂嵴间径27cm"},{"key":"C","value":"骶耻外径17cm"},{"key":"D","value":"胎位异常"},{"key":"E","value":"第二产程延长"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"由图可知,胎头低于耻骨联合平面(胎头跨耻征阴性),胎头可以入盆,为头盆相称,说明无骨盆入口平面狭窄,3条径线(入口前后径、横径、斜径)均正常。骶耻外径常用来代表骨盆入口前后径,正常值为18~20cm(C错,为本题正确答案)。在分娩全过程中若孕妇精神紧张、过度疲劳以及不适当的使用缩宫药物或粗暴进行阴道内操作时,都可能导致子宫收缩过强(P191)(A对)。髂嵴间径正常值为25~28cm(B对)。本例胎头以枕横位衔接,胎头在下降过程中可能发生持续性枕横位的胎位异常(D对)。图中所示胎头衔接位于第一产程内,若中骨盆或骨盆出口狭窄,可能发生第二产程延长(P194)(E对)。"} {"Question":"27岁初产妇,妊娠40周,阵发性腹痛10小时,宫缩10~15分钟一次,持续30秒,宫口开大2cm。此时的处理原则应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉滴注麦角新碱"},{"key":"C","value":"肌内注射哌替啶(杜冷丁)"},{"key":"D","value":"人工破膜"},{"key":"E","value":"立即行剖宫产术"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"27岁初产妇,妊娠40周,阵发性腹痛10小时,宫缩正常10~15分钟1次(正常5~10分钟一次),持续30秒(正常30~60秒),考虑协调性宫缩乏力。缩宫素(A错)和人工破膜(D错)要在宫口开大3cm后才可使用。故选择使用镇静剂(C对)。麦角新碱可选择性兴奋子宫平滑肌,但剂量稍大即可引起子宫平滑肌强直收缩,妊娠后期子宫对其敏感性增强,因此不能用于催产和引产,故静脉注射麦角新碱(B错)只能用于产后子宫出血。立即行剖宫产术(E错)适用于不能经阴道分娩或出现胎儿窘迫的产妇。"} {"Question":"女,31岁取环后10天,发热3天。体:T38.6℃,P98次\/分,R23次\/分,BP100\/80mmHg,宫颈举痛(+),子宫压痛,右侧附件区可触及腊肠型肿物,触痛明显,活动度差。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输卵管妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"生殖器结核"},{"key":"C","value":"盆腔炎性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"卵巢上皮性癌"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫内膜异位症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年女性患者,取环后10天,发热3天,宫颈举痛(+),子宫压痛,右侧附件区可触及腊肠型肿物,触痛明显,活动度差。综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,该患者最可能的诊断是盆腔炎性疾病(C对)。输卵管妊娠(A错)主要表现为停经、腹痛、阴道不规则流血。生殖器结核(B错)多有结核病史及结核中毒症状。卵巢上皮性癌(D错)早期癌多无明显症状,较晚期的病人可有消瘦、低热、食欲缺乏及胃肠功能紊乱等症状,盆腔检查可触及囊实性肿块。子宫内膜异位症(E错)多表现为进行性加剧的痛经或伴不孕史。"} {"Question":"口服避孕药后不规则出血,正确的处理方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加服少量雌激素"},{"key":"B","value":"需立即停药"},{"key":"C","value":"加服少量孕激素"},{"key":"D","value":"加服少量雄性激素"},{"key":"E","value":"加倍服药"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"口服避孕药后不规则出血称为突破性出血,多数发生在漏服避孕药后,少数未漏服避孕药也能发生。轻者点滴出血,不用处理,随着服药时间延长而逐渐减少直至停止。流血偏多者,每晚在服用避孕药的同时加服少量雌激素(A对)。流血似月经量或流血时间已近月经期,则停止服药(B错)。"} {"Question":"关于哺乳期避孕,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不需要避孕"},{"key":"B","value":"应采用避孕药物"},{"key":"C","value":"最好使用工具避孕"},{"key":"D","value":"使用填埋避孕剂型"},{"key":"E","value":"剖宫产术3个月放置IUD"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"哺乳产妇常月经复潮延迟,平均在产后4~6个月恢复排卵,首次月经来潮前多有排卵,有受孕可能,故若已恢复性生活,应采取避孕措施(A错)。哺乳期避孕的原则是不影响乳汁质量和婴儿健康。哺乳者以工具避孕为宜(C对),不哺乳者可选用药物避孕(BD错)。IUD(宫内节育器)应在剖宫产后半年放置(E错)。"} {"Question":"口服避孕药副反应不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"短期闭经"},{"key":"B","value":"体重增加"},{"key":"C","value":"卵巢肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"类早孕反应"},{"key":"E","value":"色素沉着"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"口服避孕药的副反应有:1.类早孕反应(D对);2.不规则阴道流血;3.闭经(A对);4. 体重及皮肤变化 早期研制的避孕药中其雄激素活性强,个别妇女服药后食欲亢进,体内合成代谢增加,体重增加(B对),极少数妇女面部出现淡褐色色素沉着(E对);5.其他 个别妇女服药后出现头痛、复视、乳房胀痛等。口服避孕药副反应不包括卵巢肿瘤(C错,为本题正确答案),反而流行病学调查显示口服避孕药是卵巢上皮性癌的保护因素,高危妇女可通过口服避孕药预防卵巢癌发生(P325)。"} {"Question":"女,35岁,G3P1,放置宫内节育器时出现心悸伴明显腹痛,心率100次\/分,BP90\/60mmHg。为明确诊断,应采取最安全、简便的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫输卵管造影"},{"key":"B","value":"盆腔X线检查"},{"key":"C","value":"剖腹探查"},{"key":"D","value":"宫腔镜探查术"},{"key":"E","value":"盆腔B超检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者放置宫内节育器时出现心悸伴明显腹痛,心动过速,可能有出血、穿孔等并发症的出现,应进一步查明病因。盆腔B超主要用来检查子宫以及卵巢和周围的一些盆腔内的组织情况,是妇科疾病最常用的影像学检查方法,具有操作简单,对人体损伤性小,诊断准确等特点,结合题干盆腔B超检查是首选(E对)。子宫输卵管造影主要用于不孕症的检查(A错);盆腔X线检查(P430)可借助造影剂检查子宫腔和输卵管腔内形态,是诊断先天性子宫畸形和输卵管通畅程度常用的检查方法(B错);剖腹探查主要用于急腹症的患者或者是不明原因的腹痛需要进一步明确诊断的患者,风险较高,对人体损伤较大(C错);宫腔镜检查(P435)指应用膨宫介质扩张宫腔,通过插入宫腔的光导玻璃纤维窥镜直视观察子宫颈管、子宫颈内口 子宫腔及输卵管开口的生理与病理变化,以便针对病变组织直观准确取材并送病理检查,同时也可直接在宫腔镜下手术治疗,该患者不排除子宫穿孔,此为宫腔镜检查的禁忌征(D错)。"} {"Question":"女,24岁。人工流产术出现血压下降,心率减慢,面色苍白,处理方法应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输液"},{"key":"B","value":"肌注催产素"},{"key":"C","value":"立即剖腹探查"},{"key":"D","value":"静注阿托品"},{"key":"E","value":"不应停止操作"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为青年女性,人流术中出现血压下降、心率减慢、面色苍白(人工流产综合反应指手术时疼痛或局部刺激,使受术者在术中或术毕出现恶心呕吐、心动过缓、心律不齐、面色苍白、头昏、胸闷、大汗淋漓),应考虑诊断为人工流产综合反应。处理方法是:发现症状应立即停止操作(E错),治疗首选阿托品静脉注射(D对),抑制迷走神经兴奋。输液为一般性治疗(A错)。催产素(P383)(B错)用于人工流产术中出血的患者,使子宫收缩止血。剖腹探查(P384)(C错)用于子宫穿孔大、有内出血或怀疑脏器损伤的患者。"} {"Question":"孕妇开始自觉胎动的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妊娠15~17周"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠18~20周"},{"key":"C","value":"妊娠21~22周"},{"key":"D","value":"妊娠23~24周"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠27周以上"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胎动一般在妊娠18周后B型超声检查可发现,妊娠20周初孕妇可感觉到胎动,经产妇感觉略早于初产妇(B对)。"} {"Question":"孕妇血清绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)浓度达高峰是在妊娠","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5~7周"},{"key":"B","value":"8~10周"},{"key":"C","value":"11~13周"},{"key":"D","value":"14~16周"},{"key":"E","value":"17~19周"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"hCG妊娠期间分泌量达高峰的时间是妊娠8~10周(B对),持续约19日迅速下降,直至分娩前。"} {"Question":"羊水内肺表面活性物质迅速增加的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"25周"},{"key":"B","value":"28周"},{"key":"C","value":"30周"},{"key":"D","value":"35周"},{"key":"E","value":"40周"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺泡表面活性物质由Ⅱ型肺泡上皮产生,妊娠28周(B错)时出现于羊水内,但量少,直至35周(D对)时迅速增加,作用为降低肺泡表面张力,使肺泡不易萎陷,有利于肺泡内保存气体。"} {"Question":"女,43岁,G3P1,初产,宫底在脐与剑突之间,胎心142次\/分,羊水的主要来源是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿尿液和肺"},{"key":"B","value":"胎儿尿液和脐带"},{"key":"C","value":"胎儿尿液和皮肤"},{"key":"D","value":"胎儿尿液和胎膜"},{"key":"E","value":"母体血清和胎儿尿液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"宫底在脐与剑突之间,正常情况下可以判断孕周大概在32周,孕晚期。妊娠早期羊水主要来自母体血清经胎膜进入羊膜腔的透析液(D错);妊娠中期以后,羊水的主要来源是胎儿尿液妊娠晚期胎儿肺参与羊水的生成(A对BCE错)。"} {"Question":"宫内妊娠时孕妇血清绒毛膜促性腺激素高峰出现在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5~7周"},{"key":"B","value":"8~10周"},{"key":"C","value":"11~13周"},{"key":"D","value":"14~16周"},{"key":"E","value":"17~19周"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"HCG妊娠期间分泌量达高峰的时间是妊娠8~10周(B对),持续约19日迅速下降,直至妊娠前。"} {"Question":"妊娠10周后,雌激素的主要来源是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿-胎盘单位"},{"key":"B","value":"胎儿肾上腺皮质"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫平滑肌"},{"key":"D","value":"胎盘合体滋养细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢黄体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"雌激素早期由卵巢黄体(E错)产生,妊娠10周后,雌激素的主要来源是胎儿-胎盘单位(A对),即由胎儿、胎盘与母体相互协作合成。胎儿肾上腺皮质(B错)、胎盘合体滋养细胞(D错)均参与该合成过程。"} {"Question":"初孕妇,26岁。妊娠38周,自觉胎动减少10小时入院。入院后B超检查提示羊水平段5厘米,无应激试验反应型,此时正确的处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工破膜"},{"key":"B","value":"间歇吸氧并严密观察"},{"key":"C","value":"复查无应激试验"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"E","value":"米索前列醇引产"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年初孕妇,妊娠38周(妊娠28周及以后为妊娠晚期),胎动减少,羊水平段5厘米(正常值为30~70mm),无应激试验反应型,此时正确的处理措施是间歇吸氧并严密观察(无应激实验反应型的处理是观察或者进一步评估)(B对)。人工破膜(P189)(A错)适用于宫口扩张≥3cm、无头盆不称、胎头已衔接而产程延缓者。复查无应激试验(C错)用于可疑型无应激试验。静脉滴注缩宫素(P189)(D错)适用于协调性宫缩乏力、宫口扩张≥3cm、胎心良好、胎位正常、头盆相称者。米索前列醇引产(E错)适用于延期妊娠或过期妊娠、母体疾病(如严重的糖尿病,高血压,肾病等)、胎膜早破,未临产者、胎儿因素(如可以胎儿窘迫,胎盘功能不良等)、死胎及胎儿严重畸形。"} {"Question":"月经周期规则,末次月经第一日是2005年4月18日,推算预产期应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2006年1月22日"},{"key":"B","value":"2006年1月23日"},{"key":"C","value":"2006年1月24日"},{"key":"D","value":"2006年1月25日"},{"key":"E","value":"2006年1月27日"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"末次月经第一日是2005年4月18日,按照推算预产期的方法:按末次月经第1日算起,月份减3或加9,日数加7,可推算出预产期是2006年1月25日(D对)。"} {"Question":"围生期(围产期)国内采用的定义是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎龄满27周至出生后7足天"},{"key":"B","value":"胎龄满27周至出生后15足天"},{"key":"C","value":"胎龄满28周至出生后7足天"},{"key":"D","value":"胎龄满28周至出生后15足天"},{"key":"E","value":"胎龄满29周至出生后15足天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"围生期(围产期)指妊娠满28周(即胎儿体重≥1000g或身长≥35cm)至产后7足天(C对)。"} {"Question":"胎心率晚期减速的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎儿缺氧"},{"key":"B","value":"胎动"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"胎头受压"},{"key":"E","value":"胎盘功能减低"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"胎心率晚期减速的原因一般认为是胎盘功能不良(E对)、胎儿缺氧。早期减速为宫缩时胎头受压(D错)引起,不受孕妇体位或吸氧而改变。缺氧早期,胎儿电子监护可出现胎心基线代偿性加快、晚期减速或重度变异减速(A错),胎动(B错)和子宫收缩(C错)仅能引起胎心率一过性变化。"} {"Question":"枕先露,先露+2,胎膜已破,第一产程末,胎儿电子监护时可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"早期减速"},{"key":"B","value":"晚期减速"},{"key":"C","value":"变异减速"},{"key":"D","value":"基线胎心率有变异"},{"key":"E","value":"周期性胎心率加速"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胎儿枕先露,先露+2,胎膜已破,提示胎头双顶径越过骨盆出口,即胎头着冠,第二产程宫缩频而强,宫缩时胎头受压,胎儿电子监护表现为早期减速(A对),早期减速一般发生在第一产程后期,也可发生在第二产程。晚期减速(B错)是胎盘功能不良,胎儿缺氧的表现,变异减速(C错)发生于脐带受压时,本例并未出现。基线胎心率有变异(D错)是指胎心率有小的周期性变动,与周期性胎心率加速(E错)都是正常的胎动变化。"} {"Question":"卵巢内胚窦瘤的特异性肿瘤标志物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"AFP"},{"key":"B","value":"CA125"},{"key":"C","value":"hCG"},{"key":"D","value":"PSA"},{"key":"E","value":"CA19-9"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"卵巢内胚窦瘤的特异性肿瘤标志物是AFP(A对),对其诊断及病情监测有重要意义。CA125(P324)(B错)是诊断卵巢上皮性癌价值最大的肿瘤标志物。hCG(C错)的检查对早期妊娠诊断有重要意义,对与妊娠相关疾病、滋养细胞肿瘤等疾病的诊断、鉴别和病程观察等有一定价值,还对非妊娠性卵巢绒癌有特异性。PSA(前列腺特异抗原)(D错)是前列腺癌的特异性标志物。CA19-9(E错)是胰腺癌和结、直肠癌的肿瘤标志物。"} {"Question":"卵巢肿瘤最常见的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒂扭转"},{"key":"B","value":"破裂"},{"key":"C","value":"囊性变"},{"key":"D","value":"恶变"},{"key":"E","value":"感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"卵巢肿瘤最常见的并发症是蒂扭转(A对),约10%卵巢肿瘤可发生;其次是破裂(B错),约3%卵巢肿瘤可发生;感染(E错)较少见;恶变(D错)极少见,若肿瘤迅速生长尤其双侧性,应考虑有恶变可能。囊性变(P311)(C错)为子宫肌瘤的常见变性,不属于卵巢肿瘤并发症。"} {"Question":"未成熟型畸胎瘤属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"交界性肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"早期癌"},{"key":"C","value":"良性肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"恶性肿瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"癌前病变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"畸胎瘤是来源于生殖细胞的肿瘤,分为成熟畸胎瘤和未成熟畸胎瘤,后者与前者主要的不同点是在肿瘤组织中可见未成熟组织,属于恶性肿瘤(D对C错)。交界性肿瘤(P95)(A错)指组织形态和生物学行为介于良、恶性肿瘤之间的肿瘤。早期癌(B错)指癌症的早期阶段,多为浸润局限于黏膜层及黏膜下层的癌。癌前病变(P102)(E错)指某些疾病(或病变)虽然本身不是恶性肿瘤,但具有发展为恶性肿瘤的潜能。"} {"Question":"子宫内膜癌的确诊方法应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞学涂片"},{"key":"B","value":"磁共振成像"},{"key":"C","value":"血清CA125测定"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴造影"},{"key":"E","value":"分段诊刮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"诊断子宫内膜癌最可靠的方法是分段诊刮(E对)。如果临床或影像学检查怀疑子宫内膜癌,应行分段诊刮,明确诊断。细胞学涂片(P404)(A错)适用于恶性肿瘤的初步筛选,不作为确诊依据。磁共振成像(P316)(B错)对肌层浸润深度和宫颈间质浸润有较准确的判断,但是不能确诊。血清CA125测定(P316)(C错)在有子宫外转移者会升高,也可作为疗效观察指标,仍需病理组织学检查进行确诊。淋巴造影(D错)主要用于了解盆腔及主动脉旁淋巴结有无转移。"} {"Question":"属于卵巢性索间质肿瘤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵黄囊瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"卵巢黄素化囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"卵巢颗粒细胞瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"成熟畸胎瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"卵巢性索间质肿瘤包括颗粒细胞-间质细胞瘤和支持细胞-间质细胞瘤。颗粒细胞-间质细胞瘤包括颗粒细胞瘤(D对),卵泡膜细胞瘤,纤维瘤。卵黄囊瘤,成熟畸胎瘤为卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤(AE错)。卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤为卵巢良性肿瘤(B错)。卵巢黄素化囊肿为良性疾病(C错)。"} {"Question":"属于肿瘤的囊肿是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前庭大腺囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"宫颈腺囊肿"},{"key":"C","value":"卵巢巧克力囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"输卵管卵巢囊肿"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢皮样囊肿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"卵巢皮样囊肿又称卵巢成熟畸胎瘤,属于良性肿瘤(E对)。前庭大腺囊肿(A错)是因前庭大腺腺管开口部阻塞,分泌物积聚于腺腔而形成的;宫颈腺囊肿(B错)是因新生的鳞状上皮覆盖子宫颈腺管口或伸入腺管,将腺管口阻塞,导致腺体分泌物引流受阻,潴留形成囊肿;卵巢巧克力囊肿(C错)是因异位内膜侵犯卵巢皮质并在其内生长、反复周期性出血,形成单个或多个囊肿,也称卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿。输卵管卵巢囊肿(D错)属于盆腔炎性疾病后遗症,是因输卵管伞端闭锁,浆液性渗出物聚集形成的囊肿。"} {"Question":"外阴硬化苔癣型营养不良的治疗,目前不主张采用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服脱敏药物"},{"key":"B","value":"手术治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"禁用刺激性药物擦洗"},{"key":"D","value":"激光治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"局部用药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"外阴硬化苔癣型营养不良的治疗有:1.一般治疗,包括保持外阴部皮肤清洁、干燥,禁用刺激性药物擦洗(C对);2.局部药物治疗(E对);3.全身用药,精神紧张、瘙痒症状明显者,使用镇静、安眠和脱敏药物(A对)缓解;4.物理治疗,用聚焦超声和激光治疗(D对);5.手术治疗(B错,为本题正确答案),因外阴硬化苔癣型营养不良的恶变机会很少,已很少采用。"} {"Question":"镜下可见瘤细胞短梭形,细胞交错排列呈漩涡状的肿瘤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"库肯勃瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"卵泡膜细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"纤维瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"颗粒细胞瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"畸胎瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"镜下可见瘤细胞短梭形,细胞交错排列呈漩涡状的肿瘤是卵泡膜细胞瘤(B对),常与颗粒细胞瘤同时存在,但也可单一成分,多为良性。良性多为单侧,圆形、卵圆形或分叶状,表面被覆薄的有光泽的纤维包膜。切面为实性、灰白色。"} {"Question":"女性,59岁。绝经8年,近1周白带带血丝,妇科检查;宫颈中度糜烂,子宫后倾稍小,双侧附件未见异常,宫颈刮片细胞学检查巴氏Ⅲ级,考虑最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫内膜癌"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫颈癌"},{"key":"C","value":"绒毛膜癌"},{"key":"D","value":"宫颈糜烂"},{"key":"E","value":"侵蚀性葡萄胎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"女性,59岁,绝经8年,近1周白带带血丝(子宫颈癌老年患者常为绝经后不规则阴道流血),妇科检查;宫颈中度糜烂(子宫颈微小浸润癌可无明显病灶,宫颈可有糜烂样改变),宫颈刮片细胞学检查巴氏Ⅲ级(可疑癌),综合患者的年龄、临床表现及细胞学检查,可诊断为子宫颈癌(B对)。子宫内膜癌(A错)也会有阴道不规则流血的表现,诊断性刮宫或宫腔镜检查有助于确诊(P316)。宫颈糜烂(D错)宫颈刮片细胞学检查通常为巴氏Ⅱ级。绒毛膜癌(C错)和侵蚀性葡萄胎(E错)为妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤,葡萄胎妊娠后可继发侵蚀性葡萄胎或绒癌,而非葡萄胎妊娠后只继发绒癌,本例患者已绝经8年,根据细胞学检查和病史可鉴别(P338)。"} {"Question":"对放射治疗最敏感的卵巢恶性肿瘤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无性细胞瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"内胚窦瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"间质细胞瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"畸胎瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"两性母细胞瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"对放射治疗最敏感的卵巢恶性肿瘤是无性细胞瘤(A对)。无性细胞瘤为中度恶性的实性肿瘤,属于卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤。对放疗敏感,但放疗会破坏患者卵巢功能,常造成患者生育功能的丧失,现已极少应用,仅用于治疗复发的无性细胞瘤。畸胎瘤(P329)(D错)属于卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤,对放疗效果一般,通常采用手术及联合化疗。内胚窦瘤(P329)(B错)又称卵黄囊瘤,属于卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤。恶性程度高,预后差,但对化疗十分敏感,现经手术及联合化疗,生存期明显延长。间质细胞瘤(P330)(C错)的特点是此类肿瘤常有内分泌功能,属于卵巢性索间质肿瘤;两性母细胞瘤(八年制第2版妇产科学P351)(E错)是指包含颗粒细胞瘤、卵泡膜细胞瘤、支持细胞瘤和间质细胞瘤四种成分的卵巢性索间质肿瘤,两者通常采用手术治疗。"} {"Question":"女,56岁。子宫内膜癌术后10天。病理示低分化子宫内膜样腺瘤,浸及深肌层,淋巴结无转移,手术病理分期Ⅰb。患者合并高血压,药物控制后血压120~130\/70~80mmHg。该患者首选的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"生物治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"放射治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"随访观察"},{"key":"E","value":"内分泌治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"女,56岁。子宫内膜癌术后10天。病理示低分化子宫内膜样腺癌,浸及深肌层,淋巴结无转移,手术病理分期Ⅰb。患者合并高血压,药物控制后血压120~130\/70~80mmHg。据病史及术后病检等,考虑该患者属于子宫内膜癌早期,并由术后病检可知肿瘤肌层浸润超过1\/2。患者已行手术治疗,术后应根据肿瘤肌层浸润超过1\/2这个高危因素选择辅助治疗。放疗联合手术适用于伴有高危因素的Ⅰ期患者,术后放疗可降低局部复发,改善无瘤生存期,所以该患者首选的处理是放射治疗(C对)。若随访观察(D错),则可导致肿瘤复发,病变进一步进展。内分泌治疗(E错),也就是孕激素治疗,主要用于保留生育功能的早期子宫内膜癌患者。该患者已56岁,不作为首选考虑。中药治疗(A错)、生物治疗(B错)能帮助改善患者病情,但不作为首选治疗。"} {"Question":"(132~135题共用题干)女,30岁。妊娠40周。临产12小时后在产钳助娩下分娩一4100g女婴。胎儿娩出后15分钟胎盘人工剥离取出,检查胎盘无异常,继之发生阴道大量流血。下面的处理不恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刮宫术"},{"key":"B","value":"配血"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫注射或静脉滴注缩宫药物"},{"key":"D","value":"迅速补液"},{"key":"E","value":"按摩子宫"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该女性患者诊断考虑为宫缩乏力性产后出血,阴道流血大量,此时应迅速补液(D对)预防休克,同时配血(B对),若休克发生及时输血。加强宫缩能迅速止血具体方法有按摩子宫(E对)及应用宫缩剂(C对)。刮宫术(A错,为本题正确答案)为胎盘滞留引起的产后出血的处理措施。"} {"Question":"仔细检查见产妇流出的血液有凝血块。此时首选处置应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输液输血,补充血容量"},{"key":"B","value":"迅速补给纤维蛋白原"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉推注麦角新碱"},{"key":"E","value":"消毒纱条填塞宫腔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年初产妇,胎儿及胎盘娩出后,出现时多时少的阴道持续流血已1小时(宫缩乏力性出血,表现为胎盘娩出后,阴道间歇性的出血),考虑子宫收缩乏力引起的产后出血。产后出血先针对出血原因,迅速止血,再输液输血,补充血容量(A错)。该产妇流出的血液中有凝血块,排除凝血功能障碍引起产后出血的可能,不需迅速补给纤维蛋白原(B错)。静脉滴注缩宫素(C对)可加强宫缩迅速止血。静脉滴注麦角新碱(D错)用于治疗产后子宫出血、产后子宫复旧不全(加速子宫复原)、月经过多等,但不如缩宫素常用。消毒纱条填塞宫腔(E错)也可用于宫缩乏力造成的产后出血,但一般不推荐使用。"} {"Question":"女,31岁,G₃P₁,剖宫产史,因妊娠50天行人工流产负压吸引术,术中患者突感胸闷、头晕、大汗淋漓、下腹坠痛伴恶心。查体:P49次\/分,BP90\/60mmHg,面色苍白,阴道少量流血。首先应考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工流产综合反应"},{"key":"B","value":"羊水栓塞"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫穿孔"},{"key":"D","value":"失血性休克"},{"key":"E","value":"急性腹膜炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年女性患者,G₃P₁,剖宫产史,因妊娠50天行人工流产负压吸引术,术中患者突感胸闷、头晕、大汗淋漓、下腹坠痛伴恶心。查体:P49次\/分(正常值60-100次\/分),BP90\/60mmHg(正常值90-140\/60-90mmHg),面色苍白,阴道少量流血。综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,首先应考虑的诊断是人工流产综合反应(A对),指在人流术中或术毕时,部分病人出现心动过缓、心率不齐、血压下降、面色苍白、头晕、胸闷、大汗淋漓,严重者甚至出现晕厥抽搐等迷走神经虚脱的症状。羊水栓塞(B错)多表现为:①血压骤降或心脏骤停;②急性缺氧如呼吸困难、发绀或呼吸停止;③凝血功能障碍或无法解释的严重出血。子宫穿孔(C错)常表现为术者出现子宫无底感,或手术器械进入深度超过原来所测得深度 。失血性休克(D错)时阴道应大量流血。急性腹膜炎(E错)表现为腹膜刺激征:腹部压痛、腹肌紧张和反跳痛。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。已婚。平时月经规律。停经40天,右下腹剧痛4小时伴头晕及肛门坠胀感。查体:BP80\/56mmHg,面色苍白,痛苦貌。下腹部压痛及反跳痛(+),尤以右侧为著,肌紧张不明显,移动性浊音(+)。妇科检查:宫颈举痛,宫体稍大,右附件区触及不规则包块,大小约4cm×3cm×3cm,压痛(+)。血红蛋白100g\/L。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵巢滤泡囊肿破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"卵巢黄体囊肿破裂"},{"key":"C","value":"卵巢囊肿蒂扭转"},{"key":"D","value":"输卵管妊娠破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿破裂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年已婚妇女,停经40天,右下腹剧痛4小时(典型症状为停经后腹痛与阴道流血)伴头晕及肛门坠胀感(血液积聚于直肠子宫陷凹时,可出现肛门坠胀感),查体见BP80/56mmHg,面色苍白(当腹腔出血较多时,可出现面色苍白、脉搏快而细弱、心率增快和血压下降等休克表现),下腹部压痛及反跳痛(+),尤以右侧为著,肌紧张不明显(腹部检查:下腹有明显压痛及反跳痛,尤以患侧为著,但腹肌紧张轻微),移动性浊音(+)(出血较多时腹部叩诊有移动性浊音),宫颈举痛(盆腔检查将宫颈轻轻上抬或向左右摆动时引起剧烈疼痛,称为宫颈举痛或摇摆痛,此为输卵管妊娠的主要体征之一),宫体稍大,右附件区触及不规则包块,压痛(+)(子宫一侧或其后方可触及肿块,边界多不清楚,触痛明显),最可能的诊断是输卵管妊娠破裂(D对)。卵巢囊肿蒂扭转(P55)(C错)常由体位改变诱发;卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿破裂(P271)(E错)患者长期有下腹痛和痛经等子宫内膜异位症表现,破裂常发生于经期前后、性交后或其他负压增加的情况下;均无停经史、阴道流血及失血性休克表现。卵巢滤泡囊肿破裂(A错)、卵巢黄体囊肿破裂(P55)(B错)可有一侧附件区压痛,可有出血性休克,但均无停经史。"} {"Question":"26岁,女性,停经45天,突感下腹坠痛及肛门坠胀感,少量阴道流血及头晕呕吐半天。体格检查:面色苍白,BP80/40mmHg,腹肌略紧张,下腹压痛。妇科检查:阴道少量血性物,宫颈举痛(+),后穹隆饱满,子宫稍大,附件区触诊不满意,本例最恰当的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中医治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"纠正休克"},{"key":"C","value":"输血同时手术探查"},{"key":"D","value":"应用抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉输液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性,停经45天,突感下腹坠痛及肛门坠胀感,少量阴道流血及头晕呕吐半天(异位妊娠的典型症状为停经后腹痛与阴道流血)。体格检查:面色苍白,BP80\/40mmHg(当腹腔出血较多时,可出现面色苍白、脉搏快而细弱、心率增快和血压下降等休克表现),腹肌略紧张,下腹压痛(腹部检查:下腹有明显压痛及反跳痛,尤以患侧为著,但腹肌紧张轻微)。妇科检查:阴道少量血性物,宫颈举痛(+),后穹隆饱满(输卵管妊娠流产或破裂者,阴道后穹窿饱满,有触痛。将宫颈轻轻上抬或向左右摆动时引起剧烈疼痛,称为宫颈举痛或摇摆痛),综合以上症状和检查体征,应诊断为异位妊娠破裂。异位妊娠破裂内出血并发休克时最恰当的处理是输血同时手术探查(C对),即在积极抗休克的同时迅速打开腹腔,钳夹输卵管出血部位,暂时控制出血,待血压上升后继续手术切除患侧输卵管。单纯纠正休克(B错)或静脉输液(E错),不能阻止内出血。中医治疗(A错)为辅助性治疗措施。应用抗生素(D错)对治疗异位妊娠破裂出血引起的休克没有帮助。"} {"Question":"女,28岁。妊娠42周,OCT试验阳性,羊水深度3.0cm,胎头双顶径10cm。此时最恰当的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剖宫产终止妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"前列腺素促宫颈成熟"},{"key":"C","value":"宫颈评分"},{"key":"D","value":"人工破膜引产"},{"key":"E","value":"缩宫素引产"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者女,28岁。妊娠42周,OCT试验阳性,诊断为过期妊娠。羊水深度3.0cm,胎头双顶径10cm(>9.5cm)为剖宫产指证。最恰当的处理是剖宫产终止妊娠(A对)。"} {"Question":"26岁初孕妇,现妊娠40周,近半月头痛、眼花,今晨出现剧烈头痛并呕吐2次来院就诊。测血压180\/110mmHg。最有参考价值的病史是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"既往无头痛史"},{"key":"B","value":"既往血压正常"},{"key":"C","value":"有高血压家族史"},{"key":"D","value":"有患病毒性肝炎史"},{"key":"E","value":"有多次泌尿系统感染史"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"26岁初孕妇,妊娠40周,出现头痛、眼花、呕吐(重度子痫前期可有持续头痛或视觉障碍或其它脑神经症状),血压180\/110mmHg(重度子痫前期收缩压≥160mmHg和(或)舒张压≥110mmHg)应考虑妊娠期高血压疾病,按其分期为重度子痫前期。慢性高血压、妊娠期高血压疾病史及其家族史(注意单纯的高血压家族史(C错)并不是妊娠期高血压疾病的高危因素)以及慢性肾炎等都是妊娠期高血压疾病的高危因素。该患者最有参考价值的病史是既往血压正常(B对)。虽然重度子痫前期有持续性头痛的临床表现,但既往无头痛史(A错)对妊娠期高血压疾病的诊断并不提供参考价值。患病毒性肝炎史(D错)和多次泌尿系统感染史(E错)与妊娠期高血压疾病无明显关系。"} {"Question":"不全流产的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"易休克和感染"},{"key":"B","value":"腹痛"},{"key":"C","value":"阴道流血"},{"key":"D","value":"无妊娠物排出"},{"key":"E","value":"妊娠物完全排出"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"不全流产时,部分妊娠物排出宫腔(DE错),还有部分残留于宫腔内或嵌顿于宫颈口处,或胎儿排出后胎盘滞留宫腔或嵌顿于宫颈口,影响子宫收缩,导致大量出血,且流血时间长,容易并发休克和感染(A对)。腹痛(B错)和阴道流血(C错)是流产的一般性特征,无特异性。"} {"Question":"与过期妊娠无关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羊水过多"},{"key":"B","value":"头盆不称"},{"key":"C","value":"巨大胎儿"},{"key":"D","value":"雌孕失调"},{"key":"E","value":"胎盘缺硫酸脂酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"发生过期妊娠的原因还不明确。引发的可能因素很多,包括黄体酮阻断、催产素刺激剂、胎儿肾上腺皮质激素分泌等,任何因素引起这些激素失调均可导致过期妊娠。所以过期妊娠可能与以下几个因素有关,雌孕激素比例失调(D对);胎盘缺乏硫酸脂酶(E对),虽然胎儿肾上腺产生了足够的16α-羟基硫酸脱氢表雄酮,但无法将脱氢表雄酮转变为雌二醇及雌三醇,以致雌激素水平过低,发生过期妊娠;头盆不称(B对)和巨大胎儿(C对),使胎先露部不能正常下降,导致过期妊娠。羊水过多与胎膜早破和早产有关,与过期妊娠无关(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"轻度子痫前期初产妇,孕39周,临产,宫口开全1小时,LOA,S+3,胎心110次\/分,羊水轻度胎粪污染。此时应采取的措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人工破膜"},{"key":"B","value":"剖宫产"},{"key":"C","value":"引产"},{"key":"D","value":"会阴侧切"},{"key":"E","value":"低位产钳术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"轻度子痫前期初产妇,孕39周,临产,宫口开全1小时,LOA(左枕前位),S+3,胎心110次\/分(正常值为110~160次\/分),羊水轻度胎粪污染,因为此患者是子痫前期且伴有轻度胎粪污染,应加快产程进程,所以此时应采取的措施是低位产钳术(E对),适用于胎儿胎头的颅骨最低点低于坐骨棘2cm以上,该术式能够协助胎儿快速脱离母体,风险低,对母亲和胎儿的损伤较小。"} {"Question":"重型胎盘早剥与先兆子宫破裂共有的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"剧烈腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"合并重度妊高征"},{"key":"C","value":"跨耻征阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫板状硬"},{"key":"E","value":"出现病理缩复环"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"重型胎盘早剥表现为持续性剧烈腹痛、腰酸或腰背痛加重,先兆子宫破裂表现为下腹剧痛难忍,故剧烈腹痛是两者共有的表现(A对)。合并重度妊高征(P129-P131)(B错)、子宫板状硬(D错)是重型胎盘早剥的临床表现;跨耻征阳性(C错)、出现病理缩复环(E错)是先兆子宫破裂的临床表现,故不是共有的临床表现。"} {"Question":"女,28岁,经产妇,人工流产2次。妊娠37周,晨起发现阴道流血,多于月经量,无腹痛。查体:P80次\/分,BP110\/70mmHg,胎方位LOA,头浮,胎心率150次\/分,耻骨联合上可闻及血管音。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先兆临产"},{"key":"B","value":"胎盘早剥"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫破裂"},{"key":"D","value":"前置胎盘"},{"key":"E","value":"先兆早产"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"成年女性患者,经产妇,有多次流产史的高危因素。妊娠晚期(妊娠28周~40周),今起发现阴道流血,多于月经量,无腹痛。查体:血压下降,BP110\/70mmHg(正常值90~120\/60~80mmHg),胎位异常,头浮(提示胎先露),耻骨联合上可闻及血管音。综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,最可能的诊断是前置胎盘(D对)。先兆临产(A错)主要表现为不规律宫缩、胎儿下降感以及阴道少量淡血性分泌物。胎盘早剥(B错)常伴有妊娠期高血压疾病史或外伤史,子宫呈板状硬,阴道流血特征为陈旧不凝血。子宫破裂(C错)主要表现为胎儿窘迫。先兆早产(E错)为妊娠满28周至不足37周。"} {"Question":"前置胎盘时的阴道流血特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴道流血常有外伤史"},{"key":"B","value":"子宫收缩时阴道流血停止"},{"key":"C","value":"无痛性阴道流血"},{"key":"D","value":"有痛性阴道流血"},{"key":"E","value":"阴道流血量与贫血严重程度不相符"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"前置胎盘的典型症状为妊娠晚期或临产时,发生无诱因、无痛性反复阴道流血,(C对D错);胎盘早剥典型症状为妊娠中期突发持续性腹痛,伴或不伴阴道流血,贫血程度与阴道流血量不符,且常有外伤史,ADE均为胎盘早剥的特点(ADE错)。妊娠35周以后,子宫生理性收缩频率增加,前置胎盘出血率随之上升(P128)(B错)。"} {"Question":"女,30岁,妊娠35周,发现血压升高3周,今晨突然腹痛,呈持续性,阴道有少量流血,查体P112次\/分,BP150\/98mmHg,子宫张力大,宫底前壁压痛明显,胎心100次\/分,尿蛋白(++)。此时最适宜的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用硫酸镁抑制宫缩后继续妊娠"},{"key":"B","value":"给予降压止痛后密切观察"},{"key":"C","value":"给予β受体兴奋剂抑制宫缩,加强胎儿监护"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素引产"},{"key":"E","value":"剖宫产终止妊娠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"妊娠中晚期孕妇,发现血压高(收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg),蛋白尿(++),诊断为子痫前期(胎盘早剥病因)。患者今晨突发剧烈腹痛,阴道少量流血、伴有子宫张力增高和子宫压痛,据其病史、体征及实验室检查,诊断为1.子痫前期;2.胎盘早剥。查胎心100次\/分(正常110~160次\/分,提示胎儿窘迫),据Page分级标准诊断为Ⅱ级胎盘早剥,应及时终止妊娠(E对)。对20~34⁺⁶周合并Ⅰ级胎盘早剥的产妇,尽可能保守治疗(AC错)延长孕周。阴道分娩:适用于0~Ⅰ级患者,一般情况良好,病情较轻,以外出血为主,必要时滴注缩宫素(D错)缩短第二产程。"} {"Question":"最易受不良因素影响而发生流产死胎的胎龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6周"},{"key":"B","value":"12周"},{"key":"C","value":"20周"},{"key":"D","value":"24周"},{"key":"E","value":"28周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"死胎:妊娠20周后胎儿在子宫死亡。 流产:1、早期流产<12周,胚胎因素,常见染色体异常;2、晚期流产12周~27+6周,常见因素母体因素如宫颈裂伤。 胎盘早剥:20周以后 早产:28周~36+6周 前置胎盘:妊娠28周以后。\n死胎的定义:妊娠20周后胎儿在子宫内死亡。 \n受外界影响死胎 20周。\n受外界影响先天畸形,夭折 12周。\n20周:妊高症,胎盘早剥,死胎。(饿死(20)胎中)\n28周:早产,流产,前置胎盘。"} {"Question":"引起早产最常见的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫畸形"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胎盘早剥"},{"key":"D","value":"下生殖道及泌尿道感染"},{"key":"E","value":"吸烟,酗酒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"诱发早产的常见因素有:①宫内感染,30%~40%的早产与此有关;②下生殖道及泌尿道感染(D对),如急性肾盂肾炎(B错)等;③妊娠合并症与并发症;④子宫膨胀过度或子宫畸形(A错);⑤胎盘因素,如前置胎盘、胎盘早剥(C错)等;⑥宫颈内口松弛。吸烟、酗酒(E错)也会增加早产的发生率。"} {"Question":"经产妇,妊娠35周,今晨出现无原因,无痛性阴道流血。本例首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎盘早期剥离"},{"key":"B","value":"先兆早产"},{"key":"C","value":"前置胎盘"},{"key":"D","value":"血小板减少性紫癜"},{"key":"E","value":"凝血功能障碍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"经产妇(多孕产次为前置胎盘的好发人群),妊娠35周(妊娠晚期),出现无原因,无痛性阴道流血(前置胎盘的典型症状为无诱因、无痛性反复阴道流血)。综合该患者的病史、临床表现,该患者首先考虑的诊断是前置胎盘(C对)。胎盘早期剥离(A错)典型症状为妊娠中期突发持续性腹痛,伴或不伴阴道流血。先兆早产(B错)指有规则或不规则宫缩,伴有宫颈管的进行性缩短。血小板减少性紫癜(D错)主要表现是皮肤黏膜出血和贫血。凝血功能障碍(E错)指凝血因子缺乏或功能异常所致的出血性疾病,主要表现为出血,以软组织、肌肉、负重关节出血为特征。"} {"Question":"90\/60mmHg。与诊断无关的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"子宫稍大变软"},{"key":"B","value":"后穹窿饱满"},{"key":"C","value":"宫颈软并着色"},{"key":"D","value":"宫颈光滑"},{"key":"E","value":"宫颈举痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者年轻女性,停经50天,下腹胀痛及肛门坠胀感、血压下降,考虑异位妊娠。异位妊娠时,合体滋养细胞产生hCG维持黄体生长,使甾体激素分泌增加,致月经停止来潮,子宫增大变软(A对),子宫内膜出现蜕膜反应,宫颈逐渐变软,呈紫蓝色(P37)(C对)。输卵管妊娠破裂时,出血流入盆腔,盆腔检查时可见阴道后穹窿饱满(B对),有触痛,将宫颈轻轻上抬或向左右摆动时引起剧烈的疼痛,称为宫颈举痛(E对)。正常生理周期中,在雌激素的作用下,使宫颈粘液分泌增加,可见宫颈光滑(P37)(D错,为本题正确答案),因此宫颈光滑并不能作为诊断异位妊娠的依据。"} {"Question":"23岁,女性,妊娠32周,腹部撞击后,持续性腹痛,少量出血,既往产检健康,脉搏100次\/分,呼吸22\/分,血压90\/60mmHg,痛苦表情,宫底位于剑突下3横指,子宫轮廓清楚,胎心102次\/分,宫口未开。确诊首选检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缩宫激素试验"},{"key":"B","value":"胎心电子监护"},{"key":"C","value":"超声"},{"key":"D","value":"MRI"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部穿刺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性患者,考虑可能的诊断为胎盘早剥,其确诊首选检查为超声(C对),其可协助了解胎盘的部位及胎盘早剥的类型,并可明确胎儿大小及存活情况。缩宫激素试验(A错)主要是用于预测胎儿宫内储备能力的一种方式,了解胎盘与宫缩时一过性缺氧的负荷变化,不作为确诊胎盘早剥的首选检查。胎心电子监护(B错)协助判断胎儿的宫内状况,电子胎心监护可出现胎心基线变异消失、变异减速、晚期减速、正弦波形及胎心率缓慢等。MRI(D错)、腹部穿刺(E错)一般不用于胎盘早剥的检查。"} {"Question":"初孕妇,25岁。妊娠31周。从妊娠29周起反复3次阴道流血,量少,无腹痛。再次阴道流血同月经量。查体:P88次\/分,BP110\/70mmHg。子宫软,无宫缩,枕左前位,胎头高浮,胎心率144次\/分。需进行的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"测定血雌三醇值"},{"key":"B","value":"血常规及尿常规"},{"key":"C","value":"B超检查"},{"key":"D","value":"肛查判断宫颈是否扩张"},{"key":"E","value":"盆腔X片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年孕妇,从妊娠29周(妊娠28周左右)起反复3次阴道流血,量少,无腹痛,子宫软,无宫缩,胎头高浮,胎心率144次\/分(正常值在110~160bpm),首先考虑为完全性前置胎盘。B超检查可清楚显示子宫壁、胎盘、胎先露部及宫颈的位置,并根据胎盘下缘与宫颈内口的关系,确定前置胎盘类型,故需进行的辅助检查是B超(C对);测定血雌三醇值(A错)用于评估胎儿胎盘单位功能;血常规及尿常规(B错)为一般性检查;前置胎盘的患者不宜进行肛查判断宫颈是否扩张(D错),以免诱发出血或伤害胎儿;盆腔X片(E错)不能判断前置胎盘及其类型类型,且辐射对胎儿有害。"} {"Question":"27岁初孕妇,妊娠38周,患重度妊娠高血压综合征,昨晚突然出现阴道流血伴下腹痛,最可能的诊断应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前置胎盘"},{"key":"B","value":"羊水过多"},{"key":"C","value":"胎盘早剥"},{"key":"D","value":"先兆子宫破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"子宫破裂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年初孕妇,妊娠38周(28周及以后为妊娠晚期),患重度妊娠高血压综合征(为胎盘早剥发生的高危因素),突然出现阴道流血伴下腹痛(胎盘早剥的典型表现为腹痛伴或不伴阴道流血),故最可能的诊断是胎盘早剥(C对)。前置胎盘(P127)(A错)典型症状为妊娠晚期或临产时,发生无诱因、无痛性反复阴道流血。羊水过多(P136)(B错)多发生在20~24周,表现为一系列压迫症状,如行动不便,因横隔抬高,出现呼吸困难,甚至发绀,不能平卧等,无阴道流血的表现。先兆子宫破裂(P218)(D错)多发生在分娩期,常见于产程长、有梗阻性难产因素的产妇,表现为子产妇烦躁不安,呼吸、心率加快,下腹剧痛难忍,出现少量阴道流血。"} {"Question":"女性,30岁,停经43天,阴道少量出血伴下腹隐痛2天。行吸宫术,病理报告为“蜕膜组织”。首先应考虑的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"闭经"},{"key":"B","value":"先兆流产"},{"key":"C","value":"月经"},{"key":"D","value":"月经不调"},{"key":"E","value":"异位妊娠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"育龄期女性,停经43天,阴道少量流血伴下腹痛(典型症状为停经后腹痛与阴道流血),行吸宫术,病理报告为“蜕膜组织”(蜕膜为受精卵着床后的子宫内膜,刮宫仅见蜕膜未见绒毛提示异位妊娠),首先应考虑的疾病是异位妊娠(E对)。闭经(P352)(A错)表现为无月经或月经停止,不会出现阴道流血以及蜕膜组织。先兆流产(P48)(B错)腹痛性质为阵发性下腹痛或腰背痛,行吸宫术病理检查可见到绒毛及蜕膜组织。月经(C错)、月经不调(D错)行吸宫术病理检查均不会见“蜕膜组织”。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。已婚。平时月经规律。停经40天,右下腹剧痛4小时伴头晕及肛门坠胀感。查体:BP80\/56mmHg,面色苍白,痛苦病容,下腹部压痛及反跳痛(+),尤以右侧为著,肌紧张不明显,移动性浊音(+)。妇科检查:宫颈举痛,宫体稍大,右附件区触及不规则包块,大小约4cm×3cm×3cm,压痛(+)。实验室检查:Hb100g\/L。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵巢脓肿蒂扭转"},{"key":"B","value":"卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿破裂"},{"key":"C","value":"卵巢滤泡囊肿破裂"},{"key":"D","value":"卵巢黄体囊肿破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"输卵管妊娠破裂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年已婚妇女,停经40天,右下腹剧痛4小时(输卵管妊娠典型症状为停经后腹痛与阴道流血)伴头晕及肛门坠胀感(血液积聚于直肠子宫陷凹时,可出现肛门坠胀感),查体见BP80/56mmHg,面色苍白(当腹腔出血较多时,可出现面色苍白、脉搏快而细弱、心率增快和血压下降等休克表现),下腹部压痛及反跳痛(+),尤以右侧为著,肌紧张不明显(腹部检查:下腹有明显压痛及反跳痛,尤以患侧为著,但腹肌紧张轻微),移动性浊音(+)(出血较多时腹部叩诊有移动性浊音),宫颈举痛(盆腔检查将宫颈轻轻上抬或向左右摆动时引起剧烈疼痛,称为宫颈举痛或摇摆痛,此为输卵管妊娠的主要体征之一),宫体稍大,右附件区触及不规则包块,压痛(+)(子宫一侧或其后方可触…及肿块,边界多不清楚,触痛明显),最可能的诊断是输卵管妊娠破裂(E对)。卵巢囊肿蒂扭转(P55)(A错)常由体位改变诱发;卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿破裂(P271)(B错)患者长期有下腹痛和痛经等子宫内膜异位症表现,破裂常发生于经期前后、性交后或其他负压增加的情况下,两种疾病均无停经史、阴道流血及失血性休克表现。卵巢滤泡囊肿破裂(C错)、卵巢黄体囊肿破裂(P55)(D错)可有一侧附件区压痛,可有出血性休克,但均无停经史。"} {"Question":"女,25岁。停经7周,1h前突感下腹部疼痛,伴肛门坠胀感。査体:皮肤苍白,下腹压痛反跳痛腹肌紧张,阴道后穹窿饱满,有压痛。确诊后,正确处理措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"抗结核治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"观察2天"},{"key":"D","value":"剖腹探查术"},{"key":"E","value":"雌激素治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"育龄期女性,停经7周(输卵管妊娠常有6~8周的停经史),突发下腹痛,伴肛门坠胀感(典型症状为停经后腹痛与阴道流血,输卵管妊娠破裂时突感一侧下腹部撕裂样疼痛),皮肤苍白(输卵管妊娠破裂时疼痛和出血引起),下腹部压痛、反跳痛、腹肌紧张(腹部检查:下腹有明显压痛及反跳痛,尤以患侧为著,但腹肌紧张轻微),阴道后穹隆饱满,有压痛(输卵管妊娠流产或破裂者,阴道后穹隆饱满,有触痛),最可能的诊断是输卵管妊娠破裂出血,正确处理措施为行剖腹探查术(D对C错)以控制出血,切除病变,维持生命体征。抗生素治疗(A错)、抗结核治疗(B错)及雌激素治疗(E错)均对输卵管妊娠破裂出血没有治疗价值。"} {"Question":"经产妇,26岁。妊娠37周,晨起发现阴道流血,无明显腹痛,检查有宫缩,查体子宫大小大于孕周数,胎心存在。对确诊有价值检查的结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贫血程度与阴道流血量不相符"},{"key":"B","value":"贫血程度与阴道流血量相符"},{"key":"C","value":"伴休克"},{"key":"D","value":"宫颈管消失"},{"key":"E","value":"胎位不正"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年经产妇,妊娠37周(妊娠28周及以后称为妊娠晚期),晨起发现阴道流血,无明显腹痛(前置胎盘的典型症状为妊娠晚期或临产时,发生无诱因、无痛性反复阴道流血),最可能诊断为前置胎盘,前置胎盘患者的贫血程度与阴道流血量相符(B对A错)。休克(C错)见于Ⅲ度胎盘早剥。宫颈管消失(D错)是临产前的变化,该孕妇尚未临产。前置胎盘由于子宫下段有胎盘占据,影响胎先露部入盆,胎先露高浮,常并发胎位不正(E错),但其不是确诊有价值的结果。"} {"Question":"可引起失血性休克的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先兆流产"},{"key":"B","value":"不全流产"},{"key":"C","value":"稽留流产"},{"key":"D","value":"难免流产"},{"key":"E","value":"复发流产"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"可引起失血性休克的是不全流产(B对),不全流产是难免流产继续发展,妊娠物部分残留于宫腔内或嵌顿于宫颈口处,影响子宫收缩,导致出血,甚至发生休克。先兆流产(A错)经休息及治疗后症状消失,可继续妊娠;若阴道流血增多或下腹痛加剧,可发展为难免流产。稽留流产(C错)指胚胎或胎儿已死亡滞留宫腔内未能及时自然排出者。难免流产(D错)指流产不可避免。复发流产(E错)指与同一性伴侣连续发生3次及3次以上的自然流产。"} {"Question":"初孕妇,28岁。妊娠37+4周,剧烈头痛并呕吐3次。查体:BP170\/110mmHg,尿蛋白(++),双下肢轻度水肿。无宫缩,枕右前位,胎心率138次\/分,估计胎儿体重2800g。该患者应立即采取的处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注缩宫素"},{"key":"B","value":"人工破膜后静滴缩宫素"},{"key":"C","value":"静滴硫酸镁及快速静滴甘露醇"},{"key":"D","value":"立即行剖宫术"},{"key":"E","value":"肌注哌替啶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该初孕妇,妊娠37+4周,剧烈头痛并呕吐(重度子痫前期可有持续头痛、呕吐或视觉障碍或其它脑神经症状,提示颅内高压),BP170\/110mmHg(重度子痫前期收缩压≥160mmHg和(或)舒张压≥110mmHg)),尿蛋白(++),双下肢轻度水肿,考虑诊断为重度子痫前期。无宫缩,枕右前位,胎心率138次\/分(正常胎心音110~160次\/分),估计胎儿体重2800g,提示胎儿状况良好。妊娠37周后的重度子痫前期应终止妊娠,但该患者颅内高压,应立即采取的处理措施是静滴硫酸镁及快速静滴甘露醇(C对),预防子痫发作、降低颅内压,之后再终止妊娠(D错)。终止妊娠时,如无产科剖宫产指征,原则上考虑阴道试产。但如果不能短时间内阴道分娩,病情有可能加重,可考虑放宽剖宫产指征(AB错)。肌注哌替啶(P70)(B错)为子痫发作时的解痉降压药,因会使血压急剧下降,导致肾及子宫胎盘血供减少,导致胎儿缺氧,仅用于硫酸镁治疗效果不佳者。"} {"Question":"早期妊娠的确诊依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"停经史"},{"key":"B","value":"早孕反应"},{"key":"C","value":"尿妊娠试验"},{"key":"D","value":"黑加征"},{"key":"E","value":"B型超声检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"B型超声诊断早期妊娠快速、准确,见到妊娠囊即可确诊,妊娠第6周可以100%确诊(E对)。停经、早孕反应、黑加征均为早孕的临床表现,不具有特异性,不能作为确诊早孕的依据(ABD错)。尿妊娠试验可有假阳性或假阴性,因此应结合临床表现和体征综合分析,才能确诊妊娠(C错)。"} {"Question":"判断早期宫内妊娠最准确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超检查"},{"key":"B","value":"停经史"},{"key":"C","value":"黄体酮试验"},{"key":"D","value":"尿妊娠试验"},{"key":"E","value":"黑加征阳性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"判断早期宫内妊娠最准确的是B超检查(A对),能确定宫内妊娠,排除异位妊娠和滋养细胞疾病。停经史(B错)、黑加征阳性(E错)均为早期妊娠的临床表现;尿妊娠试验(D错)可有假阳性或假阴性,阳性结果需结合临床表现才可以诊断为妊娠,三者均不能独立作为诊断早期妊娠的依据,更不能确保是宫内妊娠。黄体酮试验即孕激素试验(P355)(C错)用于区别闭经的原因。"} {"Question":"关于正常产褥期临床表现的叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体温在产后24小时内一般升高超过38°C"},{"key":"B","value":"产后宫缩痛多见于初产妇"},{"key":"C","value":"产后1周以后出现褥汗"},{"key":"D","value":"产后1日子宫底略上升达脐平"},{"key":"E","value":"产后14日子宫底位于脐下两横指"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"产后体温(P222)多数在正常范围内,体温可在产后24小时内略升高,一般不超过38℃,可能与产程延长至,过度疲劳有关(A错)。产后宫缩痛(P222)是指在产褥早期因子宫收缩引起下腹部阵发性剧烈疼痛,于产后1~2日出现,持续2~3日自然消失,多见于经产妇(B错)。褥汗是指产后一周内皮肤排泄功能旺盛而排出的大量汗液。以夜间睡眠和初醒时更明显(C错)。胎盘娩出后,子宫圆而硬,宫底在脐下一指,于产后第一日略上升至脐平(D对)。于产后10日,子宫降至骨盆腔内,腹部检查触不到宫底所以产后14日子宫底位于盆腔内(E错)。"} {"Question":"女,30岁,初产妇。孕期检查无异常。妊娠35周自然分娩后第2天,母婴分离,乳房胀痛,无红肿,体温37.1℃,要求继续母乳喂养。首选的处理方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少喝水"},{"key":"B","value":"按时挤奶"},{"key":"C","value":"生麦芽煎服"},{"key":"D","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"芒硝外敷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"30岁初产妇,自然分娩后2天,乳房胀痛,无红肿、发热等症状,排除乳腺感染,母婴分离,考虑乳汁淤积导致乳房过度充盈引起乳房胀痛。因产妇要求继续母乳喂养,故需要排空乳房,按时挤奶,以免发生退奶(B对)。哺乳期妇女应多补水(A错)。哺乳期妇女不宜煎服生麦芽、芒硝外敷(CE错)。急性乳腺炎往往发生在产后1周,需抗生素治疗(D错)。"} {"Question":"胎盘附着部位的子宫内膜完全修复需到产后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3周"},{"key":"B","value":"4周"},{"key":"C","value":"5周"},{"key":"D","value":"6周"},{"key":"E","value":"8周"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"分娩后接近肌层的子宫内膜基底层,逐渐再生新的功能层,内膜缓慢修复,约于产后第3周(A错),除胎盘附着部位以外,宫腔表面均由新生内膜覆盖。胎盘附着部位全部修复需至产后6周(D对BCE错)。"} {"Question":"女,27岁。发热1个月,伴关节肿痛、脱发和口腔溃疡。化验:尿蛋白(+++),红细胞20~30\/HP。血ANA(+)。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"},{"key":"B","value":"类风湿关节炎"},{"key":"C","value":"干燥综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿热"},{"key":"E","value":"成人斯蒂尔病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者为青年女性,根据临床症状、体征和实验室检查提示多系统病变。关节肿痛(骨关节系统),脱发和口腔溃疡,尿蛋白(+++),红细胞20-30\/HP(肾脏损害),血ANA(+)(在SLE中抗核抗体滴度异常)。故最可能的诊断为系统性红斑狼疮(A对)。类风湿关节炎(RA)(B错)多表现慢性的、外周对称性多关节肿痛,后期可出现关节畸形,类风湿因子阳性(P808)。干燥综合征(C错)诊断有赖于口干燥症及干燥性角结膜炎的检测、抗SSA和(或)抗SSB抗体、唇腺灶性淋巴细胞浸润,后两项特异性较强(P830)。风湿热(RF)(D错)是一种咽喉部A组乙型溶血性链球菌(GAS)感染后反复发作的全身结缔组织炎症,主要累及关节、心脏、皮肤和皮下组织,偶可累及中枢神经系统、血管、浆膜及肺、肾等内脏。临床表现以关节炎和心脏炎为主。斯蒂尔病本是指系统型起病的幼年型关节炎,但相似的疾病也可发生于成年人,称为成人斯蒂尔病(AOSD)(E错),临床特征为发热、关节痛和\/或关节炎、皮疹、肌痛、咽痛、淋巴结肿大、白细胞总数和中性粒细胞增多以及血小板增多,严重者伴系统损害。由于无特异诊断标准,常常需排除感染、肿瘤和其他结缔组织病后后才考虑其诊断。"} {"Question":"女,21岁。关节疼痛、口腔溃疡4个月,双手指遇冷变白、变紫2个月,发热、下肢水肿2周。实验室检查:血Hb89g\/L,WBC2.3×10⁹\/L,Plt80×10⁹\/L;尿蛋白(++);尿红细胞(++)。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"肾结核"},{"key":"C","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肾小球炎"},{"key":"E","value":"类风湿性关节炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"育龄患者女性(系统性红斑狼疮好发人群),出现发热、下肢水肿、关节疼痛、口腔溃疡(系统性红斑狼疮的典型表现),抗RNP抗体就会导致雷诺综合症,即双手变红、变紫,双手指遇冷变白、变紫(雷诺现象),尿常规提示血尿、蛋白尿(系统性红斑狼疮肾损害),根据该患者病史、体查和实验室检查,可考虑诊断为系统性红斑狼疮(C对)。再生障碍性贫血(A错)主要表现为贫血、出血、感染症状。肾结核(B错)患者有低热、盗汗等症状,肾脏一般不会受累。急性肾小球炎(D错)多见于儿童,起病急,典型者呈急性肾炎综合征表现,即血尿、蛋白尿、水肿、高血压及肾功能异常,无四肢关节肿痛及口腔溃疡。类风湿性关节炎(E错)关节肿痛多累及腕、掌指、近端指间关节等小关节,且很少累及肾(P808)。"} {"Question":"系统性红斑狼疮中具有该病标记性最有意义的抗体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗RNP"},{"key":"B","value":"抗双链DNA"},{"key":"C","value":"抗Scl-70"},{"key":"D","value":"抗Sm"},{"key":"E","value":"抗Jo-1"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"系统性红斑狼疮患者血清中可查到多种自身抗体,抗双链DNA抗体、抗Sm抗体均为诊断系统性红斑狼疮中标记性抗体,但由于抗Sm抗体特异性为99%,而抗双链DNA抗体特异性为95%,因此二者相比,抗Sm抗体更具有标记意义(D对B错)。抗RNP抗体(A错)阳性率约40%,对SLE诊断特异性不高(P817)。抗Scl-70抗体(C错)多见于系统性硬化症。抗Jo-1抗体(E错)多见于多发性肌炎\/皮肌炎(P801 表8-1-5抗核抗体谱常见自身抗体及临床意义)。"} {"Question":"男,38岁。右膝关节、右踝关节持续性肿痛2个月。既往腰痛14年,伴晨僵,活动后改善。查体:右膝及右踝关节肿胀,有压痛,右膝关节积液,枕墙距2cm,双侧“4”字试验(+)。实验室检查血常规WBC13.2×10⁹\/L,Plt383×10⁹\/L;ESR78mm\/h;RF(-);HLA-B27(+)。首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟基氯喹"},{"key":"B","value":"青霉胺"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸氨基葡萄糖"},{"key":"D","value":"秋水仙碱"},{"key":"E","value":"柳氮磺吡啶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者青年男性(强直性脊柱炎好发人群),既往腰痛14年,伴晨僵且活动后改善(强直性脊柱炎的典型临床表现)。查体:右膝及右踝关节肿胀,有压痛,右膝关节积液(提示病情进入晚期,向下延伸引起炎症性外周关节炎),枕墙距是为了判断是否存在颈部僵直及是否有胸椎后凸畸形。枕墙距2cm(主要评定颈椎、胸椎后凸程度。其方法是让患者靠墙站立,足跟必须紧贴墙面,测量后枕部与墙之水平距离,正常人枕墙距应为0),双侧“4”字试验(+)(强直性脊柱炎患者常见的体征)。实验室检查:血常规WBC132×10⁹\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹\/L,偏高);ESR78mm\/h(正常成年男人为0~15mm\/h,偏高),两者都偏高提示存在炎症;HLA-B27(+)(90%左右的强直性脊柱炎患者HLA-B27阳性),综合患者的病史、临床表现、查体和实验室检查,考虑诊断为强直性脊柱炎并发外周关节炎。此时的首选的治疗药物是柳氮磺吡啶(E对)。羟基氯喹(P820)(A错)常用于治疗类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮。青霉胺(B错)属于改善病情抗风湿药,可用于本患者的治疗,但不是首选治疗药物。硫酸氨基葡萄糖(P859)(C错)常用于治疗骨关节炎。秋水仙碱(P863)(D错)常用于治疗痛风性关节炎。"} {"Question":"男,38岁。右膝关节、右踝关节持续性肿痛2个月。既往腰痛14年,伴晨僵,活动后改善。查体:右膝及右踝关节肿胀,有压痛,右膝关节积液,枕墙距2cm,双侧“4”字试验(+)。实验室检查:血常规WBC13.2×10⁹\/L,Plt383×10⁹\/L;ESR78mm\/h;RF(-);HLA-B27(+)。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化脓性关节炎"},{"key":"B","value":"强直性脊柱炎"},{"key":"C","value":"骨关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"类风湿性关节炎"},{"key":"E","value":"痛风性关节炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,既往腰痛14年、伴晨僵、活动后改善(强直性脊柱炎典型表现),双侧“4”字试验(+)(提示髋关节病变),实验室检查:WBC13.2×10⁹\/L(高于正常值4~10×10⁹\/L),Plt383×10⁹\/L(高于正常值100~300×10⁹\/L),ESR78mm\/h(高于男性正常值0~15 mm\/h),提示患者可能处于炎症病情活动期。HLA-B27(+)(强直性脊柱炎HLA-B27阳性率高达88%~96%),结合患者症状、体征和实验室检查,最可能的诊断是强直性脊柱炎(B对)。化脓性关节炎(P746)(A错)好发于儿童,起病急,主要表现为寒战、高热等感染中毒症状,可有浮髌试验阳性。骨关节炎(P761)(C错)为一种以关节软骨退行性变和继发性骨质增生为特征慢性关节疾病,活动时疼痛加剧。类风湿性关节炎(D错)(P766)好发于手、腕、足等小关节,呈对称分布。风湿性关节炎(E错)表现为反复发作,疼痛呈游走性,可见皮下结节和环形红斑。"} {"Question":"女,40岁。反复手关节痛1年,曾诊断为类风湿关节炎,间断使用理疗和非甾体抗炎药,症状有缓解。近月来低热,关节痛加重,肘后出现多个皮下结节,检查ESR40mm\/h,心脏彩超发现小量心包积液,考虑为类风湿关节炎活动。最适宜的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维持原治疗方案"},{"key":"B","value":"改用皮质激素"},{"key":"C","value":"加用青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"选用慢作用抗风湿药"},{"key":"E","value":"应用皮质激素加慢作用抗风湿药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"类风湿关节炎有心包积液提示患者出现系统症状,心脏受累,此时应使用糖皮质激素迅速控制症状,减轻炎症反应。使用糖皮质激素必须同时应用改善病情抗风湿药,有改善和延缓病情进展的作用,但其发挥作用慢,临床症状的明显改善大约需要1~6个月,患者处于类风湿关节炎活动,需要快速控制症状,不适合单用抗风湿药(D错),而单用糖皮质激素(B错)能迅速缓解关节肿痛症状和全身炎症,但不能根治本病,长期应用时不良反应较多,且停药易复发,故最适宜的治疗措施是应用皮质激素加慢作用抗风湿药(E对)。维持原治疗方案(A错)即继续使用理疗和非甾体类抗炎药,仅可治疗关节痛,对于心包积液无效。加用青霉素(C错)无意义。"} {"Question":"女性,48岁,发热伴对称性多关节肿痛,晨僵3个月,查ANA低滴度强阳性,RF(+)和IgG补体升高,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多肌炎"},{"key":"B","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"},{"key":"C","value":"类风湿关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"干燥综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"混合性结缔组织病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年女性患者(类风湿关节炎好发人群),出现发热伴对称性多关节肿痛、晨僵3个月(类风湿关节炎关节典型表现),RF(类风湿因子)阳性,最可能的诊断为类风湿关节炎(C对)。多肌炎(A错)主要临床表现为对称性四肢近端肌无力,关节较少受累,其特异性抗体抗Jo-1抗体常阳性。80%系统性红斑狼疮(B错)患者在病程中出现皮疹,以鼻梁和双颧颊部蝶形红斑最具特征性,ANA、抗dsDNA抗体及抗Sm抗体阳性,ANA常强阳性。干燥综合征(D错)70%~80%患者诉口干,抗SSA、抗SSB抗体阳性。混合性结缔组织病(E错)是一种同时或不同时具有系统性红斑狼疮、多发性肌炎、硬皮病、类风湿关节炎等疾病的混和表现、血中有高滴度效价的ANA和高滴度U1RNP抗体的疾病,主要表现为雷诺现象、手指肿胀、皮疹、关节及肺部损害等病变。"} {"Question":"判断风湿热活动性的指标不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血沉增快"},{"key":"B","value":"C反应蛋白升高"},{"key":"C","value":"ASO阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"发热、乏力"},{"key":"E","value":"a2-球蛋白增高"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"ASO阳性(C错,为本题正确答案),只能表明近期内有A组乙型溶血性链球菌感染,不能判断是否处于风湿热活动期。风湿热活动指标有,血沉增快(A对)、C反应蛋白升高(B对)、发热、乏力(典型临床表现,C对),a2-球蛋白增高(D对)。"} {"Question":"不属于风湿热的主要表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"关节炎"},{"key":"C","value":"心脏炎"},{"key":"D","value":"舞蹈病"},{"key":"E","value":"环形红斑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"发热是由GAS(咽喉部A组乙型溶血性链球菌)感染后引起的前驱症状之一,并非风湿热的主要表现(A错,为本题正确答案),而为次要表现。关节炎(B对)、心脏炎(C对)、舞蹈病(D对)、环形红斑(E对)均是风湿热的主要表现。"} {"Question":"女,突发膀胱刺激症状伴血尿,无发热及腰痛,应先考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性膀胱炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"泌尿系结核"},{"key":"D","value":"膀胱结石"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱肿瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"女性患者,突发膀胱刺激症状伴血尿(提示可能有泌尿系感染),无发热、腰痛(可排除上尿路感染),故应先考虑急性膀胱炎(A对)。急性肾盂肾炎(B错)主要表现为发热、腰痛和膀胱刺激症状。泌尿系结核(C错)典型表现为膀胱刺激症状伴终末血尿,可出现低热、盗汗、消瘦等结核中毒症状。膀胱结石(D错)典型症状为排尿突然中断,疼痛放射至远端尿道及阴茎头部,伴排尿困难和膀胱刺激征。膀胱肿瘤(E错)典型表现为间歇性、全程无痛性血尿,膀胱刺激征多为晚期表现。"} {"Question":"女,63岁。发热伴腰痛3天。既往糖尿病病史8年。查体:T38.5℃,右肾区叩击痛(+)。血WBC11.3X10⁹\/L,N0.88;尿常规:蛋白(+),糖(++),沉渣镜检RBC8~10\/HP,WBC25~30\/HP。对明确诊断最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾穿刺活检"},{"key":"B","value":"尿找病理细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"清洁中段尿培养+药敏"},{"key":"D","value":"泌尿系B超"},{"key":"E","value":"尿相差显微镜检查"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年女性患者,有糖尿病病史(长期糖尿病病史是尿路感染的潜在危险因素),发热伴腰痛(发热、腰痛多提示上尿路感染,常见于肾盂肾炎),T38.5℃,右肾区叩击痛(+)(肾盂肾炎体温多高于38.0℃,且多有肾区叩击痛)。血WBC11.3×10⁹\/L,N0.88(WBC正常值:4-10×10⁹\/L,N正常值:0.5-0.7;该患者血WBC升高,中性粒细胞比例增高提示感染);尿常规:蛋白(+),糖(++),尿沉渣镜检红细胞、白细胞阳性(提示患有泌尿系感染)。患者临床表现及相关辅助检查符合急性肾盂肾炎的临床诊断。采清洁中段尿做细菌培养+药敏(C对)既可初步确诊是何种细菌感染,又对及时选择有效抗生素有重要参考价值,是最有意义的检查(P494)。肾穿刺活检(A错)(八年制内科学第二版P584)可主要用于评估肾小球、肾小管、肾间质及血管病变的性质。尿找病理细胞(B错)(八年制外科学第二版P847)可用于泌尿系统肿瘤的诊断。泌尿系B超(D错)(八年制内科学第二版P584)主要用于泌尿系统结石和肾积水的诊断。尿相差显微镜检查(E错)(八年制内科学第二版P582)主要用于肾小球源性和非肾小球源性血尿的区分。"} {"Question":"对鉴别上下尿路感染最有意义的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中段尿细菌培养阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"尿路刺激症状"},{"key":"C","value":"畏寒、发热、腰痛"},{"key":"D","value":"肾小管浓缩功能正常"},{"key":"E","value":"尿中白细胞管型"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"对鉴别上下尿路感染最有意义的是尿中白细胞管型(E对),尿中白细胞管型既提示存在感染也提示了感染部位(肾脏)。中段尿细菌培养阳性(A错)只能说明存在感染,不能区别是上下尿路感染。尿路刺激症状(B错)为下尿路感染的突出症状,但是上尿路感染往往伴有尿路刺激症状。畏寒、发热、腰痛(C错)提示全身性感染,严重的下尿路感染也会出现发热、腰痛,不能提示病变性质。肾小管浓缩功能异常提示肾脏功能受损,正常并不能排除上下尿路感染(D错)。"} {"Question":"女性,36岁。突然寒战高热,腰痛并尿急、尿痛1周,既往无类似病史,检查:体温39度,右侧肾区叩击痛阳性,尿蛋白(+),白细胞20~30个\/HP,白细胞管型0~2个\/低倍,比重1.022。为了确定诊断还需要做的最主要的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血β₂微球蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"尿β₂微球蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"血BUN"},{"key":"D","value":"尿细菌培养"},{"key":"E","value":"血肌酐"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者初步考虑为急性肾盂肾炎,是由于各种病原微生物在肾盂肾盏中生长、繁殖而引起的炎症性疾病。尿路感染的诊断分为两步:一是尿路感染的诊断;二是尿路感染的定位诊断。因此,患者目前的需要进行的是尿路感染的诊断。尿细菌培养是尿路感染的金标准,所以为了诊断还需做的最主要的检查是尿细菌培养(D对)。血β₂微球蛋白(A错)可反映肾小球的滤过功能及滤过负荷,常用于肾移植后的检测。尿β2微球蛋白(B错)可反映肾小管功能及滤过负荷,有助于鉴别上、下尿路感染,增多提示上尿路感染,但目前患者需明确的是否存在尿路感染,而定位诊断是下一步的诊断过程。血BUN(C错)、血肌酐(E错)是监测肾功能的主要指标,对尿路感染的诊断无帮助。"} {"Question":"尿中发现大量透明管型时,提示病变在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾小管和肾盏"},{"key":"B","value":"肾小管和肾盂"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小管和肾小球"},{"key":"D","value":"肾小管和输尿管"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小管和膀胱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"透明管型是由肾单位肾小管上皮细胞分泌的Tamm-Horsfall粘蛋白凝固而形成的,尚有少量清蛋白和氯化物参与。尿流量低、尿液浓缩或酸性环境均可促进透明管型的形成,可见于肾小球或肾小管的病变。少量透明管型可见于发热与运动后。大量透明管型时则要考虑病变存在,常提示病变在肾小管和肾小球(C对)。肾盂、肾盏病变常为化脓性病变,不会导致透明管型,而是形成白细胞管型。输尿管及膀胱病变均不会出现管型。因此,ABDE均为前者病变可导致透明管型,后者病变不可导致,而C选项则二者均可,因此最佳选项为C。"} {"Question":"静脉肾盂造影,有诊断价值的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肾病综合征"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"静脉肾盂造影(IVP)是通过有机碘液经静脉注射后,几乎全部经肾小球滤过排入尿道而使肾盏、肾盂、输尿管及膀胱显影的一种方法。它不但可显示尿路的形态还可了解肾脏的排泄功能,对慢性肾盂肾炎具有诊断价值(D对),可见肾乳头瘢痕形成。急性肾盂肾炎(B错)不宜做静脉肾盂造影,会造成感染扩散。急性肾小球肾炎(A错)、慢性肾小球肾炎(C错)及肾病综合征(E错)做静脉肾盂造影无明显改变,无诊断价值,要以肾穿刺活检结果作为诊断依据。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。尿频、尿急、尿痛3天,无发热。查体:肾区无叩击痛,血WBC5.6×10⁹\/L,N0.66。尿沉渣镜检:WBC25-30\/HP。下一步应采取的最佳措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多饮水,不用抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"抗生素治疗2周"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素治疗3天"},{"key":"D","value":"抗生素治疗4周"},{"key":"E","value":"单剂量维生素治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年妇女,尿频、尿急、尿痛,无发热,尿沉渣镜检:WBC25-30\/HP。最可能的诊断为急性膀胱炎。因细菌感染所致,致病菌多为大肠埃希菌,应选用抗生素治疗。该女性患者为无并发症的单纯性膀胱炎,最佳措施为抗生素治疗3天(C对)。"} {"Question":"男性,25岁,会阴区胀痛,尿频尿急,下腹痛,按压痛,无反跳痛,尿常规阴性。考虑诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性前列腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"泌尿系结核"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肾癌"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱结石"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者男性,25岁,会阴区胀痛,尿频尿急,下腹痛,按压痛,无反跳痛,尿常规阴性,结合患者的表现,考虑诊断为慢性前列腺炎(A对)。"} {"Question":"男,18岁。反复左侧腰部胀痛3年余。B超见左肾重度积水,左输尿管显示不清。总肾功能正常,尿常规:RBC(-),WBC5~10\/HP。IVU检查示左肾显影不清晰,右肾正常。有效的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗感染治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"肾盂输尿管成形"},{"key":"C","value":"继续观察"},{"key":"D","value":"放置输尿管支架引流"},{"key":"E","value":"左肾造瘘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年男性患者,左侧腰部胀痛,B超见左肾重度积水,左输尿管显示不清,IVU示左肾显影不清晰,右肾正常,结合患者病史、临床表现和相关检查,应考虑左肾结核。该患者右肾功能正常,应首选患肾(左肾)切除术,但答案选项中并未给出,因此可先行左肾造瘘(E对),引流患侧积水,然后根据肾功能恢复情况再考虑是否行肾切除术。抗感染治疗(A错)仅适用于早期肾结核,该患者IVU示左肾不显影,提示左肾功能丧失,故该治疗价值不大。肾盂输尿管成形术(B错)、放置输尿管支架引流(D错)常用于输尿管结核合并狭窄的患者,该患者未提示有输尿管狭窄,故不适用。该患者已有左肾重度积水,继续观察(C错)显然不妥。"} {"Question":"病理改变在肾脏,临床表现为膀胱刺激症状,最常发生此种情况的泌尿系疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"鹿角型肾结石"},{"key":"C","value":"肾损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"泌尿系结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肾积水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾结核早期病变主要是肾皮质内多发性结核结节,随病变进展,病变侵入肾髓质后不能自愈,进行性发展,结核分枝杆菌及脓细胞随尿流进入膀胱,表现出尿频、尿急、尿痛即膀胱刺激症状,故病理改变在肾脏,临床表现为膀胱刺激症状的是泌尿系结核(D对)。肾肿瘤(A错)主要表现为全程无痛性肉眼血尿、腰痛及腹部肿块,一般无膀胱刺激症状。鹿角型肾结石(B错)主要表现肾区疼痛伴肋脊角叩击痛、血尿等,伴感染时可出现膀胱刺激征。肾损伤(C错)主要表现为伤后疼痛、血尿,严重者可出现休克症状,不会出现膀胱刺激症状。肾积水(E错)主要由于泌尿系梗阻所致,表现为腰腹部无痛性包块,伴恶心、呕吐、尿少,不出现膀胱刺激征。"} {"Question":"男性,27岁。尿频、尿急、尿痛1年,一般抗炎治疗不好转,时有低热无力,尿检:白细胞20~30\/HP,红细胞5个\/HP,肾图:右肾功能严重受损,左肾积水。初诊为肾结核,为确诊应作哪项检查意义更大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IVU"},{"key":"B","value":"B超"},{"key":"C","value":"CT"},{"key":"D","value":"肾动脉造影"},{"key":"E","value":"血常规"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者初诊为肾结核,为了明确诊断可选择尿结核杆菌培养、尿沉渣找抗酸杆菌或IVU(静脉尿路造影)(A对)。IVU可以了解分侧肾功能、病变程度和范围,对肾结核的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。B超(B错)可以确定病变部位、显示病肾结构,但对确诊肾结核价值不大。CT(C错)可显示扩大的肾盂肾盏、皮质空洞及钙化灶,虽有助于肾结核的诊断,但不如IVU好。肾动脉造影(D错)主要用于肾血管疾病、肾损伤和肾实质肿瘤等,对诊断肾结核价值不大。血常规(E错)为常规检查,缺乏特异性,对确诊肾结核价值不大。"} {"Question":"男性,27岁,尿频,尿急,尿痛1年,一般抗炎治疗不好转,时有低热无力,尿检:白细胞20~30\/HP,红细胞5~8\/HP,肾图:右肾严重受损,左肾积水,初诊为肾结核。确诊右肾结核左肾积水,为了治疗哪项检查更好","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血Cr"},{"key":"B","value":"尿结核菌培养"},{"key":"C","value":"右肾穿刺造影"},{"key":"D","value":"肾扫描"},{"key":"E","value":"左肾穿刺造影"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年男性患者,确诊为右肾结核左肾积水,右肾严重受损,需行右肾切除治疗,为明确手术时机,需了解积水侧肾功,临床上检测血清Cr(A对)是常用的了解肾功能的主要方法之一。明确诊断右肾结核,右肾严重破坏,肾自截,功能基本没有,所以血肌酐可以直接等同于左肾功能,而且肾穿刺造影在临床上很少用,肾积水再穿刺一会导致感染,二造影剂不容易代谢掉。尿结核菌培养(B错)可用于诊断肾结核,但对肾结核的治疗无临床价值。肾扫描(D错)也可了解肾功能,但费用昂贵且较复杂,一般不用于术前准备的检测。肾穿刺造影(CE错)主要用于肾血管疾病、肾损伤和肾实质肿瘤的检查,一般不用于肾结核。"} {"Question":"一侧肾自截,对侧肾积水","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非手术抗结核治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"积水肾造瘘术"},{"key":"C","value":"抗结核治疗后双肾移植"},{"key":"D","value":"肾大部切除术后抗结核治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"脊柱矫形术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾自截(P545)患者因肾内结核病灶钙化形成的干酪样物质堵塞输尿管,使得含有结核杆菌的尿液不能流入膀胱,膀胱的继发性结核病变逐渐缓解甚至消失,常因尿液检查趋于正常而忽视了其原发病灶,但此时自截侧肾脏多已达到终末期,病损严重,需行患肾切除。对侧肾积水时,应先行积水肾造瘘术(B对),引流肾积水,保护该侧肾功能,待功能好转后再切除无功能的患肾。肾自截患者的患肾广泛钙化、功能已完全丧失,需行患肾全切(AD错)。对侧积水肾肾功能可能完好,无需行双肾移植(C错)。本题尚未提示有脊柱畸形,无需行脊柱矫形术(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,诊断左肾结核,膀胱容量20ml,右肾严重积水伴尿毒症,宜首先行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膀胱扩大术"},{"key":"B","value":"右肾造瘘术"},{"key":"C","value":"左肾切除术"},{"key":"D","value":"左肾结核病灶清除术"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱造瘘术"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,左肾结核,膀胱容量20ml(<50ml,提示有膀胱挛缩),说明肾脏破坏严重已累及膀胱,故考虑行左肾切除。对侧肾严重积水并伴尿毒症,说明右侧肾功能代偿不良,故此时宜首先作右肾造瘘术(B对)引流肾积水,保护右肾功能,待肾功能好转后再切除无功能的左侧患肾。膀胱扩大术(A错)主要用于肾结核并发挛缩膀胱的治疗,需待患肾切除和抗结核治疗、膀胱结核完全痊愈后才可进行。左肾切除术(C错)需待对侧肾积水缓解、肾功能恢复后进行。左肾结核病灶清除术(D错)适用于肾实质表面闭合性的、与集合系统不相通的局灶性结核脓肿。膀胱造瘘术(E错)不宜用于已有膀胱挛缩的患者。"} {"Question":"女,32岁。慢性膀胱刺激症状逐渐加重3个月。KUB+IVU见右肾有钙化影,肾影增大,无功能。应考虑的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右肾结核"},{"key":"B","value":"右肾肿瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"右肾结石"},{"key":"D","value":"肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"右肾积水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年女性患者,慢性膀胱刺激症状逐渐加重(提示可能有泌尿系感染),KUB+IVU见右肾有钙化影,肾影增大,无功能(提示可能有肾结核),结合患者临床表现和相关检查,应考虑的疾病是右肾结核(A对)。右肾肿瘤(P563)(B错)主要表现为间歇无痛性肉眼血尿、腰痛和腹部肿块。右肾结石(C错)(P558)主要表现为有痛性血尿。肾盂肾炎(D错)(P535)主要表现为寒战高热、腰痛和膀胱刺激症状。肾积水(E错)常无症状,且一般无钙化灶。"} {"Question":"女,25岁,右肾结核行右肾切除抗结核治疗半年多,尿痛缓解,但尿频加重,每晚7~8次,静脉尿路造影见左肾显影尚好,仅伴轻度肾积水及膀胱挛缩,尿常规白细胞0~2\/HP,现治疗应选择","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左肾造瘘术"},{"key":"B","value":"继续抗结核治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"左输尿管皮肤造瘘术"},{"key":"D","value":"膀胱扩大术"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱造瘘术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年女性患者,右肾结核行右肾切除,抗结核治疗半年多,尿痛缓解,尿常规白细胞0~2\/HP(正常值0~5\/HP),提示膀胱结核已愈合,患者尿频加重(膀胱挛缩所致),静脉尿路造影(IVU)见左肾显影尚好,故对于挛缩膀胱,治疗应选择膀胱扩大术(D对),挛缩膀胱的手术治疗: 女:膀胱扩大术。 男:尿流改道术。 【男性挛缩膀胱患者往往有后尿道狭窄,实施尿流改道术,包括输尿管皮肤造口或回肠膀胱或肾造口。】。泌尿系结核现多采用6个月的短程抗结核药物治疗,该患者抗结核治疗已半年多,一般无需继续抗结核治疗(B错)。肾造瘘术(A错)主要用于患肾功能丧失、对侧肾积水严重,不能行肾切除者。输尿管皮肤造瘘术(C错)主要用于后尿道狭窄、不宜行膀胱扩大术的肾结核并膀胱挛缩患者。膀胱造瘘术(E错)不能用于挛缩膀胱的治疗。"} {"Question":"男,32岁,反复腰部胀痛1年余。B超见右肾盂结石,大小1.5cm×1.0cm,左肾积水,左输尿管上段结石,大小1.0cm×0.8cm。尿常规:RBC5~10\/HP,WBC16~20\/HP。总肾功能正常。首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石"},{"key":"B","value":"右肾盂结石体外冲击波碎石"},{"key":"C","value":"左输尿管切开取石"},{"key":"D","value":"药物排石"},{"key":"E","value":"右肾盂切开取石"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者右侧肾盂结石,左侧输尿管上段结石、左肾积水,对于一侧肾结石、对侧输尿管结石者,应先处理左侧输尿管结石,以解除梗阻、缓解左侧肾积水症状。患者左侧输尿管结石大小为1.0cm×0.8cm,对于直径≤2cm的肾结石及输尿管上段结石首选体外冲击波碎石(ESWL),故该患者首选的治疗方法是左输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石(A对)。右侧肾盂结石(B错)体积较小,对患者影响不大,可先不予处理。输尿管切开取石术(C错)适用于嵌顿较久或其他方法治疗无效的结石。药物排石(D错)主要用于直径<0.6cm、表面光滑、结石以下尿路无梗阻的患者。肾盂切开取石(E错)主要用于肾盂输尿管处梗阻并肾盂结石的患者,可在取石的同时解除梗阻。"} {"Question":"肾结石行体外冲击波碎石主要禁忌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺增生"},{"key":"D","value":"结石急性发作"},{"key":"E","value":"输尿管狭窄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"体外冲击波碎石是上尿路结石常用的治疗方法,其原理是利用X线或B超定位结石,利用高能冲击波聚焦后作用于结石,使结石裂解,直至粉碎成细砂,随尿液排出体外。其主要禁忌症包括结石远端尿路梗阻(如输尿管狭窄)(E对)、妊娠、出血性疾病、严重心脑血管病等。前列腺增生(C错)、结石急性发作(D错)为肾结石行体外冲击波碎石的相对禁忌症。高血压(A错)、糖尿病(B错)不是体外冲击波碎石的禁忌症。"} {"Question":"诊断尿路结石首选的X线检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逆行肾盂造影"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉尿路造影"},{"key":"C","value":"肾动脉造影"},{"key":"D","value":"CT"},{"key":"E","value":"腹部平片+静脉尿路造影"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"腹部平片能发现90%以上的X线阳性结石,正侧位摄片可以除外腹内其他钙化阴影;静脉尿路造影可以显示部分不含钙的阴性结石,表现为充盈缺损或影像增强,故诊断尿路结石首选的X线检查是腹部平片+静脉尿路造影(E对)。逆行肾盂造影(A错)、静脉尿路造影(B错)可以用来评价结石所致肾结构和功能改变,但单独使用不能确定造影所示充盈缺损的原因。肾动脉造影(C错)多用于肾肿瘤及肾血管疾病的诊断,对肾结石诊断价值不大。CT(D错)多用于肾肿瘤的诊断,且价格昂贵,一般不作为结石的首选诊断方法。"} {"Question":"10岁男孩,一年来时有尿频、尿急、尿痛和排尿困难,尿流中断,改变体位后又能继续排尿,首先应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性膀胱炎"},{"key":"B","value":"前列腺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"膀胱结石"},{"key":"E","value":"输尿管结石"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"男性患儿,有尿频、尿急、尿痛(膀胱刺激症状),排尿困难尿流中断,改变体位后又能继续排尿(膀胱结石典型表现),结合患者病史和临床表现,首先应考虑膀胱结石(D对)。急性膀胱炎(A错)常表现为尿频、尿急、尿痛的膀胱刺激征,无排尿中断。前列腺炎(B错)常表现为突发寒战、高热、膀胱刺激症状和排尿困难,改变体位后排尿困难症状不能缓解。尿道狭窄(C错)常表现为排尿困难,多有尿道外伤或感染史。输尿管结石(E错)典型表现为肾绞痛、血尿,一般无膀胱刺激症状。"} {"Question":"腹部平片不显影的结石是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"草酸盐结石"},{"key":"B","value":"尿酸结石"},{"key":"C","value":"混合型结石"},{"key":"D","value":"碳酸盐结石"},{"key":"E","value":"磷酸盐结石"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尿结石主要由尿中难溶的无机盐、有机盐和酸的晶体所组成,临床上常以晶体成分命名结石。尿结石中,以含钙结石最常见,在X线平片上能显影,称为阳性结石,如草酸钙结石(A错)、磷酸钙结石(E错)、碳酸钙结石(D错)、混合性结石(C错)等。阴性结石不含钙盐,可透过X线,在X线平片上不显影,如纯尿酸结石(B对)、胱氨酸结石等。"} {"Question":"泌尿系结石血尿是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无痛性肉眼血尿"},{"key":"B","value":"终末血尿伴膀胱刺激症状"},{"key":"C","value":"初始血尿"},{"key":"D","value":"疼痛伴血尿"},{"key":"E","value":"血尿+蛋白尿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"泌尿系结石血尿多为疼痛伴血尿(D对)。全程无痛性肉眼血尿(A错)常提示泌尿系肿瘤,尤其是中老年人。终末血尿伴膀胱刺激征(B错)为泌尿系结核的典型表现。初始血尿(C错)多见于后尿道、膀胱颈部出血。血尿+蛋白尿(E错)常见于肾小球肾炎。"} {"Question":"下列表现最能提示非肾小球源性血尿的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿红细胞呈多形性"},{"key":"B","value":"伴大量蛋白尿"},{"key":"C","value":"尿沉渣镜检可见红细胞管型"},{"key":"D","value":"尿潜血阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"终末血尿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"终末血尿(E对)为排尿终了时尿中有血,多提示患者膀胱颈、膀胱三角区、前列腺等部位存在病变。尿红细胞呈多形性(A错)、伴大量蛋白尿(D错)和(或)管型尿(特别是红细胞管型)(C错),多提示为肾小球源性血尿,系肾小球滤过膜病变,红细胞漏出挤压破裂,蛋白质渗出所致。"} {"Question":"不符合单纯性肾病的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全身浮肿"},{"key":"B","value":"大量蛋白尿"},{"key":"C","value":"低白蛋白血症"},{"key":"D","value":"肉眼血尿"},{"key":"E","value":"高胆固醇血症"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"单纯性肾病,又称单纯性肾病综合症,一种小儿常见的疾病,它主要症状表现就是水肿,具备四大特征:①全身不同程度水肿(A对)②大量蛋白尿(B对)③低蛋白血症(C对)④高胆固醇血症(E对)。其中以大量蛋白尿和低蛋白血症为必备条件。肉眼血尿(D错,为本题正确答案)不符合单纯性肾病的临床表现。"} {"Question":"诊断急进性肾小球肾炎最有价值的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"BUN、Scr迅速升高"},{"key":"B","value":"50%以上肾小球囊内有大新月体形成"},{"key":"C","value":"尿量减少但蛋白排泄量增加"},{"key":"D","value":"血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"影像学检查显示双肾增大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急进性肾小球肾炎是以急性肾炎综合征、肾功能急剧恶化、多在早期出现少尿性急性肾衰竭为临床特征,本病的病理类型为新月体性肾小球肾炎,其诊断最有价值的指标是病理检查可见50%以上肾小球囊内有大新月体形成(B对),其他类型的肾脏疾病虽可有新月体的形成,但新月体范围有限。BUN、Scr迅速升高(九版诊断学P342)(A错)可见于急性肾炎及肾衰等多种疾病;尿量减少但蛋白排泄量增加(九版诊断学P304)(C错)可见于多种肾脏及肾外疾病,表现为蛋白尿;血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性(九版诊断学P430)(D错)主要见于各种血管炎患者,如韦格纳肉芽肿、Ⅲ急进性肾小球肾炎、微小多动脉炎等;影像学检查显示双肾增大(E错)可见于急性肾炎、急进性肾小球肾炎等多种疾病,以上检查特异性均较低。"} {"Question":"女,45岁。间断水肿3年,乏力3个月,查体:BP155\/100mmHg,双下肢轻度凹陷性水肿,尿RBC20-30\/HP,尿蛋白2.1g\/L,血Hb78g\/L,血Cr342umol\/L,BUN16lmmol\/L,B超示双肾稍萎缩。最可能的临床诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性间质性肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"高血压肾损害"},{"key":"E","value":"肾病综合征"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年女性患者,病程3年,临床表现为间断水肿、乏力,查体:BP155\/100mmHg(高血压2级),双下肢轻度凹陷性水肿,尿RBC20~30\/HP(正常值0~3个\/HP),尿蛋白2.lg\/d(正常值≤150mg\/d),血Hb78g\/L(正常值成年女性:110~150g\/L,提示中度贫血),血Cr342umol\/L(正常值(女)70~108μmol\/L,提示肾功能受损),BUN16lmmol\/L(正常值2.86~7.14mmol\/L,提示肾功能受损),B超示双肾稍萎缩。根据临床表现、体查、实验室检查及影像学检查,最可能的临床诊断是慢性肾小球肾炎(A对)。慢性间质性肾炎(B错)常表现为肾小管功能损害,如夜尿多、低比重及低渗尿(P490)。急性肾小球肾炎(C错)也表现为肾炎综合征,可有一过性肾功能不全(P466),患者间断水肿3年,不可能为急性肾小球肾炎。高血压肾损害(D错)患者是先有长期高血压病史,患者常先有较长的高血压病史,再出现肾小管浓缩功能受损,表现为夜尿增多,不会出现血尿。肾病综合征(E错)诊断的必备条件是尿蛋白>3.5g\/d、血浆蛋白<30g\/L,且不会出现血尿(P470)。"} {"Question":"女,24岁。咽痛2周后出现肉眼血尿,尿RBC满视野,尿蛋白定量0.9g\/d,肾功能及血压正常,ANA(-)。其最可能诊断是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急进性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"隐匿性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"IgA肾病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为青年女性,前期有咽痛病史(提示呼吸道感染病史),之后出现肉眼血尿,尿RBC满视野,尿蛋白定量0.9g\/d,肾功能及血压正常(排除急进性肾小球肾炎),ANA(-)(排除狼疮肾炎),患者上呼吸道感染两周后出现血尿及蛋白尿,可诊断为急性肾小球肾炎(D对),大多数病例与感染有关,又称感染后肾炎,一般是由链球菌感染后引起的变态反应性疾病。急进性肾小球肾炎(A错)肾功能急剧恶化、多在早期出现少尿性急性肾衰竭为临床特征,患者肾功能无异常,可排除该诊断(P467)。隐匿性肾小球肾炎(B错)仅表现为肾小球源性血尿或(和)蛋白尿的一组肾小球疾病,多无前驱感染史(P477),故不考虑该诊断。慢性肾小球肾炎(C错)需病程长达3月以上才可确诊(P478),患者病程短,不能诊断为该病。IgA肾病(E错)常在上呼吸道感染后(24~72小时,偶可更短)后突发肉眼血尿,持续数小时至数日,可转为镜下血尿,少数患者肉眼血尿可反复发作,该患者上感后2周才发病,可排除IgA肾病(P469)。"} {"Question":"肾小球疾病最主要的发病机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾小球高灌注"},{"key":"B","value":"高血压"},{"key":"C","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"D","value":"血脂异常"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫异常"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾小球疾病最主要的发病机制是免疫异常(E对)。免疫介导性炎症在肾小球病致病中起主要作用和(或)起始作用,非免疫机制包括肾小球毛细血管内高压力(A错)、蛋白尿、高脂血症(D错)等亦在疾病发生发展中起到一定作用(P465)。"} {"Question":"有助于肾小球肾炎诊断的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿细菌培养加药物敏感试验"},{"key":"B","value":"尿红细胞形态分析"},{"key":"C","value":"尿脱落细胞检查"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道分泌物涂片"},{"key":"E","value":"尿液成分分析"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尿红细胞形态分析(B对)可以通过红细胞的形态来区分血尿的来源,其中变形红细胞尿为肾小球源性,是肾小球肾炎的表现之一,有助于诊断;均一形态正常红细胞尿则为非肾小球源性,红细胞来自肾小球之后的组织,没有经过肾小球滤过膜的挤压变形。尿细菌培养加药物敏感试验(P494)(A错)可用于辅助诊断尿路感染和指导临床抗感染用药。"} {"Question":"男性,15岁。高度水肿,尿蛋白(+++),管型少许,血清蛋白15g\/L,血胆固醇10mmol\/L,应用泼尼松4周,尿量增加,水肿消退,尿蛋白(+++),此时应用哪项措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泼尼松原量继续治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"泼尼松开始减量"},{"key":"C","value":"加用清蛋白,泼尼松开始减量"},{"key":"D","value":"加用ACTH,泼尼松减量"},{"key":"E","value":"加用消炎痛,泼尼松减量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青少年男性患者,临床表现为大量蛋白尿(尿蛋白(+++))、低蛋白血症(血清蛋白15g\/L)、高度水肿、高血脂(胆固醇10mmol\/L,正常值<5.2mmol\/L),符合肾病综合征诊断标准,诊断为肾病综合征。该患者正确泼尼松治疗4周后,出现水肿消退、尿量增加,证明泼尼松治疗有效,为激素敏感型(用药8-12周内肾病综合征缓解),下一步治疗只需继续维持泼尼松原剂量继续治疗(A对BCDE错)至8周后,再做剂量调整。清蛋白可提高胶体渗透压,增加有效循环血量,减轻水肿,增加尿量,可加用,但无需调整激素用量(C错)。ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)可以促进糖皮质激素的释放,加用ACTH,泼尼松减量(D错)即类似于维持原剂量的糖皮质激素量,但糖皮质激素更便宜易得,故此举没有意义。消炎痛即吲哚美辛,属于非甾体类抗炎药,对肾病综合征的治疗无效,常用于急、慢性风湿性关节炎等。"} {"Question":"女,30岁。1年来乏力,易疲倦,腰部不适,有时下肢浮肿,未检查。2个月来加重,伴纳差,血压增高为150\/100mmHg,下肢轻度浮肿。尿蛋白(+),沉渣RBC5~10\/HP,偶见颗粒管型,血化验Hb90g\/L,血肌酐400μg\/L。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"狼疮肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肾炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中青年女性,病程1年,加重2月,表现为易疲倦,腰部不适,有时下肢浮肿,查体:血压150\/100mmHg(2级高血压),下肢轻度浮肿。实验室检查:尿蛋白(+),沉渣RBC5~10\/HP(正常值0~3个\/HP),偶见颗粒管型,血化验Hb90g\/L(成年女性:110~150g\/L,提示轻度贫血),血肌酐400μg\/l【正常值(女)70~108μmol\/L,提示肾功能失代偿】。该患者存在肾小球肾炎的典型临床表现(水肿、高血压、蛋白尿、血尿),有提示肾功能受损的实验室检查,且病程长达1年,故最可能的诊断即慢性肾小球肾炎(B对)。慢性肾盂肾炎(A错)多有反复发作的泌尿系统感染史,尿沉渣中常有白细胞(P493),与该患者病史及临床表现不符。肾病综合征(C错)诊断标准是:①尿蛋白大于3.5g\/d;②血浆白蛋白低于30g\/L;③水肿;④血脂升高。其中①②两项为诊断所必须(P470),该患者明显不符合肾病综合征表现。狼疮肾炎(D错)患者常伴有狼疮临床表现(间断发热,颧部蝶形红斑,盘状红斑,光过敏,口腔溃疡,关节炎,浆膜炎,神经病变等),该患者无任何狼疮的临床表现,故可排除。急性肾炎(E错)多有前驱感染性,急性起病,病情多在8周内恢复正常,本病持续一年,故排除急性肾炎。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。发现血尿、蛋白尿5年。查体:BP150\/90mmHg,24小时尿蛋白定量1.0~1.7g,血肌酐100μmol\/L。首先考虑的临床诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾血管性高血压"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"隐匿性肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"高血压肾损害"},{"key":"E","value":"肾病综合征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者发现血尿蛋白尿5年,查体发现1级高血压(轻度),尿蛋白1.0~1.7g(正常值小于150mg\/d),血肌酐值100μmol\/L【正常值(男)44~133μmol\/L】,以上症状和检查符合慢性肾炎的症状和实验室检查,因此首选诊断应为慢性肾炎(B对)。肾血管性高血压(A错)一般会出现进展迅速和突然出现的高血压,上腹部或肋脊角处一般闻及杂音,本患者未表现这些症状,(P259),故不作为首选诊断。隐匿性肾炎(C错)临床上一般只表现为蛋白尿和血尿,一般无水肿、高血压和肾功能损害,患者出现明显高血压,不符合隐匿型肾炎的典型症状(P477),所以不作为首选诊断。高血压肾损害(D错)高血压一般出现于肾功能损害之前数十年,常以夜尿增多为首发症状,不会出现血尿蛋白尿,患者已出现长期明显血尿蛋白尿,与高血压肾损害典型症状不符,因此不作为首选诊断。肾病综合征(E错)必需诊断标准是尿蛋白大于3.5g\/d和血浆白蛋白低于30g\/L,患者尿蛋白1.0~1.7g\/d(P470),不符合诊断标准,故不作为首选诊断。"} {"Question":"肾病综合征主要辅助检查项目应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双肾B超"},{"key":"B","value":"双肾CT"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉肾盂造影"},{"key":"D","value":"肾动脉造影"},{"key":"E","value":"肾活检"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾病综合征病理类型很多,病因、病理生理、治疗方法、预后各不相同,为明确诊断,常用肾活检明确疾病的病因病理,因此,肾病综合征主要辅助检查项目应是肾活检(E对)。双肾B超(A错)、双肾CT(B错)主要用于肾脏肿瘤、肾盂肾炎级肾结核等的诊断,对肾病综合征的诊断和治疗没有帮助。静脉肾盂造(C错)影用于诊断肾脏、输尿管及膀胱结核、肿瘤和泌尿系结石,确定结石的部位,了解有无阴性结石。肾动脉造影(D错)主要用于血管病变、肾脏肿瘤、肾盂积水。"} {"Question":"男,22岁,受凉后出现咽痛,咳嗽,发热,1天后出现全程肉眼血尿2次,无尿频,尿急,尿痛。尿常规:蛋白(++),尿沉渣镜检:RBC满视野。血SCr74μmol\/L。最可能的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性间质性肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急进性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"IgA肾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者青年男性(IgA肾病好发人群),受凉后出现咽痛,咳嗽,发热(呼吸道前驱症状),1天后出现全程肉限血尿2次,无尿频,尿急,尿痛(排除炎症性疾病)。尿常规:蛋白(++)(正常不可见,提示蛋白尿),尿沉渣镜检:RBC满视野(血尿)。血SCr74μmol\/L(男性正常值53~106μmol\/L)。综合患者病史、症状及实验室检查,考虑诊断为IgA肾病(E对)。急性间质性肾炎(A错)会发生急性肾衰竭,同时伴有全身过敏表现。急性肾盂肾炎(B错)患者表现为寒战高热、腰痛,半数镜下可见镜下血尿,大量白细胞,尿蛋白定量为微量。急进性肾小球肾炎(C错)多数病人在发热或上呼吸道感染后出现急性肾炎综合征,即水肿、尿少、血尿、蛋白尿、高血压等。发病时患者全身症状较重,如疲乏、无力、精神萎靡,体重下降,可伴发热、腹痛。病情发展很快,起病数天内即出现少尿及进行性肾功能衰。急性肾小球肾炎(D错)患者表现为血尿蛋白尿、水肿、一过性高血压,约30%会出现肉眼血尿。"} {"Question":"女,58岁。双下肢及颜面水肿2个月。尿蛋白5.2g\/24h,血白蛋白19g\/L。1天来出现肉眼血尿。首选应考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾小球病进展"},{"key":"B","value":"尿路感染"},{"key":"C","value":"尿路结石"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肾静脉血栓"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者出现水肿两个月,尿蛋白5.2g\/24h(大于3.5g\/d),血浆白蛋白19g\/L(低于30g\/L),符合肾病综合征的诊断标准,可诊断为肾病综合征。肾病综合征容易发生血栓形成,患者一天来突发血尿,符合肾静脉血栓形成症状(E对)。肾小球病进展有可能导致患者血尿出现,但是一般发生于病变未控制时,肾功能不全症状加重,患者未明确表现肾病综合征及肾功能不全症状加重,因此不作为首选诊断(A错)。尿路感染(B错)常出现尿频、尿急、尿痛等泌尿系统症状(P483),本题未明确表明患者有这些症状,故不作为首选。尿路结石(C错)一般会出现疼痛,血尿及尿路刺激症状(九版外科学P558),患者未出现这些典型症状,所以不作为首选诊断。急性肾炎(D错)一般起病时即有血尿,但本患者开始起病时无血尿症状,因此不作为首选诊断(P466)。"} {"Question":"男,20岁。感冒后7天出现颜面及双下肢水肿,尿少,查体:BP160\/100mmHg,尿蛋白(+++),尿沉渣:红细胞(++),Scr130umol\/L,2周后少尿,BUN28mmol\/L,Scr620umo\/L,哪种疾病可能性大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急进性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"高血压肾病"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,上感后1周出现颜面及双下肢水肿(肾性水肿),查体:血压160\/100mmHg(2级高血压)。实验室检查:尿蛋白(+++),尿红细胞(++),Scr130umol\/L【正常值(女)70~108μmol\/L,肾功能轻度受损】,上述为典型的急性肾炎综合征表现。2周后少尿,BUN28mmol\/L(正常值2.86~7.14mmol\/L),Scr620umo\/L,提示2周内肾功能出现恶化。符合急进性肾小球肾炎的临床特点(B对)。急性肾小球肾炎(A错)虽也有类似感冒的前驱症状,也会出现急性肾炎综合症表现,但是尿量多于1-2周后渐增,肾功能于利尿后数日可逐渐恢复正常(P466),与题中2周后肾功能急剧恶化不符。慢性肾小球肾炎(C错)病程长(须达3个月以上),发展慢,早期多表现为轻度尿异常,无明显的临床表现(P478)。肾病综合征(D错)诊断标准是:①尿蛋白大于3.5g\/d;②血浆白蛋白低于30g\/L;③水肿;④血脂升高。其中①②两项为诊断所必须(P470)。高血压肾病(E错)须有多年的高血压病史,且高血压肾病因损害肾小管的浓缩功能而常以夜尿增多为临床表现,不会出现血尿。"} {"Question":"男,50岁。水肿2周,少尿伴血压升高1周。3周前曾有皮肤感染史。尿常规:尿蛋白(+),沉渣镜检RBC20~30\/HP,血肌酐140μmol\/L,尿素氮11mmol\/L,补体C3降低,肾穿刺提示为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。通常该患者C3恢复正常的时间约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半年"},{"key":"B","value":"1年"},{"key":"C","value":"8周"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性,水肿2周,少尿伴血压升高1周。肾穿刺提示为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎起病初期血清C3及总补体下降,8周内逐渐恢复正常(C对,ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"女,15岁。肉眼血尿伴水肿1周。20天前患皮肤脓疱疮,抗感染治疗好转。查体:BP150\/90mmHg,颜面及双下肢水肿。实验室检查:血Hb112g\/L,WBC6.8×10⁹\/L,NO.70,SCr130µmol\/L,ASO滴度升高,C3降低。尿沉渣镜检RBC满视野,WBC5~8\/HP。尿蛋白(++)。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"急进性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"IgA肾病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者青年女性,20天前患皮肤脓疱疮(急性肾小球肾炎诱因),查体:BP150\/90mmHg(升高,正常≤140\/90mmHg),颜面及双下肢水肿。实验室检查:SCr130µmol\/L(升高,正常44~100μmol\/L),ASO滴度升高(提示近期曾有链球菌感染),C3降低(8周内恢复正常对疾病有诊断意义)。尿沉渣镜检RBC满视野,尿蛋白(++)。余无明显异常。根据患者的病史、临床表现、体征及实验室检查,最可能的诊断是急性肾小球肾炎(D对)。急进性肾小球肾炎(B错),是在急性肾炎综合征基础上,肾功能急剧恶化,患者起病急骤,早期即可出现少尿或无尿甚至尿毒症,可伴轻中度贫血(P468)。IgA肾病(E错),常表现为无症状性血尿,伴或不伴蛋白尿,起病前数小时或数日内有上呼吸道或消化道感染等前驱症状(P468)。肾病综合征(A错)临床以大量蛋白尿(>3.5g\/d),血清白蛋白<30g\/L,水肿及高脂血症为主要表现及诊断标准。急性肾盂肾炎(C错)患者起病急骤,全身高热、寒战,全身酸痛、恶心,尿频、尿急、尿痛、排尿困难,腰部钝痛。查体:肋脊角或输尿管点压痛。实验室检查尿液白细胞明显升高。"} {"Question":"不符合肾小球源性血尿的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可有红细胞管型"},{"key":"B","value":"无痛"},{"key":"C","value":"合并大量蛋白尿"},{"key":"D","value":"变形红细胞为主"},{"key":"E","value":"红细胞呈均一性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾小球源性血尿的特点有:镜下红细胞大小不一、形态多样为肾小球性血尿,见于肾小球肾炎。因红细胞从肾小球基底膜漏出,通过具有不同渗透梯度的肾小管时,化学和物理作用使红细胞膜受损,血红蛋白溢出而变形(ABCD对)。红细胞呈均一性不属于肾小球源性血尿的特点(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"肾病综合征的诊断标准不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清白蛋白<30g\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"高血压"},{"key":"C","value":"水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"高脂血症"},{"key":"E","value":"尿蛋白>3.5g\/24h"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾病综合征的诊断标准是:①大量蛋白尿(>3.5g\/d)(E对);②低白蛋白血症(血清白蛋白<30g\/L)(A对);③水肿(C对);④高脂血症(D对)。高血压(B错。为本题正确答案)不是肾病综合征的诊断标准之一。"} {"Question":"急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎电镜下的典型表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"广泛足突消失"},{"key":"B","value":"电子致密物呈“飘带”样在肾小球基底膜沉积"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细血管腔内中性粒细胞浸润"},{"key":"D","value":"电子致密物呈“驼峰”样在上皮下沉积"},{"key":"E","value":"电子致密物在系膜区沉积"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎多为急性肾小球肾炎,其特征性镜下表现为电子致密物呈“驼峰”样在上皮下沉积 (D对)。广泛足突消失(A错)为微小病变型肾病的主要表现。电子致密物呈“飘带”样在肾小球基底膜沉积(B错)为I型急进性肾炎的免疫学表现。急性炎症时可有毛细血管腔内中性粒细胞浸润(C错),无特异性。系膜区电子致密物沉积(E错)可见于Ⅱ型急进性肾炎。"} {"Question":"男,50岁。水肿2周,少尿伴血压升高1周。3周前曾有皮肤感染史。尿常规:尿蛋白(+),沉渣镜检RBC20-30\/HP,血肌酐140umol\/L,尿素11umol,血C3降低,肾穿刺提示为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。通常该患者C3恢复正常的时间约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半年"},{"key":"B","value":"1年"},{"key":"C","value":"8周"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性,水肿2周,少尿伴血压升高1周。肾穿刺提示为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎起病初期血清C3及总补体下降,8周内逐渐恢复正常(C对,ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"寡免疫复合物型新月体性肾炎最常见的血清学指标变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单克隆免疫球蛋白升高"},{"key":"B","value":"抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性"},{"key":"C","value":"抗肾小球基底膜抗体阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"抗核抗体阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"补体下降"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"寡免疫复合物型新月体性肾炎即少免疫复合物型、Ⅲ型急进型肾炎,其最常见的血清学指标变化是抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)阳性(B对)。抗肾小球基底膜抗体阳性(C错)是抗肾小球基底膜型肾炎(I型急进型肾炎)常见的血清学指标变化(P467)。抗核抗体阳性(D错)对风湿性疾病的诊断有帮助。单克隆免疫球蛋白(A错)升高见于单克隆免疫球蛋白血症,主要表现为肾小球肾炎,主要症状为疲乏无力、食欲减退。"} {"Question":"女,70岁。蛋白尿1个月,尿蛋白6g\/L。尿蛋白电泳显示以小分子蛋白为单株峰。其蛋白尿的性质为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"组织性蛋白尿"},{"key":"B","value":"溢出性蛋白尿"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小管性蛋白尿"},{"key":"D","value":"分泌性蛋白尿"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小球性蛋白尿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"老年女性患者,蛋白尿1个月,尿蛋白6g\/L(正常为0~0.08g\/d,提示有大量蛋白尿),尿蛋白电泳显示以小分子蛋白为单株峰,提示患者蛋白尿的性质为溢出性蛋白尿(B对),是血中小分子量蛋白质异常增多,从肾小球滤出,超过了肾小管重吸收阈值所致。"} {"Question":"区别血尿与血红蛋白尿的主要方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"观察血尿颜色"},{"key":"B","value":"做尿胆原测验"},{"key":"C","value":"做尿潜血试验"},{"key":"D","value":"做尿三杯试验"},{"key":"E","value":"做尿沉渣镜检"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血尿是指含有大量红细胞的尿液;血红蛋白尿是指含有大量游离血红蛋白的尿液。尿沉渣镜检时(E对),血红蛋白尿可见大量游离血红蛋白,血尿可见大量红细胞,该方法可区分两种尿液。血尿和血红蛋白尿都为红色,观察血尿颜色(A错)难以鉴别。尿三杯试验(D错)用于确定肾脏疾病的病变部位,无法鉴别血尿与血红蛋白尿。尿胆原测验(B错)和尿潜血试验(C错)血红蛋白尿和血尿均为阳性结果,其中尿胆原测验主要用于鉴别黄疸类型。"} {"Question":"肾小球源性血尿的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变形红细胞尿"},{"key":"B","value":"终末血尿"},{"key":"C","value":"尿痛伴血尿"},{"key":"D","value":"初始血尿"},{"key":"E","value":"有凝血块的尿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肾小球源性血尿的特点是变形红细胞尿(A对)。因肾小球源性血尿产生的主要原因为GBM(肾小球基底膜)断裂,红细胞通过该裂缝时受血管内压力挤压受损,受损的红细胞其后通过肾小管各段又受不同渗透压和pH作用,呈现变形红细胞血尿,红细胞容积变小,甚至破裂。终末血尿(B错)提示出血部位在膀胱颈部、三角区或后尿道的前列腺和精囊腺。尿痛血尿(C错)提示下尿路感染。初始血尿(D错)提示病变部位在尿道。血凝块伴血尿(E错)提示病变在膀胱或前列腺。"} {"Question":"男性,65岁。进行性排尿困难1年,不能自行排尿8小时。膀胱膨隆,轻压痛。首选的治疗方法应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"针灸"},{"key":"B","value":"耻骨上膀胱穿刺"},{"key":"C","value":"导尿并保留导尿管"},{"key":"D","value":"耻骨上膀胱造瘘"},{"key":"E","value":"药物治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者,进行性排尿困难1年,不能自行排尿8小时,膀胱膨隆,轻压痛,结合患者病史和临床表现,考虑该患者为前列腺增生所致急性尿潴留。急性尿潴留治疗原则是解除病因,恢复排尿,急诊处理可行导尿术。患者已有膀胱膨隆,故当前首选的治疗方法应是导尿并保留导尿管(C对),以缓解尿潴留症状。针灸(A错)可用于动力性尿潴留。耻骨上膀胱穿刺(B错)、耻骨上膀胱造瘘(D错)主要用于插入导尿管失败的患者。药物治疗(E错)起效较慢,不能用于已发生急性尿潴留的患者。"} {"Question":"老年男性急性尿潴留常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前列腺增生"},{"key":"B","value":"尿道结石"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道外伤"},{"key":"D","value":"膀胱异物"},{"key":"E","value":"尿道肿瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"前列腺增生、尿道结石、尿道外伤、膀胱异物和尿道肿瘤等均可引起尿潴留,其中前列腺增生(A对)是老年男性急性尿潴留最常见的病因。"} {"Question":"男,72岁。进行性排尿困难6年,近1周出现排尿疼痛伴发热,T39度。B超提示前列腺增大,残余尿400ml,双肾积水。尿常规:WBC30~50\/HP。血BUN及Scr升高。入院后首选的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耻骨上膀胱造瘘+抗感染治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"α受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"C","value":"5α还原酶抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"前列腺切除"},{"key":"E","value":"抗感染治疗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年男性患者,进行性排尿困难,B超提示前列腺增大,残余尿量400ml,结合患者病史、临床表现和相关检查,该患者最可能的诊断为前列腺增生。患者发热,T39度(高于正常值36~37度),尿常规:WBC30~50\/HP(高于正常值0~5\/HP),提示合并尿路感染;血BUN及Scr升高,提示肾功能不全,而且患者双肾积水,因此首选的治疗是耻骨上膀胱造瘘引流积水,保护积水肾功能,同时行抗感染治疗(A对E错),待上述病情明显改善后再行手术治疗(D错)。α受体阻滞剂(B错)、5α还原酶抑制剂(C错)适用于症状较轻、前列腺增生体积较小的病人。"} {"Question":"急性阑尾炎手术后尿潴留,下列处理措施首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耻骨上膀胱穿刺"},{"key":"B","value":"无菌导尿后拔除尿管"},{"key":"C","value":"辅助起床,试行自行排尿"},{"key":"D","value":"应用利尿剂"},{"key":"E","value":"留置导尿4~5天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"尿潴留指膀胱内充满尿液而不能排出。急性尿潴留的治疗原则是解除病因,恢复排尿。其最常用的处理方法是导尿术,急性阑尾炎术后患者下腹部切口疼痛以及病人不习惯卧床排尿等因素均可引起尿潴留,患者膀胱尿道无神经、器质性及梗阻等病变,此时,应辅助病人起床,试行自行排尿,尽早下床行动,如若不成功,再行置管导尿,且 注意缩短导尿管留置时间,以防医源性尿道感染。尿潴留属下尿道梗阻症状,应用利尿剂(D错)不但不会缓解病情,反而会加重急性尿潴留。耻骨上膀胱穿刺(A错)临床上既可以以此留取最可靠标本尿:多用于新生儿及截瘫病人,又可以治疗不能插入导尿管的急性尿潴留病人。"} {"Question":"不属于洛丁新(苯那普利)发挥肾保护作用主要机制的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降低血压"},{"key":"B","value":"减少蛋白尿"},{"key":"C","value":"减轻血尿"},{"key":"D","value":"减轻肾脏炎症反应"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制肾脏纤维化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"洛丁新(苯那普利)为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI),其发挥肾保护作用的主要机制有:①通过抑制循环和组织中血管紧张素转换酶(ACE),使血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)生成减少,舒张外周血管起到降低血压(A对)的作用;②主要通过扩张出球小动脉,减少残余肾单位高滤过状态,减少蛋白尿(B对)的形成;③残余肾单位高滤过状态的缓解,可以减少炎性细胞的浸润和延缓肌成纤维细胞的形成,减轻肾脏炎症反应(D对),抑制肾脏纤维化(E对)。洛丁新(苯那普利)不能用于减轻血尿(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"早期慢性肾功能不全最主要的治疗目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减少蛋白尿"},{"key":"B","value":"减轻水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"降低血压"},{"key":"D","value":"改善营养状况"},{"key":"E","value":"延缓肾功能减退"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"早期慢性肾功能不全最主要的治疗目的是延缓肾功能减退(E对),改善或缓解临床症状,防治严重并发症的发生,具体措施包括减少蛋白尿(A错)、减轻水肿(B错)、降低血压(C错)、改善营养状况(D错)、纠正酸中毒和电解质紊乱、防止感染、纠正高脂血症等。"} {"Question":"女,36岁。慢性肾衰竭4年。1周来水肿加重、伴恶心、呕吐、胸痛、呼吸困难。查体:T38.1℃,BP180\/100mmHg,心前区可闻及心膜摩擦音。血红蛋白63g\/L,血尿素氮28.6mmol\/L,肌酐870.9umol\/L。目前治疗错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液透析"},{"key":"B","value":"利尿"},{"key":"C","value":"抗感染"},{"key":"D","value":"快速补充血容量"},{"key":"E","value":"控制血压"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年女性患者,既往有慢性肾衰竭病史4年。1周来水肿加重(水、钠潴留引起),伴恶心、呕吐(伴发胃肠道症状,是慢性肾衰竭最早最突出的症状)。查体:BP180\/100mmHg(正常为90~130\/60~90mmHg,提示血压升高),心前区可闻及心包摩擦音(提示合并心包积液),胸痛、呼吸困难(心包积液最典型的表现,心包积液在慢性肾衰竭患者中常见,其原因多与尿毒症毒素蓄积、低蛋白血症、心力衰竭等有关)。T38.1℃(正常为36~37℃,考虑合并感染)。血红蛋白63g\/L(正常为110~150g\/L,考虑肾性贫血),血尿素氮28.6mmol\/L(正常值为3.2~7.1mmol\/L,提示有氮质血症),肌酐870.9μmol\/L(正常值为88.4~176.8μmol\/L,提示血肌酐升高),根据我国慢性肾衰竭的分期方法判断(血肌酐≥707μmol\/L为尿毒症阶段),患者处于尿毒症期。尿毒症期患者,病情较重,已出现水钠潴留、高血压及氮质血症等代谢紊乱,应在控制液体入量(D错,为本题正确答案)的前提下,进行利尿(B对)、控制血压(E对)、血液透析(A对)治疗。尿毒症期患者合并感染,应进行抗感染(C对)治疗。"} {"Question":"60岁的男性急性肾功能衰竭病人,血钾5.6mmol\/L,下列治疗措施有原则性错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10%氯化钾20ml静脉滴注"},{"key":"B","value":"口服钠型树脂15g,一日三次"},{"key":"C","value":"山梨醇5g,每2小时口服一次"},{"key":"D","value":"5%碳酸氢钠溶液100ml,缓慢静脉滴注"},{"key":"E","value":"25%葡萄糖溶液加胰岛素(3~5g:1u)200ml,缓慢静脉滴注"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中老年男性急性肾功能衰竭患者(提示患者存在水电解质失衡及代谢性酸中毒可能),血钾5.6mmol\/L(正常值3.5~5.5mmol\/L),细胞外液处于轻度高钾状态,但患者存在急性肾功能衰竭,因此血钾可在短期内迅速升高,易致心律失常,需降低血钾,而不是补钾(A错,为本题正确答案)。口服钠型树脂15g,一日三次(B对)是用树脂中的Na⁺置换出胃肠道中的K⁺、H⁺从而降低血钾及纠正代酸。山梨醇5g,每2小时口服一次(C对)可以达到从肠道渗透性脱水作用,减轻水潴留。5%碳酸氢钠溶液100ml,缓慢静脉滴注(D对)可同时达到降钾及纠正代谢性酸中毒的作用。25%葡萄糖溶液加胰岛素(3~5g:1u)200ml,缓慢静脉滴注(E对)可降钾。"} {"Question":"男性,42岁,患急性重症胰腺炎并发休克36小时,经抗休克治疗后行胰腺和其周围坏死组织清除腹腔引流术。术后心率106次\/分,血压12.8\/8kPa(96\/60mmHg),中心静脉压10cmH₂O,呼吸频率22次\/分,动脉血氧分压11.5kPa(86mmHg),尿量10ml\/小时,尿比重1.002,此病人目前最紧急的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心功能不全"},{"key":"B","value":"肺功能衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"肾功能衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"血容量不足"},{"key":"E","value":"体内抗利尿激素分泌过多"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者术后血压96\/60mmHg(正常值90~120\/60~80mmHg),中心静脉压10cmH₂O(正常值为5~10cmH₂O),有效血容量基本满足机体需要量(D错),且无心功能不全(当中心静脉压>15cmH₂O时提示心功能不全)(A错)。急性肾衰竭的诊断标准为:尿量<0.5ml\/(kg·h),持续>6小时,患者成年男性,尿量10ml\/小时, 且持续>6小时(患者急性重症胰腺炎并发休克36小时),符合急性肾功能衰竭(C对)的诊断。肺功能衰竭(B错)诊断标准为动脉血氧分压<60mmHg,患者虽呼吸稍快,但动脉血氧分压为86mmHg,因此不能诊断为肺功能衰竭。体内抗利尿激素分泌过多(E错)增加远曲小管和集合管上皮细胞对水的通透性,从而影响水的重吸收;增加髓袢升支粗段对NaCl的主动重吸收和内髓部集合管对尿素的通透性,使髓质组织间液溶质增加,渗透浓度提高,利于尿浓缩,尿比重应增高,而该患者的尿比重降低(正常范围1.010~1.020),故可排除。"} {"Question":"尿毒症患者伴高钾血症最有效降血钾疗法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服碳酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"必需氨基酸疗法"},{"key":"C","value":"补充1,25-(OH)₂D₃"},{"key":"D","value":"促红细胞生成素"},{"key":"E","value":"血液透析治疗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尿毒症患者伴高钾血症最有效降血钾疗法是血液透析治疗(E对)。血液透析通过弥散或对流的方式进行物质交换,可以快速清除体内的高钾以及各种代谢废物,部分替代肾脏功能。碳酸钙是磷结合剂,口服碳酸钙(A错)主要用于降低血磷。必需氨基酸疗法(B错)作为基础疗法,主要用于改善患者的营养状态、减轻氮质血症。补充1,25-(OH)₂D₃(C错)主要用于纠正低钙血症。促红细胞生成素(D错)主要用于治疗肾性贫血。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。发热、咳黄痰10天,水肿伴恶心、呕吐、呼吸困难1周,1天前突发抽搐昏迷。既往IgA肾病5年。查体:BP180\/110mmHg,贫血貌,深大呼吸,双中下肺野闻及湿啰音,心率120次\/分。双下肢水肿。Hb68g\/L,Scr1325umol\/L。患者意识障碍最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压脑病"},{"key":"B","value":"低钙血症"},{"key":"C","value":"尿毒症脑病"},{"key":"D","value":"贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"脑血管病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年男性患者,既往IgA肾病5年。发热、咳黄痰10天(提示合并肺部感染,感染为慢性肾衰竭急性加重的常见诱因)。水肿(水、钠潴留引起)伴恶心、呕吐(伴发消化道症状,是慢性肾衰最早最突出的症状)、呼吸困难1周(考虑由肺部感染引起)。查体:BP180\/110mmHg(正常为90~130\/60~90mmHg,提示有高血压),贫血貌、Hb68g\/L(正常为120~160g\/L,提示有贫血),心率120次\/分(正常为60~100次\/分,提示心率增快)、深大呼吸、双中下肺野闻及湿罗音(肺部感染的表现)。Scrl325μmol\/L(血肌酐正常为88.4~176.8μmol\/L,提示血肌酐升高)。综合患者的病史、临床表现、实验室检查,考虑诊断为慢性肾衰竭。根据我国慢性肾衰竭的分期方法判断(Scr≥707μmol\/L为尿毒症阶段),该患者已处于尿毒症阶段。患者意识障碍最可能的原因是尿毒症脑病(C对)。尿毒症脑病常表现为反应淡漠、谵妄、惊厥、幻觉、昏迷、精神异常等。高血压脑病(P257)(A错)一般以突发急剧的血压与颅内压升高的症状为主,其中以舒张压大于120mmHg为其重要特征;"} {"Question":"常规血液透析的禁忌证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺部感染"},{"key":"B","value":"新发脑出血"},{"key":"C","value":"急性左心衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病"},{"key":"E","value":"高血压"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血液透析可应用于急性肾损伤、慢性肾衰竭,急性左心衰(C错),严重水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱。血液透析时需要抗凝治疗,故新发脑出血(B错)病人禁忌使用。"} {"Question":"急性肾功能衰竭少尿期的主要死因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血钾"},{"key":"B","value":"高血钾"},{"key":"C","value":"DIC"},{"key":"D","value":"代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"氮质血症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性肾功能衰竭少尿期肾排泄钾减少、酸中毒、组织分解过快会导致高钾血症,高钾血症会使心肌受抑,心肌张力减低,容易导致心跳骤停而致死。高血钾(B对)是急性肾功能衰竭最常见的电解质紊乱,也是急性肾功能衰竭少尿期的主要死因。低血钾(A错)极少出现于急性肾功能衰竭少尿期。DIC(C错)较少见于急性肾功能衰竭少尿期。代谢性酸中毒(D错)虽也常见于急性肾功能衰竭少尿期,但其可以被呼吸功能代偿,而出现代谢性酸中毒并呼吸性碱中毒,常发展较慢,且常会得到及时的纠酸治疗,较少致死。急性肾功能衰竭少尿期,因尿量减少,代谢增强,常会导致血中尿素、肌酐、尿酸等增加而出现氮质血症(E错),需于尿毒症相鉴别,其虽常见,但所致症状常不致死,故其不是急性肾功能衰竭少尿期的主要原因。"} {"Question":"男,33岁,15年前曾发现蛋白尿,一直未检查和治疗。三周前出现恶心呕吐,查:血压190\/120mmHg,轻度浮肿,血肌酐360μmol\/L,B超双肾缩小。下列检查项目中不应进行的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血常规"},{"key":"B","value":"内生肌酐清除率"},{"key":"C","value":"血电解质"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉肾盂造影"},{"key":"E","value":"心电图检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年男性患者,15年蛋白尿病史(提示肾功能受损),一直未检查和治疗。三周前出现恶心呕吐(伴发消化道症状,是慢性肾衰竭最早和最突出的症状),查:血压190\/120mmHg(正常为90~130\/60~90mmHg,提示有高血压),轻度浮肿(考虑为水、钠潴留引起),血肌酐360μmol\/L(正常值88.4~176.8μmol\/L,提示血肌酐升高),B超双肾缩小(慢性肾损伤的结果),其中蛋白尿、水肿、高血压,考虑有肾炎综合征。综合患者的病史、临床表现和实验室检查,考虑诊断为慢性肾衰竭。慢性肾衰竭患者肾小球硬化,肌酐清除率明显下降,需进行内生肌酐清除率(B对)检查了解肾脏功能,不宜进行静脉肾盂造影(D错,为本题正确答案)。因造影剂有一定的肾毒性,几乎全部从肾脏排泄,会加重肾脏损伤,且对病情诊断价值不大。慢性肾衰竭时常出现各种电解质代谢紊乱和酸碱平衡失调,病程中还会引起心血管病变(慢性肾衰竭患者的常见并发症和最主要死因)、肾性贫血和出血倾向、并发感染等,应做相应的检查以了解病情,如血电解质(C对)、心电图检查(E对)、血常规(A对)等。"} {"Question":"在急性肾功能衰竭病人少尿期或无尿期,需紧急处理的电解质失调是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低氧血症"},{"key":"B","value":"低钠血症"},{"key":"C","value":"低钙血症"},{"key":"D","value":"高镁血症"},{"key":"E","value":"高钾血症"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性肾功能衰竭病人少尿期或无尿期,需紧急处理的是高钾血症(E对)。因为高钾血症对患者心功能影响大,可引起心室纤颤或心跳骤停危害患者生命。低氧血症(A错)、低钠血症(B错)、低钙血症(C错)、高镁血症(D错)均会对机体造成内环境紊乱,导致相应的临床症状,应尽早纠正,但不会致命,其严重程度不如高钾血症。"} {"Question":"在我国,目前慢性肾衰最常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压肾病"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病肾病"},{"key":"C","value":"遗传性肾病"},{"key":"D","value":"原发性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性肾盂肾炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在我国,目前慢性肾衰最常见的病因是原发性肾小球肾炎(D对);在发达国家,糖尿病肾病(B错)、高血压肾病(高血压肾小动脉硬化)(A错)是主要病因。"} {"Question":"5岁男孩。右侧阴囊包块,卧位不消失,右睾丸未扪及,透光试验阳性,正确诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右侧斜疝"},{"key":"B","value":"精索鞘膜积液"},{"key":"C","value":"交通性鞘膜积液"},{"key":"D","value":"右睾丸鞘膜积液"},{"key":"E","value":"右侧隐睾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小儿患者右侧阴囊肿块,卧位肿块不消失,透光试验阳性,应诊断为右睾丸鞘膜积液(D对)。斜疝的疝囊进入阴囊时可有阴囊肿大,但透光试验阴性(A错)。精索鞘膜积液(B错)又称精索囊肿,其肿块多位于腹股沟或睾丸上方,查体睾丸可触及。交通性鞘膜积液(C错),立位时阴囊肿大,卧位时包块缩小或消失,睾丸可触及。隐睾(P522)(E错)指睾丸下降异常,使睾丸不能降至阴囊而停留在腹膜后、腹股沟管或阴囊入口处,主要表现为患侧阴囊小,触诊时不能触及睾丸。"} {"Question":"男孩,3岁。左侧阴囊包块,呈球形,光滑,无触痛,睾丸触摸不清,透光试验阳性。可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"股沟斜疝"},{"key":"B","value":"精索鞘膜积液"},{"key":"C","value":"睾丸肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"睾丸鞘膜积液"},{"key":"E","value":"交通性鞘膜积液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿左侧阴囊包块,球形光滑无触痛,透光试验阳性(提示鞘膜积液),综上考虑诊断为睾丸鞘膜积液。股沟斜疝(A错)和睾丸肿瘤(C错)不会有透光试验阳性。精索鞘膜积液(B错)可表现为一个或多个囊肿,呈椭圆形、梭形或哑铃形,沿精索而生长,其下方可扪及正常睾丸。交通性鞘膜积液(E错)立位时阴囊肿大,卧位时积液流人腹腔,鞘膜囊缩小或消失,题干中没有该类信息,故不选。"} {"Question":"男,29岁。尿频、尿急、尿痛伴尿道内不适1年余。近日晨起排尿终末可见尿道口“滴白”,下腹部及会阴隐痛,无寒战和高热。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"良性前列腺增生"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性膀胱炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性细菌性前列腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性前列腺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性尿道炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"男,29岁。尿频、尿急、尿痛伴尿道内不适1年余(尿路刺激症)。近日晨起排尿终末可见尿道口“滴白”,下腹部及会阴隐痛,无寒战和高热(前列腺炎常见症状),且病程有1年。最可能的诊断是慢性前列腺炎(D对)。良性前列腺增生(A错)主要症状包括尿频、尿急、尿失禁以及夜尿增多等。慢性膀胱炎(B错)没有“滴白”。急性细菌性前列腺炎(C错)发病突然,为急性疼痛伴随着排尿刺激症状和梗阻症状以及发热全身症状。慢性尿道炎(E错)会有尿道口红肿,尿液浑浊。"} {"Question":"骨盆骨折易伤及","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球部尿道"},{"key":"B","value":"膜部尿道"},{"key":"C","value":"悬垂部尿道"},{"key":"D","value":"前列腺部尿道"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱颈部"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"骨盆骨折容易伤及后尿道,最易伤及尿道膜部(B对),严重时可伤及前列腺部尿道(D错)。尿道球部(A错)损伤多见于骑跨伤,悬垂部尿道(C错)和膀胱颈部(E错)损伤较少见。"} {"Question":"男,30岁。1小时前从3米高处坠落,右腰部受伤,局部疼痛,肉眼血尿。查体:生命体征平稳,腹软。住院5日后下床活动,右腰部疼痛加剧并出现腰部包块。此时P120次\/分,BP80\/40mmHg。为了解右腰部包块来源,应采用的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同位素肾图"},{"key":"B","value":"B超"},{"key":"C","value":"KUB"},{"key":"D","value":"血常规"},{"key":"E","value":"尿常规"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者,右腰部受伤,出现局部疼痛和肉眼血尿(肾脏损伤的表现),应考虑右肾损伤。患者受伤当日生命体征平稳,但5日后下床活动,右腰部疼痛加剧并出现腰部包块,血压下降,脉率\/收缩压=120\/80=1.5,提示有休克,考虑有肾脏内大量出血,故腰部包块最可能是大量出血所致血肿,为了解其来源明确诊断,应采用的检查是B超(B对),超声对液体显示效果最佳,表现为液性暗区。同位素肾图(P517)(A错)主要用于测定肾小管分泌功能和显示上尿路有无梗阻。KUB(P516)(C错)即尿路平片,可用于判断泌尿系结石的来源,对肾损伤的诊断意义不大。血常规(D错)和尿常规(E错)可用于提示肾脏有无活动性出血,但对包块来源诊断价值不大。"} {"Question":"患者,男,35岁。左腰部受伤后出现腰痛。体检:血压125\/90mmHg,P80次\/分,左肾区叩痛,腹膜刺激征(-);尿常规检查:RBC5~10个\/HP。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾部分裂伤"},{"key":"B","value":"肾全层裂伤"},{"key":"C","value":"肾蒂损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"肾挫伤"},{"key":"E","value":"自发性肾破裂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年男性患者,左腰部受伤后出现腰痛(提示可能有肾脏损伤),血压125\/90mmHg(正常值90~140\/60~90mmHg),P80次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),腹膜刺激征(-)(提示患者损伤较轻),左肾区叩痛,尿常规检查:RBC5~10个\/HP(高于正常值0~3个\/HP,提示肾损伤),结合患者病史、临床表现和相关检查,该患者最可能的诊断为左肾挫伤(D对)。肾部分裂伤(A错)和肾全层裂伤(B错)损伤较严重,会出现明显血尿、腰腹部可触及肿块,还可因尿液外渗而致腹膜刺激症阳性。因肾蒂包含肾动静脉、输尿管等重要结构,肾蒂损伤(C错)可迅速出现血尿、休克等表现,病情危急。自发性肾破裂(E错)是指在无创伤情况下发生的肾实质、肾盂或肾血管破裂,多在病理性肾的基础上发生,主要表现为疼痛、腹部包块和血尿。"} {"Question":"根据TNM分期标准,膀胱肿瘤浸润浅肌层的分期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"T1期"},{"key":"B","value":"T2b期"},{"key":"C","value":"T3a期"},{"key":"D","value":"Ta期"},{"key":"E","value":"T2a期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根据肿瘤浸润深度,膀胱癌的TNM分期如下:Tis指原位癌;Ta(D错)指无浸润的乳头状癌;T1(A错)指肿瘤浸润黏膜固有层;T2(B错)指肿瘤浸润肌层,又可分为T2a(E对)浸润浅肌层(肌层内1\/2),T2b浸润深肌层(肌层外1\/2);T3指肿瘤浸润膀胱周围脂肪组织,又可分为T3a(C错)显微镜下发现肿瘤侵犯膀胱周围组织,T3b肉眼可见肿瘤侵犯膀胱周围组织;T4浸润前列腺、子宫、阴道及盆壁等邻近器官。"} {"Question":"男,60岁,左侧腰部胀痛,伴间歇性无痛性肉眼血尿3月余,IVU可见左肾中盏充盈不全。首先考虑的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾盂癌"},{"key":"B","value":"肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肾黄色肉芽肿"},{"key":"D","value":"肾盏结石"},{"key":"E","value":"肾结核"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者中老年男性,左侧腰部胀痛伴间歇性无痛性肉眼血尿3月余(肾盂癌的临床表现)。IVU(静脉肾盂造影)可见左肾中盏充盈不全,提示患者出现上尿路肿瘤,据临床表现及泌尿系造影显示,该患者最可能能的诊断是肾盂癌(A对)。肾盂肾炎(B错)临床表现为突然发生寒战、高热,伴有头痛、全身痛等,单侧或双侧腰痛,有明显的肾区压痛、肋脊角叩痛及膀胱刺激征。肾结核(E错)常见于20~40岁青壮年男性,早期无明显症状,进展期多见尿频、尿急、尿痛等临床表现,可伴终末血尿,脓尿,全身症状不明显。"} {"Question":"肾盂癌患者有血尿,双侧肾功能正常,首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾切除"},{"key":"B","value":"肾盂肿瘤切除"},{"key":"C","value":"化疗"},{"key":"D","value":"患肾及输尿管全切除"},{"key":"E","value":"继续观察"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾盂癌患者,双侧肾功能正常,故此时可行根治性切除术,首选的治疗方法是患肾及输尿管全切除(D对),包括输尿管开口部位的膀胱壁。肾切除(A错)主要用于肾癌的治疗。肾盂肿瘤切除(B错)主要用于孤立肾或对侧肾功能已受损,肿瘤细胞分化良好、无浸润的带蒂乳头状肿瘤。化疗(C错)多用于晚期有转移的患者。患者确诊肾盂癌有血尿症状,继续观察(E错)显然不对。"} {"Question":"膀胱肿瘤T1期表明肿瘤侵及","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粘膜表面"},{"key":"B","value":"粘膜固有层"},{"key":"C","value":"浅肌层"},{"key":"D","value":"深肌层"},{"key":"E","value":"外膜层"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"TNM分期标准根据癌浸润膀胱壁的深度(乳头状瘤除外),可分为:Tis原位癌;Ta无浸润的乳头状癌;T1浸润黏膜固有层;T2浸润肌层,又分为T2a浸润浅肌层(肌层内1\/2)(C错),T2b浸润深肌层(肌层外1\/2)(D错)。故膀胱肿瘤T1期表明肿瘤侵及黏膜固有层(B对)。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁。无痛性肉眼血尿3个月,IVP显示左肾盂内有充盈缺损,膀胱镜见左侧输尿管口喷血,应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾结核"},{"key":"B","value":"肾癌"},{"key":"C","value":"阴性结石"},{"key":"D","value":"肾盂癌"},{"key":"E","value":"肾炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者,无痛性肉眼血尿3个月(提示可能有泌尿系肿瘤),IVP检查显示左肾盂内有充盈缺损(提示肾盂内占位性病变),膀胱镜检查见左侧输尿管口喷血(上尿路肿瘤的表现),结合患者临床表现和相关检查,应考虑左肾盂癌(D对)。肾结核(A错)典型表现为膀胱刺激症状伴终末血尿,可有低热、盗汗等结核中毒症状。肾癌(B错)主要表现为无痛肉眼血尿、腰痛和腹部肿块。肾结石(C错)位于肾盂时可无明显临床症状,活动后出现上腹或腰部钝痛。肾炎(E错)主要指肾小球肾炎,多继发于链球菌感染之后,主要表现为血尿、蛋白尿、水肿和高血压。"} {"Question":"男,50岁,2个月来间歇性无痛性血尿,近3天来加重伴有血块,B型超声双肾正常,膀胱内有1.5cm×2.0cm×l.0cm新生物,有蒂,目前最常用的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膀胱灌注化疗"},{"key":"B","value":"经尿道电切"},{"key":"C","value":"开放手术"},{"key":"D","value":"放射治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"全身化疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,间歇性无痛性全血尿、伴有血块(提示可能有泌尿系肿瘤),B型超声双肾正常(可排除肾肿瘤),膀胱内有一带蒂的新生物(提示可能为膀胱肿瘤),结合患者病史、临床表现和B超检查,该患者最可能的诊断为膀胱肿瘤。该患者新生物1.5cm×2.0cm×l.0cm,有蒂,属于表浅的乳头状癌,TNM分期属Ta、T1期,对于Ta、T1期肿瘤,目前最常用的治疗方法是经尿道电切(B对)。膀胱灌注化疗(A错)主要用于原位癌、细胞分化良好者及预防TURBt后肿瘤的复发。开放手术(C错)即根治性膀胱全切术,是肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准治疗方法。放射治疗(D错)对局部的晚期膀胱肿瘤患者有一定的疗效。全身化疗(E错)主要用于浸润性局部晚期及远隔转移的病人。关于不同临床分期膀胱癌的治疗现总结如下:Tis(原位癌)可行化疗药物或卡介苗(BCG)膀胱灌注治疗。Ta、T1期肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt),术后行膀胱灌注化疗。T2期低级别、局限的肿瘤可经尿道切除或行膀胱部分切除术。T3期低级别、单个局限、如病人不能耐受膀胱全切者可采用膀胱部分切除术;膀胱浸润性癌行根治性膀胱全切除术。T4期肌层浸润性癌常失去根治性手术机会,采用姑息性放化学治疗。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不属于睾丸肿瘤分型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精原细胞瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"畸胎瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"卵黄囊肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"胚胎癌"},{"key":"E","value":"乳头状癌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"睾丸肿瘤较少见,但却是青壮年男性常见的实体肿瘤,几乎都属于恶性。睾丸肿瘤分为原发性和继发性两大类,其中,原发性又分为生殖细胞肿瘤和非生殖细胞肿瘤。生殖细胞肿瘤可分为精原细胞瘤(A对)、畸胎瘤(B对)、卵黄囊瘤(C对)、绒毛膜癌和胚胎癌(D对)等5种基本类型;非生殖细胞肿瘤分为间质细胞瘤、支持细胞瘤等。继发性睾丸肿瘤主要来自淋巴瘤及白血病等转移性肿瘤。乳头状癌(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于睾丸肿瘤分型。"} {"Question":"右侧阴囊内肿块,质硬,无触痛,有沉重感,透光试验阴性。最可能的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睾丸鞘膜积液"},{"key":"B","value":"交通性鞘膜积液"},{"key":"C","value":"精囊结核"},{"key":"D","value":"附睾结核"},{"key":"E","value":"睾丸肿瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者右侧阴囊内肿块,质硬,无触痛,有沉重感,透光实验阴性(睾丸肿瘤患侧睾丸增大或扪及肿块,质地较硬,与睾丸界限不清,用手托起较正常侧沉重感,透光试验阴性),所以应最先考虑睾丸肿瘤(E对)。睾丸鞘膜积液(A错)呈球形或卵圆形,表面光滑,有弹性和囊样感,无压痛,触不到睾丸和附睾,透光实验阳性(P581)。交通性鞘膜积液(B错),立位时阴囊肿大,卧位时积液流入腹腔,鞘膜囊缩小或消失,睾丸可触及。男性生殖系统结核大多继发于肾结核,一般来自后尿道感染,少数有血行直接播散所致,该患者无结核病史(CD错)(P548)。"} {"Question":"膀胱肿瘤最常见的组织类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺癌"},{"key":"B","value":"内翻性乳头状瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"移行细胞癌"},{"key":"D","value":"横纹肌肉痛"},{"key":"E","value":"鳞癌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"膀胱肿瘤最常见的组织类型是移行细胞癌(C对),占90%以上,其次为鳞癌(E错)和腺癌(A错);非上皮性肿瘤最少,约占1%~5%,多为肉瘤(D错)。内翻性乳头状瘤(B错)属于移形细胞癌的一种,为良性肿瘤,较少见。"} {"Question":"血尿病人,膀胱镜检见膀胱三角区有4cm×5cm大小肿瘤,无蒂,表面有坏死,活检为T3期,最佳的治疗方案应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化疗+放疗"},{"key":"B","value":"肿瘤切除术"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱部分切除术"},{"key":"D","value":"膀胱全切除"},{"key":"E","value":"髂内动脉栓塞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者有血尿,膀胱镜检示膀胱三角区肿瘤,故考虑为膀胱癌,且已达T3期,肿块4cm×5cm大小,故最佳的治疗方法为根治性膀胱全切除术(D对)。化疗+放疗(A错)只是其辅助治疗措施之一。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)(B错)主要用于Ta、T1期肿瘤。膀胱部分切除术(C错)适用于T2、T3期低级别、局限的肿瘤或病人不能耐受膀胱全切者。髂内动脉栓塞(E错)一般不用于膀胱癌的治疗。关于不同临床分期膀胱癌的治疗现总结如下:Tis(原位癌)可行化疗药物或卡介苗(BCG)膀胱灌注治疗。Ta、T1期肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt),术后行膀胱灌注化疗。T2期低级别、局限的肿瘤可经尿道切除或行膀胱部分切除术。T3期低级别、单个局限、如病人不能耐受膀胱全切者可采用膀胱部分切除术;膀胱浸润性癌行根治性膀胱全切除术。T4期肌层浸润性癌常失去根治性手术机会,采用姑息性放化学治疗。"} {"Question":"男,71岁。血清PSA异常增高,对明确诊断最有帮助的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放射性核素显像"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"C","value":"MRI"},{"key":"D","value":"CT"},{"key":"E","value":"KUB"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"PSA为前列腺特异性抗原,为前列腺癌的特异性检查。MRI(C对)在诊断前列腺癌方面有着较高的敏感性和特异性,并可对肿瘤局部侵犯程度及有无盆腔淋巴结转移做出初步评估。放射性核素显像(A错)主要用于确定分肾功能。腹部B超(B错)对于早期前列腺癌病人常无异常发现。CT(D错)有助于鉴别不透光的结石、肿瘤、血凝块等,以及了解有无肾畸形。KUB(E错)即腹部泌尿系平片(肾-输尿管-膀胱摄影)不能明确诊断。"} {"Question":"肾母细胞瘤典型的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血尿"},{"key":"B","value":"消瘦"},{"key":"C","value":"发热"},{"key":"D","value":"腹部巨大肿块"},{"key":"E","value":"高血压"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾母细胞瘤是小儿最常见的恶性肿瘤,多在5岁前发病,腹部巨大肿块(D对)是肾母细胞瘤典型的临床表现。血尿(A错)、消瘦(B错)是泌尿系肿瘤的一般表现,不具有特异性。发热(C错)、高血压(E错)等为副瘤综合征的表现,除可见于肾母细胞瘤外,还可见于肾癌、肺癌等恶性肿瘤。"} {"Question":"男,1岁。面色苍白1个月,易疲乏,时而烦躁,纳差。体检:肝肋下3cm,质中,脾肋下1.5cm。查血常规:Hb86g\/L,RBC3.45×10¹²\/L,MCV68fL,MCH20pg,MCHC0.26。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸缺乏性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"VitB₁₂缺乏性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"生理性贫血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患儿面色苍白、肝脾肿大,提示有贫血。6个月-6岁儿童血红蛋白小于110g\/L可诊断为贫血;贫血细胞的形态分类有三个指标,红细胞平均容积(MCV)正常值80-94fl,红细胞平均血红蛋白(MCH)正常值28-32pg,红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)正常值32-38%。血常规提示血红蛋白低,MCV<80fl,MCH<28pg,MCHC<0.32,提示患儿为小细胞低色素贫血,叶酸缺乏性贫血和VitB12 缺乏性贫血属于巨幼细胞贫血(AD错),再障属于正细胞性贫血(B错),生理性贫血呈自限性,多见于新生儿,且Hb多在100g\/L左右(E错)。因此因诊断为缺铁性贫血(C对)。"} {"Question":"白细胞分类中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比例大致相等的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生后2~4天及2~4个月"},{"key":"B","value":"生后4~6个月及4~6岁"},{"key":"C","value":"生后4~6个月及6~8岁"},{"key":"D","value":"生后4~6天及4~6个月"},{"key":"E","value":"生后4~6天及4~6岁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"白细胞分类中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比例大致相等的时间是4-6天和4-6岁(E对)。"} {"Question":"女,4个月。双胎之小,单纯母乳喂养,面色苍白,食欲减退2个月。查体:肤色苍白,肝肋下3.5厘米,脾肋下1.5厘米。血Hb80g\/L,RBC3.3×10¹²\/L,MCV60fl,MCH24pg,MCHC25%,Plt、WBC正常。若Hb恢复正常,还需要继续药物治疗的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3~4周"},{"key":"B","value":"1~2周"},{"key":"C","value":"9~12周"},{"key":"D","value":"13~18周"},{"key":"E","value":"6~8周"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该患儿血红蛋白80g\/L可知为中度贫血,另外有肝脾稍大、面色苍白的临床表现,外周血涂片红细胞体积减小,应诊断为缺铁性贫血。在经有效治疗Hb恢复正常后,还需要继续药物治疗6~8周,目的是使储存铁(如铁蛋白)也恢复正常(E对)。"} {"Question":"1岁男婴,因面色苍黄、毛发稀枯3月。血常规示Hb89g\/L,中性粒细胞变大并有分叶过多。骨髓象示:幼红细胞巨幼变。为了明确诊断,首先应选择的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清VitB₆测定"},{"key":"B","value":"血清VitB₁₂测定"},{"key":"C","value":"血清乙酸测定"},{"key":"D","value":"血清铁蛋白测定"},{"key":"E","value":"血清铁测定"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据该患儿临床表现面色苍黄毛发稀枯、血常规示Hb89g\/L(儿童正常值:110-160g\/L),中性粒细胞变大并有分叶过多,骨髓象示幼红细胞巨幼变等可诊断为巨幼细胞性贫血。在此基础上,如神经精神症状明显,则考虑为维生素B12缺乏所致。有条件时测定血清维生素B12或叶酸水平进一步确诊(B对)。"} {"Question":"儿童缺铁性贫血的临床表现不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面色苍白"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脾肿大"},{"key":"C","value":"肢体震颤"},{"key":"D","value":"食欲不振"},{"key":"E","value":"心率、呼吸加快"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"缺铁性贫血的症状可分为缺铁原发病表现(如,黑便血便、长期月经过多等)、贫血表现、组织缺铁表现。贫血表现可理解为血流动力学改变及供氧供血不足所引起,如头晕乏力、面色苍白(A对)、心率呼吸加快(E对)等;组织缺铁表现可理解为铁相关酶功能障碍所引起,如消化腺萎缩等引起的食欲不振(D对)、舌乳头萎缩、智力减退等。肝脾肿大(B对)为儿童缺铁性贫血相对特异表现,系代偿性髓外造血引起(成年人髓外造血功能丧失)。需要注意的是,儿科学上并没有上述症状分类,统称为“临床表现”,而内科学考题常常需要大家分清每一个症状的类别,但上述分类有助于理解和记忆。肢体震颤(C错,为本题正确答案)可见于重症巨幼细胞性贫血,表现为不规则性震颤、手足无意识运动等。"} {"Question":"皮疹为皮肤上同时存在斑疹,丘疹,水疱疹和结痂疹","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猩红热"},{"key":"B","value":"水痘"},{"key":"C","value":"麻疹"},{"key":"D","value":"幼儿急疹"},{"key":"E","value":"风疹"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"水痘皮疹特点为皮肤粘膜相继出现和同时存在斑疹、丘疹、疱疹和结痂等各类皮疹(B对)。猩红热的皮疹特点是皮肤弥漫性充血,上有密集针尖大小丘疹,全身皮肤均可受累,疹退后伴脱皮(A错)。麻疹的皮疹特点是红色斑丘疹,自头面部→颈→躯干→四肢,退疹后有色素沉着及细小脱屑(C错)。幼儿急诊的皮疹特点是红色细小密集斑丘疹,头面颈及躯干部多见,四肢较少,一天出齐,次日即开始消退(D错)。风疹的皮疹特点是面颈部→躯干→四肢,斑丘疹,疹间有正常皮肤,退疹后无色素沉着及脱屑(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,4岁。因反复低热、咳嗽和盗汗15天就诊。查体:T37.5℃,右眼球结膜充血,内眦部有一疱疹,咽部充血,右颈部可触及黄豆大小淋巴结,无明显压痛,心肺无异常,肝肋下1.5厘米,血WBC5.6×10⁹\/L,L0.70。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核感染"},{"key":"B","value":"咳嗽变异性哮喘"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎支原体感染"},{"key":"D","value":"急性上呼吸道感染"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管异物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肺炎(B错)、支原体感染(C错)、急性上呼吸道感染(D错)、支气管异物(E错)不会出现结核(低热和盗汗)的典型体征。另外还有右眼球结膜充血、右颈部可触及黄豆大小淋巴结、肝脏增大以及白细胞增高(以淋巴细胞增高为主)的临床症状,进一步可以确定是结核感染(A对)。"} {"Question":"7个月患儿,发热3天,体温39~40℃,流涕,轻咳。查体:一般情况好,除咽部充血外,未见其他异常,家长一直服用中药治疗。近日热退,因皮肤出现红色斑丘疹而就诊。本病的病原为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻疹病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"腺病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"人疱疹病毒6型"},{"key":"D","value":"柯萨奇病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"水痘病毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"7个月患儿,发热3天,体温39~40℃,流涕,轻咳。查体:一般情况好,除咽部充血外,未见其他异常,近日热退而出现红色斑丘疹等符合幼儿急疹的全身症状表现,如:主要见于婴幼儿,一般情况好,耳后淋巴结可肿大等,且该患儿热退后伴皮疹出现符合幼儿急疹发热与皮疹的关系,故该患儿可能的诊断是幼儿急疹,故病原为人疱疹病毒6型柯萨奇病毒(C对)。而麻疹病毒(A错)是麻疹的病原,腺病毒(B错)对呼吸道、胃肠道、尿道和膀胱等均可感染,可引起不同的疾患,柯萨奇病毒(D错)是一种可经呼吸道和消化道感染的肠病毒,感染后可出现发热、打喷嚏、咳嗽等感冒症状,水痘病毒(E错)是水痘的病原。"} {"Question":"男性,2岁。1个月来食欲减退,消瘦伴乏力,低热、盗汗、干咳2个月,易怒。体检:颈部可见数个肿大淋巴结,肝肋下1.5cm,结核菌素试验(++)。患儿最可能的诊断","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原发性肺结核"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管淋巴结核"},{"key":"D","value":"浸润性肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"颈部淋巴结核+支气管淋巴结核"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患儿食欲减退,消瘦乏力,低热盗汗,为结核病的全身中毒症状。患儿干咳2个月,结核菌素试验阳性,应诊断为肺结核。由于小儿以原发型肺结核多见,成人以浸润型肺结核多见(D错),故本例应诊断为原发性肺结核(A对)。支气管肺炎无低热盗汗等结核中毒症状(B错)。支气管淋巴结核为原发型肺结核的表现形式之一,原发性肺结核包括原发综合征和支气管淋巴结核(CE错)。本例不能仅凭“颈部数个肿大淋巴结”而误选择答案E。"} {"Question":"手足皮肤呈大片状脱皮且无色素沉着的发疹性疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"猩红热"},{"key":"B","value":"麻疹"},{"key":"C","value":"幼儿急疹"},{"key":"D","value":"水痘"},{"key":"E","value":"风疹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"猩红热为乙型溶血性链球菌所致,高热、皮肤弥漫充血,上有密集针尖大小皮疹,发热1-2天出疹,出疹时高热、咽峡炎、杨梅舌均为其特征性表现,手足皮肤肿大,片状脱皮且无色素沉着(A对)。麻疹(B错)是发热3~4天后出疹,有色素沉着。幼儿急疹(C错)表现为热退疹出。水痘(D错)多为低热,发热第二天出疹,且皮疹由最初的红色斑疹和丘疹变成透明饱满的水泡。风疹(E错)全身症状轻,高热少见,耳后、枕后淋巴结肿大并触痛。"} {"Question":"7个月患儿,发热3天,体温39℃,流涕,咳嗽。皮肤出现红色斑丘疹,体温升至40℃。颊粘膜粗糙,可见白色斑点。该患儿需隔离至出疹后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3天"},{"key":"B","value":"5天"},{"key":"C","value":"7天"},{"key":"D","value":"10天"},{"key":"E","value":"14天"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"麻疹属于传染性呼吸道疾病,麻疹患者出疹前后5天均有传染性,一般隔离至出疹后5天(B对),合并肺炎或其他并发症的患者应延长至出疹后10天(D错)。"} {"Question":"幼儿急疹的临床特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热1~2天出疹"},{"key":"B","value":"热退后全身出疹"},{"key":"C","value":"出疹时全身体温升高"},{"key":"D","value":"皮疹常有融合"},{"key":"E","value":"疹退后皮肤留有棕色色素沉着"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"幼儿急疹由人疱疹病毒6型感染引起。高热3-5天,热退后全身出疹(B对)。皮疹特点为红色系小密集斑丘疹,头面颈及躯干部多见,四肢较少,一天出齐,次日开始消退。发热1~2天出疹(A错)多见于风疹。出疹时全身体温升高(C错)多见于麻疹。皮疹常有融合(D错)可见于重症水痘(P174)。疹退后皮肤留有棕色色素沉着(E错)常见于麻疹。"} {"Question":"卡介苗接种后所致结核菌素阳性反应是指硬结直径","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"<5mm"},{"key":"B","value":"5~9mm,3~5天后反应消失"},{"key":"C","value":"10~15mm,一周后留有色素"},{"key":"D","value":"15~20mm"},{"key":"E","value":">20mm"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"卡介苗接种后硬结直径5-9mm为阳性(+)(B对),不足5mm为阴性(A错),10-19mm为中度阳性(++)(CD错),≥20mm为强阳性(+++)(E错)。"} {"Question":"女孩,5岁。因间断发热伴痉挛性咳嗽20天来诊。体温38℃,神志清。慢性病容,右眼结膜充血。内眦部有一疱疹,咽部有充血,右颈部可触及豌豆大小淋巴结,无明显压痛,心、肺无异常。肝肋下1.0cm,胸透肺门可见3cm×3cm阴影,外周血白细胞5.6×10⁹\/L,淋巴细胞0.7。对该患儿的同胞兄弟应采取哪项最佳预防措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸道隔离"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素口服7~10天"},{"key":"C","value":"异烟肼口服6个月"},{"key":"D","value":"定期体检,早期发现"},{"key":"E","value":"尽早接种卡介苗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"学龄前儿童,间断发热伴痉挛性咳嗽20天来诊,体温38℃(正常值为36℃~37℃,发热),神志清,慢性病容,右眼结膜充血,内眦部有一疱疹,咽部有充血,右颈部可触及豌豆大小淋巴结,无明显压痛,肝肋下1.0cm(提示肝脏增大),胸透肺门可见3cm×3cm阴影(支气管淋巴结结核的典型X线表现),外周血白细胞5.6×10⁹\/L(正常值为4~10×10⁹\/L),淋巴细胞0.7(正常值为0.2~0.4,淋巴细胞增高),根据患儿的临床症状、体征及实验室检查,考虑最可能的诊断为支气管淋巴结结核,由于该患儿的同胞兄弟属于密切接触家庭内开放性肺结核者,所以应采取的最佳预防措施是异烟肼口服6个月(C对),卡介苗接种(E错)主要用于新生儿的预防。"} {"Question":"6个月女婴,发热3天,体温39℃,查体:一般情况良好,咽充血,耳后淋巴结肿大,心肺无异常,肝脾未触及。若患儿热退后,伴皮疹出现,可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风疹"},{"key":"B","value":"麻疹"},{"key":"C","value":"水痘"},{"key":"D","value":"猩红热"},{"key":"E","value":"幼儿急疹"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"6个月女婴,发热3天,体温39℃,查体发现咽充血,耳后淋巴结肿大,心肺无异常,肝脾未触及等符合幼儿急疹的全身症状表现,如:主要见于婴幼儿,一般情况好,耳后淋巴结可肿大等,且该患儿热退后伴皮疹出现符合幼儿急疹发热与皮疹的关系,故该患儿可能的诊断是幼儿急疹(E对)。而风疹(A错)全身症状轻,耳后、枕后淋巴结肿大并触痛,皮疹多在症状出现后1-2天出现,且有面颈部→躯干→四肢的先后顺序,故该患儿不考虑此病。麻疹(B错)的全身症状有发热、咳嗽、畏光、鼻卡他、结膜炎等,皮疹多在发热后3-4天出现,且出疹期为发热的高峰期,为红色斑丘疹,退疹后有色素沉着及细小脱屑,故该患儿不考虑此病。水痘(P174)(C错)出疹前可有前驱症状,如发热、不适和厌食等。24-48小时出疹,皮疹常首发于头、面和躯干,继而扩展到四肢,呈向心性分布,故该患儿不考虑此病。猩红热(D错)的全身症状主要有发热、咽痛、头痛、呕吐、杨梅舌、环扣苍白圈、颈部淋巴结肿大等,皮疹多在发热1-2天出现,且出疹时高热,皮肤弥漫性充血,疹退后伴脱皮,故该患儿不考虑此病。"} {"Question":"男孩,6岁,发热伴皮疹2天,查体:咽部充血,双扁桃体Ⅱ度重大,可见脓性分泌物,杨梅舌,全身红色鸡皮样疹,皮肤潮红,双颌下各可触及一个1.0cm×0.5cm大小的淋巴结,有触痛,诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻疹"},{"key":"B","value":"川崎病"},{"key":"C","value":"水痘"},{"key":"D","value":"猩红热"},{"key":"E","value":"幼儿急疹"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"男童患者,发热伴皮疹2天,查体:咽部充血,双扁桃体Ⅱ度重大,可见脓性分泌物,杨梅舌(猩红热的特征性表现),全身红色鸡皮样疹,皮肤潮红,双颌下各可触及一个1.0cm×0.5cm大小的淋巴结,有触痛,综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,诊断是猩红热(D对)。麻疹(A错)可见Kopli斑,疹退后皮肤脱屑及色素沉着等。川崎病(B错)可见草莓舌。水痘(C错)一般无颈部淋巴结肿大及杨梅舌表现,PCR检测鼻咽分泌物病毒DNA可确诊。幼儿急疹(E错)常有轻度腹泻,皮疹为斑丘疹,无杨梅舌表现。"} {"Question":"女孩,4岁。反复呕吐3天,突发抽搐1次,食欲差,精神萎靡,肾病综合征病史半年余,长期低盐饮食。其量可能合并","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低钙血症"},{"key":"B","value":"肾静脉血栓"},{"key":"C","value":"低钠血症"},{"key":"D","value":"颅内感染"},{"key":"E","value":"脑血拴形成"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本例患儿反复呕吐3天,突发抽搐1次,食欲差,精神萎靡,肾病综合征病史半年余,长期低盐饮食,其最可能合并低钠血症(C对)。低钙血症(A错)可有抽搐表现,但本病例提示长期低盐饮食,所以合并低钠血症可能性大。肾静脉血栓(B错)有尿颜色改变。颅内感染(D错)有脑膜刺激征。脑血拴形成(E错)多见于老年人。"} {"Question":"男孩,5岁。水肿伴尿少3天。病前2天有“上感”史。查体:BP90\/60mmHg,眼睑及颜面水肿,双下肢凹陷性水肿。实验室检查:血浆白蛋白22g\/L,胆固醇7.2mmol\/L,肾功能正常,血C31.25g\/L,PPD试验(-)。尿常规:RBC10\/HP,蛋白(++++)。若患儿经治疗,尿蛋白转阴9个月,已停药。2周前出现发热、咳嗽,随后出现尿蛋白(+++)、水肿,现已无感染表现。以下治疗措施中错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用免疫调节剂"},{"key":"B","value":"抗凝利尿治疗,不必限盐"},{"key":"C","value":"加用免疫抑制剂治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"本次治疗可不必使用抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"按初次方案重新开始治疗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者儿童,有上感病史,水肿伴尿少,低蛋白血症,大量蛋白尿,高脂血症,肾功能正常,血C3正常,大量蛋白尿,这些症状符合肾病综合征表现,经过治疗后九个月又出现出现大量蛋白尿和水肿,提示又复发。抗凝利尿治疗,不必限盐不能用于该患儿的治疗,因为在有显著水肿时应短期限盐,病情缓解后不必继续限盐(B错,为本题正确答案)。使用免疫调节剂常伴感染、频复发或糖皮质激素依赖者,因此可以用于该患儿的治疗(A对)。加用免疫抑制剂治疗可以用于频繁复发,糖皮质激素依赖、耐药或严重副作用者,可以用于该患儿的治疗(C对)。本次治疗可不必使用抗生素,因为该患儿现在已无感染表现(D对)。按初次方案重新开始治疗可以用于肾病综合征复发者(E对)。"} {"Question":"女孩,6岁。诊断为单纯型肾病综合征,病程中患儿出现腰痛、尿呈洗肉水样。此时最可能是发生了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泌尿系感染"},{"key":"B","value":"肾结石"},{"key":"C","value":"肾衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"电解质紊乱"},{"key":"E","value":"肾静脉血栓形成"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患儿,已经诊断为单纯型肾病综合征,在此基础上有了腰痛尿呈洗肉水样的表现,最可能发生了肾静脉血栓形成(E对)。肾结石不属于肾病综合征的并发症(B错),其余四项都属于肾病综合征的并发症:泌尿系感染虽然也有可能有腰痛的表现,但其最大的特征是尿白细胞增加而不是尿红细胞增加(A错);肾衰竭会有很多系统损伤的表现,而不是仅仅出现腰痛尿呈洗肉水样(C错)。电解质紊乱临床表现可有厌食、乏力、懒言、嗜睡、血压下降甚至出现休克、抽搐等,与该题意不符,不能诊断为电解质紊乱(D错)。"} {"Question":"男孩,10岁。因高度水肿及大量蛋白尿,予泼尼松60mg\/d治疗10周,病情未缓解来诊。查体:T36.5℃,P80次\/分,R18次\/分,颜面明显水肿,面色苍白,肺部未闻及啰音,心(-),腹部较膨隆,肝脾触及不清,四肢明显水肿,实验室检查:蛋白尿(+++),尿沉渣镜检RBC50\/HP,肾功能正常。该患儿皮肤感染后出现发热,腹痛,四肢冰凉,尿少。查体,BP60\/40mmHg,实验室检查:血钠121mmol\/L,血钾5.8mmol\/L,此时患儿出现的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血容量性休克"},{"key":"B","value":"急性胃炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小管功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"深静脉血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肾衰竭"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该患儿出现低血压、低血钠及高钾血症,考虑并发急性肾衰竭(E对)。该患儿感染后引发急性肾小管坏死而引起的肾实质性肾衰竭,水钠潴留,不符合低血容量性休克(A错)的判断。急性胃炎(B错)常因钾丢失过多引起低钾血症,不符合题意。并发肾小管功能障碍(C错)时,可出现肾性糖尿或氨基酸尿。肾病综合症是并发肾静脉血栓形成(D错),表现为突发腰痛、出现血尿或血尿加重等。"} {"Question":"男,2岁。1个月来食欲减退、消瘦伴乏力,近2周低热、盗汗、干咳。2个月前曾患麻疹。查体:消瘦,未见瘢痕,颈部可触及数个肿大淋巴结,质硬,无明显压痛,心脏检查未见异常,右肺可闻及少许干湿啰音,肝肋下3cm,脾不大。首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴结活检"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎支原体抗体检测"},{"key":"C","value":"EBV特异性抗体检测"},{"key":"D","value":"血常规"},{"key":"E","value":"胸部X线"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患儿食欲减退,消瘦乏力,低热盗汗,为结核病的全身中毒症状。2个月曾患麻疹(有急性传染病史,可导致免疫力暂时降低),查体颈部有数个肿大质硬无压痛的淋巴结,肝肋下3cm,综上考虑诊断为肺结核,诊断肺结核的常规首选方法是胸部X线(E对),可以发现早期轻微的结核病变。"} {"Question":"男孩,2岁。低热15天,伴盗汗消瘦轻咳10天。胸部X线透视呈“双极影”,诊断为原发综合征。不符合活动性肺结核的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核菌素试验硬结直径≥15mm"},{"key":"B","value":"有发热及其他结核中毒症状"},{"key":"C","value":"胃液找到抗酸杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部X线片示渗出性改变"},{"key":"E","value":"血沉增快,而无其他原因解释"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胃液找到抗酸杆菌是诊断胃炎时的一种临床检查方法,不符合活动性肺结核的诊断指标(C错,为本题正确答案)。活动性肺结核可出现结核菌素试验硬结直径≥15mm(A对)、有发热及其他结核中毒症状(B对)、胸部X线片示渗出性改变(D对)、血沉增快,而无其他原因解释(E对)。"} {"Question":"小儿结核性脑膜炎早期主要临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑膜刺激征阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"急性高热伴剧烈呕吐"},{"key":"C","value":"性格改变"},{"key":"D","value":"出现惊厥"},{"key":"E","value":"昏睡伴意识朦胧"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小儿结核性脑膜炎根据临床表现可分为3期:早期、中期、晚期。早期主要症状为性格改变(C对),如少言、懒动、易倦、烦躁、易怒等;中期,又称为脑膜刺激期,可有急性高热伴剧烈呕吐(B错),脑膜刺激征阳性(A错);晚期,又称为昏迷期,可有昏睡伴意识朦胧(E错),阵挛性或强直性惊厥(D错)频繁发作。"} {"Question":"患儿,8个月。腹泻4天,水样便,1日10余次。12小时无尿,呼吸深大,前囟、眼窝明显凹陷,四肢凉,血钠127mmol\/L,血钾4mmol\/L,血钙9mg\/dl,二氧化碳结合力11.2mmol\/L,首批应输入下述哪种混合液","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"4:3:2液(2\/3张)"},{"key":"B","value":"3:2:1液(1\/2张)"},{"key":"C","value":"2:1等张含钠液"},{"key":"D","value":"1:2液(1\/3)"},{"key":"E","value":"1:1液(1\/2张)"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患儿腹泻,无尿,呼吸深大,前囟,眼窝明显凹陷,四肢凉(提示该患者重度缺水);血钠127mmol\/L(正常值为130~150mmol\/L,提示该患者为低渗性脱水),根据患儿的临床表现、症状和体征,多考虑诊断为腹泻所致的重度低渗性脱水。根据重度脱水的静脉补液的要求首批输入应为2:1等张含钠液(C对);1\/2张含钠液(BE错)用于重度等渗缺水第二阶段的补液。1\/3张含钠液(D错)用于重度高渗性脱水第二阶段的补液。2\/3张含钠液(A错)用于重度低渗性脱水第二阶段的补液。"} {"Question":"男婴,9个月,腹泻10天,大便3~4次每天,呈蛋花样,无腥臭,婴儿食欲好,精神好,最可能诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"轮状病毒肠炎"},{"key":"B","value":"产毒性大肠杆菌肠炎"},{"key":"C","value":"生理性腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎"},{"key":"E","value":"真菌性肠炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者男婴,9个月,腹泻10天,大便3~4次每天,呈蛋花样,无腥臭(轮状病毒肠炎的表现),婴儿食欲好,精神好,结合患者的表现,最可能诊断是轮状病毒肠炎(A对)。生理性腹泻、真菌性肠病、产毒性和侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎的腹泻特点与轮状病毒肠炎的腹泻特点不同。"} {"Question":"小儿腹泻时口服补液盐(ORS液)的电解质渗透压是含钠液的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/4张"},{"key":"B","value":"1\/3张"},{"key":"C","value":"2\/5张"},{"key":"D","value":"1\/2张"},{"key":"E","value":"2\/3张"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"NaCl2.6g+枸橼酸钠2.9g+KCl1.5g+无水葡萄糖13.5g,加水至1000ml。总渗透压245mOsm\/L,为2\/3张(E对)。"} {"Question":"氯化钾静滴浓度不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1%"},{"key":"B","value":"0.3%"},{"key":"C","value":"0.6%"},{"key":"D","value":"0.9%"},{"key":"E","value":"1.2%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"氯化钾静滴浓度不得超过0.30% (B对)。若浓度超过0.30%,会使血钾浓度升高,易发生心脏停搏的危险。"} {"Question":"男,1岁。突然哭闹4小时,阵发性发作,不发作时如正常,发作时面色苍白伴呕吐,为所食牛奶,大便呈果酱样。发作时查体,最可能的腹部体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全腹胀,可见肠型"},{"key":"B","value":"肝浊音界消失"},{"key":"C","value":"肠鸣音减弱或消失"},{"key":"D","value":"右腹部可扪及腊肠形肿物"},{"key":"E","value":"全腹肌紧张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿有果酱便、哭闹、呕吐的临床表现,应诊断为肠套叠,肠套叠腹部体征为右腹部可扪及腊肠形肿物(D对)。全腹胀,可见肠型是肠梗阻的腹部体征(A错)。肝浊音界消失是空腔脏器穿孔的体征(B错)。肠鸣音减弱或消失常见于动力性肠梗阻(C错)。全腹肌紧张见于腹膜炎或空腔脏器穿孔(E错)。"} {"Question":"男婴,8个月。腹泻伴呕吐3天,无尿6小时。大便10-15次\/天,呈蛋花汤样伴黏液,有腥臭味。查体:T37.8C,表情淡漠,前囟、眼窝明显凹陷,皮肤弹性差,可见花纹,四肢厥冷,双肺呼吸音清,心率120次\/分,腹软,无明显压痛。实验室检查:粪镜检偶见白细胞,血钠134mmol\/L。首批快速扩容静脉输液应给予","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1\/3张含钠液"},{"key":"B","value":"2:1等张含钠液"},{"key":"C","value":"2\/3张含钠液"},{"key":"D","value":"1\/2张含钠液"},{"key":"E","value":"4\/5张含钠液"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"婴幼儿,腹泻伴呕吐3天,无尿6小时(提示重度脱水),大便10-15次\/天,呈蛋花汤样伴黏液,有腥臭味,查体:T37.8℃(正常值为36℃~37℃,提示发热),表情淡漠,前囟、眼窝明显凹陷,皮肤弹性差,可见花纹,四肢厥冷(重度脱水的典型临床表现),双肺呼吸音清,心率120次\/分(正常值为60~100次\/分,心率增快),腹软,无明显压痛,实验室检查:粪镜检偶见白细胞,血钠134mmol\/L(正常值为130~150mmol\/L,提示等渗脱水),根据患儿的症状、体征及实验室检查,考虑最可能的诊断为腹泻病伴有重度等渗脱水,重度脱水时的静脉补液时首批快速扩容静脉输液应给予第2:1等张含钠液(B对),可明显改善循环。"} {"Question":"男婴,1个月,腹胀,便秘1个月,查体腹部明显隆起,腹壁静脉显露明显,肠鸣音较活跃,肛门指检时排出恶臭气体及大便,腹部立位X线平片可多个阶梯状液平。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坏死性小肠结肠炎"},{"key":"B","value":"先天性巨结肠"},{"key":"C","value":"功能性便秘"},{"key":"D","value":"先天性肠旋转不良"},{"key":"E","value":"胎粪塞综合征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿月龄1月,自出生即有腹胀,便秘等临床表现(提示先天性肠道畸形)。查体:腹壁静脉显露明显(系肠梗阻腹压高压迫阻碍静脉回流所致),肠鸣音较活跃,肛门指检时排出恶臭气体及大便。X片显示:腹部立位多个阶梯状液平(提示低位肠梗阻),结合患者年龄,临床表现、体征及影像学检查,首先考虑的诊断是先天性巨结肠(B对)。坏死性小肠结肠炎(A错)与先天性巨结肠伴发小肠结肠炎很难鉴别 。本病多为早产儿,围生期多有窒息、缺氧、感染、休克的病史,且有便血。X 线平片示肠壁有气囊肿和(或)门静脉积气。功能性便秘(C错)多见于婴儿及儿童期,无器质性病变,主要表现为排便次数少、排便费力、粪质较硬或呈球状等症状。先天性肠旋转不良(D错)临床表现主要为阵发性腹痛和频繁呕吐,扭转不能自动回复者可引发较窄型肠坏死,患儿全腹膨隆,压痛明显,腹肌紧张,血便,严重者中毒、休克。胎粪塞综合征(E错)表现为一过性低位肠梗阻症状,经灌肠排出胎粪后,即可正常排便且不再复发。"} {"Question":"女孩,1岁。腹泻4天。每日大便10余次,为蛋花汤水样便,伴呕吐、尿少。查体:T38.5℃,前囟、眼窝凹陷,皮肤弹性差,四肢稍凉。实验室检查:血WBC3.6×10⁹\/L,血Na⁺127mmol\/L,血K⁺3.7mmol\/L,BE-15mmol\/L。最可能的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"侵袭性大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"B","value":"白色念珠菌"},{"key":"C","value":"产毒性大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"轮状病毒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"女性患儿,腹泻4天。每日大便10余次,为蛋花汤水样便,伴呕吐、尿少。查体:T38.5℃,前囟、眼窝凹陷,皮肤弹性差,四肢稍凉。实验室检查:血WBC3.6×10⁹\/L(正常值4.0~10.0×10⁹\/L),血Na⁺127mmol\/L(正常值130~150mmol\/L),血K⁺3.7mmol\/L(正常值3.5~5.5mmol\/L),BE-15mmol\/L(正常值-3~+3mmol\/L)。综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,最可能的病原体是轮状病毒(E对)。侵袭性大肠埃希菌(A错)多急性起病,大便呈黏液状,带脓血,有腥臭味。白色念珠菌(B错)病程迁延,常伴鹅口疮。黄色稀便,泡沫较多,带黏液,有时可见豆腐渣样细块(菌落)。产毒性大肠埃希菌(C错)为水样便,很少发热。金黄色葡萄球菌(D错)典型大便大便为暗绿色,多带黏液,少数为血便。"} {"Question":"不符合小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄临床特点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呕吐物含胆汁"},{"key":"B","value":"多于生后2~4周发病"},{"key":"C","value":"右季肋区下可触及橄榄样肿块"},{"key":"D","value":"少数患者有黄疸"},{"key":"E","value":"常见左向右的胃蠕动波"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小儿先天性肥厚型幽门狭窄是由于幽门环形肌增生肥厚,使幽门管腔狭窄而引起的上消化道不完全性梗阻性疾病。典型症状和体征为喷射性呕吐、胃蠕动波和右上腹肿块。呕吐是本病的主要症状,开始为溢乳,逐日加重呈喷射性呕吐,几乎每次喂奶后均吐,呕吐物为带凝块的奶汁,不含胆汁,少数患儿因呕吐频繁,使胃黏膜毛细血管破裂出血,吐出物可含咖啡物或血。凡具有典型的呕吐病史者,多于生后2-4周发病(B对),无胆汁的喷射性呕吐,进行性加重,吐后觅食,应疑本病。少数病人有黄疸(D对),非结合胆红素增高,手术后数日即消失。右上腹肿块为本病特有体征,具有诊断意义,用指端在右季肋区下可触及橄榄样肿块(C对),可以移动。常见左向右的胃蠕动波(E对),但非特有体征。"} {"Question":"患儿,5岁。便血,新鲜,量不多,位于大便外面,考虑哪种疾病可能性大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痢疾"},{"key":"B","value":"痔"},{"key":"C","value":"直肠癌"},{"key":"D","value":"直肠息肉"},{"key":"E","value":"肛周脓肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿,5岁。便血,新鲜,量不多,位于大便外面等符合直肠息肉(D对)的临床表现,如便血、大便带血、黏液血便、排便习惯改变、次数增多等,故考虑直肠息肉的可能性大。而痢疾(A错)的患儿可出现脓血黏液便,镜检有成堆脓细胞、红细胞和吞噬细胞,一般不会出现鲜血便,故该患儿不考虑此病。痔(B错)的主要表现为便血,可为无痛、间歇性、便后鲜血,便时滴血或手纸上带血,故该患儿不考虑此病。直肠癌(C错)的患儿到一定程度时出现排便习惯改变、血便、脓血便、里急后重、便秘、腹泻等,一般不会出现鲜血便,且患病年龄多为中老年人,故该患儿不考虑此病。肛周脓肿(E错)最主要症状是剧烈疼痛,且会逐渐加重,有局部坠胀和便意感,还可伴有发热等,故该患儿不考虑此病。"} {"Question":"新生儿甲状腺功能减低症下列哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神及动作反应迟钝"},{"key":"B","value":"食量少,吞咽缓慢,常腹泻"},{"key":"C","value":"很少哭吵、声音嘶哑"},{"key":"D","value":"生理性黄疸时间延长"},{"key":"E","value":"不爱活动,多睡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"新生儿甲状腺功能减低症错误的是食量少,吞咽缓慢,常腹泻(B错,为本题正确答案),相反该患儿常腹胀、便秘。除此以外该病还有精神及动作反应迟钝(A对)、很少哭吵,声音嘶哑(C对)、生理性黄疸时间延长(D对)、不爱活动,多睡(E对)等症状。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,2岁。身高70cm,智力低下,鼻梁低,舌体厚大,腹胀,便秘,有脐疝。该患儿最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天性巨结肠"},{"key":"B","value":"21-三体综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"苯丙酮尿症"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺功能减退症"},{"key":"E","value":"黏多糖病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"2岁男孩(多数先天性甲状腺功能减低症在出生半年以后出现典型症状),身高70cm(身高矮小是生长发育迟缓的表现,正常身高约为90cm),智力低下(先天性甲状腺功能减低症的神经系统症状),鼻梁低,舌体厚大(先天性甲状腺功能减低症的特殊面容),腹胀,便秘(生理功能低下的表现),有脐疝(甲状腺功能减退症常伴有脐疝),综合患儿的症状和体征,最可能的诊断是先天性甲状腺功能减低症(D对)。先天性巨结肠(P250)(A错)表现为生后2~3天出现低位肠梗阻症状,以后有顽固性便秘,腹胀逐渐加重,腹壁紧张发亮,可见肠型及蠕动波等。21-三体综合征(P153)(B错)表现为表情呆滞,眼距宽,鼻梁低,眼外侧上斜,伸舌流涎但舌体细尖的特殊面容,身长短,四肢短,手指粗短,小指内弯等生长发育迟缓,除以上表现外,手掌可出现猿线,轴三角的atd角度常大于45°。苯丙酮酸尿症(P159)(C错)表现为智力发育落后、皮肤白皙、头发色泽变浅、汗液和尿液有鼠尿臭味等。黏多糖病(P162)(E错)表现为矮小、面容丑陋、鼻孔大、前额和双颧突出、毛发多而发际低等。"} {"Question":"男,10岁。因发热7天,抗生素治疗无效入院,查体:球结膜充血,口唇皲裂,杨梅舌,颈部淋巴结肿大,全身可见多形性红斑。临床治愈出院后2个月猝死于家中,其最可能的死因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"B","value":"脑栓塞"},{"key":"C","value":"脑出血"},{"key":"D","value":"心包炎"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状动脉瘤破裂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"小儿患者。发热7天,抗生素治疗无效入院(川崎病发热持续7~14天或更长,抗生素治疗无效),查体:球结膜充血,口唇皲裂,杨梅舌,颈部淋巴结肿大,全身可见多形性红斑(川崎病典型表现)。结合患者病史、症状可诊断为川崎病。临床治愈出院后2个月猝死于家中,其最可能的死因是冠状动脉瘤破裂(E对)。川崎病为自限性疾病,多数预后良好。部分患者发生冠状动脉瘤,可导致猝死。心肌炎(A错)多有病毒感染史,起病隐匿,有乏力、活动受限、心悸、胸痛等症状,少数患者可发生心力衰竭并发严重心律失常、心源性休克,死亡率高。脑栓塞(B错)多有风湿性心脏病、心房颤动、或大动脉粥样硬化等病史,起病急骤,表现三偏征及颅内高压。脑出血(C错)多有高血压及动脉硬化病史,突发意识障碍及偏瘫。心包炎(D错)多于感染症状出现10~20天后有胸痛等症状,部分患者可伴有肺炎和胸膜炎临床表现。"} {"Question":"小儿风湿热诊断标准中的主要表现不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"C","value":"多关节炎"},{"key":"D","value":"环形红斑"},{"key":"E","value":"皮下小结"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"风湿热对诊断标准包括3个部分:主要指标、次要指标、链球菌感染的证据。其中主要表现包括:心脏炎(B对)、多关节炎(C对)、舞蹈病、环形红斑(D对)、皮下小结(E对)。发热(A错,为本题正确答案)是小儿风湿热的一般表现,不是主要表现。"} {"Question":"恒牙骨化开始的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新生儿"},{"key":"B","value":"1岁"},{"key":"C","value":"2岁"},{"key":"D","value":"3岁"},{"key":"E","value":"4岁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"恒牙从新生儿期开始骨化,第三横臼齿在18~24月时已骨化(A对)。对比记忆:乳牙出生时已骨化,乳牙萌出4~10个月开始,恒牙萌出6岁开始。"} {"Question":"女孩,会用勺子吃饭,能双脚跳,会翻书,会说2~3个字的短句,最可能的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2岁"},{"key":"B","value":"4岁"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5岁"},{"key":"D","value":"3.5岁"},{"key":"E","value":"3岁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小儿神经精神发育进程:1、粗、细动作上:会用勺子吃饭,能双脚跳;2、语言上:3、会说2-3个字的短句;适应周围人的能力与行为上:会翻书(A对)。"} {"Question":"一小儿体重9Kg,身高75cm,头围46cm,此小儿的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"9个月"},{"key":"B","value":"1岁"},{"key":"C","value":"2岁"},{"key":"D","value":"2岁半"},{"key":"E","value":"3岁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"小儿体重9kg,身高75cm,头围46cm。小儿1岁时,身高约为75cm;体重的计算参照公式:体重=年龄×2+8,体重约为10kg;第1年前3个月头围的增长约等于后9个月头围的增长值(6cm),即1岁时头围约为46cm,与题干基本相符(B对)。"} {"Question":"2岁到青春前期,体重每年增加","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5kg"},{"key":"B","value":"1kg"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5kg"},{"key":"D","value":"2kg"},{"key":"E","value":"2.5kg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题为记忆题。2岁至青春前期小儿体重每年增长约2kg(D对)。"} {"Question":"小儿头围与胸围大致相等的年龄是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6个月"},{"key":"B","value":"1岁"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5岁"},{"key":"D","value":"2岁"},{"key":"E","value":"2.5岁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"1岁时儿童的头围和胸围约为46cm,介时头围与胸围的增长在生长曲线上形成头、胸围的交叉(B对)。"} {"Question":"小儿身高80cm,前囟门已闭,头围48cm,乳牙20枚,会跳并能用简单的语言表达自己的需要,对人事有喜乐之分。按公式计算此小儿的体重约是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8Kg"},{"key":"B","value":"9Kg"},{"key":"C","value":"10Kg"},{"key":"D","value":"12Kg"},{"key":"E","value":"14Kg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"综合题目中条件大致可以估算出小儿约2岁,此阶段小儿一般体重为12kg(D对),8kg(A错)小儿大约8个月,9kg(B错)小儿约10个月,10kg(C错)小儿约1岁,14kg(E错)小儿约3岁。"} {"Question":"5岁儿童的头围约是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"36cm"},{"key":"B","value":"40cm"},{"key":"C","value":"46cm"},{"key":"D","value":"50cm"},{"key":"E","value":"56cm"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"婴儿出生时头围平均33-34cm(AB错),1岁时头围46cm(C错)。生后第2年头围仅增长2cm,即2岁时头围48cm。2~15岁头围仅增加6~7cm(E错)。5岁时头围约为50cm(D对)。"} {"Question":"小儿生长发育最迅速的时期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿期"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿期"},{"key":"C","value":"学龄前期"},{"key":"D","value":"学龄期"},{"key":"E","value":"青春期"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"人生长发育是连续的、有阶段性的过程,有婴儿期和青春期两个生长高峰。身长和体重在出生后第一年(婴儿期),尤其是前三个月增加很快,身长由50cm增加至75cm为出生时的1.5倍,体重增加至10kg为出生时3倍(A对)。出生后第二年开始生长速度逐渐减慢,至青春期生长速度又加快,其中女孩身高平均每年增加8~9cm,男孩9~10cm。可见青春期儿童发育速度速度不及婴儿期(E错)。"} {"Question":"64次\/分,心率168次\/分,两肺喘鸣音为主,少量细湿性啰音,腹软,肝肋下2cm。该患儿最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"喘息性支气管炎"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细支气管炎"},{"key":"D","value":"婴幼儿哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"支原体肺炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"女患儿,5个月(6个月以内的患儿为毛细支气管炎的好发人群)。3天来咳喘伴发热来诊。查体:热病容,喘憋(喘息为毛细支气管炎的突出表现),烦躁不安,三凹征(+)(呼吸困难的表现),呼吸急促64次\/分(呼吸浅而快,正常值为30~40次\/分),心率168次\/分(心率加快,正常值为110~130次\/分),两肺喘鸣音为主(肺部哮鸣音为毛细支气管炎的突出表现),少量细湿性啰音,腹软,肝肋下2cm(肝脾由于肺过度充气而推向肋缘下)。综合该患者的病史、症状、查体,该患儿最可能的诊断是毛细支气管炎(C对)。支气管炎(A错)常继发于上呼吸道感染和急性传染病,表现为咳嗽为主,可有发热、呕吐、腹泻等,双肺呼吸音粗,可有不固定的散在干啰音和粗中湿啰音。喘息性支气管炎(B错)常有湿疹或其他过敏史,反复发作性刺激性干咳,无明显呼吸困难、无喘息表现等。婴幼儿哮喘(D错)表现为以喘息为主要症状,反复发作喘息、咳嗽、气促、胸闷,发作时双肺可闻及哮鸣音。支原体肺炎(E错)主要表现为顽固性剧咳,常伴发热,肺部体征多不明显,体征轻与X线改变明显是本病的特点。"} {"Question":"男孩,1岁。近2个月夜间睡眠打鼾,侧卧好转,感冒时加重。造成患儿睡眠打鼾的呼吸系统解剖生理基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺通气储备少"},{"key":"B","value":"肺活量少"},{"key":"C","value":"潮气量少"},{"key":"D","value":"咽狭腔狭小"},{"key":"E","value":"气体弥散量小"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿1岁,睡眠打鼾,侧卧好转,感冒时加重。最可能的诊断为阻塞性睡眠综合征,病因首先考虑咽扁桃体肿大。婴幼儿本身咽腔即狭小且垂直,咽扁桃体肿大加重狭小,导致患儿睡眠打鼾(D对)。"} {"Question":"男孩,6岁。高热伴剧烈咳嗽6天,既往体健,规范接种疫苗。查体:一般状况好,无明显呼吸困难,右中下肺呼吸减弱。胸部X线片示肺部薄云雾状浸润影,右侧胸腔少液。实验室检查:血WBC5.6×10⁹\/L,N0.34,L0.66,PPD试验(一)。其最可能感染的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎支原体"},{"key":"B","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"结核分枝杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"腺病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎链球菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患儿学龄儿童,高热伴剧烈咳嗽6天,查体体征轻,血WBC5.6×10⁹\/L(正常值4.0~10.0×10⁹\/L),N0.34(正常值0.5~0.7),L0.66(正常值0.2~0.4),以淋巴细胞增多为主,胸部X线片示肺部薄云雾状浸润影,右侧胸腔少液,根据患儿病史、临床表现和辅助检查,最应考虑的诊断为肺炎支原体肺炎(A对)。金黄色葡萄球菌(B错)临床特点为起病急、病情严重、进展快,全身中毒症状明显。发热多呈弛张型,肺部体征出现较早,两肺有散在中、细湿啰音,可发生脓胸、脓气胸和各种类型的皮疹,X线检查可有小片状影,病变发展迅速,甚至数小时内可出现小脓肿、肺大疱或胸腔积液。结核分枝杆菌感染(C错)一般起病缓慢,可有低热、食欲不振、疲乏、盗汗等结核中毒症状,干咳和轻度呼吸困难是最常见的症状。查体可见周围淋巴结不同程度肿大,肺部体征可不明显,X线多呈小圆形或小片状影。(虽患者PPD试验(-),但不可仅根据PPD试验(-)而排除,仍可由于机体免疫功能低下或受抑制所致的假阴性反应。但本题根据患儿症状、体征、实验室检查,可排除结核分枝杆菌感染可能。)腺病毒(D错)起病急、中毒症状重、可有麻疹样皮疹,X线检查表现为大小不等的片状阴影或融合成大病灶,甚至一个大叶,没有肺大疱的表现。肺炎链球菌(E错)多表现为高热寒战、咳嗽、咳铁锈色痰,重症患者可有谵妄、昏迷等缺氧中毒性脑病的表现,X线显示大片均匀致密影,占全肺叶或一个节段,一般无皮疹。"} {"Question":"女,1岁。急起高热、流涎、厌食。查体:见咽部充血,咽腭弓、悬雍垂、软腭等处可见2~4mm大小的疱疹,心肺(-)。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽-结合膜热"},{"key":"B","value":"猩红热"},{"key":"C","value":"疱疹性口炎"},{"key":"D","value":"鹅口疮"},{"key":"E","value":"疱疹性咽峡炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"女性幼童患者,急起高热、流涎、厌食。查体:见咽部充血,咽腭弓、悬雍垂、软腭等处可见2~4mm大小的疱疹,心肺(-),综合患者的症状、体征最可能的诊断是疱疹性咽峡炎(E对)。咽结合膜热(A错)以发热、咽炎、结膜炎为特征,临床表现为高热、咽痛、眼部刺痛,有时伴消化道症状,体检发现咽部充血,颈及耳后淋巴结增大。猩红热(B错)的全身症状除有发热、咽痛、头痛、呕吐、杨梅舌、环扣苍白圈、颈部淋巴结肿大外等,皮疹多在发热1~2天出现,且出疹时高热,皮肤弥漫性充血,疹退后伴脱皮。疱疹性口腔炎(C错)起病时高热,先有疱疹,后迅速破溃后形成溃疡,有黄白色纤维素性分泌物覆盖,多个溃疡可融合成不规则的大溃疡,有时累及软腮、舌和咽部,由于疼痛剧烈,患儿可表现拒食、流涎、烦躁,常因拒食啼哭才被发现。鹅口疮(D错)为白念珠菌感染在口腔黏膜表面形成白色斑膜的疾病,口腔黏膜表面覆盖白色乳凝块样小点或小片状物,可逐渐融合成大片,不易擦去,周围无炎症反应,强行剥离后局部黏膜潮红、粗糙,不痛,不流涎,一般不影响吃奶,无全身症状。"} {"Question":"女婴,3个月。高热,频繁呕吐3天,嗜睡。查体:双眼凝视,反应差,脐部见少量脓性分泌物,前囟膨隆,心肺正常,脑膜刺激征(+)。该患儿最易出现的并发症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑积水"},{"key":"B","value":"智力低下"},{"key":"C","value":"硬脑膜下积液"},{"key":"D","value":"低钙抽搐"},{"key":"E","value":"脑萎缩"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患婴高热,脐部见少量脓性分泌物,提示体内有原发感染灶。患婴频繁呕吐、前囟膨隆,提示颅内压增高。患婴嗜睡、双眼凝视、反应差,应考虑化脓性脑膜炎,原发灶为脐部化脓性感染。该患儿的最可能的诊断为化脓性脑膜炎。约30%-~%的化脓性脑膜炎并发硬膜下积液,为化脑最常见的并发症(C对)。化脑的其他并发症包括脑室管膜炎、脑积水、抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征、各种神经功能障碍(智力低下、脑性瘫痪、癫痫、视力障碍和行为异常等)等。"} {"Question":"符合单纯型热性惊厥诊断标准的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"—次热程中有一次发作"},{"key":"B","value":"惊厥持续时间>15分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"复发总次数>5次"},{"key":"D","value":"多为局限性发作"},{"key":"E","value":"发作1周后EEG检查见棘波、尖波发放"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"热性惊厥分为单纯型和复杂型两类,其分类意义为:复杂型热性惊厥的癫痫发生率(4-12%)远高于单纯型(2%),因此复杂型热惊的临床表现更加趋近于癫痫(可近似理解为更严重),如惊厥持续时间长﹥10分钟(B错)、一次热程中可多次反复(C错)、呈局限性或全面性发作(D错)、EEG检查可有棘波、尖波发放(E错)。单纯性惊厥:1.全身发作 2.短暂发作 3.一次发热中发作1~2次 4.总次数<=4次 5.单次时间<15分钟。单纯型热惊一次热程中一般只有一次发作(A对),偶有2次;惊厥持续时间长<10分钟;呈全面性发作。"} {"Question":"4岁女孩,发热咳嗽5天,呕吐2天,抽搐2次,查体,体温40度,双肺闻及湿啰音,前囟膨隆,颈软,双侧巴氏征(+),脑脊液检查,浑浊,白细胞800×106\/L,N:0.8,L:0.2。蛋白质2\/L,葡萄糖1.2mol\/L,氯化物108mmol\/L。除了为肺炎外还诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中毒性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"病毒性脑炎"},{"key":"E","value":"热性惊厥"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患儿,有发热、抽搐、呕吐、前囟饱满、颅内压增高的临床表现,并且脑脊液检查可见白细胞800×10⁶\/L(增高),中性粒细胞为主,糖1.2mmol\/L(降低),氯化物108mmol\/L(降低),蛋白质2g\/L(明显增高),因此该患儿最可能诊断的是化脓性脑膜炎(C对)。病毒性脑膜炎(A错)、热性惊厥(E错)病毒性脑病(D错)的脑脊液检查氯化物和糖都正常(而该患儿降低)。结核性脑膜炎白细胞以淋巴细胞增高为主,而不是以中性粒细胞增高为主(B错)。"} {"Question":"7月女婴,近1周易激惹,烦躁不安,呕吐2次,大便稀,2次\/日,查体:嗜睡,前囟膨隆,有张力,颈强(+\/-),心肺正常,布什征(+),巴氏征(+\/-),为明确诊断,应做哪项检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑电图"},{"key":"B","value":"脑CT"},{"key":"C","value":"脑脊液检查"},{"key":"D","value":"PPD试验"},{"key":"E","value":"X线胸片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"7月女婴,近1周易激惹,烦躁不安,呕吐2次,大便稀,2次\/日,查体:嗜睡,前囪膨,有张力,颈强(+\/-),心肺正常,布什征(+),巴氏征(+\/-)等表现高度怀疑化脓性脑膜炎,而脑脊液检查(C对)是确诊本病的重要依据,典型病例表现为压力增加,外观浑浊似米汤样。白细胞总数显著增多,≥1000×10⁶\/L,糖含量常有明显降低,蛋白含量显著增高等。而脑电图检查(A错)常用于癫痫等大脑疾病的辅助诊断,脑CT(B错)常对新鲜出血较敏感,故常用于头颅外伤的辅助检查,亦可显示颅内肿瘤的数目、部位及大小等。PPD试验(P217)(D错)属于迟发型变态反应,硬结平均直径不足5mm为阴性,5~9mm为阳性,10~19mm为中度阳性,≥20mm为强阳性,局部除硬结外,还有水肿、破溃、淋巴管炎及双圈反应等为极强阳性,常用于检验是否感染结核菌或接种卡介苗等。X线胸片(E错)多用于肺部疾病的辅助检查,可检出肺部疾病的病灶范围、性质、类型等,操作简单且较为便宜,可重复进行。"} {"Question":"女,8个月。因发热2天,抽搐2次,伴呕吐,吃奶量减少,喜哭,易怒就诊。母乳喂养。查体:精神差,前囟饱满,心肺腹无异常发现,肌张力增高,脑脊液检查:外观混浊,白细胞1000×10⁶\/L,中性粒细胞为主,糖1mmol\/L,氯化物107mmol\/L,蛋白质2.0g\/L。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病毒性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"隐球菌性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"E","value":"中毒性脑病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿,有发热、抽搐、呕吐、前囟饱满、肌张力增高的临床表现,并且脑脊液检查可见白细胞1000×10⁶\/L(增高),中性粒细胞为主,糖1mmol\/L(降低),氯化物107mmol\/L(降低),蛋白质2.0g\/L(明显增高),因此该患儿最可能诊断的是化脓性脑膜炎(D对)。病毒性脑膜炎(A错)、隐球菌性脑膜炎的糖降低,氯化物多数降低(C错),中毒性脑病(E错)的脑脊液检查氯化物和糖都正常(而该患儿降低)。结核性脑膜炎白细胞以淋巴细胞增高为主,而不是以中性粒细胞增高为主(B错)。"} {"Question":"男孩,1岁。发热3天,呕吐1次,抽搐1次,既往6个月曾热性惊厥1次。按时预防结种,出生史无特殊。查体:T38.2℃,R30次\/分,BP90\/55mmHg,颈抵抗(+),双肺听诊未见异常。心率130次\/分,律齐,腹软,肝脾肋下未触及,四肢暧,肌力、肌张力正常。Babinski征(+)。为明确诊断,首先最宜进行的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑电图"},{"key":"B","value":"血钙、磷测定"},{"key":"C","value":"腰穿检查脑脊液"},{"key":"D","value":"粪镜检及培养"},{"key":"E","value":"血培养加药物敏感实验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"男性幼儿患者,发热3天,呕吐1次,抽搐1次,既往6个月曾热性惊厥1次,颈抵抗(+),Babinski征(+)。患者有惊厥、颅内压增高表现,综合患者的症状、体征和辅助检查,初步诊断为中枢神经系统感染。为明确诊断,首先最宜进行的检查是腰穿检查脑脊液(C对)。脑电图(A错)适用于癫痫与精神性疾病。血钙、磷测定适用于手足搐搦症(B错)。粪镜检及培养适用于中毒型细菌性痢疾(D错)。血培养加药物敏感实验(E错)虽适用于中枢神经系统感染,但不作为首选。"} {"Question":"男,4岁,8月10日以“发热腹泻3天,抽搐神志不清4小时”为主诉入院。查体:BP90\/60mmHg,P90\/分,T39.5℃,神志不清,呼之不应,双侧瞳孔不等大,颈强直,心肺未见异常。化验末梢血WBC21×10⁹\/L,N90%,L10%。该患儿应立即给予","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖皮质激素"},{"key":"B","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"哥拉灌肠"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿有发热、抽搐、神志不清(意识障碍)的症状;出现脑膜刺激征;实验室检查提示白细胞及中性粒细胞比例均升高,根据以上依据可诊断为化脓性脑膜炎。查体提示双侧瞳孔不等大,提示患儿颅内压升高并且可能存在脑疝,因此应使用甘露醇对症治疗(B对)。"} {"Question":"我国现阶段采用的围产期是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从妊娠满28周至产后6周"},{"key":"B","value":"从妊娠满28周至产后4周"},{"key":"C","value":"从妊娠满20周至产后1周"},{"key":"D","value":"从妊娠满28周至产后1周"},{"key":"E","value":"从胚胎成型至产后1周"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"从妊娠满28周至产后4周(B错),从妊娠满28周至产后1周都是围生期的表达,但我国目前采用从妊娠满28周至产后1周(D对)作为围生期定义。"} {"Question":"男婴,3天。黄疸2天,加重伴嗜睡1天,无发热及惊厥。足月儿,出生体重3560g。查体:T35.0℃。吮吸无力,反应差,全身皮肤及巩膜明显黄染。心肺未见明显异常,腹软,肝肋下2cm,实验室检查:Hb90g\/L,血清总胆血红素425μmol\/L。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天性胆道闭锁"},{"key":"B","value":"生理性黄疸"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿溶血病"},{"key":"D","value":"母乳性黄疸"},{"key":"E","value":"新生儿肝炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患儿出生3天,黄疸2天,加重伴嗜睡(Rh溶血病患儿生后24小时内出现黄疸病迅速加重),Hb90g\/L(出生2周内血红蛋白<130g\/L即为新生儿贫血),血清总胆血红素425μmol\/L(正常值<221μmol\/L),查体肝肋下2cm,提示肝脾肿大,根据患儿症状体征考虑诊断为新生儿溶血病(C对)。先天性胆道闭锁(A错)常常与生后24小时出现黄疸,且较重,以直接胆红素升高为主。通常认为,足月儿<221μmol\/L(12.9mg\/dl),早产儿<256μmol\/L(15mg\/dl)是生理性的,而该患儿血清总胆血红素425μmol\/L大于正常值,因此不能诊断为生理性黄疸(B错)。母乳性黄疸(D错)是指母乳喂养的新生儿在生后3个月内仍有黄疸,而该患儿出生仅有3天,因此还不能诊断为母乳性黄疸。新生儿肝炎(E错)在围生期一般有宫内感染的病史,胎儿出生后有明显肝功能损害的临床表现,因此不能诊断为新生儿肝炎。"} {"Question":"患儿,男,出生时Apgar评分4分,生后2天嗜睡,肌张力减退,瞳孔缩小,时而出现惊厥,头颅CT扫描,可见右叶有低密度影。该患儿的支持疗法应采取哪些措施,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"供氧"},{"key":"B","value":"纠正酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"纠正低血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"静点地塞米松"},{"key":"E","value":"补液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患儿,出生时Apgar评分4分(提示出生时新生儿轻度窒息),生后2天嗜睡,肌张力减退,瞳孔缩小(新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的典型临床表现),时而出现惊厥(提示重度),头颅CT扫描,可见右叶有低密度影,根患儿的病史、临床症状、体征及实验室检查,考虑最可能的诊断为新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病,该患儿的支持疗法包括供氧(A对)、纠正酸中毒(B对)、纠正低血糖(C对)、补液(E对),除了静点地塞米松(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"男婴,12天。拒奶、少动、体温不升10小时急诊入院。查体:重病容,面色苍白,前囟平,颈软,心音低钝,双肺未闻及啰音,腹胀,肝右肋下3.5cm。脐有少许分泌物。实验室检查:血WBC5.0×10⁹\/L,N0.70,L0.30。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新生儿寒冷损伤综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"新生儿化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿颅内出血"},{"key":"E","value":"新生儿败血症"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本例患儿拒奶、少动、体温不升,重病容,面色苍白,心音低钝,双肺未闻及啰音,腹胀,肝右肋下3.5cm,脐有少许分泌物,最可能的诊断是新生儿败血症(E对)。新生儿寒冷损伤综合征(A错)主要表现为低体温和皮肤硬肿。新生儿化脓性脑膜炎(B错)前囟饱满,脑膜刺激征阳性。双肺未闻及啰音,排除新生儿肺炎(C错)。新生儿颅内出血(D错)常见颈项强直,而本例颈软,排除新生儿颅内出血。"} {"Question":"34周早产儿,2100g,母亲胎膜早破,体温升高1小时剖宫产,生后评分5分,复苏后入住ICU,呼吸困难,青紫,逐渐加重,氧饱和度80%,PCO₂55mmHg,X片双肺通透度减低,肺肝界肺心界消失。诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胎粪吸入综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"新生儿湿肺"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"先天性膈疝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"34周早产儿(常见发病年龄),2100g,母亲胎膜早破,体温升高1小时剖官产,生后评分5分,复苏后入住ICU,呼吸困难,青紫,逐渐加重(RDS表现),氧饱和度80%(正常值:100%,提示缺氧),PCO₂55mmHg(正常值:35-45mmHg,提示CO2潴留),X片双肺通透度减低,肺肝界肺心界消失(RDS特征性X线表现),结合患者的症状、实验室检查及影像学检查,考虑诊断是新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(D对)。胎粪吸入综合征(A错)多有宫内窘迫史和(或)出生窒息史,于生后即开始出现呼吸窘迫。新生儿湿肺(B错)又称新生儿暂时性呼吸增快,多见于足月儿或剖宫产儿, 是由于肺内液体吸收及清除延迟所致,为自限性疾病,生后数小时内出现呼吸增快(> 60 ~8 0 次\/分),但一般状态及反应较好,重者也可有青紫及呻吟等表现。新生儿肺炎(C错)母亲妊娠晚期多有感染、羊膜早破或羊水有异味史,外周血象、C反应蛋白、血培养等也可提示有感染证据。先天性膈疝(E错)一般生后不久表现为阵发性呼吸急促及青紫。腹部凹陷,患侧胸部呼吸音减弱甚至消失,可闻及肠鸣音;X线胸片可见患侧胸部有充气的肠曲或胃泡影及肺不张,纵隔向对侧移位。"} {"Question":"足月儿每日钠的需要量约是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5~0.9mmol\/kg"},{"key":"B","value":"1~2mmol\/kg"},{"key":"C","value":"3~4mmol\/kg"},{"key":"D","value":"5~6mmol\/kg"},{"key":"E","value":"7~8mmol\/kg"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"1~2mmol\/kg(B对)即为足月儿每日钠的需要量。"} {"Question":"男婴,其母G₂P₁,足月顺产,生后10h出现黄疸,血胆红素为306μmol\/L。患儿可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ABO溶血病"},{"key":"B","value":"Rh溶血病"},{"key":"C","value":"生理性黄疸"},{"key":"D","value":"败血症"},{"key":"E","value":"胆道闭锁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"Rh溶血病多发生于再次妊娠时,多在患儿生后24小时内出现黄疸并迅速加重。本例男婴的母亲G2P1,即孕2产1,男婴生后10小时出现黄疸,故首先考虑Rh溶血病(B对)。ABO溶血病(P116)常发生于第一胎,多在生后2-3天出现黄疸(A错)。足月儿生后10小时出现黄疸,血胆红素306μmmol\/L(正常值<221μmmol\/L),应该诊断为病理性黄疸(P114),而不是生理性黄疸(C错)。新生儿败血症(P122)常表现为黄疸退而复现,且往往较重(D错)。新生儿胆道闭锁(P115)常常于生后24小时出现黄疸,且较重,以直接胆红素升高为主(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,2岁。因间断抽搐半年就诊,1岁以后智能渐落后,皮肤色泽变浅,头发变黄,常有呕吐,对明确诊断最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"染色体核型分析"},{"key":"B","value":"血生化"},{"key":"C","value":"尿有机酸分析"},{"key":"D","value":"脑电图"},{"key":"E","value":"血TSH、T₄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"苯丙氨酸在苯丙氨酸羟化酶的作用下生成酪氨酸,酪氨酸可在酪氨酸羟化酶的作用下生成多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素等神经递质;也可在酪氨酸酶的作用下生成黑色素。患儿智能落后,提示神经系统功能障碍;皮肤色泽变浅,头发变黄,提示有黑色素合成障碍,考虑由苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏,不能将苯丙氨酸转化为酪氨酸所致。由于苯丙氨酸不能被羟化生成酪氨酸,只能通过旁路代谢,由苯丙氨酸转氨酶催化生成苯丙酮酸,通过尿液排出。因此选择尿有机酸分析可通过判定尿液中是否有苯丙酮酸及其代谢产物,判断患儿体内是否存在过量的苯丙酮酸(C对)。"} {"Question":"男孩,3岁,出生时正常,母乳喂养,5个月后智能渐落后,头发变黄,肤色变白,有时发生抽搐,肌张力较高。临床上应首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"21-三体综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症"},{"key":"C","value":"苯丙酮尿症"},{"key":"D","value":"先天性甲状腺功能减低症"},{"key":"E","value":"癫痫"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"男孩,3岁,出生时正常,母乳喂养,5个月后智能渐落后,有时发生抽搐,肌张力较高等符合苯丙酮尿症神经系统的临床表现;头发变黄,肤色变白等符合苯丙酮尿症皮肤的临床表现,故临床上应首先考虑的诊断是苯丙酮尿症(C对)。(P153)21-三体综合征(A错)主要特征为智能落后(本病最突出的临床表现)、特殊面容(如眼裂小、眼距宽、双眼外眦上斜等)和生长发育迟缓,并可伴有多种畸形。(P079)维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症(B错)多见于6个月以内的小婴儿,现已较少见,主要为惊厥、喉痉挛和手足搐搦,并伴有程度不等的活动期佝偻病表现。(P429)先天性甲状腺功能减低症(D错)是由于甲状腺激素合成不足或其受体缺陷所致的一种疾病,患儿的主要临床特征包括智能落后、生长发育迟缓和生理功能低下。(P392)癫痫(E错)是以持续存在的反复癫痫发作的易感性和由此引起的神经生物学、认知、心理学及社会方面后果的一种疾病。"} {"Question":"男,3岁。出生时正常,母乳喂养,5个月后智能渐落后,头发变黄,肤色变白,多动,有肌痉挛,尿有鼠尿臭味。主要的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鲁米那"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"C","value":"脑活素"},{"key":"D","value":"低铜饮食"},{"key":"E","value":"低苯丙氨酸饮食"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"苯丙酮尿症患儿由于体内无法进行苯丙氨酸的正常代谢,苯丙氨酸大量通过旁路代谢的产物堆积会对机体造成损害,因此应尽早进行低苯丙氨酸饮食(E对),至少持续至青春期,终生治疗对患者更有益。鲁米那(A错),即苯巴比妥,用于镇静催眠;维生素D(B错)用于治疗维生素D缺乏性佝偻病;脑活素(C错)用于神经衰弱,脑动脉硬化引起的体倦头晕、中风、半身不遂、高血压性脑出血后的脑血肿、脑血栓;低铜饮食(D错)可缓解肝豆状核变性。"} {"Question":"女,2岁。智能落后,表情呆滞,眼距宽,眼裂小,鼻梁低,口半张,舌伸出口外,皮肤细嫩,肌张力低下,右侧通贯手。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"唐氏综合征(21-三体综合征)"},{"key":"B","value":"软骨发育不良"},{"key":"C","value":"先天性甲状腺功能减低症"},{"key":"D","value":"佝偻病"},{"key":"E","value":"苯丙酮尿症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"软骨发育不良和佝偻病的患儿智力都正常,所以不能诊断为软骨发育不良(B错)和佝偻病(D错)。虽然唐氏综合征(21-三体综合征)、先天性甲状腺功能减低症、苯丙酮尿症都有智力落后的表现,但每种病都会有其特殊的表征。唐氏综合征(21-三体综合征)最特征的表现是通贯掌。该患儿,出现智能落后、表情呆滞、眼距宽、眼裂小、鼻梁低、口半张、舌伸出口外、皮肤细嫩、肌张力低下、右侧通贯手,符合唐氏综合征(21-三体综合征)的特征,应诊断为唐氏综合征(21-三体综合征)(A对)。先天性甲状腺功能减低症的特殊面容和体态有:皮肤粗糙(唐氏综合征表现为皮肤细嫩)、面色苍黄,毛发稀疏、无光泽,面部黏液水肿、眼睑水肿、眼距宽、鼻梁低平、唇厚,舌大而宽厚、常伸出口外,与该患儿的面容特征不相符,不能诊断为先天性甲状腺功能减低症(C错)。苯丙酮尿症的患儿在出生数月后因黑色素合成不足,头发由黑变黄,皮肤白皙;由于尿液和汗液中排出较多苯乙酸,可有明显鼠尿臭味,该患儿不符合苯丙酮尿症的疾病特征(E错)。"} {"Question":"男孩,6岁。因智能发育落后就诊,头发呈金黄色,皮肤色白,时有抽搐,不伴发热,无腹泻。为协助诊断,应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑电图检查"},{"key":"B","value":"Guthrie试验"},{"key":"C","value":"尿三氯化铁试验"},{"key":"D","value":"尿蝶呤分析"},{"key":"E","value":"血钙、磷检测"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在摄入中等量奶(苯丙氨酸的来源)以后至少48小时,所有新生儿都应进行苯丙酮尿症筛查,一般用Guthrie抑制试验,但此患儿为6岁(B错)。苯丙酮尿症是一种常见的氨基酸代谢病,常用尿三氯化铁试验进行筛查检测苯丙氨酸是否正常(C对)。根据该患儿智力落后、头发由黑变黄,特殊体征和血苯丙氨酸升高,排除四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症就可确诊为苯丙酮尿症,所以尿蝶呤图谱分析为鉴别诊断时的重要手段(D错)。维生素D缺乏性佝偻病引起的钙、磷代谢紊乱、骨骼发育障碍性疾病,所以血钙、磷检测为维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的检查手段(E错)。"} {"Question":"唐氏综合征患儿最多见的畸形","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天性心脏病"},{"key":"B","value":"唇裂"},{"key":"C","value":"消化道畸形"},{"key":"D","value":"隐睾"},{"key":"E","value":"神经管畸形"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"唐氏综合征患儿最多见的畸形先天性心脏病(A对),约占50%,其次是消化道疾病(C错)。部分男孩有隐睾(D错),唇裂(B错)、神经管疾病(E错)较少见。"} {"Question":"2岁儿童检查苯丙酮尿症应做","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Guthri细菌生长抑制试验"},{"key":"B","value":"尿三氯化铁试验"},{"key":"C","value":"血清苯丙氨酸浓度测定"},{"key":"D","value":"尿甲苯胺蓝试验"},{"key":"E","value":"苯丙氨酸耐量试验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"2岁儿童的苯丙氨酸代谢旁路已经建立,苯丙酮酸代谢物经尿排出,可以与三氯化铁反应呈绿色,因此尿三氯化铁用于较大儿童的苯丙酮尿症筛查(B错)。新生儿对苯丙氨酸代谢旁路尚未建立,尿三氯化铁试验为阴性,故采用 Guthrie细菌生长抑制试验(A错)进行筛查。血清苯丙氨酸浓度测定(C对)为确诊的检查方法。尿甲苯胺蓝试验(D错)主要用于黏多糖病的诊断。苯丙氨酸耐量试验(E错)用于检测某人是否是苯丙酮尿症致病基因携带者。"} {"Question":"蛋白质-热能营养不良恢复期常见并发的维生素缺乏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A₁"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蛋白质-热能营养不良恢复期常见并发的维生素缺乏是维生素D,因为营养不良时,骨骼生长发育不明显,而恢复期时生长发育加快,骨骼生长发育明显,骨骼生长需要的微量元素是维生素D,因此PEM恢复期常见并发的维生素缺乏是维生素D(D对)。"} {"Question":"男孩,3岁,自幼人工喂养,食欲极差,有时腹泻。身高85cm,体重7500g。皮肤干燥苍白,腹部皮下脂肪厚度约0.3cm。脉搏缓慢,心音较低钝。上述情况发生,除立即给氧外,首先应采取的措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"给予呼吸兴奋剂"},{"key":"B","value":"测血糖,静注高渗葡萄糖"},{"key":"C","value":"测血钙,静脉补充钙剂"},{"key":"D","value":"给予强心剂"},{"key":"E","value":"输液纠正脱水"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"营养不良患儿出现低血糖时,应及时监测血糖,静注高渗葡萄糖(B对)或口服葡萄糖溶液。若不及时补充葡萄糖,患儿可因呼吸暂停而死亡。"} {"Question":"足月儿开始添加维生素D的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生后10~12个月"},{"key":"B","value":"出生后2个月"},{"key":"C","value":"出生后4~6个月"},{"key":"D","value":"出生后7~9个月"},{"key":"E","value":"出生后2周"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"足月儿开始添加维生素D的时间是出生后2周(E对)。出生后10~12个月(A错)开始添加软饭、配方奶碎肉、碎菜、蛋、鱼肉、豆制品、水果。出生后2个月(B错)开始添加新鲜果汁如桔汁、西红柿汁等。出生后4~6个月开始添加米粉(C错)。出生后7~9个月(D错)开始添加稀(软饭)、配方奶、肉末、菜末、蛋、鱼泥、豆腐、水果。"} {"Question":"男孩,3岁,自幼人工喂养,食欲极差,有时腹泻。身高85cm,体重7500g。皮肤干燥苍白,腹部皮下脂肪厚度约0.3cm。脉搏缓慢,心音较低钝。假设此患儿清晨突然面色苍白、神志不清、体温不升、呼吸暂停,首先应考虑最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性心力衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"低钙血症引起喉痉挛"},{"key":"C","value":"低钾血症引起呼吸肌麻痹"},{"key":"D","value":"自发性低血糖"},{"key":"E","value":"脱水引起休克"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"自发性低血糖(D对)(第七版诸福棠实用儿科学P511)是营养不良患儿的并发症之一,主要表现为体温不升,面色灰白,神志不清,脉搏缓慢乃至呼吸暂停,但没有抽搐。幼儿急性心力衰竭(A错)(P290)症状与成人相似,主要为乏力、活动后气急,安静时心率增快,呼吸浅快。低钙血症引起喉痉挛(B错)常伴随着全身惊厥、抽搐以及口唇颜面部青紫,而不是面色苍白。低钾血症引起呼吸肌麻痹(C错)通常伴随着功能性的肠梗阻,肠鸣音消失,没有腹泻。脱水引起休克(E错)血压虽然减低甚至消失,但是脉搏和心率却增快且细弱。"} {"Question":"重度蛋白质-能量营养不良患儿,夜间睡眠中突然昏迷,死亡。其最主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窒息"},{"key":"B","value":"低血容量休克"},{"key":"C","value":"败血症并急性化脓性脑膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"自发性低血糖发作"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"蛋白质-能量营养不良的并发症有:①小细胞低色素性贫血②多种维生素缺乏③感染④自发性低血糖。由此可知所有选项中只有自发性低血糖发作属于蛋白质-能量营养不良的并发症,窒息(A错)、低血容量休克(B错)、败血症并急性化脓性脑膜炎(C错)、心力衰竭(D错)不属于蛋白质-能量营养不良的并发症。另外患儿的临床表现:突然昏迷、死亡,也再次说明是发生了自发性低血糖发作(E对)。"} {"Question":"维生素D缺乏性手足抽搐症的发病机制与维生素D缺乏性佝偻病最根本的不同在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经系统兴奋性较髙"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状旁腺反应迟钝,甲状旁腺激素代偿不足"},{"key":"C","value":"食物中钙含量过低"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D缺乏的程度较重"},{"key":"E","value":"食物中磷含量过高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"维生素D缺乏,小肠吸收钙磷减少,血钙降低,甲状旁腺反应正常情况时,PTH(甲状旁腺激素)代偿性分泌增多,破骨细胞作用增强,血钙恢复;反之,若甲状旁腺反应迟钝,甲状旁腺激素代偿不足(B对),血钙进一步降低,神经肌肉兴奋性增加(A错),出现手足抽搐等症状。简言之,甲状旁腺激素正常情况下可通过“牺牲”骨的钙磷沉积,进而维持血钙稳定,以免引起惊厥、喉痉挛等严重的后果,这也是人体的一种自我保护机制。食物中钙含量过低(C错)、维生素D缺乏程度较重(D错)、食物中的磷含量过高(E错)可能会引起不同程度的低血钙,但只要甲状旁腺代偿完全,就不会引起手足抽搐。"} {"Question":"隐匿性维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症特有的阳性体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"克氏征"},{"key":"B","value":"巴氏征"},{"key":"C","value":"布氏征"},{"key":"D","value":"霍夫曼征"},{"key":"E","value":"面神经征"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"隐匿性维生素D缺乏性手足搐搦症特有的阳性体征是面神经征(E对):以手指尖或叩诊锤骤击患儿腭弓与口角间的面颊部(第7脑神经孔处),引起眼睑和口角抽动为面神经征阳性,新生儿期可呈假阳性。巴氏征(B错)、霍夫曼征(D错)指锥体束病损时的病理反射。克氏征(A错)、布氏征(C错)属于脑膜刺激征(九版诊断学P218-P219)。"} {"Question":"1岁以内婴儿基础代谢,每日每公斤约需","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"80 kcal"},{"key":"B","value":"66 kcal"},{"key":"C","value":"55 kcal"},{"key":"D","value":"44 kcal"},{"key":"E","value":"30 kcal"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小儿基础代谢率的能量需要较成年人高,随着年龄增长逐渐减少。1岁以内婴儿的基础能量需求为55kcal/kg(C对)。"} {"Question":"小儿营养中最主要的能量来源是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矿物质"},{"key":"B","value":"糖类"},{"key":"C","value":"脂类"},{"key":"D","value":"膳食纤维"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"人体的宏量营养素有:蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物。碳水化合物包括糖类,糖类是供能的主要物质(B对)占总能量的55%~65%。蛋白质(E错)的主要功能是构成机体和组织器官的重要成分,次要功能是供能,占总能量的8%~15%。脂类(C错)是机体的第二供能营养素,6个月以下占婴儿总能量的45%~50%。人体的微量营养素:矿物质、维生素。矿物质(A错)不提供能量。其他膳食成分包括膳食纤维和水,膳食纤维(D错)指一般不易被消化的食物营养素,不提供能量。"} {"Question":"蛋白质-热能营养不良常见并发的维生素缺乏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"营养不良可有多种维生素及微量元素缺乏,尤以脂溶性维生素A、D缺乏常见。而从临床表现看,维生素D缺乏(D错)时营养不良的症状不明显,维生素D缺乏在恢复期生长发育加快时营养不良的症状才比较突出,因此维生素A缺乏最常见(A对)。"} {"Question":"维生素D缺乏手足抽搐症发生惊厥时,除给氧和保持呼吸道通畅外,应立即采取的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌注维生素D₃"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉补充钙剂"},{"key":"C","value":"肌注硫酸镁"},{"key":"D","value":"静注或肌注地西泮"},{"key":"E","value":"静滴甘露醇"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"维生素D缺乏时,血钙下降而甲状旁腺不能代偿性分泌增加,当血钙过低时可引起神经肌肉兴奋性增高,出现抽搐。维生素D缺乏手足抽搐症发生惊厥时,喉痉挛对患者的危险性最大,易发生窒息,所以此时的急救处理应为给氧和保持呼吸道通畅,且需静注或肌注地西泮来控制惊厥或喉痉挛(D对)。肌注维生素D₃(A错)和静脉补充钙剂(B错)都是维生素D佝偻病的治疗措施,不用于维生素D缺乏手足抽搐症发生惊厥的急救。肌注硫酸镁(C错)可作为抗惊厥药,常用于妊娠高血压,降低血压,治疗先兆子痫和子痫,也用于治疗早产。静滴甘露醇(E错)常用于治疗脑水肿。"} {"Question":"新生儿,足月顺产,出生体重3.3kg。无新生儿窒息。开奶的时间为产后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2-3小时"},{"key":"B","value":"24小时"},{"key":"C","value":"12小时"},{"key":"D","value":"15分钟至2小时内"},{"key":"E","value":"6小时"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"尽早开奶可减轻婴儿生理性黄疸,同时还可减轻生理性体重下降、低血糖的发生。产后15分钟~2小时(D对)即可通过吸吮开奶。"} {"Question":"男孩,3岁,自幼人工喂养,食欲极差,有时腹泻。身高85cm,体重7500g。皮肤干燥苍白,腹部皮下脂肪厚度约0.3cm。脉搏缓慢,心音较低钝。其主要诊断应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先天性甲状腺功能减低症"},{"key":"B","value":"营养性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"婴幼儿腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"营养不良"},{"key":"E","value":"心功能不全"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"正常3岁儿童(P9)体重应达到14kg,身高达到95cm,题中小儿体重比正常体重减轻超过40%,应诊断为营养不良(D对)。先天性甲状腺功能减低症(P403)(A错)通常表现为腹胀、便秘等。营养性贫血(P326)(B错)则通常有心率脉搏增快,甚至出现心衰表现。长期的婴幼儿腹泻(P226)(C错)是引起营养不良病因之一。作为诊断,D选项更准确。小儿心功能不全(E错)症状与成人相似,主要为乏力、活动后气急,安静时心率、脉搏增快,呼吸浅快。"} {"Question":"每次哺乳时,母乳中呈先高后低变化的营养成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矿物质"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素"},{"key":"C","value":"脂肪"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"E","value":"碳水化合物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"每次哺乳过程乳汁的成分亦随时间而变化。如将哺乳过程分为三部分,即第一部分分泌的乳汁脂肪低而蛋白质高,第二部分乳汁脂肪含量逐渐增加而蛋白质含量逐渐降低,第三部分乳汁中脂肪含量最高。所以先高后低的蛋白质(D对)。脂肪(C错)是先低后高。矿物质(A错)、维生素(B错)、碳水化合物(E错)都不是哺乳过程中乳汁成分变化的主要物质。"} {"Question":"蛋白质-能量营养不良患儿最先出现的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体重不增"},{"key":"B","value":"水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"体重减轻"},{"key":"D","value":"身高低于正常"},{"key":"E","value":"皮下脂肪消失"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"由于各种原因引起的蛋白质和(或)热能摄入不足或消耗增多引起的营养缺乏病,又称蛋白质-能量营养不良。营养不良的早期表现为活动减少,精神较差,体重生长速度不增(A对)。随营养不良加重,体重逐渐下降(C错)、皮下脂肪消耗(E错)、身高亦低于正常(D错)等。血浆白蛋白明显下降时出现凹陷性水肿(B错)。"} {"Question":"男孩,4岁。生长落后,活动后气促。查体:胸骨左缘第2~3肋间有3\/6级收缩期杂音,P₂亢进。X线片示右心房右心室扩大。该患儿最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"B","value":"动脉导管未闭"},{"key":"C","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"D","value":"法洛四联症"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉狭窄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患儿,胸骨左缘第2-3肋间有3-6级收缩期杂音,P2亢进,另外X线片示右心房右心室扩大,符合房间隔缺损的特征,应诊断为房间隔缺损(A对)。动脉导管未闭的杂音特征为胸骨左缘第二肋间连续机械样杂音(B错)。室间隔缺损的杂音特征胸骨左缘3-4肋间Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,肺动脉第二音亢进(C错)。法洛四联症的杂音主要源自于其组成之一肺动脉狭窄,杂音特点是胸骨左缘Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ肋间收缩期喷射性杂音,不符合所给病例的杂音特点,所以不能诊断为法洛四联症(D错)。肺动脉狭窄胸骨左缘上部有洪亮的Ⅳ\/Ⅵ级以上喷射性收缩期杂音,第二心音分裂(而不是肺动脉第二心音亢进)(E错)。"} {"Question":"6岁,女孩。出生后反复呼吸道感染,平时少活动。体检:无发绀,心前区稍隆起,胸骨左缘3~4肋间Ⅲ级粗糙全收缩期杂音,伴震颤,P₂轻度亢进。该病血流动力学改变首先引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右心室增大"},{"key":"B","value":"左心室增大"},{"key":"C","value":"左心房增大"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉扩张"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉扩张"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患儿体检无发绀,P₂轻度亢进,诊断在室间隔缺损的最初阶段,左心室部分血液流入右心室,导致体循环血量减少,左心室做功增加,最终导致左心室增大(B对A错)。大型缺损者以右心室增大为主。室间隔缺损以心室改变为主,心房基本无改变(C错)。主动脉扩张性疾病(D错)可分为真性动脉瘤、主动脉夹层和假性动脉瘤,无胸骨左缘3-4肋间Ⅲ级粗糙全收缩期杂音。肺动脉扩张(E错)体检示心浊音界不增大,肺动脉瓣区有3级以下的收缩期吹风样杂音和收缩喷射音、第2心音分裂并略亢进。"} {"Question":"胸骨左缘第二肋间闻及收缩期杂音,最常见的器质性病变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"B","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"C","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"E","value":"室间隔缺损"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"房间隔缺损(C对)时,左房向右房分流,右房血液增加,右室血液也相应增加,肺动脉瓣相对狭窄,出现胸骨左缘第二肋间收缩期杂音。二尖瓣关闭不全(A错)可闻及心尖部收缩期杂音。二尖瓣狭窄(B错)时,心尖部可有典型舒张期隆隆样杂音。主动脉瓣关闭不全(D错)可在主动脉瓣第二听诊区(胸骨左缘第3肋间)舒张期闻及粗糙响亮射流样杂音。室间隔缺损(E错)典型体征为胸骨左缘3、4肋间有粗糙收缩期杂音。"} {"Question":"女孩,2岁。体检发现胸骨左缘第2~3肋间Ⅱ~Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,肺动脉瓣区第2音亢进,伴固定性分裂。该患儿的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉导管未闭"},{"key":"B","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"C","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"D","value":"法洛四联症"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"固定性分裂仅见于房间隔缺损,另外房间隔缺损也可出现胸骨左缘第2-3肋间Ⅱ—Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,因此该患儿诊断为房间隔缺损(B对)。动脉导管未闭的杂音特征为胸骨左缘第二肋间连续机械样杂音(A错)。室间隔缺损的杂音特征胸骨左缘3-4肋间Ⅲ级收缩期杂音,肺动脉第二音亢进(C错)。法洛四联症的杂音主要源自于其组成之一肺动脉狭窄,杂音特点是胸骨左缘Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ肋间收缩期喷射性杂音,不符合所给病例的杂音特点,所以不能诊断为法洛四联症(D错)。肺动脉狭窄胸骨左缘上部有洪亮的Ⅳ\/Ⅵ级以上喷射性收缩期杂音,第二心音分裂(而不是肺动脉第二心音亢进)(E错)。"} {"Question":"女,8岁。剧烈运动后胸闷,气短2个月。查体:心前区未触及震颤,胸骨左缘2、3肋间闻及3\/6级收缩期杂音,P₂亢进,固定分裂。最典型的心电图改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左室高电压"},{"key":"B","value":"不完全性右束传导阻滞和电轴右偏"},{"key":"C","value":"左心房肥大"},{"key":"D","value":"二度房室传导阻滞I型"},{"key":"E","value":"一度房室传导阻滞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据患儿的杂音特点:胸骨左缘2-3肋间闻及3\/6级缩期喷射性杂音、P₂亢进固定分裂,应诊断为房间隔缺损。房间隔缺损时,会使右心房前负荷增大,因此心电图会出现不完全性右束传导阻滞和电轴右偏的(B对)。房间隔缺损的主要改变在右心房,对左心室和左心房的影响不大(AC错)。房间隔缺损产生病理改变主要源于产生了左向右的分流,一般没有传到阻滞的情况发生(DE错)。"} {"Question":"女,2岁。多次患肺炎。胸片示:肺纹理增强,左心房、左心室增大,主动脉影增宽。应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"B","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉导管未闭"},{"key":"D","value":"法洛四联症"},{"key":"E","value":"艾森曼格综合征"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患儿多次患肺炎,胸片提示肺纹理增强(提示肺部血流增强),左心房、左心室增大(动脉导管未闭常见的病理生理改变),应诊断为动脉导管未闭(C对)。房间隔缺损(P273)(A错)胸片检查多为右房、右室扩大。室间隔缺损(P273)(B错)时常表现为左房、左室、右室增大或以右心室增大为主,多可见肺动脉扩张。法洛四联症(P280)(D错)是从右向左分流,常表现为右室肥大、心尖圆钝上翘,肺动脉段凹陷。艾森曼格综合征(P280)(E错)是指先天性室间隔缺损持续存在,肺动脉高压进行性发展,原来的左向右分流变成右向左分流,从无青紫发展至有青紫。常表现为右心室、右心房增大,肺动脉干及左、右肺动脉均扩大。"} {"Question":"3岁小儿的收缩压为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"80mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"85mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"88mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"86mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"87mmHg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据小儿收缩压正常值推算公式:收缩压(mmHg)=80+(年龄×2)得出,3岁小儿收缩压为86mmHg(D对)。舒张压为收缩压的2\/3。"} {"Question":"男孩,7岁,近期气短,乏力,查体:胸骨左缘第2肋间可闻及收缩期杂音,第二心音固定分裂,最可能诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺动脉狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"主动脉导管未闭"},{"key":"C","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"D","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"E","value":"法洛四联征"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"儿童,7岁,近期气短,乏力,查体:胸骨左缘第2肋间可闻及收缩期杂音(提示房间隔缺损),第二心音固定分裂,最可能诊断为房间隔缺损(D对),该病体格检查时可发现胸骨左缘第2-3肋间有收缩期杂音。肺动脉狭窄(A错)胸骨左缘第2、3 肋间可闻及IV\/VI 级以上喷射性收缩期杂音,向左上胸、心前区、颈部、腋下及背面传导。动脉导管未闭(B错)胸骨左缘上方闻及连续性“机器”样杂音,占整个收缩期与舒张期,常伴有震颤,杂音向左锁骨下、颈部和背部传导。室间隔缺损(C错)在胸骨左缘第3、4肋间响亮的全收缩期杂音,常伴震颤。法洛四联征(E错)胸骨左缘第2-4肋间可闻及II -III级粗糙喷射性收缩期杂音。"} {"Question":"在肝十二指肠韧带内经行的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"肝门静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肠系膜上静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"胃左静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"脾静脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝门静脉(B对)在肝十二指肠韧带内经行,多由肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉在胰颈后面汇合而成。"} {"Question":"有关左颈总动脉的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发自头臂干"},{"key":"B","value":"沿气管前方上行"},{"key":"C","value":"行于颈内静脉外侧"},{"key":"D","value":"平环状软骨上缘分为颈内、外动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"与迷走神经、颈内静脉伴行于颈动脉鞘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"左颈总动脉起自主动脉弓(A错),右颈总动脉起自头臂干。沿食管、气管和喉的外侧(B错)上行。平甲状软骨(D错)上缘分为颈内、外动脉。左颈总动脉与迷走神经、颈内静脉伴行于颈动脉鞘(E对)。"} {"Question":"位于肘窝前方皮下的浅静脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"贵要静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肘正中静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"前臂正中静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肘正中静脉(C对)为位于肘窝前方皮下的浅静脉,通常在肘窝处连接头静脉和贵要静脉。"} {"Question":"静脉角的组成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左、右头臂静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"颈内静脉和颈外静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"颈外静脉和锁骨下静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"锁骨下静脉和颈内静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"锁骨下静脉和颈内静脉(D对)两条静脉的会合处形成静脉角,是淋巴导管注入的部位。"} {"Question":"椎内静脉丛位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬膜下隙"},{"key":"B","value":"硬膜外隙"},{"key":"C","value":"蛛网膜下隙"},{"key":"D","value":"椎间孔"},{"key":"E","value":"软膜下隙"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"椎内静脉丛位于椎骨骨膜和硬脊膜之间即硬膜外隙(B对),收集椎骨、脊膜、脊髓以及椎体和附近肌肉的静脉血。"} {"Question":"椎动脉到达脑的行程中穿过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"圆孔"},{"key":"B","value":"卵圆孔"},{"key":"C","value":"棘孔"},{"key":"D","value":"枕骨大孔"},{"key":"E","value":"椎间孔"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"椎动脉起于前斜角肌的内侧,经枕骨大孔(D对)入颅腔,分支布于脑与脊髓。"} {"Question":"阴部内动脉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"来源于髂外动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"经梨状肌上孔出骨盆"},{"key":"C","value":"行经坐骨棘前面"},{"key":"D","value":"经坐骨小孔至坐骨肛门窝"},{"key":"E","value":"分支布于肛管、会阴、外生殖器"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"阴部内动脉来源于髂内动脉(A错)。穿梨状肌下孔(B错)出骨盆。继经坐骨小孔至坐骨肛门窝(D对)。阴部内动脉发出肛动脉、会阴动脉和阴茎背动脉(阴蒂背动脉),分布于肛门、会阴部和外生殖器(E错)。"} {"Question":"面部能触摸到搏动的动脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椎动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"颈内动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"面动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"胸廓内动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"面动脉(C对)在面部的咬肌前缘绕下颌骨下缘处位置表浅,能触摸到其搏动。"} {"Question":"颈外动脉的直接分支为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑膜中动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺上动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺下动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"椎动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"下牙槽动脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺上动脉(B对)、舌动脉、面动脉、颞浅动脉、上颌动脉、枕动脉、耳后动脉、咽升动脉均为颈外动脉的直接分支。"} {"Question":"有关颈总动脉的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是头颈部的主要供血动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"左、右各一条"},{"key":"C","value":"左、右颈总动脉均直接起于主动脉弓"},{"key":"D","value":"约在甲状软骨上缘分为颈内、外动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"是颈动脉鞘的内容之一"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"颈总动脉是头颈部的主要供血动脉(A对)。左、右各一条(B对)。左颈总动脉起自主动脉弓,右颈总动脉起自头臂干(C错,为本题正确答案)。至甲状软骨上缘的高度,分为颈内动脉和颈外动脉(D对)。是颈动脉鞘的内容之一(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关主动脉胸部行径的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起于脊柱右侧第1胸椎高度"},{"key":"B","value":"左侧有奇静脉伴行"},{"key":"C","value":"前方有胸导管伴行"},{"key":"D","value":"全程下行于椎体正前方"},{"key":"E","value":"约在第10胸椎水平进入腹腔"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"胸主动脉起于脊柱左侧(D错)第4胸椎(A错)高度。约在第10胸椎水平穿膈的主动脉裂孔进入腹腔(E对)。主动脉后方有胸导管伴行(C错)。"} {"Question":"胃短动脉来自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹腔干"},{"key":"B","value":"肝总动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"胃十二指肠动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"肝固有动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"脾动脉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脾动脉(E对)入脾门前发出数条分支,包括胃短动脉、胃后动脉、胃网膜左动脉、胰支、脾支。"} {"Question":"注入右淋巴导管","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右侧上半身"},{"key":"B","value":"右侧下半身"},{"key":"C","value":"右支气管纵隔干"},{"key":"D","value":"锁骨上淋巴结"},{"key":"E","value":"右腰干"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"右淋巴导管由右颈干、右锁骨下干和右支气管纵隔干(C对)组成。"} {"Question":"肘窝内的肱动脉位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肱桡肌内侧"},{"key":"B","value":"肢桡肌外侧"},{"key":"C","value":"肱二头肌腱外侧"},{"key":"D","value":"肱二头肌腱内侧"},{"key":"E","value":"喙肱肌内侧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肘窝内的肱动脉位于肱二头肌腱内侧(D对),其在平桡骨颈的高度分为桡动脉和尺动脉。"} {"Question":"颈外动脉的终支是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺上动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"面动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"舌动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"脑膜中动脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"上颌动脉(A对)和颞浅动脉为颈外动脉在下颌颈处分开的两条终支。"} {"Question":"中结肠动脉行经于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙状结肠系膜内"},{"key":"B","value":"回肠系膜内"},{"key":"C","value":"空肠系膜内"},{"key":"D","value":"横结肠系膜内"},{"key":"E","value":"盲肠系膜内"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"横结肠系膜内(D对)有中结肠动脉经过,中结肠动脉在胰下缘的附近起于肠系膜上动脉。"} {"Question":"卵圆窝","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在左心房的后壁"},{"key":"B","value":"在室间隔的左面"},{"key":"C","value":"在室间隔的右面"},{"key":"D","value":"在房间隔的右房侧"},{"key":"E","value":"在房间隔的左房侧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在房间隔的右房侧(D对)有一卵圆形凹陷称卵圆窝,是胚胎时期卵圆孔闭合后的遗迹,此处薄弱,是房间隔缺损的好发部位。"} {"Question":"属下肢浅静脉的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胫前静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"胫后静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"大隐静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"腘静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"股静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"大隐静脉(C对)和小隐静脉及其属支为下肢浅静脉。"} {"Question":"分布至胃底的动脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃短动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"胃网膜左动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"胃左动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"胃右动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"胃网膜右动脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胃短动脉(A对)经胃脾韧带分布至胃底,有3-5条分支。"} {"Question":"有关锁骨下动脉的下列叙述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是指从发出至第一肋外侧缘之间的一段"},{"key":"B","value":"其体表投影基本上与肺尖差不多"},{"key":"C","value":"延续为上肢各动脉分支的主干"},{"key":"D","value":"至第一肋外侧缘移行为腋动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺下动脉为其分支之一"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"锁骨下动脉是指从发出至第一肋外侧缘之间的一段(A对)。其体表投影与肺尖交叉(B错,为本题正确答案)。延续为上肢各动脉分支的主干(C对)。至第一肋外侧缘移行为腋动脉(D对)。甲状腺下动脉为其分支之一(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关贵要静脉的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起自手背静脉网的桡侧"},{"key":"B","value":"至臂上份注入腋静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"上行于前臂背侧"},{"key":"D","value":"与头静脉间无交通支"},{"key":"E","value":"是临床上行静脉注射的常用血管"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"上肢浅静脉包括头静脉、肘正中静脉、贵要静脉,是临床上行静脉注射的常用血管(E对)。"} {"Question":"有毛细血管分布的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"角膜"},{"key":"B","value":"软骨"},{"key":"C","value":"表皮"},{"key":"D","value":"毛发"},{"key":"E","value":"真皮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"角膜(A错)、软骨(B错)、表皮(C错)、毛发(D错)均无毛细血管分布。真皮(E对)为有毛细血管分布的结构。"} {"Question":"属髂外动脉分支的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"旋股外侧动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"旋髂浅动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"闭孔动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"腹壁下动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"旋股内侧动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腹壁下动脉(D对)属髂外动脉分支,为髂外动脉在腹股沟韧带的稍上方发出腹壁下动脉。"} {"Question":"不与脐周静脉网直接吻合的静脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹壁浅静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"旋髂浅静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"腹壁上静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"腹壁下静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"胸腹壁静脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹壁浅静脉(A对)、腹壁上静脉(C对)、腹壁下静脉(D对)、胸腹壁静脉(E对)均与脐周静脉网直接吻合。旋髂浅静脉(B错,为本题正确答案)不与脐周静脉网直接吻合。"} {"Question":"从下列各结构中,选出不属于右心房内的结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵圆窝"},{"key":"B","value":"肺静脉口"},{"key":"C","value":"下腔静脉口"},{"key":"D","value":"上腔静脉口"},{"key":"E","value":"梳状肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肺静脉口(B错,为本题正确答案)位于左心房内,其后壁两侧各有一对肺静脉开口,不属于右心房内的结构。"} {"Question":"关于股动脉的叙述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是髂外动脉的直接延续"},{"key":"B","value":"出收肌管后延续为腘动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"近侧段浅面被肌肉覆盖"},{"key":"D","value":"近侧段外侧有股神经伴行"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧有股静脉伴行"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"股动脉是髂外动脉的直接延续(A对)。出收肌管后延续为腘动脉(B对)。近侧段浅面被皮肤(C错,为本题正确答案)覆盖。近侧段外侧有股神经伴行(D对)。内侧有股静脉伴行(E对)。"} {"Question":"直接发自腹主动脉的血管是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃右动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"肝固有动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺上动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺中动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"肾上腺下动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾上腺中动脉(D对)为直接发自腹主动脉的血管,为腹主动脉的成对的脏支。"} {"Question":"不属左心室结构的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣"},{"key":"B","value":"动脉圆锥"},{"key":"C","value":"肉柱"},{"key":"D","value":"腱索"},{"key":"E","value":"乳头肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"二尖瓣(A对)、肉柱(C对)、腱索(D对)、乳头肌(E对)均属左心室结构。动脉圆锥(B错,为本题正确答案)属右心室结构。"} {"Question":"内含动脉血的静脉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头臂静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"上腔静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肺静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"板障静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状窦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肺静脉(C对)内含动脉血,肺静脉及其分支将含氧量高的血液输送到左心房。"} {"Question":"与后室间支伴行的静脉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心大静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"心中静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"心小静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"心前静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"心最小静脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心中静脉(B对)起于心尖部,与右冠状动脉的后室间支伴行。"} {"Question":"肱动脉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行经桡神经沟"},{"key":"B","value":"沿肱二头肌内侧下行"},{"key":"C","value":"与肌皮神经伴行"},{"key":"D","value":"与桡神经伴行"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肱动脉与正中神经(CD错)伴行沿肱二头肌的内侧(B对)至肘窝。"} {"Question":"颈外动脉平下颌角高度发出","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大脑中动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺上动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"面动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"咽升动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌动脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"面动脉(C对)为颈外动脉平下颌角高度发出的分支,于咬肌止点的前缘绕过下颌骨下缘至面部。"} {"Question":"正确描述颈外动脉的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全程行于颈内动脉外侧"},{"key":"B","value":"行经腮腺深面"},{"key":"C","value":"在颧弓处分为颞浅动脉和上颌动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"分布于甲状腺上、下部"},{"key":"E","value":"上颌动脉为其分支"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颈外动脉初居颈内动脉的前内侧(A错),后经其前方转至外侧。上行穿腮腺(B错)至下颌颈处(C错)分为颞浅动脉和上颌动脉两条终支。分布于甲状腺上部(D错)。上颌动脉为其分支(E对)。"} {"Question":"正确描述左心室的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有梳状肌"},{"key":"B","value":"有卵圆窝"},{"key":"C","value":"出口为肺动脉口"},{"key":"D","value":"入口周缘附有左房室瓣"},{"key":"E","value":"通常有三个乳头肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"左心室入口即左房室口周缘附有左房室瓣(D对)即二尖瓣。"} {"Question":"冠状窦收集","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心的全部静脉血"},{"key":"B","value":"心的大部分静脉血"},{"key":"C","value":"心的小部分静脉血"},{"key":"D","value":"心室的静脉血"},{"key":"E","value":"心房的静脉血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心的大部分静脉血(B对)由冠状窦收集,亦有些小静脉可以直接注入心腔。"} {"Question":"胆囊动脉多直接发自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睾丸动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"肝固有动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肝左动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"肝右动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"脾动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肝固有动脉入肝门前分为肝左支和肝右支分布于肝,肝右动脉(D对)直接发出胆囊动脉分布于胆囊。"} {"Question":"乳房的淋巴引流,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳房中央及外侧部的淋巴管注入肩胛下淋巴结"},{"key":"B","value":"乳房上部的淋巴管主要注入腋尖淋巴结"},{"key":"C","value":"乳房内侧部的淋巴管注入胸骨旁淋巴结"},{"key":"D","value":"乳房下部的淋巴管注入膈上淋巴结(前组)"},{"key":"E","value":"胸肌淋巴结接受乳房外侧部和中央部淋巴的回流"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳房中央及外侧部淋巴注入胸肌淋巴结(E对A错,为本题正确答案)。乳房上部的淋巴管主要注入腋尖淋巴结(B对),内侧部的淋巴管注入胸骨旁淋巴(C对),乳房下部的淋巴管注入膈上淋巴结(前组)(D对)。"} {"Question":"心中静脉与什么动脉伴行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右冠状动脉主干"},{"key":"B","value":"左冠状动脉主干"},{"key":"C","value":"后室间支"},{"key":"D","value":"前室间支"},{"key":"E","value":"左缘支"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心中静脉起于心尖部,与右冠状动脉的后室间支(C对)伴行。"} {"Question":"经过冠状窦左端汇入冠状窦的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左冠状动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"右冠状动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"心大静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"心小静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"心最小静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心大静脉(C对)伴左冠状动脉前室间支上行,斜向左上进入冠状沟,经过冠状窦左端汇入冠状窦。"} {"Question":"主动脉的第一个分支是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头臂干"},{"key":"B","value":"左颈总动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"左锁骨下动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"冠状动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"冠状动脉(D对)为主动脉的第一个分支,包括左、右冠状动脉。"} {"Question":"右心室有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉圆锥"},{"key":"B","value":"梳状肌"},{"key":"C","value":"四个乳头肌"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉前庭"},{"key":"E","value":"二尖瓣"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"动脉圆锥(A对)又称心室流出道,位于右心室内,呈圆锥体状,其上端借肺动脉口通肺动脉干。"} {"Question":"脾肾韧带内有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰体"},{"key":"B","value":"脾静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"左肾静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"门静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"胃左静脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"脾肾韧带内有胰尾(A错)、脾静脉(B对)、脾动脉、淋巴、神经等。"} {"Question":"股骨下端骨折向后移位易损伤","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肛动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"会阴动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"腘动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"胆囊动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"腓动脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"股骨下端骨折向后移位时,会损伤到腘窝内的结构,即腘动脉(C对)易损伤。"} {"Question":"腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉之间的联系主要通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃右动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"胃十二指肠动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"胃短动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"右结肠动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"左结肠动脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胃十二指肠动脉(B对)为腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉之间的主要联系。其发出分支胃网膜右动脉和胰十二指肠动脉,分别与腹腔干及肠系膜上动脉的分支相联系。"} {"Question":"不属于腋动脉的直接分支是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸肩峰动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"旋肩胛动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"胸外侧动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"胸上动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"肩胛下动脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胸肩峰动脉(A对)、胸外侧动脉(C对)、胸上动脉(D对)、肩胛下动脉(E对)均为腋动脉的直接分支。旋肩胛动脉(B错,为本题正确答案)和胸背动脉为肩胛下动脉的直接分支。"} {"Question":"闭孔动脉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分布于大腿内侧群肌"},{"key":"B","value":"走行于大腿外侧"},{"key":"C","value":"穿梨状肌下孔至大腿"},{"key":"D","value":"与旋髂深动脉相吻合"},{"key":"E","value":"主要分布于股骨头"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"闭孔动脉分布于大腿内侧群肌(A对)和髋关节(E错)。沿骨盆侧壁行向前下,穿闭孔膜(C错)至大腿的内侧(B错)。"} {"Question":"不属于淋巴器官的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴结"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腺"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"扁桃体"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴滤泡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"淋巴器官包括淋巴结、胸腺、脾和扁桃体,淋巴滤泡属于淋巴组织(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"不属于甲状颈干的分支的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺下动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"肩胛上动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"颈升动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"颈横动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"肩胛下动脉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"甲状腺下动脉(A对)、肩胛上动脉(B对)、颈升动脉(C对)、颈横动脉(D对)均为甲状颈干的分支。肩胛下动脉(E错,为本题正确答案)不属于甲状颈干的分支。"} {"Question":"收集胸、腹壁后部的静脉血","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内眦静脉"},{"key":"B","value":"头静脉"},{"key":"C","value":"奇静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"附脐静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"大隐静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"奇静脉(C对)收集右侧肋间静脉、食管静脉、支气管静脉和半奇静脉的血液,即胸、腹壁后部的静脉血。"} {"Question":"对颈(外侧)深淋巴结,正确的描述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沿颈内静脉排列"},{"key":"B","value":"颈内静脉二腹肌淋巴结是鼻咽癌常见转移的淋巴结"},{"key":"C","value":"锁骨上淋巴结为其一部分,左斜角肌淋巴结又称Virchow淋巴结"},{"key":"D","value":"输出管汇合成颈干"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颈外侧深淋巴结主要沿颈内静脉排列(A对)。鼻咽癌和舌根癌首先转移的部位是颈内静脉二腹肌淋巴结(B对)。颈外侧下深淋巴结中,沿颈横血管分布的淋巴结称为锁骨上淋巴结,位于前斜角肌前方的淋巴结称为斜角肌淋巴结,左侧为左斜角肌淋巴结即Virchow淋巴结(C对)。颈外侧淋巴结分为上群和下群,输出淋巴管均合成颈干(D对,E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"腹股沟淋巴结不接收下列哪项淋巴回流","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足外测"},{"key":"B","value":"小腿前内侧"},{"key":"C","value":"肛门"},{"key":"D","value":"外阴部"},{"key":"E","value":"直肠上段"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"直肠上段(E错,为本题正确答案)的淋巴注入直肠上淋巴结、髂内淋巴结、骶淋巴结,不注入腹股沟淋巴结。"} {"Question":"关于淋巴干的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颈干由颈外侧深淋巴结的输出淋巴管构成,主要收集同侧头颈部的浅、深淋巴管和胸壁上部的浅淋管"},{"key":"B","value":"锁骨下干由腋尖淋巴结群的输出淋巴管构成,主要收集同侧上肢及部分胸壁(包括脐环以上浅层)的浅、深淋巴管"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管纵隔干由气管旁淋巴结和纵隔前淋巴结的输出管构成,主要收集同侧胸腔器官和部分胸壁的淋巴管"},{"key":"D","value":"腰干由左、右侧腰淋巴结群的输出淋巴管构成,主要收集同侧盆部、腹腔内成对器官及大部分腹前壁的淋巴管"},{"key":"E","value":"肠干由腹腔淋巴结、肠系膜上下淋巴结的淋巴输出管构成,主要收集腹腔内不成对器官的淋巴管"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腰淋巴结引流腹后壁和腹腔内成对脏器合成腰干,而不是腹前壁(D错,为本题正确答案)。收集头部浅、深淋巴管的输出淋巴管下行,注入颈外侧下深淋巴结,颈外侧下深淋巴结引流颈根部、胸壁上部和乳房上部的淋巴,并收纳颈前、颈外侧浅和颈外侧上深淋巴结的输出淋巴管,输出淋巴管合成颈干(A对)。尖淋巴结收纳腋淋巴结群即:外侧淋巴结、胸肌淋巴结、肩胛下淋巴结、中央淋巴结和锁骨下淋巴结的输出淋巴管,合成锁骨下干,其中,外侧淋巴结收集同侧上肢深、浅淋巴,胸肌淋巴管收集部分胸壁的淋巴(B对)。气管旁淋巴和纵隔前淋巴输出管构成支气管纵隔干,其中纵隔前淋巴收集胸腔器官和部分胸壁淋巴管(C对)。肠干由腹腔淋巴结和肠系膜上下淋巴输出管构成,收集腹腔内不成对器官的淋巴管(E对)。"} {"Question":"掌浅弓由下列动脉构成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尺动脉终支和桡动脉终支"},{"key":"B","value":"尺动脉终支和桡动脉掌浅支"},{"key":"C","value":"桡动脉终支和尺动脉掌浅支"},{"key":"D","value":"桡动脉终支和尺动脉掌深支"},{"key":"E","value":"尺动脉掌浅支和桡动脉的掌浅支"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"尺动脉终支和桡动脉掌浅支(B对)吻合形成掌浅弓。"} {"Question":"对于右冠状动脉的描述何者正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进入前室间沟"},{"key":"B","value":"汇入冠状窦"},{"key":"C","value":"发出后室间支、窦房结支、房室结支等"},{"key":"D","value":"分为旋支和前室间支"},{"key":"E","value":"营养左心房"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"右冠状动脉进入冠状沟(A错)。发出后室间支、窦房结支、房室结支等分支(C对)。分为后室间支(D错)和右旋支。"} {"Question":"睾丸(卵巢)动脉的错误描述","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"除起始部外,大部均与同名静脉伴行"},{"key":"B","value":"向外下行经输尿管后方"},{"key":"C","value":"起自主动脉腹部的前外侧壁"},{"key":"D","value":"睾丸动脉经深环穿行于腹股沟管"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢动脉经卵巢悬韧带分布于卵巢"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"睾丸动脉沿腰大肌的前面斜向外下行,穿经腹股沟管(B错,为本题正确答案)入阴囊。起自主动脉腹部的前外侧壁(C对)。睾丸动脉经深环穿行于腹股沟管(D对)。卵巢动脉经卵巢悬韧带分布于卵巢(E对)和输卵管壶腹。"} {"Question":"右束支通过的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"界峭"},{"key":"B","value":"室上峭"},{"key":"C","value":"室间隔膜部"},{"key":"D","value":"隔缘肉柱"},{"key":"E","value":"乳头肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"隔缘肉柱(D对)为右束支通过的结构,在右心室手术时,要防止损伤隔缘肉柱,以免发生右束支传导阻滞。"} {"Question":"血液流进左心室的入口是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左肺静脉口"},{"key":"B","value":"上腔静脉口"},{"key":"C","value":"左房室口"},{"key":"D","value":"右房室口"},{"key":"E","value":"下腔静脉口"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"左房室口(C对)为血液流进左心室的入口,周围有二尖瓣附着于二尖瓣环上。"} {"Question":"下列进出盆腔的神经,哪一条不经过梨状肌下孔","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臀上神经"},{"key":"B","value":"臀下神经"},{"key":"C","value":"坐骨神经"},{"key":"D","value":"股后皮神经"},{"key":"E","value":"阴部神经"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"臀上神经(A错,为本题正确选项)伴臀上血管经梨状肌上孔出盆腔至臀部。臀下神经(B对)伴随臀下血管经梨状肌下孔出盆腔至臀部。坐骨神经(C对)经梨状肌下孔出盆腔至臀大肌深面。股后皮神经(D对)与臀下神经相伴穿经梨状肌下孔出盆腔至臀部。阴部神经(E对)伴随阴部血管穿出梨状肌下孔至臀部。"} {"Question":"构成薄束的神经元胞体位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊神经节内"},{"key":"B","value":"灰质后角内"},{"key":"C","value":"薄束核内"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓灰质侧角内"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"构成薄束的神经元胞体位于同侧第5胸节及以下的脊神经节内(A对)。这些神经元细胞最后止于延髓的薄束核内(C错)。灰质后角内(B错)多接受后根外侧部传入纤维(薄髓和无髓)的侧支及从脑干下行的纤维。脊髓白质传出纤维由灰质前角运动神经元发出的纤维和侧角发出的交感节前纤维组成(D错)。"} {"Question":"组成内脏大神经、内脏小神经节前纤维的是由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸髓第1--5侧角发出"},{"key":"B","value":"腰髓第1--5侧角发出"},{"key":"C","value":"胸髓第5-11侧角发出"},{"key":"D","value":"胸髓第5-腰1侧角发出"},{"key":"E","value":"胸髓第12-腰髓第3侧角发出"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"内脏大神经由穿过第5或第6-9胸交感干神经节的节前纤维组成,内脏小神经,由穿过第10-12胸交感干神经节的节前纤维组成(C对)。"} {"Question":"某患者,左侧视束损伤,可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双眼视野同向偏盲"},{"key":"B","value":"左眼颞侧视野偏盲"},{"key":"C","value":"双眼鼻侧视野偏盲"},{"key":"D","value":"右眼鼻侧视野偏盲"},{"key":"E","value":"双颞侧视野偏盲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"当视觉传导通路的不同部位受损时,可引起不同的视野缺损: 视网膜损伤引起的视野缺损与损伤的位置和范围有关; 一侧视神经损伤可致该侧眼视野全盲; 视交叉中交叉纤维损伤可致双眼视野颞侧半偏盲;一侧视束及以后的视觉传导路(视辐射、视区皮质)受损,可致双眼病灶对侧半视野同向性偏盲(如右侧受损则右眼视野鼻侧半和左眼视野颞侧半偏盲),左侧视束损伤,可出现双眼视野同向偏盲(A对)。"} {"Question":"视觉性语言中枢,绝大多数人位于左侧半球的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"额中回后部"},{"key":"B","value":"额下回后部"},{"key":"C","value":"顶下小的叶角回"},{"key":"D","value":"距状沟两侧的大脑皮质"},{"key":"E","value":"颞上回后部"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"视觉性语言中枢,绝大多数人位于左侧半球的顶下小的叶角回(C对)。书写区位于额中回后部(A错)。运动性语言区位于额下回后部(B错)。听觉性语言中枢位于颞上回后部(E错)。"} {"Question":"错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于额下回后部"},{"key":"B","value":"又称Broca语言区"},{"key":"C","value":"管理与语言相关的喉、舌、唇、下颌等肌肉的联合运动"},{"key":"D","value":"损伤后出现运动性失语症"},{"key":"E","value":"位置均在左半球上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"运动性语言中枢位于额下回后部(A对),又称Broca语言区(B对)。该中枢主司说话功能,管理与语言相关的喉、舌、唇、下颌等肌肉的联合运动(C对),损伤后可出现运动性失语症(D对),表现为病人虽能发音,却不能说出具有意义的语言。大部分情况下,左侧大脑半球与语言、意识、数学分析等密切相关,因此语言中枢主要在左侧大脑半球,但E选项(E错,为本题正确答案)叙述过于绝对,有欠妥当。"} {"Question":"神经系统传导通路中第3级神经元是丘脑腹后内侧核的传导通路是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"躯干四肢痛温传导通路"},{"key":"B","value":"头面部浅感觉传导通路"},{"key":"C","value":"头面部本体感觉传导通路"},{"key":"D","value":"躯干四肢本体感觉传导通路"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"头面部浅感觉传导通路(B对)第3级神经元的胞体在背侧丘脑的腹后内侧核。躯干四肢痛温传导通路(A错)的第3级神经元的胞体在背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核。躯干四肢本体感觉传导通路(D错)第3级神经元的胞体在丘脑腹后外侧核。"} {"Question":"错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起始于薄束核和楔束核"},{"key":"B","value":"属于上行(感觉)传导束"},{"key":"C","value":"终于丘脑腹后外侧核"},{"key":"D","value":"传导本体感觉和精细触觉"},{"key":"E","value":"其细胞体位于对侧脊髓后角"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"内侧丘系是躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路中的纤维之一。躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路的第2级神经元胞体在薄束核和楔束核(A对E错,为本题正确选项),由此2核发出的纤维向前绕过中央灰质的腹侧,在中线上与对侧的交叉,称内侧丘系交叉,交叉后的纤维转折向上,在锥体束的背侧呈前后方向排列,行于延髓中线两侧,称内侧丘系,终于同侧丘脑腹后核(C对),是传递对侧本体觉和精细触觉(D对)冲动的纤维,属于上行(感觉)传导束(B对)。"} {"Question":"经过海绵窦外侧壁的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眼神经"},{"key":"B","value":"舌咽神经"},{"key":"C","value":"副神经"},{"key":"D","value":"前庭蜗神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"眼神经(A对)从三叉神经节发出,穿经海绵窦外侧壁。舌咽神经(B错)连于延髓橄榄后沟上部,与迷走神经、副神经同穿颈静脉孔前部出入颅腔。副神经(C错)起自疑核(延髓根)和副神经核(脊髓根),连于延髓橄榄后沟下部。前庭蜗神经(D错)连于脑桥延髓沟外侧部,居面神经外侧。"} {"Question":"桡神经最贴近骨面的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腋窝"},{"key":"B","value":"桡神经沟"},{"key":"C","value":"肱桡肌上端"},{"key":"D","value":"桡骨头背面"},{"key":"E","value":"肱骨上段"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"桡神经最贴近骨面的部位是桡神经沟(B对)。"} {"Question":"最易触及尺神经的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腋窝内"},{"key":"B","value":"上臂中份"},{"key":"C","value":"肘部内上髁后方"},{"key":"D","value":"前臂"},{"key":"E","value":"腕部"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"尺神经从腋动、静脉之间穿出腋窝,在肱二头肌内侧沟伴行于肱动脉内侧至臂中部。继而穿内侧肌间隔至臂后区内侧,下行进入肱骨内上髁后方的尺神经沟,所以在肱骨内上髁后方的尺神经沟(C对)可以触及尺神经。"} {"Question":"管理手掌面的皮肤感觉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尺神经和肌皮神经"},{"key":"B","value":"正中神经和桡神经"},{"key":"C","value":"尺神经和桡神经"},{"key":"D","value":"正中神经和肌皮神经"},{"key":"E","value":"正中神经和尺神经"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"正中神经(E对)的感觉纤维则分布于桡侧半手掌、桡侧三个半手指掌面皮肤及其中节和远节指背皮肤。尺神经(E对)的浅支分布于小鱼际表面的皮肤、小指掌面皮肤和环指尺侧半掌面皮肤。"} {"Question":"右侧内囊出血后出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右侧肢体痉挛性瘫痪"},{"key":"B","value":"右侧肢体弛缓性瘫痪"},{"key":"C","value":"左侧肢体痉挛性瘫痪"},{"key":"D","value":"左侧肢体弛缓性瘫痪"},{"key":"E","value":"右侧听觉丧失"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"皮质脊髓束下行经内囊后肢的前部等部分至延髓锥体,在锥体下端,大部分的纤维交叉至对侧,形成锥体交叉。交叉后的纤维主要支配四肢肌,而其中小部分未交叉的纤维支配躯干肌和上肢近端肌的运动。皮质脊髓前束中有部分纤维始终不交叉,主要支配躯干肌。所以,躯干肌是受两侧大脑皮质支配,而上、下肢肌只受对侧大脑皮质支配,故一侧皮质脊髓束在锥体交叉前受损,主要引起对侧肢体瘫痪。而脑神经运动核以上的锥体系损伤,使得肌张力增高,称痉挛性瘫痪。系统解剖书第九版“图19-7 锥体系中的皮质脊髓束与皮质核束”(P389)可见,内囊位于锥体交叉前,右侧内囊出血主要引起左侧肢体(即对侧)痉挛性瘫痪(C对)。"} {"Question":"传导躯干和四肢的意识性本体觉传导通路,第2级神经元发出的轴突交叉部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓"},{"key":"B","value":"延髓"},{"key":"C","value":"中脑"},{"key":"D","value":"脑桥"},{"key":"E","value":"丘脑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"传导躯干和四肢的意识性本体觉传导通路,第2级神经元发出的轴突交叉部位在延髓(B对)水平,最终投射到中央后回上2\/3和中央旁小叶后部。"} {"Question":"从橄榄后沟出入脑的神经从上向下依次为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌下神经、迷走神经"},{"key":"B","value":"舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经"},{"key":"C","value":"迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经"},{"key":"D","value":"展神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经"},{"key":"E","value":"面神经、前庭蜗神经、舌咽神经、副神经"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"从橄榄后沟出入脑的神经从上向下依次为舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经(B对)。"} {"Question":"对腓总神经叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沿腘窝上角外缘经半腱肌内缘下行"},{"key":"B","value":"绕腓骨颈向前穿过腓骨长肌"},{"key":"C","value":"分为腓浅、深神经"},{"key":"D","value":"受损伤时,可引起足下垂"},{"key":"E","value":"受损伤时,可引起足内翻"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腓总神经在腘窝近侧端由坐骨神经发出后,沿构成腘窝上外侧界的股二头肌肌腱内侧向外下走行(A错,为本题正确答案),至小腿上段外侧绕腓骨颈向前穿过腓骨长肌(B对),分为腓浅神经和腓深神经两大终末支(C对)。腓总神经的肌支主要支配小腿前、外侧群肌和足背肌,因而腓总神经损伤时,小腿前、外侧群肌功能丧失,表现为足不能背屈,趾不能伸,足下垂(D对)且内翻(E对),呈“马蹄内翻足"畸形,行走时呈“跨阈步态”。"} {"Question":"腓深神经支配","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腘肌"},{"key":"B","value":"腓骨长肌"},{"key":"C","value":"腓肠肌"},{"key":"D","value":"胫骨前肌"},{"key":"E","value":"胫骨后肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腘肌(A错)、腓肠肌(C错)和胫骨后肌(E错)由胫神经支配。腓骨长肌(B错)腓浅神经支配。腓深神经支配胫骨前肌(D对)、拇长伸肌和趾长伸肌。"} {"Question":"躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉传导通路中神经纤维","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"延髓"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓"},{"key":"C","value":"脑桥"},{"key":"D","value":"中脑"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉传导通路中神经纤维在锥体束的背侧呈前后方向排列,经过延髓(A对)。"} {"Question":"何者错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"III、IV、VI脑神经穿过其内或经其外侧壁"},{"key":"B","value":"有颈内动脉通过"},{"key":"C","value":"有视神经通过"},{"key":"D","value":"经眼静脉与面静脉相通"},{"key":"E","value":"与翼静脉丛相通"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"海绵窦窦腔内侧壁有颈内动脉(B对)通过,动眼神经(第III对脑神经)、滑车神经(第IV对脑神经)、展神经(第VI对脑神经)也穿过海绵窦的内或外侧壁(A对),视神经不穿过海绵窦的任何一侧壁(C错,为本题正确答案)。除此之外,海绵窦与周围的静脉有广泛的交通和联系,向前经眼静脉与面静脉相通(D对),向下经卵圆孔的小静脉与翼静脉丛相通(E对)。"} {"Question":"经骶前、后孔穿出的神经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~5骶神经"},{"key":"B","value":"1~4骶神经"},{"key":"C","value":"1~3骶神经"},{"key":"D","value":"1~2骶神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"第1~4骶神经(B对)从同序数的骶前孔和骶后孔出骶管。第5骶神经和尾神经则经骶管裂孔穿出(A错)。"} {"Question":"躯干、四肢皮肤痛、温觉传导通路的第二级神经纤维交叉于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓的白质前连合"},{"key":"B","value":"脑干的锥体交叉"},{"key":"C","value":"脑干的三叉丘系交叉"},{"key":"D","value":"内侧丘系交叉"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"躯干、四肢皮肤痛温觉传导通路的第2级神经纤维交叉于脊髓的白质前连合(A对)。四肢、躯干运动传导通路的神经纤维交叉于脑干的锥体交叉(B错)。头面部痛温觉、触压觉传导通路的第2级神经纤维交叉于脑干的三叉丘系交叉(C错). 躯干、四肢意识性本体感觉、精细触觉传导通路中的第2级神经纤维交叉于内侧丘系交叉(D错)。"} {"Question":"分布于胃的神经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三叉神经"},{"key":"B","value":"面神经"},{"key":"C","value":"舌咽神经"},{"key":"D","value":"迷走神经"},{"key":"E","value":"副神经"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"三叉神经(A错)主要传导咀嚼肌和眼外肌的本体感觉以及面部皮肤、眼及眶内、口腔、鼻腔、鼻旁窦的黏膜、牙齿、脑膜等,传导痛、温、触等浅感觉。面神经(B错)主要支配面部表情肌。舌咽神经(C错)主要传导舌后1\/3的味觉。迷走神经(D对)在胃部发出胃前支和胃后支。副神经(E错)主要支配胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌。"} {"Question":"薄束核和楔束核叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传导本体感觉和精细触觉"},{"key":"B","value":"传导通路的第二级神经元"},{"key":"C","value":"发出纤维形成内侧丘系交叉"},{"key":"D","value":"发出纤维形成对侧的内侧丘系"},{"key":"E","value":"止于背侧丘脑的腹后内侧核"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"薄束核和楔束核为躯干四肢本体感觉、精细触觉(A对)传导通路中的第二级神经元(B对)。上述二核发出纤维交叉至对侧称侧丘系交叉(C对),而后上行于延髓中线两侧,称内侧丘系(D对),止于背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"脊髓半侧因肿瘤或外伤引起损伤,可产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同侧损伤节段以下弛缓性瘫痪,运动觉和位置觉障碍,对侧损伤节段以下痛温觉减退"},{"key":"B","value":"同侧损伤节段以下痉挛性瘫痪,触觉、运动觉和位置觉障碍,对侧损伤节段以下痛温觉丧失"},{"key":"C","value":"同侧损伤节段以下痉挛性瘫痪,触觉完好,运动觉和位置觉障碍,对侧损伤节段以下痛温觉丧失或减退"},{"key":"D","value":"运动、感觉均无明显受影响"},{"key":"E","value":"同侧损伤节段以下运动障碍,运动觉、触觉障碍,对侧仅损伤节段部分痛温觉丧失"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脊髓中含有内侧丘系,传导肢体的运动和感觉,脊髓半侧因肿瘤或外伤引起损伤表现为:损伤平面以下,同侧肢体痉挛性瘫痪,位置觉、震动觉和精细触觉丧失,损伤节段下1-2个节段平面以下的对侧痛、温觉丧失(C对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关椎动脉的叙述,哪项正确?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经枕骨大孔入颅腔"},{"key":"B","value":"与小脑腹侧相邻"},{"key":"C","value":"走行于延髓背侧"},{"key":"D","value":"起自颈内动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"直接参与构成大脑动脉环"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"椎动脉起自锁骨下动脉(D错),向上穿第6至第1颈椎横突孔,经枕骨大孔进入颅腔(A对),在脑桥与延髓交界处的腹侧面(C错)。大脑动脉环由两侧大脑前动脉起始段、两侧颈内动脉末段、两侧大脑后动脉借前、后交通动脉共同组成(E错)。"} {"Question":"听觉传导通路","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由三级神经元构成"},{"key":"B","value":"感受器为椭圆囊斑和球囊斑"},{"key":"C","value":"第一级神经元位于前庭神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"纤维交叉形成内侧丘系"},{"key":"E","value":"交叉处纤维形成斜方体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"听觉传导通路由二级神经元构成(A错),其感受器为内耳的螺旋器(或称 Corti 器)(B错),听觉传导通路的第1级神经元为蜗神经节内的双极神经细胞(C错),纤维交叉形成外侧丘系(D错),交叉处纤维形成斜方体(E对)。"} {"Question":"内囊损伤后表现症状之一是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对侧偏瘫"},{"key":"B","value":"对侧眼全盲"},{"key":"C","value":"对侧耳聋"},{"key":"D","value":"大、小便失禁"},{"key":"E","value":"对侧嗅觉丧失、同侧眼全盲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"一侧内囊损伤后,①皮质脊髓束、皮质核束损伤,因一侧的皮质脊髓束、皮质核束支配对侧躯干肢体骨骼肌及眼裂以下面肌运动,故出现对侧偏瘫(A对);②视辐射损伤,因一侧视辐射传导的是同侧鼻侧半和对侧颞侧半视野,故出现对侧偏盲(BE错)。听觉冲动是双侧传导的,一侧听辐射损伤后双耳的听觉冲动仍可通过对侧听辐射传递到大脑的听觉中枢,因而不会出现对侧耳聋(C错)。"} {"Question":"在脊髓外侧索内下行的纤维束是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓小脑束"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓丘脑束"},{"key":"C","value":"皮质脊髓侧束"},{"key":"D","value":"薄束"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧纵束"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脊髓小脑束(A错)在脊髓外侧索内上行。脊髓丘脑束(B错)在脊髓外侧索和前索内上行。皮质脊髓侧束(C对)在脊髓外侧索内下行。薄束(D错)在脊髓后索内上行。内侧纵束(E错)位于脊髓前索。"} {"Question":"通过梨状肌下孔出骨盆的神经,没有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴部神经"},{"key":"B","value":"臀下神经"},{"key":"C","value":"坐骨神经"},{"key":"D","value":"臀上神经"},{"key":"E","value":"股后皮神经"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"通过梨状肌下孔出骨盆的神经包括阴部神经(A错)、臀下神经(B错)、坐骨神经(C错)、股后皮神经(E错)。臀上神经(D对)通过梨状肌上孔出骨盆。"} {"Question":"三叉丘系损伤将导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同侧头面部痛、温觉和触觉的丧失"},{"key":"B","value":"对侧头面部痛、温觉和触觉的丧失"},{"key":"C","value":"同侧躯干、四肢痛、温觉和触觉的丧失"},{"key":"D","value":"对侧躯干、四肢痛、温觉和触觉的丧失"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"三叉丘系由对侧三叉神经脊束核和双侧三叉神经脑桥核(主要为对侧)发出的二级感觉纤维组成,故传递的是对侧头面部痛、温觉和触觉,损伤后将导致对侧头面部痛、温觉和触觉的丧失(B对)。对侧躯干、四肢痛、温觉和触觉的丧失(D错)见于脊髓丘系损伤。"} {"Question":"躯干、四肢痛温觉第二级神经元的胞体位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"胸核"},{"key":"C","value":"腹后外侧核"},{"key":"D","value":"下橄榄核"},{"key":"E","value":"后角固有核"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路,该传导路由3级神经元组成:第1级神经元为脊神经节内假单极神经元(A错)。第2级神经元胞体位于后角固有核(E对),最后终止于背侧丘脑腹后外侧核(C错)。第3 级神经元最后经内囊后肢投射到中央后回中、上部和中央旁小叶后部。"} {"Question":"穿过茎乳孔的神经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舌下神经"},{"key":"B","value":"下颌神经"},{"key":"C","value":"面神经"},{"key":"D","value":"副神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"穿过茎乳孔的神经是面神经(C对)。舌下神经(A错)出颅的位置为舌下神经管。下颌神经(B错)出颅的位置为卵圆孔。副神经(D错)出颅的位置为颈静脉孔。"} {"Question":"腓总神经受损则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足不能外翻和背屈"},{"key":"B","value":"足底皮肤感觉丧失"},{"key":"C","value":"足不能跖屈"},{"key":"D","value":"小腿内侧皮肤感觉障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"不能屈趾"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腓总神经受损后表现为足不能背屈,趾不能伸(A对),足下垂且内翻,呈“马蹄内翻足”畸形,行走时呈“跨阈步态”,同时小腿前、外侧面及足背区出现明显的感觉障碍。胫神经损伤导致足底皮肤感觉丧失(B错),足不能跖屈(C错)。"} {"Question":"骶丛来自哪些脊神经前支","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腰4、5,骶尾全部"},{"key":"B","value":"腰5,骶尾全部"},{"key":"C","value":"骶尾全部"},{"key":"D","value":"骶3、4、5,尾1"},{"key":"E","value":"骶4、5,尾1"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"骶丛由由第4腰神经前支的部分纤维和第5腰神经前支的所有纤维及所有骶、尾神经前支组成(A对)。"} {"Question":"视觉性语言中枢在优势半球的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"额中回后部"},{"key":"B","value":"额下回后部"},{"key":"C","value":"角回"},{"key":"D","value":"中央前回"},{"key":"E","value":"缘上回"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"视觉性语言中枢在优势半球的角回(C对),该中枢与文字的理解和认图密切相关,损伤后可出现视觉无障碍但对原来认识的字不能阅读,也不理解文字符号的意义,称失读症。额中回后部(A错)为书写中枢所在位置,该中枢主管书写功能,损伤后可出现手部有运动功能但写字、绘图等精细动作发生障碍,称为失写症。额下回后部(B错)为运动性语言中枢所在位置,该中枢主司说话功能,损伤后出现病人能发音却不能说出具有意义的语言,称运动性失语症。中央前回(D错)为第Ⅰ躯体运动区所在位置,与管理全身骨骼肌运动相关,损伤后可出现上运动神经元性瘫痪。缘上回(E错)为Wernicke区的组成部分,与理解别人的语言及文字密切相关,损伤后可出现感觉性失语症。"} {"Question":"双颞侧视野偏盲,损伤的部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"视觉中枢"},{"key":"B","value":"视交叉内交叉纤维"},{"key":"C","value":"内侧膝状体"},{"key":"D","value":"视交叉左侧不交叉纤维"},{"key":"E","value":"视交叉右侧不交叉纤维"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"当视觉传导通路的不同部位受损时,可引起不同的视野缺损: 视网膜损伤引起的视野缺损与损伤的位置和范围有关; 一侧视神经损伤可致该侧眼视野全盲; 视交叉中交叉纤维(B对)损伤可致双眼视野颞侧半偏盲;一侧视束及以后的视觉传导路(视辐射、视区皮质)受损,可致双眼病灶对侧半视野同向性偏盲(如右侧受损则右眼视野鼻侧半和左眼视野颞侧半偏盲)。"} {"Question":"检查一位面瘫患者发现其右侧鼻唇沟加深,但两侧额纹无明显差别,考虑病变部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左面神经核上瘫"},{"key":"B","value":"右面神经核上瘫"},{"key":"C","value":"左面神经核下瘫"},{"key":"D","value":"右面神经核下瘫"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中枢性面瘫(核上瘫)会造成病灶对侧鼻唇沟消失,病灶对侧口角低垂口角歪向病灶侧,病灶对侧不能作露齿动作,但额纹并不受影响。患者发现其右侧鼻唇沟加深,但两侧额纹无明显差别,考虑病变部位在左面神经核上瘫(A对)。"} {"Question":"脊髓蛛网膜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于软脊膜的内面"},{"key":"B","value":"位于硬脑膜的外面"},{"key":"C","value":"其外面有脑脊液流动"},{"key":"D","value":"与硬脊膜之间有终池"},{"key":"E","value":"与软脊膜之间的间隙称蛛网膜下隙"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脊髓蛛网膜位于软脊膜的外面(A错)、硬脑膜的内面(B错)。脊髓蛛网膜与软脊膜之间的间隙(E对)称蛛网膜下隙,间隙(即脊髓蛛网膜内面)内充满脑脊液(C错),脊髓蛛网膜下隙的下部,自脊髓下端至第2骶椎之间扩大的蛛网膜下隙,称终池 , 内容马尾(D错)。"} {"Question":"病人瞳孔移向上外是何神经受损所致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动眼神经"},{"key":"B","value":"滑车神经"},{"key":"C","value":"展神经"},{"key":"D","value":"眼神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"动眼神经(A错)损伤导致瞳孔斜向外下方。滑车神经(B对)支配上斜肌,损伤导致瞳孔移向上外方。展神经(C错)支配外直肌,损伤后产生内斜视。眼神经(D错)不支配眼内肌。"} {"Question":"下列传导束中不传递身体对侧感觉冲动的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓丘脑前束"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓丘脑侧束"},{"key":"C","value":"脊髓小脑前束"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓小脑后束"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧丘系"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"躯干和四肢痛温觉、粗略触觉和压觉传导通路中,第二级神经元发出纤维交叉至对侧,组成脊髓丘脑侧束(B对)和脊髓丘脑前束(A对)躯干和四肢非意识性本体感觉传导通路中,第2级纤维在同侧脊髓侧索组成脊髓小脑后束(D错,为本题正确选项),腰骶膨大第 V-VII 层外侧部发出的第2级纤维组成对侧和同侧的脊髓小脑前束(C对)。"} {"Question":"正确描述脊神经的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"共30对"},{"key":"B","value":"由前根,后根在椎管外面合成"},{"key":"C","value":"出椎间孔立即分前、后两支"},{"key":"D","value":"只含有运动纤维和感觉纤维"},{"key":"E","value":"只分布到骨骼肌上"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脊神经共31对(A错),前根和后根在椎间孔处合为一条脊神经(B错),由此成为既含感觉纤维又含运动纤维的混合神经(D对E错)。脊神经的前根和后根在椎间孔处合为脊神经后,立即分为4支。这些分支包括前支、后支、脊膜支和交通支(C错)。"} {"Question":"脊髓的血供来源不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓前动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"节段性动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"前交通动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓后动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脊髓的血供来源有两个,椎动脉和节段性动脉(B对),其中椎动脉发出的两条分支分别叫做脊髓前动脉(A对)和脊髓后动脉(D对C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"一位患者表现交叉性舌下神经瘫痪。右侧舌萎缩,伸舌时偏向右侧。此外,病人出现左半身上运动神经元瘫痪。引起舌下神经交叉性瘫痪和左半身上运动神经元瘫痪的病变肯定位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"延髓上部的内侧部"},{"key":"B","value":"延髓下部的后外侧部"},{"key":"C","value":"脑桥下部的内侧部"},{"key":"D","value":"脑桥中部的后外侧部"},{"key":"E","value":"中脑的下部"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"交叉性舌下神经瘫痪和左半身上运动神经元瘫痪均是由于患者右侧锥体束损伤引起的,因为锥体束经过延髓上部的内侧部下行,下行至脊髓的纤维束称皮质脊髓束 ; 止于脑干内一般躯体和特殊内脏运动核的纤维束称皮质核束,所以病变一定位于延髓上部的内侧部(A对)。"} {"Question":"躯干、四肢深感觉传导路第3级神经元在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊神后角"},{"key":"B","value":"红核"},{"key":"C","value":"薄束核"},{"key":"D","value":"丘脑腹后外侧核"},{"key":"E","value":"楔束核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路的结构包括第1级神经元:脊神经节内假单极神经元,第2级神经元在薄束核(C错)和楔束核内(E错),二者发出的纤维在中线上交叉后形成内侧丘系交叉,第3级神经元的胞体在丘脑腹后外侧核(D对),最后经内囊投射至中央后回。"} {"Question":"脊髓丘脑束的细胞体在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同侧脊神经节内"},{"key":"B","value":"对侧脊神经节内"},{"key":"C","value":"同侧脊髓后角内"},{"key":"D","value":"对侧脊髓后角内"},{"key":"E","value":"对侧脊髓前角内"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脊髓丘脑束是传导躯干和四肢浅感觉的纤维束之一。躯干和四肢痛温觉、粗略触觉和压觉传导通路中,传导痛温觉的纤维(细纤维)在后根的外侧部入脊髓后角内,再终止于第2级神经元;传导粗略触觉和压觉的纤维(粗纤维)经后根内侧部进入脊髓后角内,再终止于第2级神经元。第二级神经元发出纤维上升 1-2 个节段经白质前连合交叉到对侧的外侧索和前索内上行,组成脊髓丘脑侧束和脊髓丘脑前束(侧束传导痛温觉,前束传导粗略触觉和压觉)。由于经过白质前连合,交叉到对侧,所以脊髓丘脑束的细胞体在对侧脊髓后角内(D对)。"} {"Question":"脑和脊髓的被膜从外向内依次为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬膜、软膜和蛛网膜"},{"key":"B","value":"硬膜、蛛网膜和软膜"},{"key":"C","value":"软膜、蛛网膜、硬膜"},{"key":"D","value":"软膜、硬膜和蛛网膜"},{"key":"E","value":"蛛网膜、硬膜和软膜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"脑和脊髓的三层被膜由外向内依次为硬膜、蛛网膜和软膜(B对),有支持、保护脑和脊髓的作用。"} {"Question":"下面关于第四脑室的说法何者正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于延髓、脑桥和小脑之间"},{"key":"B","value":"借中脑水管与蛛网膜下腔相通"},{"key":"C","value":"底是菱形窝,顶朝向脑干"},{"key":"D","value":"无脉络丛"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"第四脑室位于延髓、脑桥和小脑之间(A对),其底为菱形窝,两侧角为外侧隐窝,顶向后上朝向小脑蚓(C错)。第四脑室后下部由下髓帆及第四脑室脉络组织形成。脉络组织内的部分血管反复分支,相互缠绕成丛状,夹带着室管膜上皮和软膜突入室腔,成为第四脑室脉络丛(D错),产生脑脊液。脑脊液在第四脑室内向上经中脑导水管通第三脑室(B错),向下可达延髓下部和脊髓的中央管,并借脉络组织上的3个孔与蛛网膜下隙相通。"} {"Question":"正确描述坐骨神经的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发自腰丛"},{"key":"B","value":"大腿内侧群肌由它支配"},{"key":"C","value":"大腿后群肌由它支配"},{"key":"D","value":"一般由梨状肌上缘穿出盆腔"},{"key":"E","value":"在大腿部不发出肌支"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"坐骨神经发自骶丛(A错),经梨状肌下孔出盆腔至臀大肌深面(D错),在股后区发出肌支支配股二头肌、半腱肌和半膜肌(C对)。大腿内侧肌群由股神经支配(B错)。"} {"Question":"由股神经、闭孔神经同时支配的肌肉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"闭孔内肌"},{"key":"B","value":"闭孔外肌"},{"key":"C","value":"缝匠肌"},{"key":"D","value":"耻骨肌"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"股神经肌支主要分布于髂肌、耻骨肌、股四头肌和缝匠肌,闭孔神经主要支配闭孔外肌、长收肌、短收肌、大收肌和股薄肌,偶见发出分支至耻骨肌,所以由股神经、闭孔神经同时支配的肌肉是耻骨肌(D对)。"} {"Question":"头面部浅感觉传导通路","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第1级神经元胞体在三叉神经节内"},{"key":"B","value":"二级纤维在脊髓交叉"},{"key":"C","value":"二级纤维投射到中央后回和中央旁小叶后部"},{"key":"D","value":"三级纤维经过内囊膝部"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"头面部浅感觉传导通路第1级神经元为三叉神经节内(A对)的假单极神经元。第2级神经元在脑干的三叉神经脊束核和三叉神经脑桥核内,上述二核发出纤维交叉到对侧(B错),组成三叉丘脑束,止于背侧丘脑的腹后内侧核(C错)。第3级神经元的胞体在背侧丘脑的腹后内侧核,发出纤维经过内囊后肢(D错),投射到中央后回下部。"} {"Question":"膈神经何者错误?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在纵隔胸膜与心包之间下降"},{"key":"B","value":"其分支为副膈神经"},{"key":"C","value":"跨肺根前方下行"},{"key":"D","value":"支配膈肌司腹式呼吸"},{"key":"E","value":"有感觉纤维分布于胸膜、腹膜等处"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"膈神经入胸腔后有心包膈血管与其伴行,经由肺根前方(C对),在纵隔胸膜与心包之间下行到达膈肌(A对),其运动纤维支配膈肌的运动(D对),感觉纤维分布于胸膜、心包以及膈肌下面的部分腹膜(E对)。副膈神经为颈丛一不恒定分支(B错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"脊髓外形的描述,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表面有6条纵沟"},{"key":"B","value":"呈前后略扁的圆柱状"},{"key":"C","value":"上、下有两处膨大,上为颈膨大,下为腰骶膨大"},{"key":"D","value":"下端呈圆锥状,称脊髓圆锥"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓圆锥与马尾相连"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脊髓表面有6条平行的纵沟(A对),为前正中裂,后正中沟,这两条纵沟将脊髓分为左右对称的两半。,脊髓的前外侧面有1对前外侧沟,后外侧面有1对后外侧沟,此外,在颈髓和胸髓上部,后正中沟和后外侧沟之间,还有一条较浅的后中间沟。脊髓呈前、后稍扁的圆柱形(B对),全长粗细不等,有两个梭形膨大部(C对)。上方的称颈膨大,从第4颈髓节段至第1胸髓节段。下方的称腰骶膨大,从第1腰髓节段至第3骶髓节段。脊髓上端在枕骨大孔处与延髓相连,下端变细呈圆锥状称脊髓圆锥(D对)。马尾位于脊髓圆锥的下方(E错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"当副交感神经兴奋时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心跳加强,血压下降"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管平滑肌收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"瞳孔开大"},{"key":"D","value":"胃肠蠕动减弱"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"副交感神经兴奋时,出现心跳减慢、血压下降、支气管收缩(B对)、瞳孔缩小、消化活动增强等现象。"} {"Question":"下面关于面神经的说法何者正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分布到面部皮肤"},{"key":"B","value":"分支支配咀嚼肌运动"},{"key":"C","value":"管理下颌下腺分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"分支管理腮腺的分泌活动"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"面神经的一般内脏运动纤维分布于下颌下腺等腺体,管理其分泌(C对)。分布到面部皮肤(A错)、分支支配咀嚼肌运动(B错)均为三叉神经的特点。分支管理腮腺的分泌活动(D错)为舌咽神经的特点。"} {"Question":"传导舌后1\/3味觉的第一级神经元的胞体位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三叉神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"前庭神经节"},{"key":"C","value":"膝神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"舌咽神经的下神经节"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"舌咽神经发出一般内脏感觉纤维,其神经元胞体位于颈静脉孔处的下神经节(D对),周围突分布于咽、舌后1\/3、咽鼓管和鼓室等处黏膜。"} {"Question":"有关喉返神经的叙述,哪项错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右侧绕腋动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"上行于气管食管沟内"},{"key":"C","value":"左侧绕主动脉弓"},{"key":"D","value":"与甲状腺下动脉交叉"},{"key":"E","value":"不能闭眼"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"右喉返神经在右迷走神经经过右锁骨下动脉前方处发出,由前向后绕过右锁骨下动脉返回向上(A错,为本题正确选项)。左喉返神经在左迷走神经经过主动脉弓前方处发出,并由前向后勾绕主动脉弓返回至颈部(C对)。左、右喉返神经分别行于两侧气管与食管之间的沟内或附近(B对),有甲状腺下动脉与其伴行(D对)。"} {"Question":"锥体交叉的平面在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑桥"},{"key":"B","value":"中脑"},{"key":"C","value":"延髓"},{"key":"D","value":"中脑下丘"},{"key":"E","value":"脊髓"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"皮质脊髓束纤维在锥体下端,约75%-90%的纤维交叉至对侧的延髓(C对)锥体,形成锥体交叉,后经内囊后肢下行。"} {"Question":"视交叉的中央部损伤出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双眼对侧半视野同向性偏盲"},{"key":"B","value":"双眼颞侧视野偏盲"},{"key":"C","value":"同侧眼全盲"},{"key":"D","value":"同侧眼鼻侧视野偏盲"},{"key":"E","value":"同侧眼的瞳孔直接和间接对光反射均消失"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"视交叉的中央部纤维为双眼视网膜鼻侧半纤维的延续,控制的是双眼颞侧半视野,因而视交叉的中央部损伤出现双眼颞侧视野偏盲(B对)。一侧视束及以后的视觉传导路(视辐射、视区皮质)损伤使同侧眼鼻侧半视觉及对侧眼颞侧半视觉传入障碍,出现双眼病灶对侧半视野同向性偏盲(A错)。一侧视神经损伤使同侧眼全部视觉传入障碍,出现同侧眼全盲(C错)。一侧视交叉外侧部的不交叉纤维损伤使同侧眼鼻侧半视觉传入障碍,出现同侧眼鼻侧视野偏盲(D错)。瞳孔对光反射通过视神经传入、动眼神经传出,一侧动眼神经损伤使同侧瞳孔对光反射弧中断,出现同侧眼的瞳孔直接和间接对光反射均消失(E错)。"} {"Question":"肌皮神经支配的肌肉是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肱三头肌、肱二头肌"},{"key":"B","value":"肱二头肌、肱桡肌"},{"key":"C","value":"肱桡肌、肱三头肌"},{"key":"D","value":"肱三头肌、肱肌"},{"key":"E","value":"肱肌、肱二头肌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肱三头肌(ACD错)由桡神经支配。肌皮神经支配肱二头肌、喙肱肌和肱肌(E对)。"} {"Question":"眶上神经通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"眶上裂"},{"key":"B","value":"眶上孔(切迹)"},{"key":"C","value":"眶下裂"},{"key":"D","value":"眶下孔"},{"key":"E","value":"颏孔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"眶上神经为眼神经分支中额神经的分支,从眶上切迹(B对)穿出,分布于额顶、上睑部皮肤。眶上裂(A错)有眼神经通过。眶下裂(C错)有上颌神经通过。眶下孔(D错)有眶下神经(上颌神经分支)通过。"} {"Question":"组成视交叉中央部的神经纤维是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右眼鼻侧半视网膜与右眼颞侧半视网膜发出的纤维"},{"key":"B","value":"左眼颞侧半视网膜与右眼鼻侧半视网膜发出的纤维"},{"key":"C","value":"右眼颞侧半视网膜与左眼鼻侧半视网膜发出的纤维"},{"key":"D","value":"左右眼颞侧半视网膜发出的纤维"},{"key":"E","value":"左右眼鼻侧半视网膜发出的纤维"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"组成视交叉中央部的神经纤维是左右眼鼻侧半视网膜发出的纤维(E对)。"} {"Question":"听觉传导路不经过下述哪个结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前庭蜗神经"},{"key":"B","value":"斜方体"},{"key":"C","value":"内侧丘系"},{"key":"D","value":"下丘臂"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧膝状体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"听觉传导通路的第1级神经元为蜗神经节内的双极神经细胞。第2级神经元胞体在蜗腹侧核和蜗背侧核内,形成外侧丘系(C错,为本题正确选项)。第3级神经元胞体在下丘核。第4级神经元胞体在内侧膝状体,发出纤维组成听辐射。可以概括为:声音→耳廓→外耳道→鼓膜→中耳→前庭窃→内耳→螺旋器→蜗神经→蜗神经核→斜方体(B对)→外侧丘系→下丘→下丘脑(D对)→内侧膝状体(E对)→听辐射→内囊后肢→颞横回→额中回后部(书写中枢)和额上回后部(听觉性语言中枢)。"} {"Question":"下述皮肤区的神经分布哪个是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸骨角平面为第二胸神经分布带"},{"key":"B","value":"胸骨剑突处为第六胸神经分布带"},{"key":"C","value":"脐平面为第十胸神经分布带"},{"key":"D","value":"腹股沟区为第一腰神经分布带"},{"key":"E","value":"男性乳头平面为第三胸神经分布带"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"男性乳头平面为第四胸神经分布带(E错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"病人出现猿手畸形应想到","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尺神经损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"桡神经损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"肌皮神经和腋神经共同损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"尺神经和桡神经共同损伤"},{"key":"E","value":"正中神经损伤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尺神经损伤(A错)出现掌指关节过伸,出现“爪形手”。桡神经损伤(B错),导致前臂伸肌群的瘫痪,表现为抬前臂时呈“垂腕”状。肌皮神经损伤时表现为屈肘无力以及前臂外侧部皮肤感觉的减弱,腋神经损伤导致三角肌瘫痪,病人肩部失去圆隆的外形(C错)。正中神经损伤(E对)表现为鱼际肌萎缩,手掌变平呈“猿掌”。"} {"Question":"蓝斑神经元中的主要递质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"5-羟色胺"},{"key":"E","value":"谷氨酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"蓝斑神经元中的主要递质是去甲肾上腺素(B对)。"} {"Question":"硬脑膜构成的结构不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大脑镰"},{"key":"B","value":"小脑幕"},{"key":"C","value":"鞍隔"},{"key":"D","value":"胼胝体"},{"key":"E","value":"小脑镰"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"硬脑膜是厚而坚韧的双层膜,其构成了大脑镰(A对)(分隔两大脑半球)、小脑幕(B对)(分隔大脑和小脑)、小脑镰(E对)(自小脑幕下面正中伸入两小脑半球之间)、鞍膈(C对)(位于蝶鞍上方,封闭垂体窝)。而胼胝体(P368)(D错,为本题正确答案)是连接左、右大脑半球的宽厚的纤维束板,其位于大脑纵裂的底面。"} {"Question":"间脑,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上丘脑"},{"key":"B","value":"底丘脑"},{"key":"C","value":"背侧丘脑"},{"key":"D","value":"后丘脑和下丘脑"},{"key":"E","value":"上丘、下丘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"间脑包括背侧丘脑(C对)、底丘脑(B对)、上丘脑(A对)、后丘脑和下丘脑(D对),是仅次于端脑的中枢高级部位。上丘和下丘(E错,为本题正确选项)属于中脑的组成部分。"} {"Question":"薄束和楔束","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是第二级传入纤维组成"},{"key":"B","value":"其细胞体位于后角"},{"key":"C","value":"其纤维止于丘脑外侧核"},{"key":"D","value":"是由同侧的脊髓神经节发出的纤维组成"},{"key":"E","value":"仅传递精细触觉冲动"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"薄束和楔束参与躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉的精细触觉传导通路的构成。该通路由3级神经元组成:第1级神经元为脊神经节内假单极神经元,薄束和楔束是第二级传入纤维组成和胞体所在(A对B错),最后止于背侧丘脑腹后外侧核(C错)。第3级神经元的胞体在背侧丘脑腹后外侧核。薄束和楔束传导躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉的精细触觉(E错),是由对侧的脊髓神经节发出的纤维组成(D错)。"} {"Question":"出现“钩状足"畸形,最有可能是何神经损伤所致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坐骨神经"},{"key":"B","value":"胫神经"},{"key":"C","value":"腓总神经"},{"key":"D","value":"足底内、外侧神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胫神经(B对)受损主要表现为足不能拓屈,不能以足尖站立,内翻力减弱。同时出现足底皮肤感觉障碍。由于小腿后群肌功能障碍,收缩无力,结果导致小腿前外侧群肌的过度牵拉,使足呈背屈和外翻位,出现所谓‘钩状足’畸形。腓总神经(C错)受伤后由于小腿前、外侧群肌功能丧失,表现为足不能背屈,趾不能伸,足下垂且内翻,呈“马蹄内翻足"畸形,行走时呈"跨阙步态"。"} {"Question":"支配三角肌的神经为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腋神经"},{"key":"B","value":"尺神经"},{"key":"C","value":"肌皮神经"},{"key":"D","value":"正中神经"},{"key":"E","value":"肩胛背神经"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腋神经(A对)支配三角肌和小圆肌。尺神经(B错)深支分布于小鱼际肌、拇收肌、骨间掌侧肌、骨间背侧肌及第3、4蚓状肌。肌皮神经(C错)支配喙肱肌、肱二头肌及肱肌。正中神经(D错)除肱桡肌、尺侧腕屈肌和指深屈肌尺侧半以外的所有前臂屈肌和旋前肌。肩胛背神经(E错)分布于菱形肌和肩胛提肌。"} {"Question":"四块手蚓状肌接受的神经支配与下列肌的神经支配相同","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨间背侧肌和骨间掌侧肌"},{"key":"B","value":"旋前圆肌和旋前方肌"},{"key":"C","value":"指浅屈肌"},{"key":"D","value":"指深屈肌"},{"key":"E","value":"尺侧腕屈肌和桡侧腕屈肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"第1、2蚓状肌由正中神经支配,桡侧腕屈肌由正中神经支配,第3、4蚓状肌由尺神经支配,尺侧腕屈肌由尺神经支配(E对)。"} {"Question":"交感神经节后神经元不在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椎旁神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"颈上神经节"},{"key":"C","value":"肠系膜上神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"耳神经节"},{"key":"E","value":"腹腔神经节"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"周围部的副交感神经节,位于器官的周围或器官的壁内,称器官旁节和器官内节,节内的细胞即为节后神经元,位于颅部的副交感神经节较大,肉眼可见,有睫状神经节、下颌下神经节、翼腭神经节和耳神经节(D错,为本题正确选项)等。"} {"Question":"关于面神经的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内脏运动纤维支配腮腺、舌下腺、下颌下腺的分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"内脏感觉纤维接受舌后1/3的味觉和一般感觉"},{"key":"C","value":"面神经管内一般无分支发出"},{"key":"D","value":"面神经损伤口角歪向健侧,伤侧额纹消失"},{"key":"E","value":"面神经损伤不可能出现泪腺分泌障碍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"面神经含有特殊内脏运动、一般内脏运动、特殊内脏感觉和一般躯体感觉四种纤维成分,其中特殊内脏运动纤维支配面部表情肌;一般内脏运动纤维支配泪腺、舌下腺、下颌下腺以及鼻腔、口腔黏膜腺体的分泌(A错);特殊内脏感觉纤维接受舌前2/3的味觉(B错)。面神经在经过面神经管时会发出分支鼓索、岩大神经、镫骨肌神经(C错)。根据面神经行程及各种纤维支配的部位,得知面神经管外损伤时可出现同侧表情肌瘫痪,表现为口角歪向健侧,伤侧额纹消失(D对)等表现;面神经管内损伤时可出现泪腺分泌障碍(E错)等表现。"} {"Question":"何者除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"丘脑内侧核"},{"key":"C","value":"楔束、薄束"},{"key":"D","value":"内侧丘系"},{"key":"E","value":"丘系交叉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"深感觉是指肌、腿、关节等在不同状态(运动或静止)时产生的感觉(例如,人在闭眼时能感知身体各部的位置),又称本体感觉,包括位置觉、运动觉和震动觉。参与躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路的第一级神经元为脊神经节(A对),第二级神经元的胞体在薄束核和楔束核内(C对),交叉后形成丘系交叉(E对),为内侧丘系(D对),第三级神经元为丘脑腹后外侧核(B错,为本题正确答案),最后投射至中央后回和中央前回。"} {"Question":"下列何肌不受臀上或臀下神经支配","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臀大肌"},{"key":"B","value":"臀中肌"},{"key":"C","value":"臀小肌"},{"key":"D","value":"梨状肌"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"臀大肌(A对)由臀下神经支配。臀中肌(B对)和臀小肌(C对)由臀上神经支配。梨状肌(D错,为本题正确选项)受骶丛分支支配。"} {"Question":"皮质核束支配","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑干双侧内脏运动神经核"},{"key":"B","value":"脑干双侧一般躯体运动神经核"},{"key":"C","value":"脑干对侧特殊内脏运动神经核"},{"key":"D","value":"脑干对侧一般躯体运动神经核"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"皮质核束主要由中央前回下部的锥体细胞的轴突集合而成,下行经内囊膝至大脑脚底中3\/5的内侧部,由此向下陆续分出纤维,终止于双侧(CD错)脑神经运动核(AB错)。A、B、C、D选项均不完全等同于双侧脑神经运动核的概念,故E为本题正确答案。"} {"Question":"脊神经的说法中,何者错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每对脊神经都由前根、后根组成"},{"key":"B","value":"前根为运动性,后根为感觉性"},{"key":"C","value":"前、后两支均含有感觉纤维和运动纤维"},{"key":"D","value":"分布于皮肤的称皮支,分布于肌肉的称肌支"},{"key":"E","value":"前根与后根在出椎间孔后合成脊神经"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"前根后根在椎间孔处合成脊神经(E错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"穿过眶上裂的结构为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"视神经"},{"key":"B","value":"动眼神经"},{"key":"C","value":"舌下神经"},{"key":"D","value":"下颌神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"视神经(A错)向后内行经视神经管入颅中窝,移行于间脑的视交叉。动眼神经(B对)进于海绵窦外侧壁上部,穿眶上裂入眶。舌下神经(C错)在延髓锥体与橄榄体之间出脑,经舌下神经管出颅。下颌神经(D错)经卵圆孔出颅后分为数支。"} {"Question":"脊神经根的说法中,何者错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前、后根均由神经纤维组成"},{"key":"B","value":"后根膨大处称脊神经节"},{"key":"C","value":"脊神经根由上而下增长"},{"key":"D","value":"腰、骶、尾脊神经根垂直或近于垂直向下"},{"key":"E","value":"形成马尾的是骶,尾脊神经根"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"脊神经前根由运动性神经根丝构成,后根由感觉性神经根丝构成(A对)。脊神经后根在椎间孔处有椭圆形的膨大,称脊神经节(B对),其中含有假单极感觉神经元。不同部位的脊神经前、后根在椎管内的走行方向和走行距离有明显差别。颈神经根最短,行程近于水平,胸神经根较长,斜向外下走行,腰神经根最长,几近垂直下(CD对)。马尾由腰、骶、尾部的脊神经根汇合而成(E错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"直窦","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由矢状窦及岩上窦汇合而成"},{"key":"B","value":"行于大脑镰游离的下缘中"},{"key":"C","value":"与大脑大静脉合成下矢状窦"},{"key":"D","value":"行于大脑镰与小脑幕连接处"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"直窦行于大脑镰与小脑幕连接(D对B错),由大脑大静脉和下矢状窦汇合而成(AC错)。"} {"Question":"前角运动细胞位于脊髓灰质的板层构筑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"III层"},{"key":"B","value":"V层"},{"key":"C","value":"VI层"},{"key":"D","value":"IX层"},{"key":"E","value":"X层"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"前角运动细胞位于脊髓灰质的IX层(D对),支配骨骼肌运动。脊髓灰质III层(A错)主要接受后根传入纤维。V层(B错)接受来自于皮肤、肌肉和内脏传入的细纤维。VI层(C错)接受本体感觉和一些皮肤的初级传入纤维。X层(E错)接受部分后根的纤维。"} {"Question":"脑神经的躯体感觉核包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孤束核"},{"key":"B","value":"三叉神经脑桥核"},{"key":"C","value":"下泌涎核"},{"key":"D","value":"滑车神经核"},{"key":"E","value":"下泌涎核"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"孤束核(A错)属于一般内脏感觉核;三叉神经脑桥核(B对)属于躯体感觉核;下泌涎核(C错)和下泌涎核(E错)属于一般内脏运动核;滑车神经核(D错)属于一般躯体运动核。"} {"Question":"与脑脊液循环无关的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛛网膜粒"},{"key":"B","value":"第四脑室脉络丛"},{"key":"C","value":"第三脑室脉络丛"},{"key":"D","value":"海绵窦"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脑脊液循环主要有以下几个环节:脑脊液主要由脑室脉络丛产生,少量由室管膜上皮和毛细血管产生。侧脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液经室间孔流至第三脑室,与第三脑室脉络丛(C对)产生的脑脊液一起,流入第四脑室,再汇合第四脑室脉络丛(B对)产生的脑脊液一起,经蛛网膜下隙,经蛛网膜粒(A对)渗透到硬脑膜窦内。海绵窦(D错,为本题正确答案)与脑脊液循环无关。"} {"Question":"下列受脊神经支配的肌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肛门内括约肌"},{"key":"B","value":"咽喉肌"},{"key":"C","value":"眼轮匝肌"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道膜部括约肌"},{"key":"E","value":"幽门内括约肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脊神经可分为5部分,分别为颈神经8对,胸神经12对,腰神经5对,骶神经5对,尾神经1对。尿道膜部括约肌(D对)受骶丛发出的阴部神经支配。肛门内括约肌(A错)受内脏神经支配。咽喉肌(B错)受脑神经之一的迷走神经支配。眼轮匝肌(C错)受面神经支配。幽门内括约肌(E错)受副神经支配。"} {"Question":"关于腹腔神经节的描述,何者是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为交感神经节,节后纤维支配结肠左曲以上的腹腔内消化管和腹腔脏器"},{"key":"B","value":"为副交感神经节,节前纤维来自迷走神经"},{"key":"C","value":"为椎旁神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"为器官旁神经节"},{"key":"E","value":"为内脏感觉神经节"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"腹腔神经节为交感神经节,节后纤维支配结肠左曲以上的腹腔内消化管和腹腔脏器(A对)。"} {"Question":"正中神经叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发自臂丛后束"},{"key":"B","value":"支配拇收肌以外的鱼际肌"},{"key":"C","value":"损伤后拇指、食指不能屈曲"},{"key":"D","value":"损伤后出现“猿掌”征"},{"key":"E","value":"损伤后屈腕减弱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正中神经发自臂丛内侧束和外侧束的内侧根和外侧根(A错,为本题正确选项),正中神经的返支行于桡动脉掌浅支外侧进入鱼际,支配除拇收肌以外的鱼际肌群(B对)。损伤后表现为该神经所支配的肌收缩无力和手掌感觉障碍,拇指、食指不能屈曲(C对),出现腕管综合征,表现为鱼际肌萎缩,手掌变平呈“猿掌”(D对),同时桡侧三个半手指掌面皮肤及桡侧半手掌出现感觉障碍,屈腕减弱(E对)。"} {"Question":"位于后索内侧部的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"楔束"},{"key":"B","value":"红核脊髓束"},{"key":"C","value":"皮质脊髓束"},{"key":"D","value":"脊髓丘脑束"},{"key":"E","value":"薄束"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"楔束(A错)位于后索的外侧部,薄束(E对)占据后索的内侧部,红核脊髓束(B错)在脊髓外侧索内下行, 脊髓丘脑束(D错)分为脊髓丘脑侧束和脊髓丘脑前束,脊髓丘脑侧束位于外侧索的前半部,脊髓丘脑前束位于前索,皮质脊髓束(C错)分为皮质脊髓侧束和皮质脊髓前束,前者在脊髓外侧索后部下行,后者在在前索最内侧下行。"} {"Question":"颈丛的分支不出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膈神经"},{"key":"B","value":"耳大神经"},{"key":"C","value":"枕小神经"},{"key":"D","value":"颈横神经"},{"key":"E","value":"枕大神经"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颈丛的主要分支有:枕小神经(C对)、耳大神经(B对)、颈横神经(D对)、锁骨上神经、膈神经(A对E错,为本题正确选项)。"} {"Question":"可能是损伤了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右侧蜗神经"},{"key":"B","value":"左侧蜗神经"},{"key":"C","value":"双侧蜗神经耳背、腹核"},{"key":"D","value":"右侧颞横回"},{"key":"E","value":"右侧听辐射"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者右侧听力丧失的原因是损伤了听觉传导通路。该通路的第1级神经元为蜗神经节内的双极神经细胞。第2级神经元胞体在蜗腹侧核和蜗背侧核内,形成外侧丘系(C错)。第3级神经元胞体在下丘核。第4级神经元胞体在内侧膝状体,发出纤维组成听辐射。所以右侧听力丧失可能是损伤了右侧蜗神经(A对),双侧蜗神经耳背、腹核(C错)损伤会导致双耳听力丧失。右侧颞横回(D错)或右侧听辐射(E错)损伤会致左耳听力损伤。"} {"Question":"经骶管裂孔穿出的神经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~5骶神经"},{"key":"B","value":"1~4骶神经"},{"key":"C","value":"尾神经"},{"key":"D","value":"第5骶神经和尾神经"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"第1~4骶神经(B错)从同序数的骶前孔和骶后孔出骶管。第5骶神经和尾神经则经骶管裂孔穿出(D对)。"} {"Question":"腹腔神经节的性质","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"交感神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"副交感神经节"},{"key":"C","value":"椎旁神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"器官旁节"},{"key":"E","value":"内脏感觉神经节"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"交感神经按其所在的位置可分为椎前神经节和椎旁神经节,椎前神经节包括腹腔神经节,肠系膜上神经节,肠系膜下神经节及主动脉肾神经节等,所以腹腔神经节的性质为交感神经节(A对)。"} {"Question":"椎前神经节不出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹腔神经节"},{"key":"B","value":"星状神经节"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉肾神经节"},{"key":"D","value":"肠系膜上神经节"},{"key":"E","value":"肠系膜下神经节"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"椎前神经节包括腹腔神经节(A对),肠系膜上神经节(D对),肠系膜下神经节(E对)及主动脉肾神经节(C对)等,星状神经节(B错,为本题正确选项)为颈胸神经节。"} {"Question":"左侧角回损伤将导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能够发音,但不能说出有意义的语言"},{"key":"B","value":"手能够运动,但不能写字"},{"key":"C","value":"双耳听觉正常,但不能听懂语言"},{"key":"D","value":"双眼视觉正常,但不能认识和理解文字"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"左侧角回为视觉性语言区即阅读中枢所在位置,此中枢与文字的理解和认图密切相关,损伤将导致双眼视觉正常,但不能认识和理解文字(D对),称为失读症。能够发音,但不能说出有意义的语言(A错)为位于额下回后部的运动性语言区损伤的表现,称为运动性失语症。手能够运动,但不能写字(B错)为位于额中回后部的书写区损伤的表现,称为失写症。双耳听觉正常,但不能听懂语言(C错)为位于颞上回后部的听觉性语言区损伤的表现,称为感觉性失语症。"} {"Question":"错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅后窝"},{"key":"B","value":"延髓和脑桥的背侧"},{"key":"C","value":"小脑幕的下方"},{"key":"D","value":"间脑的上方"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"小脑位于颅后窝(A对),借其上、中、下三对小脑脚连于脑干的背面(B对)。小脑上方借大脑横裂和小脑幕(C对)与大脑分隔。间脑位于中脑和端脑之间,因而间脑位置比脑干高,故小脑位于间脑的下方(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"关于脑脊液的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要产生于脑室的室管膜上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"位于硬脊膜与蛛网膜之间"},{"key":"C","value":"充满蛛网膜下隙"},{"key":"D","value":"经室间孔流入蛛网膜下隙"},{"key":"E","value":"经脉络丛渗入上矢状窦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"脑脊液主要产生于脑室脉络丛,少量产生于室管膜上皮(A错)和毛细血管。侧脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液经室间孔流至第三脑室,与第三脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液一起,经中脑水管流入第四脑室,再汇合第四脑室脉络丛产生的脑脊液一起经第四脑室正中孔和两个外侧孔(D错)流入脑和脊髓周围的蛛网膜下隙(C对B错),然后脑脊液再沿此隙流向大脑背面的蛛网膜下隙,经蛛网膜粒(E错)渗透到硬脑膜窦内(主要是上矢状窦),回流入血液中。"} {"Question":"可导致内斜视","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"视神经"},{"key":"B","value":"动眼神经"},{"key":"C","value":"外展神经"},{"key":"D","value":"滑车神经"},{"key":"E","value":"三叉神经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"外展神经(C对)支配的眼外肌为外直肌,外展神经损伤会导致外直肌瘫痪,眼球向外活动受限,出现内斜视。视神经(A错)损伤会导致视觉传入障碍,出现视力、视野下降。动眼神经(B错)损伤会导致上睑提肌、上直肌、内直肌、下直肌、下斜肌瘫痪,出现上睑下垂、眼球外下斜视。滑车神经(D错)损伤会导致上斜肌瘫痪,出现眼球向外下活动受限。三叉神经(E错)损伤会导致头面部、口鼻腔感觉传入障碍、咀嚼肌瘫痪。"} {"Question":"正确描述内侧丘系的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要纤维来自同侧的薄束核和楔束核"},{"key":"B","value":"终于对侧丘脑腹后核"},{"key":"C","value":"在延髓中央管背侧交叉后形成"},{"key":"D","value":"是传递对侧本体觉和精细触觉冲动的纤维"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"内侧丘系是躯干和四肢意识性本体感觉和精细触觉传导通路中的纤维之一。主要纤维来自对侧的薄束核和楔束核(A错),在薄、楔束核内,由此2核发出的纤维向前绕过中央灰质的腹侧,在中线上与对侧的交叉,称内侧丘系交叉(C错),交叉后的纤维转折向上,在锥体束的背侧呈前后方向排列,行于延髓中线两侧,称内侧丘系,终于同侧丘脑腹后核(B错),是传递对侧本体觉和精细触觉冲动的纤维(D对)。"} {"Question":"关于楔束的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脊髓全长的后索均有"},{"key":"B","value":"传导下肢的深部感觉和精细触觉"},{"key":"C","value":"楔束纤维上行至同侧楔束核内交换神经元"},{"key":"D","value":"一侧脊髓损伤将出现对侧深部感觉障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"无上述情况"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"楔束起自同侧第4胸节及以上的脊神经节细胞,位于后索的外侧部(A错)。楔束传导同侧躯干及上下肢的肌、腿、关节的本体感觉(位置觉、运动觉和震动觉)和皮肤的精细触觉信息(B错),在同侧楔束核内交换神经元(C对)。"} {"Question":"皮质核束经过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内囊前肢"},{"key":"B","value":"内囊后肢"},{"key":"C","value":"内囊膝"},{"key":"D","value":"听辐射"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"内囊前肢(A错)的投射纤维主要包括额桥束和丘脑前辐射;内囊膝部(C对)的投射纤维有皮质核束; 内囊后肢(B错)的投射纤维有皮质脊髓束、皮质红核束和顶桥束;听辐射(D错)经内囊后肢,止于大脑皮质。"} {"Question":"腋神经损伤后可导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臂不能后伸"},{"key":"B","value":"臂不能前屈"},{"key":"C","value":"臂不能内收"},{"key":"D","value":"臂不能外展"},{"key":"E","value":"臂不能内旋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"腋神经支配三角肌和小圆肌,损伤后此二肌瘫痪,表现为臂不能外展(D对),肩部和臂外上部皮肤感觉障碍。"} {"Question":"听觉的神经传导通路","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由四级神经元组成"},{"key":"B","value":"由三级神经元组成"},{"key":"C","value":"神经纤维终止于大脑皮质的颏上回"},{"key":"D","value":"由两级神经元组成"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"听觉的神经传导通路由四级神经元组成(A对),听觉传导通路的第1级神经元为蜗神经节内的双极神经细胞,第2级神经元胞体在蜗腹侧核和蜗背侧核内,第3级神经元胞体在下丘核,第4级神经元胞体在内侧膝状体,止于止于大脑皮质颞横回的听觉区(C错)。"} {"Question":"延髓前正中裂与前外侧沟之间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小脑下脚"},{"key":"B","value":"橄榄"},{"key":"C","value":"锥体"},{"key":"D","value":"薄束结节"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"延髓前正中裂与前外侧沟之间为锥体(C对);小脑下脚(A错)为楔束结节外上方的隆起;橄榄(B错)为锥体上部背外侧的卵圆形隆起;在延髓后正中沟的两侧各有两个膨大,内侧者为薄束结节(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列喉肌中,何者不能缩小声门裂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环杓侧肌"},{"key":"B","value":"环杓后肌"},{"key":"C","value":"杓横肌"},{"key":"D","value":"杓斜肌"},{"key":"E","value":"甲杓肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"环杓后肌(B对)的主要作用是开大声门裂。"} {"Question":"环甲肌的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开大声门裂"},{"key":"B","value":"缩小声门裂"},{"key":"C","value":"紧张声韧带"},{"key":"D","value":"松弛声韧带"},{"key":"E","value":"缩小喉口"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"环甲肌的作用是紧张声韧带(C对)。"} {"Question":"上纵隔器官不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸腺"},{"key":"B","value":"主动弓"},{"key":"C","value":"心"},{"key":"D","value":"上腔静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"气管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上纵隔内有胸腺(A对)、主动脉弓(B对)、上腔静脉(D对)、气管(E对)等,没有心(C错,为本题正确答案)”。"} {"Question":"在直立姿势时,不能借助于重力引流的鼻旁窦是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"额窦"},{"key":"B","value":"蝶窦"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌窦"},{"key":"D","value":"筛窦前组"},{"key":"E","value":"筛窦后组"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"上颌窦开口较高,不能借助重力引流,要采取体位引流(C对)。"} {"Question":"对鼻旁窦的描述中,错者为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"额窦开口于中鼻道"},{"key":"B","value":"上颌窦位于上颌骨体内"},{"key":"C","value":"筛窦前、中群开口于中鼻道"},{"key":"D","value":"各鼻道均有鼻旁窦的开口"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"额窦开口于中鼻道(A对)。上颌窦位于上颌骨体内(B对)。筛窦前、中群开口于中鼻道(C对)。额窦开口于中鼻道,上颌窦开口于中鼻道的半月裂孔,前、中筛窦开口于中鼻道,后筛窦开口于上鼻道,蝶窦开口于左、右蝶筛隐窝,所以没有鼻旁窦开口于下鼻道(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"关于肺的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺尖超出锁骨内侧1\/3段上方2.5cm"},{"key":"B","value":"右肺宽短,左肺狭长"},{"key":"C","value":"左肺前缘下份有心切迹"},{"key":"D","value":"左肺分三叶,右肺分两叶"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧面中部的凹陷称肺门"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺尖圆钝,伸向颈根部,超出锁骨内侧1\/3段上方2.5cm(A对)。肺位于胸腔内,纵隔两侧,由于心脏位置偏左,故右肺略宽短,左肺狭长(B对)。肺有三缘:前缘,锐薄、左肺前缘下部有心切迹(C对)、切迹下方为左肺小舌;后缘,钝圆、靠脊柱;下缘,较锐、伸入膈和胸壁之间的肋膈隐窝内。左肺被斜裂分为上、下两叶,右肺被斜裂和水平裂分为上、中、下三叶(D错,为本题正确答案)。肺内侧面与纵隔相邻,其中央椭圆形凹陷称为肺门(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于胸膜返折线,其下界在锁骨中线处约相交于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第6肋"},{"key":"B","value":"第7肋"},{"key":"C","value":"第8肋"},{"key":"D","value":"第9肋"},{"key":"E","value":"第10肋"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胸膜返折线,其下界在锁骨中线处约相交于第8肋(C对)。"} {"Question":"气管上端于第6颈椎处起于喉,向下到胸骨角平面分为左、右主支气管。关于气管隆嵴的叙述,下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是气管黏膜皱襞"},{"key":"B","value":"是气管平滑肌向上的突嵴"},{"key":"C","value":"是气管杈内面的半月形隆嵴"},{"key":"D","value":"分叉处缺少气管软骨"},{"key":"E","value":"隆嵴以下的气管软骨环完整"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"气管隆嵴是气管杈内面的半月形隆嵴(C对)。"} {"Question":"鼻腔粘膜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼻中隔的粘膜称呼吸区"},{"key":"B","value":"鼻甲的粘膜称嗅区"},{"key":"C","value":"鼻中隔表面有丰富的海绵丛"},{"key":"D","value":"鼻粘膜内有丰富的鼻腺"},{"key":"E","value":"鼻甲粘膜内有丰富的嗅细胞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"位于上鼻甲和与其相对的鼻中隔以及二者上方鼻腔顶部的鼻黏膜称嗅区(AB错),富含接受嗅觉刺激的嗅细胞(E错),其余黏膜部分则富含鼻腺称呼吸区(A错D对)。"} {"Question":"正确描述肺段的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"按支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉在肺内的分支分布把肺分为若干个肺段"},{"key":"B","value":"左肺有两个肺段,右肺有三个肺段"},{"key":"C","value":"各肺段均呈圆锥形,其底朝向肺门"},{"key":"D","value":"肺段支气管主干末端直接与肺泡相连"},{"key":"E","value":"肺段可视为一独立性结构单位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肺段可视为一独立性结构单位(E对)。按支气管在肺内的分支分布把肺分为若干个肺段(A错)。左肺有8个肺段,右肺有10个肺段(B错)。各肺段均呈圆锥形,其尖朝向肺门(C错)。全部各级支气管在肺叶内反复分支直达肺泡管,共分23 -25级(D错)。"} {"Question":"额窦开口于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最上鼻道"},{"key":"B","value":"上鼻道"},{"key":"C","value":"中鼻道"},{"key":"D","value":"下鼻道"},{"key":"E","value":"蝶筛隐窝"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"额窦开口于中鼻道(C对)。"} {"Question":"支撑呼吸道的软骨是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状软骨"},{"key":"B","value":"杓状软骨"},{"key":"C","value":"环状软骨"},{"key":"D","value":"麦状软骨"},{"key":"E","value":"会厌软骨"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"喉的支架由甲状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨和成对的杓状软骨等喉软骨构成,可以支撑呼吸道,保持其畅通的是环状软骨(C对)。甲状软骨是最大的喉软骨,位于环状软骨与会厌软骨之间,构成喉的前壁和侧壁(A错)。杓状软骨软骨位于环状软骨板上方中线两侧,形似三棱锥体形,是成对的喉软骨(B错)。麦状软骨不属于喉软骨的构成(D错)。会厌软骨位于舌骨体后方,形似树叶,上宽下窄,上端游离,下端借甲状会厌韧带连于甲状软骨前角内面的上部(E错)。"} {"Question":"左肺根内主要结构由上向下的排列关系依次为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺静脉、肺动脉、支气管"},{"key":"B","value":"肺静脉、支气管、肺动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"肺动脉、肺静脉、支气管"},{"key":"D","value":"肺动脉、支气管、肺静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"左肺根内主要结构由上向下的排列关系依次为肺动脉、支气管、肺静脉(D对)。"} {"Question":"肺的外形和结构,不正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺左、右各一,位于胸腔内"},{"key":"B","value":"右肺粗大,为3叶,左肺狭长,有2叶"},{"key":"C","value":"肺上端尖锐称肺尖,突入颈根部"},{"key":"D","value":"内侧面邻纵隔,又称纵隔面"},{"key":"E","value":"左肺前缘有一明显的弧形陷凹,称心切迹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肺左、右各一,位于胸腔内(A对)。右肺粗大, 为3叶,左肺狭长, 有2叶(B对)。肺尖即肺的上端,钝圆,经胸廓上口突入颈根部(C错,为本题正确答案)。肺内侧面邻纵隔,又称纵隔面(D对)。左肺前缘有一明显的弧形陷凹,称心切迹(E对)。"} {"Question":"喉腔中最狭窄的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喉口"},{"key":"B","value":"前庭裂"},{"key":"C","value":"声门裂"},{"key":"D","value":"喉前庭"},{"key":"E","value":"声门下腔"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"声门裂(C对)是喉腔最狭窄的部位。"} {"Question":"开口于下鼻道的结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽鼓管咽口"},{"key":"B","value":"鼻泪管"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌窦"},{"key":"D","value":"额窦"},{"key":"E","value":"蝶窦"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"鼻泪管开口于下鼻道(B对)。"} {"Question":"胸膜叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浆膜"},{"key":"B","value":"分为脏、壁层"},{"key":"C","value":"脏、壁层相移行为胸膜腔"},{"key":"D","value":"脏胸膜突入颈根部形成胸膜顶"},{"key":"E","value":"壁胸膜的移行处形成胸膜隐窝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胸膜是一层浆膜(A对)。胸膜分为脏、壁层(B对)。胸膜脏、壁层相移行为胸膜腔(C对)。肋胸膜和纵隔胸膜突入颈根部形成胸膜顶(D错,为本题正确答案)。壁胸膜的移行处形成胸膜隐窝(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于网膜囊的叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于小网膜和胃后壁与腹后壁的腹膜之间"},{"key":"B","value":"位于大网膜的前、后层之间"},{"key":"C","value":"是一不规则的密闭间隙"},{"key":"D","value":"前壁是胃前壁的腹膜"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"网膜囊位于小网膜和胃后壁与腹后壁的腹膜之间(A对B错),借肝十二指肠韧带后方的网膜孔与腹膜腔相交通,不是一个密闭间隙(C错),前壁为小网膜、胃后壁的腹膜和胃结肠韧带(D错)。"} {"Question":"人体站立或半卧位时,腹膜腔最低的陷窝是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝肾隐窝"},{"key":"B","value":"盲肠后隐窝"},{"key":"C","value":"膀胱子宫陷凹"},{"key":"D","value":"直肠膀胱陷凹(男)或直肠子宫陷凹(女)"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肝肾隐窝(A错)在仰卧位时,是腹膜腔的最低部位,站立或坐位时,男性的直肠膀胱陷凹,女性的直肠子宫陷凹(D对)是腹膜腔的最低部位。"} {"Question":"关于腹膜的错误叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产生少量的浆液"},{"key":"B","value":"腹膜腔为一密闭腔隙"},{"key":"C","value":"有防御功能"},{"key":"D","value":"为浆膜结构"},{"key":"E","value":"分壁腹膜和脏腹膜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腹膜为浆膜结构(D对),产生少量的浆液(A对),分壁腹膜和脏腹膜(E对),腹膜和腹膜腔内浆液中含有大量巨噬细胞,可吞噬细菌和有害物质,因此有防御功能(C对),男性腹膜腔为封闭的腔隙,女性腹膜腔则与外界相通(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"能贮存和促进精子成熟的器官是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睾丸"},{"key":"B","value":"附睾"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道球腺"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道球"},{"key":"E","value":"睾丸纵隔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"附睾(B对)能贮存精子并促进精子成熟。"} {"Question":"前列腺排泄管开口于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿道嵴"},{"key":"B","value":"尿道膜部"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺小囊"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道球部"},{"key":"E","value":"精阜附近的黏膜上"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"精阜附近的黏膜上(E对)为前列腺排泄管开口处。"} {"Question":"输卵管结扎术常选部位在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输卵管腹腔口"},{"key":"B","value":"输卵管子宫部"},{"key":"C","value":"输卵管峡"},{"key":"D","value":"输卵管壶腹"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"输卵管腹腔口(A错)开口于腹膜腔,卵巢排出的卵子由此进入输卵管;输卵管子宫部(B错)以输卵管子宫口通子宫腔;输卵管峡(C对)是输卵管结扎术施行部位;输卵管壶腹(D错)是卵子受精的部位。"} {"Question":"射精管开口于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿道前列腺部"},{"key":"B","value":"精囊腺"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道膜部"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道海绵体部"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱底部"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"尿道前列腺部(A对)为射精管的开口,而射精管由输精管的末端与精囊的输出管汇合而成。"} {"Question":"关于精囊的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为一囊状腺体"},{"key":"B","value":"表面凹凸不平"},{"key":"C","value":"由迂曲的管道构成"},{"key":"D","value":"位于输精管壶腹的下内侧"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"精囊为一囊状腺体(A对)。表面凹凸不平(B对)。由迂曲的管道构成(C对)。位于膀胱底的后方,输精管壶腹的下外侧(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"输精管道不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"附睾"},{"key":"B","value":"尿道"},{"key":"C","value":"输精管"},{"key":"D","value":"射精管"},{"key":"E","value":"精囊腺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"附睾(A错)、男性尿道(B错)、输精管(C错)、射精管(D错)均为输精管道。精囊腺(E对)属于附属腺。"} {"Question":"精子产生的部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睾丸纵隔"},{"key":"B","value":"睾丸小隔"},{"key":"C","value":"精曲小管"},{"key":"D","value":"精直小管"},{"key":"E","value":"睾丸网"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"精子由精曲小管(C对)的生精上皮产生。"} {"Question":"卵子受精一般在输卵管的哪部分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"漏斗部"},{"key":"B","value":"壶腹部"},{"key":"C","value":"峡部"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫部"},{"key":"E","value":"输卵管腹腔口"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"壶腹部(B对)是卵子在输卵管受精的部位。"} {"Question":"精原细胞发育为精子约需","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7天"},{"key":"B","value":"14天"},{"key":"C","value":"28天"},{"key":"D","value":"46天"},{"key":"E","value":"64天"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"精原细胞发育为精子的过程中,各级生精细胞需突破支持细胞之间的连接结构向管腔侧及睾丸输出小管方向迁移,最后将精子释放入曲细精管腔,整个过程约需 64 天(E对)。"} {"Question":"前列腺是呈前后略扁栗子形的腺体,为重要的生殖管道附属腺,男性尿道从其实质中穿过。关于前列腺形态的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"底向下,尖向上"},{"key":"B","value":"位于盆膈之上"},{"key":"C","value":"内有尿道膜部经过"},{"key":"D","value":"可分为前、中、后3叶"},{"key":"E","value":"发生增生时可引起排尿困难"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"前列腺为底向上,尖向下(A错)。内有尿道前列腺部(C错)经过。前列腺分为五叶(D错):前叶、中叶、后叶和两侧叶。发生增生时可引起排尿困难甚至尿潴留(E对)。"} {"Question":"尿生殖三角","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"后界为尾骨尖"},{"key":"B","value":"前界为两侧坐骨结节前缘的连线"},{"key":"C","value":"有肛管和尿道通过"},{"key":"D","value":"女性有尿道和阴道通过"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"后界为尾骨尖(A错)的是会阴;两侧坐骨结节的连线,将会阴分为前方的三角区尿生殖区和后方的三角区肛门区,所以尿生殖三角的后界为两侧坐骨结节前缘的连线(B错);在肛门区有肛肠通过(C错),而尿生殖三角女性有尿道和阴道通过(D对)。"} {"Question":"子宫附件指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴道"},{"key":"B","value":"卵巢"},{"key":"C","value":"输卵管"},{"key":"D","value":"输卵管和卵巢"},{"key":"E","value":"输卵管和阴道"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"输卵管和卵巢(D对)二者合称子宫附件。"} {"Question":"位于尿生殖膈内","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睾丸"},{"key":"B","value":"附睾"},{"key":"C","value":"精囊腺"},{"key":"D","value":"前列腺"},{"key":"E","value":"尿道球腺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尿道球腺(E对)位于会阴深横肌内,会阴深横肌和尿道括约肌共同组成尿生殖膈,故尿道球腺位于尿生殖膈内。"} {"Question":"产科会阴是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"系指尿生殖三角"},{"key":"B","value":"两耻骨下支之间的区域"},{"key":"C","value":"坐骨结节间的区域"},{"key":"D","value":"肛门与外生殖器之间的区域"},{"key":"E","value":"两坐骨棘之间的区域"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肛门与外生殖器之间的区域(D对)是产科会阴。广义的会阴将两侧坐骨结节的连线(C错)分为前方的尿生殖三角(A错)和后方的三角区肛门区,狭义会阴指外生殖器与肛门之间的区域(D错)。"} {"Question":"附睾管的延续","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输精管"},{"key":"B","value":"射精管"},{"key":"C","value":"精索"},{"key":"D","value":"生精小管"},{"key":"E","value":"男性尿道"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"输精管(A对)是附睾管的直接延续。"} {"Question":"下列叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是输送卵子的膜性管道"},{"key":"B","value":"由卵巢前缘连至子宫"},{"key":"C","value":"位于子宫体的两侧"},{"key":"D","value":"位于子宫阔韧带的上缘内"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"输送卵子的肌性管道(A错)为输卵管;输卵管由卵巢上端连至子宫(B错);输卵管位于子宫底的两侧(C错);输卵管位于子宫阔韧带上缘内(D对)。"} {"Question":"垂体叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于背侧丘脑后上方"},{"key":"B","value":"呈淡红色的椭圆形小体"},{"key":"C","value":"分为腺垂体和神经垂体"},{"key":"D","value":"神经垂体分泌催产素"},{"key":"E","value":"腺垂体分泌多种激素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"垂体后叶的主要功能是储存和释放抗利尿激素和催产素,并不是分泌(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"垂体神经部","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"本身没有分泌功能"},{"key":"B","value":"为激素贮存处"},{"key":"C","value":"储存抗利尿激素和催产素"},{"key":"D","value":"由神经纤维和神经胶质细胞构成"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"垂体表面包裹结缔组织被膜,分为腺垂体和神经垂体两部分。而垂体神经部由神经纤维和神经胶质细胞构成(D对),本身没有分泌功能(A对),只能贮存,为激素贮存处(B对),储存抗利尿激素和催产素(C对,故E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"生长激素幼年时分泌不足,可引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巨人症"},{"key":"B","value":"肢端肥大症"},{"key":"C","value":"侏儒症"},{"key":"D","value":"尿量减少"},{"key":"E","value":"乳腺发育与乳腺分泌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"成年之前,垂体生长激素分泌亢进会促使骨过度生长导致巨人症;若分泌不足,则发育停滞导致侏儒症(C对)。"} {"Question":"内分泌系统叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与神经系统相辅相成"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴器官兼有内分泌功能"},{"key":"C","value":"分泌物称为激素"},{"key":"D","value":"激素直接进入淋巴管"},{"key":"E","value":"内分泌腺的体积较小"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"内分泌系统是机体的调节系统,与神经系统相辅相成(A对),共同维持机体内环境的平衡与稳定。淋巴器官,如胸腺,兼有内分泌功能(B对)。内分泌腺的体积较小(E对),分泌的物质称为激素(C对),激素直接进入血液循环,并不会直接进入淋巴管(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"内分泌系统","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"包括内分泌腺和内分泌组织构成"},{"key":"B","value":"是神经系以外的一个重要的调节系统"},{"key":"C","value":"对机体的新陈代谢、生长发育、生殖机能等都有重要的调节作用"},{"key":"D","value":"内分泌腺称无管腺,其分泌物称激素"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都正确"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"内分泌系统是神经系以外的一个重要的调节系统(B对),与神经系统相辅相成,共同维持机体内环境的平衡与稳定,对机体的新陈代谢、生长发育、 生殖机能等都有重要的调节作用(C对)。内分泌系统由内分泌腺和内分泌组织组成(A对)。内分泌腺称无管腺,其分泌物称激素(D对,故E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"无分泌激素的功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"松果体"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛"},{"key":"D","value":"精曲小管"},{"key":"E","value":"卵泡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"松果体(A对)、肾上腺(B对)属于内分泌腺;胰岛(C对)、卵泡(D对)属于内分泌组织;而精曲小管(D错,为本题正确答案)二者都不是。"} {"Question":"属于内分泌组织的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"松果体"},{"key":"B","value":"睾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺"},{"key":"D","value":"胰岛"},{"key":"E","value":"脾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲状腺(C错)、松果体(A错)属于内分泌腺,以细胞团分散于机体的器官或组织内,如胰内的胰岛(D对)、睾丸(B错)内的间质细胞、卵巢内的卵泡和黄体等属于内分泌组织。而脾(E错)是人体最大的淋巴器官,具有储血、造血、清除衰老红细胞和进行免疫应答的功能。"} {"Question":"以下何者不是维持肾正常位置的结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾被膜"},{"key":"B","value":"肾的血管"},{"key":"C","value":"肾的毗邻器官"},{"key":"D","value":"脏腹膜"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾的固定因素有肾被膜(A对)、肾血管(B对)、毗邻器官(C对)、腹内压以及壁腹膜等,而非脏腹膜(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"以下结构中,不属于肾髓质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾锥体"},{"key":"B","value":"肾乳头"},{"key":"C","value":"肾柱"},{"key":"D","value":"乳头孔"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾髓质由肾锥体构成(A对),肾锥体合并为肾乳头(B对),乳头顶端有许多小孔称乳头孔(D对)。肾柱(C错,为本题正确答案)为伸入肾锥体之间的肾皮质。"} {"Question":"关于肾上端的描述,下列哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宽而厚"},{"key":"B","value":"窄而厚"},{"key":"C","value":"宽而薄"},{"key":"D","value":"窄而薄"},{"key":"E","value":"呈三棱状"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾上端宽而薄,下端窄而厚(C对)。"} {"Question":"女性输尿管下部前方有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膀胱底"},{"key":"B","value":"输卵管"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫"},{"key":"D","value":"子宫动脉与之相交"},{"key":"E","value":"髂内动脉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"女性输尿管盆部经子宫颈外侧时,前方有子宫动脉与之相交(D对)。"} {"Question":"女性尿道的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"约长8~10cm"},{"key":"B","value":"位于阴道下半的后面"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道旁腺感染时,可形成囊肿而致尿路阻塞"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道下端有尿道阴道括约肌环绕,不受意志支配"},{"key":"E","value":"较男性尿道短而宽,且较直,不易患逆行性尿路感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"女性尿道平均长 3 -5cm(A错), 较男性尿道短、宽而直(E错),故易患逆行性尿路感染。尿道外口位于阴道口的前方,说明女性尿道位于阴道的前方(B错)。尿道阴道括约肌为横纹肌,横纹肌为随意肌,受意志支配(D错),不受意志支配的是平滑肌膀胱括约肌。尿道旁腺感染时,可形成囊肿而压迫尿道(C对)。"} {"Question":"不属于肾窦内的结构有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾大、小盏"},{"key":"B","value":"肾盂"},{"key":"C","value":"肾动、静脉"},{"key":"D","value":"肾乳头"},{"key":"E","value":"脂肪组织和淋巴管"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肾窦内容纳肾血管、肾小盏(C对)、肾大盏(A对)、肾盂(B对)和脂肪(E对)等结构。肾乳头(D错,为本题正确答案)由2 ~3 个肾锥体尖端合并而成,属于肾实质内容,不在肾窦内。"} {"Question":"下列关于男性尿道的描述何者正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在前列腺底近前缘处穿入前列腺"},{"key":"B","value":"在前列腺底近后缘处穿入前列腺"},{"key":"C","value":"在前列腺底近后缘处穿入前列腺后叶"},{"key":"D","value":"在前列腺底近后缘处穿入前列腺中叶"},{"key":"E","value":"在前列腺底近前缘处穿入前列腺侧叶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"男性尿道在前列腺底近前缘处进入前列腺(A对)。"} {"Question":"男性尿道最狭窄的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前列腺部"},{"key":"B","value":"膜部"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道内口"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道外口"},{"key":"E","value":"尿道球部"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"男性尿道有三个狭窄、三个膨大和两个弯曲。三个狭窄分别是尿道内口、尿道膜部和尿道外口;其中外口最窄(D对),呈矢状裂隙。"} {"Question":"下列哪项正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾乳头与肾小盏的数目相同"},{"key":"B","value":"肾皮质由肾锥体和肾柱构成"},{"key":"C","value":"肾大盏与肾盂的数目相同"},{"key":"D","value":"肾大盏与肾乳头数目相同"},{"key":"E","value":"肾锥体底朝向皮质"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"每个肾有7~12个肾乳头,7~8个肾小盏,2~3个肾小盏合成1个肾大盏,2~3个肾大盏汇合形成1个肾盂。所以数目关系是肾盂>肾大盏>肾小盏>肾乳头(ACD错)。肾皮质由肾小体与肾小管组成(B错),肾髓质由底朝向肾窦的肾锥体(E对)构成。"} {"Question":"下列对女性尿道的描述,何者错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"较男尿道宽、短、直"},{"key":"B","value":"通过尿生殖膈"},{"key":"C","value":"尿道外口位于阴道口的前方"},{"key":"D","value":"尿道内口较男性位置低"},{"key":"E","value":"开口于阴道与肛门之间"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"女性尿道外口位于阴道口的前方(C对,E错为本题正确答案),故阴道开口于尿道与肛门之间。女性尿道较男尿道宽、短、直(A对),穿过尿生殖膈(B对),尿道内口较男性位置低(D对),"} {"Question":"关于肾筋膜的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于脂肪囊的外周"},{"key":"B","value":"为肾单独的被膜"},{"key":"C","value":"分前后两层"},{"key":"D","value":"在肾的下方两层分开"},{"key":"E","value":"输尿管由其下方的开口通过"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾的被膜有三层(B错,为本题正确答案):纤维囊、脂肪囊与肾筋膜。肾筋膜位于脂肪囊的外面(A对),分为肾前筋膜和肾后筋膜(C对),两者在肾的下方则互相分离(D对),其中有输尿管通过(E对),因肾筋膜下方完全开放,当腹壁肌力弱、肾周脂肪少、肾的固定结构薄弱时,可产生肾下垂。"} {"Question":"肾是泌尿系统功能的主要执行者。位于腹膜后,其周围有被膜保护,具有产生尿液及重要的内分泌功能。肾","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表面覆有两层被膜"},{"key":"B","value":"左肾较右肾低"},{"key":"C","value":"第12肋斜过左肾后面中部"},{"key":"D","value":"成人肾门约平第3腰椎体"},{"key":"E","value":"以上说法都不正确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾的被膜分为三层(A错):纤维囊、脂肪囊与肾筋膜。因受肝的挤压,右肾低于左肾(B错)。第12肋斜过左肾后面中部(C对),肾门约在第1腰椎椎体平面(D错)。"} {"Question":"桡侧腕屈肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起于桡尺骨的前面"},{"key":"B","value":"是前臂浅层肌中位于最桡侧的一块"},{"key":"C","value":"止于第3掌骨底的掌面"},{"key":"D","value":"止于豌豆骨"},{"key":"E","value":"可屈肘、屈腕,并使腕外展"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"桡侧腕屈肌起于肱骨内上髁、前臂深筋膜,而非桡尺骨的前面(A错);是前臂浅层肌中位于第2桡侧的一块,最桡侧(B错);止于第2掌骨底的掌面,而非第3掌骨底的掌面(C错),也非豌豆骨(D错);可屈肘、屈腕,并使腕外展(E对)。"} {"Question":"止于肱骨小结节的肌有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冈上肌"},{"key":"B","value":"冈下肌"},{"key":"C","value":"三角肌"},{"key":"D","value":"小圆肌"},{"key":"E","value":"肩胛下肌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"冈上肌(A错)、冈下肌(B错)、小圆肌(D错)止于肱骨大结节。三角肌(C错)止于肱骨三角肌粗隆。肩胛下肌(E对)止于肱骨小结节。"} {"Question":"运动幅度极小的关节是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肩关节"},{"key":"B","value":"桡腕关节"},{"key":"C","value":"拇指腕掌关节"},{"key":"D","value":"膝关节"},{"key":"E","value":"骶髂关节"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"平面关节由于关节面大小互相一致,关节囊紧张而坚固,所运动幅度极小,又叫做微动关节,骶髂关节(E对)属于平面关节。"} {"Question":"既能屈腕又能收腕的肌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肱桡肌"},{"key":"B","value":"掌长肌"},{"key":"C","value":"拇长屈肌"},{"key":"D","value":"尺侧腕屈肌"},{"key":"E","value":"桡侧腕屈肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肱桡肌(A错)屈肘关节。掌长肌(B错)屈腕,紧张掌腿膜。拇长屈肌(C错)屈拇指指骨间关节和掌指关节。尺侧腕屈肌(D对)既能屈腕又能收腕,还能屈肘。桡侧腕屈肌(E错)屈和外展腕,屈肘。"} {"Question":"正确描述指深屈肌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起自肱骨内上髁"},{"key":"B","value":"其肌腱不通过腕管"},{"key":"C","value":"穿过指浅屈肌腱,止于远节指骨底"},{"key":"D","value":"在其四个止腱的尺侧有4块蚓状肌附着"},{"key":"E","value":"屈第1—5指远侧和近侧指间关节、掌指关节及桡腕关节"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"指深屈肌起自尺骨上端前面及附近的骨间膜,而非肱骨内上髁(A错),其肌腱通过腕管入手掌,并非不通过腕管(B错),穿过指浅屈肌腱,止于远节指骨底(C对),4块蚓状肌附着在其两个止腱的尺侧和两个止腱的相邻侧,而非四个止腱的尺侧(D错),作用是屈第2~5指远侧、近侧指骨间关节和掌指关节和屈腕关节,而非第1—5指远侧和近侧指间关节、掌指关节及桡腕关节(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于肘关节关节囊描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两侧薄弱,前、后有韧带加强"},{"key":"B","value":"内侧壁有尺侧副韧带加强"},{"key":"C","value":"内面有关节盘附着"},{"key":"D","value":"有囊内韧带"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肘关节关节囊前后壁薄弱,两侧壁有韧带加强(A错),肘关节尺侧,即内侧壁有尺侧副韧带加强(B对)。人体中有关节盘的关节有:颞下颌关节、胸锁关节、桡尺远侧关节、桡腕关节等,肘关节内并无关节盘(C错)。人体内具有囊内韧带的关节有膝关节和髋关节,肘关节内并无(D错)。"} {"Question":"属于手肌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指深屈肌"},{"key":"B","value":"指浅屈肌"},{"key":"C","value":"小指展肌"},{"key":"D","value":"指伸肌"},{"key":"E","value":"小指伸肌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小指展肌(C对)属于手肌,指深屈肌(A错)、指浅屈肌(B错)、指伸肌(D错)、小指伸肌(E错)不属于手肌,而是前臂肌。"} {"Question":"伸膝并屈髋关节的肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"臀大肌"},{"key":"B","value":"髂腰肌"},{"key":"C","value":"臀中肌"},{"key":"D","value":"股直肌"},{"key":"E","value":"股二头肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"臀大肌(A错)使髋关节伸和旋外。髂腰肌(B错)使髋关节前屈和旋外。臀中肌(C错)使髋关节外展、旋内(前部肌束)和旋外(后部肌束)。股直肌(D对)属于股四头肌,屈髋关节和伸膝关节。股二头肌(E错)屈膝、伸髋,使已屈的膝关节旋外。"} {"Question":"球窝关节","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关节头位于关节窝内"},{"key":"B","value":"两个关节面的形状差异较大"},{"key":"C","value":"运动范围小"},{"key":"D","value":"属双轴关节"},{"key":"E","value":"关节头与关节窝的接触面较大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"球窝关节: 关节头较大,呈球形,关节窝浅而小,两个关节面的形状差异较大,与关节头的接触面积不到 1\/3 (B对E错)。球窝关节运动范围大,可作屈、伸 、收 、展、旋内、旋外和环转运动 (C错)。球窝关节属于多轴关节(D错)。"} {"Question":"骨膜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈囊状包襄骨的表面"},{"key":"B","value":"包被骨的表面,但骨的关节面无骨膜"},{"key":"C","value":"由上皮组织构成"},{"key":"D","value":"与骨的再生无关"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"骨膜主要由纤维结缔组织构成(C错),包被骨的表面,但骨的关节面无骨膜(B对),含有丰富的神经、血管和淋巴管,对骨的营养、再生(D错)和感觉有重要作用。"} {"Question":"半腱肌和半膜肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分别起自坐骨结节和股骨后面"},{"key":"B","value":"止于胫骨粗隆"},{"key":"C","value":"位于股后内侧部"},{"key":"D","value":"可屈髋关节,屈膝关节"},{"key":"E","value":"可使膝关节旋外"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"半腱肌和半膜肌起自坐骨结节,而非分别起自坐骨结节和股骨后面(A错),分别止于胫骨上端内侧和胫骨内侧髁后面,而非胫骨粗隆(B错),均位于股后内侧部(C对),可伸髋关节,屈膝关节,而非屈髋关节,屈膝关节(D错),可使膝关节旋内,而非旋外(E错)。"} {"Question":"正确叙述黄韧带的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连接相邻的椎弓根之间"},{"key":"B","value":"连接相邻的椎弓板之间"},{"key":"C","value":"连接相邻的横突之间"},{"key":"D","value":"参与椎管前壁的构成"},{"key":"E","value":"可限制脊柱过度后伸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"黄韧带连结相邻两椎弓板之间(B对AC错),参与构成椎管后壁(D错),有限制脊柱过度前屈(E错)的作用。"} {"Question":"肋间外肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起自肋骨上缘"},{"key":"B","value":"止于肋骨下缘"},{"key":"C","value":"降肋助呼气"},{"key":"D","value":"肌纤维斜向内上"},{"key":"E","value":"肋软骨之间为结缔组织膜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肋间外肌起自肋骨下缘,而非肋骨上缘(A错),止于肋骨上缘,而非肋骨下缘(B错),作用是提肋助吸气,而非降肋助呼气(C错),肌纤维斜向前下,而非斜向内上(D错),肋软骨之间为结缔组织膜(E对),即肋间外膜。"} {"Question":"开门于下鼻道的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"筛窦前群"},{"key":"B","value":"鼻泪管"},{"key":"C","value":"额窦"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌窦"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"鼻泪管开口于下鼻道(B对)。筛窦前、中群开口于中鼻道(A错)。额窦开口于中鼻道前部的筛漏斗处(C错)。上颌窦的开口通入中鼻道半月裂孔(D错)。"} {"Question":"尺神经沟位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肱骨内上髁后方"},{"key":"B","value":"肱骨外上髁后方"},{"key":"C","value":"尺骨下端后方"},{"key":"D","value":"尺骨上端后方"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"尺神经沟位于肱骨内上髁后方(A对)。尺骨上端前面有滑车切迹,与肱骨滑车相关节(D错),下端为尺骨头,其前、外、后有环状关节面与桡骨的尺切迹相关节(C错)。"} {"Question":"可同时屈手指第2~5指近、远侧指骨间关节的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"指浅屈肌"},{"key":"B","value":"指深屈肌"},{"key":"C","value":"蚓状肌"},{"key":"D","value":"旋前圆肌"},{"key":"E","value":"骨间肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"指浅屈肌(A错)屈第2~5指近侧指骨间关节和掌指关节,屈腕和屈肘。指深屈肌(B对)可同时屈手指第2~5指近、远侧指骨间关节,也可屈腕。蚓状肌(C错)屈第2~5指掌指关节和伸其指骨间关节。旋前圆肌(D错)使前臂旋前,屈肘。骨间肌(E错)包括骨间掌侧肌和骨间背侧肌,前者内收第2、4、5指,屈第2、4、5指掌指关节和伸其指骨间关节,后者固定第3指,外展第2、4指,屈第2~4指掌指关节和伸其指骨间关节。"} {"Question":"有关肱骨,正确的描述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肱骨头朝向上、前、内"},{"key":"B","value":"头周围的浅沟称为外科颈"},{"key":"C","value":"肱骨小头位于下端外侧部"},{"key":"D","value":"内上髁的前方有尺神经沟"},{"key":"E","value":"体后面中部有自外上斜向内下的桡神经沟"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肱骨上端有朝向上后内方呈半球形的肱骨头,头周围的环状浅沟,称解剖颈(AB错)。肱骨下端较扁,外侧部前面有半球状的肱骨小头, 与桡骨相关节(C对)。内上髁后方的浅沟称尺神经沟(D错),肱骨体后面中部可见自内上斜向外下的浅沟,称桡神经沟(E错)。"} {"Question":"正确描述手肌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外侧群、内侧群各有4块肌"},{"key":"B","value":"蚓状肌有5条,每指1条"},{"key":"C","value":"骨间掌侧肌有4块"},{"key":"D","value":"骨间肌分为骨间掌侧肌和骨间背侧肌"},{"key":"E","value":"骨间背侧肌有3块"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"外侧群有4块肌,而内侧群只有3块肌,并非也是4块肌(A错)。蚓状肌只有4条,而非5条(B错)。骨间掌侧肌只有3块,而非4块。骨间肌分为骨间掌侧肌和骨间背侧肌(D对)。骨间背侧肌有4块,而非3块(E错)。"} {"Question":"有腱划的肌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹外斜肌"},{"key":"B","value":"腹内斜肌"},{"key":"C","value":"腹横肌"},{"key":"D","value":"腹直肌"},{"key":"E","value":"缝匠肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"有腱划的肌是腹直肌(D对)。"} {"Question":"腹直肌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"完全被腹直肌鞘包绕"},{"key":"B","value":"为上、下等宽的带形腹肌"},{"key":"C","value":"全长有3~4个腱划"},{"key":"D","value":"腱划与腹直肌鞘前层疏松结合"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腹直肌不与腹直肌鞘的后层愈合,而非完全被腹直肌鞘包绕(A错)。腹直肌为上宽下窄的带形腹肌,而非上下等宽的带形腹肌(B错)。腹直肌全长有3~4个腱划(C对),且腱划与腹直肌鞘的前层紧密结合,而非疏松结合(D错)。"} {"Question":"关于手的骨间肌,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第2骨间掌侧肌止于中指桡侧"},{"key":"B","value":"第4骨间背侧肌止于小指桡侧"},{"key":"C","value":"屈掌指关节,伸手指关节"},{"key":"D","value":"第3骨间背侧肌止于第4指桡侧"},{"key":"E","value":"无上述情况"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"第2骨间掌侧肌止于第2指指背腱膜,而非中指桡侧(A错),第4骨间背侧肌止于第4指指背腱膜,而非小指桡侧(B错),屈掌指关节,伸指间关节(C对),第3骨间背侧肌止于第4指指背腱膜,而非第4指桡侧(D错)。"} {"Question":"腕骨","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8块腕骨共同排列在一个平面内"},{"key":"B","value":"近侧列由大、小多角骨、头状骨及钩骨组成"},{"key":"C","value":"分为近、远两列,每列各4块骨"},{"key":"D","value":"远侧列4块参与构成腕关节"},{"key":"E","value":"均不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"腕骨分为近、远两列,每列各4块骨(C对)。近侧列由桡侧向尺侧分别为:手舟骨、月骨、三角骨和豌豆骨(B错)。手舟骨、月骨和三角骨近端形成的椭圆形关节面,与桡骨腕关节面及尺骨下端的关节盘构成桡腕关节(D错)。8 块腕骨构成掌面凹陷的腕骨沟(A错)。"} {"Question":"有关胸骨的描述何者是错的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸骨可分为柄、体和剑突三部分"},{"key":"B","value":"胸骨柄上缘中份有颈静脉切迹"},{"key":"C","value":"柄和体相接处微向前突形成胸骨角"},{"key":"D","value":"胸骨角向后平对第2胸椎"},{"key":"E","value":"胸骨柄的侧缘接第1肋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胸骨可分柄、体和剑突 三部分(A对) ,胸骨柄上缘中份为颈静脉切迹(B对),柄外侧缘上份接第 1 肋软骨(E对),柄与体连接处微向前突,称胸骨角(C对),胸骨角向后平对第 4 胸椎体下缘(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"前囟的闭合时间","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出生前"},{"key":"B","value":"出生后"},{"key":"C","value":"生后6个月"},{"key":"D","value":"1-2岁"},{"key":"E","value":"3-4岁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"前囟在生后 1 -2 岁时闭合,其余各囟均于生后不久闭合(D对)。"} {"Question":"股骨易骨折的部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"股骨颈"},{"key":"B","value":"转子间线"},{"key":"C","value":"粗线"},{"key":"D","value":"股骨体"},{"key":"E","value":"外侧踝"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"股骨颈狭细,易骨折(A对)。"} {"Question":"蝶筛隐窝位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上鼻甲前上方"},{"key":"B","value":"上鼻甲下方"},{"key":"C","value":"蝶骨上方"},{"key":"D","value":"上鼻甲的后上方与蝶骨之间"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蝶筛隐窝位于上鼻甲的后上方与蝶骨之间(D对)。"} {"Question":"锁骨骨折多在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"锁骨内侧1\/3于外侧2\/3交界处"},{"key":"B","value":"锁骨中段"},{"key":"C","value":"锁骨内侧2\/3与外侧1\/3交界处"},{"key":"D","value":"肩峰端"},{"key":"E","value":"胸骨端"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"锁骨骨折多在锁骨内侧2\/3与外侧1\/3交界处(C对)。"} {"Question":"每块椎骨均有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"横突"},{"key":"B","value":"横突孔"},{"key":"C","value":"肋凹"},{"key":"D","value":"上、下关节突"},{"key":"E","value":"末端分叉的棘突"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"每块椎骨均有横突(A对)。只有颈椎横突有孔(B错)。只有胸椎有肋凹(C错)。第 1 颈椎又名寰椎,无椎体、棘突和关节突(D错)。第 7 颈椎又名隆椎, 棘突长,末端不分叉(E错)。"} {"Question":"骨腭的组成是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上颌骨腭突和腭骨水平突"},{"key":"B","value":"仅为上颌骨腭突"},{"key":"C","value":"上颌骨腭突和蝶骨翼突"},{"key":"D","value":"腭骨水平板和筛板"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"骨腭由上颌骨腭突和水平部组成(A对)(B错),分为水平板和垂直板两部(D错),水平板组成骨腭的后份,垂直板构成鼻腔外侧壁的后份(C对)。"} {"Question":"肋间内肌可","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提肋助呼气"},{"key":"B","value":"提肋助吸气"},{"key":"C","value":"降肋助呼气"},{"key":"D","value":"降肋助吸气"},{"key":"E","value":"肌束斜向前下方"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肋间内肌可降肋助呼气(C对),提肋助吸气(B错)的是肋间外肌。"} {"Question":"肩胛骨的主要骨性标志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肩胛下角、肩胛冈、肩峰和喙突"},{"key":"B","value":"肩峰、喙突、冈上窝和肩胛切迹"},{"key":"C","value":"肩胛骨内侧角、肩峰、肩胛下窝"},{"key":"D","value":"外侧角、内侧缘、冈下窝和肩峰"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肩胛冈、肩峰、肩胛下角、内侧缘及喙突均可在体表们到,为肩胛骨的主要骨性标志(A对)。"} {"Question":"股骨","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"约为身高1\/5"},{"key":"B","value":"股骨头朝向内上后方"},{"key":"C","value":"股骨颈不易骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"股骨体后面的纵行骨嵴为粗线"},{"key":"E","value":"下端与胫、腓骨相连结"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"股骨体后面有纵行骨嵴,称粗线(D对)。是人体最长最结实的长骨,其长度约为体高的 1\/4(A错),上端有朝向内上的股骨头(B错),头下外侧的狭细部称股骨颈,易骨折,股骨下端与胫、腓骨相关节(C错)。"} {"Question":"椎弓和椎体围成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椎间孔"},{"key":"B","value":"横突孔"},{"key":"C","value":"椎孔"},{"key":"D","value":"椎骨上、下切迹"},{"key":"E","value":"椎管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"椎弓和椎体围成椎孔,各椎孔上下贯通,构成容纳脊髓的椎管(C对E错)。椎弓根的上、下缘分别称椎上、下切迹(D错),相邻椎骨的上、下切迹共同围成椎间孔 (A错)。"} {"Question":"某病人存在“翼状肩”体征,可考虑是以下哪块肌瘫痪","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三角肌"},{"key":"B","value":"背阔肌"},{"key":"C","value":"斜方肌"},{"key":"D","value":"前锯肌"},{"key":"E","value":"菱形肌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"前锯肌(D对)瘫痪时,肩胛骨内侧缘与下角离开胸廓而突出于皮下,即出现“翼状肩”体征。"} {"Question":"参与构成颞下颌关节的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喙突"},{"key":"B","value":"乳突"},{"key":"C","value":"髁突"},{"key":"D","value":"关节结节"},{"key":"E","value":"齿突"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"下颌骨下颌头和颞骨的下颌窝和关节结节(D对)共同组成颞下颌关节。"} {"Question":"鼻旁窦位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腭骨、蝶骨、枕骨"},{"key":"B","value":"额骨、蝶骨、筛骨、颞骨"},{"key":"C","value":"额骨、蝶骨、筛骨、上颌骨"},{"key":"D","value":"上颌骨、下颌骨、筛骨"},{"key":"E","value":"蝶骨、额骨、颞骨、下颌骨"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"鼻旁窦是上颌骨、额骨、蝶骨及筛骨内的骨腔,位于鼻腔周围并开口于鼻腔(C对)。"} {"Question":"位于椎管前壁的韧带是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前纵韧带"},{"key":"B","value":"后纵韧带"},{"key":"C","value":"弓间韧带"},{"key":"D","value":"骶棘韧带"},{"key":"E","value":"棘上韧带"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"后纵韧带位于椎管的前壁(B对),起自第2颈椎,沿椎体的后壁,连结椎间盘,止于骰骨。"} {"Question":"下列何者不属于滑膜关节的辅助结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"韧带"},{"key":"B","value":"关节盘"},{"key":"C","value":"关节唇"},{"key":"D","value":"关节囊"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"关节又叫做滑膜关节。关节的辅助结构是韧带(A对)、关节盘(B对)、关节唇(C对)、滑膜囊、滑膜襞。关节的基本结构是关节腔、关节面、关节囊(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"黄骨髓位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"幼儿长骨骨干的内部"},{"key":"B","value":"幼儿长骨骨骺内部"},{"key":"C","value":"成人长骨骨干的内部"},{"key":"D","value":"成人扁骨内部"},{"key":"E","value":"所有骨的内部"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"5 岁以后,长骨骨干内的红骨髓逐渐被脂肪组织代替,呈黄色,称黄骨髓(C对)。胎儿和幼儿的骨髓均为红骨髓,椎骨、骼骨、肋骨、胸骨以及肱骨和股骨等长骨的骺内终生存在红骨髓(A错)。"} {"Question":"膈","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌腹在中心,腱膜在四周"},{"key":"B","value":"食管裂孔平第8胸椎水平"},{"key":"C","value":"腔静脉裂孔位置最低"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉裂孔有胸导管通过"},{"key":"E","value":"均不对"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"膈肌的周边是肌性部,中央为腱膜,并非肌腹在中心,腱膜在四周(A错)。食管裂孔平第10胸椎水平,而非第8胸椎水平(B错)。腔静脉裂孔位置最高,而非最低(C错)。主动脉裂孔有胸导管通过(D对)。"} {"Question":"关于前交叉韧带的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起自股骨内侧髁外面"},{"key":"B","value":"伸膝关节时最松弛"},{"key":"C","value":"限制胫骨过度后移"},{"key":"D","value":"限制胫骨过度前移"},{"key":"E","value":"止于胫骨粗隆"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"前交叉韧带起自胫骨髁间隆起的前方内侧(A错),止于股骨外侧髁的内侧(E错),在伸膝时最紧张(B错),可以防止胫骨前移(D对C错)。"} {"Question":"肱二头肌长头腱起点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肩胛骨盂上结节"},{"key":"B","value":"肩胛骨盂下结节"},{"key":"C","value":"肩胛骨喙突"},{"key":"D","value":"肱骨上端"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肱二头肌长头腱起点是肩胛骨盂上结节(A对)。"} {"Question":"关于三角肌的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于肩部,呈三角形"},{"key":"B","value":"使肩关节外展"},{"key":"C","value":"止于三角肌粗隆"},{"key":"D","value":"只起于肩胛骨"},{"key":"E","value":"受腋神经支配"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"三角肌位于肩部,呈三角形(A对),起于锁骨外侧1\/3,肩峰和肩胛冈,而非只起于肩胛骨(D错,为本题正确答案),止于三角肌粗隆(C对),使肩关节外展(B对),受腋神经支配(E对)。"} {"Question":"骶管裂孔","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为骶管上端的开口"},{"key":"B","value":"为马尾穿出的孔道"},{"key":"C","value":"为骶管下端的开口"},{"key":"D","value":"向前开口于盆腔"},{"key":"E","value":"内侧有骶角"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"骶管裂孔为骶管下端的开口(C对)。"} {"Question":"哪个不是股骨的结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小转子"},{"key":"B","value":"髁间窝"},{"key":"C","value":"髁间隆起"},{"key":"D","value":"粗线"},{"key":"E","value":"收肌结节"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"髁间隆起是胫骨的结构(C错,为本题正确答案)。小转子(A对)、髁间窝(B对)、粗线(D对)、收肌结节(E对)是股骨的结构。"} {"Question":"关节的辅助结构,不包括以下哪个","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半月板"},{"key":"B","value":"关节盘"},{"key":"C","value":"关节唇"},{"key":"D","value":"关节面"},{"key":"E","value":"囊外韧带"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"关节的基本结构有关节囊、关节面(D错,为本题正确答案)、关节腔。关节辅助结构有韧带、关节盘(B对)(有的关节盘呈半月形,称为半月板)(A对)、关节唇(C对)、滑膜襞和滑膜囊。"} {"Question":"关于尺骨的叙述,下列哪项是正确的?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鹰嘴突向前下方,伸肘时进人鹰嘴窝内"},{"key":"B","value":"冠突突向后上方,屈肘时进人冠突窝内"},{"key":"C","value":"桡切迹位于冠突的外侧面"},{"key":"D","value":"伸肘时尺骨鹰嘴肱骨内、外上髁成等腰三角形"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"鹰嘴突向前上方,伸肘时进人鹰嘴窝内 (A错)。冠突外侧面有桡切迹,与桡骨头相关节(C对)。当肘关节伸直时,此三点位于一条直线上,当肘关节屈至 90° 时,此三点的连线构成一尖端朝下的等腰三角形 (D错)。"} {"Question":"肱二头肌止于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"股骨小转子"},{"key":"B","value":"胫骨粗隆"},{"key":"C","value":"桡骨粗隆"},{"key":"D","value":"尺骨粗隆"},{"key":"E","value":"尺骨鹰嘴"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肱二头肌止于桡骨粗隆(C对)。"} {"Question":"止于肱骨大结节嵴的肌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸大肌"},{"key":"B","value":"胸小肌"},{"key":"C","value":"背阔肌"},{"key":"D","value":"小圆肌"},{"key":"E","value":"大圆肌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胸大肌(A对)止于肱骨大结节嵴。胸小肌(B错)止于肩胛骨喙突。背阔肌(C错)和大圆肌(E错)止于肱骨小结节嵴。小圆肌(D错)止于肱骨大结节。"} {"Question":"正确叙述前锯肌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以齿状的肌束起自上6个肋骨的外侧面"},{"key":"B","value":"以齿状的肌束起自全部肋骨的外侧面"},{"key":"C","value":"止于肩胛骨的外侧缘和下角"},{"key":"D","value":"下部肌束收缩可使肩胛骨下角内旋"},{"key":"E","value":"当肩胛骨固定时,它收缩可上提肋骨"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"前锯肌以齿状的肌束起自上8~9个肋骨的外侧面,而非上6个肋骨的外侧面(A错),也非全部肋骨的外侧面(B错),止于肩胛骨内侧缘和下角,而非肩胛骨的外侧缘和下角(C错)。肩胛骨的下部肌束收缩可使肩胛骨下角外旋,而非内旋(D错)。当肩胛骨固定时,它收缩可上提肋骨(E对)以协助深吸气。"} {"Question":"与面神经管相通","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"破裂孔"},{"key":"B","value":"内耳门"},{"key":"C","value":"圆孔"},{"key":"D","value":"颈静脉孔"},{"key":"E","value":"筛孔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"面神经连于脑桥延髓沟外侧部,经内耳门、内耳道达内耳道底,穿内耳道底入面神经管,最后从茎乳孔出颅,因此内耳门与面神经管相通(B对)。"} {"Question":"成年病人右耳慢性中耳炎十几年,近来发烧、呕吐升伴有剧烈头痛,颅腔CT检查拍片诊断为右颞叶脑脓肿,考虑由慢性中耳炎引起,叫脓肿破坏何结构造成右颞叶脑脓肿","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼓室内侧壁"},{"key":"B","value":"鼓室外侧壁"},{"key":"C","value":"鼓室前壁"},{"key":"D","value":"鼓室后壁"},{"key":"E","value":"鼓室上壁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"颅腔CT检查拍片诊断为右颞叶脑脓肿,表示发生了颅内感染,上壁分隔鼓室与颅中窝,中耳疾患时可侵犯上壁,引起耳源性颅内并发症(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关内耳的描述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由骨迷路、膜迷路和前庭组成"},{"key":"B","value":"膜迷路管腔内充满内淋巴"},{"key":"C","value":"骨迷路与膜迷路间充满外淋巴"},{"key":"D","value":"壶腹嵴可感受旋转变速运动的刺激"},{"key":"E","value":"前庭窗后上方的弓形隆起为面神经管凸,内有展神经通过"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"内耳又称迷路,由骨迷路和膜迷路两部分组成(A错,为本题正确答案)。骨迷路与膜迷路之间充满外淋巴(C对),膜迷路内充满内淋巴(B对),内、外淋巴互不相通。壶腹峭是位觉感受器,能感受头部旋转变速运动的刺激(D对)。"} {"Question":"动眼神经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上斜肌"},{"key":"B","value":"内直肌"},{"key":"C","value":"外直肌"},{"key":"D","value":"瞳孔开大肌"},{"key":"E","value":"眼轮匝肌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"内直肌(B对)由动眼神经控制;上斜肌(A错)由滑车神经控制;外直肌(C错)由展神经控制;瞳孔开大肌(D错)由颈上神经节控制;眼轮匝肌(E错)由面神经控制。"} {"Question":"关于屈光装置的描述中,何者是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"屈光装置包括角膜、房水、晶状体、玻璃体"},{"key":"B","value":"外界物体经屈光装置在视网膜上成像称正视"},{"key":"C","value":"若眼轴过长,物像落在视网膜后方称近视"},{"key":"D","value":"矫正近视需戴凹透镜"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不对"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"屈光装置包括角膜、房水、晶状体、玻璃体(A对),外界物体经屈光装置在视网膜上成像称正视(B对)。近视是指眼轴过长或屈光装置的屈光率过强,导致物像落在视网膜前方,而非后方(C错,为本题正确答案)。矫正近视目前的思路是使进入眼球的光线发散,即矫正近视需戴凹透镜(D对)。"} {"Question":"artery)起自以下哪支动脉","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大脑前动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"大脑中动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"颈内动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"面动脉"},{"key":"E","value":"精细触觉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"眼动脉起自颈内动脉(C对)。"} {"Question":"听觉感受器位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"壶腹嵴"},{"key":"B","value":"椭圆囊"},{"key":"C","value":"基底膜"},{"key":"D","value":"螺旋膜"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"螺旋膜上(D对)有螺旋器,是听觉感受器。壶腹嵴(A错)是位觉感受器。椭圆囊(B错)上有椭圆囊斑,是位觉感受器。螺旋膜又称基底膜,故本题CD均对。"} {"Question":"房水和房水循环的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为无色透明的液体,有折光作用"},{"key":"B","value":"房水可维持正常的眼内压"},{"key":"C","value":"房水由睫状体产生,充填于眼前房内"},{"key":"D","value":"眼前房和眼后房的压力大致相等"},{"key":"E","value":"房水循环受阻可造成眼内压增高"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"房水为无色透明的液体,有折光作用(A对),由睫状体产生,充填于整个眼房内,而非仅仅是眼前房(C错,为本题正确答案),可维持正常的眼内压(B对)。眼前房和眼后房借瞳孔交通,故眼前房和眼后房的压力大致相等(D对)。房水循环受阻可造成眼内压增高(E对)。"} {"Question":"哪个是错的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睫状肌收缩时,睫状小带放松"},{"key":"B","value":"中膜可分为前部的虹膜,中部的睫状体和后部的葡萄膜"},{"key":"C","value":"虹膜和角膜相交处形成前房角"},{"key":"D","value":"看近距离物体时瞳孔缩小"},{"key":"E","value":"睫状体又可分为后部的睫状环和前部的睫状突"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"睫状小带连结睫状体和晶状体,且睫状体肌纤维呈环形分布,当睫状体肌收缩时,睫状小带放松(A对),晶状体凸度变大。眼球从外向内依次分为眼球纤维膜、血管膜和视网膜3层,其血管膜即为眼球中膜。中膜又可分为前部的虹膜, 中部的睫状体和后部的脉络膜,而非葡萄膜(B错,为本题正确答案)。虹膜和角膜相交处形成虹膜角膜角,又称前房角(C对)。在强光下或看近物时,瞳孔缩小(D对)以减小进光量。睫状体可分为后部的睫状环和前部的睫状突(E对)。"} {"Question":"对鼓膜的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是外耳的一部分"},{"key":"B","value":"在位于外耳道与鼓室之间"},{"key":"C","value":"在成人它与外耳道下壁呈45度角"},{"key":"D","value":"光锥是自鼓膜脐向后下方的一个三角形反光区"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"外耳包括耳郭、外耳道和鼓膜3 部分(A对)。鼓膜位于外耳道与鼓室之间(B对),与外耳道底形成约45°~ 50° 的倾斜角(C对)。鼓膜下3\/4 区,坚实紧张,为紧张部,活体呈灰白色,紧张部前下方有一三角形的反光区,称光锥 (D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"巩膜静脉窦位于巩膜与()的交界处","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结膜"},{"key":"B","value":"角膜"},{"key":"C","value":"虹膜"},{"key":"D","value":"睫状体"},{"key":"E","value":"眼静脉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"巩膜静脉窦位于巩膜与角膜(B对)的交界处。"} {"Question":"晶状体因疾病或创伤而变混浊的眼疾称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"白内障"},{"key":"C","value":"近视眼"},{"key":"D","value":"远视眼"},{"key":"E","value":"散光眼"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青光眼(A错)是指房水回流受阻,眼内压增高,视力下降;白内障(B对)是指晶状体因疾病或创伤而变混浊;近视眼(C错)是指眼轴较长或屈光装置的屈光率过强,使物像落在视网膜前;远视眼(D错)眼轴较短或屈光装置的屈光率过弱,使物像则落在视网膜后。散光眼(E错)是指角膜表面各径线曲率不相等称。"} {"Question":"哪种细胞的突起构成视神经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"视锥细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"视杆细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"双极细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"节细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"假单极神经元"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"节细胞(D对)的轴突构成视神经。视锥细胞(A错)和视杆细胞(B错)是感光细胞,不参与构成视神经。双极细胞(C错)传递来自感光细胞的神经冲动,也不参与构成视神经。"} {"Question":"关于黄斑的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于视神经乳头(盘)颞侧约3.5mm处"},{"key":"B","value":"中央有视网膜中央动脉穿出"},{"key":"C","value":"其中央凹陷称中央凹,感光作用最敏锐,但无辨色能力"},{"key":"D","value":"此处无感光细胞,称为生理性盲点"},{"key":"E","value":"视网膜节细胞轴突由此向后穿出眼球壁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"黄斑位于视神经乳头(盘)颞侧约3.5 mm处(A对),其中央凹陷由密集的视锥细胞构成,故感光作用最敏锐,且有辨色能力(C错)。中央有视网膜中动脉穿出(B错)和无感光细胞,称为生理性盲点(D错)的是视神经盘,而非黄斑。视网膜节细胞轴突由视神经盘向后穿出眼球壁(E错),而非黄斑。"} {"Question":"前庭窗后上方是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼓室盖壁"},{"key":"B","value":"面神经凸"},{"key":"C","value":"蜗窗"},{"key":"D","value":"锥隆起"},{"key":"E","value":"乳突窦"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"鼓室盖壁(A错)由颞骨岩部前外侧面的鼓室盖构成,分隔鼓室与颅中窝。前庭窗的后上方有一弓形隆起,称面神经管凸(B对),内藏面神经。岬的后下方有一圆形小孔,称蜗窗或圆窗(C错)。后壁为乳突壁,上部有乳突窦(E错)的入口,鼓室借此连通乳突内的乳突小房。乳突窦入口的下方有锥状突起,称锥隆起(D错)。"} {"Question":"眼视近物时不会发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睫状突外伸"},{"key":"B","value":"睫状肌收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"睫状小带松弛"},{"key":"D","value":"晶状体凸度增加"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"眼视近物时,睫状突内伸(A错,为本题正确答案);睫状肌收缩(B对),睫状小带松弛(C对),晶状体凸度增加(D对)。"} {"Question":"晶状体","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于角膜和玻璃体之间"},{"key":"B","value":"前面曲度大,后面曲度小"},{"key":"C","value":"晶状体实质周围部称晶状体囊"},{"key":"D","value":"晶状体实质中央部称晶状体核"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"晶状体位于虹膜和玻璃体之间(A错),而非角膜和玻璃体之间,前面曲度较小,后面曲度较大(B错),而非前面曲度大,后面曲度小。晶状体囊是晶状体外面包绕的高度弹性的薄膜(C错),而非晶状体实质周围部。晶状体实质周围部较软,称晶状体皮质;晶状体实质中央部较硬,称晶状体核(D对)。"} {"Question":"虹膜与角膜间的环行区域称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"睫状体"},{"key":"B","value":"虹膜角膜角隙"},{"key":"C","value":"虹膜角膜角"},{"key":"D","value":"小梁网"},{"key":"E","value":"睫前静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"虹膜与角膜间的环行区域称虹膜角膜角(C对)。"} {"Question":"角膜表面各径线曲率不相等称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"白内障"},{"key":"C","value":"近视眼"},{"key":"D","value":"远视眼"},{"key":"E","value":"散光眼"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青光眼(A错)是指房水回流受阻,眼内压增高,视力下降;白内障(B错)是指晶状体因疾病或创伤而变混浊;近视眼(C错)是指眼轴较长或屈光装置的屈光率过强,使物像落在视网膜前;远视眼(D错)眼轴较短或屈光装置的屈光率过弱,使物像则落在视网膜后。散光眼(E对)是指角膜表面各径线曲率不相等称。"} {"Question":"视网膜节细胞轴突经过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄斑中央凹"},{"key":"B","value":"视神经盘"},{"key":"C","value":"虹膜"},{"key":"D","value":"睫状小带"},{"key":"E","value":"睫状体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"视网膜节细胞轴突经过视神经盘(B对)。"} {"Question":"视网膜位于眼球壁最内层,其本质属于神经组织,内有光感受器,可以感知外界光线的强弱和颜色。视网膜","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紧贴脉络膜的内面"},{"key":"B","value":"由视锥和视杆细胞、双极细胞和神经节细胞3层构成"},{"key":"C","value":"全层均有感光功能"},{"key":"D","value":"紧邻眼球壁内腔的是视锥、视杆细胞层"},{"key":"E","value":"视网膜的最外层为色素上皮层"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"视网膜紧贴整个血管膜内面,并非仅紧贴于脉络膜内面(A错),且黄斑除仅有视锥细胞构成,并非全层均由视锥和视杆细胞、双极细胞和神经节细胞3层构成(B错)。视网膜分三部,其中仅脉络膜部有感光功能,并非全层均有感光功能(C错)。视网膜还分两层,最外层为色素上皮层(E对),故色素上皮层是紧邻眼球壁内腔的层次,而非视锥、视杆细胞层(D错)。"} {"Question":"眼球壁从外向内分为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"角膜、脉络膜和睫状体"},{"key":"B","value":"外膜、脉络膜和内膜"},{"key":"C","value":"纤维膜、血管膜和视网膜"},{"key":"D","value":"巩膜、视网膜和脉络膜"},{"key":"E","value":"球囊"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"球壁从外向内分为纤维膜、血管膜和视网膜(C对)。"} {"Question":"有关鼓室的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是颞骨岩部内与外界不通的小腔"},{"key":"B","value":"下壁为乳突壁"},{"key":"C","value":"位于外耳与颅后窝之间"},{"key":"D","value":"内有2块听小骨、3块听小肌"},{"key":"E","value":"婴儿骨部和软骨部发育未完全,故检查时须将耳廓向后下方牵拉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鼓室是颞骨岩部内(C错)含气的不规则小腔(A错)。下壁称颈静脉壁(B错)。鼓室内有锤骨、砧骨和镫骨3块听小骨,有鼓膜张肌和镫骨肌2块听小肌(D错)。检查婴儿鼓膜时须将耳廓向后下方牵拉(E对)。"} {"Question":"组成膜迷路的结构有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"椭圆襄、球囊、膜半规管和蜗管"},{"key":"B","value":"椭圆壺、球囊、壶腹崎和蜗管"},{"key":"C","value":"椭圆囊、壶腹峭、膜半规管和螺旋器"},{"key":"D","value":"椭圆囊、膜壶腹、蜗管和螺旋器"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"椭圆囊和球襄、膜半规管和蜗管3部分组成膜迷路(A对BCD错)。"} {"Question":"肝蒂内主要结构排列的位置,由前向后是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝左、右管,肝门静脉左、右支,肝固有动脉左、右支"},{"key":"B","value":"肝固有动脉左、右支,肝左、右管,肝门静脉左、右支"},{"key":"C","value":"肝左、右管,肝固有动脉左、右支,肝门静脉左、右支"},{"key":"D","value":"肝门静脉左、右支,肝左、右管,肝固有动脉左、右支"},{"key":"E","value":"肝固有动脉左、右支,肝门静脉左、右支,肝左、右管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肝蒂内主要结构排列位置,从前向后为肝左、右管,肝固有动脉左、右支,肝门静脉左、右支(C对)。"} {"Question":"一侧收缩时,使舌尖伸向对侧的肌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颏舌肌"},{"key":"B","value":"舌骨舌肌"},{"key":"C","value":"茎突舌肌"},{"key":"D","value":"腭舌肌"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"单侧收缩时,颏舌肌(A对)可使舌尖伸向对侧。"} {"Question":"上消化道不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽"},{"key":"B","value":"口腔"},{"key":"C","value":"胃"},{"key":"D","value":"十二指肠"},{"key":"E","value":"空肠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"上消化道为从口腔到十二指肠的一部分管道,包括咽(A对)、口腔(B对)、胃(C对)、十二指肠(D对),而空肠属于下消化道(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"角切迹位于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃小弯"},{"key":"B","value":"胃大弯"},{"key":"C","value":"胃底与胃体交界处"},{"key":"D","value":"胃大弯与食管左侧交界处"},{"key":"E","value":"幽门与十二指肠之间"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"角切迹位于胃小弯(A对)最低点弯度的明显转折处。"} {"Question":"腹膜外位器官有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"胆囊"},{"key":"C","value":"子宫"},{"key":"D","value":"输尿管"},{"key":"E","value":"直肠上段"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肝(A错)、胆囊(B错)、子宫(C错)、直肠上段(E错)均为腹膜间位器官,输尿管(D对)为腹膜外位器官。"} {"Question":"口腔检查时看不见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腭垂"},{"key":"B","value":"舌体"},{"key":"C","value":"牙"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下阜"},{"key":"E","value":"腮腺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"口腔检查时可见腭垂(A对),舌体(B对),牙(C对),舌下阜(D对),腮腺(E错,为本题正确答案)全部位于皮肤下面,无法看见。"} {"Question":"胰头的描述,何者错误","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"位于第二腰椎右侧"},{"key":"B","value":"其上方、下方、右侧被十二指肠包绕"},{"key":"C","value":"其后方有门静脉通过"},{"key":"D","value":"其下部有突向左后上方的钩突"},{"key":"E","value":"右前方与十二指肠降部间有胆总管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"胰头位于第二腰椎体右侧(A对),其上下方和右侧被十二指肠包绕(B对),其下方与钩突之间有门静脉起始部(C错,为本题正确答案),胰头下方有突向左后上方的钩突(D对),在右前方与十二指肠降部间常有胆总管经过(E对)。"} {"Question":"不含味蕾的结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"菌状乳头"},{"key":"B","value":"轮廓乳头"},{"key":"C","value":"丝状乳头"},{"key":"D","value":"叶状乳头"},{"key":"E","value":"软腭粘膜"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"菌状乳头(A对)、轮廓乳头(B对)及叶状乳头(D对)还有软腭粘膜(E对)上均含味蕾,而丝状乳头上无味蕾(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"直肠上部在矢状面上的骶曲离肛门距离约","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15~16cm"},{"key":"B","value":"13~15cm"},{"key":"C","value":"11~13cm"},{"key":"D","value":"9~11cm"},{"key":"E","value":"7~9cm"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"直肠骶曲距肛门约7~9cm(E对),会阴曲距肛门约3~5cm。"} {"Question":"对内脏的描述,何者正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"包括消化、呼吸、泌尿、生殖四大系统"},{"key":"B","value":"各系统与外界不相通"},{"key":"C","value":"大部分位于胸、腹膜腔内"},{"key":"D","value":"胸、腹膜与会阴不属内脏学范畴"},{"key":"E","value":"消化道的管壁由3层组织构成"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"内脏包括消化、呼吸、泌尿、生殖四大系统(A对),各系统通过孔道直接或间接与外界相通(B错),大部分位于胸腔、腹腔和盆腔内(C错),胸、腹膜与会阴因与内脏密切相关,也属于内脏学范畴(D错),消化道的管壁由4层组织构成(E错),呼吸、泌尿、生殖道各器官由3层组织构成。"} {"Question":"关于食管的位置及狭窄的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全长约40厘米"},{"key":"B","value":"行于脊柱与气管之间"},{"key":"C","value":"第2狭窄位于右主支气管跨越食管前方处"},{"key":"D","value":"与胸导管共同穿经膈的食管裂孔入腹腔"},{"key":"E","value":"颈段最长"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"食管全长约25cm(A错),位于脊柱与气管之间(B对),第2狭窄位于左主支气管跨越食管处(C错),与下腔静脉共同穿膈的食管裂孔进入腹腔(D错),胸段最长(E错)。"} {"Question":"十二指肠空肠曲借十二指肠悬肌固定于腹后壁,其起始位置在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膈肌右脚"},{"key":"B","value":"膈肌左脚"},{"key":"C","value":"膈肌中心腱"},{"key":"D","value":"膈的食管裂孔附近"},{"key":"E","value":"膈的腔静脉孔附近"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"十二指肠空肠去起自膈肌右脚(A对),借十二指肠悬肌固定于腹后壁。"} {"Question":"下列诸肌中,何者一侧收缩时,使舌尖伸向对侧","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颏舌肌"},{"key":"B","value":"舌骨舌肌"},{"key":"C","value":"茎突舌肌"},{"key":"D","value":"舌横肌"},{"key":"E","value":"舌纵肌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"颏舌肌(A对)单侧收缩可使舌尖伸向对侧,舌骨舌肌(B错)收缩可引舌向后下,茎突舌肌(C错)收缩可引舌向后上,舌横肌(D错)收缩可使舌变窄变厚,舌纵肌(E错)收缩可使舌变短卷曲。"} {"Question":"体积最大的舌乳头","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丝状乳头"},{"key":"B","value":"轮廓乳头"},{"key":"C","value":"舌扁桃体"},{"key":"D","value":"菌状乳头"},{"key":"E","value":"叶状乳头"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"轮廓乳头(B对)为体积最大的舌乳头。"} {"Question":"阑尾炎手术时寻找阑尾最可靠的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沿结肠旁沟寻找"},{"key":"B","value":"打开网膜囊找"},{"key":"C","value":"沿小肠系膜寻找"},{"key":"D","value":"沿回肠动脉寻找"},{"key":"E","value":"沿结肠带向盲肠端寻找"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"有三条结肠带会聚于阑尾根部,其中独立带更明显,沿该结肠带向盲肠寻找(E对)最可靠。"} {"Question":"牙周组织包括以下结构","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙槽骨、牙周膜和牙龈"},{"key":"B","value":"牙质、牙釉质和牙龈"},{"key":"C","value":"牙粘合质、牙釉质和牙质"},{"key":"D","value":"牙周膜、牙粘合质和牙质"},{"key":"E","value":"牙槽骨、牙粘合质和牙周膜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"牙周组织包括牙槽骨、牙周膜和牙龈(A对)三部分,牙质、牙釉质为牙组织。"} {"Question":"关于小肠的说法,何者不对","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"上端起自胃的幽门"},{"key":"B","value":"包括十二指肠、空肠、回肠三部分"},{"key":"C","value":"有肠脂垂、结肠带、结肠袋"},{"key":"D","value":"多属于腹膜内位器官"},{"key":"E","value":"管壁由粘膜、粘膜下组织、肌组织和外膜四层构成"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"小肠上端起自胃的幽门(A对),包括十二指肠、空肠、回肠三部分(B对),肠脂垂、结肠袋、结肠带为结肠和盲肠的结构(C错,为本题正确答案),十二指肠上部、空、回肠均为腹膜内位器官(D对),小肠管壁由粘膜、粘膜下组织、肌组织和外膜四层构成(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于牙的叙述,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙是身体最硬的器官"},{"key":"B","value":"由牙本质、牙釉质、牙骨质及牙髓构成"},{"key":"C","value":"据形态和功能,牙可分为切牙、尖牙、前磨牙和磨牙"},{"key":"D","value":"可分为牙冠、牙根、牙颈和牙髓腔四部分"},{"key":"E","value":"乳牙为20颗,恒牙为28~32颗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"牙是人体最坚硬的器官(A对),由牙质、牙釉质、牙骨质及牙髓构成(B对),可分为切牙、尖牙、前磨牙和磨牙(C对),可分为牙冠、牙根和牙颈3部分(D错,为本题正确答案),乳牙共20颗,恒牙全部长齐为32颗,有第三磨牙不萌出者可能为28-32颗(E对)。"} {"Question":"正确描述胃的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中等充盈时位于右季肋区"},{"key":"B","value":"分为胃底、胃体和胃窦"},{"key":"C","value":"角切迹将胃窦分为幽门窦和幽门管"},{"key":"D","value":"幽门窦与幽门管之间有幽门括约肌"},{"key":"E","value":"胃的入口称贲门,出口称幽门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"胃在中度充盈时大部分位于左季肋区,小部分位于腹上区(A错),胃分为贲门部、胃底、胃体和胃窦(B错),中间沟将胃窦分为幽门窦和幽门管(C错),幽门括约肌位于幽门瓣深面(D错),胃的入口称贲门,出口称幽门(E对)。"} {"Question":"肝左、中、右静脉出肝的部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝圆韧带"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉韧带"},{"key":"C","value":"第2肝门"},{"key":"D","value":"肝总管"},{"key":"E","value":"胆总管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"第2肝门(C对)为肝左、中、右静脉出肝的部位。"} {"Question":"下列哪些不属于咽淋巴环的组成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽扁桃体"},{"key":"B","value":"腭扁桃体"},{"key":"C","value":"舌扁桃体"},{"key":"D","value":"咽鼓管扁桃体"},{"key":"E","value":"集合淋巴滤泡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"咽扁桃体(A对)、腭扁桃体(B对)、舌扁桃体(C对)和咽鼓管扁桃体(D对)共同组成咽淋巴环,集合淋巴滤泡(E错,为本题正确答案)多位于回肠下部。"} {"Question":"参与围成胆囊三角的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝圆韧带"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉韧带"},{"key":"C","value":"第2肝门"},{"key":"D","value":"肝总管"},{"key":"E","value":"胆总管"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胆囊三角由胆囊管、肝总管(D对)和肝脏面围成。"} {"Question":"食物易滞留的部位","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咽后壁"},{"key":"B","value":"软腭黏膜"},{"key":"C","value":"扁桃体窝"},{"key":"D","value":"梨状隐窝"},{"key":"E","value":"咽隐窝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"食物易滞留的部位是梨状隐窝(D对)。"} {"Question":"直肠盆部肠腔内,有半月形的直肠横襞,其中最大而明显的中横襞","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恒定位于直肠前左侧壁,距肛门5cm"},{"key":"B","value":"恒定位于直肠前右侧壁,距肛门5cm"},{"key":"C","value":"恒定位于直肠右侧壁,距肛门7cm"},{"key":"D","value":"恒定位于直肠后左侧壁,距肛门5cm"},{"key":"E","value":"恒定位于直肠后左侧壁,距肛门7cm"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"最大和明显的横襞为中横襞,位置恒定于直肠右前壁(ADE错),距肛门7cm(B错C对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪个不是大消化腺","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腮腺"},{"key":"B","value":"舌腺"},{"key":"C","value":"下颌下腺"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"胰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大消化腺包括大唾液腺、肝(D对)和胰(E对),大唾液腺又包括腮腺(A对),下颌下腺(C对)以及舌下腺(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"小肠","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"包括十二指肠、空肠和回肠"},{"key":"B","value":"空肠占其全长的3\/5"},{"key":"C","value":"均借肠系膜连于腹后壁"},{"key":"D","value":"肠壁内有丰富的集合淋巴滤泡"},{"key":"E","value":"均属腹膜内位器官"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小肠包括十二指肠、空肠和回肠(A对),空肠占全长的2\/5(B错),空回肠借肠系膜系于腹后壁而十二指肠上无系膜(C错),集合淋巴滤泡多位于回肠下部(D错),十二指肠中除始末两端其他均为腹膜外位器官(E错)。"} {"Question":"正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牙质外面均覆有釉质"},{"key":"B","value":"牙根部外面才覆有釉质"},{"key":"C","value":"牙冠的牙质外面覆有釉质"},{"key":"D","value":"牙的中央有腔,称牙髓"},{"key":"E","value":"牙包括牙质、牙龈、牙髓和牙釉质四种成分"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"牙质和牙根外覆有牙骨质(AB错),牙冠外覆有釉质(C对),牙中央的腔称为牙腔,里面容纳牙髓(D错),牙包括牙质、牙骨质、牙髓和牙釉质四种,不含牙龈(E错)。"} {"Question":"乳牙和恒牙的数目及出牙时间,应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳牙20个,出生后6个月开始萌出;恒牙32个,6~7岁开始长出"},{"key":"B","value":"乳牙16个,出生后6个月开始萌出;恒牙32个,6~7岁开始长出"},{"key":"C","value":"乳牙20个,6~7岁开始出齐;恒牙32个,10岁左右出齐"},{"key":"D","value":"乳牙20个,2岁左右出齐;恒牙30个,14岁左右出齐"},{"key":"E","value":"以上均不正确"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"乳牙共20个(B错),出生6个月开始萌出,3岁左右出齐,恒牙14岁左右出齐(C错),共32个(D错),6岁左右开始长出(A对)。"} {"Question":"属于健康观内容的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"顸防为主"},{"key":"B","value":"三级预防"},{"key":"C","value":"强化社区行动"},{"key":"D","value":"人人享有卫生保健"},{"key":"E","value":"群众性自我保健"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"WHO宪章中,对健康定义为是整个身体、精神和社会生活的完好状态,而不仅仅是没有疾病或不虚弱。它认为健康是一种“状态”,人的健康状况往往波动于健康与疾病之间的过程中。他的积极意义是更全面地考虑到人们的生物、心理与社会因素对健康和疾病的作用,反映了生物-心理-社会医学模式符合现代整体医学模式,这一健康观(预防医学第三版P4)也包括了综合性保健观念的三级预防(B对)。"} {"Question":"不属于预防医学的道德要求的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"爱岗敬业,宣传卫生法规,言传身教"},{"key":"B","value":"改善工作和学习环境,严把防疫和食品卫生规范"},{"key":"C","value":"严格监管、控制污染,保护生态环境,促进社会文明,科学严谨,实事求是,信息透明公开"},{"key":"D","value":"防疫工作者有权在疫区切断传染病传播途径的各种措施"},{"key":"E","value":"提高社区服务水平,保障妇女儿童和老年人权益"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"预防医学的道德要求:1.爱岗敬业(A对),奉献实干,献身预防:2.宣传大卫生观,贯彻预防为主的理念(A对):3.健康教育中言传身教(A对),提倡健康和行为习惯双向互动的道德责任:4.改善工作和学习环境(B对),关怀劳动场所和学校卫生水平:5.提高社区卫生服务水平,保障妇女儿童和老年人的健康权益(E对):6.严把防疫与食品卫生关(B对),控制人群疾病发生的社会责任:7.严格监管,控制污染,保护生态环境,促进社会文明(C对):8.科学严谨,实事求是,信息透明公开(C对),尊重民众知情权:9.清正廉洁,秉公执法,守护健康,甘于做幕后英雄。因此,防疫工作者有权在疫区切断传染病传播途径的各种措施不属于预防医学的道德要求,且在疫区切断传染病传播途径应由政府组织力量进行防治(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"目前临床常用的戒烟药物包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去甲替林"},{"key":"B","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"C","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"尼古丁贴片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"尼古丁替代疗法类药物是常用的戒烟药物,现有剂型包括咀嚼胶、贴片、吸入剂、喷雾剂、含片等,因此,尼古丁贴片是目前临床常用的戒烟药物(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列含锌最丰富的食物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鱼贝类"},{"key":"B","value":"海带"},{"key":"C","value":"木耳"},{"key":"D","value":"绿色蔬菜"},{"key":"E","value":"牛乳及乳制品"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"锌的来源广泛,鱼贝类(A对)海产品、红色肉类及其内脏均为锌的良好来源,海带(B错)主要是含碘,含锌量不及鱼贝类,蛋类、牛乳及乳制品(E错)、谷类胚芽、木耳(C错)等含锌量明显少于鱼贝类。绿色蔬菜(D错)和水果锌含量较低。"} {"Question":"某女性患者,45岁,体检结果显示:血压180\/100mmHg,体重68Kg,身高160cm(BMI=26.6),甘油三酯4.5mmol\/L,胆固醇5.1mmol\/L。该患者营养状况判断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥胖"},{"key":"B","value":"严重肥胖"},{"key":"C","value":"消瘦"},{"key":"D","value":"超重"},{"key":"E","value":"正常"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人体测量是评价营养状况的综合观察指标,常用的指标有体重、身高、皮褶厚度及上臀围等,其中以体重,身高最为重要,BMI=体重(kg)\/[身高(m)]2。本题中BMI=26.6在24.0~27.9范围内,故属于超重(D对)。肥胖(AB错)是BMI≥28。消瘦是(C错)BMI<18.5。正常(E错)是BMI为18.5~23.9。"} {"Question":"进行膳食调查的主要目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"了解有无膳食缺乏症"},{"key":"B","value":"了解膳食组成及营养素摄取情况"},{"key":"C","value":"了解机体营养情况"},{"key":"D","value":"了解当地平均生活水平"},{"key":"E","value":"了解体内的营养素水平"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"膳食调查属于营养调查的一部分,通过了解被调查对象在一定时间内通过膳食摄取的能量、各种营养素的数量和质量,据此来评价个体或群体的膳食数量和质量,以及评价被调查对象能量和营养素需求获得满足的程度(B对)。了解体内的营养素水平是膳食调查的其中一个目的,描述不够全面(E错)。营养缺乏症的发生通过人体营养水平的生化检验来发现(A错)。了解机体营养情况最好的方法是人体测量资料分析(C错)。了解当地平均生活水平是营养调查的目的之一(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列不属于临床预防服务内容的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性病的自我管理"},{"key":"B","value":"健康筛检"},{"key":"C","value":"化学预防"},{"key":"D","value":"健康教育"},{"key":"E","value":"免疫接种"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"临床预防服务的实施主体是医务人员,而慢性病的自我管理是慢性病患者的预防性干预与卫生保健活动(A错,为本题正确答案)。健康筛检指运用快速简便的测试、体格或实验室检查等方法,在健康人群中发现未被识别的可疑患者、健康缺陷者及高危个体的一项预防措施,属于第二级预防措施(B对)。化学预防指对无症状者使用药物、营养素(包括矿物质)、生物制剂或其他天然物质作为第一级预防措施,提高人群抵抗疾病的能力,防止某些疾病的发生(C对)。通过对个体进行有针对性的健康教育,提高求医者自我保健意识,并与求医者共同制定改变不良健康行为的计划,督促求医者执行干预计划等,促使他们自觉地采纳有益于健康的行为,消除或减轻影响健康的危险因素,是医务人员提供的一级预防措施(D对)。免疫接种是指将抗原或抗体注入机体,使人体获得对某些疾病的特异性抵抗力,从而保护易感人群,预防传染病发生,是针对易感人群的临床预防服务(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,15岁。最近出现视物不清,且逐渐加重,全身皮肤干燥,脱屑。该患者可能缺乏","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"钙"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"C","value":"核黄素"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素PP"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"维生素A缺乏可导致暗适应能力下降,结膜干燥角化可形成眼干燥症,严重可致失明;题中患者出现视物不清,且逐渐加重,符合这一症状。维生素A缺乏还可引起皮肤干燥,题中患者全身皮肤干燥,脱屑,同样符合(B对)。钙(A错)缺乏可引起骨骼病变,如儿童佝偻病、成人骨质软化及老年人骨质疏松症。维生素B₂(核黄素)(C错)缺乏可出现口角炎、眼睑缘炎和阴囊皮炎。烟酸(维生素PP)(D错)缺乏可引起皮炎、舌炎、肠炎、精神异常及周围神经炎等疾病。维生素C(E错)缺乏可引起坏血病,临床症状为牙龈肿胀出血、结膜出血和关节疼痛等。"} {"Question":"食物蛋白质的生物学价值最高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大米"},{"key":"B","value":"玉米"},{"key":"C","value":"黄豆"},{"key":"D","value":"鱼"},{"key":"E","value":"鸡蛋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鸡蛋(E对)蛋白质生物学价值最高,因为氨基酸模式与人体的最接近,人体最容易吸收利用。与动物蛋白相比,黄豆(B错)中蛋白质的含量(约20%~40%)比鸡蛋(约10%~20%)高,但是氨基酸模式却不及鸡蛋。大米(A错)、玉米(B错)蛋白质含量较低,氨基酸模式与人类差别较大,消化吸收率较低,因此其蛋白质的生物学价值不高。鱼(D错)虽然是优质蛋白,但如鸡蛋相比,在氨基酸模式上有一定的差别,故鱼的蛋白质生物学价值不及鸡蛋。"} {"Question":"在一项队列研究中,非暴露组150名中15人患高血压,暴露组200人中30人患高血压。归因危险度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.15"},{"key":"B","value":"0.1"},{"key":"C","value":"1.5"},{"key":"D","value":"0.05"},{"key":"E","value":"0.25"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"归因危险度是暴露组发病率与对照组发病率的差值,由题目可知,在该项队列研究中,非暴露组150名中15人患高血压,暴露组200人中30人患高血压,归因危险度为:AR=30\/200-15\/150=0.05(D对)。"} {"Question":"在800名病例与800名对照的病例对照研究中,有300名病例和100名对照有暴露史,OR值应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.4"},{"key":"B","value":"2.3"},{"key":"C","value":"4.2"},{"key":"D","value":"无法计算"},{"key":"E","value":"5"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据OR定义计算,病例中有暴露史为300(a)人,对照组有暴露史100(b),病例中无暴露史500(c)人,对照组无暴露史700(d)人。OR=(a\/c)\/(b\/d)=4.2(C对)。"} {"Question":"某学者为探讨某药物对某病的疗效,选取了120例该病患者,随机分为服用该药的治疗组和使用标准疗法的对照组,随访观察时,观察者与患者均不知道两组接受的措施,一个月后,观察疗效,结果治疗组60名患者中有40人有效,对照组60名中有20人有效,经统计学检查,两组差异具有统计学意义。该药物对疾病治疗的有效率为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"(20\/120)×100%=16,7%"},{"key":"B","value":"(40\/60)×100%=66.7%"},{"key":"C","value":"[(40+20)\/120]×100%=50.0%"},{"key":"D","value":"(20\/40)×100%=50.0%"},{"key":"E","value":"(20\/60)×100%=33.3%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题求该药物对疾病治疗的有效率,选取了120例患者作为治疗的总人数,采取了双盲的资料收集方式(研究对象和观察者均不知患者分组情况和治疗措施),即该药物有效率=有效数\/治疗总数×100%=66.7%(B对)。"} {"Question":"研究者对某铜矿厂全体男职工共150人开展一项前列腺癌筛查研究,筛查出阳性为100人,其中有73人确诊为前列腺癌:阴性为50人,确诊没有前列腺癌的为43人。则约登指数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.43"},{"key":"B","value":"0.52"},{"key":"C","value":"0.76"},{"key":"D","value":"0.88"},{"key":"E","value":"0.97"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"约登指数又称正确指数,是灵敏度和特异度之和减1。用a代表真阳性,b代表假阳性,c代表假阴性,d代表真阴性,灵敏度=a\/a+c=73\/73+7=0.91,特异度=d\/b+d=43\/27+43=0.61,约登指数=0.91+0.61-1=0.52(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是表示疾病流行强度的指标","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暴发"},{"key":"B","value":"大流行"},{"key":"C","value":"短期波动"},{"key":"D","value":"散发"},{"key":"E","value":"流行"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"暴发(A对)、大流行(B对)、散发(D对)、流行(E对)均为表示疾病流行强度的指标。 短期波动为疾病的时间分布特征的一种类型,不是表示疾病流行强度的指标,其含义与疾病流行强度指标中的暴发相似,区别在于暴发常用于较局限的区域和较小的人群,而短期波动常用于较大区域和较大的人群(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"用一种筛检乳腺癌的试验,对400例患有乳腺癌的妇女和400名正常妇女进行筛检,结果前者中80例阳性,后者中40例阳性。该试验的阳性似然比为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.5"},{"key":"B","value":"5"},{"key":"C","value":"4"},{"key":"D","value":"10"},{"key":"E","value":"2"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"根据表6-2 评价试验的整理表,该实验中病例数(a+c)为400例患有乳腺癌的妇女,a为80例阳性的患有乳腺癌的妇女,可得c为320名阴性的患有乳腺癌的妇女,非病例数(b+d)为400名正常妇女,b为40例阳性的正常妇女,可得d为360名阴性的正常妇女。根据以上数据,结合特异度计算公式,可以得出特异度=d\/b+d ×100%=90%,假阳性率=b\/b+d ×100%=10%,灵敏度= a\/a+c ×100%=20%,假阴性率= c\/a+c ×100%=80%。因此根据阳性似然比的计算公式可得:阳性似然比=真阳性率\/假阳性率=灵敏度\/1-特异度=2(E对)。"} {"Question":"在病例对照研究中,估计某因素与疾病的联系程度,应计算","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"RR"},{"key":"B","value":"RR-1"},{"key":"C","value":"OR"},{"key":"D","value":"OR-1"},{"key":"E","value":"P1-PO"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"病例对照研究不能计算发病率,也就无法得到RR,只能以OR估计RR(C对),并以此估计暴露与疾病之间的关联强度。OR(比值比,也称优势比或交叉乘积比)(P066)是病例组的暴露比值与对照组的暴露比值之比。RR(相对危险度,也称危险比或率比)(P057)是暴露组发病率(或死亡率)与非暴露组发病率(或死亡率)的比值。"} {"Question":"对儿童进行乙肝型肝炎疫苗接种的临床试验研究,为评价其流行病学预防效果,最好选用的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"效果指数"},{"key":"B","value":"发病率"},{"key":"C","value":"感染率"},{"key":"D","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"E","value":"病死率"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"疫苗效果评价包括两种,分别是免疫学效果评价和流行病学效果评价,前者是通过接种后人群抗体阳转率、抗体评价滴度和抗体持续时间进行评价。后者是根据同期随机对照双盲试验结果,计算疫苗保护率和效果指数进行评价(A对)。"} {"Question":"下列属于疾病三间分布的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"时间、地区、人群"},{"key":"B","value":"散发、流行、大流行"},{"key":"C","value":"散发、流行、暴发"},{"key":"D","value":"周期性、季节性、长期性"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"疾病的三间分布是指地区分布、时间分布、人群分布(A对)。"} {"Question":"用钼靶X线摄片检查方法做乳腺癌的筛检试验,分别检查了100名经活检确诊为乳腺癌的妇女和100名未患乳腺癌的妇女,结果如下:乳腺癌妇女筛查结果阳性64例,阴性36例;非乳腺癌妇女筛查结果阳性16例,阴性84例。此项筛检试验中灵敏度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"16%"},{"key":"B","value":"84%"},{"key":"C","value":"64%"},{"key":"D","value":"36%"},{"key":"E","value":"74%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"灵敏度指金标准确诊的病例中待评价试验也判断为阳性者所占的百分比,灵敏度=a\/(a+c)×100%,其中a代表真阳性,c代表假阴性。根据题目描述,可知a为64,c为36,灵敏度=64\/(64+36)×100%=64%(C对)。"} {"Question":"Meta分析中常见的偏倚不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"引用偏倚"},{"key":"B","value":"发表偏倚"},{"key":"C","value":"文献库偏倚"},{"key":"D","value":"失访偏倚"},{"key":"E","value":"多次发表偏倚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"Meta分析是对先前研究结果进行统计合并和评述的一种新方法,在文献查找和选择过程中,如果处理不当,会引入偏倚,导致合并后的结果歪曲了真实的情况。Meta分析过程中引入的偏倚有:发表偏倚(B对)、定位偏移、引用偏倚(A对)、多次发表偏倚(E对)和有偏倚的入选标准。其中定位偏倚又包括英语偏倚和文献库偏倚(C对)。失访偏倚只发生于随访性质的研究中,如队列研究、实验研究、预后观察等。失访原因主要是:有人不能坚持而退出队列(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"某公司员工36岁,因感冒去医院看病,医生帮他测量血压。这是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗性体检"},{"key":"B","value":"社会性体检"},{"key":"C","value":"机会性筛检"},{"key":"D","value":"定期健康体检"},{"key":"E","value":"随机性筛检"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该患者因感冒去看病,医生帮忙测血压是医疗服务过程中的一项体格检查,是以疾病诊治为目的体检,属于医疗性体检(A对)。健康体检是疾病普查的常用方法之一:①医疗性体检(A对):是以诊治患者的疾病为目的的体检。②社会性体检(B错):是指人在进行相关社会活动(如办理入职、入学、出国、结婚等)时,需要进行的体检。③定期健康检查(D错):是指按一定的时间间隔进行的健康检查。筛查的对象很明确是健康的人群,而在本题中该员工“因感冒”就医,可见机会性筛检(C错)、随机性筛检(E错)均不符合题意。"} {"Question":"下列均为大气污染对健康的直接损害,除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"机体免疫力下降"},{"key":"C","value":"儿童佝偻病的发生增加"},{"key":"D","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"E","value":"致癌作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"大气污染对健康的直接危害包括急性中毒(A对)和慢性危害。机体免疫力下降(B对)、变态反应(D对)、致癌作用(E对)均属于大气污染对健康直接危害中的慢性危害。儿童佝偻病属于大气污染对健康的间接损害(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"吸烟是肺癌的危险因素,下列吸烟的相关因素中与肺癌关系不密切的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"烟草燃烧所产生的一氧化碳量"},{"key":"B","value":"吸烟量"},{"key":"C","value":"烟草中尼古丁含量"},{"key":"D","value":"烟草中焦油含量"},{"key":"E","value":"吸烟年数"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"烟草中尼古丁含量(C错,为本题正确答案)与成瘾有关。肺癌的发生和吸烟量(B对)、焦油含量(D对)、吸烟年数(E对)是密切相关的,一氧化碳 (CO) 是烟草烟雾中的主要成分,CO与血红蛋白结合,而导致机体处于相对低氧状态,为了应对低氧,红细胞体积和数目代偿性增加红细胞体积和数目的增加使血黏滞度增加,导致体内处于高凝状态,呼吸道长期受一氧化碳的刺激,呼吸道上皮组织异常增生,导致癌化发展(A对)。"} {"Question":"属于工作相关疾病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"职业性肿瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"职业有关抑郁症"},{"key":"C","value":"职业性铅中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"职业性苯中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"工伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"职业性病伤是指由职业性有害因素引起或与职业性有害因素有关的疾病及健康伤害,包括职业病、工作有关疾病和工伤(E错)。常见的工作有关疾病有:矿工的消化性溃疡;监狱警察的高血压;行政主管的冠心病;与职业有关的抑郁症(B对)、焦虑症等。职业病分为10大类132个病种,包括:①职业性尘肺病及其他呼吸系统疾病19种;②职业性皮肤病9种;③职业性眼病3种;④职业性耳鼻喉口腔疾病4种;⑤职业性化学中毒60种(如职业性铅中毒、职业性苯中毒)(CD错);⑥物理因素所致职业病7种;⑦职业性放射性疾病11种;⑧职业性传染病5种;⑨职业性肿瘤11种;⑩其他职业病3种。"} {"Question":"对儿童进行乙型肝炎疫苗接种的临床试验研究,为评价其流行病学预防效果,最好选用的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病率"},{"key":"B","value":"效果指数"},{"key":"C","value":"感染率"},{"key":"D","value":"死亡率"},{"key":"E","value":"病死率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"为评价其流行病学预防效果,最好选用的指标是效果指数(B对),即对照组发病率\/接种组发病率。发病率(A错)指某病新发病例出现的频率。感染率(C错)指某病现有感染者人数所占的比例,它是评价人群健康状况常用的指标。死亡率(D错)指某人群中死于某病(或死于所有原因)的频率,它是测量人群死亡危险最常用的指标。病死率(E错)指患某病的全部病人中因该病死亡者所占的比例,它可反映疾病的严重程度和医疗、诊断水平,主要用于病程短且易引起死亡的疾病,多用于急性传染病。"} {"Question":"光化学烟雾是由下列哪些环境污染物在强烈的太阳紫外线作用下,发生光化学反应而形成的一种浅蓝色烟雾","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"H₂S、CO"},{"key":"B","value":"CO₂、NOₓ"},{"key":"C","value":"NOₓ、烃类"},{"key":"D","value":"烃类、醛类"},{"key":"E","value":"醛类、酮类"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"NOx、烃类在强烈日光紫外线照射下,经过一系列光化学反应而生成的浅蓝色烟雾(C对),成分主要是臭氧、过氧酰基硝酸酯、醛类、酮类、过氧化氢等。"} {"Question":"严重环境污染引起的区域性疾病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公害病"},{"key":"B","value":"职业病"},{"key":"C","value":"食物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"地域性疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"地方性疾病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"公害病(A对)指由人类活动造成严重环境污染引起公害所发生的地区性疾病。职业病(B错)是指企业、事业单位和个体经济组织的劳动者在职业活动中,因接触粉尘、放射性物质和其他有毒、有害物质等因素而引起的疾病。食物中毒(C错)是指患者所进食物被细菌或细菌毒素污染,或食物含有毒素而引起的急性中毒性疾病。地域性疾病和地方性疾病(D、E错)均指有严格区域特点的一类疾病。"} {"Question":"对食物中毒的正确描述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一种食源性肠道传染病的总称"},{"key":"B","value":"摄入有毒有害物质的食品而引起的非传染性急性、亚急性疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"长期摄入过量食物后引起的非传染性急性、亚急性疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"长期摄入某些有毒有害食品引起的慢性毒害性疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"由致病性细菌引起的食源性疾病的总称"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"食物中毒是指食用了被有毒有害物质污染的食品或者食用了含有毒有害物质的食品后出现的一种不会在人与人之间直接传染的急性、亚急性疾病(B对)。食源性肠道传染病是由于自然灾害对基本生活条件的破坏,造成食品供应不足,人们被迫在恶劣条件下储存食品,加工食品造成食品的腐败和霉变所引起的传染性疾病(A错)。食物中毒属于食源性疾病之一,它不包括因暴食暴饮而引起的急性胃肠炎、食源性肠道传染病和寄生虫病、食物过敏,也不包括因一次大量或长期少量多次摄人某些有毒、有害物质而引起的以慢性中毒为主要特征的疾病。长期摄入过量食物会造成肥胖的发生(C错)。长期摄入某些有毒有害食品引起的慢性毒害性疾病是由食物中的有毒物质引起的一种慢性疾病(D错)。由致病性细菌或其毒素污染的食品引起的是细菌性食物中毒(E错)。"} {"Question":"构成传染病流行过程的必备因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宿主,环境,病因"},{"key":"B","value":"传染源,传播途径,易感人群"},{"key":"C","value":"寄生虫,中间宿主,终末宿主"},{"key":"D","value":"社会因素,自然因素,遗传因素"},{"key":"E","value":"病原体及机体"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"构成传染病流行过程的必备因素有传染源、传播途径、易感人群(B对)。宿主是传染病发生的基本的条件之一,环境是影响传染病流行过程的因素,病因是传染病发生的原因(A错) 。病原体(如寄生虫)及宿主(即机体,如中间宿主、终末宿主)是传染病发生的两个最基本的条件(CE错) 。社会因素,自然因素(D错)是影响传染病流行过程的因素 。"} {"Question":"上述各因素中最可能致肝癌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期饮用含藻类毒素的宅沟水或井水"},{"key":"B","value":"职业性接触石棉"},{"key":"C","value":"人乳头状瘤病毒18型感染"},{"key":"D","value":"职业性接触联苯胺"},{"key":"E","value":"职业性接触铅"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"被污染的饮用水和含酒精饮料(流行病学第六版P382):长期饮用含藻类毒素的宅沟水或井水的地区,可致当地肝癌发病率显著升高(A对)。石棉、放射性矿物、镍、铬、砷等粉尘均可致肺部肿瘤(B错)。石棉不但可致肺组织纤维化(八年制预防医学第二版P105),引起石棉肺,且石棉可引起胸膜和腹膜恶性间皮瘤和肺癌。人乳头状瘤病毒18型感染是宫颈癌的致癌因子(C错)。联苯胺和乙萘胺等引起职业性膀胱癌(D错)。吸人铅、砷、锰等粉尘,可被吸收导致全身中毒(E错)。职业性接触铅可引起职业性铅中毒,多为慢性中毒(八年制预防医学第二版P75),早期表现为乏力、关节肌肉酸痛、胃肠道症状等,随着病情的进展出现神经、消化、血液等系统症状(E错)。"} {"Question":"以下属于公共卫生工作特有的伦理原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生命价值原则"},{"key":"B","value":"尊重自主原则"},{"key":"C","value":"最优化原则"},{"key":"D","value":"隐私保密原则"},{"key":"E","value":"公众参与原则"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"公共卫生就是组织社会共同努力,改善环境卫生条件,预防控制传染病和其他疾病流行,培养良好卫生习惯和文明生活方式,提供医疗服务,达到预防疾病,促进入民身体健康的目的。因此,公共卫生建设需要国家、社会、团体和民众的广泛参与,共同努力(E对)。生命价值原则(A错)和最优化原则(C错)体现在树立全面的利益观,真诚关心病人的以生命和健康为核心的客观利益和主观利益:提供最优化服务,努力使病人受益。尊重自主原则(B错)即尊重患者的自主权利,医生尊重病人的自主性,保证病人自己做主、理性地选择诊疗方式和手段。隐私保密原则(D错)体现在尊重患者的隐私权,医疗职业使医生常常可以了解到病人的某些隐私,对病人这些隐私,医务人员要保密,否则泄露出去会给病人造成身心上的伤害。以上四个原则基本上属于临床工作伦理原则,用于调节医患关系。"} {"Question":"我国发病率最高的食物中毒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学性食物中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"有毒动物中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"有毒植物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌性食物中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"霉菌毒素食物中毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"我国发病率最高的食物中毒是细菌性食物中毒,最为常见(D对),发病率较高。化学性食物中毒发病率、病死率均较高,但在食物中毒中不是最常见的(A错)。动物性食物中毒发病率较高,病死率因含有毒成分不同而异(B错)。有毒植物中毒发病率和病死率因中毒食品种类不同而异(C错)。真菌及其毒素食物中毒发病率和病死率较高,发病有明显的季节性和地区性,但在食物中毒中不是最常见(E错)。"} {"Question":"在某工地食堂用餐后半小时左右,有多名工人口唇指甲和全身皮肤出现紫绀,并出现精神萎靡、头晕、头痛、乏力、心跳加速,有的伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀、烦燥不安、呼吸困难。其最大可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"河豚鱼中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"四季豆中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"亚硝酸盐中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"沙门菌中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患病工人最大可能是亚硝酸盐中毒(C对)。中毒工人出现紫绀,并出现精神萎靡、头晕、头痛、乏力、心跳加速,有的伴有恶心、呕吐、腹胀、烦燥不安、呼吸困难。这些都是亚硝酸盐中毒(C对)的典型临床表现。河豚鱼中毒(P328)(A错)主要临床表现是口唇麻痹、恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻、严重的有眼睑下垂、全身麻痹甚至死亡。最重要的是有河豚食用史。四季豆中毒(P330)(B错)多表现为急性胃肠炎症状、没有发绀表现。沙门菌中毒(P326)(D错)潜伏期一般4~48小时,腹泻一日可数次至十数次,为有恶臭的黄色或黄绿色水样便,有时还伴有脓血。同时伴有高热。没有发绀。葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒(P326)(E错)潜伏期一般2~4小时主要表现为低热、恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻,腹泻多为水样便或黏液便,无发绀。"} {"Question":"公共卫生的功能不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提供公平有效的公共服务"},{"key":"B","value":"预防疾病的发生和传播"},{"key":"C","value":"预防意外伤害"},{"key":"D","value":"研究具体的临床治疗措施"},{"key":"E","value":"促进和鼓励健康行为"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"公共卫生是通过有组织的社区努力来预防疾病、延长寿命、促进健康和提高效益的科学和艺术。研究具体的临床治疗措施是临床医师在面对具体患者时的任务,不属于公共卫生范畴(D错,为本题正确答案)。提供公平有效的公共服务(A对)、预防疾病的发生和传播(B对)、预防意外伤害(C对)和促进和鼓励健康行为(E对)是公共卫生具体功能之一。"} {"Question":"某厂工人经常接触职业性有害因素。该地医疾病预防控制中心(CDC)每年对该厂工人进行职业健康检查,以尽早发现病损并及时处理。CDC进行的此项工作属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健康监护"},{"key":"B","value":"临床治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"职业卫生学现场调查"},{"key":"D","value":"病因预防"},{"key":"E","value":"预防性职业卫生监督"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"CDC对经常接触职业性有害因素的工人进行职业健康检查,以尽早发现病损并及时处理。属于健康监护(A对)。病因预防(D错),是从根本上消除或控制职业性有害因素对人的作用和损害,即改革生产工艺和生产设备,合理利用防护设施及个人防护用品,以减少或消除工人接触的机会。"} {"Question":"对于社区诊断描述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"个体水平上的疾病判断"},{"key":"B","value":"依据的是症状、体征和实验室检查结果"},{"key":"C","value":"理论基础是临床专业知识"},{"key":"D","value":"通常采用的是流行病学方法"},{"key":"E","value":"是一种在疾病发生后的诊断"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"社区诊断是指社区卫生工作者通过一定的定性与定量的调查研究方法,收集必要的资料,通过科学、客观地分析确定并得到社区人群认可的该社区主要的公共卫生问题及社区现有资源状况,为社区预防服务计划的制订提供科学依据。社区诊断是通过定期系统地收集、整理、分析社区的健康信息,包括反映健康状况的统计学资料,社区卫生需求以及有关健康问题的流行病学和其他研究的资料作出的。由此可知,对于社区诊断描述正确的是通常采用的是流行病学方法(D对),个体水平上的疾病判断(A错)、依据的是症状体征和实验室检查结果(B错)、理论基础是临床专业知识(C错)、是一种在疾病发生后的诊断(E错)均为描述临床诊断的内容。"} {"Question":"某医院抽样调查100名健康人血清。求得平均数为4.800,标准差为0.7920,求其标准误为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.0792"},{"key":"B","value":"0.792"},{"key":"C","value":"0.0079"},{"key":"D","value":"0.048"},{"key":"E","value":"7.92"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"根据题意,本题属于标准误的计算,标准误即均数的抽样误差。由计算公式为:σ`x=σ\/√n 可知,标准误=0.7920\/√100=0.0792( A对)。"} {"Question":"在假设检验中为了减小犯Ⅱ型错误的概率,应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严格做到均衡"},{"key":"B","value":"保留有效数字更多位数"},{"key":"C","value":"减小犯Ⅰ型错误的概率"},{"key":"D","value":"增加样本量"},{"key":"E","value":"更好随机抽样"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"假设检验中为了减小犯Ⅱ型错误的概率可以通过增加样本量的方法实现(D对)。"} {"Question":"若不知总体标准差,反映均数抽样误差大小的指标,用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"S"},{"key":"B","value":"Sx"},{"key":"C","value":"Sp"},{"key":"D","value":"σp"},{"key":"E","value":"σx"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"均数的标准误可以用来表示均数抽样误差的大小,当总体标准差σ未知时,可利用公式S`X= S\/√n来计算样本均数标准误S`X,总而得到反映均数抽样误差大小的指标(B对)。"} {"Question":"调查发现某高原地区居民结肠癌发病率高于全国平均水平,研究者注意到该地区人民饮食习惯均有高脂肪摄入,低水果,蔬菜摄入的特点,拟开展一项课题研究,分析饮食习惯与结肠癌的关系,考虑到因果现象发生的时间顺序,最佳的研究方式为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生态学研究"},{"key":"B","value":"队列研究"},{"key":"C","value":"横断面研究"},{"key":"D","value":"临床对照研究"},{"key":"E","value":"临床试验"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"调查发现某高原地区居民结肠癌发病率高于全国平均水平,研究者注意到该地区人民饮食习惯均有高脂肪摄入,低水果,蔬菜摄入的特点,拟开展一项课题研究,分析饮食习惯与结肠癌的关系,这是一项“由因寻果”的课题研究,故最佳的研究方式为队列研究(B对)。生态学研究是在群体的水平上研究某种因素与疾病之间的关系(A错)。横断面研究是在某一特定时间对某一范围内的人群,以单人为单位收集和描述人群的特征以及疾病或健康状况(C错)。临床对照研究是在保证其他因素一致,以单一变量为主进行对照试验(D错)。临床试验是指任何在人体(病人或健康志愿者)进行药物的系统性研究(E错)。"} {"Question":"当样本含量固定时,第一类错误α和第二类错误β的关系有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α愈大,β可能愈大"},{"key":"B","value":"α﹥β"},{"key":"C","value":"α<β"},{"key":"D","value":"α愈大,β可能愈小"},{"key":"E","value":"α=β"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"当样本含量固定时,第一类错误α和第二类错误β的关系:α指越小,β越大;反之α愈大,β可能愈小(D对)。"} {"Question":"某医师进行一项随机对照临床试验以观察三种降血糖药物A、B、C的临床疗效,结果如下表。该资料的类型为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多项有序分类资料"},{"key":"B","value":"二项无序分类资料"},{"key":"C","value":"等级资料"},{"key":"D","value":"定量资料"},{"key":"E","value":"多项无序"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据图表可知,本题药物(A、B、C)疗效只分为有效和无效两种情况,属于二项无序分类资料(B对)。等级资料,又称为有序分类资料(AC错)是变量的观测结果是定性的,但各类别(属性)之间有程度或顺序上的差别,如药物的治疗效果按照“显效,有效,好转,无效”进行分类等。定量资料(D错)是变量的观测结果是数值型的,用来说明研究对象的数量特征,其特点是能够用数值大小衡量观察单位不同特征水平的高低,一般有计量单位。多项无序分类资料,如血型分为A、B,O、AB等(E错)。"} {"Question":"某地新生儿出生身高55.1cm,标准差2.2,6岁儿童身高119.5cm,标准差4.3,比较离散趋势应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"标准差"},{"key":"B","value":"变异指数"},{"key":"C","value":"四分位数间距"},{"key":"D","value":"极差"},{"key":"E","value":"离均差平方和"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"某地新生儿出生身高55.1cm,标准差2.2,6岁儿童身高119.5cm,标准差4.3,结合这种表现,离散趋势应用变异系数(B对)。(P15)方差是用取平方后的单位来表示的,如果血压的原始数据用毫米汞柱表示,则方差就是毫米汞柱的平方(A错)。(P15)四分位数间距的特点是它不像极差容易受到极端值的影响,但仍未用每一个具体的观测值,主要用于描述明显偏态分布资料的变异特征,并常常结合统计图应用(C错)。(P15)极差主要关注的是一组数据的整个变化范围…如用于说明传染病、食物中毒等的最短、最长潜伏期等(D错)。(P15)可以通过取平方来避免正负抵消,即使用方差衡量数据的变异程度,其计算公式为S2=∑(X-X)2\/n-1,其中∑(X-X)2称为离均差平方和(E错)。"} {"Question":"描述一组正态分布资料离散程度大小的最佳指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四分位数间距"},{"key":"B","value":"标准差"},{"key":"C","value":"极差"},{"key":"D","value":"离均差平方和"},{"key":"E","value":"几何均数"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"描述一组正态分布资料集中程度大小的最佳指标是算数平均数;描述一组正态分布资料离散程度大小的最佳指标是标准差(B对)。描述一组偏态分布资料集中程度大小的最佳指标是中位数;描述一组偏态分布资料离散程度大小的最佳指标是四分位数间距(A错)。极差也称作全距,即观察值中最大值和最小值之差(C错),极差通常仅用于粗略地说明变量的波动范围。离均差平方和指的离散型随机变量的方差(D错)。几何均数用于反映一组经对数转换后呈对称分布的变量值在数量上的平均水平,在医学研究中常适用于免疫学的指标(E错)。"} {"Question":"为了解病毒性肝炎在某地区的分布情况,研究者于2019年7月进行抽样调查部分结果如下共调查10000,男6000人女4000人,发现患者1000人,女性300人(乙肝200例,丙肝50例,其他50例),调查还发现在600例乙肝患者中有300例是2019年新发。该研究方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分析性"},{"key":"B","value":"理论性研究"},{"key":"C","value":"描述性研究"},{"key":"D","value":"实验性研究"},{"key":"E","value":"生态学研究"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"描述性研究常见类型主要有:现状研究(横断面研究)(C对)、生态学研究(E错)、病例报告、病例系列分析、个案研究、历史资料分析、比例死亡比研究等。实验性研究是研究者根据研究目的,主动对受试对象施加千预措施的研究(D错)。理论性研究,也称基础性研究(B错)。"} {"Question":"已知某病患者8人的潜伏期(天)分别是6,8,8,10,12,15,16,17,平均潜伏天数","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8"},{"key":"B","value":"10"},{"key":"C","value":"11"},{"key":"D","value":"12"},{"key":"E","value":"15"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"平均潜伏天数为11(C对)天。常用的平均数计算方法一般有算术平均数、几何平均数和中位数,题干所给为不确定数据资料,表示集中趋势时应计算中位数。其中n=8,因此选用公式M=1\/2[Xn\/2+X(n\/2)+1],即M=11(C对)。"} {"Question":"适用于构成比资料,表示事物内部各部分所占比重可绘制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直方图"},{"key":"B","value":"圆图"},{"key":"C","value":"散点图"},{"key":"D","value":"直条图"},{"key":"E","value":"线图"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"圆图(B对)常用于描述构成比资料,把圆的总面积作为100%来表示事物的全部,以圆内各扇形面积表示各部分所占的比例。直方图(A错)主要用于表示连续变量频数分布情况。散点图(C错)是通过点的密集程度和变化趋势表示两指标之间的直线或曲线关系。直条图(D错)是描述定性数据的统计图,用等宽直条的长短表示相互独立的统计指标数值大小。线图(E错)是通过线段的升降来表示指标的连续变化情况,适用于描述一个变量随另一个变量变化的趋势。"} {"Question":"具有氧化酶活性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"免疫球蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"肌红蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"脂蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"铜蓝蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"清(白)蛋白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"铜蓝蛋白(D对)又称铜氧化酶,具有氧化酶活性,它可以催化Fe²⁺氧化为Fe³⁺。免疫球蛋白(A错)又称为抗体,在人体的体液免疫中起主要作用;肌红蛋白(B错)是一种氧结合血红素蛋白,主要分布于心肌和骨骼肌中;脂蛋白(C错)是血浆脂类物质与载脂蛋白结合后形成的,脂蛋白是脂类物质在血浆中的运输形式;清(白)蛋白(P155)(E错)最主要的功能是维持血浆胶体渗透压,还有运输作用,以上几种蛋白均不具有氧化酶活性。"} {"Question":"蛋白质二级结构是指分子中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨基酸的排列顺序"},{"key":"B","value":"每一氨基酸侧链的空间构象"},{"key":"C","value":"局部主链的空间构象"},{"key":"D","value":"亚基间相对的空间位置"},{"key":"E","value":"每一原子的相对空间位置"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"蛋白质分子的结构分为一级、二级、三级和四级结构,后三者称为高级结构或空间构象。蛋白质一级结构是指蛋白质分子中从N端至C端的氨基酸排列顺序(A错)。蛋白质二级结构是指蛋白质分子中局部主链的空间结构(C对),并不涉及每一氨基酸侧链的空间构象(B错)。蛋白质三级结构是指整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的相对空间位置,也就是整条肽链每一原子的相对空间位置(E错)。蛋白质四级结构是指蛋白质分子中各个亚基的空间排布及亚基接触部位的布局和相互作用,即亚基间相对的空间位置(D错)。"} {"Question":"天然蛋白质中不含有的氨基酸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛋氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"丝氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"半胱氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"脯氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"鸟氨酸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鸟氨酸(E对)在体内主要参与鸟氨酸循环,不参与蛋白质合成。人体内所有蛋白质都是由下面这20种氨基酸组成的:甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸(D错)、丝氨酸(B错)、半胱氨酸(A错)、蛋氨酸(C错)、天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸。"} {"Question":"多肽链中肽键的本质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸二酯键"},{"key":"B","value":"二硫键"},{"key":"C","value":"糖苷键"},{"key":"D","value":"酰胺键"},{"key":"E","value":"疏水键"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"蛋白质中的氨基酸借肽键相互连接生成多肽链,肽键即-CO-NH-指一分子氨基酸的α-羧基和1分子氨基酸的α-氨基脱去一分子水缩合行成的酰胺键,例如1分子甘氨酸的α-羧基和1分子甘氨酸的α-氨基脱去一分子水缩合成为甘氨酰甘氨酸,在甘氨酰甘氨酸分子中连接两个氨基酸的酰胺键称为肽键,因此肽键的本质是酰胺键,D选项正确。DNA、RNA通过3’-5’磷酸二酯键连接形成大分子,蛋白质的一级结构包含的化学键有肽键和二硫键,蛋白质三级结构的形成和稳定主要靠次级键如疏水键、盐键、氢键、范德华力等,糖苷键指连接糖苷分子中的非糖部分与糖基的特定类型的化学键,见于糖原合成过程中糖链的延长。"} {"Question":"有关酶竞争性抑制剂特点的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制剂与底物结构相似"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制剂与底物竞争酶分子中的活性中心"},{"key":"C","value":"当抑制剂存在时,Km值变大"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制剂恒定时,增加底物浓度,能达到最大反应速度"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制剂与酶共价结合"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"酶竞争性抑制剂与底物结构相似(A对),可与底物竞争酶分子中的底物结合部位(B对),进而起到抑制作用。当抑制剂存在时Km值变大(C对)、Vmax不变。抑制剂与酶非共价结合(E错,为本题正确答案),这种结合是可逆的,因此增加底物的浓度可以减弱竞争性抑制作用,当底物浓度远远大于抑制剂浓度时,抑制剂的抑制作用几乎为零,因此可以通过增加底物浓度的方式达到最大反应速度(D对)。"} {"Question":"FAD中所含的维生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₂"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素B₁₂"},{"key":"D","value":"泛酸"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素PP"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"TPP(焦磷酸硫胺素)含维生素B₁(A错),FAD(黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸)含维生素B₂(B对),辅酶B12含维生素B₁₂(C错),辅酶A(CoA)含泛酸(D错),NAD⁺(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)和NADP⁺(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸)含维生素PP(E错)。"} {"Question":"NAD⁺中所含的维生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₂"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"泛酸"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素PP"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"NAD⁺(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)与NADH⁺(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸)中所含的维生素是维生素PP(E对);TPP(焦磷酸硫胺素)中所含的维生素是维生素B₁(A错);FAD(黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸)和FMN(黄素单核苷酸)中所含的维生素是维生素B₂(B错);抗坏血酸中所含的维生素是维生素C(C错);CoA(辅酶A)和ACP(酰基载体蛋白)中所含的维生素是泛酸(D错)。"} {"Question":"大多数脱氢酶的辅酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"FADH₂"},{"key":"B","value":"NAD⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"Cyt-c"},{"key":"D","value":"CoA"},{"key":"E","value":"NADP⁺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"NAD⁺,NADP⁺,FMN或者FAD都是脱氢酶的辅酶。NAD⁺(B对)是生物氧化中的最重要的递氢体和电子传递体,是大多数脱氢酶的辅酶;NADP⁺(E错)则多参与许多代谢反应,是少数脱氢酶的辅酶。FAD是脱氢酶的辅酶,FADH₂(A错)是其还原态产物。Cyt(C错)是一类含血红素样辅基的电子传递蛋白,生物氧化中的电子传递体。CoA(D错)是转酰基酶的辅酶(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列氨基酸中能转化为儿茶酚胺的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天冬氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"色氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"酪氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"缬氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"甲硫氨酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"儿茶酚胺包括多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素。酪氨酸(C对)转变为儿茶酚胺和黑色素或彻底氧化分解。天冬氨酸(A错)参与合成嘌呤碱和嘧啶碱。色氨酸(B错)参与合成5-羟色胺。缬氨酸(D错)是体内重要的支链氨基酸,可异生成糖。甲硫氨酸(E错)即蛋氨酸参与合成肌酸、磷酸肌酸等。"} {"Question":"参与联合脱氨基的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"转氨酶"},{"key":"B","value":"乳酸脱氢酶"},{"key":"C","value":"HMG-CoA还原酶"},{"key":"D","value":"丙酮酸羧化酶"},{"key":"E","value":"琥珀酸CoA羧化酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"转氨基作用与谷氨酸脱氢作用的结合称为联合脱氨基作用。转氨基作用是α-氨基酸在转氨酶(A对)的作用下与α-酮戊二酸反应生成谷氨酸;脱氨基作用是L-谷氨酸在L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的作用下脱下氨基生成α-酮戊二酸。乳酸脱氢酶(B错)催化的是丙酮酸转变为乳酸的反应,HMG-CoA还原酶(C错)是胆固醇合成的关键酶,丙酮酸羧化酶(D错)催化的是丙酮酸生成草酰乙酸。"} {"Question":"典型苯丙酮尿症的发病原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酪氨酸转氨酶缺乏"},{"key":"B","value":"苯丙氨酸转氨酶缺乏"},{"key":"C","value":"苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏"},{"key":"D","value":"酪氨酸羟化酶缺乏"},{"key":"E","value":"二氢生物蝶呤还原酶缺乏"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"典型苯丙酮尿症是因为苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏(C对),而不是苯丙氨酸转氨酶缺乏(B错)。酪氨酸转氨酶缺乏(A错)可出现尿黑酸尿症。酪氨酸羟化酶缺乏(D错)可导致儿茶酚胺(多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素)生成减少。二氢生物蝶呤还原酶缺乏(E错)可使苯丙氨酸羟化酶及酪氨酸羟化酶的辅酶四氢生物蝶呤生成减少,间接导致苯丙酮尿症及儿茶酚胺合成减少。"} {"Question":"肌肉中最主要的脱氨基方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嘌呤核苷酸循环"},{"key":"B","value":"加水脱氨基作用"},{"key":"C","value":"氨基移换作用"},{"key":"D","value":"D-氨基酸氧化脱氨基作用"},{"key":"E","value":"L-谷氨酸氧化脱氨基作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肌肉中L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性很弱,氨基酸很难通过联合脱氨基作用脱去氨基,最主要的脱氨基方式是嘌呤核苷酸循环(A对)。加水脱氨基作用(B错)主要存在于含有L-氨基酸氧化酶的肝肾组织中。氨基移换作用(C错)主要存在于肝及心肌中。D-氨基酸氧化脱氨基作用(D错)主要存在于肾和肝中。L-谷氨酸氧化脱氨基作用(E错)主要存在于肝、肾和脑等组织中。"} {"Question":"合成胆固醇的限速酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HMGCoA合成酶"},{"key":"B","value":"HMGCoA裂解酶"},{"key":"C","value":"HMGCoA还原酶"},{"key":"D","value":"鲨烯环氧酶"},{"key":"E","value":"甲羟戊酸激酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"五种酶都参与胆固醇代谢,但HMGCoA还原酶是唯一的限速酶;该酶受激素调节;胰高血糖素通过促使该酶磷酸化而失活,胰岛素则促进去磷酸化而恢复活性(C对)。"} {"Question":"关于基因表达的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所有基因表达都经历转录和翻译过程"},{"key":"B","value":"某些基因表达经历转录和翻译过程"},{"key":"C","value":"某些基因表达产物是蛋白质分子"},{"key":"D","value":"某些基因表达产物不是蛋白质分子"},{"key":"E","value":"某些基因表达产物是RNA分子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在一定的调节机制下,大多数基因经历转录和翻译过程(B对),并非所有基因表达都经历转录和翻译过程(A错,为本题正确答案)。在基因表达的过程中,蛋白质的编码基因,基因表达产物是蛋白质分子(C对);rRNA、tRNA的编码基因,基因表达产物是RNA分子(DE对)。"} {"Question":"在DNA复制中RNA引物的功能(作用)是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使DNA聚合酶活化并使DNA双链解开"},{"key":"B","value":"提供5′末端作为合成新DNA链的起点"},{"key":"C","value":"提供5′末端作为合成新RNA链的起点"},{"key":"D","value":"提供3′-OH末端作为合成新DNA链的起点"},{"key":"E","value":"提供3′-OH末端作为合成新RNA链的起点"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"在DNA复制中RNA引物的功能(作用)是提供3'-OH末端作为合成新DNA链的起点(D对BCE错)。原核生物DNA的解链过程是由DnaA、DnaB、DnaC三种蛋白质共同参与完成;真核生物DNA的解链过程和具有解螺旋酶活性的DNA pol Ⅲ的δ亚基有关,和RNA引物无关(A错)。"} {"Question":"参与合成cDNA的酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"RNA聚合酶"},{"key":"B","value":"转肽酶"},{"key":"C","value":"引物酶"},{"key":"D","value":"逆转录酶"},{"key":"E","value":"DNA聚合酶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"参与合成cDNA的酶是逆转录酶(D对),其有三种活性:RNA指导的DNA聚合酶活性,DNA指导的DNA聚合酶活性和RNase H活性(水解RNA链)。转肽酶(B错)参与蛋白质的合成。RNA聚合酶(A错)参与的是转录过程,引物酶(C错)和DNA聚合酶(E错)参与DNA的复制。"} {"Question":"逆转录是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以RNA为模板合成RNA"},{"key":"B","value":"以DNA合成DNA"},{"key":"C","value":"以DNA合成RNA"},{"key":"D","value":"以RNA合成蛋白质"},{"key":"E","value":"以RNA为模板合成DNA"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"逆转录是指以RNA为模板合成DNA(E对)。以RNA为模板合成RNA(A错)是RNA的复制过程。以DNA为模板合成DNA(B错)是DNA的复制过程。以DNA为模板合成RNA(C错)是指DNA的转录过程。以RNA为模板合成蛋白质(D错)是mRNA的翻译过程。"} {"Question":"能够与胆红素结合形成结合胆红素的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡糖醛酸"},{"key":"B","value":"胆汁酸"},{"key":"C","value":"胆素原"},{"key":"D","value":"珠蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"清蛋白"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在肝内,能够与胆红素结合形成结合胆红素的是葡糖醛酸(A对)。在滑面内质网UDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶(UGT)的催化下,由UDPGA提供葡糖醛酸基,胆红素分子的丙酸基与葡糖醛酸以酯键结合,生成葡糖醛酸胆红素即结合胆红素。胆汁酸(B错)由胆固醇在肝内转化而成。胆素原(C错)由结合胆红素在肠内还原形成。珠蛋白(D错)与血红素结合形成血红蛋白。清蛋白(E错)是维持体内胶体渗透压的重要物质,还是体内多种物质的运输体。"} {"Question":"可以激活蛋白激酶A的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IP₃"},{"key":"B","value":"DG"},{"key":"C","value":"cAMP"},{"key":"D","value":"cGMP"},{"key":"E","value":"PIP₂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"可以激活蛋白激酶A的是cAMP(C对)。因为细胞内信号传导有许多不同的通路,在蛋白激酶A这条通路中,激素→G蛋白→AC→cAMP→PKA→效应蛋白→生物学效应。在IP₃(A错)这条通路中,激素→G蛋白→PLC→IP₃→Ca²⁺→PKC→效应蛋白→生物学效应。在DG(B错)这条通路中,激素→G蛋白→PLC→DG→PKC→效应蛋白→生物学效应。在cGMP(D错)这条通路中,ANP→GC→cGMP→PKG→效应蛋白→生物学效应。"} {"Question":"蛋白质分子中的氨基酸残基可被PKC磷酸化的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酪氨酸\/丝氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"丝氨酸\/苏氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"酪氨酸\/苏氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"丝氨酸\/组氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"苏氨酸\/组氨酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"蛋白激酶(P386)是催化ATP的γ-磷酸基转移至靶蛋白的特定氨基酸残基上的一类酶,蛋白质分子中的氨基酸残基可被PKC磷酸化的是丝氨酸\/苏氨酸(B对),因此PKC属于蛋白丝氨酸\/苏氨酸激酶。"} {"Question":"激素的第二信使不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PIP₂"},{"key":"B","value":"cAMP"},{"key":"C","value":"DAG"},{"key":"D","value":"Ca²⁺"},{"key":"E","value":"IP₃"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"激素属于外源信号分子,第二信使是指外源信息在细胞内的信号转导分子,包括:cAMP(环腺苷酸)(B对)、cGMP(环鸟苷酸)、DAG(甘油二酯)(C对)、IP₃(三磷酸肌醇)(E对)、PIP₃(磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5三磷酸)、Ca²⁺(D对)等。PIP₂(A错,为本题正确答案))的分解产物DAG与IP₃均为第二信使(P385),其本身并非第二信使。"} {"Question":"DNA变性的本质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸二酯键断裂"},{"key":"B","value":"N-C糖苷键断裂"},{"key":"C","value":"戊糖内C-C键断裂"},{"key":"D","value":"碱基内C-C键断裂"},{"key":"E","value":"互补碱基之间氢键断裂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"DNA变性是指在某些理化因素作用下,DNA双链互补碱基之间氢键断裂(E对),解离为单链的过程。DNA变性破坏的是DNA的空间结构,它的一级结构和化学组成没有改变,因此不存在磷酸二酯键的断裂(A错)、N-C糖苷键断裂(B错)、戊糖内C-C键断裂(C错)、碱基内C-C键断裂(D错)。"} {"Question":"维系DNA双链间碱基配对的化学键是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢键"},{"key":"B","value":"磷酸二酯键"},{"key":"C","value":"肽键"},{"key":"D","value":"疏水键"},{"key":"E","value":"糖苷键"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在DNA双链间,腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶通过两个氢键形成碱基对,鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶通过三个氢键形成碱基对,因此维系DNA双链间碱基配对的化学键是氢键(A对)。糖苷键(P37)(E错)是脱氧核糖和碱基之间的结合键。3',5'-磷酸二酯键(P38)(B错)是核苷酸之间的连接键。肽键(P13)(C错)是氨基酸与氨基酸之间的连接键,维系蛋白质的一级结构;疏水键(P19)(D错)是肽链中某些氨基酸的疏水基团或者疏水侧链之间的相互作用力,维系蛋白质的三级结构。"} {"Question":"甘油异生成糖时最主要的中间产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"草酰乙酸"},{"key":"B","value":"磷酸二羟丙酮"},{"key":"C","value":"脂肪酸"},{"key":"D","value":"柠檬酸"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酰乙酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甘油可转化成α-磷酸甘油,再脱氢生成磷酸二羟丙酮(B对)。糖异生中,草酰乙酸(A错)在磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶作用下转变为磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸。脂肪酸(C错)不参与糖异生过程。柠檬酸(D错)主要作为生糖氨基酸异生成糖的中间产物。乙酰乙酸(E错)属于酮体,是脂肪酸在肝脏进行正常分解代谢所生成的特殊中间产物,不参与糖异生过程。"} {"Question":"人体内属于可逆反应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异柠檬酸→α-酮戊二酸"},{"key":"B","value":"草酰乙酸→柠檬酸"},{"key":"C","value":"α-酮戊二酸→琥珀酰COA"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸→丙酮酸"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄糖→6-磷酸葡萄糖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"糖有氧氧化中的不可逆反应分别是:葡萄糖—6-磷酸葡萄糖(E错)、果糖-6-磷酸—果糖-1,6-二磷酸、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸—丙酮酸(D错)、丙酮酸—乙酰辅酶A、草酰乙酸—柠檬酸(B错)、异柠檬酸—α-酮戊二酸(A错)、α-酮戊二酸—琥珀酰CoA(C错)。所以本题没有正确答案,原给出的参考答案是C。"} {"Question":"男性,26岁,5天来鼻及牙龈出血,皮肤瘀斑,血红蛋白55g,白细胞10.0×10⁹\/L,血小板16×10⁹\/L。骨髓增生活跃,幼稚细胞占80%,胞浆有大小不等颗粒及成堆棒状小体,过氧化酶染色强阳性。本患者临床容易出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巨脾"},{"key":"B","value":"DIC"},{"key":"C","value":"严重感染"},{"key":"D","value":"中枢神经系统受侵犯"},{"key":"E","value":"齿龈肿胀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者诊断为急性早幼粒细胞白血病,急性早幼粒细胞白血病易并发凝血异常引起DIC(弥散性血管内凝血)(B对)。巨脾(P577)(A错)常见于慢性粒细胞白血病;严重感染(C错)可见于各型白血病;中枢神经系统受侵犯(P571)(D错)常见于急性淋巴细胞白血病;齿龈肿胀(P571)(E错)常见于急性粒-单核细胞白血病、急性单核细胞白血病。"} {"Question":"女性,12岁,鼻出血,躯干及四肢淤点瘀斑,发病前2周有感冒史,脾不肿大,血小板20×10⁹\/L,出血时间2分,凝血时间正常,束臂试验阳性,PT正常,骨髓象增生,巨核细胞增多,幼稚型巨核细胞0.40,产血小板型巨核细胞缺少,诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"ITP"},{"key":"C","value":"急性白血病"},{"key":"D","value":"过敏性紫癜"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性ITP"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"女性,12岁,鼻出血,躯干及四肢淤点瘀斑(ITP常见症状),发病前2周有感冒史(因感染加重),脾不肿大,血小板20×10⁹\/L(<正常100-300×10⁹\/L),出血时间2分钟(正常4-8分钟,超过9分钟为异常),凝血时间正常,束臂试验阳性(提示血管壁异常),PT正常,骨髓象增生,巨核细胞增多,幼稚型巨核细胞0.40,产血小板型巨核细胞缺少(幼稚巨核细胞增加,产板型巨核细胞减少为ITP典型表现),综上考虑诊断为ITP(B对)。再生障碍性贫血(A错)在骨髓象检查中会看到三系造血细胞减少,非造血细胞增多。急性白血病(C错)在骨髓象检查中可见原始细胞明显增多。过敏性紫癜(D错)的血小板计数正常或升高。慢性ITP(E错)指血小板减少持续超过12个月的ITP病人。"} {"Question":"糖皮质激素治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一般为首选治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"一般选用泼尼松"},{"key":"C","value":"近期有效率约为80%左右"},{"key":"D","value":"复发时再应用常无效"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗缓解后一般小剂量维持3~6个月"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"糖皮质激素是慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的首选治疗(A对),一般选用泼尼松(B对),近期有效率约为80%左右(C对),但不能根治,停药后易复发,复发时再用有效(D错,为本题正确答案),治疗缓解后一般以小剂量5~10mg\/d维持3~6个月(E对)。"} {"Question":"下列不符合关节型过敏性紫癜临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"关节肿胀"},{"key":"B","value":"多发生于大关节"},{"key":"C","value":"部位固定,非游走性"},{"key":"D","value":"呈反复性发作"},{"key":"E","value":"不遗留关节畸形"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"关节型过敏性紫癜除皮肤紫癜外,因关节部位血管受累可表现为关节肿胀(A对)、疼痛、压痛及功能障碍,多发生于膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节(B对),呈游走性(C错,为本题正确答案)、反复性发作(D对),经数日而愈,不遗留关节畸形(E对)。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。反复皮肤紫癜1个月,加重并腹痛2天。查体:四肢皮肤散在紫癜,心肺未见异常,腹平软,脐周轻压痛,无反跳痛和肌紧张,肝脾肋下未触及,肠鸣音6次\/分。临床诊断为过敏性紫癜。根据目前的临床资料,首选考虑最可能的临床类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯型"},{"key":"B","value":"肾型"},{"key":"C","value":"混合型"},{"key":"D","value":"Schonlein型"},{"key":"E","value":"Henoch型"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"过敏性紫癜包括单纯型(紫癜型)、腹型(Henoch型)、关节型(Schonlein型)、肾型和混合型。该患者除有四肢皮肤散在紫癜外,还有腹痛和脐周轻压痛等腹部症状。临床诊断为过敏性紫癜,最有可能的临床类型是腹型,即Henoch型(E对)。单纯型(A错)过敏性紫癜主要表现为成批反复发生、对称分布的皮肤紫癜,局限于四肢,尤其是下肢及臀部,躯干极少累及,可同时伴发皮肤水肿、荨麻疹;肾型(B错)过敏性紫癜病情最为严重,常在皮肤紫癜的基础上,出现血尿、蛋白尿及管型尿,偶见水肿、高血压及肾衰竭等表现;关节型(Schonlein型)(D错)过敏性紫癜除皮肤紫癜外,常有膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节处的关节肿胀、疼痛、压痛及功能障碍等表现;混合型(C错)常表现为皮肤紫癜合并上述两种以上临床表现。"} {"Question":"急性白血病骨髓移植治疗,哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应采用HLA匹配的同胞异基因骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"应在第一次化疗缓解后进行"},{"key":"C","value":"应及早进行,与年龄性别无关"},{"key":"D","value":"可选择自体干细胞移植"},{"key":"E","value":"异基因骨髓移植可能治愈急性白血病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"骨髓移植是急性白血病重要的治疗方法,包括自体骨髓移植(D对)和异基因骨髓移植。无论何种骨髓移植均应在第一次缓解后进行(B对),从完全缓解到自身骨髓移植的间隔时间以6个月以上为佳,年龄应控制在50岁以内(C错,为本题正确答案);异基因骨髓移植应采用HLA匹配的同胞异基因骨髓(A对),可能治愈急性白血病(E对);自体干细胞移植较自体骨髓移植有植入机率高,造血和免疫功能重建快的特点。"} {"Question":"女,65岁。常规体检发现脾左肋下5cm,化验:Hb135g\/L,WBC117×l0⁹\/L分类中幼粒5%,晚幼粒12%,杆状核22%,分叶中性粒34%,嗜酸粒5%,嗜碱粒14%,淋巴细胞14%。Plt560×10⁹\/L,NAP(-)。为确定诊断,首选的检査是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部CT"},{"key":"B","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"D","value":"血免疫球蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"骨髓检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者老年女性,脾左肋下5cm(脾肿大为慢性粒细胞白血病最显著的体征),化验:Hb135g\/L(成年女性Hb正常110~150g\/L)正常,WBC117×10⁹\/L(正常4~10×10⁹\/L)(慢性粒细胞白血病白细胞常明显增多,可达100×l0⁹\/L)。分类中幼粒5%,晚幼粒12%,杆状核22%(正常0%~5%),分叶中性粒34%(正常50%~70%),嗜酸粒5%(正常0.5%~5%),嗜碱粒14%(正常0%~1%),淋巴细胞14%(正常20%~40%)(分类可见各阶段粒细胞,嗜酸性、嗜碱性粒细胞增多,符合慢粒特点),Plt560×l0⁹\/L(正常100~300×10⁹\/L)增多,NAP(-)(急、慢性粒细胞白血病时中性粒细胞成熟障碍,中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶阴性),故患者诊断为慢性粒细胞白血病的可能性大,应首选骨髓检查(E对)予以明确诊断。腹部CT(A错)、腹部B超(B错)为影像学检查方法,主要用于腹腔脏器检查;肝功能(C错)主要用于肝脏疾病的诊断;血免疫球蛋白(D错)主要用于免疫性疾病的诊断。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。纳差、腹胀2个月。查体:浅表淋巴结未触及,巩膜无黄染,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下8.5cm,质硬。化验血常规:Hb100g\/L,WBC67.7×10⁹\/L,原始细胞0.02,早幼粒细胞0.02,中幼粒细胞0.13,晚幼粒细胞0.18,杆状核粒细胞0.08,分叶粒细胞0.37,E0.06,B0.09,L0.04,M0.01,Plt543×10⁹\/L。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性早幼粒细胞白血病"},{"key":"B","value":"巨幼细胞贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓纤维化"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性粒细胞白血病"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性淋巴细胞白血病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者男(男性发病多于女性),纳差、腹胀2个月,查体脾肋下8.5cm,质硬(脾大为慢性粒细胞白血病最显著体征,常达脐或脐以下,质地坚实,由于脾大而产生上腹坠胀感)。化验血常规:Hb100g\/L,WBC67.7×10⁹\/L(正常值为4~10×10⁹\/L,白细胞数明显增高),原始细胞0.02,早幼粒细胞0.02,中幼粒细胞0.13,晚幼粒细胞0.18,杆状核粒细胞0.08(正常值为0~5%),分叶粒细胞0.37(正常值为50~70%),E0.06(正常值为0.5~5%),B0.09(正常值为0~1%,嗜碱性粒细胞增多有助于诊断),L0.04(正常值为20~40%),M0.01(正常值为3~8%),Plt543×10⁹\/L(正常值为100~300×10⁹\/L,近半数病人可出现血小板增多)。综和该患者症状、体征和实验室检查,该患者诊断考虑为慢性粒细胞白血病(D对)。急性早幼粒细胞白血病(A错)巨脾罕见,血象常有不同程度的正常细胞性贫血,少数病人血片上红细胞大小不等,可找到幼红细胞,约50%的病人血小板<60×10⁹\/L。巨幼细胞贫血(B错)不会出现巨脾,血象呈大细胞性贫血,MCV,MCH均增高,MCHC正常,中性粒细胞核分叶过多(5叶核占5%以上或出现6叶以上核),亦可见巨型杆状核粒细胞。骨髓纤维化(C错)有严重贫血和出血的临床表现,血象示正常细胞性贫血,外周血有少量幼红细胞。成熟红细胞形态大小不一,常发现泪滴形红细胞,有辅助诊断价值。白细胞数增多或正常,可见中幼及晚幼粒细胞。慢性淋巴细胞白血病(E错)血象以淋巴细胞持续性增多为主要特征,外周血B淋巴细胞绝对值≥5×10⁹\/L (至少持续3个月),中性粒细胞比值降低。"} {"Question":"男,26岁,5天来鼻及牙龈出血,皮肤瘀斑。血红蛋白55g\/L,白细胞10.0×10⁹\/L,血小板16×10⁹\/L。骨髓增生极度活跃,绝大多数细胞呈清一色,胞浆内有大小不等颗粒及成堆Auer小体,过氧化酶染色强阳性。临床最容易出现的情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巨脾"},{"key":"B","value":"DIC"},{"key":"C","value":"严重感染"},{"key":"D","value":"中枢神经系统受侵犯"},{"key":"E","value":"骨髓移植"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者诊断为急性早幼粒细胞白血病,急性早幼粒细胞白血病易并发凝血异常引起DIC(弥散性血管内凝血)(B对)。巨脾(P577)(A错)常见于慢性粒细胞白血病;严重感染(C错)可见于各型白血病;中枢神经系统受侵犯(P571)(D错)常见于急性淋巴细胞白血病;齿龈肿胀(P571)(E错)常见于急性粒-单核细胞白血病、急性单核细胞白血病。"} {"Question":"男,15岁。因发热、乏力、刷牙时牙龈出血1周入院。查体:T38.5℃,牙龈肿胀,胸骨压痛(+),双下肢小腿出现散在出血点及瘀斑。血常规:Hb80g\/L,WBC10.1×10⁹\/L,Plt30×10⁹\/L;骨髓增生极度活跃,原始细胞占0.60,POX染色呈弱阳性,非特异性酯酶染色阳性,可被NaF抑制,该患者原始细胞最可能的免疫表型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD14⁺"},{"key":"B","value":"CD41⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"CD8⁺"},{"key":"D","value":"CD3⁺"},{"key":"E","value":"CD4⁺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者青少年男性,发热、乏力、刷牙时牙龈出血1周,查体:T38.5℃,双下肢小腿出现散在出血点及瘀斑,提示出血(贫血、发热、出血是急性白血病正常骨髓造血功能受抑制的表现),牙龈肿胀,胸骨压痛(+)(急性白血病细胞浸润可引起牙龈肿胀,胸骨压痛,前者尤以M₄、M₅多见),血常规:Hb80g\/L,提示贫血,WBC10.1×10⁹\/L(正常4~10×10⁹\/L),Plt30×10⁹\/L(正常100~300×10⁹\/L)减少,骨髓增生极度活跃,原始细胞占0.60(骨髓原始细胞≥30%(FAB分型)或≥20%(WHO分型)即可诊断为急性白血病),POX染色呈弱阳性(见于急性单核细胞白血病和分化差的急性粒细胞白血病),非特异性酯酶染色阳性,可被NaF抑制(仅见于急性单核细胞白血病),故考虑患者为急性单核细胞白血病,单核细胞的免疫标记为CD13⁺、CD14⁺(A对)、CD15⁺、CD64⁺。CD41⁺(B错)为巨核细胞免疫标记;CD8⁺(C错)、CD3⁺(D错)、CD4⁺(E错)为T细胞的免疫标记。"} {"Question":"男性,30岁。全身乏力,低热伴左上腹肿块半年。肝肋下2cm,脾肋下7cm,化验:血红蛋白80g\/L,白细胞140×10⁹\/L,血小板100×10⁹\/L,骨髓象原始粒细胞0.02,Ph染色体阳性,正确的治疗为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大剂量抗生素抗感染"},{"key":"B","value":"脾切除"},{"key":"C","value":"HOAP方案化疗"},{"key":"D","value":"羟基脲口服"},{"key":"E","value":"VAP方案化疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者青年男性,全身乏力,低热(慢性粒细胞白血病慢性期可有乏力、低热等症状),伴左上腹肿块半年(慢性病程),查体肝肋下2cm,脾肋下7cm(慢性粒细胞白血病常有肝、脾肿大,脾脏肿大为最显著的体征),化验:血红蛋白80g\/L(成年男性Hb正常值120~160g/L),提示贫血,白细胞140×10⁹\/L(正常4~10×10⁹/L)明显升高,提示高白细胞血症,血小板100×10⁹\/L(正常100~300×10⁹\/L)尚正常,骨髓象原始粒细胞0.02(慢粒患者骨髓原始细胞<10%),Ph染色体阳性(95%以上的慢粒患者可出现Ph染色体,是慢粒的特征性遗传学变化),故患者考虑为慢性粒细胞白血病且合并有高白细胞血症,此时应给予羟基脲口服(D对)治疗,降低白细胞,然后给予分子靶向药物伊马替尼治疗。大剂量抗生素抗感染(A错)、脾切除(B错)不是慢性粒细胞白血病的治疗方法;HOAP方案(C错)为原急非淋的化疗方案;VAP方案化疗(E错)为原急淋的化疗方案。"} {"Question":"容易睾丸浸润的白血病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ALL"},{"key":"B","value":"AML"},{"key":"C","value":"CML"},{"key":"D","value":"CLL"},{"key":"E","value":"HL"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"睾丸白血病多见于ALL化疗缓解后的幼儿和青年,是仅次于CNSL的白血病髓外复发的部位(A对)。"} {"Question":"男,27岁。发热头晕视物模糊1周。血常规示Hb69g\/L,WBC15×10⁹\/L,分类中可见原始细胞。对诊断最有价值的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血涂片碱性磷酸酶染色"},{"key":"B","value":"骨髓细胞形态学检查"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓细胞染色体检查"},{"key":"D","value":"脑脊液幼稚细胞检查"},{"key":"E","value":"骨髓细胞化学染色检查"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年男性,发热、头晕、视物模糊1周(感染、贫血表现),血常规示Hb69g\/L(成年男性Hb正常值120~160g/L),提示贫血,WBC15×10⁹/L(正常4~10×10⁹/L)增多,分类中可见原始细胞(正常人外周血中不会出现原始细胞),提示急性白血病,为确定诊断最有价值的检查是骨髓穿刺细胞形态学检查(B对),原始细胞≥骨髓有核细胞(ANC)的30%(FAB分型)或≥20%(WHO分型)即可诊断为急性白血病。血涂片碱性磷酸酶染色(A错)可反映中性粒细胞的成熟程度和功能,对急性、慢性粒细胞白血病、再生障碍性贫血、类白血病反应的鉴别诊断有一定价值;骨髓细胞染色体检查(C错)对明确急性白血病的遗传学异常及指导治疗有帮助,但不是确诊急性白血病的依据;脑脊液幼稚细胞检查(P573)(D错)主要用于中枢神经系统白血病的诊断;骨髓细胞化学染色检查(P572)(E错)主要用于协助鉴别各类白血病。"} {"Question":"粒细胞缺乏症的诊断标准是指外周血的粒细胞绝对数低于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.2×10⁹"},{"key":"B","value":"0.5×10⁹"},{"key":"C","value":"4.0×10⁹"},{"key":"D","value":"1.5×10⁹"},{"key":"E","value":"3.0×10⁹"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"粒细胞缺乏症的诊断标准是指外周血的粒细胞绝对值低于0.5×10⁹\/L(B对)。外周血的中性粒细胞绝对值低于1.5×10⁹\/L是10岁以下儿童中性粒细胞减少症的标准(D错)。"} {"Question":"男,10岁,发热皮肤黏膜出血2天就诊。四肢可见出血点,肝脾不大,查血常规:血红蛋白75g\/L,白细胞,血小板明显降低,外周血见幼稚细胞0.02,Ret0.02,患儿最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓增生异常综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿"},{"key":"D","value":"巨幼细胞贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"急性白血病"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者发热皮肤黏膜出血、肝脾不大(符合骨髓增生异常综合征的临床表现),血红蛋白、白细胞、血小板明显降低,网织红细胞0.02升高(正常值0.005~0.015),外周血可见幼稚细胞(符合骨髓增生异常综合征的血象特点),考虑骨髓增生异常综合征(A对)。再生障碍性贫血(B错)也有三系细胞减少,且网织红细胞百分数多在0.005以下,且绝对值<15×10⁹\/L。阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(C错)典型表现为血红蛋白尿,也可出现全血细胞减少和病态造血,网织红细胞增多,但外周血无幼稚细胞。巨幼细胞性贫血(D错)呈大细胞贫血,网织红细胞计数可正常或轻度增高,重症全血细胞减少,但外周血无幼稚细胞。急性白血病(E错)发病时骨髓中异常的原始细胞及幼稚细胞(白血病细胞)大量增殖并抑制正常造血,可广泛浸润肝、脾、淋巴结等各种脏器,表现为贫血、出血、感染和浸润等征象。"} {"Question":"男,70岁。乏力、腰痛半个月。既往体健。查体:轻度贫血貌,第2~4腰部压痛。实验室检查:Hb50g/L,WBC5.6x109/L,Plt156x109/L。血清总蛋白108g/L,白蛋白30g/L,血肌酐187umol/L。骨髓细胞学检查示骨髓中异常浆细胞占0.45。腰椎X线片示第2腰椎压缩性骨折。为进一步明确诊断,下一步最需要做的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血清β2微球蛋白测定"},{"key":"B","value":"尿本-周蛋白测定"},{"key":"C","value":"尿常规"},{"key":"D","value":"血清钙测定"},{"key":"E","value":"血、尿免疫球蛋白测定"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"需满足第1条及第2条,加上第三条中任何一项。1. 骨髓单克隆浆细胞比例≥10% 和(或)组织活检证明有浆细胞瘤2.血清和(或)尿出现单克隆M蛋白(E对)3.骨髓瘤引起的相关表现"} {"Question":"不属于小细胞性贫血的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"海洋性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性感染性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"铁粒幼细胞性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"贫血按照红细胞形态分大细胞性贫血、正常细胞性贫血和小细胞性贫血。小细胞性贫血的特点是红细胞平均体积<80fl,红细胞平均血红蛋白<27pg,红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度<32%。常见疾病有:缺铁性贫血(A错)、海洋性贫血(P555)(B错)(又称珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血)、慢性感染性贫血(P543)(C错)、铁粒幼细胞性贫血(D错)等。再生障碍性贫血(P547)(E对)是一组由不同病因和机制引起的骨髓造血功能衰竭,属于正常细胞性贫血。"} {"Question":"女,31岁。2年前因胃出血行胃大部切除术。近1年半来头晕,乏力,面色逐渐苍白,平时月经量稍多。检查:Hb76g\/L,RBC3.1×10¹²\/L,WBC5.3×10⁹\/L,网织红细胞0.015。在进行体格检查时,不可能出现的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤干燥,毛发干燥易脱落"},{"key":"B","value":"行走不稳,深感觉减退"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔炎,舌乳头萎缩"},{"key":"D","value":"指甲变脆,变平或匙状甲"},{"key":"E","value":"心尖部收缩期吹风样杂音"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者育龄女性,既往胃大部切除术史,月经量稍多(缺铁性贫血的病因),近一年出现头晕、乏力、面色逐渐苍白(贫血表现),检查:Hb76g\/L(成年女性正常值Hb>110g\/L),RBC3.1×10¹²\/L(成年女性正常值3.5~5.0×10¹²\/L)提示贫血,网织红细胞0.015(正常值0.005~0.015)符合缺铁性贫血网织红细胞变化,故最可能的诊断为缺铁性贫血,缺铁性贫血的组织缺铁表现包括毛发干枯、脱落(A错);口腔炎、舌炎、舌乳头萎缩(C错);指甲缺乏光泽,脆薄易裂、匙状甲(D错);缺铁性贫血由于组织缺氧,可刺激心率加快、心搏增强,长此以往,会导致左心室代偿性肥大,二尖瓣相对性关闭不全,可在心尖部闻及收缩期吹风样杂音(五版内科学P588)(E错);巨幼细胞性贫血(P545)常有行走不稳,深感觉减退(B对)症状。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁。黄疸贫血伴关节酸痛3个月,体检检查巩膜黄染,脾肋下2cm,血红蛋白58g\/L,白细胞5×10⁹\/L,网织红细胞计数25%,外周血涂片成熟红细胞形态正常,尿隐血试验阴性。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性白血病"},{"key":"B","value":"急性黄疸型肝炎"},{"key":"C","value":"肝癌骨髄转移"},{"key":"D","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"风湿性关节炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中青年女性,黄疸、贫血伴关节酸痛3个月,查体:巩膜黄染,脾肿大(溶血性贫血的表现),血常规:血红蛋白58g\/L(成年女性正常110~150g\/L),白细胞5×10⁹\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹\/L),网织红细胞计数25%(正常值0.005~0.015)提示骨髓红系代偿性增生(符合溶血性贫血的变化),外周血涂片成熟红细胞形态正常,故考虑诊断为溶血性贫血(D对)可能性大。急性白血病(P568)(A错)为造血干祖细胞的恶性克隆性疾病,骨髓中大量白血病细胞增生,正常造血功能受抑,表现为贫血、出血、感染和浸润征象,可有肝脾肿大,一般无黄疸,无骨髓红系代偿性增加的表现,白细胞常增多,血涂片可见数量不等的原始和幼稚细胞;急性黄疸型肝炎(B错)的临床表现以黄疸和消化道症状为主,可见乏力、纳差、恶心、腹胀、发热,可有肝脏肿大,仅少数患者有脾脏肿大,无关节痛、网织红细胞计数增加;肝癌骨髄转移(C错)临床表现以肝区疼痛、肝大、黄疸、骨痛、发热、消瘦、贫血、出血等表现为主,一般无脾肿大、网织红细胞计数增加;风湿性关节炎(P805)(E错)临床表现以游走性、多发性关节炎为主,反复发作,与天气变化有关,一般无贫血、黄疸、脾肿大。"} {"Question":"女,36岁。乏力,头晕,Hb64g\/L,检查提示红细胞体积减少,中间淡染区扩大。则最可能出现的结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞内血红蛋白减少"},{"key":"B","value":"血液内转铁蛋白增加"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓内铁没有变化"},{"key":"D","value":"总铁结合力增强,铁蛋白减少"},{"key":"E","value":"总铁结合力增强,铁蛋白增加"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中年女性,头晕、乏力(贫血表现),Hb为64g\/L(成年女性正常值大于110g\/L),提示有贫血,检查示红细胞体积减少,中间淡染区扩大,考虑为缺铁性贫血。缺铁性贫血铁代谢指标特征性变化为总铁结合力增高、铁蛋白会减少(D对E错)、血清铁和转铁蛋白饱和度减低等。缺铁性贫血时首先出现的变化是贮存铁如血清铁蛋白、骨髓内铁减少(C错),当贮存铁减少到不足以补偿功能状态的铁时,才会逐渐出现血液内转铁蛋白增加(B错)、总铁结合力增强(反映转铁蛋白的指标)、细胞内血红蛋白减少(A错)而表现为典型的小细胞低色素性贫血。总铁结合力增高、铁蛋白会减少、血液内转铁蛋白增加、细胞内血红蛋白减少均可出现,但最佳选项为总铁结合力增高、铁蛋白会减少(D对)。"} {"Question":"小细胞低色素性贫血可见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"巨幼细胞性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髄增生异常综合症"},{"key":"D","value":"再障"},{"key":"E","value":"溶血性贫血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"小细胞低色素性贫血的特点是红细胞平均体积<80fl,红细胞平均血红蛋白<27pg,红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度<32%;常见疾病有:缺铁性贫血(A对)、珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血、铁粒幼细胞性贫血等。巨幼细胞性贫血(B错)和骨髄增生异常综合征(C错)呈大细胞性贫血;再障(D错)和溶血性贫血(E错)呈正常细胞性贫血。"} {"Question":"女,35岁,血常规检查发现三系细胞减少1月余,发热3天。查体:T38.5℃肝脾肋下未触及。骨髓细胞学检查:增生极度低下,可见较多脂肪滴。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"骨髓增生异常综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"急性白血病"},{"key":"D","value":"阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者血常规检查发现三系细胞减少1月余(再生障碍性贫血血象最典型特征),发热3天(白细胞减少,易发生感染),骨髓细胞学检查发现增生极度低下,可见较多脂肪滴(再生障碍性贫血骨髓象典型特征),综合该患者症状和实验室检查,该患者诊断考虑为再生障碍性贫血(E对)。淋巴瘤(A错)常有淋巴结肿大的临床表现,血象淋巴细胞数增多,部分病人骨髓涂片可找到淋巴瘤细胞。骨髓增生异常综合征(B错)血象持续一系或多系血细胞减少:血红蛋白<100g\/L、中性粒细胞<1.8×10⁹\/L、血小板<100×10⁹\/L;而骨髓增生度多在活跃以上。急性白血病(C错)血象大多数病人白细胞增多,常>10×10⁹\/L,多数 AL骨髓象有核细胞显著增生,以原始细胞为主。阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(D错)有晨起血红蛋白尿的临床表现,约半数病人全血细胞减少,而骨髓增生活跃。"} {"Question":"女,58岁。乏力、低热1个月。查体:双侧颈部、腋窝和腹股沟均可触及肿大淋巴结,最大者直径2cm、质韧、无触痛,胸骨无压痛,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。实验室检查:Hb76g\/L,WBC5.2×10⁹\/L,Plt123×10⁹\/L,网织红细胞0.14,coombs试验(+),尿胆红素(—),尿胆原(+++)。针对该患者的贫血首选的治疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泼尼松"},{"key":"B","value":"促红细胞生成素"},{"key":"C","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"D","value":"环孢素A"},{"key":"E","value":"丙种球蛋白"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者Hb76g/L(成年女性Hb正常值110~150g\/L)减低,网织红细胞0.14(正常0.005~0.015)增高,Coombs试验(+),尿胆红素(-),尿胆原(+++)提示抗人球蛋白试验阳性的溶血性贫血,属于温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血(P558),针对该患者的贫血首选的治疗药物是糖皮质激素泼尼松治疗。促红细胞生成素(P540)(B错)常用于肾性贫血、慢性病贫血;环磷酰胺(P559)(C错)和环孢素A(P559)(D错)是免疫抑制剂,仅用于糖皮质激素不能缓解及脾切除禁忌者;丙种球蛋白(P559)(E错)针对自身免疫性溶血性贫血治疗有一定疗效,但不持久。"} {"Question":"外周血中全血细胞减少,Hams试验阴性","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿"},{"key":"B","value":"缺铁性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"巨幼细胞性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"自身免疫性溶血性贫血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"外周血中全血细胞减少常见于再生障碍性贫血、阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿等;Hams试验(酸溶血试验)是红细胞对补体的敏感性试验,其阳性是阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(A错)经典的确诊试验,具有很高的特异性;再生障碍性贫血(C对)时,外周血中全血细胞减少,Hams试验阴性。缺铁性贫血(P541)(B错)、巨幼细胞性贫血(P544)(D错)是由于造血原料缺乏导致红细胞生成减少而引起的贫血,白细胞、血小板多正常;自身免疫性溶血性贫血(P557)(E错)是由于红细胞破坏过多导致红细胞减少而引起的贫血,白细胞、血小板多正常。"} {"Question":"血管外溶血时,红细胞破坏的最主要的场所是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脏"},{"key":"B","value":"脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肝"},{"key":"D","value":"肾"},{"key":"E","value":"骨髓"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"衰老的红细胞由于变形能力减退,脆性增高,被脾和骨髓等单核-巨噬细胞系统吞噬消化,称为血管外破坏。单核-巨噬细胞系统包括血液中的单核细胞和组织中固定或游走的巨噬细胞,脾脏是机体最大的免疫器官,含有大量的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞,故血管外溶血时,红细胞破坏最主要的场所是脾脏(B对)。骨髓(E错)不仅是造血器官也是免疫器官,参与红细胞的破坏,但其最主要的功能是造血;肝(C错)、肾(D错)等组织器官仅含有少量的吞噬细胞,不是红细胞破坏的主要场所;心脏(A错)是血液泵,不参与血管外溶血。"} {"Question":"血清间接胆红素增加,直接胆红素基本正常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝外胆管梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"急性血管内溶血"},{"key":"C","value":"肝细胞反复炎症"},{"key":"D","value":"Dubin-Johnson综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"肝内胆管梗阻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性血管内溶血(B对)时,大量红细胞破坏,大量间接胆红素生成,而肝细胞摄取间接胆红素转变成直接胆红素需要时间,急性期并无直接胆红素升高,血清间接胆红素增加,直接胆红素基本正常。肝内、肝外胆管梗阻(AE错)时,肝内直接胆红素排出受阻,血直接胆红素升高,血间接胆红素上升或不变。肝细胞反复炎症(C错),肝细胞摄取间接胆红素能力下降,血间接胆红素上升,肝细胞受损破裂,细胞内直接胆红素进入血液,血直接胆红素升高。Dubin-Johnson综合征(慢性特发性黄疸)(C错),血清直接胆红素轻中度增高,间接胆红素正常(C错)。"} {"Question":"成年患者,输血100ml后,突然寒战高热,恶心呕吐,头痛心悸,剧烈腰痛,血压下降等,可诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热反应"},{"key":"B","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌污染反应"},{"key":"D","value":"溶血反应"},{"key":"E","value":"循环超负荷"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"成年患者,输血100ml后,突发寒战、高热,恶心、呕吐,头痛、心悸,剧烈腰痛,血压下降等,可诊断为溶血反应(D对)。溶血反应典型的症状为病人输入少量血型不合的血后,突发寒战、高热、腰背酸痛、头痛、血压下降、休克等症状,随后出现血红蛋白尿和溶血性黄疸。需注意:剧烈腰背疼痛合并血压下降一般提示发生溶血反应。发热反应(A错)血压多无变化,一般也不出现腰背酸痛。过敏反应(B错)表现为皮肤局限性或全身性瘙痒或荨麻疹。细菌污染反应(C错)也会出现寒战、高热、恶心、呕吐、血压下降等表现,但发生率不高,且一般不会出现剧烈腰痛。循环超负荷(E错)是由于输血速度过快、过量而引起,常见于心功能低下、老年、幼儿及低蛋白血症病人,表现为输血中或输血后突发心率加快、呼吸急促、发绀或咳血性泡沫痰,肺内可闻及大量湿啰音。"} {"Question":"急性输血不良反应发生的时间为输血开始后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"48小时内"},{"key":"B","value":"36小时内"},{"key":"C","value":"8小时内"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时内"},{"key":"E","value":"12小时内"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"输血不良反应是指输血过程中或输血后,受血者发生了用原来疾病不能解释的、新的症状或体征。按发生时间可分为急性输血反应和慢性输血反应,急性输血反应发生的时间为输血开始后的24小时内(D对)。"} {"Question":"与输入血液质量有关的早期输血反应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸碱平衡失调"},{"key":"B","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"C","value":"出血倾向"},{"key":"D","value":"丙型肝炎"},{"key":"E","value":"疟疾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"若血液质量不好,杂质较多时,输血患者可能发生过敏反应(B对)。过敏反应多发生在输血的数分钟后,也可在输血中或输血后发生。输血常见的酸碱平衡失调(A错)为碱中毒,是由于库存血中的枸橼酸盐在肝中转化成碳酸氢钠引起的,属于大量输血的影响,不属于早期输血反应。大量输血后,由于库存血中的血小板基本已被破坏,凝血因子被稀释和低体温等原因,可导致出血倾向(C错),不属于血液质量问题。丙型肝炎(D错)、疟疾(E错)一般为慢性起病,并非早期输血反应。"} {"Question":"女性,59岁。因患乳腺癌在硬膜外麻醉下行根治术,出血较多,即输“AB”型红细胞悬液2个单位,当输入20ml左右时出现畏寒胸闷胸背疼痛,呼吸急促,脉搏加速,血压下降,立即停止输血,经处理1小时体温升至39℃,排尿一次,呈浓茶样,量少。最可能的输血不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非溶血性发热性输血反应"},{"key":"B","value":"输血相关的急性肺损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"急发性的溶血性输血反应"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌感染反应"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者输入20ml左右红细胞悬液后出现畏寒、胸闷、胸背疼痛,呼吸急促,脉搏加速,血压下降,后出现发热、浓茶样尿(浓茶样尿提示出现血红蛋白尿)。根据患者症状体征分析,其最可能发生的输血不良反应是即发性的溶血性输血反应(C对)。溶血反应(P22)的典型症状为病人输入十几毫升血型不合的血后,立即出现沿输血静脉的红肿及疼痛,寒战、高热、呼吸困难、腰背酸痛、头痛、胸闷、心率加快乃至血压下降、休克,随之出现血红蛋白尿和溶血性黄疸。需注意:输血后发生腰背酸痛与浓茶样或酱油样尿(即血红蛋白尿)提示出现溶血,此为常考考点。非溶血性发热性输血反应(A错)多因免疫反应或血液中含有致热原引起,虽也会出现畏寒、发热等症状,但无血红蛋白尿、无腰背酸痛。输血相关的急性肺损伤(P23)(B错)常发生在输血后1~6小时内,主要表现为急性呼吸困难、双侧肺水肿和低氧血症,不会出现溶血相关的反应。细菌污染反应(P23)(D错)主要表现为寒战、高热、血压下降等内毒素休克症状,严重时也可出现血红蛋白尿,但发生率不高。过敏反应(E错)主要表现为皮肤局限性或全身性瘙痒或荨麻疹。"} {"Question":"临床上最常见的输血反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非溶血性发热反应"},{"key":"B","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"C","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"D","value":"溶血反应"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌污染反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"非溶血性发热反应是临床上最常见的输血反应,发生率约为2%-10%(A对)。变态反应(B错),即过敏反应(C错),多发生在输血数分钟后,也可在输血中或输血后发生,发生率约为3%。溶血反应(D错)是最严重的输血并发症,死亡率高,但很少发生。细菌污染反应(E错),后果严重,但发生率也不高。"} {"Question":"女,36岁。前置胎盘大出血入院行手术治疗。术中输注红细胞悬液26单位,机采血小板2个治疗量,手术创面渗血不止。实验室检查:Hb100g\/L,血小板90×10⁹\/L,凝血酶原时间(PT)为21s(正常对照为11~15s),血浆纤维蛋白原0.6g\/L。此时应输注","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全血"},{"key":"B","value":"红细胞悬液"},{"key":"C","value":"浓缩血小板"},{"key":"D","value":"新鲜冰冻血浆"},{"key":"E","value":"浓缩白(粒)细胞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年女性患者,大出血后入院治疗,经输注红细胞、血小板后,Hb100g\/L(正常110~150g\/L),血小板90×10⁹\/L(正常值100~300×10⁹\/L),凝血酶原时间(PT)为21s(正常对照为11~15S,凝血酶原时间延长提示凝血因子的缺乏),血浆纤维蛋白原0.6g\/L(正常值2~4g\/L,血浆纤维蛋白原为血液凝固因子之一),因新鲜冰冻血浆中含丰富的凝血因子,适用于多种凝血因子缺乏症、肝胆疾病引起的凝血障碍和大量输库存血后的出血倾向,故应输注新鲜冰冻血浆(D对)。原则上,失血量在30%以下时,不输全血(A错)。BCE项不含或少含凝血因子(BCE错)。"} {"Question":"成年患者输注1单位红细胞估计可提高的血红蛋白数量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3"},{"key":"B","value":"1"},{"key":"C","value":"10"},{"key":"D","value":"7"},{"key":"E","value":"5"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"1单位红细胞是指200ml全血中的全部红细胞。以成年男子为例,总血容量为5000ml,含25单位红细胞,其血红蛋白数量为120g\/L。故成人每输1单位红细胞可提高Hb5g\/L(120\/25=4.8)(E对)。此外,一袋全血(400ml)输给一个60kg体重非出血的贫血病人,大约可提升血红蛋白10g\/L(黄家驷外科学P390),即200ml全血可提升血红蛋白5g\/L。"} {"Question":"健康人血白蛋白(白蛋白)主要用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补充营养"},{"key":"B","value":"增强机体抵抗力"},{"key":"C","value":"低血容量性休克的扩容治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"自身免疫性疾病的治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"低丙种球蛋白血症的替代疗法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"健康人血白蛋白,简称白蛋白,从混合人血浆中提取而得,常用于低血容量性休克的扩容治疗(C对)、脑水肿的脱水、各种原因引起的低蛋白血症。补充营养(A错)一般应用富含蛋白质的食物或营养剂,而非白蛋白。增强机体抵抗力(B错)、自身免疫性疾病的治疗(D错)、低丙种球蛋白血症的替代疗法(E错)均是免疫球蛋白的适应症。"} {"Question":"成年患者,输血100ml后,突感头痛、恶心、寒战高热、呼吸困难、剧烈腰痛,血压下降,可能发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血反应"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌污染反应"},{"key":"C","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"D","value":"免疫反应"},{"key":"E","value":"发热反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"成年患者,输血100ml后,突感头痛、恶心、寒战高热、呼吸困难、剧烈腰痛,血压下降,可能发生的是溶血反应(A对),溶血反应是由于输入血型不符的血后而迅速出现一系列的症状甚至休克,是最严重的输血并发症。细菌污染反应(B错)病人的反应程度依细菌污染的种类、毒力大小和输入的数量而异。临床表现有烦躁、寒战、高热、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、发绀、腹痛和休克。过敏反应(C错)多发生在输血数分钟后,多表现为皮肤局限性或全身性瘙痒或荨麻疹。免疫反应(D错)常见于经产妇或多次接受输血者,因体内巳有白细胞或血小板抗体,当再次输血时可与输入的白细胞或血小板发生抗原抗体反应而引起发热。发热反应(E错)多发生于输血开始后15分钟至2小时内,主要表现为畏寒、寒战和高热,同时伴有头痛、出汗、恶心、呕吐及皮肤潮红,血压多无变化。"} {"Question":"男,4岁。诊断为血友病甲,有牙龈出血。输血用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冷沉淀"},{"key":"B","value":"全血"},{"key":"C","value":"浓缩红细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"血小板"},{"key":"E","value":"白细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"男性患儿4岁,诊断为血友病甲(凝血因子Ⅷ异常的遗传性出血疾病),有牙龈出血,输血时应用冷沉淀(A对)。冷沉淀是FFP(新鲜冰冻血浆)在4℃融解时不融的沉淀物,主要包含纤维蛋白原和FⅧ,主要用于血友病甲、先天或获得性纤维蛋白缺乏症。全血(B错)主要用于治疗失血量在30%以上者,补充因失血而丧失的血细胞及血浆蛋白。浓缩红细胞(C错)主要用于治疗各种急性失血,慢性贫血及心功能不全者输血。血小板(D错)主要用于治疗对白细胞凝集素有发热反应者及肾功能不全不能耐受库存血中高钾者。白细胞(E错)主要通过白细胞制剂进行输注,现因输注后并发症多,现已较少应用。"} {"Question":"女,28岁,妊娠38周。B超示胎儿脐带绕颈2周,拟行剖宫产术。4年前曾因外伤住院,接受输血后出现严重过敏反应。孕妇一般状况良好,心、肝、肾功能正常。化验Hb100g\/L。术前拟申请备血400ml,应选择的血液成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冷沉淀"},{"key":"B","value":"洗涤红细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"新鲜冰冻血浆"},{"key":"D","value":"悬浮红细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"浓缩血小板"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者曾出现过严重过敏反应,过敏反应是由血浆中蛋白类物质、免疫球蛋白及白细胞携带的某些抗体引发,为避免再次过敏反应,再次输血时应选择去除了大部分血浆及白细胞的洗涤红细胞(B对)。冷沉淀(A错)、新鲜冰冻血浆(C错)均属血浆制品,主要用于补充凝血因子。悬浮红细胞(D错)指将全血中绝大部分血浆分离出后,加入红细胞添加液制成,其中含有白细胞,可能再次发生过敏反应。浓缩血小板(E错)主要用于补充血小板,不用于术中补充血容量。"} {"Question":"一产妇分娩时产道出血400ml,血压100\/65mmHg,Hb110g\/L。因平时身体虚弱,其家属要求输血以补充营养和加快恢复体力,此时正确的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输注全血2单位"},{"key":"B","value":"输注红细胞悬液2单位"},{"key":"C","value":"输注新鲜冰冻血浆400ml"},{"key":"D","value":"加强饮食营养,但不输注任何血液制品"},{"key":"E","value":"输注人血白蛋白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本例患者出血小于总血容量的10%(500ml),Hb正常(刚分娩产妇身体状况与孕妇相似,其Hb低于100g\/L方能视为贫血),可通过机体自身组织间液向血液循环的转移而得到代偿,不需输注任何血液制品(ABCE错)。患者平时身体虚弱,可给予加强饮食治疗(D对)。"} {"Question":"不属于成分输血的优点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减少免疫反应"},{"key":"B","value":"提高疗效"},{"key":"C","value":"减少输血反应"},{"key":"D","value":"降低心脏负荷"},{"key":"E","value":"有效改善血容量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"成分输血是与输全血相对应的,二者均可有效改善血容量(E错,为本题正确答案),故不属于成分输血的优点。输全血时有大量异体抗原进入机体,易发生输血反应(包括免疫反应),成分输血(如洗涤红细胞)则可避免(AC对)。相同容量的成分血中有效成分更多,如浓缩红细胞、血小板制剂、血浆等,一方面可以提高疗效(B对),另一方面可以降低心脏负荷(D对)。"} {"Question":"去除白细胞和血小板肝炎病毒和抗A、B抗体的红细胞属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浓缩红细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"洗涤红细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"冰冻红细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"LPRBC"},{"key":"E","value":"冷沉淀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"去除白细胞及血小板、肝炎病毒和抗A、B抗体的红细胞属于洗涤红细胞(B对)。浓缩红细胞(A错),顾名思义是指浓缩了的红细胞,每110~120ml浓缩红细胞中包含了200ml全血中的所有红细胞。冰冻红细胞(C错)不含血浆,有利于稀有血型的保存。LPRBC(D错)即去白细胞的红细胞,特点是去除了90%的白细胞。冷沉淀(E错)是血浆在4℃条件下融解时不融的沉淀物,主要包含纤维蛋白原、Ⅷ因子等。"} {"Question":"女,58岁。乏力、低热1个月。查体:双侧颈部、腋窝和腹股沟均可触及肿大淋巴结,最大者直径2cm、质韧、无触痛,胸骨无压痛,肝肋下未触及,脾肋下3cm。实验室检查:Hb76g\/L,WBC5.2×10⁹\/L,Plt123×10⁹\/L,网织红细胞0.14,coombs试验(+),尿胆红素(—),尿胆原(+++)。为确诊首选的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹部B超"},{"key":"B","value":"骨髓活检"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓细胞学检查"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴结活检"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"目前患者考虑为淋巴瘤,为确诊应首选淋巴结活检(E对)进行病理学诊断。腹部B超(A错)主要用于腹部实质脏器的检查;骨髓活检(B错)、骨髓细胞学检查(C错)主要用于白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征、贫血等的诊断,且前者多用于科研;胸部X线片(D错)主要用于肺部疾病的诊断。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。无痛性双侧颈部淋巴结进行性肿大伴发热半月,发病以来体温最高37.5℃,无盗汗,体重无明显变化。查体:双侧颈部各触及一个2cm×2cm大小淋巴结,左腋窝一个2cm×1cm淋巴结,活动,无压痛,腹软,肝脾肋下未触及。化验:Hb126g\/L,WBC5.3×10⁹\/L,PLT155×10⁹\/L,胸腹部CT未见明显淋巴结肿大。右颈部淋巴结活检为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。本例最可能的分期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ期"},{"key":"B","value":"ⅡA期"},{"key":"C","value":"ⅡB期"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ期"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅳ期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者中年男性,无痛性双侧颈部淋巴结进行性肿大伴发热半月,颈部淋巴结活检已证实为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,发病以来体温最高37.5℃,无盗汗,体重无明显变化(1.不明原因发热大于38℃;2.盗汗;3.半年内体重下降10%以上出现一项即可分为B组)提示全身症状分组为A组;查体双侧颈部、左腋窝淋巴结肿大,肝脾肋下未触及,胸腹部CT未见明显淋巴结肿大(Ann Arbor分期系统不仅适用于霍奇金淋巴瘤,还适用于非霍奇金淋巴瘤。Ⅱ期:在膈肌同侧的两组或多组淋巴结受侵犯(Ⅱ)或局灶性单个结外器官及其区域淋巴结受侵犯,伴或不伴横膈同侧其他淋巴结区域受侵犯(ⅡE))提示患者为Ⅱ期,综合分析患者最可能的临床分期为ⅡA期(B对)。"} {"Question":"结核菌素试验原理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ型变态反应"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ型变态反应"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ型变态反应"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ型变态反应"},{"key":"E","value":"人体对外来物质的非特异性反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"结核菌素试验原理是Ⅳ型变态反应(D对),Ⅰ型变态反应(A错)主要见于过敏反应;Ⅱ型变态反应(B错)多见于输血反应、新生儿溶血病等;Ⅲ型变态反应(C错)多见于Arthus反应、血清病、肾小球肾炎等。非特异性免疫(E错)是生物在长期种系发育和进化过程中形成的一系列天然防御功能,也称固有免疫。"} {"Question":"介导Ⅰ型超敏反应的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CTL细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"B细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"浆细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"肥大细胞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"Ⅰ型超敏反应在四型超敏反应中发生速度与最快,一般在第二次接触抗原后数分钟内出现临床症状,故也称速发型超敏反应。变应原是Ⅰ型超敏反的始动因素,肥大细胞(E对)和嗜碱性粒细胞表面表达高亲和性IgE Fc受体介导Ⅰ型超敏反发生。CTL细胞(A错)为细胞毒T淋巴细胞通过细胞毒作用特异性杀伤病毒等胞内感染病原体所感染的靶细胞和体内突变的细胞。B细胞(B错)通过抗体发挥特异性体液免疫功能,同时也是重要的抗原提呈细胞,并参与免疫调节。NK细胞(C错)杀伤靶细胞没有MHC限制性,以“自我丢失”识别模式识别病毒感染靶细胞和突变细胞。浆细胞(D错)又称抗体形成细胞,是B细胞分化的终末细胞,能合成和分泌特异性抗体,表面不再表达BCR和MHC Ⅱ类分子。"} {"Question":"属于Ⅱ型超敏反应疾病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素过敏"},{"key":"B","value":"血清病"},{"key":"C","value":"新生儿溶血"},{"key":"D","value":"结核菌素试验"},{"key":"E","value":"类风湿关节炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"Ⅱ型超敏反应又称为细胞型或细胞毒型超敏反应,是由IgG或IgM抗体与靶细胞表面相应抗原结合后,在补体、吞噬细胞和NK细胞参与下,引起的以细胞溶解或组织损伤为主的病理免疫反应。与Ⅱ型超敏反应有关的疾病有输血反应、新生儿溶血病(C对)、药物过敏性血细胞减少症等。青霉素过敏(A错)(P148)属于Ⅰ型超敏反应。血清病(B错)(P152)和类风湿关节炎(E错)(P152)属于Ⅲ型超敏反应。结核菌素试验(D错)(P154)属于Ⅳ型超敏反应。"} {"Question":"适宜卡介苗接种的主要对象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性脑膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"结核菌素试验阳性者"},{"key":"C","value":"严重的结核病患者"},{"key":"D","value":"新生儿及结核菌素试验阴性的儿童"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞免疫功能低下者"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"疫苗是接种后能使机体对特定疾病产生免疫力的生物制剂,主要用于疾病的预防。卡介苗的主要作用是预防肺结核,预防作用最好是在疾病感染前(ABC错)或对未感染的病人进行注射,主要接种对象是新生儿刚出生时、1月龄、6月龄及及结核菌素试验阴性的儿童(D对)。结核杆菌主要引起机体的细胞免疫,在细胞免疫功能低下者(E错),接种卡介苗,不能起到有效的疫苗保护作用。"} {"Question":"不属于隐蔽抗原的组织成分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑组织"},{"key":"B","value":"晶状体蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"精子"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺球蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"关节滑膜"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"由于解剖位置特殊,机体内某些抗原从胚胎期开始从未与机体免疫系统接触,称为隐蔽抗原。隐蔽抗原通常不引发自身免疫反应,这类抗原有脑组织(A对)、晶状体(B对)、睾丸、精(卵)子(C对)、甲状腺球蛋白(D对)和中枢神经系统的抗原等。但在外伤、感染、手术、烧伤等外界因素作用下,隐蔽抗原可释放出来,进入血液和淋巴管,被免疫系统识别,发生免疫应答,导致自身免疫疾病。关节滑膜(E错,为本题正确答案)与关节囊液接触,关节囊液与机体免疫系统接触,故关节滑膜不属于隐蔽抗原的组织成分。"} {"Question":"属于B细胞的表面标志为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CD3"},{"key":"B","value":"CD4"},{"key":"C","value":"CD8"},{"key":"D","value":"CD19"},{"key":"E","value":"CD56"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"CD19(D对)、CD20、IgGFc受体属于B细胞的表面标志。CD3(A错)、CD4(B错)、CD8(C错)属于T细胞的表面标志。CD56(E错)、CD16属于NK细胞的表面标志物。"} {"Question":"即能产生抗体又能提呈抗原的免疫细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B淋巴细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"树突状细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"NK细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"巨噬细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"T细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"既能产生抗体又能提呈抗原的免疫细胞是B淋巴细胞(A对)。T淋巴细胞(E错)的功能可以大概分成三种,即辅助功能、杀伤功能和抑制功能(E错)(八年制第二版医学免疫学P190)。树突状细胞(B错),NK细胞(C错),巨噬细胞(D错)均不能产生抗体。"} {"Question":"机体感染病原体后,导致体内细胞因子迅速大量产生,这种现象称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞因子异常"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞因子风暴"},{"key":"C","value":"补体异常"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞因子检测"},{"key":"E","value":"适应性免疫"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"细胞因子风暴也称高细胞因子血症,表现为短期内机体大量分泌多种细胞因子,引发全身炎症反应综合征,严重者可导致多器官功能障碍综合征(B对)。"} {"Question":"IgG与哪种补体结合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"C9"},{"key":"B","value":"C7"},{"key":"C","value":"C1q"},{"key":"D","value":"C3"},{"key":"E","value":"C5"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"IgG主要是通过经典途径与C1q结合激活级联酶促反应过程(C对)。"} {"Question":"细胞免疫测定是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤迟发型超敏反应"},{"key":"B","value":"血清谷丙转氨酶测定"},{"key":"C","value":"血清免疫球蛋白测定"},{"key":"D","value":"血清β-微球蛋白测定"},{"key":"E","value":"硝基四唑氮兰还原试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"细胞免疫测定包括T细胞功能测定、B细胞功能测定、细胞毒实验、吞噬功能测定和细胞因子的检测。皮肤迟发型超敏反应(A对)属于T细胞功能测定,属于细胞免疫测定,为体内检测细胞免疫功能的简便易行的方法 。血清谷丙转氨酶测定(B错)主要用于肝脏病的诊断,谷丙转氨酶(GPT)又称丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),存在于各组织细胞,以肝脏含量最多,其次是心肌细胞内,血清中酶活性很低。当这些组织病变,细胞坏死或通透性增强时,细胞内酶释放入血,使血清中ALT活性增高。血清免疫球蛋白测定(C错)主要用于体液免疫测定。血清β-微球蛋白测定(D错)可作为反应肾小球滤过率的指标,从而反应肾功能。硝基四唑氮兰还原试验(E错)可反映中性粒细胞的杀伤功能。"} {"Question":"CD4⁺T细胞发挥抗病毒作用的主要机制不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"辅助抗体产生"},{"key":"B","value":"杀伤被感染细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"产生免疫记忆"},{"key":"D","value":"活化CD8+细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"分泌细胞因子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"病毒被摄取、加工、提呈抗原,激活CD4⁺T细胞,为初始CD8⁺T细胞的活化(D对)提供IL-2,还可以为B细胞提供细胞因子(E对),促进B细胞产生抗体(A对)。CD4⁺T细胞介导的是适应性免疫,因此会产生免疫记忆(C对)(P2)。杀伤被感染细胞(B错)主要见于CD8⁺T细胞应答(P172)。"} {"Question":"HLA复合体基因不编码","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HLA-I类分子的重链(α链)"},{"key":"B","value":"HLA-I类分子的轻链(β链)"},{"key":"C","value":"HLA-Ⅱ类分子的O链"},{"key":"D","value":"HLA-Ⅱ类分子的p链"},{"key":"E","value":"B因子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"HLA复合体基因编码主要组织相容性复合体,可引起强烈而迅速的排斥反应,包括HLA-I类分子的重链(A对)、HLA-Ⅱ类分子的重链和轻链(CD对)、B因子(E对)。HLA-I类分子的轻链(B错,为本题正确答案)由位于第15号染色体上的β2微球蛋白基因编码。"} {"Question":"甲胎蛋白","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自身抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"异种抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"异嗜性抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"肿瘤相关抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"肿瘤特异性抗原"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲胎蛋白在胎儿期高表达,出生后表达逐渐降低,但是在肝细胞癌中,高表达甲胎蛋白,可知甲胎蛋白属于肿瘤相关抗原(D对)。正常情况下,机体对自身抗原(A错)(P26)不产生免疫反应,处于免疫耐受的状态,甲胎蛋白不属于自身抗原。异种抗原(B错)(P25)是指来自另一物种的抗原物质,如植物花粉,异种动物血清,各种微生物及其代谢产物等。异嗜性抗原(C错)(P25)指存在于人、动物、微生物等不同种属之间的共同抗原例如溶血性链球菌的表面成分与人肾小球基底膜及心肌组织存在共同抗原,大肠埃希菌O14型脂多糖与人结肠粘膜有共同抗原。肿瘤特异性抗原(E错)指肿瘤细胞特有的或只存在于某种肿瘤细胞而不存在于正常细胞的一类抗原。"} {"Question":"肿瘤的特异性免疫治疗是应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻疹疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"短棒状杆苗疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"接种自身疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"α-干扰素"},{"key":"E","value":"白细胞介素-2"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"短棒状杆苗疫苗(B错)、α-干扰素(D错)、白细胞介素-2(E错)、麻疹疫苗(A错)为免疫调节剂,非特异性的增强宿主免疫功能。接种自身疫苗(C对)是肿瘤的特异性免疫治疗,使宿主免疫系统产生针对肿瘤抗原的抗肿瘤免疫应答。"} {"Question":"肿瘤的特异性免疫治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射麻疹疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"注射短棒状杆菌疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"注射异体肿瘤免疫核糖核酸"},{"key":"D","value":"注射干扰素"},{"key":"E","value":"注射转移因子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肿瘤的特异性治疗是注射自体或异体肿瘤免疫核糖核酸(C对)、瘤苗等,使宿主免疫系统产生针对肿瘤抗原的抗肿瘤免疫应答。注射麻疹疫苗(A错)、注射短棒状杆菌疫苗(B错)、注射干扰素(D错)和注射转移因子(E错)都属于肿瘤的非特异性治疗。"} {"Question":"男性,因交通事故致脾破裂,入院时血压80\/60mmHg,脉搏120次\/分,神志尚清,口渴,肤色苍白,尿少,估计失血量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100~300ml"},{"key":"B","value":"400~600ml"},{"key":"C","value":"800~1600ml"},{"key":"D","value":"1800~2000ml"},{"key":"E","value":"大于2000ml"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者脾破裂后神志尚清,出现口渴、肤色苍白、尿少等症状,血压80\/60mmHg,脉搏120次\/分,提示其出现中度休克(详见P32表5-1 休克的临床表现和程度),估计其失血量为800~1600ml(C对)。轻度休克时,收缩压可正常或略升高,失血量在800ml以下(AB错);重度休克时,收缩压在70mmHg以下或测不到,失血量为1600ml以上(DE错)。"} {"Question":"100g\/L,血细胞比容0.35。首先应进行的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇静、止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"胃肠减压"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素静滴"},{"key":"D","value":"快速输平衡盐溶液"},{"key":"E","value":"快速输全血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"女,25岁。右上腹刀刺伤1小时(可能导致肝破裂),烦躁、恶心、呕吐。查体:P 106次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),BP 110\/80mmHg(正常值大于90\/60mmHg)(休克代偿期)。腹肌紧张,有局限压痛和反跳痛(腹膜刺激征)。CVP 4cmH₂O(正常值5~10cmH₂O,<5cmH₂O时,表示血容量不足。注意:2016年印刷的《外科学》第八版中CVP正常值5~12cmH₂O),Hb 100g\/L(正常值为男:120-160g\/L,女:110-150g\/L),血细胞比容0.35,结合该患者病史、临床表现、查体,该患者考虑诊断为休克代偿期。首先应进行快速输平衡盐溶液(D对CE错)。镇静、止痛(A错)不应该首先处理,以免掩盖病情。胃肠减压(B错)是胃十二指肠溃疡瘢痕性幽门梗阻的的首要治疗措施。"} {"Question":"为感染性休克病人迅速纠正血容量不足时,下列各组液体中,首选的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以平衡盐溶液为主,配合适量血浆和全血"},{"key":"B","value":"以胶体溶液为主"},{"key":"C","value":"等张生理盐水加代血浆"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄糖溶液加代血浆"},{"key":"E","value":"全血配合葡萄糖"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"感染性休克纠正血容量不足时,首先以输注平衡盐溶液为主,配合适当的胶体液、血浆或全血(A对),可迅速恢复足够的循环血量。输注晶体液既能补充血容量,又能有效纠正电解质紊乱,而胶体液、等渗葡萄糖溶液只能增加血容量,故补液时应以晶体液为主,后输胶体液(B错),先输盐溶液,后输葡萄糖溶液(D错)。等张生理盐水(C错)即生理盐水,其渗透压及钠含量与血浆相似,但氯离子含量过高,大量输注易引发高氯性酸中毒。全血中成分较多,易发生输血反应、造成浪费(E错),现已极少应用。需注意:外科补液原则为先晶体后胶体,先盐后糖,先快后慢,见尿补钾。"} {"Question":"关于感染性休克病人应用糖皮质激素的依据与方法,不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖皮质激素可以稳定细胞及溶酶体膜,免受内毒素破坏"},{"key":"B","value":"大剂量糖皮质激素对心脏发挥正性肌力作用"},{"key":"C","value":"适当应用糖皮质激素可以减少合并症"},{"key":"D","value":"糖皮质激素应从大剂量开始"},{"key":"E","value":"要取得疗效至少要使用5天"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在感染性休克的治疗中,糖皮质激素可以稳定细胞及溶酶体膜,免受内毒素破坏(A对),缓解全身炎症反应。应从大剂量开始(D对),维持不宜超过48小时(E错,为本题正确答案),否则有发生急性胃粘膜损害和免疫抑制等严重并发症的危险。大剂量糖皮质激素能增强心肌收缩力,增加心排量,对心脏发挥正性肌力作用(B对)。适当应用糖皮质激素可以抑制补体和激肽活化,减少抗原抗体复合物形成,从而减少合并症(C对)。"} {"Question":"对中心静脉压正常,血压下降的病人的正确的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充分补液"},{"key":"B","value":"适当补液"},{"key":"C","value":"强心"},{"key":"D","value":"扩张血管"},{"key":"E","value":"进行补液试验后处理"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中心静脉压代表了右心房或者胸腔段腔静脉内压力的变化,可反映心功能和全身血容量之间的关系。当中心静脉压正常但血压下降时,有两种可能的原因:一种是心功能不全造成,右心功能尚可维持正常的中心静脉压,而左心射血功能下降,射血减少导致外周血压下降;二是血容量不足,直接导致外周血压下降,但心功能正常,维持正常的中心静脉压。此时需要先进行补液试验(E对)后处理,即在5~10分钟内向静脉注射等渗盐水250ml,如果血压升高而中心静脉压不变,提示血容量不足,应补液治疗;如果血压不变而中心静脉压升高,提示心功能不足,应强心治疗。充分补液适用于中心静脉压低、血压下降的病人,即严重血容量不足(A错)。适当补液适用于中心静脉压低、血压正常的患者,此类患者为相对血容量不足(B错)。强心治疗适用于中心静脉压高、血压下降的患者,此类患者为心功能不全,不能将回流到右心的血液射出去(C错)。扩张血管适用于中心静脉压高、血压正常的患者,此类患者是由于容量血管过度收缩,造成回流血量相对增加而加重了右心负担(D错)。"} {"Question":"提示血容量不足","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中心静脉压很低,尿量多"},{"key":"B","value":"中心静脉压偏低,尿量少"},{"key":"C","value":"中心静脉压偏低,尿量多"},{"key":"D","value":"中心静脉压很高,尿量多"},{"key":"E","value":"中心静脉压很高,尿量少"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中心静脉压代表了右心房或者胸腔段腔静脉内压力变化,可反映全身血容量与右心功能的关系,中心静脉压低表示血容量不足;尿量反映肾脏的灌注,尿量少说明肾脏灌注少,进一步说明血容量不足。综上,中心静脉压偏低,尿量少提示血容量不足(B对)。一般不存在中心静脉压低,尿量多的临床表现(AC错)。中心静脉压很高,尿量多,提示血容量过多(D错)。中心静脉压很高,尿量少,提示心功能不全(E错)。"} {"Question":"感染性休克大剂量应用糖皮质激素治疗的时间最长不宜超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1天"},{"key":"B","value":"5天"},{"key":"C","value":"3天"},{"key":"D","value":"7天"},{"key":"E","value":"2天"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"感染性休克应用糖皮质激素治疗时,糖皮质激素能抑制多种炎症介质的释放和稳定溶酶体膜,缓解全身炎症反应综合征。但应用限于早期、用量宜大,可达正常用量的10~20倍,维持不宜超过48小时,否则有发生急性胃黏膜损害和免疫抑制等严重并发症的危险,即感染性休克大剂量应用糖皮质激素治疗的时间最长不宜超过2天(E对)。"} {"Question":"心源性休克病人心率慢,宜选用哪种药物治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低分子右旋糖苷"},{"key":"B","value":"酚妥拉明"},{"key":"C","value":"多巴酚丁胺"},{"key":"D","value":"西地兰"},{"key":"E","value":"糖皮质激素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心源性休克病人心率慢,宜选用多巴酚丁胺(C对)治疗。多巴酚丁胺属血管收缩剂,可通过兴奋β受体发挥对心肌的正性肌力作用,增加心脏的每搏输出量和心率,使心输出量增加,从而迅速提高血压,改善各器官血流灌注。低分子右旋糖酐(A错)为血浆代用品,主要作用是扩充血容量,心源性休克患者心功能下降,若单纯扩容会加重心脏负荷。酚妥拉明(B错)为血管扩张剂,应在补充血容量的基础上应用,否则可加重休克。西地兰(D错)属洋地黄类药物,虽可增强心肌收缩力,但减慢心率。糖皮质激素(E错)主要用于感染性休克和其他较严重的休克,可增加心肌收缩力,增加心排血量,但其扩张血管的作用会使回心血量进一步减少,可能加重心源性休克。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。高血压病30余年,糖尿病10余年,发现双侧肾动脉狭窄2年。禁用的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管紧张素"},{"key":"B","value":"β受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"C","value":"钙拮抗剂"},{"key":"D","value":"噻嗉类利尿剂"},{"key":"E","value":"ɑ受体阻滞剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年男性患者,高血压病30余年,糖尿病10余年,发现双侧肾动脉狭窄2年,应禁用的药物血管紧张素(A对),因其为升压药,药理作用是使血管收缩,增大外周阻力,从而加重患者高血压及肾缺血。β受体阻滞剂(B错)、钙拮抗剂(C错)、噻嗪类利尿剂(D错)及α受体阻滞剂(E错)均为降压药,可降低血压,可用于该患者。"} {"Question":"最易引起低钾血症的降压药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"C","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氢氯噻嗪(E对)为噻嗪类利尿剂,通过抑制近端远曲小管对NaCl的重吸收从而产生利尿作用,尿中排出Na⁺、Cl⁻外,K⁺的排泄也增多,长期服用可引起低血钾(P253)。美托洛尔(A错)为选择性β₁受体拮抗剂,不良反应主要是由于增加气道阻力而引起的症状(P253)。卡托普利(B错)为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,可使体内缓激肽增多,引起刺激性干咳(P255)。哌唑嗪(C错)为α₁受体阻断剂,副作用较多,主要为体位性低血压(P255)。硝苯地平(D错)为二氢砒啶类钙通道阻滞剂,主要通过阻滞L型钙通道减少钙离子内流,减弱兴奋-收缩偶联,引起阻力血管扩张,主要不良反应有心率增快、面部潮红、头痛、下肢水肿等(P255)。"} {"Question":"上肢血压高于下肢血压,是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"B","value":"主动脉缺损"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉缩窄"},{"key":"D","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"E","value":"法洛四联症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"主动脉缩窄多数为先天性,少数是多发性大动脉炎所致。临床表现为上臂血压增高,而下肢血压不高或降低。在肩胛间区、胸骨旁、腋部有侧支循环的动脉搏动和杂音,腹部听诊有血管杂音。胸部X线检查可见肋骨受侧支动脉侵蚀引起的切迹。主动脉造影可确定诊断(C对)。"} {"Question":"男,57岁,体检发现血糖升高。既往有高血压、高脂血症史。其母患糖尿病。查体。BP160\/100mmHg,身高175cm,体重90kg。双肺听诊未见异常。心率76次\/分,律齐,肝脾肋下未触及,实验室检查:空腹血糖7.8mmol\/L,HbAlc8.0%。下列降压药物中,应首选的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"钙通道阻滞剂"},{"key":"C","value":"α受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"D","value":"β受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"利尿剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者老年男性,体检发现血糖升高,既往有高血压、高血脂症病史(糖尿病高危因素)。其母患糖尿病(家族史)。查体:BP160\/100mmHg(正常值90~130\/60~80mmHg,提示高血压2级),身高175cm,体重90kg(BMI>24提示肥胖,BMI=体重kg\/身高㎡)。实验室检查:空腹血糖7.8mmol\/L(正常值3.9~6.1mmol\/L,提示糖尿病),HbAlc8.0%(正常值<6.5%)。综合病史、体查和实验室检查,患者可诊断为糖尿病伴高血压2级。对于高血压合并糖尿病的患者降血压首选的治疗药物是血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)(A对)。ACEI可抑制交感-肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统,扩张外周血管而降低血压;还可改善胰岛素抵抗、减少尿蛋白形成,因此特别适合于高血压合并糖尿病的患者。钙通道阻滞剂(P255)(B错)对血脂、血糖等无明显影响,而患者有高脂血症(正常值0.56~1.70mmol\/L),因此其不能作为本例首选。用于抗高血压治疗的α受体阻滞剂(C错)(P255)主要为α₁受体阻滞剂,如哌唑嗪、特拉唑嗪等,因其副作用较多,目前不主张单独使用。β受体阻滞剂(D错)(P253)能增加胰岛素抵抗,还可能掩盖和延长低血糖反应,利尿剂(E错)可使血脂、血糖、血尿酸升高,两者都不适合用于高血压合并糖尿病的患者。"} {"Question":"男,32岁,发现血压增高3年。近1年血压持续为170~200\/130~140mmHg,近1周头痛视力模糊。眼底检查发现视乳头水肿,最可能的诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性视乳头病变"},{"key":"B","value":"脑出血"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性高血压"},{"key":"D","value":"脑梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"高血压脑病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"恶性高血压也称急进性高血压,起病较急骤,典型表现为血压显著升高,舒张压多持续在130~140mmHg或更高,并有头痛,视力模糊和视盘水肿等症状,且多在中青年发病。结合患者病史和临床表现,本例最可能的诊断为恶性高血压(C对)。急性视乳头病变(A错)仅为病人部分临床表现,不能解释血压持续升高的原因。脑出血(B错)和脑梗死(D错)为高血压常见的脑血管并发症,常见于中老年高血压患者,且多表现为突然剧烈疼痛、呕吐、偏瘫伴血压增高。高血压脑病(E错)属于高血压急症的一种,主要表现为头痛、抽搐和意识障碍,并可伴有短暂的局灶性神经功能缺失(实用内科学第14版P2735),与本例不符。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。发现高血压7个月,未服药。改善生活行为后血压为140-150\/90-95mmHg,心率56次\/分。该患者治疗首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"B","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"利血平"},{"key":"D","value":"培哚普利"},{"key":"E","value":"比索洛尔"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中年男性,有高血压病史,血压稍偏高,心率偏低(正常值60~100次\/分),最适宜选用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)。培哚普利(D对)属于ACEI类,是一种强效和长效的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,可使外周血管阻力降低,而心输出量和心率不变,可改善心肌及小血管重构,改善舒张功能。维拉帕米(A错)属于非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂,比索洛尔(E错)属于β受体拮抗剂,两者都可使心率降低。哌唑嗪(B错)为α₁受体拮抗剂,利血平(C错)为交感神经抑制剂,两者都曾多年用于临床并有一定的降压疗效,但因副作用较多,目前不主张单独使用,但可用于复方制剂或联合治疗(P255)。"} {"Question":"高血压合并肾功能不全,降压药宜选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"β受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"D","value":"血管扩张剂"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性肾功能不全合并高血压者,降压治疗的目的主要是延缓肾功能恶化,预防心、脑血管病发生,ACEI或ARB在早、中期能延缓肾功能恶化(A对)。利尿剂(B错)通过排钠,减少细胞外容量,降低外周血管阻力降低血压,特别是保钾利尿剂可引起高血钾,不宜与ACEI 、ARB 合用, 肾功能不全者慎用。β受体拮抗剂(C错)可通过抑制中枢和周围RAAS,抑制心肌收缩力和减慢心率而发挥降压作用,但对心肌收缩力、窦房结及房室结功能都有抑制作用。血管扩张剂(D错)是直接作用于外周小动脉平滑肌使阻力血管扩张,血压下降,冠心病、心力衰竭、脑血管病变或肾功能减退者慎用。"} {"Question":"糖尿病合并高血压的患者,血压控制目标值应小于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"130\/80mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"150\/90mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"140\/80mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"130\/90mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"140\/90mmHg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"糖尿病合并高血压时,属于心血管疾病高危人群。因此应该积极降压治疗,为达到目标水平,通常在改善生活方式的基础上需要两种以上降压药联合治疗。ACEI或ARB能有效减轻和延缓糖尿病肾病的进展,血压控制目标值应小于130\/80mmHg(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"感染性心内膜炎最常累及的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"室间隔缺损处"},{"key":"B","value":"心脏瓣膜"},{"key":"C","value":"动静脉瘘"},{"key":"D","value":"房间隔缺损处"},{"key":"E","value":"动脉导管未闭"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"感染性心内膜炎最常累及的部位是心脏瓣膜(B对),也可发生在间隔缺损部位(AD错)、腱索或心壁内膜。"} {"Question":"女,23岁。自幼患先天性心脏病,近两个月来发热,体温波动在37.5~38.5°C,全身乏力,无咳嗽,间断抗生素治疗,疗效不佳。查体:胸骨左缘第三肋间可闻及全收缩期杂音。为明确诊断,主要检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"C","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"D","value":"血钾浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"血沉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青年女性,先天性心脏病史(为亚急性感染性心内膜炎常见发病因素),近两个月发热、体温波动在37.5~38.5℃(发热是感染性心内膜炎最常见的症状,体温一般<39℃),全身乏力,查体:胸骨左缘第三肋间可闻及全收缩期杂音(提示主动脉瓣狭窄,可由先心病引起),综合患者的病史、体征及查体,可初步诊断为感染性心内膜炎,为明确诊断,可进行超声心动图(C对)检查,若发现赘生物,则可确诊。心电图(A错)可帮助诊断心律失常,以及心肌缺血、心肌梗死的部位,并不能确诊心内膜炎。胸部X线片(B错)可用于观察肺部的大体病变及心腔增大情况。血钾浓度(D错)主要用于判断高钾血症和低钾血症。血沉(E错)可用于心肌梗死和心绞痛的鉴别诊断。"} {"Question":"女,28岁,发热半月,弛张热型,伴恶寒、关节痛。体检:皮肤瘀点Osler结节,心脏有杂音,考虑为感染性心内膜炎。确诊的直接证据来自","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血液学检查"},{"key":"B","value":"心电图检查"},{"key":"C","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"D","value":"免疫学检查"},{"key":"E","value":"细菌学检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"感染性心内膜炎确诊的直接证据来自细菌学检查(E对),在近期未接受过抗生素治疗的患者血培养阳性率可高达95%以上。血液学检查(A错)、心电图检查(B错)、超声心电图(C错)和免疫学检查(D错)为间接证据,对感染性心内膜炎的诊断有一定意义,但并不能作为确诊的直接证据。"} {"Question":"夜间阵发性呼吸困难,高枕卧位,颈静脉怒张,双肺底可闻及干湿啰音,肝大,下肢水肿,诊断考虑是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全心衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"急性左心衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性右心衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性左心衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"急性右心衰竭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"夜间阵发性呼吸困难,高枕卧位,双肺底可闻及干湿啰音(左心衰竭导致肺循环淤血的典型表现),颈静脉怒张,肝大,下肢水肿(右心衰竭导致体循环淤血的典型表现),故诊断考虑是全心衰竭(A对CDE错)。急性左心衰竭(B错)典型表现为突发严重呼吸困难,强迫坐位,频繁咳嗽,咳粉红色泡沫状痰。"} {"Question":"对心力衰竭病人进行择期手术,至少待心衰控制以后","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"<1周"},{"key":"B","value":"1~2周"},{"key":"C","value":"3~4周"},{"key":"D","value":"5~6周"},{"key":"E","value":">6周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"对心力衰竭病人进行择期手术,至少待心衰控制以后3~4周(C对),以降低手术风险和手术并发症(第二版八年制外科学P28)。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。夜间阵发性呼吸困难1个月,喘憋不能平卧2天,无咳嗽咳痰,有陈旧性心肌梗死病史,查体:BP130\/90mmHg,心率98次\/分,无颈静脉怒张,双肺底可闻及细湿啰音,双下肢无水肿。该患者喘憋的最可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"左心衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"右心衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者有夜间阵发性呼吸困难,喘憋不能平卧,双肺底可闻及细湿啰音,且有陈旧性心肌梗死病史,考虑诊断为左心衰竭。故患者喘憋的最可能原因是左心衰竭(B对)导致的肺部淤血。肺炎(P42)(A错)常有高热,咳嗽、咳痰等肺部感染症状。右心衰竭(P167)(C错)主要以体循环淤血为主要表现,可有颈静脉怒张、双下肢水肿等阳性体征。心肌炎(P270)(D错)患者发病前1~3周常有感染前驱症状,如发热、全身怠倦和肌肉酸痛等,除此之外有心悸、胸痛甚至晕厥等,且以青少年多见。支气管哮喘(E错)典型症状为发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难,双肺可闻及广泛的哮鸣音。"} {"Question":"男,50岁,急性心肌梗死患者。突然出现胸闷、气喘、大汗淋滴,两肺满布干湿啰音,第一心音低钝。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性左心衰"},{"key":"B","value":"急性心包炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性动脉栓塞"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉夹层"},{"key":"E","value":"急性肺栓塞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者中年男性,有急性心肌梗死(急性左心衰的常见病因)病史,突然出现胸闷、气喘、大汗淋滴,两肺满布干湿啰音,第一心音低钝(急性左心衰的常见临床表现和体征),本例患者最可能的诊断是急性左心衰(A对)。急性心包炎(P302)(B错)多有上呼吸道感染的病史,表现为胸痛和心包摩擦音。急性动脉栓塞(C错)的典型表现为“5P”征,即疼痛(pain)、麻木(parasthesia)、运动障碍(paralysis)、无脉(pulselessness)和苍白(pallor)。主动脉夹层(P324)(D错)引多表现为突发的持续的刀割样剧痛,两上肢或上下肢血压相差较大,很少出现肺循环淤血症状。急性肺栓塞(E错)的典型三联征为呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血。"} {"Question":"病毒性心肌炎的确诊有赖于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血肠道病毒核酸阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"血清柯萨奇B组病毒IgG滴度1:640以上"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌组织内病毒的检出"},{"key":"D","value":"血C反应蛋白水平增高"},{"key":"E","value":"血清柯萨奇B组病毒IgM滴度1:320以上"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"病毒性心肌炎的诊断主要为临床诊断。根据典型的前驱感染史、相应的临床表现及体征、心电图、心肌酶学检查或超声心动图、CMR显示的心肌损伤证据,应考虑此诊断。确诊有赖于EMB(心内膜心肌活检)检出病毒(C对BE错)。血肠道病毒核酸阳性(A错)提示近期肠道有病毒感染,与病毒性心肌炎无关。血C反应蛋白水平增高(D错)提示机体受到感染或者损伤,只能了解病情,不能确诊疾病。"} {"Question":"对诊断肥厚性梗阻性心肌病最有意义的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图出现深而宽的病理性Q波"},{"key":"B","value":"胸骨左缘第三、四肋间有响亮的收缩期杂音"},{"key":"C","value":"用力时心前区闷痛及晕厥史"},{"key":"D","value":"超声心动图发现舒张期室间隔与左室后壁的厚度之比≥1.3,伴二尖瓣前叶收缩期向前运动"},{"key":"E","value":"可闻及第三心音及第四心音"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"超声心电图是临床诊断肥厚型梗阻性心肌病最主要的手段。特征性表现为心室不对称肥厚而无心室腔增大,且舒张期室间隔与左室后壁厚度之比≥1.3,伴二尖瓣前叶收缩期向前运动(D对)。心电图出现深而宽的病理性Q波(A错)多见于心肌梗死患者(P237),仅有少数肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者可出现深而不宽的病理性Q波。胸骨左缘第三、四肋间有响亮的收缩期杂音(B错)可见于先天性室间隔缺损(P273);用力后心前区闷痛及晕厥史(C错)可见于主动脉瓣狭窄(P295);可闻第三心音及第四心音(E错)能见于扩张型心肌病(P262),后三种症状或体征虽然都能出现在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者,但都不具有诊断特异性。"} {"Question":"可使肥厚性心肌病杂音减轻的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"D","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"E","value":"硝酸甘油"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"当肥厚型心肌病伴有流出道梗阻时,可在胸骨左缘第3~4肋间闻及较粗糙的喷射性收缩期杂音。若减弱心肌收缩力或增加心脏后负荷,使射血速度减慢,心脏杂音可减轻或消失。如美托洛尔(A对)为β受体拮抗剂,对心肌有负性肌力的作用,可减弱心肌收缩力而使肥厚型心肌病杂音减轻。呋塞米(B错)和硝酸甘油(E错)可减轻心脏后负荷而使肥厚型心肌病杂音增强;而多巴胺(C错)和地高辛(D错)均为正性肌力药物,可增加心肌收缩力而使肥厚型心肌病杂音增强。"} {"Question":"男性,21岁。近半年来反复、心悸、胸痛、劳力性呼吸困难。时有头晕或短暂神志丧失。体检发现:心脏轻度增大,心尖部有2级收缩期杂音和第四心音,胸骨左缘第3~4肋间闻及较粗糙的喷射性收缩期杂音。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠心病心绞痛"},{"key":"B","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"肥厚型梗阻性心肌病"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒性心肌炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者青年男性,反复心悸、胸痛、劳力性呼吸困难,时有头晕或短暂神志丧失,体检发现:心脏轻度增大,心尖部有2级收缩期杂音和第四心音,胸骨左缘第3~4肋间闻及较粗糙的喷射性收缩期杂音(提示流出道梗阻),综合患者的病史、临床表现和体查,最可能的诊断是肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(D对)。冠心病心绞痛(A错)典型表现为与劳力有关的心绞痛,休息后可缓解,不会出现胸骨左缘第3~4肋间的杂音。二尖瓣关闭不全(P292)(B错)的典型杂音为心尖区全收缩期吹风样杂音,杂音强度多≥3\/6级,一般也不会出现胸骨左缘第3~4肋间的杂音。主动脉瓣狭窄(P296)(C错)多可于胸骨右缘1~2肋间闻及粗糙而响亮的射流性杂音。病毒性心肌炎(P270)(E错)患者发病前多有病毒感染前驱症状,如发热、全身倦怠感和肌肉酸痛等。"} {"Question":"男,42岁,劳累性胸闷,心悸1年,晕厥一次,既往无高血压病史和糖尿病病史,有类似家族史,查体:血压120\/80mmhg,心率80次\/分,胸骨左缘三四肋间可闻及4\/6级收缩期喷射样杂音,心尖部听诊区可闻及3\/6级收缩期杂音。以下诊断正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"梗阻性肥厚型心肌病"},{"key":"B","value":"扩张型心肌病"},{"key":"C","value":"风湿性心脏瓣膜病"},{"key":"D","value":"冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病"},{"key":"E","value":"室间隔缺损"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者中年男性,劳累后胸闷、心悸,有类似家族史(肥厚型心肌病是一种遗传性心肌病),胸骨左缘三四肋间可闻及4\/6级收缩期喷射样杂音(提示流出道梗阻),心尖部听诊区可闻及3\/6级收缩期杂音(二尖瓣前叶移向室间隔导致二尖瓣关闭不全),综合患者的病史、症状、体征,最可能的诊断是肥厚型心肌病(A对)。扩张型心肌病(B错)临床主要表现为充血性心力衰竭,主要体征为心界扩大,常可闻及第三或第四心音,有时可于心尖部闻及收缩期杂音。室间隔缺损(E错)可有胸骨左缘第3~4肋间Ⅳ~Ⅵ全收缩期杂音。风湿性心脏病(C错)患者多有风湿热病史,且多在年幼时发病,并伴有相应瓣膜区的改变。冠心病(D错)指冠状动脉发生粥样硬化引起管腔狭窄或闭塞,导致心肌缺血缺氧或坏死,多见于40岁以上中、老年人,急剧的、暂时的缺血缺氧引起心绞痛,无胸骨左缘三四肋间4\/6级收缩期喷射样杂音。"} {"Question":"扩张型心肌病左右心室同时衰竭时,与临床症状和体征最有关的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉回流增加"},{"key":"B","value":"肺淤血减轻"},{"key":"C","value":"心排量减少"},{"key":"D","value":"心律失常"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌缺血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"扩张型心肌病左心衰竭时表现为肺淤血,若同时发生右心衰竭,则右心室向肺动脉内射血减少,使肺内血流量减少,肺淤血(B对)减轻,患者的临床症状反而减轻。静脉回流增加(A错)、心排量减少(C错)、心律失常(D错)及心肌缺血(E错)均为扩张型心肌病病理生理改变,但与题干不符。"} {"Question":"不属于急性病毒性心肌炎常见临床表现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"先有发热,然后出现心悸、胸闷"},{"key":"B","value":"恶心、呕吐等消化道症状"},{"key":"C","value":"可合并各种心律失常"},{"key":"D","value":"常出现器质性心脏杂音"},{"key":"E","value":"心动过速与发热程度平行"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"多数病人发病前1~3周有病毒感染前驱症状,如发热、全身倦怠感和肌肉酸痛,或恶心、呕吐等消化道症状(B对)。随后可以有心悸、胸痛、呼吸困难、水肿,甚至晕厥、猝死。临床诊断的病毒性心肌炎绝大部分是以心律失常(C对)为主诉或首见症状”(P271)“2.体征…心率可增快且与体温不相称(E错,为本题正确答案)。听诊可闻及第三、第四心音或奔马律,部分病人可于心尖部闻及收缩期吹风样杂音(D对)”。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。右下肢疼痛1年。让其抬高右下肢80°,1分钟后下肢皮肤苍白,再让其下肢垂于床沿,大约1分钟后下肢皮肤颜色方恢复正常。该检查结果提示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Buerger试验阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"Trendelenburg试验阳性"},{"key":"C","value":"Perthes试验阳性"},{"key":"D","value":"Prantt试验阳性"},{"key":"E","value":"lasegue试验阳性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该检查结果提示Buerger试验阳性(A对)。Buerger试验亦称体位色泽改变试验。检查方法如下:现将下肢抬高70°~80°,持续1分钟,正常肢体远端皮肤保持淡红或稍微苍白,若呈苍白或蜡白色,提示动脉供血不足;再将下肢下垂于床沿,正常人皮肤色泽可在10秒内恢复,若恢复时间超过45秒,且色泽不均者,进一步提示动脉供血障碍。浅静脉瓣膜功能(Trendelenurg)试验(B错):病人平卧,抬高患肢使静脉排空,在大腿根部扎止血带,阻断大隐静脉,然后让病人站立,迅速释放止血带。若出现自上而下的静脉逆向充盈,即为阳性,提示瓣膜功能不全。深静脉通畅(Perthes)试验(C错):患者站立,在患肢大腿上1\/3处扎止血带,阻断大隐静脉回流,然后嘱患者交替伸屈膝关节10~20次,以促进下肢血液回流。若活动后浅静脉曲张更加明显,张力增高,甚至胀痛,即为阳性,提示深静脉阻塞,禁忌作大隐静脉高位结扎术。Pratt试验(D错)为交通静脉瓣膜功能试验。检查方法如下:病人仰卧,抬高下肢,在大腿根部扎上止血带,然后从足趾向上至腘窝缠缚第一根弹力绷带,再自止血带处向下,缠绕第二根弹力绷带;让病人站立,一边向下解开第一根弹力绷带,一边向下缠缚第二根弹力绷带。若在两绷带之间出现曲张静脉,即提示该处有功能不全的交通静脉。Lasegue试验(E错)又称直腿抬高试验(P733):患者双下肢伸直仰卧,检查者一手扶住患者膝部使其膝关节伸直,另一手握住踝部并徐徐将之抬高,直至患者产生下肢放射痛为止。若抬高在60°以内即出现坐骨神经痛,即为阳性,提示可能存在腰椎间盘突出。"} {"Question":"动脉瘤最典型的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"压迫症状"},{"key":"B","value":"搏动性肿块"},{"key":"C","value":"肢体远端肿块"},{"key":"D","value":"破裂出血"},{"key":"E","value":"体积增大伴疼痛感染"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"动脉瘤指动脉发生的局限性异常扩张,其最典型的临床表现为搏动性肿块(B对)和杂音。肿块表面光滑,触诊时具有膨胀性而非传导性搏动,且与心脏搏动一致,可伴有震颤和收缩期杂音。动脉瘤的其他临床表现还包括:①压迫症状(A错);②远端肢体、器官缺血;③瘤体破裂出血(D错);④感染性动脉瘤可有局部疼痛、周围组织红肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,55岁,间歇性跛行伴右小腿腓肠肌疼痛一年余,查体右小腿以下皮肤粗糙,萎缩,变薄发亮,右足背动脉搏动消失,为明确治疗方案,最有意义的检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多普勒超声"},{"key":"B","value":"阶段性电抗阻和光电容积描述"},{"key":"C","value":"MRI血管成像"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉造影"},{"key":"E","value":"阶段性动脉压测定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性患者(年龄>45岁),间歇性跛行伴右小腿腓肠肌疼痛一年余(肢体慢性缺血表现),查体右小腿以下皮肤粗糙,萎缩,变薄发亮,右足背动脉搏动消失(动脉阻塞体征),故患者怀疑动脉硬化性闭塞症,因为动脉造影能显示动脉狭窄或闭塞的部位、范围、侧支及阻塞远侧动脉主干的情况,以确定诊断,指导治疗,故最有意义的检查为动脉造影(D对)。多普勒超声一般用于判断血流强弱、阻塞情况、管壁厚度、狭窄程度、有无附壁血栓及测定流速等,但不是确定诊断首选检查(A错)。电阻抗体积描记检查一般用于判断下肢静脉通畅度,以确定有无静脉血栓形成(B错)。MRI血管成像相对于动脉造影而言价格较为昂贵,不作为此处首选检查(C错)。阶段性动脉压测定一般是用于抢救低心排血量综合征和心源性休克的重要手段(E错)。"} {"Question":"急性肢体动脉栓塞的临床表现“5p”,不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"感觉异常"},{"key":"C","value":"麻痹"},{"key":"D","value":"脉快"},{"key":"E","value":"苍白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"动脉栓塞是指动脉腔被进入血管内的栓子堵塞(血栓、空气、脂肪、癌栓及其他异物),造成血流阻塞,引起急性缺血的临床表现,可概括为“5P”征,包括疼痛(A对)、感觉异常(B对)、麻痹(C对)、苍白(E对)和无脉(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女,60岁。宫颈癌行子宫切除术后3天,晨起时突发左小腿疼痛,左足不能着地踏平,行走时疼痛加重。查体:左小腿肿胀,深压痛,足背动脉搏动存在。首选的检查为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同位素骨扫描"},{"key":"B","value":"下肢CT"},{"key":"C","value":"下肢X线平片"},{"key":"D","value":"下肢MRI"},{"key":"E","value":"下肢超声多普勒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"老年女性患者,宫颈癌行子宫切除术(术后血液处于高凝状态,术后卧床导致下肢静脉血流缓慢,易形成静脉血栓)后3天,晨起突发左小腿疼痛,左足不能着地踏平,行走时疼痛加重(下肢深静脉血栓的典型临床表现)。查体:左小腿肿胀(提示静脉回流障碍),深压痛,足背动脉搏动存在(提示动脉通畅)。综合该患者的病史及体查,诊断考虑下肢深静脉血栓形成,首选的检查为下肢超声多普勒(E对),可明确下肢深静脉阻塞的部位。同位素骨扫描(A错)主要用于诊断恶性肿瘤骨转移。下肢CT(B错)、X线平片(C错)、MRI(D错)对下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值不大,一般不用。"} {"Question":"关于深静脉血栓形成的叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬膜外麻醉后较全麻后更易发生"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠癌低位前切除术后较甲状腺癌手术后更易发生"},{"key":"C","value":"胆囊切除术后较全髋置换术后更易发生"},{"key":"D","value":"术后活动过早"},{"key":"E","value":"术后镇痛药物应用过多"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"造成深静脉血栓形成的三大因素是静脉损伤、血液缓慢和血液高凝状态。手术是导致血液高凝状态的高危因素,手术创伤越大越容易导致血液高凝状态,因此各种大手术(全髋置换术、直肠癌术等)较小手术(胆囊切除术、甲状腺癌手术)术后更易发生深静脉血栓形成。此外,直肠癌低位前切除术及全髋置换术术后需较长时间卧床,引起下肢静脉血流缓慢,容易发生深静脉血栓形成。综上所述,直肠癌低位前切除术后较甲状腺癌手术后更易发生(B对)深静脉血栓;全髋置换术后较胆囊切除术后(C错)更易发生深静脉血栓。全麻后下肢完全处于松弛状态,血管充分扩张,静脉血流速度减慢,容易产生深静脉血栓;硬膜外麻醉麻醉平面呈节段性,对下肢静脉血流影响相对较小,因此硬膜外麻醉后较全麻后较少发生(A错)深静脉血栓形成。术后活动可加快静脉回流(通过骨骼肌对静脉的挤压作用,即所谓“肌肉泵”)减少静脉血栓形成(D错)。镇痛药物一般不引起深静脉血栓(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,左下肢疼痛发凉半年,既往有左下肢血栓性浅静脉炎病史,无高血压、糖尿病病史,吸烟30年,20支\/天。查体:右下肢正常;左足苍白,皮温明显降低,左足背动脉搏动消失,左股、腘动脉可触及搏动,Buerger试验阳性。最有可能的诊断是左下肢","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性动脉栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"血栓闭塞性脉管炎"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性下肢静脉曲张"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉硬化性闭塞症"},{"key":"E","value":"深静脉血栓形成"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"45岁男性患者(血栓闭塞性脉管炎好发人群),左下肢疼痛发凉半年(起病隐匿,发展缓慢),既往有左下肢血栓性浅静脉炎病史,无高血压、糖尿病病史(无动脉硬化因素),吸烟20年,20支\/天(吸烟为血栓闭塞性脉管炎发生发展的重要因素),查体:右下肢正常;左足苍白,皮温明显降低,左足背动脉搏动消失(血栓闭塞性脉管炎典型表现),左股、胭动脉可触及搏动,Buerger试验阳性(提示患肢有严重供血不足),根据患者的病史、临床症状、体征和病理征,最有可能的诊断是血栓闭塞性脉管炎(B对),血栓闭塞性脉管炎(TAO),又称Buerger病,是血管的炎性、节段性和反复发作的慢性闭塞性疾病。急性动脉栓塞(P490)(A错)是动脉腔被进入血管内的栓子堵塞,导致血流阻塞,引起急性缺血的临床表现,特点是起病急骤,缺血症状明显,进展迅速,后果严重,有典型的5“P”征(疼痛、感觉异常、麻痹、无脉、苍白)。原发性下肢静脉曲张(P500)(C错)主要临床表现下肢浅静脉扩张、迂曲,下肢有沉重、乏力感,踝部可有轻度肿胀和足靴区皮肤营养性变化(皮肤色素沉着、皮炎、湿疹、皮下脂质硬化和溃疡形成)。动脉硬化性闭塞症(P487)(D错)发生在大、中动脉,涉及腹主动脉及其远侧主干动脉时,引起下肢慢性缺血,高脂血症、高血压、吸烟、糖尿病、肥胖等是高危因素,患肢的股、腘、胫后及足背动脉搏动减弱或不能扪及。深静脉血栓形成(P502)(E错)多为突然发生患肢肿胀,伴有胀痛、浅静脉扩张,局限在小腿部的深静脉血栓主要表现为突然出现小腿剧痛,幻足不能着地踏平,行走时症状加重,小腿肿胀且有深压痛,Homans征阳性。"} {"Question":"男,14岁。右大腿深部巨大血管瘤,术后情况良好,伤口一期愈合。拆线后下床活动5分钟后,突然晕倒,抢救无效死亡。应考虑为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑血管意外"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌梗死"},{"key":"C","value":"休克致死"},{"key":"D","value":"肺动脉栓塞"},{"key":"E","value":"脂肪栓塞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"静脉损伤,血流缓慢和血液高凝状态是造成深静脉血栓形成的三大因素。该患者右大腿深部巨大血管瘤(静脉损伤)、行手术治疗(血液高凝状态)、术后卧床(血流缓慢),存在深静脉血栓形成的三大因素,拆线后下床活动,静脉血栓可脱落并随血液运动到肺动脉堵塞,造成血液阻塞、血液动力学的变化,进而出现血压下降、休克和心脏衰竭,甚至造成死亡(D对C错)。青年男性患者,既往无高血压、冠心病等心血管病史,故不考虑脑血管意外、心肌梗死(AB错)。脂肪栓塞的栓子常来源于长骨骨折,脂肪组织严重挫伤和烧伤,临床表现上,多在损伤后1-3天内出现突然发性作的呼吸急促、呼吸困难和心动过速,该患者拆线后下床活动(下肢拆线时间为术后10~12天),无形成脂肪栓子的条件(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,左下肢疼痛发凉半年。既往有左下肢血栓性浅静脉炎病史,无高血压、糖尿病病史。吸烟20年,20支\/天。查体:右下肢正常;左足苍白,皮温明显降低,左足背动脉搏动消失,左股、腘动脉可触及搏动。Buerger试验阳性。最有可能的诊断是左下肢","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性动脉栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"血栓闭塞性脉管炎"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性下肢静脉曲张"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉硬化性闭塞症"},{"key":"E","value":"深静脉血栓形成"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"45岁男性患者(血栓闭塞性脉管炎好发人群),左下肢疼痛发凉半年(起病隐匿,发展缓慢),既往有左下肢血栓性浅静脉炎病史,无高血压、糖尿病病史(无动脉硬化因素),吸烟20年,20支\/天(吸烟为血栓闭塞性脉管炎发生发展的重要因素),查体:右下肢正常;左足苍白,皮温明显降低,左足背动脉搏动消失(血栓闭塞性脉管炎典型表现),左股、胭动脉可触及搏动,Buerger试验阳性(提示患肢有严重供血不足),根据患者的病史、临床症状、体征和病理征,最有可能的诊断是血栓闭塞性脉管炎(B对),血栓闭塞性脉管炎(TAO),又称Buerger病,是血管的炎性、节段性和反复发作的慢性闭塞性疾病。急性动脉栓塞(P490)(A错)是动脉腔被进入血管内的栓子堵塞,导致血流阻塞,引起急性缺血的临床表现,特点是起病急骤,缺血症状明显,进展迅速,后果严重,有典型的5“P”征(疼痛、感觉异常、麻痹、无脉、苍白)。原发性下肢静脉曲张(P500)(C错)主要临床表现下肢浅静脉扩张、迂曲,下肢有沉重、乏力感,踝部可有轻度肿胀和足靴区皮肤营养性变化(皮肤色素沉着、皮炎、湿疹、皮下脂质硬化和溃疡形成)。动脉硬化性闭塞症(P487)(D错)发生在大、中动脉,涉及腹主动脉及其远侧主干动脉时,引起下肢慢性缺血,高脂血症、高血压、吸烟、糖尿病、肥胖等是高危因素,患肢的股、腘、胫后及足背动脉搏动减弱或不能扪及。深静脉血栓形成(P502)(E错)多为突然发生患肢肿胀,伴有胀痛、浅静脉扩张,局限在小腿部的深静脉血栓主要表现为突然出现小腿剧痛,幻足不能着地踏平,行走时症状加重,小腿肿胀且有深压痛,Homans征阳性。"} {"Question":"对药物治疗无效的反复发作室性心动过速\/心室颤动的心力衰竭患者,最适宜的治疗为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"服用阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"植入性心脏转复除颤器"},{"key":"C","value":"服用奎尼丁"},{"key":"D","value":"安置房室顺序起搏器"},{"key":"E","value":"静注维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"对于药物治疗无效的反复发作室性心动过速\/心室颤动的心衰患者,临床上应使用植入性心脏转复除颤器(B对)治疗。心脏转复除颤器同时具备抗心动过缓起搏、抗心动过速起搏和低能电转复以及高能电除颤多种功能。对本例患者的治疗包括:一方面在患者自发心室颤动时可以及时除颤,另一方面当患者突发心脏骤停时可及时起搏。阿托品(A错)适用于缓慢型心律失常和房室传导阻滞。奎尼丁(P190)(C错)可在心房扑动和心房颤动时转复窦性心律,但也可诱发致命性室性心动过速,增加死亡率,目前已少用。房室顺序起搏器又称双腔起搏器(P161),是指在右心房和右心室内放置两根导线,按顺序起搏心房和心室。主要用于病态窦房结综合征和高度房室传导阻滞患者。故安置房室顺序起搏器(D错)不适合于本例患者。维拉帕米(P206)(E错)为非二氢吡啶类钙通道拮抗剂,主要适用于各种室上性心动过速,房室折返性心动过速等。"} {"Question":"不属于阵发性室上性心动过速临床特点的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"突发突止"},{"key":"B","value":"心率>150\/分"},{"key":"C","value":"心律绝对规则"},{"key":"D","value":"第一心音强弱不等"},{"key":"E","value":"大部分由折返机制引起"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"第一心音强弱不等(D错,为本题正确答案)是心房颤动的常见体征。阵发性室上性心动过速简称室上速,大部分室上速由折返机制引起(E对),起始突然,通常由一个房性期前收缩触发,其下传的PR间期显著延长,随之引起心动过速发作。临床表现为心动过速发作突然起始与终止(A对),持续时间长短不一,体检心尖区示第一心音强度恒定,心律绝对规则(C对),其心电图表现为心率150~250次\/分(B对),节律规则。"} {"Question":"诊断室性心动过速最重要的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"R-R间期规整"},{"key":"B","value":"QRS波群宽大畸形"},{"key":"C","value":"频率100~250次\/分"},{"key":"D","value":"心室夺获与室性融合波"},{"key":"E","value":"T波与QRS波主波方向相反"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"室性心动过速发作时少数室上性冲动可下传心室,产生心室夺获,表现为在P波之后,提前发生一次正常的QRS波。当室性心动过速产生的冲动与窦房结下传的冲动同时激动心室的一部分时,可产生室性融合波(D对)。因此诊断室性心动过速最重要的依据是心室夺获与室性融合波。R-R间期规整(A错)仅表示心室率节律整齐,可见于多种心律失常,无特异性。QRS宽大畸形(B错)可见于室性期前收缩,也可见于室上性心动过速伴差异性传导等。阵发性室上性心动过速(P192)的心率多为150~250次\/分,心房颤动(P188)的心室率通常在100~160次\/分,故频率100~250次\/分(C错)并不是诊断室性心动过速最重要的依据。T波与QRS波主波方向相反(E错)也可见于室性心动过速(P198),但并非最重要的依据。"} {"Question":"第二心音固定分裂,常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"B","value":"主动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"C","value":"肺动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"D","value":"房间隔缺损"},{"key":"E","value":"室间隔缺损"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"第二心音,主要来自于主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣突然关闭。正常情况下,主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣关闭的时间间隔较短,不能为人耳分别,听诊为一个声音。当第二心音的主动脉瓣成份与肺动脉瓣成份之间的间距延长,导致听诊为两个声音,即称为第二心音分裂。房间隔缺损(D对)时,第二心音分裂属于固定分裂。虽然呼气时右心房回心血量有所减少,但由于存在左房向右房的血液分流,右心血流仍然增加,排血时间延长,肺动脉瓣关闭明显延迟,致S₂分裂;当吸气时,回心血流增加,但右房压力暂时性增高同时造成左向右分流稍减,抵消了吸气导致的右心血流增加的改变,因此其S₂分裂的时距较固定。二尖瓣关闭不全(A错)最主要的体征是心尖部收缩期杂音,第一心音减弱。主动脉瓣关闭不全(B错)最主要的体征是主动脉瓣区舒张期吹风样杂音,第二心音减弱。肺动脉瓣关闭不全(C错)常于肺动脉听诊区听到舒张期杂音。室间隔缺损(E错)有左到右分流,可在胸骨左缘闻及收缩期杂音。"} {"Question":"女,33岁。健康查体时ECG发现偶发房性期前收缩。既往体健。查体:心界不大,心率80次\/分,心脏各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。该患者最恰当的处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寻找病因,定期随诊"},{"key":"B","value":"口服普罗帕酮"},{"key":"C","value":"口服慢心律"},{"key":"D","value":"口服胺碘酮"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉注射利多卡因"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者青年女性,既往体健,偶发房性期前收缩,未见临床症状,查体正常,所以该患者最恰当的处理措施是寻找病因,定期随诊(A对)。当房性期前收缩患者有明显症状或因房性期前收缩触发室上性心动过速时,应给予治疗。治疗药物可选用普罗帕酮(B错)、胺碘酮(D错)、莫雷西嗪或β受体拮抗剂。本例患者并无临床症状,无需药物治疗。慢心律即美西律(P206)(C错),属于ⅠB类抗心律失常药,常用于急、慢性室性快速性心律失常,小儿先天性心脏病与室性心律失常等。利多卡因(九版药理学P196)(E错)主要治疗室性心律失常,如心脏手术、心导管术、急性心肌梗死或强心苷中毒所致的室性心动过速或心室纤颤。"} {"Question":"女,70岁,风湿性心脏瓣膜病20年。因心悸5天就诊。查体:自动体位,BP150\/70mmHg,心率119次\/分,心律绝对不齐,心音强弱不等。心电图示:心房颤动。宜首选的抗凝治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"华法林"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"肝素"},{"key":"D","value":"尿激酶"},{"key":"E","value":"复方丹参片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"房颤合并瓣膜病患者,首选的抗凝治疗是华法林(A对)。非瓣膜病患者需使用CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分法对患者进行危险分层。CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分法的评分标准为:充血性心力衰竭\/左心室功能障碍(1分);高血压(1分);年龄≥75岁(2分);糖尿病(1分);脑卒中\/TIA\/血栓栓塞史(2分);血管疾病(1分);年龄65~74岁(1分);性别女性(1分)。CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2,需抗凝治疗;评分1分者,根据获益与风险权衡,优选抗凝治疗;评分为0分者,无需抗凝治疗。肝素(P190)(C错)抗凝起效快,主要用于房颤紧急复律治疗。尿激酶(D错)为溶栓药,不能当作抗凝药使用。复方丹参片(E错)为中成药,具有活血化瘀,理气止痛的功效,多用于治疗冠心病心绞痛。"} {"Question":"男,36岁。心悸3年,既往体健。查体:BP130\/80mmHg,双肺未闻及湿啰音,心脏各瓣膜区未闻及杂音,心律不齐。心电图示:心室率140次\/分,P波消失,代之大小不等的f波。该患者最可能出现的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发绀"},{"key":"B","value":"二尖瓣面容"},{"key":"C","value":"脉短拙"},{"key":"D","value":"A₂亢进"},{"key":"E","value":"双下肢水肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者青年男性,有心悸病史,既往体健,查体未见明显异常,心电图显示P波消失,出现f波(房颤的典型波形),心律不齐(房颤的典型体征),心室率140次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分,心房颤动患者心室率常在100~160次\/分),结合患者的病史和心电图检查,考虑诊断为心房颤动。心房颤动的听诊特点是心律绝对不规则、第一心音强弱不等和脉率少于心率(脉短绌)。脉短绌(C对)产生的原因是许多心室搏动过弱以致未能开启主动脉瓣,或因动脉血压波太小未能传至外周动脉。发绀(P139)(A错)是缺氧的典型表现,房颤时可能由于心脏排出量下降造成肺淤血从而导致呼吸困难,但极少达到发绀的程度。二尖瓣面容(九版诊断学P92)(B错)指面色晦暗、双颊紫红、口唇轻度发绀,常见于风湿性心瓣膜病二尖瓣狭窄。A₂(主动脉区第二心音)亢进(D错)常见于外周血管阻力升高和血流量增多时,如高血压、动脉粥样硬化(九版诊断学P157)。双下肢水肿(E错)常见于右心衰患者,主要由体循环淤血引起,房颤时排血量下降可能导致体静脉淤血,但一般较少严重到出现水肿症状。"} {"Question":"左向右分流型先天性心脏病出现显著肺动脉高压时主要改变为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左心室增大"},{"key":"B","value":"右心室增大"},{"key":"C","value":"左心房增大"},{"key":"D","value":"右心房增大"},{"key":"E","value":"左心房,左心室增大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"左向右分流型先天性心脏病出现显著肺动脉高压时主要改变为右心室增大(B对)。左心室增大(A错)主要见于风湿性二尖瓣关闭不全。左心房增大(C错)主要见于二尖瓣狭窄。右心房增大(D错)主要见于右向左分流型先天性心脏病法洛四联症。左心房,左心室增大(E错)主要见于肺动脉狭窄。"} {"Question":"男,60岁,突发持续性胸痛5小时,查体BP100\/50mmHg,心率40次\/分,律齐,心电图示急性下壁、右室心肌梗死,三度房室传导阻滞。最适宜的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉滴注肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"静脉滴注多巴酚丁胺"},{"key":"D","value":"植入临时心脏起搏器"},{"key":"E","value":"植入永久心脏起搏器"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为三度房室传导阻滞,心率40次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),最适宜植入临时心脏起搏器(D对)。静脉注射异丙肾上腺素、静脉滴注肾上腺素(AB错)适用于任何部位的房室阻滞,但对急性心肌梗死时应十分慎重,因可能导致严重室性心律失常。静脉滴注多巴酚丁胺(C错)适用于心力衰竭的治疗。植入永久心脏起搏器(E错)适用于Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞无好转迹象或持续时间超过7日以上者。"} {"Question":"女性,19岁。近二周来发热38℃左右,伴恶心、呕吐、腹泻。遂出现心悸、胸痛、呼吸困难,晕厥发作。体检发现:面色苍白,精神萎糜。心率40次\/分,律齐,心尖部第一心音低钝,且可闻及大炮音。临床诊断病毒性心肌炎。最适宜的治疗措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉注射阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉滴注硝酸甘油"},{"key":"C","value":"皮下注射肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"临时植入心脏起搏器"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏复律"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者年轻女性,病毒性心肌炎诊断明确,心尖部第一心音低钝,心率40次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分,严重偏慢),且可闻及大炮音(完全性房室传导阻滞的典型体征),提示患者有病毒性心肌炎伴完全性房室传导阻滞。患者有晕厥发作,面色苍白,精神萎糜等组织血液灌流不足的表现,可能为完全性房室传导阻滞导致心室率极慢,左心室心输出量降低所致。对于完全性房室传导阻滞而出现晕厥的病毒性心肌炎患者最适宜的治疗措施为临时植入心脏起搏器(D对)。静脉注射阿托品(A错)可提高房室阻滞的心率,多用于阻滞位于房室结的患者。但适用于无心脏起搏条件的应急情况。硝酸甘油(P232)(B错)可扩张正常和粥样硬化的冠状动脉,缓解心肌缺血,主要用于冠心病心绞痛的治疗和预防。对于房室传导阻滞的患者多可静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素治疗,而皮下注射肾上腺素(C错)常用于治疗过敏性休克和心脏骤停。心脏复律(E错)是指原先的心律失常的异常起搏点恢复为正常的窦性心律,但本例为完全性房室传导阻滞,并非心脏节律异常。"} {"Question":"男,63岁,排便时突发剧烈胸痛,入院急查心电图示前壁、下壁心肌梗死,脉搏40次\/分,2小时后复查心电图,P波规律,QRS波群正常,心房率120次\/分,心室率40次\/分,该患者心电传导系统中发生异常的位置为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结"},{"key":"B","value":"结间束"},{"key":"C","value":"房室结"},{"key":"D","value":"左束支"},{"key":"E","value":"浦肯野纤维网"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性患者,心肌梗死后出现心率失常,心电图示P波规律,QRS波群正常,心房率120次\/分,心室率40次\/分(心房率>心室率),考虑诊断为三度(完全性)房室传导阻滞,此时该患者心电传导系统中发生异常的位置为房室结(C对)。"} {"Question":"胸部X线片示心影呈“烧瓶样”。提示的心脏异常是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"D","value":"心包积液"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胸部X线片示心影呈“烧瓶样”,提示的心脏异常是心包积液(D对)。二尖瓣狭窄(A错)时,心脏舒张期从左心房流入左心室的血流受阻,左心房代偿性扩张肥大,晚期左心室缩小,X线显示呈“梨形心”(九版病理学P172)。二尖瓣关闭不全(B错)时,左心室部分血液通过未关闭全的瓣膜口反流到左心房内,左心房既接受肺静脉的血液,又接受左心室反流的血液,致左心房血容量较正常增多,出现左心房代偿性肥大,继而左心房、左心室容积性负荷增加,使左心室代偿性肥大,右心室、右心房代偿性肥大,X线显示呈“球形心”(九版病理学P172)。主动脉瓣关闭不全(C错)时,主动脉部分血液反流至左心室,使左心室血容量增加,发生代偿性肥大。久而久之,发生左心衰竭,进而引起右心肥大,大循环淤血(九版病理学P173)。主动脉瓣狭窄(E错)左心室血液排血受阻,左心室发生代偿性肥大,X线显示,心脏呈“靴形”(九版病理学P173)。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。胸闷气促2周,查体:吸气时BP85\/60mmHg,呼气时BP100\/75mmHg,心尖搏动减弱,心界向两侧扩大,心率125次\/分,律齐。心音低钝遥远,心脏各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。最有助于确诊的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"动态血压监测"},{"key":"C","value":"心电图"},{"key":"D","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"E","value":"肺功能"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者老年男性,有胸闷气促症状,查体:吸气时BP85\/60mmHg而呼气时BP100\/75mmHg(奇脉的典型表现);心尖搏动减弱、心界向两侧扩大且心音低钝遥远(大量心包积液的典型体征),结合患者的病史和典型体征,该患者考虑为心包积液引起心脏压塞。最有助于确诊心包积液的辅助检查是超声心动图(D对),心脏压塞时超声心动图的特征为:舒张末期右心房塌陷及舒张早期右心室游离壁塌陷。胸部X线片(A错)、心电图(C错)对心包积液的辅助诊断有一定意义,但并非最有助于确诊心脏压塞的辅助检查。动态血压监测(P251)(B错)可用于诊断白大衣高血压,发现隐蔽性高血压,检查顽固难治性高血压的原因,评估血压升高程度、短时变异和昼夜节律以及治疗效果等,一般不用于心包积液的辅诊。肺功能(E错)主要用于某些肺部疾病(如COPD、支气管哮喘等)的辅助诊断。"} {"Question":"结核性心包炎初期最关键的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服泼尼松"},{"key":"B","value":"抗结核治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"营养支持治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"心包穿刺引流"},{"key":"E","value":"口服利尿药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"结核性心包炎初期最关键的治疗是抗结核治疗(B对)。口服泼尼松(A错)一般用于治疗用于过敏性与自身免疫性炎症性疾病,胶源性疾病,如风湿病、类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮、严重支气管哮喘、肾病综合症、血小板减少性紫癜等。营养支持治疗(C错)是很多疾病的常规治疗,不作为结核性心包炎的最关键治疗。心包穿刺引流(D错)是解除心脏压塞最简单、有效的手段,一般用于所有血流动力学不稳定的急性心脏压塞。口服利尿药(E错)一般用于治疗高血压、心衰、肾衰等疾病。"} {"Question":"缩窄性心包炎最有特异性的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"奇脉"},{"key":"B","value":"Ewart征"},{"key":"C","value":"心包叩击音"},{"key":"D","value":"肝大"},{"key":"E","value":"水肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心包叩击音在病人在胸骨左缘第3~4肋间可闻及,发生在第二心音后,呈拍击样,因舒张期血流突然涌入舒张受限的心室引起心室壁振动产生的额外心音,常见于心包积液和缩窄性心包炎时,是心包填塞的重要体征之一(C对)。奇脉(A错)不常见。Ewart征(B错)常出现在有心包积液时。肝大(D错)、水肿(E错)可出现在体循环障碍,但没有特异性。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。胸闷气促2周,查体:吸气时BP85\/60mmHg,呼气时BP100\/75mmHg,心尖搏动减弱,心界向两侧扩大,心率125次\/分,律齐。心音低钝遥远,心脏各瓣膜区未闻及杂音。与上述临床表现相符合的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"De Musset征"},{"key":"B","value":"Ewart征"},{"key":"C","value":"Corrigan征"},{"key":"D","value":"Quincke征"},{"key":"E","value":"Traube征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年男性,有胸闷气促症状,查体:吸气时BP85\/60mmHg而呼气时BP100\/75mmHg(奇脉的典型表现);心尖搏动减弱、心界向两侧扩大且心音低钝遥远(大量心包积液的典型体征),结合患者的病史和典型体征,该患者考虑为心包积液引起心脏压塞。当心包积液量大时可于左肩胛骨下出现叩浊音,听诊闻及支气管呼吸音,称心包积液征(Ewart征)(B对)。De Musset征(点头征)(A错)是指头部出现与心跳一致的规律性点头样运动;Corrigan征(C错)即水冲脉,指脉搏骤起骤落,犹如潮水涨落;Quincke征(D错)即毛细血管搏动征,指轻压指甲可见甲床随脉搏发白和变红;Traube征(E错)即枪击音,指在股动脉搏动处听到的刺耳音,若出现这四种体征可称为周围血管征阳性,常见于主动脉瓣重度关闭不全、甲状腺功能亢进和严重贫血等,一般少见于心脏压塞患者。"} {"Question":"女,28岁。持续胸痛1天,深吸气时加重。心电图:除aVR外的其他导联ST段呈弓背向下抬高。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胸膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"急性肺栓塞"},{"key":"C","value":"变异型心绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"急性心肌梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"急性心包炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者青年女性,持续胸痛,深吸气时加重(急性心包炎常见的表现),心电图示除aVR外的其他导联ST段呈弓背向下抬高(急性心包炎特征性心电图表现),综合患者的临床表现和心电图检查,该患者最可能的诊断是急性心包炎(E对)。急性胸膜炎(A错)表现为胸痛,由于呼吸时胸膜的摩擦,胸痛呈吸气明显,屏气消失的特点,一般无心电图变化。急性肺栓塞(P100)(B错)常表现为突然出现的呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血甚至晕厥等症状。变异型心绞痛(P229)(C错)多于静息情况下发生,一般不会出现持续性胸痛,心电图表现为一过性ST段抬高。急性心肌梗死(P236)(D错)常表现为胸骨后压榨性疼痛,心电图特征性表现为对应导联的ST段呈弓背向上(不是弓背向下)抬高,且常伴宽而深的Q波。"} {"Question":"女,55岁。进行性呼吸困难2个月,心界向两侧扩大,心率120次\/分。Ewart征阳性。应立即采取的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗生素治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"心包穿刺抽液"},{"key":"C","value":"抗结核治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"心包切除"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏移植"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者中老年女性,有进行性呼吸困难症状(肺淤血表现),心界向两侧扩大(心包积液时可见心影向两侧增大呈烧瓶状),心率120次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分,提示窦性心动过速),Ewart征(即心包积液征,为大量心包积液时的特异体征)阳性,结合患者的临床表现和典型体征,该患者考虑诊断为心包积液引起心脏压塞。此时应立即采取的措施是心包穿刺抽液(B对),迅速解除心脏压塞。抗生素治疗(A错)、抗结核治疗(C错)主要针对心包积液病因的治疗,主要在疾病早期使用,本例患者已出现心脏压塞症状,故不适合药物治疗。心包切除(P307)(D错)常用于缩窄性心包炎的治疗;心脏移植(P174)(E错)是治疗顽固性心力衰竭的方法,两者一般不用于心脏压塞的治疗。"} {"Question":"心包积液超声心动图显示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左室扩大,流出道增宽,室间隔及左室后壁运动减弱"},{"key":"B","value":"室间隔非对称性肥厚,舒张期室间隔厚度与左室后壁之比≥1.3:1"},{"key":"C","value":"心前壁之前和心后壁之后有液性暗区"},{"key":"D","value":"瓣叶有赘生物及瓣叶穿孔"},{"key":"E","value":"舒张期二尖瓣前叶呈圆拱状,后叶活动度减弱,交界处融合,瓣叶增厚和瓣口面积减小"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"正常心包腔内可有20~30ml液体起润滑作用,超声心动图难以发现,若心前壁之前和心后壁之后有液性暗区(C对),则可确诊为心包积液。左室扩大,流出道增宽,室间隔及左室后壁运动减弱(A错)为扩张型心肌病(P263)的超声心动图表现。室间隔非对称性肥厚,舒张期室间隔厚度与左室后壁之比≥1.3:1为肥厚型心肌病(P266)(B错)的超声心动图表现。瓣叶有赘生物及瓣叶穿孔(D错)为感染性心内膜炎(P311)的超声心动图表现。舒张期二尖瓣前叶呈圆拱状,后叶活动度减弱,交界处融合,瓣叶增厚和瓣口面积减小(E错)为二尖瓣狭窄(P288)的典型超声心动图表现。"} {"Question":"成人心肺复苏的顺序是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ABC"},{"key":"B","value":"ACB"},{"key":"C","value":"CAB"},{"key":"D","value":"CBA"},{"key":"E","value":"BAC"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"成人心肺复苏的顺序是CAB(C对)。"} {"Question":"女,68岁。清晨锻炼时突发心肌梗死,心跳骤停3分钟后实施心肺复苏,5分钟后心跳、呼吸恢复,10分钟后到医院。查体:P100次\/分,BP100\/65mmHg,浅昏迷,两侧瞳孔不等大。不必要的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"足量抗生素静滴"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米20mg静脉滴注"},{"key":"C","value":"物理降温使体温降至33℃-35℃"},{"key":"D","value":"高压氧疗"},{"key":"E","value":"20%甘露醇250ml静脉快速滴注"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者实施心肺复苏后浅昏迷,两侧瞳孔不等大,提示脑仍缺氧或水肿,应行降温(物理降温使体温降至33℃-35℃)(C对)、脱水(呋塞米20mg静脉滴注、20%甘露醇250ml静脉快速滴注)(BE对)、高压氧治疗(D对)等降低颅压,恢复脑灌注。心肌梗死并非细菌性感染疾病,此时运用抗生素没有意义(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"女,74岁。5天前诊断为“急性前壁心肌梗死”,今日再感胸痛,随即意识丧失。心电监护和生命体征监测示无脉电活动。该患者意识丧失的最可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脏破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"心源性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"乳头肌断裂"},{"key":"D","value":"再发心肌梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"室间隔穿孔"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者5天前诊断为急性前壁心肌梗死(急性心梗引起心脏破裂多在起病1周内出现,造成心包积血引起心脏压塞而猝死),今日再感胸痛,随即意识丧失。心电监护和生命体征监测示无脉电活动(急性心梗引起心室破裂、大面积肺梗死,导致猝死的表现),根据患者病史及检查,意识丧失的最可能原因是急性心梗引起心脏破裂(A对D错)。急性心梗致室间隔穿孔(E错)可引起心衰和休克而在数日内死亡,少见。乳头肌断裂(C错)多见于下壁心梗,心衰明显,可迅速发生肺水肿在数日内死亡。心源性休克(B错)通常不会引起猝死。"} {"Question":"抢救由心室颤动引起的心脏骤停时,最有效的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉注射利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"皮下注射肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"植入心脏起搏器"},{"key":"D","value":"非同步电除颤"},{"key":"E","value":"口对口人工呼吸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"非同步电击复律(电除颤)(P208)(D对)的机制是将一定强度的电流通过心脏,使全部或大部分心肌在瞬间除极,然后心脏自律性最高的起搏点重新主导心脏节律。其是目前临床抢救心室颤动引起的心脏骤停最有效的方法。静脉注射利多卡因(A错)主要用于治疗心律失常;皮下注射肾上腺素(B错)为电除颤无效后的首选药物治疗;植入心脏起搏器(C错)一般用于有症状心动过缓患者;口对口人工呼吸(E错)虽可部分维持心脑功能,但极少能将室颤转为正常心律。"} {"Question":"触诊主动脉瓣狭窄患者心前区震颤的最佳部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸骨左缘3、4肋间"},{"key":"B","value":"心尖部"},{"key":"C","value":"胸骨左缘第2肋间"},{"key":"D","value":"剑突下"},{"key":"E","value":"胸骨右缘第2肋间"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"震颤为触诊时手掌尺侧(小鱼际)或手指指腹感到的一种细小震动感。震颤的发生机制与心杂音相同,系血液经狭窄的口径或循环异常的方向流动形成涡流造成瓣膜、血管壁或心脏壁震动传至胸壁所致。发现震颤后应首先确定部位及来源,其次确定其处于心动周期中的时期,最后分析其临床意义。触诊主动脉瓣狭窄患者心前区震颤的最佳部位是胸骨右缘第2肋间(E对)。胸骨左缘3、4肋间(A错)收缩期震颤见于室间隔缺损。心尖部(B错)震颤见于二尖瓣疾病。胸骨左缘第2肋间(C错)震颤见于肺动脉瓣疾病。剑突下(D错)震颤无明显临床意义。"} {"Question":"60%。该患者气短的最可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺动脉高压"},{"key":"B","value":"肺血栓栓塞"},{"key":"C","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉瓣关闭不全"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年男性,劳累时气短进行性加重。查体:胸骨右缘第2肋间可闻及4\/6收缩期喷射样杂音,向颈部传导(主动脉瓣狭窄典型心脏杂音)。根据患者的临床症状体征,最有可能的诊断的是主动脉瓣狭窄(C对)。肺动脉高压(P107)(A错)患者会有不同程度的发绀,肺脏疾病体征,如肺气肿体征,干、湿性啰音,P₂>A₂。肺血栓栓塞(P100)(B错)患者以呼吸气促、胸痛最常见,有发绀体征,听诊肺部哮鸣音和细湿罗音。主动脉瓣关闭不全(P299)(D错)患者听诊可闻及主动脉区舒张期杂音,为一高调递减叹气样杂音。肺动脉瓣关闭不全(E错)常继发于肺动脉高压,症状体征与其相似。"} {"Question":"患者,女性,40岁。有风湿性关节炎病史10年,近5年出现呼吸困难、咳嗽和咯血等症状,并有肝大、腹水、双下肢水肿。查体:心尖区可闻及隆隆样舒张期杂音。心电图示右室大。为明确诊断不必要的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血沉"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部X线检查"},{"key":"C","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿系列检查"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状动脉造影"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该患者有风湿性关节炎病史10年,近5年出现呼吸困难、咳嗽和咯血等症状(左心衰表现),并有肝大、腹水、双下肢水肿(右心衰表现)。 查体:心尖区可闻及隆隆样舒张期杂音(二尖瓣狭窄特征性杂音),心电图示右室大。综合该患者临床表现和二尖瓣狭窄特征性杂音可诊断为二尖瓣狭窄。血沉(A对)、风湿系列(D对)可用来检查该患者的风湿热是否处于活动期。胸部X线检查(B对)心脏的形态,评估心脏大小和肺动脉变化。超声心动图(C对)是确诊二尖瓣狭窄最敏感可靠的方法。冠状动脉造影(E错,为本题正确答案)常用于冠心病的确诊,用于评估冠状动脉的狭窄程度。"} {"Question":"重度主动脉瓣返流时心尖部可存在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Graham-Steell杂音"},{"key":"B","value":"Austin-Flint杂音"},{"key":"C","value":"Durozier征"},{"key":"D","value":"Traube征"},{"key":"E","value":"DeMusset征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"主动脉瓣反流明显者,导致左心室舒张期容量负荷过高,使二尖瓣基本处于半关闭状态,呈现相对狭窄而产生的杂音,称Austin-Flint杂音(B对)。二尖瓣严重狭窄时,产生肺淤血,致严重肺动脉高压,肺动脉扩张,造成相对性肺动脉瓣关闭不全,产生Graham-Steell杂音(P167)(A错)。Durozier征(C错)、Traube征(D错)、DeMusset征(点头征)(E错)为周围血管征,出现于脉压增加或血液量增加时,不存在于心尖部。"} {"Question":"男,76岁。一年来日常活动时即感胸闷,3天前突发夜间阵发性呼吸困难,伴咳粉红泡沫痰。查体:BP100\/70mmHg,心尖搏动呈抬举样,胸骨右缘第二肋间可闻及4\/6级收缩期喷射样杂音,向颈部传导,双肺可闻及散在细湿啰音。对明确诊断最有帮助的检查是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"D","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"E","value":"心电图运动负荷试验"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者老年男性,有活动时胸闷症状,3天前突发夜间阵发性呼吸困难,伴咳粉红泡沫痰(急性肺水肿特征性痰液),双肺可闻及散在细湿啰音;查体:心尖搏动呈抬举样,胸骨右缘第二肋间(主动脉瓣区)可闻及4\/6级收缩期喷射样杂音,向颈部传导(主动脉瓣狭窄典型杂音),综合患者的病史、临床表现和体格检查,考虑诊断为主动脉瓣狭窄伴急性肺水肿。对确诊主动脉瓣狭窄最有帮助的检查是超声心动图(D对)。超声心动图可直接观察瓣膜的形态、结构和功能,目前多用于瓣膜疾病的确诊。心电图(A错)主要用于心律失常的诊断,主动脉瓣狭窄患者并无特异性的心电图改变。胸部CT(B错)主要用于胸部疾病的诊断,如肺癌和胸腔积液等。胸部X线片(C错)为影像学检查,主动脉瓣狭窄患者一般心影不大,形状略有变化,并无特征性改变。心电图运动负荷试验(P220)(E错)主要用于冠心病的诊断,且明显心力衰竭或急性疾病者禁作运动试验。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。活动时胸痛1年,加重1个月。查体:胸骨右缘第2肋间可闻及4\/6级收缩期喷射性杂音,向颈部传导。该患者最合理的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服硝酸酯类药物"},{"key":"B","value":"口服β受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"C","value":"冠状动脉介入治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"口服钙通道阻滞剂"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣置换术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者老年男性,活动时胸痛1年(提示心肌缺血),加重1个月。查体可闻及4\/6级、向颈部传导的收缩期喷射性杂音(主动脉瓣狭窄典型心脏杂音特点),结合患者临床表现及体征,该患者最可能的诊断是主动脉瓣狭窄。凡出现临床症状者,均应考虑手术治疗,临床以主动脉瓣置换术(E对)为主要手术方法。口服β受体拮抗剂(B错)能减少心肌耗氧量和改善缺血区的氧供需失衡,缩小MI面积,减少复发性心肌缺血、再梗死、室颤及其他恶性心律失常,对降低急性期病死率有肯定的疗效。口服硝酸酯类药物(A错)、β受体拮抗剂(B错)、钙通道阻滞剂(D错)及冠状动脉介入治疗(C错)为治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病常用措施。"} {"Question":"心尖搏动位于左锁骨中线外第6肋间考虑为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左心室增大"},{"key":"B","value":"右心室增大"},{"key":"C","value":"左心房增大"},{"key":"D","value":"瘦长体型"},{"key":"E","value":"心包积液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常心尖搏动位置为第5肋间锁骨中线内0.5~1cm,该心尖搏动位于左锁骨中线外第6肋间,发生左下移位,考虑为左心室增大(A对)。右心室增大(B错)时,心尖搏动向左移位。左心房增大(C错)和瘦长体型(D错)者,心尖搏动无明显移位。心包积液(E错)时,心尖搏动减弱,心音低而遥远。"} {"Question":"女,40岁。活动后心悸、气短5年,夜间不能平卧2周,既往有反复关节痛病史。查体:两颊呈紫红色,心尖部可闻及舒张期杂音。最有助于确诊的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血培养+药敏"},{"key":"B","value":"血常规"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部X线片"},{"key":"D","value":"超声心动图"},{"key":"E","value":"心电图"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中年女性,活动后心悸、气短伴夜间不能平卧(提示左心衰竭),既往有反复关节痛病史(提示有风湿热病史),查体:两颊呈紫红色(典型二尖瓣面容),心尖部可闻及舒张期杂音(二尖瓣狭窄特征性杂音),综合患者的临床表现、体格检查,考虑诊断为风湿热导致的二尖瓣狭窄。超声心动图(D对)可观察瓣叶的活动度、瓣叶的厚度、瓣叶是否有钙化以及是否合并其他瓣膜的病变等,是确诊二尖瓣狭窄最敏感可靠的方法。血培养+药敏(A错)一般为感染性疾病的确诊手段,有助于检测本题患者体内的溶血性链球菌,有助于风湿热的诊断,但对二尖瓣狭窄无确诊价值。血常规(B错)是对血液细胞成分的检测,是临床最常规的检查,对本病诊断有一定帮助,但对二尖瓣狭窄的确诊意义不大。胸部X线片(C错)为影像学检查,可见肺部淤血和左心房增大等体征,一般不能用于二尖瓣狭窄的确诊。心电图(E错)主要用于心律失常的诊断,二尖瓣狭窄患者虽可见“二尖瓣型P波”,提示左心房扩大,但并无特异性。"} {"Question":"女,40岁,反复胸闷心悸4月入院,体检发现心脏杂音,心脏M型超声心动图检查见图1(暂无图),最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"C","value":"二尖瓣脱垂"},{"key":"D","value":"正常二尖瓣"},{"key":"E","value":"二尖瓣碟瓣"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"超声心动图是明确和量化诊断二尖瓣狭窄的可靠方法(A对),M型示二尖瓣城墙样改变。"} {"Question":"胸骨右缘第二肋间触及收缩期震颤,最常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"肺动脉瓣狭窄"},{"key":"C","value":"二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"室间隔缺损"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"震颤为触诊时手掌尺侧(小鱼际)或手指指腹感到的一种细小震动感。震颤的发生机制与心杂音相同,系血液经狭窄的口径或循环异常的方向流动形成涡流造成瓣膜、血管壁或心脏壁震动传至胸壁所致。发现震颤后应首先确定部位及来源,其次确定其处于心动周期中的时期,最后分析其临床意义。胸骨右缘第二肋间触及收缩期震颤(E对),最常见于主动脉瓣狭窄。三尖瓣狭窄(A错)时,胸骨左缘第4肋间可闻收缩期前或舒张期滚筒样杂音,有时可触及震颤。肺动脉瓣狭窄(B错)时,可于胸骨左缘第二肋间触及收缩期杂音。二尖瓣狭窄(C错)时,可以心尖区触及舒张期震颤。室间隔缺损(D错)时,可于胸骨左缘第三、四肋间闻及收缩期杂音。"} {"Question":"40%,主动脉瓣瓣口面积1.1cm²,平均压力阶差55mmHg,跨瓣峰速度5.4m\/s。对该患者最恰当的处置是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每日口服单硝酸异山梨酯"},{"key":"B","value":"晕厥时硝酸甘油急救"},{"key":"C","value":"避免竞技性运动,其他体力活动不受限制"},{"key":"D","value":"口服阿托伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉瓣置换术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者中年女性,有主动脉瓣狭窄病史,进行性活动耐力减低,有活动后晕厥史,超声心动提示左心室增大,LVEF(左室射血分数)<50%(正常值>50%),提示左心功能不全;主动脉瓣瓣口面积1.1cm²,平均压力阶差55mmHg,跨瓣峰速度5.4m\/s,提示为重度主动脉瓣狭窄。其中重度主动脉瓣狭窄、晕厥都是手术指征,对该患者最恰当的处置是主动脉瓣置换术(E对)。单硝酸异山梨酯(A错)及晕厥时硝酸甘油急救(B错)主要用于心绞痛及心肌梗死的治疗,对主动脉瓣狭窄效果不佳。避免竞技性运动,其他体力活动不受限制(C错)主要适用于轻度狭窄者。口服阿托伐他汀(D错)能够降低血浆胆固醇和脂蛋白水平,主要用于高脂血症患者。"} {"Question":"风湿性心脏病严重二尖瓣狭窄突发大咯血是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺毛细血管破裂"},{"key":"B","value":"合并肺结核"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肺水肿"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管静脉破裂"},{"key":"E","value":"合并支气管扩张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"风湿性心脏病严重二尖瓣狭窄突发大咯血是由于严重二尖瓣狭窄,左心房压力突然增高,肺静脉压增高,支气管静脉破裂(D对)出血所致。肺毛细血管破裂(A错)可导致二尖瓣狭窄患者出现痰中带血、血痰或粉红色泡沫痰。急性肺水肿(C错)一般因毛细血管破裂而咳粉红色泡沫痰。合并肺结核(B错)若出现空洞壁肺动脉分支形成的小动脉瘤破裂,或继发的结核性支气管扩张形成的动静脉瘘破裂,则可造成大量咯血,合并支气管扩张(E错)若小动脉被侵蚀或增生的血管被破坏也可引起大咯血,但临床并不常见,二尖瓣狭窄突发大咯血最直接的病理生理改变还是支气管静脉破裂。"} {"Question":"下列各项临床表现中最不支持心绞痛诊断的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疼痛多在睡眠中发生"},{"key":"B","value":"含服硝酸甘油,疼痛在3~5分钟内缓解"},{"key":"C","value":"疼痛在劳累时发生,运动情绪激动可诱发"},{"key":"D","value":"反复出现的局限性心前区刺痛,每次持续仅2~3秒"},{"key":"E","value":"疼痛常在休息时发生,持续可达30分钟以上"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"反复出现局限性心前区刺痛,每次持续仅2~3秒符合心脏神经症的临床特点(D错,为本题正确答案)。稳定型心绞痛(P219)的发病机制主要是冠状动脉存在固定狭窄或部分闭塞的基础上发生需氧量的增加。疼痛在劳累时发生,运动情绪激动可诱发(C对)。心绞痛一般持续数分钟至十余分钟,多为3~5分钟,舌下含用硝酸甘油能在几分钟内缓解(B对)。不稳定型心绞痛(P229)是的发病机制是动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块破裂或糜烂导致冠状动脉内血栓形成。疼痛性质与稳定型心绞痛相似,但程度更重,持续时间更长,疼痛常在休息时发生,持续可达30分钟以上(E对),也可多在睡眠中发生(A对),表现为静息或夜间心绞痛。"} {"Question":"下列属于稳定型(劳力性)心绞痛症状的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开始运动时心前区疼痛,行走5分钟后缓解"},{"key":"B","value":"搬重物感心前区针刺样疼痛,伴呼吸困难"},{"key":"C","value":"骑自行车上坡时感心前区疼痛,休息5分钟自行缓解"},{"key":"D","value":"夜间呼吸困难,坐位缓解"},{"key":"E","value":"步行五分钟心前区疼痛,伴呼吸困难"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"稳定型(劳力性)心绞痛的发作常由体力劳动或清绪激动(如愤怒、焦急、过度兴奋等)诱发,也可以由饱食、寒冷、吸烟、心动过速、 休克等诱发。典型症状为在劳力或情绪激动的当时,胸骨体之后的部位出现压迫、发闷或紧缩性,也可有烧灼感,但不像针刺或刀扎样锐性痛,偶伴濒死感的疼痛,可持续数分钟至十余分钟,多为 3~5 分钟,一般不超过半小时。疼痛范围可波及心前区,手掌大小范围,也可横贯前胸,界限不清。常放射至左肩、左臂内达无名指和小指,或至颈、咽或下颌部。病人常需要停止原来诱发症状的活动后即可缓解,也可舌下含用硝酸甘油等硝酸脂类药物缓解,时间为3~5分钟(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"急性下壁心肌梗死最易合并","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"室性早搏"},{"key":"B","value":"房室传导阻滞"},{"key":"C","value":"心房颤动"},{"key":"D","value":"房性心动过速"},{"key":"E","value":"右束支传导阻滞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"一般情况下,右冠状动脉发出房室结支支配房室结。当右冠状动脉阻塞时,除导致急性下壁心肌梗死外,常导致房室结缺血,引起房室结及房室束缺血、水肿及炎症,极易造成房室传导阻滞,因此急性下壁心肌梗死最易合并房室传导阻滞(B对)。前壁心肌梗死易发生室性心律失常,其中以室性早搏最多见(A错)。心房颤动(C错)、房性心动过速(D错)、右束支传导阻滞(E错)少见于心肌梗死患者。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。急性广泛前壁心肌梗死4天,突发喘憋2小时。查体血压90\/60mmHg,双肺未闻及干湿性啰音,心率105次\/分,律齐,胸骨左缘第4肋间可闻及响亮的收缩期杂音伴震颤。该患者喘憋最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"B","value":"心房颤动"},{"key":"C","value":"感染性心内膜炎"},{"key":"D","value":"室间隔穿孔"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中老年男性,急性广泛前壁心肌梗死4天,突发喘憋2小时(急性心肌梗死1周内突发喘憋,多由急性心肌梗死并发症引起)。胸骨左缘第4肋间可闻及响亮的收缩期杂音伴震颤(此为急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔(D对)的典型特点)。支气管哮喘(P29)(A错)双肺可闻及广泛哮鸣音,但并不会出现心脏杂音。心房颤动(B错)(P188)心律绝对不齐,而病例中患者律齐。感染性心内膜炎(P309)(C错)常引起主动脉瓣关闭不全,可在主动脉瓣区闻及柔和、短促的舒张期杂音,与患者心脏杂音不符。肺炎(P42)(E错)常有发热,咳嗽咳痰,肺部可闻及湿性啰音,但并无心脏杂音。"} {"Question":"睡眠中发作。2小时来疼痛剧烈,不能缓解,向胸部及后背部放射。伴憋闷,大汗。首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝酸甘油静脉滴注"},{"key":"B","value":"溶栓治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"吗啡皮下注射"},{"key":"D","value":"肝素静脉滴注"},{"key":"E","value":"卡托普利口服"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"中年男性患者,一年来每于剧烈活动或饱餐后发作性剑突下疼痛(心绞痛常见诱因),向咽部放射,数分钟可自行缓解(提示既往存在心绞痛,存在发生急性心肌梗死的危险)。近期发作频繁且有夜间睡眠中发作(提示病情加重),2小时来疼痛剧烈,不能缓解(心肌梗死的疼痛特点),向胸部及后背放射,伴憋闷,大汗,综合该患者的病史、体查,该患者首先考虑的诊断是急性心肌梗死。溶栓治疗(B对)若在急性心肌梗死后3~6小时内(最多不超过12小时)施行,则能使闭塞的冠状动脉再通,心肌得到再灌注,濒临坏死的心肌可能得以存活或使坏死范围缩小,从而减轻梗死后心肌重塑,改善预后(能使患者在急性期住院病死率降至8%左右),因此为首选治疗方法。硝酸甘油静脉滴注(A错)、吗啡皮下注射(C错)、肝素静脉滴注(D错)、托普利口服(E错)在急性心肌梗死中均有治疗作用,但重要性不及溶栓治疗。"} {"Question":"女,65岁。劳累时剑突下疼痛,因情绪激动再次发作,疼而较前加剧,含服硝酸甘油不缓解,伴恶心。糖尿病病史8年。心电图:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段弓背向上抬高伴T波倒置。最有助于明确诊断的实验室检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿淀粉酶"},{"key":"B","value":"尿酮体"},{"key":"C","value":"血肌酸激酶"},{"key":"D","value":"血肌钙蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"血淀粉酶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"老年女性患者,多年糖尿病病史(冠心病的危险因素),劳累时剑突下疼病(心绞痛),时前因情绪激动再次发作,疼而较前加剧(症状加重),含服硝酸甘油不缓解,伴恶心。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段弓背向上抬高伴T波倒置(STEMI特征性表现)。因此诊断为STEMI。最有助于明确诊断的实验室检查是血肌钙蛋白(D对)。肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)或T(cTnT)起病3-4小时后升高,cTnI于11-24小时达高峰,7-10天降至正常,cTnT于24-48小时达高峰,10-14天降至正常。这些心肌结构蛋白含量的增高是诊断MI的敏感指标。"} {"Question":"男,51岁。胸骨后剧烈疼痛伴大汗淋漓4小时。血压80\/40mmHg,心率134次\/分,面色苍白,四肢发冷。心电图提示广泛心肌梗死。该患者最理想有效治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毛花苷C强心"},{"key":"B","value":"多巴胺升压"},{"key":"C","value":"尿激酶溶栓"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉内球囊反搏术"},{"key":"E","value":"直接PTCA术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者中年男性,起病急,病程4小时,伴休克,心电图提示广泛心肌梗死,考虑诊断为急性广泛心肌梗死。患者起病为4小时,且急性心肌梗死诊断明确,最佳的治疗措施是再灌注心肌治疗。PTCA(经皮球囊冠状动脉成形术)是PCI(经皮冠状动脉介入治疗)中常用的一种技术(P226),其可以快速、安全的恢复心肌的再灌注,挽救濒临坏死的心肌,减轻梗死后心肌重塑,预后改善。目前已被公认为首选治疗急性心肌梗死的治疗方法(E对)。毛花苷C强心(P175)(A错)最适合于有快速心室率的心房颤动并心室扩大伴左心室收缩功能不全者,主要用于急性左心衰竭的治疗。多巴胺升压(P244)(B错)仅用于抗休克的治疗,对梗死心肌的再灌注效果不大。临床研究表明,在发病3小时内行溶栓治疗,梗死相关血管的开通率增高,病死率明显降低,其临床疗效与直接PCI相当。发病3~12小时内行溶栓治疗,其疗效不如直接PCI。且近年来急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死急性期行直接PCI已成为首选方法(实用内科学第14版P1490)。故对本例患者来说最理想有效治疗措施首选直接PTCA术而不是尿激酶溶栓(C错)。主动脉内球囊反搏术(D错)是辅助循环装置的一种,可为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者接受再灌注治疗(包括PTCA)提供最要的时间过渡和机会(实用内科学第14版P1493)。但对心肌的再灌注作用不及PTCA明显,故并非最理想有效治疗措施。"} {"Question":"心肌梗死24小时内并发急性左心衰竭时,最不宜应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吗啡"},{"key":"B","value":"洋地黄"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴酚丁胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心肌梗死引起的心力衰竭早期主要是坏死心肌间质充血、水肿引起顺应性下降所致,而左心室舒张末期容量尚不增大,此时用洋地黄既可加重心肌缺氧,也可导致心律失常,心肌梗死24小时内并发急性左心衰竭时,最不宜应用洋地黄(B错,为本题正确答案)。吗啡(P175)(A对)可使患者镇静,也可舒张小血管而减轻心脏负荷。利尿剂(P175)(C对)多选用呋塞米,其还可扩张静脉,缓解肺水肿。硝酸甘油(P175)(D对)可扩张动脉和小静脉,降低心脏前后负荷。多巴酚丁胺(P175)(E对)可增加心肌收缩力和心输出量而有利于改善急性左心衰竭患者的病情。"} {"Question":"急性心肌梗死并发症中,心脏破裂发生在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~2周"},{"key":"B","value":"2~3周"},{"key":"C","value":"7天之内"},{"key":"D","value":"3~4周"},{"key":"E","value":"4周以上"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"急性心肌梗死后出现心脏破裂较少见,常发生在7天之内(C对ABDE错),多为心室游离壁破裂,造成心包积血引起急性心脏压塞而猝死。心脏破裂也可为亚急性,患者能存活数月。"} {"Question":"心绞痛最可能加重变异型心绞痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"B","value":"钙通道阻滞剂"},{"key":"C","value":"硝酸酯类药物"},{"key":"D","value":"抗血小板药物"},{"key":"E","value":"调酯药物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"变异型心绞痛的发病机制为冠状动脉痉挛,而β受体阻滞剂(A对)可阻滞能使冠状动脉扩张的β₂受体,或使α受体相对兴奋,诱发冠状动脉痉挛,使变异型心绞痛加重。钙通道阻滞剂(P225)(B错)可扩张冠脉,解除冠脉痉挛,改善心内下心肌的供血,目前作为变异型心绞痛的首选用药。硝酸酯类药物(P232)(C错)可扩张正常和粥样硬化的冠状动脉,缓解心肌缺血,也可用于变异型心绞痛的治疗。变异型心绞痛属于不稳定型心绞痛,而对于不稳定型心绞痛患者如无禁忌症,均应尽早使用抗血小板药物(D错)和调脂药物(E错),因此这两种药物不会加重变异型心绞痛。"} {"Question":"运动负荷试验阳性的心电图标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ST段水平型压低≥0.05mV(从J点后0.08秒)"},{"key":"B","value":"ST段上斜型压低≥0.05mV(从J点后0.08秒)"},{"key":"C","value":"ST段弓背向上抬高>0.1mV(从J点后0.08秒)"},{"key":"D","value":"ST段上斜型压低≥0.1mV(从J点后0.08秒)"},{"key":"E","value":"ST段水平型压低≥0.1mV(从J点后0.08秒)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"ST段上斜型压低是指ST段延长线与R波的垂直线的交角小于80°。一般见于心动过速。近水平型ST段压低是指ST段延长线与R波的垂直线交角≥80°且小于90°。运动负荷试验阳性的心电图标准ST段水平型或下斜型压低≥0.1mV(J点后60~80ms)(E对ABD错)。ST段弓背向上抬高>0.1mV(从J点后0.08秒)(C错)多为急性心肌梗死的典型表现。"} {"Question":"200U。诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性心包炎,肺部感染"},{"key":"B","value":"急性前侧壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"C","value":"扩张型心肌病心力衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"风心病二尖瓣关闭不全"},{"key":"E","value":"风心病二尖瓣狭窄"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年男性,突发剧烈心前区疼痛伴胸闷气憋,心尖区Ⅲ级吹风样收缩期杂音(乳头肌功能失调造成二尖瓣脱垂并关闭不全所致),心电图示:I、aVL、V₅、V₆(提示前侧壁心肌梗死)导联ST段抬高,I、aVL导联有异常Q波(心肌梗死特征性改变),血清CK-MB升高(正常值0~25U),故患者应诊断为急性前侧壁心肌梗死(B对)。急性心包炎(P303)(A错)心电图主要表现为除aVR和V₁导联以外的所有常规导联出现弓背向下型抬高,一般无异常Q波。肺部感染(A错)多有咳嗽、咳痰和发热等症状。扩张型心肌病(C错)心界向两侧扩大,且不会出现ST段抬高现象。风心病二尖瓣关闭不全(D错)和风心病二尖瓣狭窄(E错)多伴长期的风湿热病史,出现临床症状多在10年以上,一般也不会出现导联ST段抬高和异常Q波。"} {"Question":"男,50岁。3周来反复出现上3层楼时胸痛,为闷痛,休息3分钟能缓解,不剧烈运动则无症状。诊断为心绞痛。该患者最可能的心绞痛临床类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"初发劳动型"},{"key":"B","value":"恶化劳动型"},{"key":"C","value":"自发型"},{"key":"D","value":"变异型"},{"key":"E","value":"稳定型"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者中老年男性(冠心病好发人群),3周来反复出现上3层楼时胸痛,为闷痛,休息3分钟能缓解,不剧烈运动则无症状(常见心绞痛症状)结合患者病史和临床表现最可能的心绞痛临床类型是稳定型(E对);恶化劳动型(B错)心绞痛多在近一个月内症状逐渐加重。变异型(D错)属于静息性心绞痛的一种,与劳力性心绞痛相比,疼痛持续时间长,程度重,且含服硝酸甘油不易缓解。初发劳动型(A错)心绞痛的特点是发病情况初发,不是反复,该患者发病时间尚短暂不构成稳定型心绞痛。心绞痛类型中无自发型(C错)。"} {"Question":"最易引起房室传导阻滞的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"B","value":"下壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"C","value":"侧壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"D","value":"后壁心肌梗死"},{"key":"E","value":"广泛前壁心肌梗死"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"一般情况下,右冠状动脉发出房室结支支配房室结。当右冠状动脉阻塞时,除导致急性下壁心肌梗死外,常导致房室结缺血,引起房室结及房室束缺血、水肿及炎症,极易造成房室传导阻滞。因此最易引起房室传导阻滞的是下壁心肌梗死(B对CDE错)。前壁心肌梗死(A错)易发生室性心律失常,其中以室性期前收缩最多见。"} {"Question":"大部分急性心肌梗死的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"冠状动脉内动脉粥样斑块破裂,血栓形成"},{"key":"B","value":"冠状动脉痉挛,血栓形成"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉粥样斑块逐渐进展直至完全阻塞冠状动脉管腔"},{"key":"D","value":"冠状动脉炎,血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状动脉栓塞,继发血栓形成"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"大部分急性心肌梗死的病因是不稳定的粥样斑块溃破,继而出血和管腔内血栓形成,而使管腔闭塞(A对C错)。少数情况下冠状动脉痉挛,血栓形成(B错)。偶为冠状动脉炎,血栓形成(D错);冠状动脉栓塞,继发血栓形成(E错)。"} {"Question":"最有助于提示发生急性心肌梗死的临床情况是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图提示新出现的完全性左束支传导阻滞"},{"key":"B","value":"胸骨后刺痛"},{"key":"C","value":"左下肺湿啰音"},{"key":"D","value":"胸痛持续5分钟自行缓解"},{"key":"E","value":"血CK水平高,CK-MB\/CK﹥5%"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急性心肌梗死可有肌酸激酶同工酶CK-MB的增高,当血中CK增高(E对)更有助于提示心肌梗死。(P204)左束支阻滞常发生于充血性心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死后、急性感染、奎尼丁与普鲁卡因胺中毒、高血压心脏病、风湿性心脏病、冠心病与梅毒性心脏病(A错)。急性心肌梗死疼痛部位和性质与心绞痛相同,多表现为压迫、发闷或紧缩性,也可为烧灼感,但不像针刺或刀扎样锐性痛(B错)。肺部局限性湿罗音可见于肺炎、肺结核或支气管扩张等,两侧肺底湿罗音多见于心力衰竭所致的肺淤血和支气管肺炎等(C错)。稳定性心绞痛疼痛持续时一般持续数分余分钟,多为3~5分钟(D错)。"} {"Question":"aVF导联ST段抬高0.2mV,最可能出现的心律失常是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阵发性室上性心动过速"},{"key":"B","value":"房室传导阻滞"},{"key":"C","value":"室性期前收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"房性期前收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"心房颤动"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年男性,持续胸痛4小时,心电图提示:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联(提示下壁心肌梗死)ST段抬高0.2mV,考虑诊断为急性下壁心肌梗死。而下壁心肌梗死最可能出现的心律失常是房室传导阻滞(B对)。前壁心肌梗死多引起室性心律失常如室性期前收缩(C错)等。阵发性室上性心动过速(A错)可见于急性心肌梗死,低血钾症、心力衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾患等,亦可见于无任何病因,或由于情绪激动、过度疲劳、吸烟、饮酒诱发。房性期前收缩(P185)(D错)可见于正常人,也可见于冠心病、心肌病等。心房颤动(P188)(E错)可见于正常人,也可发生于冠心病、风湿性心脏病等。后三者虽然可在心肌梗死时出现,但都并非下壁心肌梗死最常见的心律失常。"} {"Question":"急性右心室ST段抬高心肌梗死慎用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯吡格雷"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"D","value":"低分子肝素"},{"key":"E","value":"尿激酶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"右心室梗死的患者,其主要改变是急性右心衰的血流动力学改变,右心衰竭导致右室射入肺循环的血液减少,左心室回心血量减少,心输出量减少,若此时使用利尿剂呋塞米,将进一步减少循环血量,加重患者症状,因此急性右心室ST段抬高心肌梗死慎用呋塞米(B错,本题正确答案)。氯吡格雷(A对)和阿司匹林(C对)都为抗血小板药物,如无禁忌症,均应早期联合使用。低分子肝素(D对)用于患者的抗凝治疗,而尿激酶(P243)(E对)用于患者的溶栓治疗,急性右心室ST段抬高心肌梗死者都可应用。"} {"Question":"女,66岁。因剧烈胸痛5小时入院治疗。心电图示窦性心律,心率55次\/分,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高0.3mV,其余导联ST段正常。介入治疗前植入临时起搏器起搏心室,以60次\/分频率起搏时,监测动脉血压由100\/70mmHg降低至85\/60mmHg。导致这种血压变化的最可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起搏心律时阻力血管扩张致血压下降"},{"key":"B","value":"合并右心室梗死,右室排血减少致左室充盈减少"},{"key":"C","value":"起搏心律时心率增快,舒张期缩短导致回心血量减少"},{"key":"D","value":"起搏心律时心肌收缩力较弱致心排血量降低"},{"key":"E","value":"起搏时减少心房收缩对心室的充盈作用,左室充盈减少"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"66岁女性患者,因剧烈胸痛5小时入院治疗,心电图示窦性心律,心率55次分,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高0.3mV,其余导联ST段正常(提示下壁心肌梗死合并三度房室传导阻滞)。介入治疗前植入临时起搏器起搏心室(该患者为下壁心梗合并三度房室传导阻,起搏方式为VVI),以60次\/分频率起搏时,监测动脉血压由100\/70mmHg降低至85\/60mmHg。这种血压变化最可能的原因,与起搏心律时外周血管阻力降低致血压下降(A对E错)有关系,和起搏时减少心房收缩对心室的充盈作用,左室充盈减少无关。合并右心室梗死,右室排血减少致左室充盈减少(B错)是该患者原有的症状,与起搏器无直接关系,未装临时起搏器前血压仅100\/70mmHg,已有所下降。该患者起搏器以60次\/分频率起搏,不存在起搏心率增快导致的舒张期缩短(C错)。临时起搏器起搏对心肌收缩力是正性作用而非负性作用(D错)。"} {"Question":"男,52岁。公司经理,吸烟10年,每天2包。体重75kg,身高166cm。患者的BMI是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"21.4"},{"key":"B","value":"23.5"},{"key":"C","value":"25.8"},{"key":"D","value":"27.1"},{"key":"E","value":"29.4"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"体重指数(简称BMI),是用体重公斤数除以身高米数平方得出的数字,是目前国际上常用的衡量人体胖瘦程度以及是否健康的一个标准。在我国BMI是18.5~23.9代表正常,≥24代表超重,24~27.9代表偏胖,≥28代表肥胖。本例患者身高166cm,体重75kg,根据体重指数公式可得BMI=75\/1.66²≈27.1。故患者的BMI是27.1(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"提示非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后不良最有价值的线索是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最近48小时症状反复发作"},{"key":"B","value":"发作时血压下降"},{"key":"C","value":"血肌钙蛋白水平增高"},{"key":"D","value":"发作时间超过30分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"有静息胸痛发作"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"按非ST 段抬高型心梗危险分层标准(ESC 标准),具有下列特点之一者属极高危组:通过正规、强化药物治疗后仍有心绞痛发作;症状发作时伴严重心力衰竭;症状发作时合并危及生命的室性心律失常;症状发作时血流动力学不稳定。本例发作时血压下降, 血流动力学不稳定,属于极高危患者(B对) 。血清肌钙蛋白水平升高(C错)属于高危组而不是极高危组。"} {"Question":"男,52岁。公司经理,吸烟10年,每天2包。应该建议该就诊者采取的预防措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流感疫苗接种"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎链球菌疫苗接种"},{"key":"C","value":"戒烟,适当运动、合理饮食"},{"key":"D","value":"冬令进补"},{"key":"E","value":"冷水沐浴锻炼"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"吸烟可使血中高密度脂蛋白含量下降,血清胆固醇含量增高,可使动脉粥样硬化的发病率和病死率较不吸烟者增高2~6倍(P221)。本例患者为中老年男性,长期吸烟史(20年),且每日吸烟支数较多,都是发生动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。故就诊者采取的预防措施是主要是预防动脉粥样硬化的发生。一般的防治措施包括戒烟,适当运动、合理饮食等(C对)。流感疫苗接种(A错)用于预防流行性感冒。肺炎链球菌疫苗接种(B错)用于预防肺炎链球菌导致的肺炎。冬令进补(D错)和冷水沐浴(E错)锻炼主要是以提高营养,锻炼身体为主,与动脉粥样硬化的预防无关。"} {"Question":"急性心肌梗死早期最重要的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗心绞痛"},{"key":"B","value":"消除心律失常"},{"key":"C","value":"补充血量"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌再灌注"},{"key":"E","value":"增加心肌营养"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"急性心肌梗死早期最重要的治疗措施是实现心肌再灌注(D对),这对挽救濒死的心肌、防止梗死扩大或缩小心肌缺血范围具有重要意义,并且能够保护和维持心脏功能、解除疼痛。再灌注治疗前可选用药物解除心绞痛,但对于梗死的心肌并无多大作用(A错)。消除心律失常(B错)是急性心肌梗死的治疗原则之一,以免其演变为严重心律失常甚至猝死,但并非早期最重要的治疗措施。补充血量(C错)仅为血容量不足时的抗休克治疗。增加心肌营养(E错)为急性心肌梗死时的辅助治疗措施,可促进心肌摄取和代谢葡萄糖,以利心脏的正常收缩,减少心律失常。"} {"Question":"200\/110mmHg,双肺呼吸音清,心率100次\/分,心律齐,心脏各瓣膜区听诊未闻及杂音,心电图:左室高电压伴V4~V6导联ST段压低0.1mV。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"张力性气胸"},{"key":"B","value":"不稳定型心绞痛"},{"key":"C","value":"急性心肌梗死"},{"key":"D","value":"肺动脉栓塞"},{"key":"E","value":"主动脉夹层"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年男性患者,突发剧烈疼痛,呈撕裂状,累及胸骨后及上腹部,伴大汗,持续1小时不缓解(主动脉夹层常见表现)。既往高血压病史5年(高血压为主动脉夹层的重要易患因素)。查体:BP 200\/110mmHg(正常值<120\/90mmHg),双肺呼吸音清,心率100次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),心律齐,心脏各瓣膜区听诊未闻及杂音,心电图:左室高电压伴V4~V6导联ST段压低0.1mV,结合患者病史、临床表现及检查,该患者最可能的诊断是主动脉夹层(E对)。张力性气胸(A错)表现为突感一侧胸痛,针刺样或刀割样,持续时间短,继之胸闷及呼吸困难(P120)。不稳定型心绞痛(B错)胸痛性质与稳定型心绞痛相似,为压迫、发闷或紧缩性(P229)。急性心肌梗死(C错)胸痛性质与心绞痛相同,为压迫、发闷或紧缩性,程度较重,患者常有烦躁不安、出汗、恐惧、胸闷或有濒死感(P236)。肺动脉栓塞(D错)常见不明原因的呼吸困难及气促、胸痛、晕厥、咳嗽、咯血、P₂﹥A₂,肝颈静脉回流征阳性,心电图示窦性心动过速(P100)。"} {"Question":"能改善稳定型心绞痛患者临床预后的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿激酶"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"速效救心丸"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"E","value":"利多卡因"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"稳定型心绞痛患者预防心肌梗死,改善预后,可选用阿司匹林(B对),该药物可通过抑制环氧化酶和血栓烷A2的合成达到抗血小板聚集的作用,从而防止血栓的形成,所有患者只要没有用药禁忌证都应该服用。尿激酶(P243)(A错)主要用于急性心肌梗死的溶栓治疗,速效救心丸(C错)和硝酸甘油(D错)可用于心绞痛发作时的紧急治疗,因其起效快,可迅速扩张冠脉。利多卡因(九版药理学P196)(E错)主要治疗室性心律失常,如心脏手术、心导管术、急性心肌梗死或强心苷中毒所致的室性心动过速或心室纤颤。后四种药物都不能改善稳定型心绞痛患者临床预后。"} {"Question":"160\/80mmHg。急性病容,口唇无紫绀,双肺呼吸音清,心率103次\/分,律不齐,早搏15次\/分,A₂>P₂,腹软,无压痛。最可能引起该患者死亡的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染中毒性休克"},{"key":"B","value":"弥漫性血管内凝血"},{"key":"C","value":"恶性心律失常"},{"key":"D","value":"上消化道出血"},{"key":"E","value":"急性腹膜炎"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者中老年男性,既往有高血压病史、糖尿病病史和吸烟史(均为动脉粥样硬化危险因素),剧烈活动时胸痛,数分钟自行缓解,提示为稳定型心绞痛,2周来心绞痛发作频繁(急性心肌梗死先兆),2小时前出现剑突下剧烈疼痛,向胸部放射,伴憋闷、大汗,症状持续不缓解,均符合急性心肌梗死的临床症状,故首先需考虑的诊断是急性心肌梗死。急性心肌梗死并发心律失常较为常见,多于24小时内出现,若发展为恶性心律失常(C对)如心室颤动等,可导致病人在入院前即死亡。感染中毒性休克(九版外科学P34)(A错)可继发于以释放内毒素的革兰阴性杆菌为主的感染,如急性腹膜炎、胆道感染等,临床多表现为神情紧张,面色和皮肤苍白,口唇和甲床轻度发绀,肢端湿冷等。弥漫性血管内凝血(P624)(B错)多表现为自发性、多发性出血及皮肤、皮下、黏膜栓塞性坏死。上消化道出血(P450)多有消化道溃疡病史,其特征性表现为呕血和黑粪。急性腹膜炎(九版外科学P331)多表现为腹部压痛、腹肌紧张和反跳痛。"} {"Question":"女,34岁,血压210/130mmHg,下列哪项可以作为肾血管性高血压的主要诊断依据","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无高血压家族史"},{"key":"B","value":"右上腹连续性高调血管杂音"},{"key":"C","value":"近期发生的高血压"},{"key":"D","value":"血浆肾素水平增高"},{"key":"E","value":"氮质血症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肾血管性高血压是继发性高血压的第二位原因,系由于单侧或双侧肾动脉主支管腔狭窄,导致肾脏血流灌注降低而引起高血压。肾动脉狭窄的表现包括腹部血管杂音、自发性低血钾和肾功能进行性减退(实用内科学P1513)。因此右上腹连续性高调血管杂音(B对)可以作为肾血管性高血压的主要诊断依据。无高血压家族史(A错)和近期发生的高血压(C错)多提示为继发性高血压,但继发性高血压有多种情况,故这两者不可以作为肾血管性高血压的主要诊断依据。高血压伴血浆肾素水平增高(D错)提示肾小球旁细胞肿瘤、Wilms瘤及卵巢肿瘤等疾病(P706)。高血压伴氮质血症(E错)提示肾实质性高血压病(P259)。"} {"Question":"1994年,某地农村产妇分娩一女婴。由于第三产程子宫收缩无力,产妇的胎盘迟迟未娩出。此时,无证个体医王某,在一不消毒,二不戴消毒手套的情况下,将手伸进子宫,误认为还有一胎儿未娩出而向外猛拉子宫,当场造成产妇大出血死亡。根据《执业医师法》的规定,应依照该法追究王某的法律责任,其法律责任不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"责令改正"},{"key":"B","value":"予以取缔"},{"key":"C","value":"没收违法所得及其药品器械"},{"key":"D","value":"赔偿责任"},{"key":"E","value":"刑事责任"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"该无证个体医王某,未取得医师资格而从事医疗活动,属于非医师行医。由于操作不当,造成产妇大出血死亡,已构成犯罪。根据《执业医师法》的规定,非医师行医的,应由县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门予以取缔(B对),没收其违法所得及其药品器械(C对),并处10万元以下的罚款;对医师吊销其执业证书;给患者造成损害的,依法承担赔偿责任(D对);构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任(E对)(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"晚期肺癌患者刘某,经抢救无效死亡。刘某的亲属对其死因以及医院的诊疗行为无异议,尸体随后火化。但两周后,刘某的家属以医院的抢救过程存在严重问题导致刘某死亡为由,向当地人民法院起诉。法院委托当地市医学会对本案进行医疗事故技术鉴定。鉴定专家应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以未进行尸检,不能确定死因为由,将案件退回法院"},{"key":"B","value":"认定由刘某的亲属承担因未进行尸检而不能确定死因的责任"},{"key":"C","value":"认定由医方承担因未进行尸检而不能确定死因的举证不能"},{"key":"D","value":"根据病历资料,依法对医方的医疗行为是否构成医疗事故进行鉴定"},{"key":"E","value":"征医方拿出充分的证据证明自己医疗行为无过错"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医疗事故技术鉴定结论是卫生行政部门处理医疗事故争议的依据,也是人民法院审理医疗事故争议案件的重要依据。因此,专家鉴定组应当在事实清楚、证据确凿的基础上,综合分析患者的病情和个体差异,实事求是地作出鉴定结论,并制作医疗事故技术鉴定书。在医疗机构建有病历档案的门诊、急诊患者,其病历资料由医疗机构提供;没有在医疗机构建立病历档案的,由患者提供。医疗机构无正当理由未依照规定如实提供相关材料,导致医疗事故技术鉴定不能进行的,应当承担责任。因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼,由医疗机构就医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系及不存在医疗过错承担举证责任(《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》),因此,征医方要拿出充分的证据证明自己医疗行为无过错(E对)。"} {"Question":"医疗事故的主体是医疗机构及其医务人员,这里所说的医务人员是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"本院的医师护士"},{"key":"B","value":"依法注册的医师护士"},{"key":"C","value":"本院的医师护士以及外聘人员"},{"key":"D","value":"本院从事医疗活动所有有关人员"},{"key":"E","value":"本院从事医疗活动的所有相关医疗技术人员"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"发生“医疗事故”的主体是医疗机构及其医务人员。“医疗机构”是指按照国务院1994年2月发布的《医疗机构管理条例》取得《医疗机构执业许可证》的机构;“医务人员”是指依法取得执业资格的医疗专业技术人员,即本院从事医疗活动的所有相关医疗技术人员(E对),如医师和护士等。"} {"Question":"医疗机构临床用血应当制定用血计划,遵循","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公平公正的原则"},{"key":"B","value":"慎用原则的原则"},{"key":"C","value":"准确慎用的原则"},{"key":"D","value":"合理科学的原则"},{"key":"E","value":"勤査深入的原则"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《献血法》规定,医疗机构临床用血应当制定用血计划,遵循合理、科学的原则(D对),不得浪费和滥用血液。"} {"Question":"某边远医院收治一名宫外孕破裂失血性休克的患者,需紧急输血。需要注意的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"向上级医院申请血源"},{"key":"B","value":"生命第一,可以不考虑血液安全"},{"key":"C","value":"收集家属血液"},{"key":"D","value":"临时釆集血液,并确保釆血用血安全"},{"key":"E","value":"等待安全血液,暂不处理"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据《医疗机构临床用血管理办法》规定,为保证应急用血,医疗机构可以临时采集血液,但必须同时符合以下条件:①危及患者生命,急需输血;②所在地血站无法及时提供血液,且无法及时从其他医疗机构调剂血液,而其他医疗措施不能替代输血治疗。该患者宫外孕破裂失血性休克,危及患者生命,需紧急输血而其他医疗措施不能替代输血治疗。同时该医院为“边远医院”,说明此医院无法及时从所在地血站取血或者其他医疗机构调剂血液,情况紧急。根据《献血法》规定,为保证应急用血,该医院可以临时采集血液,并确保采血安全(D对B错)。因为患者情况紧急,且该医院地处边远,来不及采取以下措施:向上级医院申请血源(A错)、收集家属血液(C错)或者等待安全血液,暂不处理(E错)。"} {"Question":"某县医院收治了数名高热伴头痛、鼻塞、流涕、全身酸痛等症状的患者,后被确诊为H7N9流感。为了防止疾病传播,该医院严格按照有关规定立即对患者予以隔离和治疗,同时在规定的时限内向当地卫生计生行政部门进行了报告。该规定时限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3小时"},{"key":"B","value":"5小时"},{"key":"C","value":"4小时"},{"key":"D","value":"1小时"},{"key":"E","value":"2小时"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"该县医院收治了多名确诊感染高致病性禽流感H7N9的病人。根据卫生部《传染病信息报告管理规范》,责任报告单位(该县医院)和责任疫情报告人发现人感染高致病性禽流感的病人或疑似病人时,或发现其他传染病或不明疾病暴发时,应当于2小时(E对)内向当地卫生计生行政部门报告。"} {"Question":"下列属于《传染病防治法》规定的乙类传染病的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠疫"},{"key":"B","value":"流行性感冒"},{"key":"C","value":"人感染高致病性禽流感"},{"key":"D","value":"黑热病"},{"key":"E","value":"霍乱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"乙类传染病是指:传染性非典型肺炎、艾滋病、病毒性肝炎、脊髓灰质炎、人感染高致病性禽流感(C对)、麻疹、流行性出血热、狂犬病、流行性乙型脑炎、登革热、炭疽、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾、肺结核、伤寒和副伤寒、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、百日咳、白喉、新生儿破伤风、猩红热、布鲁氏菌病、淋病、梅毒、钩端螺旋体病、血吸虫病、疟疾。甲类传染病是指:鼠疫(A错)、霍乱(E错)(P59)。丙类传染病是指:流行性感冒(B错)、流行性腮腺炎、风疹、急性出血性结膜炎、麻风病、流行性和地方性斑疼伤寒、黑热病(D错)、包虫病、丝虫病,除霍乱、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾、伤寒和副伤寒以外的感染性腹泻病(P60)。"} {"Question":"国家对传染病菌种毒种的采集采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分类管理"},{"key":"B","value":"集中管理"},{"key":"C","value":"分区管理"},{"key":"D","value":"地域自制"},{"key":"E","value":"医院管理"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"根据《传染病防治法》规定,国家建立传染病菌种、毒种库。对传染病菌种、毒种和传染病检测样本的采集、保藏、携带、运输和使用实行分类管理(A对),建立健全严格的管理制度。"} {"Question":"某大型企业计划在自然疫源地兴建旅游建设项目,在征询意见时,有专家提醒,根据《传染病防治法》规定,应当事先由法定单位对该项目施工环境进行卫生调查。该法定单位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"省级以上旅游主管部门"},{"key":"B","value":"省级以上疾病预防控制机构"},{"key":"C","value":"国务院卫生行政主管部门"},{"key":"D","value":"省级以上环境保护主管部门"},{"key":"E","value":"省级以上环境监测评价机构"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据《传染病防治法》规定,在国家确认的自然疫源地计划兴建水利、交通、旅游、能源等大型建设项目的,应当事先由省级以上疾病预防控制机构对施工环境进行卫生调查。该大型企业计划在自然疫源地兴建旅游建设项目时,应当事先由省级以上疾病预防控制机构(B对)对该项目对施工环境进行卫生调查。"} {"Question":"新生儿出生后,监护人应在规定时限为其办理预防接种证,该时限","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6个月"},{"key":"B","value":"1个月"},{"key":"C","value":"4个月"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2个月"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"新生儿出生后,监护人应在规定时限为其办理预防接种证,该时限为1个月(B对)。"} {"Question":"根据传染病防治法的规定,以下哪一项不属于医疗机构的职责","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"传染病病例报告"},{"key":"B","value":"传染病医疗救治"},{"key":"C","value":"对拒绝隔离的患者采取强制措施"},{"key":"D","value":"防治医源性感染"},{"key":"E","value":"防止院内感染"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"根据传染病防治法的规定,医疗机构发现甲类传染病时,对拒绝隔离的患者,不属于医疗机构的职责,应由公安机关协助医疗机构对拒绝隔离的患者采取强制措施(C错,为本题正确答案)。医疗机构承担与医疗救治有关的传染病病例报告(A对)工作;传染病医疗救治(B对)工作;防治医源性感染(D对)工作;防止院内感染(E对)工作。"} {"Question":"某县医院因收治多例人感染高致病性禽流感患者未按规定报告受到行政处罚。为此,该医院积极整改,加强《传染病防治法》的宣传,并落实各项传染病防治任务,不属于医院应承担的任务是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开展流行病学调查"},{"key":"B","value":"承担责任区域内传染病预防工作"},{"key":"C","value":"承担医疗活动中与医院感染有关的威胁因素检测"},{"key":"D","value":"防止传染病的医源性感染"},{"key":"E","value":"防止传染病的医院感染"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"开展流行病学调査(A错,为本题正确答案)属于疾病预防控制机构的责任。传染病防治的过程中医院的应承担的责任包括:与医疗救治有关的传染病防治工作和责任区域内的传染病预防工作(B对);严格执行国务院卫生行政部门规定的管理制度、操作规范,防止传染病的医源性感染(D对)和医院感染(E对);承担传染病疫情报告、本单位的传染病预防、控制以及责任区域内的传染病预防工作;承担医疗活动中与医院感染有关的危险因素监测(C对)、安全防护、消毒、隔离和医疗废物处置工作。"} {"Question":"对违法献血法规定,向医疗机构提供不符合国家规定标准的血液的血站,应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由县级以上卫生行政部门处以罚款"},{"key":"B","value":"由县级以上卫生行政部门责令改正"},{"key":"C","value":"由县级以上卫生行政部门限期整顿"},{"key":"D","value":"依法赔偿"},{"key":"E","value":"依法追究刑事责任"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"对违反《献血法》规定,向医疗机构提供不符合国家规定标准的血液的血站,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令改正(B对);情节严重,造成经血液途径传播的疾病传播或者有传播严重危险的,由县级以上卫生行政部门限期整顿(C错),对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任(E错)。"} {"Question":"保证血液安全的前提和基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无偿献血"},{"key":"B","value":"血液检测"},{"key":"C","value":"成分输血"},{"key":"D","value":"自身输血"},{"key":"E","value":"避免不必要的输血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"一些全球性的调查数据显示,自愿无偿献血者的血液传播艾滋病病毒和肝炎病毒的几率是最低的,而且,自愿无偿献血者作为固定的血液捐献者,可以使临床用血获得安全、稳定的血液来源,并且传播艾滋病病毒和肝炎病毒的几率几乎是最低的。因此无偿献血(A对)无疑是保证血液安全的基础和保障。"} {"Question":"血站对献血者每次采集血液量一般为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"200毫升"},{"key":"B","value":"250毫升"},{"key":"C","value":"300毫升"},{"key":"D","value":"400毫升"},{"key":"E","value":"500毫升"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"《献血法》规定,血站对献血者每次采集血液量一般为200毫升(A对),最高不得超过400毫升(D错);献血间隔不得少于6个月。"} {"Question":"医疗机构应当设置电离辐射醒目警示标志的场所是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放射性工作人员办公室"},{"key":"B","value":"放射性检查报告单发放处"},{"key":"C","value":"接受放射诊疗患者的病房"},{"key":"D","value":"医学影像科候诊区"},{"key":"E","value":"放射性废物储存场所"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医疗机构应当对下列设备和场所设置醒目的警示标志:①装有放射性同位素和放射性废物的设备、容器,设有电离辐射标志;②放射性同位素和放射性废物储存场所(E对),设有电离辐射警告标志及必要的文字说明;③放射诊疗工作场所的入口处,设有电离辐射警告标志;④放射诊疗工作场所应当按照有关标准的要求分为控制区、监督区,在控制区进出口及其他适当位置,设有电离辐射警告标志和工作指示灯。"} {"Question":"根据《放射诊疗管理规定》,非特殊需要,不得对受孕一定时间段的育龄妇女进行下腹部放射影像检查。该时间段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受孕后28~34周"},{"key":"B","value":"受孕后34~36周"},{"key":"C","value":"受孕后8~15周"},{"key":"D","value":"受孕后36~38周"},{"key":"E","value":"受孕后16~28周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"对孕龄妇女腹部或骨盆进行核素显像检查和X射线检查前,应问明是否怀孕。非特殊需要,对受孕后8~15周的孕龄妇女,不得进行下腹部放射影像检查(C对)。"} {"Question":"某患者因肺部感染入院,经多种抗菌药物治疗效果不明显。主治医师刘某值夜班时发现患者病情危重,需要使用特殊使用级抗菌药物治疗。依照《抗菌药物临床使用管理办法》规定,刘某越级使用了抗菌药物,同时详细记录用药指征,并在规定时限内补办了越级使用抗菌药物的必要手续。该时限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"12小时"},{"key":"B","value":"3小时"},{"key":"C","value":"24小时"},{"key":"D","value":"6小时"},{"key":"E","value":"2小时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"依照《抗菌药物临床使用管理办法》规定,因因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况,医师可以越级使用抗菌药物。越级使用抗菌药物应当详细记录用药指征,并应当于24小时(C对)内补办越级使用抗菌药物的必要手续。"} {"Question":"普通处方的用药日数一般不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3日"},{"key":"B","value":"2日"},{"key":"C","value":"1日"},{"key":"D","value":"5日"},{"key":"E","value":"7日"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"急诊处方一般不得超过3日(A错)用量,对于某些慢性病、老年病或特殊情况,处方用量可以适当延长但需医生注明理由,普通处方一般不得超过7日(E对)用量。不超过3日用量的有:一般的急诊处方,一般的其他剂型(除注射剂、控缓释制剂)的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品,门(急)诊为癌症疼痛或中重度慢性疼痛患者开具的注射剂型的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品;不超过7日用量的有:一般的普通处方,第二类精神药品,控缓释制剂型的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品,门(急)诊为癌症疼痛或中重度慢性疼痛患者开具的其他剂型(除注射剂、控缓释制剂)的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品;不超过1日用量(C错)的有:为住院患者开具的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方。"} {"Question":"某医疗机构1周内收治多名患手足口病的小学生,未按规定履行报告职责,也未及时采取控制措施,致使疫情扩散。县卫生行政部门得知此情况后立即启动应急预案,及时控制了疫情,同时对事件进行调查,认为该医疗机构行为违法且情节严重,依法做出处理。该处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"责令改正"},{"key":"B","value":"通报批评"},{"key":"C","value":"吊销《医疗机构执业许可证》"},{"key":"D","value":"给予警告"},{"key":"E","value":"暂停执业活动"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该医疗机构的的违法行为主要包括了未按规定履行报告职责和未及时采取控制措施,致使疫情扩散,经认定情节严重,应给予吊销《医疗机构执业许可证》(C对),若为认定情节较轻的话,给予责令改正(A错)、通报批评(B错)、给予警告(D错),而暂停执业活动(E错)的处理多用于发生医疗事故的相关医务人员、在执业活动中违反规定的医师及考核不合格的医师。"} {"Question":"下列不属于突发公共事件","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自然灾害"},{"key":"B","value":"恐怖袭击事件"},{"key":"C","value":"食物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"森林火灾"},{"key":"E","value":"重大交通事故"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"突发公共事件是指突然发生,造成或者可能造成严重社会危害,需要采取应急处置措施予以应对的公共卫生事件、社会安全事件、自然灾害(A对)和事故灾难。公共卫生事件,主要包括传染病疫情,群体性不明原因疾病,食品安全和职业危害,动物疫情,以及其他严重影响公众健康和生命安全的事件。本题中“食物中毒”并未说明是群体性事件并严重影响公共健康和生命安全(C错,为本题正确答案)。社会安全事件,主要包括恐怖袭击事件(B对),经济安全事件和涉外突发事件等。自然灾害,主要包括水旱灾害,气象灾害,地震灾害,地质灾害,海洋灾害,生物灾害和草原森林火灾(D对)等。事故灾难,主要包括工矿商贸等企业的各类安全事故,重大交通事故(E对),公共设施和设备事故,环境污染和生态破坏事件等。"} {"Question":"突发公共卫生事件是指下列哪类突然发生,造成或者可能造成社会公众健康损害的事件","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲类或乙类传染病流行"},{"key":"B","value":"重大传染病疫情群体性、不明原因疾病、重大和职业中毒以及其他严重影响公众健康的事件"},{"key":"C","value":"环境污染"},{"key":"D","value":"寄生虫病疫情"},{"key":"E","value":"水灾地震等严重危害公众生命财产安全的自然灾害"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"突发公共卫生事件包括重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒及其他严重影响公众健康的事件(B对)。甲类或乙类传染病流行(A错)及寄生虫病疫情(D错)均属于重大传染病疫情,环境污染(C错)及水灾地震等严重危害公众生命财产安全的自然灾害(E错)均属于其他严重影响公众健康的事件。"} {"Question":"不按规定使用麻醉药品、精神药物、情节严重的,由卫生行政部门给予的处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暂停职业活动三个月至六个月"},{"key":"B","value":"暂停职业活动六个月至一年"},{"key":"C","value":"给予行政处分"},{"key":"D","value":"吊销医师职业证书"},{"key":"E","value":"追究刑事责任"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"《执业医师法》规定,医师在执业活动中,不按照规定使用麻醉药品、医疗用毒性药品、精神药品和放射性药品的,由县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门给予警告或者责令暂停6个月以上1年以下执业活动(AB错);情节严重的,吊销医师执业证书(D对);构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任(E错)。"} {"Question":"第一类精神药品处方保存期限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方保存期限为3年(C对)。普通处方、急诊处方、儿科处方保存期限为1年,医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品处方保存期限为2年。"} {"Question":"中华人民共和国执业医师法,适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"依法取得执业医师资格的人"},{"key":"B","value":"依法取得执业医师资格或执业助理医师资格的专业医务人员"},{"key":"C","value":"依法取得执业医师资格或执业助理医师资格,在医疗机构中执业的专业医务人员"},{"key":"D","value":"依法取得执业医师资格或执业助理医师资格,经注册在医疗机构中执业的专业医务人员"},{"key":"E","value":"依法取得执业医师资格或执业助理医师资格,经注册在医疗保健预防机构中执业的专业医务人员"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"《中华人民共和国执业医师法》第一章第二条:依法取得执业医师资格或者执业助理医师资格,经注册在医疗保健预防机构中执业的专业医务人员(E对),适用本法。"} {"Question":"《医疗机构从业人员行为规范》中“以人为本,践行宗旨”的具体要求不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"积极维护社会公益,促进人类健康"},{"key":"B","value":"坚持救死扶伤,防病治病的宗旨"},{"key":"C","value":"发扬大医精诚理念"},{"key":"D","value":"以患者为中心,全心全意为人民健康服务"},{"key":"E","value":"发扬人道主义精神"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"《医疗机构从业人员行为规范》,第二章第四条:以人为本,践行宗旨。坚持救死扶伤、防病治病的宗旨(B对),发扬大医精诚理念(C对)和人道主义精神(E对),以病人为中心,全心全意为人民健康服务(D对)。积极维护社会公益,促进人类健康(A错,为本题正确答案)不属于该要求。"} {"Question":"中等卫校毕业生林某,在乡卫生院工作,2000年取得执业助理医师执业证书。他要参加执业医师资格考试,根据《执业医师法》规定,应取得执业助理医师执业证书后,在医疗机构中工作满","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"6年"},{"key":"B","value":"5年"},{"key":"C","value":"4年"},{"key":"D","value":"3年"},{"key":"E","value":"2年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据《执业医师法》和相关规定,具有下列条件之一的,可以参加执业医师资格考试:①具有高等学校医学专业本科以上学历(是指国务院教育行政部门认可的各类高等学校医学专业本科以上学历),在执业医师指导下,在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满1年;②取得执业助理医师执业证书后,具有高等学校医学专科学历(是指省级以上教育行政部门认可的各类高等学校医学专业专科学历),在医疗、预防、保健机构中工作满2年;③具有中等专业学校医学专业学历(是指经省级以上教育行政部门认可的各类中等专业学校医学专业中专学历),在医疗、预防、保健机构中工作满5年(B对);④以师承方式学习传统医学满3年或者经多年实践医术确有专长的,经县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门确定的传统医学专业组织或者医疗、预防、保健机构考核合格并推荐;⑤在1998年6月26日前获得医士专业技术职务资格,后又取得执业助理医师资格,医士从业时间和取得执业助理医师执业证书后执业时间累计满5年;⑥7年制临床医学、口腔医学、中医学的临床硕士生和8年制毕业生在学习期间有相当于大学本科的1年生产实习和1年以上严格的临床实践训练,可在毕业当年参加医师资格考试(B对)。林某为中等卫校毕业,符合第三条规定。"} {"Question":"女,17岁。脑部重伤入院,经各种治疗仍于3天后,患者进入脑死亡状态。现用呼吸机及各种设备维持生命这种情况下,医生应采取的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经全科讨论后撤掉呼吸机"},{"key":"B","value":"只要病人家属要求,一直维持这种状态"},{"key":"C","value":"私自决定撤掉呼吸机"},{"key":"D","value":"向父母解释脑死亡,征得同意撤掉呼吸机"},{"key":"E","value":"在卫生资源紧缺情况时,撤掉其呼吸机"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脑死亡作为比心肺死亡更为科学的死亡标准。脑死亡是脑细胞广泛、永久地丧失了全部功能,范围涉及大脑、小脑、桥脑和延髓。即发生全脑死亡后,虽心跳尚存,但脑复苏已不可能,个体死亡已经发生且不可避免。医生应向父母解释脑死亡,征得同意撤掉呼吸机(D对)。"} {"Question":"门诊给多动症患者开具哌醋甲酯的处方最多不超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15天"},{"key":"B","value":"7天"},{"key":"C","value":"3天"},{"key":"D","value":"14天"},{"key":"E","value":"10天"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"门诊给多动症患者开具哌醋甲酯的处方最多不超过15天(A对)。"} {"Question":"连某因患严重躁狂抑郁障碍,正在精神病专科医院住院治疗。因病情恶化,患者出现伤人毁物等行为,医院在没有其他可替代措施的情况下,对其实施了约束身体的措施,但实施后没有及时通知连某的监护人。连某的父亲作为监护人探视时,看到儿子被捆绑在病床上非常气愤。依照《精神卫生法》对患者连某实施约束行为的性质属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治疗性措施"},{"key":"B","value":"惩罚性措施"},{"key":"C","value":"保护性医疗措施"},{"key":"D","value":"诊断性措施"},{"key":"E","value":"警告性措施"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"《精神卫生法》规定,精神障碍患者在医疗机构内发生或者将要发生伤害自身、危害他人安全、扰乱医疗秩序的行为(连某患严重的躁狂抑郁障碍,因病情恶化,出现伤人毁物等行为),医疗机构及其医务人员在没有其他可替代措施的情况下,可以实施约束、隔离等保护性医疗措施(C对)。"} {"Question":"《精神卫生法》规定承担精神障碍患者再次诊断的精神科执业医师人数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5人"},{"key":"B","value":"2人"},{"key":"C","value":"4人"},{"key":"D","value":"1人"},{"key":"E","value":"3人"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"当患者及其监护人对诊断结论有异议,提出再次诊断要求时,承担再次诊断的医疗机构应当在接到再次诊断要求后指派2名初次诊断医师以外的精神科职业医师进行再次诊断(B对)。"} {"Question":"某药品监督管理部门接到多名眼疾患者举报,反应在县医院眼科就诊使用某药后发生“眼内炎”。药品监管部门经过调查,确认该药为假药,其法定依据为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未标明有效期"},{"key":"B","value":"未标明生产批号"},{"key":"C","value":"未经批准进口"},{"key":"D","value":"超过有效期"},{"key":"E","value":"擅自添加着色剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"该县医院眼科就诊使用的药品经过药品监管部门调查确认该药为假药。依照《药品管理法》规定,未经批准进口(C对)的药品按假药论处,属于假药。劣药,是指药品成分含量不符合国家药品标准规定的药品。《药品管理法》规定,未标明有效期(A错)、未标明生产批号(B错)、超过有效期(D错)和擅自添加着色剂(E错)的药品属于劣药的范畴。"} {"Question":"下列不属于药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗生素"},{"key":"B","value":"血液"},{"key":"C","value":"疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"血液制品"},{"key":"E","value":"血清"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血液(B错,为本题正确答案)属于人体的组织液,不属于药品。药品是用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理机能并规定有适应证或者功能主治、用法和用量的物质,包括中药材、抗生素(A对)、生化药品、血清(E对)、疫苗(C对)、血液制品(D对)等。"} {"Question":"医师胡某与一药厂达成协议后,在处方时使用了该药厂生产的药品,并收受了该厂给予的提成。对于胡某的违法行为,有权决定给予行政处分并没收其违法所得的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"工商行政管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"监察部门"},{"key":"D","value":"消费者权益保护协会"},{"key":"E","value":"卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"医师胡某与一药厂达成协议后,在处方时使用了该药厂生产的药品,并收受了该厂给予的提成。根据相关规定,医师胡某应由卫生行政部门(E对)或者本单位给予处分,没收违法所得;该药厂应由工商行政管理部门(B错)处1万元以上20万元以下的罚款,有违法所得的,予以没收。"} {"Question":"可授予特殊使用级抗菌的药物处方权的医务人员是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主治医师"},{"key":"B","value":"住院医师"},{"key":"C","value":"乡村医师"},{"key":"D","value":"副主任医师"},{"key":"E","value":"实习医生"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"根据《抗菌药物临床应用管理办法》规定,高级专业技术职务任职资格的医师,可授予特殊使用级抗菌药物处方权,副主任医师(D对)属于高级专业技术职称。中级以上专业职务任职资格的医师,可授予限制使用级抗菌药物处方权,主治医师属于中级专业技术职称(A错)。初级专业技术职务任职的医师,可授予非限制使用级抗菌药物处方权,住院医师(B错)、乡村医师(C错)、实习医生(E错)等属于初级专业技术职务任职的医师。"} {"Question":"艾滋病防治工作原则的表述不正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坚持预防为主,防治结合的方针"},{"key":"B","value":"建立政府组织领导,部门各负其责,全社会共同参与的机制"},{"key":"C","value":"加强宣传教育"},{"key":"D","value":"采取行为干预和关怀救助等措施"},{"key":"E","value":"坚持预防为主,治疗为辅的方针"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"艾滋病防治方针:艾滋病防治工作坚持预防为主、防治结合的方针(E错,为本题正确答案)(A对),建立政府组织领导、部门各负其责、全社会共同参与的机制(B对),加强宣传教育(C对),采取行为干预和关怀救助等措施(D对),实行综合防治。"} {"Question":"女,36岁。因患子宫肌瘤在县医院接受手术治疗,术后患者因对手术效果不满意诉至法院。法院经审理认为医院存在《侵权责任法》规定的过错推定情形,判决医院败诉。该推定情形是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未尽到说明义务"},{"key":"B","value":"未尽到与当时医疗水平相应的诊疗义务"},{"key":"C","value":"伪造病历资料"},{"key":"D","value":"泄露患者隐私"},{"key":"E","value":"限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"《侵权责任法》(全称《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》,2010年7月1日实施)其中第七章是“医疗损害责任”,共11条(法律的效力高于行政法规、地方性法规、规章。据此,《医疗事故处理条例》的规定与《侵权责任法》不一致的,应以《侵权责任法》为准),本例患者接受子宫肌瘤手术后,对手术效果不满意诉至法院,法院审理认为医疗机构存在过错(说明造成给患者造成了明确的损害),根据《侵权责任法》第七章“医疗损害责任”其第五十四条“患者在诊疗活动中受到损害,医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的,由医疗机构承担赔偿责任”、\n(《侵权责任法》《第七章医疗损害责任》相关法律章节)\n第五十四条患者在诊疗活动中受到损害,医疗机构及其医务人员有过错的,由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。第五十五条医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的,医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况,并取得其书面同意;不宜向患者说明的,应当向患者的近亲属说明,并取得其书面同意。医务人员未尽到前款义务,造成患者损害的,医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。第五十六条因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况,不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的,经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准,可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。第五十七条医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务,造成患者损害的,医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。第五十八条患者有损害,因下列情形之一的,推定医疗机构有过错(C对):(一)违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定;(二)隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料;(三)伪造、篡改或者销毁病历资料。第五十九条因药品、消毒药剂、医疗器械的缺陷,或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的,患者可以向生产者或者血液提供机构请求赔偿,也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的,医疗机构赔偿后,有权向负有责任的生产者或者血液提供机构追偿。第六十条患者有损害,因下列情形之一的,医疗机构不承担赔偿责任:(一)患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗;(二)医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务;(三)限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗。前款第一项情形中,医疗机构及其医务人员也有过错的,应当承担相应的赔偿责任。第六十一条医疗机构及其医务人员应当按照规定填写并妥善保管住院志、医嘱单、检验报告、手术及麻醉记录、病理资料、护理记录、医疗费用等病历资料。患者要求查阅、复制前款规定的病历资料的,医疗机构应当提供。第六十二条医疗机构及其医务人员应当对患者的隐私保密。泄露患者隐私或者未经患者同意公开其病历资料,造成患者损害的,应当承担侵权责任。第六十三条医疗机构及其医务人员不得违反诊疗规范实施不必要的检查。第六十四条医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益受法律保护。干扰医疗秩序,妨害医务人员工作、生活的,应当依法承担法律责任。"} {"Question":"依据《侵权责任法》,医务人员实施手术前应当向患者说明的事项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗纠纷处理方式"},{"key":"B","value":"隐私保密要求"},{"key":"C","value":"替代医疗方案"},{"key":"D","value":"承担赔偿责任的情形"},{"key":"E","value":"复印病例资料范围"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的,医务人员应当及时向患者说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案(C对)等情况,并取得其书面同意。"} {"Question":"对阻碍医师依法执业,侮辱诽谤威胁,殴打医师的人员进行行政处罚时,应当适用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《执业医师法》"},{"key":"B","value":"《医疗机构管理条例》"},{"key":"C","value":"《医疗事故处理条例》"},{"key":"D","value":"《治安管理处罚条例》"},{"key":"E","value":"《刑法》"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"依照《医疗事故处理条例》规定,以医疗事故为由,寻衅滋事、抢夺病历资料,扰乱医疗机构正常医疗秩序和医疗事故技术鉴定工作,依法追究刑事责任;尚不够刑事处罚的,依法给予治安管理处罚。对阻碍医师依法执业,侮辱诽谤威胁,殴打医师的人员进行行政处罚时应依照《治安管理处罚条例》(D对)。题干中强调“行政处罚时”,说明尚不构成《刑法》(E错)处罚的范畴。"} {"Question":"母婴保健工作人员出具虚假医学证明,即使未造成严重后果,仍应承担一定的法律责任。该法律责任是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暂停执业"},{"key":"B","value":"行政处分"},{"key":"C","value":"吊销执业证书"},{"key":"D","value":"通报批评"},{"key":"E","value":"注销执业注册"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"从事母婴保健技术服务的人员出具虚假医学证明文件而未造成严重后果的,依法给予行政处分(B对);有下列情形之一的,由原发证部门撤销相应的母婴保健技术执业资格或者医师执业证书(C错):①因延误诊治,造成严重后果的;②给当事人身心健康造成严重后果的;③造成其他严重后果的。暂停执业(A错)、通报批评(D错)、注销执业注册(E错)不属于母婴保健工作人员出具虚假医学证明文件的法律责任"} {"Question":"《母婴保健法》规定,经产前检查,医师发现或者怀疑胎儿异常的,应当对孕妇进行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遗传病诊断"},{"key":"B","value":"产前诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"终止妊娠手术"},{"key":"D","value":"结扎手术"},{"key":"E","value":"医学技术鉴定"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"《母婴保健法》规定,经产前检查,孕妇有下列情形之一的,经治医师应当建议其进行产前诊断(B对):羊水过多或者过少的;胎儿发育异常或者胎儿有可疑畸形的;孕早期时接触过可能导致胎儿先天缺陷的物质的;有遗传病家族史或者曾经分娩过先天性严重缺陷婴儿的;年龄超过35周岁的。"} {"Question":"甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滤泡状癌"},{"key":"B","value":"髓样癌"},{"key":"C","value":"未分化癌"},{"key":"D","value":"乳头状癌"},{"key":"E","value":"腺癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型是乳头状癌(D对),约占全部甲状腺癌的60%;滤泡状癌(A错)约占全部甲状腺癌的20%;髓样癌(B错)约占全部甲状腺癌的7%;未分化癌(C错)约占全部甲状腺癌的15%。"} {"Question":"女,29岁。焦虑不安,紧张,多食,体重减轻5月余。为明确诊断,需要检查的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血T₃、T₄、TSH"},{"key":"B","value":"血钾"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"D","value":"肾功能"},{"key":"E","value":"血糖"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者青年女性(甲亢的好发人群),有焦虑不安,紧张,多食,体重减轻(甲亢的常见临床表现)等症状,最可能的诊断为甲状腺功能亢进,为明确诊断,需要检查的是血T₃、T₄、TSH(A对)。血清TSH(促甲状腺激素)浓度的变化是反映甲状腺功能最敏感的指标,目前sTSH(敏感TSH)成为筛查甲亢的第一线指标(P684)。血钾(B错)检查主要用于确诊患者是否存在血钾浓度的异常。肝功能(C错)、肾功能(D错)为临床常规检查,主要用于反映肝、肾功能基本状况。血糖(E错)检查主要用于糖尿病的确诊。"} {"Question":"能够明确甲状腺单发结节性质的最可靠方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ECT"},{"key":"B","value":"颈部X线摄片"},{"key":"C","value":"细针穿刺细胞学检查"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺B超扫描"},{"key":"E","value":"颈部CT"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在所述五种方法中,细针穿刺细胞学检查(C对)是明确甲状腺结节性质的最可靠办法,其准确率高达80%以上(5版外科学P344)。ECT(A错)能够反映甲状腺局部及整体功能,能够发现甲状腺结节并进行良恶性鉴别,但最终确诊仍依赖活检。颈部X线摄片(B错)可显示软组织钙化、积气、气管形态等,但不用于诊断甲状腺病变。甲状腺B超扫描(D错)是甲状腺结节的首选影像学检查方法,可用于甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断,但最终确诊仍依赖活检。颈部CT(E错)能显示甲状腺的病灶数目、部位、与邻近结构关系以及有无淋巴结肿大,但并不能明确结节性质。"} {"Question":"甲状腺患侧腺叶大部切除术适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺乳头状癌"},{"key":"B","value":"青少年原发性甲亢"},{"key":"C","value":"单纯性弥漫性甲状腺肿"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺高功能腺瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"桥本病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲状腺腺瘤,如甲状腺高功能腺瘤(D对),有引起甲亢和恶变的可能,所以其治疗原则是早期行包括患侧的甲状腺腺叶或部分(腺瘤小)切除。甲状腺乳头状癌(A错)根据病变情况选择一侧甲状腺加峡部切除或全甲状腺切除,根据淋巴结转移情况选择中央淋巴结清扫或颈部淋巴结清扫。不主张行甲状腺肿瘤摘除或甲状腺次全切除。而甲亢手术的禁忌症之一是青少年病人,所以青少年原发性甲亢(B错)不宜手术。单纯性弥漫性甲状腺肿(C错)根据病因采取不同治疗,而符合手术指征的多采取甲状腺次全切除术。桥本病(E错)的治疗可长期用左甲状腺素或甲状腺素片。有压迫症状者、疑有恶变者可考虑手术。"} {"Question":"关于甲状腺滤泡状腺癌正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多见于儿童"},{"key":"B","value":"生长慢,属低度恶性"},{"key":"C","value":"来源于滤泡旁降钙素分泌细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"有侵犯血管的倾向"},{"key":"E","value":"预后优于甲状腺乳头状腺癌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"甲状腺滤泡状腺癌癌细胞分化较差,有侵犯血管的倾向(D对)。滤泡状腺癌早期易经血管转移,癌肿生长较快,属于中度恶性(B错)肿瘤。甲状腺乳头状癌为低度恶性肿瘤,预后优于甲状腺滤泡状腺癌(E错)。甲状腺滤泡状腺癌常见于50岁左右中年人,多见于儿童(A错)的甲状腺癌是甲状腺乳头状癌。甲状腺滤泡状腺癌来源于滤泡上皮细胞,来源于滤泡旁降钙素分泌细胞(C错)的甲状腺癌是甲状腺髓样癌。"} {"Question":"女,23岁,因原发性甲状腺功能亢进症在气管内插管全麻下行甲状腺双侧次全切术,术后清醒拔出气管插管后患者出现呼吸困难,伴有失音,无手足麻木。查体:T37.3℃,P92次\/分,R28次\/分,BP130\/70mmHg,面红无发绀,颈部不肿,引流管通畅,有少许血液流出。引起该患者呼吸困难最可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喉上神经损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"伤口出血"},{"key":"C","value":"甲亢危象"},{"key":"D","value":"双侧喉返神经损伤"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状旁腺损伤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"喉返神经分为前、后两支,前支支配声带内收肌,后支支配声带外展肌。前支损伤引起声带内收肌麻痹而使声带外展;后支损伤引起声带外展肌瘫痪而使声带内收。喉返神经损伤可有不同的临床表现:一侧喉返神经损伤若为后支损伤,可无明显临床表现,若为前支或全支损伤,大多引起声音嘶哑;双侧喉返神经损伤,可引起严重的呼吸困难,甚至窒息死亡。该患者作甲状腺手术后,拔管后立即出现呼吸困难,而手术切口无明显异常,考虑双侧喉返神经损伤(D对)。喉上神经损伤(A错)若为内支损伤,常导致饮水呛咳;若为外支损伤,则导致音调降低。伤口出血(B错)可引起呼吸困难,但大多发生在手术后24~48小时后,多存在颈部肿胀、伤口渗血、引流不畅,与患者临床表现不符。甲亢危象(C错)多表现为高热、脉快,同时合并神经、循环及消化系统严重功能紊乱,与该患者临床表现不符。甲状旁腺损伤(E错)导致PTH分泌减少,血钙降低,严重者可发生喉与膈肌痉挛,引起呼吸困难甚至窒息,但多伴有手足麻木或抽搐等低血钙表现。"} {"Question":"Graves病甲亢甲状腺的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"症状越严重甲状腺越大"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺质地较硬且有触痛"},{"key":"C","value":"用碘剂可使甲状腺变软"},{"key":"D","value":"甲状腺呈弥漫性对称性肿大"},{"key":"E","value":"大多为结节性甲状腺肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"Graves病大多数患者有程度不等的甲状腺肿大,甲状腺呈弥漫性对称性肿大(D对),质地不等,随吞咽上下移动,无压痛,甲状腺上下极可触及震颤,闻及血管杂音。少数病例甲状腺可以不肿大,甲状腺肿大和甲状腺生长抗体关系密切,此种抗体对甲状腺功能亢进程度影响不大,因此甲状腺肿大程度与甲亢严重程度无相关性,即甲亢症状越严重,甲状腺不一定越肿大(A错)。甲状腺质地较硬且有触痛(B错)是亚急性甲状腺炎(P692)的典型表现。结节性甲状腺肿(E错)是甲状腺结节或甲状腺癌的典型表现(P695)。使用碘剂会使甲状腺变硬(C错),血流减少。"} {"Question":"120\/60mmHg,甲状腺Ⅲ°肿大,左侧明显,气管右偏。患者拟行甲状腺手术治疗,术前准备应选择的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左甲状腺素钠"},{"key":"B","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"糖皮质激素"},{"key":"D","value":"丙硫氧嘧啶"},{"key":"E","value":"复方碘溶液"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年女性,多饮多食,体重下降,诊断为甲亢,服用抗甲状腺药物后FT3、FT4正常,TSH0.01umol\/ml(正常值0.3-5.0mIU\/L)稍低于正常值,提示甲亢症状控制良好,甲状腺Ⅲ°肿大,应加用碘剂(可以抑制甲状腺素释放,还能减少甲状腺的血流量,使腺体充血减少,因而缩小变硬,利于切除)2周(E对)。左甲状腺素钠用于单纯性甲状腺肿(P226)、甲状腺炎(P230)以及甲状腺癌次全或全切者(P233)的治疗,不用于甲亢的术前准备(A错)。普萘洛尔用于对于常规应用碘剂或者合并应用硫氧嘧啶类药物不能耐受或无效者(P229)(B错)。糖皮质激常用于甲状腺危象(P230)和甲状腺炎(P230)的治疗,不用于甲亢的术前准备(C错)。丙硫氧嘧啶(硫脲类药物)单用能使甲状腺肿大和动脉性充血,手术时极易发生出血,因此服用后必须加用碘剂直到症状基本控制,再单独用碘剂1-2周,再进行手术(D错)。"} {"Question":"女性40岁,中度弥漫性甲亢合并迁延性肝炎,且对抗甲状腺药物过敏,首选何种治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫脲类制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"碘制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"¹³¹I"},{"key":"E","value":"手术"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者中年女性,中度弥漫性甲亢合并迁延性肝炎,且对抗甲状腺药物过敏,首选¹³¹I治疗,¹³¹I适用于甲亢合并肝、肾等脏器功能损害患者。硫脲类制剂(A错)为抗甲状腺药物,适用于轻、中度病情;甲状腺轻、中度肿大;孕妇及高龄或其他不适宜手术者;手术前和¹³¹I治疗前的准备。碘制剂(B错)多用于手术前的辅助性治疗。普萘洛尔(C错)是针对手术前心率快者所使用的治疗。手术(E错)适用于继发性甲亢或高功能腺瘤、中度以上原发性甲亢、腺体较大有压迫症状,或胸骨后甲状腺肿等类型甲亢。"} {"Question":"对于甲状腺破坏所导致的甲状腺毒症,下列实验室检查正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺肿大"},{"key":"B","value":"血T3、T4↑,甲状腺摄131I(碘131)率明显↑"},{"key":"C","value":"血T3、T4↑,甲状腺摄131I(碘131)率明显↓"},{"key":"D","value":"TSH明显↓"},{"key":"E","value":"TgAb与TPOAb明显↑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"甲状腺毒症虽然血清甲状腺激素水平增高,但是131 I 摄取率减低,因为甲状腺细胞被炎症损伤,减少摄碘的能力(C对)。"} {"Question":"诊断甲状腺功能亢进(Graves病)最有价值的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤湿润多汗、手颤"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺肿大伴震颤和血管杂音"},{"key":"C","value":"阵发性心房纤颤"},{"key":"D","value":"收缩压升高,舒张压降低,脉压增大"},{"key":"E","value":"窦性心动过速"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状腺肿大伴震颤和血管杂音为诊断GD的必备条件,故其为诊断甲状腺功能亢进(Graves病)最有价值的体征(B对)。皮肤湿润多汗、手颤(A错)、阵发性心房纤颤(C错)、收缩压升高,舒张压降低,脉压增大(D错)、窦性心动过速(E错)都为Graves病的体征,但不能作为确诊体征。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,患甲状腺功能亢进症,突然出现双下肢不能动。检查:双下肢膝腱反射减退,无肌萎缩。血钾测定2.3mmol/L,你认为最可能是下列哪种情况","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性甲亢性肌病"},{"key":"B","value":"周期性瘫痪"},{"key":"C","value":"周围神经炎"},{"key":"D","value":"重症肌无力"},{"key":"E","value":"癔症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"青年男性患者(周期性瘫痪的常见人群),明确诊断为甲状腺功能亢进症。突然出现双下肢不能动,双下肢膝腱发射减弱,无肌萎缩(周期性瘫痪常见临床表现)。血钾测定2.3mmol\/L(正常值为3.5~5.5mmol\/L,血钾低于3.5mmol\/L为低钾血症),患者最可能的诊断为周期性瘫痪(B对)。甲亢时,过多的甲状腺素可增强细胞膜上钠钾泵活性,促进K⁺向细胞内转移,引起血钾降低,可表现为双下肢肌无力,腱反射减退等,称为甲状腺毒症性周期性瘫痪。慢性甲亢性肌病(P681)(A错)主要表现为近端肌群肌无力、萎缩,以肩胛带和骨盆带肌群为主,很少累及下肢肌。周围神经炎(C错)为糖尿病常见并发症,在甲亢患者中罕见,且主要表现为感觉障碍。甲亢伴重症肌无力(D错)主要累及眼部肌群,表现为上睑下垂,眼球活动障碍,复视等。癔症(E错)为一种精神疾病,主要表现为昏迷,不自主运动等。"} {"Question":"女,23岁,2个月来时有心悸易出汗体重减轻约3kg,查体:血压126\/68mmHg,中等体型,皮肤微潮,双手轻度细颤,无突眼,甲状腺Ⅰ°肿大,未闻及血管杂音,心率94次\/分,律齐。为证实是否为甲状腺功能亢进症,应检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血TSH、FT₃、FT₄"},{"key":"B","value":"甲状腺I¹³¹摄取率"},{"key":"C","value":"甲状腺核素扫描"},{"key":"D","value":"抗甲状腺抗体"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺刺激免疫球蛋白"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"引起甲亢一系列临床表现的关键为血液循环中甲状腺激素过多,导致神经、循环、消化等系统兴奋性增高和代谢亢进。甲状腺激素包括T₃和T₄,其中以游离状态存在的T₃、T₄(FT₃、FT₄)发挥主要作用。由于甲状腺激素分泌增多,负反馈性抑制促甲状腺激素(TSH)分泌,导致血液中TSH减少。因此,为证实是否为甲状腺功能亢进症,应检查血TSH、FT₃、FT₄(A对),甲亢患者血中FT₃、FT₄升高,TSH降低。甲状腺¹³¹I摄取率(B错)目前已经被sTSH(敏感TSH)测定技术所替代。甲状腺核素扫描(P684-P685)(C错)主要用于高功能腺瘤的诊断。抗甲状腺抗体(D错)是鉴别甲亢病因、辅助Graves病诊断的指标之一;甲状腺刺激免疫球蛋白(E错)测定主要用于评价抗甲状腺药物治疗的疗效、确定停药时机、预测复发等。"} {"Question":"女,28岁。结节性甲状腺肿10年,近半年出现怕热多汗。T₃、T₄值高于正常值近1倍。妊娠4个月,有哮喘史。最适合的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗甲状腺药物治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"普萘洛尔治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"碘剂治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性碘治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"甲状腺大部切除术"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青年女性患者,结节性甲状腺肿10年,近半年出现怕热、多汗(甲亢的典型临床表现)。实验室检查:T3、T4值高于正常值近1倍(甲状腺毒症,支持甲亢诊断)。综合该患者的病史及实验室检查,诊断考虑结节性甲状腺肿继发功能亢进,存在手术指征。甲亢对妊娠可造成不良影响,引起流产、早产、胎儿宫内死亡、妊娠期高血压综合征等,而妊娠又可能加重甲状腺功能亢进,因此,妊娠4~6个月的甲亢应考虑手术治疗。综上所述,该患者最适合的治疗方法是甲状腺大部切除术(E对)。妊娠中期(4~6个月)甲亢可选择甲巯咪唑治疗甲亢,但该患者已存在手术指征,因此抗甲状腺药物治疗(A错)不是最适合的治疗方法。普萘洛尔为β受体阻滞剂,可降低甲亢患者的心率,但患者有哮喘史,禁忌用普萘洛尔治疗(B错)。碘剂用于甲状腺手术术前准备或治疗甲状腺危象,否则禁用碘剂治疗(C错)。放射性碘治疗(D错)禁用于妊娠期妇女,系因¹³¹I可进入胎盘,影响胎儿的生长发育。"} {"Question":"男,70岁,软弱无力,进食减少,口渴、多尿2周,近2天嗜睡。急诊检查:BP70\/50mmHg,神志朦胧,皮肤干燥失水,呼吸34次\/分,心率108次\/分,尿糖(++++),尿酮(±)。既往无糖尿病史。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖尿病肾病"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病性神经病变"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病乳酸性酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"老年男性患者、既往无糖尿病病史(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷的好发人群),近2周出现口渴、多尿、软弱无力、进食减少,近2天嗜睡,查体出现血压下降与脱水表现、意识障碍(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷典型临床表现),化验尿糖强阳性,尿酮体弱阳性,应考虑诊断为高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷(E对)。糖尿病肾病(A错)多见于糖尿病病史10年以上者,表现为蛋白尿、可伴有水肿和高血压、肾功能逐渐减退,而无脱水、嗜睡、血压降低等表现。糖尿病性神经病变(B错)常表现为双下肢远端感觉运动障碍,起病缓慢,无脱水、嗜睡、血压降低等表现。糖尿病酮症酸中毒(C错)以高血糖、酮症和酸中毒为主要表现(P745),患者亦出现脱水与意识障碍,但其呼吸深快、呼气有烂苹果味,尿糖和尿酮均阳性。糖尿病乳酸性酸中毒(D错)为使用双胍类药物的罕见并发症,实验室检查血乳酸增高(>5mmol\/L),血PH<7.35。"} {"Question":"女,55岁。糖尿病病史1年,服用二甲双胍治疗出现明显胃肠道反应,改为格列齐特缓释片30mg\/日治疗6个月,复查空腹血糖6.5mmol\/L,餐后2小时血糖10mmol\/L,HbAlc7.5%,时有午餐前心慌、出汗。查体:BP150\/90mmHg,双下肢水肿,BMI30。该患者心慌、出汗的原因最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血糖"},{"key":"B","value":"过敏反应"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压"},{"key":"D","value":"焦虑"},{"key":"E","value":"心律失常"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中老年女性患者,糖尿病病史1年,服用常规剂量(30~120mg)格列齐特缓释片,时有午餐前心慌、出汗,应考虑为出现了低血糖反应(A对)。格列齐特为第二代磺酰脲类口服降血糖药,属于胰岛素促泌剂,易发生低血糖反应(心慌、出汗、饥饿感等表现)。过敏反应(B错)虽然也是格列齐特的不良反应,但是症状为皮疹、皮肤瘙痒等。高血压(C错)、焦虑(D错)不会表现为餐前心慌、出汗。心律失常(E错)可出现心慌表现,但一般无规律性,不会仅于餐前出现,心电图会有异常表现。"} {"Question":"男,20岁,神志不清2小时入院,既往患1型糖尿病5年,长期皮下注射胰岛素,近3天因腹泻而停用。体检:血压70\/50mmHg,皮肤中度失水征,呼吸深大,有烂苹果味,心率130次\/分。需立即采取的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注5%碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"B","value":"纠正电解质紊乱"},{"key":"C","value":"补液并恢复皮下注射胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"补液加有效的抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"补液同时静脉滴注胰岛素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"Ⅰ型糖尿病患者(易自发糖尿病酮症酸中毒),长期胰岛素治疗,近3天中断使用(诱因)后,呼吸深大(Kussmaul深大呼吸常提示酸中毒)、有烂苹果味(丙酮主要经呼吸道排出,提示血中丙酮含量增多),皮肤中度失水征、休克(BP70\/50mmHg、P130次\/分),神志不清2小时,最可能的诊断为糖尿病酮症酸中毒昏迷。患者失水严重,血压降低达休克状态并出现意识障碍,应立即补液、扩充血容量,恢复血压。同时静注短效胰岛素降低血糖,使机体优先利用血糖从而降低血酮。因此本例患者应立即采取的治疗措施为补液同时静脉滴注胰岛素(E对)。由于皮下注射胰岛素(C错)吸收较慢,降低血糖较慢,多用于病情稳定后常规使用胰岛素,不用于糖尿病急性并发症。酮症酸中毒经输液和胰岛素治疗后,酮体水平下降,酸中毒可自行纠正,一般不必补碱(A错),当血PH<7.1,HCO₃⁻<5mmol\/L时再进行补碱(P754)。纠正电解质紊乱(B错)是治疗原则之一,但不是立即采取的治疗措施。当患者存在感染时,才加用抗生素,该患者无明显感染表现,故目前不需使用抗生素(D错)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,患糖尿病10余年,尿蛋白阴性,近1个月感下腹部胀,排尿不畅伴尿失禁。B超显示“膀胱扩大,尿潴留”。其原因应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖尿病自主神经病变"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病合并泌尿系感染"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病合并慢性前列腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病肾病"},{"key":"E","value":"糖尿病合并泌尿系结石"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性,患糖尿病10余年,近1个月出现尿潴留、排尿不畅伴尿失禁。应考虑为糖尿病并发自主神经病变(A对),累及支配膀胱的副交感神经,排尿反射减弱,表现为残尿量增加、尿失禁、尿潴留。糖尿病合并泌尿系感染(B错)多见于女性患者(P730),多出现发热、腰部不适、膀胱刺激征,不会出现尿潴留。糖尿病合并慢性前列腺炎(C错)多表现为尿频、尿急、尿痛等膀胱刺激征,排尿后尿道口多有白色分泌物流出,会阴部常有酸胀感或隐痛,无膀胱扩张及尿潴留表现。糖尿病肾病(D错)尿蛋白多为阳性,无尿潴留表现。糖尿病合并泌尿系结石(E错)临床表现因结石所在部位不同而有异。肾与输尿管结石的典型表现为肾绞痛与血尿,在结石引起绞痛发作以前,病人无明显症状,由于某种诱因可突发单侧腰部剧烈绞痛,并向下腹及会阴部放射,伴有腹胀、恶心、呕吐、程度不同的血尿;膀胱结石主要表现是排尿困难和排尿疼痛,二者均无尿失禁。"} {"Question":"柯萨奇病毒感染人体引发糖尿病的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴细胞的多克隆激活"},{"key":"B","value":"表位拓展"},{"key":"C","value":"分子模拟"},{"key":"D","value":"自身抗原的改变"},{"key":"E","value":"隐蔽抗原的释放"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"柯萨奇病毒(CVB)感染与T1DM发生有关,但其机制仍不明确。多数学者支持分子模拟学说(C对),认为病毒蛋白成分与胰岛细胞抗原相似,使CVB感染能够引起针对β细胞的自身免疫性,进而导致胰岛β细胞被破坏,胰岛素分泌减少,最终导致Ⅰ 型糖尿病。"} {"Question":"女,48岁。近1个月来出现口渴。每日饮水量约2000ml。身高156cm,体重70kg。患者空腹血糖180mg\/dL(10.0mmol\/L),餐后血糖252mg\/dL(14.0mmol\/L),过去无糖尿病病史。【假设信息】治疗3个月后,空腹血糖99mg\/dL(5.5mmol\/L),餐后血糖225mg\/dL(12.5mmol\/L),治疗改为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"格列齐特"},{"key":"C","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"D","value":"那格列奈"},{"key":"E","value":"二甲双胍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者女,48岁。近1个月来出现口渴。身高156cm,体重70kg。患者空腹血糖180mg\/dL(10.0mmol\/L),餐后血糖252mg\/dL(14.0mmol\/L),过去无糖尿病病史,诊断为2型糖尿病,患者治疗3个月后,空腹血糖99mg\/dL(5.5mmol\/L),餐后血糖225mg\/dL(12.5mmol\/L),该患者空腹血糖控制良好,餐后血糖明显升高,进一步的治疗应改为α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,即阿卡波糖(C对)。"} {"Question":"42岁,男性。平素多食,肥胖,2次尿糖阳性,空腹血糖5.4mmol\/L,饭后2小时血糖7.6mmol\/L。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物性糖尿"},{"key":"B","value":"应激性糖尿"},{"key":"C","value":"肾性糖尿"},{"key":"D","value":"肿瘤性糖尿"},{"key":"E","value":"甲亢致糖尿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性患者,平素多食、肥胖,2次尿糖阳性,测得空腹血糖5.4mmol\/L(正常值为3.9~6.0mmol\/L),饭后2小时血糖7.6mmol\/L(正常值为<7.8mmol\/L),提示血糖均正常,最可能的诊断是肾性糖尿(C对)。肾性糖尿指血糖浓度正常时出现葡萄糖尿,主要由近端肾小管重吸收葡萄糖功能障碍,肾糖阈降低引起,最终使得尿中排出过量葡萄糖(注意:由于血糖浓度正常,肾性糖尿不属于糖尿病的范畴)。甲亢致糖尿(P734)(E错)因碳水化合物在肠道吸收过快引起,一般进食后1\/2~1小时血糖升高,出现糖尿,而空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖正常,但患者常多食易饥,伴消瘦。药物性糖尿(P726)(A错)、肿瘤性糖尿(P726)(D错)属特殊类型糖尿病,存在空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖增高。应激性糖尿(P734)(B错)能引起空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖增高,常为暂时性和自限性。"} {"Question":"低血糖症是指血浆葡萄糖浓度低于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2.0mmol\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"3.3mmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"2.8mmol\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"3.0mmol\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"4.0mmol\/L"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"一般引起低血糖症状的血浆葡萄糖阈值为2.8~3.9mmol\/L,但单凭血糖(除非<2.5mmol\/L)不能诊断低血糖症,其诊断依据是Whipple三联征:①低血糖症状;②症状发作时血糖低于正常(<2.8mmol\/L,该数据在三版八年制教材为3.0mmol\/L);③供糖后与低血糖相关的症状迅速缓解(C对)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁,患糖尿病10余年,尿蛋白阴性,近1个月感下腹部胀,排尿不畅伴尿失禁。B超声显示“膀胱扩大,尿潴留”。其原因应考虑","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖尿病自主(植物)神经病变"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病合并泌尿系感染"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病合并慢性前列腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"糖尿病肾病"},{"key":"E","value":"糖尿病合并泌尿系结石"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"中年男性患者,糖尿病10余年病史,近1个月出现尿潴留、排尿不畅伴尿失禁。应考虑为糖尿病并发自主神经病变(A对),累及支配膀胱的副交感神经,排尿反射减弱,表现为残尿量增加、尿失禁、尿潴留。糖尿病合并泌尿系感染(B错)多见于女性患者(P730),多出现发热、腰部不适、膀胱刺激征,不会出现尿潴留。糖尿病合并慢性前列腺炎(C错)多表现为尿频、尿急、尿痛等膀胱刺激征,排尿后尿道口多有白色分泌物流出,会阴部常有酸胀感或隐痛,无膀胱扩张及尿潴留表现。糖尿病肾病(D错)尿蛋白多为阳性,无尿潴留表现。糖尿病合并泌尿系结石(E错)临床表现因结石所在部位不同而有异。肾与输尿管结石的典型表现为肾绞痛与血尿,在结石引起绞痛发作以前,病人无明显症状,由于某种诱因可突发单侧腰部剧烈绞痛,并向下腹及会阴部放射,伴有腹胀、恶心、呕吐、程度不同的血尿;膀胱结石主要表现是排尿困难和排尿疼痛,二者均无尿失禁。"} {"Question":"男,52岁。初诊2型糖尿病2个月,每天进主食量约500g,身高171cm。体重90kg,BMI30.8。查空腹血糖5.8mmol\/L,餐后2小时血糖12.8mmol\/L,糖化血红蛋白7.2%。目前治疗不宜选择降血糖的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺脲类"},{"key":"B","value":"α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"噻唑烷二酮类"},{"key":"D","value":"双胍类"},{"key":"E","value":"格列奈类"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性,初诊2型糖尿病,BMI30.8(BMI≥28kg\/m²2为肥胖),空腹血糖5.5mmol\/L(空腹血糖<6.1mmol\/L,为正常血糖),餐后2小时血糖12.8mmol\/L(餐后2小时血糖<7.8mmol\/L,为正常血糖),糖化血红蛋白7.2%(HbA1c≥6.5%,提示糖尿病)。综合患者的病史、体征及实验室检查,可诊断患者为肥胖的2型糖尿病,餐后血糖增高。因此可选用双胍类(D对)(治疗2型糖尿病的一线药物)、磺脲类(A对)(虽然磺脲类主要用于非肥胖的2型糖尿病,但对肥胖的2型糖尿病也有一定的效果)、а-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(B对)(可控制餐后血糖)和格列奈类(E对)(较适合于T2DM早期餐后高血糖阶段或以餐后高血糖为主的老年患者)。噻唑烷二酮类(C错,为本题正确答案)虽然可用于治疗肥胖的2型糖尿病,但由于该类药物的常见副作用是体重增加和水肿,而且常用药物罗格列酮的使用会增加心血管事件的发病率,加上我国对此类药物的应用有着严格的限制,故并不宜选用作为该患者的降糖药物。"} {"Question":"糖尿病II型数年双下肢阵发性刺痛,考虑周围神经病变,行什么检查?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图"},{"key":"B","value":"肌电图"},{"key":"C","value":"下肢血管彩超"},{"key":"D","value":"腰椎CT"},{"key":"E","value":"磁共振"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"糖尿病引起的周围神经病变,肢端感觉异常,可行电生理检查、肌电图检查(B对)。心电图(A错)用于诊断心脏疾病。下肢血管彩超(C错)用于下肢深静脉血栓等。腰椎CT(D错)用于观察有无腰椎损伤。磁共振(E错)用于观察软组织损伤。"} {"Question":"糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗最主要的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射处红肿疼痛"},{"key":"B","value":"注射处脂肪萎缩"},{"key":"C","value":"发生低血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"荨麻疹样皮疹"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏性休克"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"糖尿病患者胰岛素治疗最主要的不良反应是低血糖(C对),与剂量过大和(或)饮食失调有关。注射处红肿疼痛(A错)非胰岛素治疗的不良反应。注射处脂肪萎缩(B错)、荨麻疹样皮疹(D错)是胰岛素治疗的不良反应,但不是最主要的。过敏性休克(E错)在胰岛素治疗中很罕见。"} {"Question":"男,70岁,软弱无力,进食减少,口渴、多尿2周,近2天嗜睡。急诊检查:BP70\/50mmHg,神志朦胧,皮肤干燥失水,呼吸34次\/分,心率108次\/分,尿糖(++++),尿酮(±)。既往无糖尿病史。最主要的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗感染"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"},{"key":"C","value":"口服降血糖药"},{"key":"D","value":"小剂量胰岛素及补液"},{"key":"E","value":"补充碱性药物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"老年男性患者,既往无糖尿病病史(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷的好发人群),近2周出现口渴、多尿、软弱无力、进食减少,近2天嗜睡,查体出现血压下降与脱水表现、意识障碍(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷典型临床表现),化验尿糖强阳性,尿酮体弱阳性,应考虑诊断为高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷。本例患者已出现血压下降、严重脱水状态,应首先补充丢失水分、扩充血容量,降低血糖(D对)。感染为本病的常见诱因,抗感染(A错)治疗亦十分重要,但应在补充血容量后开始,只有在有效组织灌注改善、恢复后,药物才能发挥有效作用,且本例未提及有感染诱因。糖皮质激素(B错)治疗不用于高渗高血糖综合征。患者神志不清,故不宜口服降血糖药(C错)。高渗高血糖状态一般无明显酸中毒,故无需补碱(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,68岁。2型糖尿病病史14年,血压升高7年,视物模糊3年,渐进性水肿1年。BP170\/95mmHg。尿RBC(-),尿蛋白3.8g\/d,血肌酐182μmol\/L,B超示双肾大小正常。最可能的临床诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肾小球肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"原发性肾病综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"高血压肾损害"},{"key":"E","value":"糖尿病肾病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"老年男性患者,2型糖尿病多年病史,血压升高7年,视物模糊3年(可疑糖尿病视网膜病变),渐进性水肿1年、高血压、尿蛋白达肾病综合征范围(>3.5g\/d)、血肌酐轻度升高(正常范围为88.4~176.8μmol\/L)提示患者可能并发糖尿病肾病(E对),糖尿病肾病与视网膜病变均为糖尿病微血管病变,二者可同时或先后出现。急性肾小球肾炎(A错)多有感染诱因,常为急性起病,几乎所有患者均有肾小球源性血尿,可伴有轻、中度蛋白尿,肾病综合征范围内的大量蛋白尿少见。慢性肾小球肾炎(B错)常有高血压、水肿、蛋白尿、血尿,双侧肾脏多缩小。原发性肾病综合征(C错)诊断的两个必备条件是尿蛋白>3.5g\/d及血浆白蛋白<30g\/L(P470),本例未述及患者血浆白蛋白的测定值,且患者合并糖尿病视网膜病变,诊断糖尿病肾病更合理。高血压肾损害(D错)常有多年高血压病史,很少出现明显蛋白尿,肾功能减退首先从肾小管浓缩功能开始,肾小球滤过功能可长期保持正常或增强(P259)。"} {"Question":"黎明现象的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"晚餐碳水化合物摄入过多"},{"key":"B","value":"夜间曾发生过低血糖"},{"key":"C","value":"夜间肝脏葡萄糖产生过多"},{"key":"D","value":"清晨胰岛素作用不足"},{"key":"E","value":"清晨胰岛素拮抗激素增多"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"黎明现象是指糖尿病患者在夜间血糖控制平稳,亦无低血糖的情况下,在清晨时胰岛素拮抗激素分泌增多(E对)所引起的一种清晨高血糖状态。夜间曾发生过低血糖(B错)为Somogyi效应的原因。"} {"Question":"男,70岁,软弱无力,进食减少,口渴、多尿2周,近2天嗜睡。急诊检查:BP70\/50mmHg,神志朦胧,皮肤干燥失水,呼吸34次\/分,心率108次\/分,尿糖(++++),尿酮(±)。既往无糖尿病史。为明确诊断,除血糖测定外,首选的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血电解质+BUN+Cr"},{"key":"B","value":"糖基化血红蛋白+BUN+Cr"},{"key":"C","value":"血气分析+BUN+Cr"},{"key":"D","value":"血酮体+血气分析"},{"key":"E","value":"血乳酸+血气分析"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年男性患者,既往无糖尿病病史(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷的好发人群),近2周出现口渴、多尿、软弱无力、进食减少,近2天嗜睡,查体出现血压下降与脱水表现、意识障碍(高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷典型临床表现),化验尿糖强阳性,尿酮体弱阳性,应考虑诊断为高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷。高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷即高渗高血糖综合征,实验室检查可发现血糖明显升高、由于脱水导致的血浆渗透压升高,血浆渗透压以晶体渗透压为主,可以血液中占主要成分的两种离子:Na⁺、K⁺与血糖浓度来计算血浆渗透压即有效血浆渗透压(mOsm\/L)=2×(Na⁺+K⁺)+血糖(均以mmol\/L计算)。因此检查血糖与血电解质水平(A对)可有助于确诊高渗高血糖综合征。血BUN、Ccr意义不大。糖基化血红蛋白(B错)反映患者近8~12周平均血糖水平,仅能协助诊断糖尿病,无法诊断高渗高血糖综合征。血气分析(C错)多用于酸碱平衡紊乱的诊断,高渗高血糖综合征一般无酸碱平衡紊乱。血酮体(D错)检查多用于糖尿病酮症酸中毒。血乳酸(E错)检查多用于乳酸酸中毒。"} {"Question":"双胍类降血糖药物的降糖作用机制为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进餐后胰岛素的分泌"},{"key":"B","value":"促进基础胰岛素的分泌"},{"key":"C","value":"延缓肠道碳水化合物的吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"激活过氧化物酶增殖体活化因子受体"},{"key":"E","value":"增加外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"双胍类降血糖药物的降糖作用机制为抑制肝葡萄糖输出,改善外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性、增加对葡萄糖的摄取和利用而降低血糖(E对)。促进餐后胰岛素分泌(A错)主要为格列奈类的降糖作用机制,促进基础胰岛素分泌(B错)主要为磺酰脲类的降糖作用机制。延缓肠道碳水化合物的吸收(C错)为α葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的降糖作用机制。"} {"Question":"幽门梗阻病人可发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸性碱中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"代谢性碱中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"幽门梗阻病人反复呕吐,大量酸性胃液丢失,可导致的应为代谢性碱中毒(D对)。代谢性碱中毒通常由体内丢失H⁺(如胃液丢失过多)或HCO₃⁻增多(如长期服用碱性药物)引起。呼吸性酸中毒(A错)是指由于呼吸原因使得体内CO₂蓄积,PaCO₂增高。常见原因有:全身麻醉过深、镇静剂过量、中枢神经系统损伤、气胸、急性肺水肿和呼吸机使用不当等。代谢性酸中毒(B错)常见病因为碱性物质丢失过多、酸性物质产生过多和肾功能不全。呼吸性碱中毒(C错)是由于肺泡通气过度,体内产生的CO₂排出过多,以致血PaCO₂降低,最终引起低碳酸血症,血pH上升。常见原因有:癔症、忧虑、疼痛、发热、创伤、中枢神经系统疾病、低氧血症、肝功能衰竭,以及呼吸机辅助通气过度等。"} {"Question":"女,35岁。下肢严重挤压伤2小时。查体:BP105\/70mmHg。实验室检查:血清K⁺6.0mmol\/L,Na⁺138mmol\/L,Cl⁻105mmol\/L。该患者最可能出现的酸碱平衡紊乱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞外液碱中毒、尿液呈酸性"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞外液酸中毒、尿液呈酸性"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞外液酸中毒、尿液呈碱性"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞内液碱中毒、尿液呈酸性"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞外液碱中毒、尿液呈碱性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"下肢严重挤压伤时,组织分解代谢增加,钾由细胞内释放到细胞外液,造成细胞外液K⁺升高(该患者血清K⁺6.0mmol\/L,高于正常3.5~5.5mmol\/L),K⁺与细胞内H⁺交换,引起细胞外H⁺增加,导致代谢性酸中毒。肾小管细胞内高K⁺,K⁺-Na⁺交换增加,H⁺-Na⁺交换减少,H⁺排出减少,尿液呈碱性,称为反常性碱性尿。"} {"Question":"可称为低血钾的共同治疗方案的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯化钾"},{"key":"B","value":"碳酸氢钠溶液"},{"key":"C","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"新斯的明"},{"key":"E","value":"肾上腺皮质激素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"低血钾的治疗主要应用氯化钾(A对)。碳酸氢钠溶液(B错)主要用于治疗高钾血症和重症酸中毒。螺内酯(C错)为醛固酮的竞争性抑制剂,是一种保钾利尿剂,通常与排钾性利尿剂合用,可在利尿的同时预防低钾血症,但并不用于低钾血症的治疗。新斯的明(D错)为胆碱酯酶抑制药,主要用于治疗重症肌无力及腹部手术后的肠麻痹。肾上腺皮质激素(E错)主要用于危重病人的抢救及其他药物治疗无效的某些慢性病。"} {"Question":"血钾浓度6.5mmol\/L,其首要处理措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静注10%葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"透析治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"停止一切钾的摄入"},{"key":"D","value":"快速补液"},{"key":"E","value":"静注葡萄糖胰岛素液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"血钾浓度6.5mmol\/L,提示为高钾血症(正常血钾浓度为3.5~5.5mmol\/L,超过5.5mmol\/L即为高钾血症)。高钾血症有导致病人心搏突然停止的危险,因此一经诊断,应首先立即停止一切钾的摄入(C对),然后再采取其他措施。静注10%葡萄糖酸钙(A错)能缓解K⁺对心肌的毒性作用,但并不是首要处理措施。快速补液(D错)、静注葡萄糖胰岛素液(E错)为停止钾摄入之后的一般措施,能降低血钾浓度。而透析治疗(B错)主要用于一般治疗无法降低血钾或者严重高钾血症病人。"} {"Question":"低钾性碱中毒可能出现在下列哪种情况","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾功能衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"胃手术后"},{"key":"C","value":"术后少尿"},{"key":"D","value":"严重创伤"},{"key":"E","value":"大量输血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"低钾性碱中毒可能出现在胃手术后(B对),因为胃手术后胃液丧失过多,可丧失大量的H⁺及Cl⁻,肠液中的HCO₃⁻未能被胃液的H⁺中和而重吸收入血,使血浆中的HCO₃⁻增高;大量胃液的丧失也丢失了Na⁺,在代偿过程中,K⁺和Na⁺的交换、H⁺和Na⁺的交换增加,即保留了Na⁺,但排出了K⁺及H⁺,造成低钾性碱中毒。肾功能衰竭(A错)、术后少尿(C错)时,K⁺、H⁺排出受限,HCO₃⁻吸收减少,易导致高血钾性酸中毒。严重创伤(D错)时,部分细胞受损破裂,钾由细胞内释放到细胞外液,易导致高钾血症;组织缺血缺氧,易导致酸中毒。大量输血(E错)易出现高血钾、碱中毒,由于库存血中部分红细胞破裂,细胞内钾释放到细胞外,易导致高钾血症;血液中抗凝剂枸橼酸钠在肝脏转化为碳酸氢钠,易导致碱中毒。"} {"Question":"心电图可出现T波高尖的电解质紊乱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低钾血症"},{"key":"B","value":"高钾血症"},{"key":"C","value":"高钠血症"},{"key":"D","value":"低钙血症"},{"key":"E","value":"低钠血症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"可出现T波高尖的电解质紊乱是高钾血症(B对)。低钾血症(A错)T波降低、增宽或倒置。"} {"Question":"有生命危险的体液pH值上限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7.6"},{"key":"B","value":"7.8"},{"key":"C","value":"7.7"},{"key":"D","value":"7.9"},{"key":"E","value":"7.5"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"人体的pH可耐受范围为6.8~7.8。pH7.8是有生命危险的体液pH值上限(B对)。"} {"Question":"等渗性缺水的临床表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"短期内体液的丧失达体重3%时有休克"},{"key":"B","value":"休克常伴有代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"明显口渴"},{"key":"D","value":"化验检查见血清Na⁺降低"},{"key":"E","value":"化验检查见尿比重在1.010以下"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"等渗性缺水患者,若在短期内体液丧失量达体重的5%时,病人就会出现脉搏细速、肢端湿冷、血压不稳定或下降等血容量不足之症状,即休克。丢失体重3%的体液并不会出现休克(A错)。休克时,由于微循环障碍,酸性代谢物大量产生和堆积,常伴有代谢性酸中毒(B对)。等渗性缺水时,血清Na⁺浓度正常(D错),而口渴中枢感受的是血清Na⁺浓度,因此等渗性和低渗性缺水患者均无口渴(C错),只有高渗性患者有口渴。等渗性缺水患者,醛固酮分泌增加,促进肾远曲小管对钠的重吸收,随钠一同被重吸收的水量也增加,因此等渗性缺水患者尿量减少、尿比重(成人正常范围为1.015~1.025)增加。尿比重在1.010以下(E错)为低渗性缺水的特点。"} {"Question":"关于低钙血症的临床表现错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Chvostek征阳性"},{"key":"B","value":"手足搐搦"},{"key":"C","value":"头痛、肌无力"},{"key":"D","value":"腱反射亢进"},{"key":"E","value":"口周和指尖麻木及针刺感"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"低钙血症时神经肌肉兴奋性升高,出现口周和指(趾)尖麻木及针刺感(E对)、手足抽搐(B对)、腱反射亢进(D对)、Chvostek征阳性(A对),严重时可导致喉、气管痉挛、癫痫发作甚至呼吸暂停。头痛、肌无力(C错)不是低钙血症的临床表现。"} {"Question":"男性,45岁,腹胀、呕吐已半年,多于午后发作,吐出隔夜食物,吐量较大,吐后舒服,由于长期呕吐除脱水外还会造成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低氯、高钾性碱中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"低氯、低钾性碱中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"低氯、高钾性酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"低氯、低钾性酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"低钾性酸中毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"长期呕吐除脱水外会造成低氯、低钾性碱中毒(B对)。长期呕吐造成胃液丧失过多,可丧失大量的H⁺及Cl⁻。肠液中的HCO₃⁻未能被胃液的H⁺所中和,HCO₃⁻被重吸收入血,使血浆HCO₃⁻增高。另外,胃液中Cl⁻大量丢失,使肾近曲小管的Cl⁻相应的减少,为维持离子平衡,代偿性地重吸收HCO₃⁻增加,导致碱中毒。大量胃液的丧失也丢失了Na⁺,在代偿过程中,K⁺和Na⁺的交换、H⁺和Na⁺的交换增加,即保留了Na⁺,但排出了K⁺及H⁺,造成低钾血症和碱中毒。"} {"Question":"慢性肾功能不全高血钾症应选用药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"阳离子交换"},{"key":"E","value":"氨基酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"对于肾功能不全的高钾血症,不可输液过多,可用10%葡萄糖酸钙(A对)100ml+11.2%乳酸钠50ml+25%葡萄糖溶液400ml,加入胰岛素20U,做24小时缓慢静脉滴入,不仅可以促使K⁺转入细胞内,而且还能缓解钾对心肌的毒性作用。静脉输注5%碳酸氢钠溶液(B错)可使血容量增加,不仅可使血清K⁺得到稀释,降低血钾浓度,又能使K⁺移入细胞内或由尿排出,同时还有助于酸中毒的治疗,但慢性肾功能不全患者不可输入过多液体,故不应选用。口服阳离子交换树脂(D错)虽可从消化道带走钾离子,且不加重肾脏负担,但易导致便秘和粪块堵塞,而不作为首选。呋塞米(C错)为排钾利尿剂,虽可降低血钾,也可以用于慢性肾功能不全,但其主要作用为利尿,主要用于水肿和高血压,若用呋塞米来治疗高血钾,则副作用较多,不可取。氨基酸(E错)对治疗高血钾症无意义。"} {"Question":"男,35岁,矿工,体重60公斤。被困井下8日,获救后口渴躁狂,体重降至55公斤,血清钠155mmol\/L,应初步诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"等渗性缺水"},{"key":"B","value":"轻度缺水"},{"key":"C","value":"中度缺水"},{"key":"D","value":"重度缺水"},{"key":"E","value":"低渗性缺水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者被困井下8日,口渴,血清钠155mmol\/L(正常值为135~145mmol\/L),应诊断为高渗性缺水(AE错)。根据患者缺水后出现的症状,将高渗性缺水又分为三度:轻度缺水者除口渴外,无其他症状,缺水量为体重的2%~4%;中度缺水者有极度口渴、乏力、尿少、尿比重增加、皮肤失去弹性、眼窝下陷、常有烦躁不安等表现,缺水量为体重的4%~6%;重度缺水者除上述症状外,出现狂躁、幻觉、谵妄、昏迷,缺水量超过体重的6%。患者体重下降5公斤,失水量超过全身体重的6%,并出现躁狂(提示有神经精神症状),故应初步诊断为重度缺水(D对BC错)。本题需注意烦躁不安与狂躁的区别:烦躁不安只是兴奋性增高,还不属于精神症状,为中度缺水的临床表现,而狂躁属于神经精神症状,为重度缺水的临床表现。"} {"Question":"慢性肺源性心脏病失代偿期患者,同时合并二型呼吸衰竭,为减轻双下肢水肿,大量应用袢利尿剂,可能出现的酸碱失衡是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼碱"},{"key":"B","value":"呼酸合并代碱"},{"key":"C","value":"代碱"},{"key":"D","value":"呼酸合并代酸"},{"key":"E","value":"呼酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"根据题干患者诊断为慢性肺源性心脏病失代偿期,同时合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭即高碳酸症性呼吸衰竭,血气分析特点是PaO₂<60mmHg,同时伴有PaCO₂>50mmHg,根据有PaCO₂>50mmHg可确定为呼吸性酸中毒。大量应用袢利尿剂是发生代谢性碱中毒病因之一(B对)。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。间断腹痛伴呕吐、乏力、少尿6小时,呕吐量大,无口渴。5年前行“急性重症胰腺炎腹腔引流术”。此时患者最可能的水电解质平衡紊乱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"等渗性缺水"},{"key":"B","value":"高渗性缺水"},{"key":"C","value":"低渗性缺水"},{"key":"D","value":"高钾血症"},{"key":"E","value":"稀释性低钠血症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年男性,间断腹痛,大量呕吐6小时, 最可能发生等渗性缺水(A对),因为急性病因常常导致等渗性缺水。高渗性脱水(B错)典型的表现为口渴。低渗性缺水(C错)大量消化液丢失而只补充水,这是最常见原因。如大量呕吐、长期胃肠减压引流导致大量含Na⁺消化液丢失而只补充水或仅输注葡萄糖溶液,而患者大量呕吐后无补液史可排除。呕吐,胃酸丢失,易导致低钾低氯性代谢性碱中毒(D错)。病人大量呕吐,体液丢失,不可能导致稀释性低钠血症(E错)。"} {"Question":"肠管迅速膨胀,肠管变薄,可引起等渗性缺水的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动力性肠梗阻"},{"key":"B","value":"绞窄性肠梗阻"},{"key":"C","value":"低位肠梗阻"},{"key":"D","value":"急性完全性肠梗阻"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性肠梗阻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"引起低渗性缺水(P11)的肠梗阻多为慢性肠梗阻,引起等渗性缺水的肠梗阻多为急性肠梗阻(D对)(P359)。"} {"Question":"肾上腺皮质肿瘤引起的库欣综合征与库欣病鉴别,最有意义的试验检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血皮质醇昼夜节律"},{"key":"B","value":"24小时尿17-羟类固醇"},{"key":"C","value":"过夜地塞米松抑制试验"},{"key":"D","value":"小剂量地塞米松抑制试验"},{"key":"E","value":"大剂量地塞米松抑制试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肾上腺皮质肿瘤引起的库欣综合征不依赖腺垂体分泌的ACTH作用,可自主分泌皮质醇,且不受下丘脑(CRF)-腺垂体(ACTH)-肾上腺皮质(皮质醇)轴的调控。库欣病则为腺垂体分泌ACTH增多引起的继发性肾上腺皮质分泌皮质醇增多。地塞米松为人工合成的糖皮质激素中生物作用最强的激素之一,仅需要很小的剂量即能达到与天然皮质醇相似的作用。使用小剂量(0.5mg)地塞米松可抑制正常人的皮质醇分泌,血皮质醇测定值减少,而库欣综合征却不受影响。因此小剂量地塞米松抑制试验(D错)可用于诊断库欣综合征,但无法鉴别库欣综合征的病因。加大地塞米松剂量(2mg),可抑制库欣病腺垂体分泌ACTH,从而使血浆皮质醇浓度有所降低。但肾上腺皮质肿瘤由于可自主分泌皮质醇,因此血浆皮质醇浓度并不受影响。故大剂量地塞米松试验(E对)可用于鉴别肾上腺皮质肿瘤引起的库欣综合征与库欣病。肾上腺皮质肿瘤引起的库欣综合征与库欣病均存在皮质醇增多、血皮质醇昼夜节律失常(A错)、24小时尿17-羟类固醇升高(B错)。过夜地塞米松抑制试验(C错)即一次口服地塞米松法与小剂量地塞米松抑制试验(D错)类似,均可用于库欣综合征的诊断,却无法用于鉴别诊断。"} {"Question":"女,35岁。脸圆脸红向心性肥胖1年余。患者感明显的乏力与口干,腹部皮肤可见紫纹,皮肤薄,血压160\/80mmHg,闭经1年。如果该患者胸部CT检查发现左肺有占位性病变,考虑的可能诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"库欣病"},{"key":"B","value":"异位ACTH综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"肺部肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"肺部感染"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本例患者向心性肥胖、腹部皮肤可见紫纹、皮肤薄、血压增高、闭经,为典型库欣综合征的表现,胸部CT检查发现左胸有占位性病变(胸部病变占异位ACTH综合征的60%左右,P701),应考虑异位ACTH综合征(B对)。异位ACTH综合征是指垂体以外的肿瘤(肺癌最多见)分泌ACTH,刺激肾上腺皮质分泌过多的皮质醇。本例患者以库欣综合征为主要临床表现,未出现肺部症状及体征,因此不应诊断为肺部肿瘤(C错)。库欣病(A错)为腺垂体ACTH分泌增多导致,多为垂体微腺瘤,无胸部占位性病变,行蝶鞍区影像学检查即可明确诊断。肺部感染(D错)多为急性病程,一般不会出现肺部占位性病变,且无库欣综合征的临床表现。肺结核(E错)的结核瘤虽可表现为占位性病变,但不会出现库欣综合征。"} {"Question":"男,31岁。乏力、皮肤颜色变黑2年、1周前受凉后出现恶心、呕吐。血Na⁺120mmol\/L,血K⁺5.8mmol\/L。可能的病变部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"C","value":"垂体前叶"},{"key":"D","value":"垂体后叶"},{"key":"E","value":"下丘脑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"31岁中青年男性患者,乏力、皮肤颜色变黑2年、1周前受凉后(有前驱史)出现恶心、呕吐(提示高钾血症)。血Na⁺120mmol\/L(正常值130~150mmol\/L),血K⁺5.8mmol\/L(正常值3.5~5.5)mmol\/L。患者实验室检查提示低血钠高血钾,为肾上腺皮质激素分泌不足导致。考虑诊断原发性慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症,是由于双侧肾上腺的绝大部分被毁所致,可能的病变部位为肾上腺(A对,BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"女性,45岁。肢体软弱无力,夜尿多2年余,今晨起双下肢不能活动,查体:血压170\/100mmHg,均匀性轻度肥胖,双下肢松弛性瘫痪,血钾2.4mmol\/L,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原发性高血压"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜铬细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"肾性高血压"},{"key":"D","value":"原发性醛固酮增多症"},{"key":"E","value":"库欣病"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年女性患者,出现肢体无力、双下肢松弛性瘫痪等神经肌肉症状、夜尿增多、血压升高(原发性醛固酮增多症的典型症状),血钾降低至2.4mmol\/L(正常值3.5~5.5mmol\/L),考虑诊断为原发性醛固酮增多症(D对)。原发性高血压(A错)主要是以体循环动脉压升高为主要临床表现的心血管综合征,虽有血压升高的表现,但进展缓慢,常见症状有头晕、头痛、颈项板紧、疲劳、心悸等,一般无低钾血症及肌无力症状。嗜铬细胞瘤(B错)以阵发性高血压为特征性表现,低钾血症较少见。肾性高血压(C错)往往在发现血压升高时已有蛋白尿、血尿和贫血、肾小球滤过功能减退、肌酐清除率下降,一般无低钾血症,肾功能持续减退可出现高钾血症。库欣病(E错)典型表现为向心性肥胖、满月脸、多血质、紫纹等,可出现高血压,但低钾血症不显著,明显的低血钾性碱中毒主要见于肾上腺皮质癌和异位ACTH综合征(P699)。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。体检发现血压150\/120mmHg,血钾2.8mmol\/L。腹部CT检查发现右肾上腺1.0cm的低密度占位病变,拟手术治疗。术前准备首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"托拉塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中年男性,血压150\/120mmHg(正常值120\/80mmHg),血钾2.8mmol\/L(正常值3.5~5.5 mmol\/L)(高血压、低血钾最常见的原因为原发性醛固酮增多症),腹部CT检查发现右肾上腺1.0cm的低密度占位病变(提示可能为肾上腺皮质腺瘤,最常见的病因,约占原醛症80%),可诊断为原发性醛固酮增多症,术前准备首选醛固酮竞争性拮抗剂螺内酯(安体舒通)(D对)。托拉塞米是一种高效髓袢利尿剂,用于充血性心力衰竭、肝硬化腹水、肾脏疾病所致的水肿患者(A错)。呋塞米(速尿),是一种广泛应用于治疗充血性心力衰竭和水肿的袢利尿药(B错)。氨苯蝶啶是潴钾利尿剂,用于治疗各类水肿,作为原发性醛固酮增多症的术前准备用药,但效果不如螺内酯,因此不作为首选(C错)。氢氯噻嗪主要适用于心源性水肿,肝源性水肿和肾性水肿等,无拮抗醛固酮作用(E错)。"} {"Question":"男性,20岁。因甲状腺功能亢进症行甲状腺大部分切除术,术后第二天出现手足抽搐。该病人发作性手足抽搐1个月未缓解,且逐渐加重。最有效的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉注射10%氯化钾"},{"key":"B","value":"口服葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"C","value":"口服乳酸钙"},{"key":"D","value":"口服双氢速甾醇油剂"},{"key":"E","value":"口服维生素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者发作性手足抽搐1个月未缓解,且逐渐加重,症状较严重。双氢速甾醇是人体内维生素D3最重要的代谢活性产物之一,能促进肠道对钙的吸收,可有效提高血钙含量。口服双氢速甾醇油剂(D对)后2~3日后始发生作用,一般可维持6~7日,长期使用无耐受性,适用于较严重的病例。静脉注射10%氯化钾(A错)为错误的临床操作,可导致血钾急剧升高,引起心搏骤停。口服葡萄糖酸钙(B错)、口服乳酸钙(C错)、口服维生素D(E错)均为短效制剂,服药频繁(2~3次\/天),且疗效相对双氢速甾醇油剂差,一般适用于症状较轻的患者。"} {"Question":"中枢性尿崩症,为减少尿量的首选治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加压素水剂长期替代"},{"key":"B","value":"每天肌肉注射油剂鞣酸加压素"},{"key":"C","value":"口服去氨加压素替代"},{"key":"D","value":"加压素水剂与双氢克尿噻合用"},{"key":"E","value":"非激素类抗利尿药物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中枢性尿崩症(P673)患者,AVP(精氨酸加压素)的合成、转运、储存及释放受到影响,导致其血中AVP浓度下降。由于其尿量增多的原因为精氨酸加压素缺乏,因此为减少尿量应补充精氨酸加压素或其类似物。去氨加压素(C对)是人工合成的加压素类似物,抗利尿作用强,且不良反应较少,为目前治疗尿崩症的首选药物。不同去氨加压素制剂可有不同服用方式,口服去氨加压素替代、鼻腔喷雾吸入或肌内注射制剂替代均可(P675)。加压素水剂即垂体后叶素水剂(P675)(AD错)需注射治疗,口服无效,且每次注射维持作用时间较短,每日需多次注射,不便长期应用,主要用于颅脑外伤或术后神志不清的尿崩症患者。油剂鞣酸加压素注射液(P675)(B错)注射后维持时间较长,可减少频繁注射的麻烦,但是长期应用两年左右会因产生抗体而减效,注射过量会引起水中毒。氢氯噻嗪(D错)为肾性尿崩症的主要治疗药物。非激素类抗利尿药物(E错)如氯磺丙脲(P675)、卡马西平等,可刺激AVP释放并增强AVP对肾小管的作用,但抗利尿作用不及去氨加压素,临床上不作为首选药物。"} {"Question":"中枢性尿崩症患者控制多尿最适宜的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"垂体后叶素水剂"},{"key":"B","value":"油剂鞣酸加压素(长效尿崩停)"},{"key":"C","value":"去氨加压素(弥凝)"},{"key":"D","value":"双氢克尿塞"},{"key":"E","value":"氯磺丙脲"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中枢性尿崩症患者,抗利尿激素(AVP,精氨酸加压素)的合成、转运、储存及释放受到影响,导致其血中AVP浓度下降。由于其尿量增多的原因为精氨酸加压素缺乏,因此为控制多尿应补充精氨酸加压素或其类似物。去氨加压素(C对)为人工合成的加压素类似物,抗利尿作用强,且不良反应较少,是治疗尿崩症的首选药物。垂体后叶素水剂(P675)(A错)为激素替代治疗药物,需注射治疗,口服无效,且每次注射维持作用时间较短,每日需多次注射,不便长期应用,主要用于颅脑外伤或术后神志不清的尿崩症患者。油剂鞣酸加压素注射液(P675)(B错)注射后维持时间较长,可减少频繁注射的麻烦,但是长期应用两年左右会因产生抗体而减效,注射过量会引起水中毒。双氢克尿噻(D错)即氢氯噻嗪为肾性尿崩症的主要治疗药物,也用于中枢性尿崩症,但效果不如去氨加压素好。非激素类抗利尿药物如氯磺丙脲(E错)(P675)、卡马西平等,可刺激AVP释放并增强AVP对肾小管的作用,但抗利尿作用不及去氨加压素,临床上不作为首选治疗。"} {"Question":"判断多尿是否为尿崩症的试验","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"禁水(禁饮)试验"},{"key":"B","value":"测定尿渗透压和血钠"},{"key":"C","value":"测定尿渗透压和比重"},{"key":"D","value":"测定血浆和尿渗透压"},{"key":"E","value":"垂体后叶素试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常成人禁水后尿量明显减少,尿渗透压超过800mOsm\/(kg·H₂O)。尿崩症病人禁水后尿量仍多,尿渗透压常不超过血浆渗透压(A对)。"} {"Question":"控制中枢性尿崩症的药物首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯磺丙脲"},{"key":"B","value":"垂体后叶素"},{"key":"C","value":"鞣酸加压素"},{"key":"D","value":"去氨加压素"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"中枢性尿崩症患者,抗利尿激素(AVP,精氨酸加压素)的合成、转运、储存及释放受到影响,导致其血中AVP浓度下降。由于其尿量增多的原因为精氨酸加压素缺乏,因此为控制多尿应补充精氨酸加压素或其类似物。去氨加压素(D对)为精氨酸加压素类似物,因其抗利尿作用强,而无加压作用,不良反应少,为目前治疗尿崩症的首选药物。非激素类抗利尿药物如氯磺丙脲(A错)(P675)、卡马西平等,可刺激AVP释放并增强AVP对肾小管的作用,但抗利尿作用不及去氨加压素,临床上不作为首选药物。垂体后叶素(P675)(B错)作用维持时间短,需多次注射,长期应用不便,主要用于脑损伤或手术时出现的尿崩症。油剂鞣酸加压素注射液(P675)(C错)注射后维持时间较长,可减少频繁注射的麻烦,但是长期应用两年左右会因产生抗体而减效,注射过量会引起水中毒。氢氯噻嗪(P675)(E错)为肾性尿崩症的主要治疗药物,也可用于中枢性尿崩症,但不如去氨加压素效果好。"} {"Question":"女,38岁,10年前分娩后出现无乳,闭经,食欲减退,怕冷,面色苍白,毛发脱落。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺垂体功能减退症"},{"key":"B","value":"原发性甲状腺功能减退症"},{"key":"C","value":"神经性厌食症"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺皮质功能减退症"},{"key":"E","value":"卵巢功能早衰症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"年轻女性患者,10年前分娩后出现无乳,闭经,毛发脱落(性腺功能减退的临床表现),食欲减退,怕冷(甲状腺功能减退的临床表现),面色苍白(肾上腺功能减退的临床表现),最可能的诊断是腺垂体功能减退症(A对)。生育后妇女因产后腺垂体缺血性坏死引起腺垂体功能减退。原发性甲状腺功能减退症(B错)和肾上腺皮质功能减退症(D错)患者只会出本腺体功能减退的临床表现,不会出现其他腺体功能减退的表现。神经性厌食(C错)多见于年轻女性,有精神症状和恶病质,厌食消瘦、精神抑郁、性功能减退,闭经或月经稀少等,但无毛发脱落。卵巢功能早衰症(E错)(八版妇产科学P354)临床表现为继发性闭经,常伴围绝经期症状如月经周期改变、潮热出汗等,但较少见毛发脱落,无甲状腺及肾上腺功能减退的表现。"} {"Question":"在动物实验中,观察氯沙坦药理作用,主要通过测定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾素活性"},{"key":"B","value":"ACE活性"},{"key":"C","value":"血管平滑肌细胞内Ca²⁺含量"},{"key":"D","value":"其抗ATⅡ受体的活性"},{"key":"E","value":"尿量改变"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"氯沙坦属于血管紧张素(AT)Ⅱ受体阻断剂,主要通过阻滞AT₁受体,使Ang Ⅱ收缩血管与刺激肾上腺释放醛固酮的作用受到抑制,导致血压降低,故观察氯沙坦药理作用,主要通过测定其抗ATⅡ受体的活性(D对AB错)。血管平滑肌细胞Ca²⁺含量(C错)、尿量改变(E错)并不是氯沙坦的药理作用。"} {"Question":"属于非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"氨氯地平"},{"key":"C","value":"非洛地平"},{"key":"D","value":"吲达帕胺"},{"key":"E","value":"维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"钙通道阻滞剂分为二氢吡啶类和非二氢吡啶类。硝苯地平、氨氯地平、非洛地平、吲达帕胺是二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(ABCD错),而维拉帕米是苯烷胺类,是非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(E对)。"} {"Question":"妊娠患者最不宜选用的降压药为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"B","value":"α受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"C","value":"β受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"D","value":"二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(E错,为本题正确答案)可引起胎儿畸形、胎儿发育不良甚至死胎,所以妊娠期患者不宜选用。利尿剂(A对)、α受体阻滞剂(B对)、β受体阻滞剂(C对)、二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂(D对)都可以用于妊娠期高血压的治疗。"} {"Question":"氨茶碱的主要平喘机制为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接舒张支气管"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制磷酸二酯酶"},{"key":"C","value":"激活鸟苷酸环化酶"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制腺苷酸环化酶"},{"key":"E","value":"促进肾上腺激素的释放"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"茶碱是一类甲基黄嘌呤衍生物,具有平喘、强心、利尿和扩张血管等作用,其中平喘的主要作用机制就是抑制磷酸二酯酶(B对),使细胞内cAMP水平升高而舒张支气管。直接舒张支气管(A错)为肾上腺素受体激动药平喘的主要作用机制,气道中主要是β₂受体,使用肾上腺素受体激动药,兴奋β₂受体,舒张支气管。激活鸟苷酸环化酶(C错)为CO扩张血管的主要作用机制,催化GTP生成cGMP,后者为第二信使分子,进一步 刺激cGMP激酶,导致细胞内钙离子浓度下降,舒张血管。抑制腺苷酸环化酶(D错)可使cAMP水平降低,从而收缩气道。促进肾上腺激素的释放(E错),肾上腺激素是肾上腺髓质分泌的一种激素,受交感神经的影响。"} {"Question":"下列治疗军团菌病的首选药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素G"},{"key":"B","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"四环素"},{"key":"D","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"头孢唑啉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大环内酯类抗生素如红霉素(B对)主要是通过抑制细菌蛋白质的合成来发挥抗菌作用,其抗菌谱较窄,对大多数G⁺菌、厌氧球菌和部分G⁻菌有强大抗菌活性,也对嗜肺军团菌、弯曲菌、支原体、衣原体、弓形虫、非典型分枝杆菌等也具有良好作用。青霉素G(A错)(P369)可用于治疗敏感的G⁺球菌和杆菌、G⁻球菌及螺旋体所致的感染。四环素(C错)(P391)对G⁺菌的作用不及青霉素,对G⁻菌的作用不及氨基糖苷类抗生素,现由于耐药菌株日益增多和药物的不良反应,一般不做首选药。氯霉素(D错)(P393)主要用于革兰阴性菌的感染。头孢唑啉(E错)(P373)为第一代头孢菌素,对G⁺菌的作用较强。"} {"Question":"以一级动力学消除的某药物,其半衰期t1\/2=8h,若按照恒定剂量每隔一个半衰期给药,达到稳态血药浓度所需的时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10小时"},{"key":"B","value":"20小时"},{"key":"C","value":"30小时"},{"key":"D","value":"40小时"},{"key":"E","value":"50小时"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"以一级动力学消除的某药物,其半衰期t1\/2=8h,若按照恒定剂量每隔一个半衰期给药,达到稳态血药浓度所需的时间为40小时(D对ABCE错)。"} {"Question":"属于抗生素类抗癌药物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡铂"},{"key":"B","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"阿霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"长春新碱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"阿霉素(D对)又名多柔比星,属于抗生素类抗肿瘤药物,该品抗瘤谱较广,适用于多种肿瘤的治疗。卡铂(A错)属于铂类药物。环磷酰胺(B错)属细胞毒素类药物。氟尿嘧啶(C错)属于抗代谢类药物。长春新碱(E错)属于生物碱类药物。"} {"Question":"常引起心脏毒性的化疗药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"甲氨蝶呤"},{"key":"C","value":"阿霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"长春新碱"},{"key":"E","value":"左旋门冬酰胺酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"常引起心脏毒性的化疗药物是阿霉素(C对),其是干扰转录过程和阻止RNA合成的抗肿瘤药物,其抗瘤谱广,疗效高,主要用于对常用抗肿瘤药耐药的急性淋巴细胞白血病或粒细胞白血病、恶性淋巴肉瘤、乳腺癌等。其最严重的毒性反应为心肌退行性变和心肌间质水肿的心脏毒性。环磷酰胺(A错)通过影响DNA结构与功能而发挥抗肿瘤作用,其不良反应除恶心、呕吐、腹泻和脱发外,最主要的毒性反应为骨髓抑制(表现为白细胞减少)和出血性膀胱炎。甲氨蝶呤(B错)是叶酸拮抗剂,这种抗代谢药的不良反应包括骨髓抑制(白细胞和血小板减少)、胃肠道毒性(口腔炎、胃炎、腹泻等)、脱发、皮疹和红斑等常见不良反应,还包括肾毒性、肝毒性、肺毒性、中枢神经系统毒性及致畸作用。长春新碱(D错)毒性反应主要包括骨髓抑制、神经毒性、消化道反应、脱发等,长春新碱对外周神经系统毒性较大。左旋门冬酰胺酶(E错)影响氨基酸供应,主要不良反应是超敏反应,可短暂抑制正常组织的蛋白质合成可出现低蛋白血症(白蛋白合成不良)和出血(凝血因子合成不良)等。"} {"Question":"青霉素作用的细菌靶位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞质的质粒"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞质的核糖体"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞壁的聚糖骨架"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞壁的磷壁酸"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞壁的五肽交联桥"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"青霉素类属于β-内酰胺类抗生素,能抑制细胞壁肽聚糖上四肽侧链与五肽桥的交联(E对),从而抑制细菌细胞壁的合成而发挥抗菌作用。大环内酯类抗生素作用于细胞质核糖体(B错),从而抑制细菌蛋白质的合成。(八版微生物学P15)溶菌酶的作用机理是裂解肽聚糖中N-乙酰葡萄糖胺和N-乙酰胞壁酸之间的β-1,4糖苷键,破坏聚糖骨架(C错)从而引起细菌裂解。暂无抗生素的作用靶位点是细胞质的质粒及细胞壁上的磷壁酸(AD错)。"} {"Question":"青霉素抗革兰阳性(G+)菌作用的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干扰细菌蛋白质合成"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制细菌核酸代谢"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制细菌脂代谢"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制细菌细胞壁肽聚糖(粘肽)的合成"},{"key":"E","value":"破坏细菌细胞膜结构"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青霉素属于β-内酰胺类抗生素,可以和转肽酶共价结合,导致细菌细胞壁黏肽的合成受阻(D对),细胞壁缺损,水分由外环境不断渗入高渗的菌体内,致细菌膨胀,变形死亡;同时β-内酰胺类抗生素可增加细菌壁的自溶酶的活性,使细菌自溶或细胞壁水解。干扰细菌蛋白质的合成(A错)(P376)为大环内酯类抗生素的抗菌作用机制。抑制细菌核酸代谢(B错)(P196)为喹诺酮类抗生素抗菌的作用机制。目前还有没抗生素的作用机制是针对抑制细菌脂代谢(C错)、破坏细菌细胞膜的结构(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列对氯丙嗪叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对刺激前庭引起的呕吐有效"},{"key":"B","value":"可使正常人体温下降"},{"key":"C","value":"可加强苯二氮䓬类药物的催眠作用"},{"key":"D","value":"可阻断脑内多巴胺受体"},{"key":"E","value":"可抑制促皮质激素的分泌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"氯丙嗪具有较强的镇吐作用,大剂量的氯丙嗪可以直接抑制呕吐中枢,但是不能对抗前挺刺激引起的呕吐(A错,为本题正确答案)。氯丙嗪对下丘脑体温调节中枢有很强的抑制作用,体温调节失灵,随外界环境的变化而变化(是其干扰了机体正常的散热机制的结果),与解热镇痛药不同,不但降低发热机体的体温,也能降低正常体温(B对)。苯二氮䓬类药物属于镇静催眠药,氯丙嗪可以增强镇静催眠药的中枢抑制作用(C对)。氯丙嗪可以拮抗脑内边缘系统多巴胺(DA)受体(D对),这是其抗精神病作用的主要机制。氯丙嗪对内分泌系统也有影响,通过拮抗D₂亚型受体,增加催乳素的分泌,抑制促性腺激素和糖皮质激素的分泌(E对)。"} {"Question":"胺碘酮的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"延长APD,阻滞Na⁺内流"},{"key":"B","value":"缩短APD,阻滞Na⁺内流"},{"key":"C","value":"延长ERP,促进K⁺外流"},{"key":"D","value":"缩短APD,阻断β受体"},{"key":"E","value":"缩短ERP,阻断α受体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"胺碘酮的作用属于Ⅲ类延长动作电位时程的药物,是广泛的抗心律失常药,阻滞钾通道,抑制钾离子外流(C错),明显延长APD及ERP(BDE错);阻滞钠通道,阻滞Na⁺内流(A对)具有第Ⅰ类抗心律失常药的作用,以及Ⅳ类抗心律失常药阻滞钙通道的特性。该药还具有非竞争性地阻断α、β受体,扩张冠状动脉,降低外周血管阻力,保护缺血心肌等作用。"} {"Question":"男,过敏性休克,使用肾上腺素,心血管系统可出现的反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减慢心率"},{"key":"B","value":"降低机体代谢"},{"key":"C","value":"心率加快"},{"key":"D","value":"降低心肌收缩性"},{"key":"E","value":"禁止用于支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肾上腺素主要激动α和β受体,作用与机体的生理病理状态、靶器官中肾上腺素受体亚型的分布、整体的反射作用和神经末梢突出间隙的反馈调节等因素有关。过敏性休克表现为小血管扩张和毛细血管通透性增加,出现循环血量降低,血压下降,同时支气管平滑肌痉挛,出现呼吸困难,使用肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克,其激动α₁受体,收缩小动脉和毛细血管前括约肌,而降低后者的通透性,激动β₁受体改善心功能出现心肌收缩力增强(D错)、心率增快(A错C对),减少过敏介质释放,扩张冠状动脉,因此可迅速缓解过敏性休克的临床症状,是治疗过敏性休克的首选药物。作用于支气管平滑肌的β₂受体,发挥强大的舒张支气管作用,缓解支气管痉挛(E错)。另外,肾上腺素能提高机体代谢率(B错),治疗剂量使耗氧量增加20%~30%,具有明显升血糖作用,增强脂肪分解。"} {"Question":"能扩张肾血管增加尿量及升高血压的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"E","value":"去甲肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"多巴胺(D对)在高浓度的时候,可以激动血管的α受体,导致血管收缩,引起外周阻力增加,使血压升高。对肾脏的作用具有双重性的特点,小剂量时作用于肾血管D₁受体,使血管舒张,肾血流量增加,肾小球滤过率增加,尿量增加;大剂量则兴奋α₁受体,引起肾血管收缩,肾血流量减少,肾小球滤过率降低,尿量减少。肾上腺素(A错)的作用效果与靶器官中肾上腺素受体亚型的分布有关,肾血管的平滑肌α受体在数量上占优势,故肾上腺素与α受体结合,可使肾血管收缩,尿量减少。阿托品(B错)在治疗剂量单独使用时,对血管与血压无明显影响。异丙肾上腺素(C错)为β肾上腺素受体激动药,对肾血管的舒张效果较弱。去甲肾上腺素(E错)为α肾上腺素受体激动剂,激动肾脏血管的α₁受体,引起肾血管收缩,肾血流量减少,肾小球滤过率降低,尿量减少。"} {"Question":"硫脲类抗甲状腺药可引起的严重不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粘液性水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"心动过缓"},{"key":"C","value":"粒细胞缺乏症"},{"key":"D","value":"低蛋白血症"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"硫脲类药物是最常用的抗甲状腺药物,可发生胃肠道反应、过敏反应、粒细胞缺乏症和甲状腺肿及甲状腺功能减退等不良反应,其中最严重的是粒细胞缺乏症(C对),一般发生在治疗后的2~3个月内,老年人较易发生,应定期检查血象,同时应注意与甲亢引起的白细胞减少相区别。粘液性水肿(A错)、心动过缓(B错)为甲状腺功能低下的表现,硫脲类抗甲状腺药可引起甲状腺功能低下,但这不是最严重的不良反应。低蛋白血症(D错)为肾病综合征的诊断标准之一。再生障碍性贫血(E错)多由氯霉素类抗生素、磺胺类药物及抗肿瘤化疗药物等引起。"} {"Question":"a-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂最常见的不良反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腹胀和腹泻"},{"key":"B","value":"肝功能异常"},{"key":"C","value":"肾功能异常"},{"key":"D","value":"严重低血糖"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏和水肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"a-葡萄糖酐酶抑制剂(如阿卡波糖)(P355)最常见的不良反应是胃肠道反应,如腹胀和腹泻(A对)。肝功能异常(B错)、过敏(E错)是磺酰脲类的常见不良反应,严重低血糖(D错)是磺酰脲类较严重的不良反应(P353)。"} {"Question":"低血糖不良反应较大的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺酰脲类药物"},{"key":"B","value":"格列奈类药物"},{"key":"C","value":"格列酮类药物"},{"key":"D","value":"糖苷酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"短效胰岛素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"磺酰脲类药物(A对)属于胰岛素促分泌剂,刺激胰岛B细胞释放胰岛素,若药物使用过量,可造成高胰岛素血症,产生严重的低血糖血症。格列奈类药物(B错)(P354)主要不良反应为低血糖反应,但发生率较磺酰脲类低。格列酮类药物(C错)(P354)不良反应少,低血糖发生率低。糖苷酶抑制剂(D错)(P355)主要不良反应是胃肠道反应。短效胰岛素(E错)较少出现低血糖,长效胰岛素若使用过量,可发生低血糖症。"} {"Question":"强心苷(甙)对下列哪种原因所致的慢性心功能不全疗效较好","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲状腺功能亢进"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁缺乏"},{"key":"C","value":"严重二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"先天性心脏病"},{"key":"E","value":"缩窄性心包炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"强心苷(甙)为正性肌力药物,可以显著增加衰竭心脏的收缩力,增加心输出量,从而解除心衰的症状。不同原因所致的心力衰竭因病情不同,其疗效有一定的差异。对有心房纤颤伴心室率快的心力衰竭疗效最佳,对瓣膜病即先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏病(高度二尖瓣狭窄的病例除外)(C错)、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病和高血压性心脏病所致的慢性心功能不全疗效较好(D对)。甲状腺功能亢进(A错)、维生素1缺乏(B错)所致的心力衰竭属于高动力心力衰竭,不适宜应用正性肌力药物。缩窄性心包炎(E错)所致的心力衰竭属于舒张性心力衰竭,使用正性肌力药物后,会导致严重心肌损伤,疗效也差。"} {"Question":"下列不属于ACEI作用机制的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使血液及组织中的ATⅡ水平下降"},{"key":"B","value":"提高血液中的缓激肽水平"},{"key":"C","value":"使醛固酮的分泌减少"},{"key":"D","value":"拮抗ATⅡ受体"},{"key":"E","value":"具有抗交感神经作用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"拮抗ATⅡ受体(D错,为本题正确答案)属于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药的作用机制。ACEI作用机制包括:①使血液即组织中AngⅡ水平下降(A对)和提高血液中的缓激肽水平(B对),来降低外周血管阻力,降低心脏后负荷;②使醛固酮的分泌减少(C对);③抑制心肌及血管重构;④改善血流动力学情况;⑤降低交感神经活性,具有抗交感神经作用(E对)。"} {"Question":"新斯的明最强的药理作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"兴奋骨骼肌"},{"key":"B","value":"兴奋胃肠,膀胱平滑肌"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制心脏,减慢心率"},{"key":"D","value":"缩小瞳孔"},{"key":"E","value":"促进腺体分泌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"新斯的明是常用的AChE药(乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制药),可抑制AChE活性,导致ACh在突触后膜不能被胆碱酯酶分解,而发挥完全拟胆碱作用,即通过ACh兴奋M、N胆碱受体;此外,ACh尚能直接激动骨骼肌运动终板上的NM受体,对骨骼肌兴奋作用较强(A对),兴奋胃肠平滑肌的作用其次(B错),对腺体(E错)、眼(D错)、心血管(C错)及支气管平滑肌作用弱。"} {"Question":"能耗竭递质,导致骨骼肌神经-肌接头处传递效应降低的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α-银环蛇毒"},{"key":"B","value":"新斯的明"},{"key":"C","value":"筒箭毒碱"},{"key":"D","value":"黑寡妇蜘蛛毒"},{"key":"E","value":"有机磷农药"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"能耗竭递质,导致骨骼肌神经-肌接头处传递效应降低的物质是黑寡妇蜘蛛毒(D对)。α-银环蛇毒(A错)和筒箭毒碱(C错)可与终板膜上N受体结合,与乙酰胆碱竞争结合位点,从而导致传递受阻。新斯的明(B错)和有机磷农药(E错)通过抑制AChE活性而发挥拟胆碱作用,前者有较强的兴奋骨骼肌作用(P60);后者与AChE以共价键结合,形成难以水解的磷酰化AChE,临床表现多样化(P61)。"} {"Question":"男34岁,建筑工人,一次事故严重外伤,大量出血,血压下降少尿,经抢救低血压和血容量已纠正后,尿量仍很少,为避免肾功衰竭的进展,应给哪种药物:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"E","value":"卡托普利"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"为避免肾功衰竭的进展,应给呋塞米(B对),呋塞米可以扩张肾血管,增加肾血流量和肾小球滤过率,对肾衰竭有一定好处。螺内酯(C错)、氨苯蝶啶(D错)肾功能不全者禁用。氢氯噻嗪(A错)吸收缓慢,作用时间较长,对肾衰竭并无明显帮助。卡托普利(E错)主要用于降压,且肾功能不全者禁用。"} {"Question":"雷贝拉唑的主要作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中和胃酸"},{"key":"B","value":"促进胃排空"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制胃酸分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"粘膜保护作用"},{"key":"E","value":"阻断胃泌素受体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"雷贝拉唑是H⁺-K⁺-ATP酶抑制剂,可抑制胃壁细胞向胃粘膜腔泵出H⁺,降低胃内HCl水平,是最直接有效的抑制胃酸产生的手段(C对)。中和胃酸(A错)即抗酸药,常用的有碳酸钙、氢氧化镁、三硅酸镁、氢氧化铝、碳酸氢钠等。促进胃排空(B错)即增强胃肠动力药主要是西沙比利等。黏膜保护作用(D错)(P306)即黏膜保护剂,增强胃粘膜屏障功能的药物,常用的有米索前列醇、恩前列素、硫糖铝等。阻断胃泌素受体(E错)(P306)的药物主要是丙谷胺,与胃泌素竞争胃泌素受体,有抑制胃酸分泌的作用。"} {"Question":"不属于糖皮质激素类药物抗休克作用机制的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增强心肌收缩力"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制炎性细胞因子释放"},{"key":"C","value":"中和细菌外毒素"},{"key":"D","value":"扩张痉挛收缩的血管"},{"key":"E","value":"稳定溶酶体膜"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"糖皮质激素常用于严重休克,特别是感染中毒性休克的治疗。糖皮质激素可以抑制炎症因子的释放(B对),减轻全身炎症反应综合征及组织损伤,使微循环血流动力学恢复正常,改善休克状态,可以稳定溶酶体膜(E对),减少心肌抑制因子的形成,扩张痉挛收缩的血管(D对)和兴奋心脏、加强心肌收缩力(A对),提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力,但对细菌外毒素没有防御作用(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"地塞米松的临床应用不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风湿性心肌炎"},{"key":"B","value":"感染中毒性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"过敏性紫癜"},{"key":"D","value":"骨质疏松"},{"key":"E","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"地塞米松的临床应用:1.严重感染或炎症;2.免疫相关疾病;3.抗休克治疗;4.血液病;5.局部应用;6.替代治疗等。其中免疫相关疾病中包括自身免疫疾病如严重风湿热、风湿性心肌炎(A对)、风湿性及类风湿性关节炎、全身性红斑狼疮(E对)、自身免疫性贫血和肾病综合征等。抗休克治疗中包括感染中毒性休克(B对)、过敏性休克和低血容量性休克。血液病中包括再生障碍性贫血、粒细胞减少症、血小板减少症和过敏性紫癜(C对)等。而长期大剂量应用引起的不良反应包括:1.医源性肾上腺皮质功能亢进;2.诱发或加重感染;3.消化系统并发症;4.心血管系统并发症;5.骨质疏松(D错,为本题正确答案)、肌肉萎缩、伤口愈合迟缓等;6.糖尿病;7.其他。"} {"Question":"长期应用糖皮质激素治疗,停药时应注意","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"检查病人血细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"了解胃粘膜有无损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"补充蛋白质"},{"key":"D","value":"服用抗糖皮质激素药物"},{"key":"E","value":"逐次减量停药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"长期应用糖皮质激素治疗,可反馈性抑制垂体-肾上腺皮质轴致肾上腺皮质萎缩,若突然减药或减量过快,可引起肾上腺功能不全或危象,表现为恶心、呕吐、乏力、低血压和休克等,需要及时抢救,故须逐次减量停药(E对)。"} {"Question":"糖皮质激素类药物可用于治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原发性血小板增多症"},{"key":"B","value":"急性淋巴细胞白血病"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性粒细胞白血病"},{"key":"D","value":"真性红细胞增多症"},{"key":"E","value":"骨质疏松"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"糖皮质激素可使淋巴组织萎缩,导致血淋巴细胞、单核细胞和嗜酸粒细胞计数明显减少,用于治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(B对)。糖皮质激素可以刺激骨髓造血,使血细胞增多,故不用于原发性血小板增多症(A错)、慢性粒细胞白血病(C错)、真性红细胞增多症(D错)等疾病。糖皮质激素可抑制成骨细胞的活性,减少骨中胶原的合成,促进胶原和骨基质的分解,使骨盐不易沉着,骨质形成障碍而导致骨质疏松,故不用于治疗骨质疏松(E错)。"} {"Question":"女性,32岁。患者神经衰弱3月余,未经治疗,主要表现头痛,失眠,脑力疲乏,精神易兴奋,应选择下列哪种药物进行治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"B","value":"氯氮平"},{"key":"C","value":"利培酮"},{"key":"D","value":"喹硫平"},{"key":"E","value":"氯丙嗪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"地西泮是苯二氮䓬类,其具有抗焦虑、镇静催眠、抗惊厥和癫痫作用,可有效缓解该患者的神经衰弱、失眠,脑力疲乏、精神易兴奋,并且依赖性和戒断症状较轻,所以该患者选用地西泮治疗效果好(A对)。氯氮平、利培酮、喹硫平、氯丙嗪均属于抗精神病药物,无缓解神经衰弱和失眠的作用(BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"药物副反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"—般都很严重"},{"key":"B","value":"发生在大剂量情况下"},{"key":"C","value":"产生原因与药物作用的选择性高有关"},{"key":"D","value":"发生在治疗剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"可以避免"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"按照WHO国际药物监测合作中心的规定,药物不良反应是指正常剂量(治疗剂量)的药物(D对)用于预防、诊断、治疗疾病或调节生理机能时出现的有害的和与用药目的无关的反应。药物不良反应包括副反应(多数较轻微并可以预料)、毒性反应(一般比较严重)、后遗反应、停药反应、变态反应(反应的严重程度差异很大)、特异质反应(反应的严重程度与剂量成正比)(A错)。发生在大剂量情况下(B错)的是不良反应中的毒性反应。药物作用的选择性较高(C错),药物不良反应少,但并不是药物不良反应产生的原因。药物不良反应多数是药物的固有效应,一般情况下是可以预知的,但不一定是能够避免的(E错)。"} {"Question":"4.8kPa(36mmHg)。该COPD患者病情发展已出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"低氧血症"},{"key":"D","value":"高碳酸血症"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者中老年女性,为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)气肿型患者。近年来轻微活动即感气急,咳嗽轻,咳痰少。血气分析:PaO₂ 9.3kPa(70mmHg)(正常值PaO₂95~100mmHg,提示轻度低氧血症),PaCO₂4.8kPa(36mmHg)(正常值PaCO₂35~45mmHg)。结合患者血气分析,考虑诊断为轻度低氧血症(C对)。Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭(A错)血气分析特点是PaO₂<60mmHg,PaCO₂降低或正常;高碳酸血症(D错)属于Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(B错)血气分析特点是PaO₂<60mmHg,同时伴有PaCO₂>50mmHg。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。1小时前游泳时溺水送来急诊。查体:P120次\/分,R34次\/分,BP90\/60mmHg,神志尚清,烦躁不安,口唇发绀,双肺可闻及广泛湿性啰音,动脉血气分析(FiO₂=50%);pH7.52,PaCO₂30mmHg,PaO₂60mmHg。为改善其呼吸衰竭,应首选的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注呼吸兴奋剂"},{"key":"B","value":"纯氧面罩吸"},{"key":"C","value":"无创通气"},{"key":"D","value":"快速利尿"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉滴注糖皮质激素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者中年男性,溺水送来急诊。查体:P120次\/分(正常值60~100次\/分),R34次\/分(正常12~20次\/分),BP90\/60mmHg(正常值90~120\/60~90mmHg),神志尚清,烦躁不安,口唇发绀(缺氧表现),双肺可闻及广泛湿性啰音,动脉血气分析(FiO₂=50%);pH7.52,PaCO₂30mmHg(正常值35~45mmHg),PaO₂60mmHg(正常值>95mmHg)。综合患者症状及血气分析,考虑为溺水后肺动脉内的静脉血未经氧合直接流入肺静脉,导致PaO₂降低,所形成的Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭,其主要原因为肺内分流增加。为改善其呼吸衰竭,应首选的措施是无创通气(C对)。静脉滴注呼吸兴奋剂(A错)适用于呼吸中枢损伤的呼吸衰竭。纯氧面罩吸(B错)适用于除动静脉分流外的Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭,较高浓度氧气可以迅速缓解低氧血症。快速利尿(D错)对呼吸衰竭患者无明显作用。静脉滴注糖皮质激素(E错)具有抗炎、免疫、抗休克的作用,患者目前神志尚清。"} {"Question":"阻塞性肺炎的缺氧机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通气血流比例失调"},{"key":"B","value":"肺泡通气量不足"},{"key":"C","value":"氧弥散功能失调"},{"key":"D","value":"分流率增加"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸功能增加"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"通气血流比例失调(A对)是阻塞性肺气肿加重的缺氧机制,大量肺泡周围的毛细血管受肺泡膨胀的挤压而退化,致使肺毛细血管大量减少,肺泡间的血流量减少,此时肺泡虽有通气,但肺泡壁无血液灌流,导致生理无效腔量增大,从而导致通气血流比例失调。肺泡通气量不足(B错),肺泡通气量减少会引起PaO₂下降和PaCO₂上升,从而发生缺氧和CO₂潴留,常为II型呼吸衰竭主要的机制;氧弥散功能失调(C错),指O₂、CO₂等气体通过肺泡膜进行交换的物理弥散过程发生障碍,常为I型呼吸衰竭的主要机制;分流率增加(D错),肺动脉内的静脉血未经氧合直接流入肺静脉,导致PaO₂降低,是通气\/血流比例失调的特例,常见于肺动-静脉瘘;呼吸功能增加(E错),发热、寒战、呼吸困难和抽搐均增加氧耗量,氧耗量增加导致肺泡氧分压下降时,正常人可通过增加通气量来防止缺氧的发生。"} {"Question":"男,67岁。慢性咳嗽,咳少量白痰,活动后气短3年,近2月气短加重,痰量增多,为脓性痰。查体:口唇轻度紫绀,双下肺可闻及Velcro音,有杵状指。根据以上病史,症状和体征特点,对该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淋巴样间质性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"特发性肺间质纤维化"},{"key":"C","value":"巨细胞型间质性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"慢阻肺"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管哮喘"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者为老年男性,慢性咳嗽,咳少量白痰,活动后气短3年,近2月加重,有脓性痰,双下肺可闻及Velcro音(为特发性肺间质纤维化特征性啰音),有杵状指(弥漫性肺间质纤维化患者体检约半数患者可见杵状指),根据其临床表现和体征,考虑诊断为特发性肺间质纤维化(B对)。淋巴细胞间质性肺炎(A错)在成人中罕见,但常见于儿童,咳嗽和气促是最常见的症状。其他症状包括消瘦,发热,关节疼痛和胸痛.胸部体检可发现捻发音,与该患者表现不符。巨细胞型间质性肺炎(C错)指大量肺泡腔内多核巨细胞沉积,并伴有肺间质炎症及纤维化为主要病理特征的肺弥漫性病变,该病在我国罕见,故不考虑为最可能的诊断。慢阻肺(D错)患者可有很长的咳嗽、咳痰病史,活动后气短,但无Velcro啰音。支气管哮喘(P29)(E错)主要表现为反复发作的喘息、气急、胸闷或咳嗽等症状,常在夜间及凌晨发作或加重,多数患者可自行缓解或经治疗后缓解,无杵状指和Velcro啰音。"} {"Question":"符合Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的动脉血气标准是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaO₂为70mmHg,PaCO₂为45mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"PaO₂为70mmHg,PaCO₂为40mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"PaO₂为55mmHg,PaCO₂为60mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"PaO₂为50mmHg,PaCO₂为40mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"PaO₂为65mmHg,PaCO₂为40mmHg"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"呼吸衰竭是指各种原因引起的肺通气和(或)换气功能严重障碍,使静息状态下亦不能维持足够的气体交换,导致低氧血症伴(或不伴)高碳酸血症,进而引起一系列病理生理改变和相应临床表现的综合征。呼吸衰竭按照动脉血气分类,可分为I型呼吸衰竭和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。其中I型呼吸衰竭即低氧性呼吸衰竭,血气分析特点是PaO₂<60mmHg,PaCO₂降低或正常(PaCO₂正常值为35~45mmHg)(D错)。PaO₂为70mmHg,PaCO₂为45mmHg(A错)、PaO₂为70mmHg,PaCO₂为40mmHg(B错)、PaO₂为65mmHg,PaCO₂为40mmHg(E错)为正常人的动脉血气分析。PaO₂为55mmHg,PaCO₂为50mmHg(C对ABDE错)为Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(即高碳酸性呼吸衰竭,血气分析特点是PaO₂<60mmHg,同时伴有PaCO₂>50mmHg)。"} {"Question":"引起Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭最常见的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"阻塞性肺气肿"},{"key":"C","value":"气管异物"},{"key":"D","value":"膈肌麻痹"},{"key":"E","value":"ARDS"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"呼吸衰竭按照动脉血气分析分为Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭。Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭即缺氧性呼吸衰竭,主要见于肺换气障碍疾病,如严重肺部感染性疾病、间质性肺疾病、急性肺栓塞、ARDS等(E对)。Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭主要见于通气功能障碍疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)(B错)、支气管哮喘、呼吸肌麻痹(D错)和气管异物慢性支气管炎(A错)在没有发展到慢阻肺的阶段时,很少引起呼吸衰竭,主要表现就是咳嗽、咳痰。"} {"Question":"肺通气\/血流比值>0.8的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺血栓栓塞"},{"key":"B","value":"肺气肿"},{"key":"C","value":"哮喘"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺水肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常成人静息状态下,通气/血流比例约为0.8。肺栓塞,因部分肺泡血流不足,引起栓塞部位血流减少,通气/血流比例增大,肺泡通气不能被充分利用,又称为无效腔样通气(A对);肺气肿时,肺弹性成分大破坏,肺回缩力减小,顺应性增大,弹性阻力减小,患者表现为呼气困难,这些情况都会导致肺通气功能降低,不会导致通气/血流比例增大(B错);哮喘发作时,呈阻塞性通气功能障碍表现,用力肺活量正常或下降,第一秒用力呼气容积秒率以及最高呼气流量下降,残气量及残气与肺总量比值增加,不会导致通气/血流比例增大(C错);慢性支气管炎,是气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症,呼吸功能早期无异常,当使用支气管扩张剂后第一秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比值<0. 70,不会导致通气/血流比例增大(D错);肺水肿因部分肺泡通气不足,通气/血流比例变小(E错)。"} {"Question":"肺弥散功能障碍最常出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaO₂正常,PaCO₂上升"},{"key":"B","value":"PaO₂下降,PaCO₂上升"},{"key":"C","value":"PaO₂正常,PaCO₂正常"},{"key":"D","value":"PaO₂正常,PaCO₂下降"},{"key":"E","value":"PaO₂下降,PaCO₂正常或下降"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"对于不同气体,其弥散速度遵循以下公式。D∝ΔPTAS\/(d√MW)(第八版生理学P165)。公式中ΔP为某气体分压差;A为气体扩散面积;S为气体分子溶解度;d为气体扩散距离;MW为气体的相对分子质量。CO₂在血浆中的溶解度约为O₂的24倍,CO₂的分子量略大于O₂的分子量,由此公式可推算出CO₂经呼吸膜的弥散速度约为O₂的20倍。肺弥散功能障碍时,如Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭导致O₂弥散能力减退,PaO₂下降,此时机体代偿性加深加快呼吸,导致CO₂排出量增加或基本不变,因而PaCO₂正常或下降。因此,肺弥散功能障碍最常出现PaO₂下降,PaCO₂正常或下降(E对AB错)。PaO₂下降,PaCO₂上升(B错)常出现于疾病终末期,此时弥散功能极差,O₂及CO₂均无法顺利通过呼吸膜。PaO₂正常,PaCO₂正常(C错)是正常人的检查结果。PaO₂正常,PaCO₂下降(D错)见于过度呼气造成的呼吸性碱中毒的患者,不见于肺弥散功能障碍。"} {"Question":"下列情况不适宜用无创正压通气处置的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性呼吸窘迫综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重"},{"key":"C","value":"昏迷"},{"key":"D","value":"心源性肺水肿"},{"key":"E","value":"有创机械通气的序贯治疗"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"当机体出现严重的通气和(或)换气功能障碍时,以人工辅助通气装置(有创或无创正压呼吸机)来改善通气和(或)换气功能,即为正压机械通气。无创正压通气可以用于治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(A对),在慢阻肺急性加重早期(B对)、慢阻肺有创-无创序贯通气(E对)、急性心源性肺水肿(D对)、免疫力低下病人、术后预防呼吸衰竭以及家庭康复等方面均有良好的治疗效果(P144)。"} {"Question":"特发性肺纤维化急性期最有效的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"持续低流量吸氧"},{"key":"B","value":"抗感染治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管扩张剂治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管肺泡灌洗"},{"key":"E","value":"糖皮质激素治疗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"特发性肺纤维化急性期最有效的治疗是糖皮质激素治疗(E对)。持续低流量吸氧(A错)用于慢阻肺患者的家庭氧疗或伴有高碳酸血症的呼吸衰竭(Ⅱ型呼衰)。抗感染治疗(B错)用于合并有细菌感染的治疗。支气管扩张剂治疗(C错)用于支气管哮喘的治疗。支气管肺泡灌洗(D错)可用于确诊肺部感染,特别是免疫缺陷病人的感染、肺癌的细胞学诊断以及肺泡蛋白沉着症的诊断和治疗。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。支气管哮喘,20年。喘息加重1周。意识恍惚1天来急诊。查体:T37.5℃,P94\/分,面色暗红,口唇发绀。可见胸腹矛盾运动,双肺呼吸音低,可闻及低调哮鸣音。该患者首选的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大剂量糖皮质激素静脉点滴"},{"key":"B","value":"气管插管、机械通气"},{"key":"C","value":"β₂受体激动剂雾化吸入"},{"key":"D","value":"面罩吸氧"},{"key":"E","value":"无创通气"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"该患者病情危重,此时最可能出现的动脉血气变化为PaO₂降低、PaCO₂升高、PH降低。该患者首选的治疗措施是气管插管、机械通气(B对)。"} {"Question":"进行性血胸的诊断依据不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脉快血压持续下降"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腔引流连续3个小时总量300ml"},{"key":"C","value":"Hb、RBC反复测定呈持续下降"},{"key":"D","value":"胸膜腔穿刺抽不出血,但X线示胸内阴影增大"},{"key":"E","value":"经输血补液后血压不回升逐渐下降"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"进行性血胸指持续大量出血所致的胸膜腔积血。具备以下征象则提示存在进行性血胸:①持续性脉搏加快、血压降低(A对),或虽经补充血容量后血压仍不稳定(E对);②胸腔闭式引流量每小时超过200ml,持续3小时(B错,为本题正确答案);③血红蛋白量、红细胞计数和血细胞比容进行性降低(C对),引流液的血红蛋白量和红细胞计数与周围血相接近,且迅速凝固。进行性血胸持续大量出血超过肺、心包和膈肌运动的去纤维蛋白作用时,胸膜腔穿刺抽不出血,但X线检查可见胸内阴影进行性增大(D对)。"} {"Question":"女,67岁。发热、咳嗽1个月,胸闷3天。体温最高38℃,咳少量痰,近3天感渐进性胸闷,卧位时更明显。曾抗感染治疗效果欠佳。查体:右下胸略膨隆,语音震颤减弱,叩诊实音,呼吸音消失。该患者首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脓胸"},{"key":"B","value":"阻塞性肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"浸润性肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎支原体肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"结核性胸膜炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者为老年女性,发热、咳嗽1个月,胸闷3天,体温最高38℃(体温正常值36℃~37.3℃,即低热,结核感染的表现),咳少量痰。曾抗感染治疗效果不佳(考虑结核感染)。查体:右下胸略膨隆,语音震颤减弱,叩诊实音,呼吸音消失(结核性胸膜炎导致大量胸腔积液的表现),该患者首先应考虑结核性胸膜炎(E对)。脓胸(A错)患者多有高热、咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛等症状。阻塞性肺炎(B错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、气短和呼吸困难。浸润型肺结核(C错)(P68)多发生在肺尖和锁骨下,病灶累及胸膜时会出现胸痛,影像学检查表现为小片状或斑点状阴影,可融合和形成空洞。肺炎支原体肺炎(D错)(P49)多为阵发性刺激性呛咳,主要有乏力、咽痛、头痛、咳嗽、发热、食欲不振、腹泻、肌痛、耳痛等,肺部体检可无明显体征。"} {"Question":"0.85。给予静脉点滴头孢曲松抗感染3天,体温无明显变化。査体示右肩胛线第8肋以下语颤减弱,叩诊呈实音。此时应采取的措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继续目前治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腔穿刺抽液检査"},{"key":"C","value":"痰培养+药敏"},{"key":"D","value":"换用阿奇霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"换用喹诺酮类药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年男性,发热、咳嗽3天(肺部感染常见症状)。胸部X线片示右下肺炎,右侧少量胸腔积液(肺部感染合并胸腔积液的影像学表现)。血WBC14.5X10⁹\/L,NO.85(常见感染检验学指标;正常成人WBC4~10X10⁹\/L,N0.5~0.7)。给予静脉点滴头孢曲松抗感染3天,体温无明显变化(常规抗感染治疗疗效不佳)。査体示右肩胛线第8肋以下语颤减弱,叩诊呈实音(肺部感染常见体征);结合患者病史、临床表现及相关辅助检查结果,初步考虑右下肺炎并发胸腔积液可能较大,此时首先应行胸腔穿刺抽液检查(B对)明确积液性质,以便指导下一步诊疗;该患者应用抗生素三天症状较前无明显变化,继续目前治疗(A错)并无太大意义。该患者并同时查出患侧胸腔积液,应明确胸水性质后再进一步改良诊疗计划,而并非随意换用其他抗生素如换用阿奇霉素或换用喹诺酮类药物(DE错)。痰培养+药敏(C错)对病情有一定的辅助诊断作用,但并不作为胸腔积液的首选检查。"} {"Question":"渗出液与漏出液的主要差异在于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"液体量的多少不同"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白含量多少不同"},{"key":"C","value":"发生的部位不同"},{"key":"D","value":"发生的年龄不同"},{"key":"E","value":"发生时间不同"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"漏出液外观清澈透明,无色或浅黄色,不凝固;而渗出液外观颜色深,呈透明或浑浊的草黄或棕黄色,或血性,可自行凝固。两者划分标准多根据比重(以1.018为界)、蛋白质含量(以30g\/L为界)、白细胞数(以500x106\/L为界),小于以上界限为漏出液,反之为渗出液,但其诊断的敏感性和特异性较差。目前多根据Light标准,符合以下任何1项可诊断为渗出液:①胸腔积液\/血清蛋白比例>0.5;②胸腔积液\/血清LDH比例>0.6;③胸腔积液LDH水平大于血清正常值高限的2\/3(B对)。"} {"Question":"女,58岁。咳嗽、痰中带血,左胸痛1个月。胸部X线片示左侧大量胸腔积液。查体:左侧呼吸音消失、语颤减弱。有助于明确诊断的检查不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸水细胞学及生化"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"C","value":"胸膜活检"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管镜"},{"key":"E","value":"肺功能"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者中老年女性,咳嗽、痰中带血,左胸痛1个月,胸部X线片示左侧大量胸腔积液,查体左侧呼吸音消失,语颤减弱,此时最主要的是明确胸水的性质。诊断性胸腔穿刺和胸水检查(A对)可确定胸水的性质,以明确病因。胸膜活检(C对)可发现肿瘤、结核和其他胸膜肉芽肿性病变。支气管镜(D对)对咯血或疑有气道阻塞者可行此项检查。CT(B对)或PET\/CT检查可显示少量的胸腔积液、肺内病变、胸膜间皮瘤、胸内和胸膜转移性肿瘤、纵隔和气管旁淋巴结等病变。而肺功能(E错,为本题正确答案)主要用于COPD、哮喘的检查,鉴别阻塞性和限制性通气功能障碍,对胸水的性质及病因无帮助。"} {"Question":"体检发现单侧肺底部湿性啰音,且长期固定存在的情况最常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"},{"key":"C","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"特发性肺纤维化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"体检发现单侧肺底部湿性啰音,且长期固定存在的情况最常见于支气管扩张(A对),此为支气管扩张的典型体征,原因为支气管扩张时,气道内有较多分泌物,且其病变部位不会发生改变。慢性阻塞性肺疾病(B错)病变范围广,涉及全肺的小气道,不会局限于单侧肺底部。心力衰竭(C错)会造成肺淤血、肺水肿,听诊可闻及湿啰音,但是双侧肺底部均可闻及。继发性肺结核(D错)的好发部位是肺上叶下部及肺下叶背段,原发性肺结核的好发部位于肺门部,无继发感染时均为干性啰音。特发性肺纤维化(E错)听诊特点为在双肺基底部闻及吸气末细小的Velcro啰音。"} {"Question":"反复感染的支气管扩张患者,在抗感染治疗时应覆盖的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"军团菌"},{"key":"B","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"白色念珠菌"},{"key":"E","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"支气管扩张患者反复肺部感染是因为扩张的支气管发生扭曲、变形,痰引流不畅导致的,尤其铜绿假单胞菌长期定植者容易发生,故在抗感染治疗时应覆盖铜绿假单胞菌(E对)。"} {"Question":"女,46岁。今晨咯血100mL,无发热。幼时起反复咳嗽,咳痰。查体:T36.8℃,BP120\/70mmHg,左肺可闻及湿啰音。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管肺癌"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者幼时即有症状,持续咳嗽、咳痰,近日出现咯血(为支气管扩张的典型表现),无明显发热,根据患者病史及临床表现,考虑诊断为支气管扩张症(B对)(符合咳嗽、咳痰、咯血的典型症状并从幼年持续至成年的特征)。肺结核(P65)(A错)也可出现咳嗽、咳痰以及咯血症状,但一般会出现发热症状,并且较少从幼年持续至成年。支气管肺癌(P77)(C错)早期症状常为刺激性干咳,可出现痰血或咯血,常出现消瘦,与患者症状不符。慢性支气管炎(P20)(D错)一般出现长期咳嗽、咳痰,但基本不出现咯血症状。肺炎链球菌性肺炎(P46)(E错)常出现高热、寒战症状,本患者无发热。"} {"Question":"咳嗽,咳脓痰,咯血10年,近期发热、症状加重。痰培养查出铜绿假单胞菌,应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管扩张+并发感染"},{"key":"B","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"肺栓塞"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"COPD"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"根据题干咳嗽,咳脓痰,咯血10年,近期发热、症状加重诊断考虑支气管扩张+并发感染(A对)。(P78)肺癌临床表现:咳嗽;咯血;气短或喘呜;胸病;发热(B错)。肺栓塞会出现胸痛、气促(C错)。肺炎链球菌、COPD不会出现咯血(DE错)。"} {"Question":"支气管-肺感染和阻塞是主要发病因素的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管扩张症"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管肺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"阻塞性肺气肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"支气管扩张症(A对)多见于儿童和青年,其中大多数继发于支气管-肺感染和阻塞,使支气管反复发生炎症,致使支气管壁结构破坏,所引起的支气管异常和持久性扩张。支气管肺癌(P75-P76)(B错)的病因和发病机制尚未明确,通常认为与吸烟、职业致癌因子、空气污染和电离辐射等因素有关。慢性支气管炎(P19)(C错)的病因尚不完全清楚,可能是吸烟、职业粉尘和化学物质等环境因素与机体自身因素长期相互作用的结果。支气管哮喘(P28)(D错)是一种复杂的、具有多基因遗传倾向的疾病,发病具有家族聚集现象。阻塞性肺气肿(E错)与炎症机制、蛋白酶-抗蛋白酶失衡机制、氧化应激机制等有关。"} {"Question":"肺癌空洞的典型X线表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薄壁空洞,形状不规则"},{"key":"B","value":"厚壁空洞,内壁光滑"},{"key":"C","value":"薄壁空洞,内壁光滑"},{"key":"D","value":"厚壁空洞,内壁凹凸不平"},{"key":"E","value":"厚壁空洞,内有液平"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺癌组织坏死与支气管相通后,表现为偏心的厚壁空洞,内壁凹凸不平(D对ABC错)。只有继发感染时,洞内才出现液平,这并不是典型表现(E错)。薄壁空洞,内壁光滑见(C错)于肺脓肿。"} {"Question":"健康体检时,胸部X线片发现肺内靠近胸膜的孤立性小结节,此时应首先进行的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定期复查胸部X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管镜"},{"key":"C","value":"痰细胞学"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"E","value":"经皮穿刺活检"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"胸部X线片发现孤立小结节,位于肺门靠近胸膜,为明确诊断,应首选进行的检查是胸部CT(D对)。定期复查胸部X线片(A错)不能在短期内明确诊断,故不选。支气管镜(B错)、痰细胞学(C错)经皮穿刺活检(E错)均可以用来确诊肺癌,但是均没有胸部CT便捷直观,所以不作为首选。"} {"Question":"女,60岁。咳嗽伴痰中带血3个月,胸部X线片示左肺门阴影,大小3cm×2cm,行痰细胞学检查3次均为阴性,对明确诊断有价值的检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管镜检查"},{"key":"B","value":"经胸壁穿刺活检"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部MRI"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"E","value":"再次痰液检查癌细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年女性患者,咳嗽伴痰中带血(提示可能为肺部肿瘤),胸部X线片示左肺门3cm×2cm阴影(提示肿瘤可能位于肺门部位),结合患者病史、临床表现和影像学检查,该患者最可能的诊断为左侧肺癌。由于肿块靠近肺门,因此对确诊最有价值的检查为支气管镜检查(A对),其可在直视下钳取病变部位组织标本,进行病理学诊断(肺癌诊断的金标准)。经胸壁穿刺活检(B错)主要用于周围型肺癌的诊断。胸部MRI(C错)、胸部CT(D错)均为影像学检查方法,可作为肺癌的辅助诊断方法,但不能确诊肺癌。患者已行3次痰细胞学检查,再次痰液检查癌细胞(E错)意义不大。"} {"Question":"肺癌所致阻塞性肺炎有以下临床征象,除了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患者一般不发热或仅有低热"},{"key":"B","value":"血白细胞计数常不增高"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素治疗后炎症很快吸收消散"},{"key":"D","value":"经抗生素治疗炎症吸收后出现肿块阴影"},{"key":"E","value":"短期内同-部位可反复出现炎症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肺癌所致阻塞性肺炎抗生素治疗后,炎症吸收缓慢且多不能完全吸收(C错,为本题正确答案),治疗后可出现肿块阴影(D对)。肺癌所致阻塞导致短期内同-部位可反复出现炎症(E对)。肺癌所致阻塞性肺炎患者因晚期恶病质一般不发热或仅有低热(A对),血白细胞计数也常不增高(B对)。"} {"Question":"64岁,2周前无明显诱因出现咳嗽,咳黄白痰带血丝,经抗生素治疗效果不佳。体检:体温37.8℃,血压正常,右上肺呼吸音稍弱伴少许湿啰音。血象WBC12×10⁹\/L,N0.83。如果该患右侧胸腔出现中等量积液,其原因最可能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核性胸膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺脓肿合并胸腔积液"},{"key":"C","value":"肺癌胸膜转移"},{"key":"D","value":"肺梗死合并胸腔积液"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎合并胸腔积液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者老年男性(为肺癌的好发年龄),无明显诱因出现咳嗽,咳黄白痰带血丝,血象稍高,但患者经抗生素治疗效果不佳(抗生素对肺癌无效),提示支气管肺癌(中老年为支气管肺癌的好发年龄,在应用抗生素后,咳嗽咳痰症状没有好转,首先考虑支气管肺癌),当肺癌患者胸腔出现中等量积液时,通常提示肺癌胸膜转移(C对)。结核性胸膜炎(P118)(A错)多见于青年人,有结核病的一般性全身症状,如乏力、盗汗、午后潮热等,呼吸困难是最常见的症状,多伴有胸痛,咳嗽轻微,与该患者不符。肺脓肿合并胸腔积液(B错)、肺炎合并胸腔积液(E错)抗生素治疗均有效。肺梗死合并胸腔积液(D错)常有不明原因的呼吸困难及气促,尤以活动后明显,有胸痛、晕厥、咯血等症状,与该患者不符。"} {"Question":"男,69岁。刺激性咳嗽1个月,发现痰中带血丝1周。无肺部疾病病史,吸烟20年。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"急性支气管炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脓肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者为老年男性(为肺癌的好发年龄),有20年的吸烟史(为肺癌的重要原因),刺激性咳嗽,并痰中带血(为肺癌的典型临床表现),且无肺部疾病病史,根据其临床表现和体征,首先考虑为肺癌(A对)。支气管扩张(P37)(B错)主要表现为反复的咳嗽、咳痰或咳脓痰,不符合该患者的表现。肺结核(P65)(C错)主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、胸痛及呼吸困难,且有低热、盗汗等结核杆菌感染征象,不符合该患者的表现。急性支气管炎(P17)(D错)咳嗽、咳痰,两肺闻及散在干、湿性啰音,不符合该患者的表现。肺脓肿(P58)(E错)主要表现为发热、咳痰、咳大量脓臭痰,不符合该患者的表现。"} {"Question":"男,62岁。左胸痛5天,胸闷、气促2天。查体:双下肺呼吸音粗,心率108次\/分,P₂﹥A₂。胸部X线片示左下肺透亮度增加。对明确诊断最有价值的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部高分辨CT"},{"key":"C","value":"心电图"},{"key":"D","value":"血D-二聚体"},{"key":"E","value":"超声心动图"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者老年男性,左胸痛5天,胸闷、气促2天(肺血栓栓塞常见症状)。查体:双下肺呼吸音粗,心率108次\/分,P₂﹥A₂(肺血栓栓塞常见体征)。胸部X线片示左下肺透亮度增加(肺血栓栓塞常见影像学表现)。结合患者临床表现及相关辅助检查,该患者疑诊为肺栓塞。肺栓塞的确诊检查包括:①螺旋CT②放射性核素肺通气\/血流灌注(V\/Q)显像③磁共振成像和磁共振肺动脉造影④CT肺动脉造影(A对);高分辨CT(B错)是支气管扩张的确诊检查;心电图(C错)为心脏循环系统方面疾患的首选检查;血D-二聚体(D错)可作为肺栓塞的筛查,但不具有特异性,因而不能作为确诊检查;超声心动图(E错)为器质性心脏病的确诊检查。"} {"Question":"女性,24岁,发作性干咳3月,无发热、咯血、胸痛、胸闷,多次拍胸片未发现异常,反复用过“阿莫西林、阿奇霉素及止咳药”未见效,去年本季节(春天)曾有同样症状发作,曾服用过“氨茶碱”后完全缓解。查体:T37.2℃,P100次\/分,R18次\/分,BP120\/75mmHg,双肺未闻及哮鸣音及湿啰音。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"B","value":"支原体肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管肺癌"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性支气管炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年女性患者,发作性干咳3月,无发热、咯血、胸痛、胸闷,多次拍胸片未发现异常,反复用过“阿莫西林、阿奇霉素及止咳药”未见效(可排除肺部感染),去年本季节(春天)曾有同样症状发作,曾服用过“氨茶碱”后完全缓解(提示支气管哮喘),查体:T37.2℃(正常值为36.5℃~37.2℃),P100次\/分(正常值为60~100次\/分),R18次\/分(正常值为16~20次\/分),BP120\/75mmHg(正常值为90~140\/60~90mmHg),双肺未闻及哮鸣音及湿啰音,根据该患者的病史、临床症状及体征考虑最可能的诊断为支气管哮喘(D对),肺结核(A错)的临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰、低热、盗汗、乏力等典型症状,胸片也存在异常。支原体肺炎(B错)除有刺激性干咳外,还存在发热、乏力、头痛、咽痛、肌肉酸痛。支气管肺癌(C错)多见于40岁以上病人,可伴有咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛,痰中带血。 慢性支气管炎(E错)多见于老年人临床上以咳嗽、咳痰为主要症状,或有喘息,每年发病持续3个月或更长时间,连续2年或2年以上,并排除具有咳嗽、咳痰 喘息症状的其他疾病。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。间断咳嗽2年,每年均于秋季出现,干咳为主,夜间明显,伴憋气,常常影响睡眠,白天症状常不明显。使用多种药物抗感染治疗无效,持续1~2个月后症状可自行消失。本次入秋后再次出现上述症状。体格检查未见明显异常。胸部X线片未见明显异常。通气功能正常。为明确诊断,宜采取的进一步检查措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管镜"},{"key":"B","value":"睡眠呼吸监测"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部CT"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管激发试验"},{"key":"E","value":"血气分析"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者季节性咳嗽夜间明显,伴憋气,使用多种药物抗感染治疗无效,症状可自行缓解,均是哮喘的重要特征。体格检查未见明显异常,间断咳嗽,提示不典型哮喘,为明确诊断,应行支气管激发试验(D对)(支气管激发试验可以测定气道存在高反应性以明确诊断,适用于非哮喘发作期、FEV₁在正常预计值70%以上患者的检查)。支气管镜(A错)可用于中央型肺癌的诊断。胸部CT(C错)用于胸部肿瘤等占位性病变的诊断,不能了解肺功能的变化情况。睡眠呼吸监测(B错)用于夜间呼吸紊乱患者的检测措施,可作为继发性高血压的辅助检测。血气分析(E错)用于判断机体是否存在酸碱平衡失调以及缺氧和缺氧程度等。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。支气管哮喘10年,近两天受凉后再发胸闷,咳嗽,喘息,查体少许散在哮鸣音。则最有效的治疗是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静滴糖皮质激素"},{"key":"B","value":"间断特布他林"},{"key":"C","value":"静滴沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"D","value":"口服色苷酸钠"},{"key":"E","value":"口服扎鲁司特"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者长期患有支气管哮喘,近两天受凉后再度发作,查体有散在的哮鸣音,表明患者哮喘处于急性发作期,发作程度应为轻度,糖皮质激素是目前控制哮喘最有效的药物,所以最有效的治疗是静滴糖皮质激素(A对)。SABA为控制哮喘急性发作的首选药,现在多推荐吸入法,因为药物可直接吸入气道,作用迅速,全身副作用少,常用药物为沙丁胺醇和特布他林(BC错)。色甘酸钠(D错)属于肥大细胞稳定剂,扎鲁司特(E错)属于白三烯调节剂,二者属于哮喘治疗的需要长期使用的药物,通常不用于哮喘急性发作期的治疗。"} {"Question":"支气管哮喘属于下列哪型过敏反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ型"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ型"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ型"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ型"},{"key":"E","value":"迟发型超敏反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"支气管哮喘属于Ⅰ型过敏反应(A对)。Ⅱ型过敏反应一般包括输血反应、新生儿溶血症等(B错)。Ⅲ型过敏反应一般包括Arthus反应、链球菌感染导致的肾小球肾炎等(C错)。Ⅳ型过敏反应(迟发型超敏反应)一般包括结核病、接触性皮炎等(DE错)。"} {"Question":"外源性支气管哮喘,与浆细胞产生的使人致敏的抗体结合的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"单核细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"淋巴细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜碱性粒细胞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"外源性支气管哮喘,与浆细胞产生的使人致敏的抗体结合的细胞是肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞(E对)。中性粒细胞(A错)、单核细胞(B错)、嗜酸性粒细胞(D错)均不是外源性支气管哮喘,与浆细胞产生的使人致敏的抗体结合的细胞。T淋巴细胞是介导支气管变态反应的始发环节,不可缺少,而B淋巴细胞(C错)仅为在一种炎症介导途径中发挥作用,并不是引起支气管哮喘的主要炎症细胞。"} {"Question":"女,28岁。发作性干咳、胸闷3年,夜间明显,无咯血、发热。每年发作2~3次,约1~2周可自行缓解。近2天来再次出现上述症状而就诊。查体:双肺呼吸音清晰,未闻及干湿性啰音,心率86次\/分,心脏各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。胸部X线片未见异常,肺通气功能正常。为明确诊断,应采取的进一步检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管镜"},{"key":"B","value":"胸部高分辨CT"},{"key":"C","value":"胸部MRI"},{"key":"D","value":"胸部增强CT"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管激发试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者为青年女性,发作性干咳、胸闷3年,夜间明显,无咯血、发热,每年发作2~3次,约1~2周可自行缓解,心肺检查未见异常,考虑为支气管哮喘(支气管哮喘的典型症状为发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难,症状可在数分钟内发生,并持续数小时至数天,可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解,夜间及凌晨发作或加重是哮喘的重要临床特征)。此外,临床上还存在没有喘息症状的不典型哮喘,患者可表现为发作性咳嗽、胸闷或其他症状。对以咳嗽为唯一症状的不典型哮喘称为咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)。对以胸闷为唯一症状的不典型哮喘称为胸闷变异性哮喘(CTVA)。该患者发作性干咳、胸闷,无明显哮鸣音,符合不典型哮喘的特征,应进一步做支气管激发试验以确诊(E对)。支气管镜(A错)可用于中央型肺癌的诊断。胸部高分辨CT(B错)是支气管扩张和间质性肺疾病的首选诊断方法。胸部MRI(C错)、胸部增强CT(D错)可用于胸部肿瘤等占位性病变的诊断。"} {"Question":"吸入性肺脓肿最具特征的临床症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽伴胸痛"},{"key":"B","value":"咳嗽伴咯血"},{"key":"C","value":"畏寒、高热"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸困难"},{"key":"E","value":"咳大量脓臭痰"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"吸入性肺脓肿的主要表现是畏寒、高热,体温达39℃~40℃,伴有咳嗽、咳黏液痰或大量脓臭痰。当炎症累积壁层胸膜时可引起胸痛,部分患者可有咯血,当肺脓肿破溃入胸腔时,可出现突发性的胸痛、气急,出现脓气胸,其中咳大量脓臭痰(E对)是吸入性肺脓肿最具特征的症状,在吸入性肺脓肿与细菌性肺炎的鉴别诊断中,当感染没有及时控制时,可咳出脓痰,而无大量脓臭痰。畏寒高热(C错)在各种细菌性感染性肺炎中均可见到。咳嗽伴咯血(B错)在当炎症累积肺部血管时可见到,也见于肺结核的病人。呼吸困难(D错)是呼吸系统的常见症状,并不具有特征性。咳嗽伴胸痛(A错)是在炎症累积胸膜,刺激肋间神经时引起,也不具有特征性。"} {"Question":"治疗脆弱拟杆菌所致吸入性肺脓肿首选的抗菌药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"红霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"治疗脆弱拟杆菌所致吸入性肺脓肿首选的抗菌药物有三种:林可霉素、克林霉素(D对)和甲硝唑。万古霉素(A错)为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的肺炎首选用药。庆大霉素(B错)为氨基糖苷类抗生素,是肺炎克雷伯杆菌的首选用药。青霉素(C错)为肺炎球菌肺炎的首选用药。红霉素(E错)为支原体肺炎、军团菌肺炎的首选用药。"} {"Question":"男,42岁,发热3天,咳嗽臭痰1天,胸部X线片示右下叶空洞影,其内有液平。治疗首选的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢唑啉"},{"key":"B","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"C","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿奇霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为中年男性,发热、咳脓臭痰(为肺脓肿的典型临床表现),胸部X线片可看到空洞影,有液平,根据其临床表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为肺脓肿,常见的肺脓肿致病菌为厌氧菌,首选抗生素为青霉素,其次为克林霉素(D对)、林可霉素和甲硝唑。而阿奇霉素(E错)头孢唑啉(A错),左氧氟沙星(B错)对于厌氧菌的疗效不佳。庆大霉素(C错)属于氨基糖苷类有强烈的耳毒性,且厌氧菌常对氨基糖苷类抗生素有耐药性。"} {"Question":"血源性肺脓肿最常见的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流感嗜血杆菌"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎克雷伯杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"肺炎链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血源性肺脓肿是因皮肤外伤感染、疖、痈、中耳炎或骨髓炎所致的脓毒症,菌栓经血行播散到肺,引起小血管栓塞、炎症、坏死而形成肺脓肿,常为两肺外野的多发性病变,致病菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(E对)、表皮葡萄球菌及链球菌为常见。铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌常导致继发性肺脓肿(BD错)。肺脓肿是肺组织坏死形成的脓腔,肺炎链球菌(P46)不产生毒素,不引起组织坏死或形成空洞,故不易形成肺脓肿(C错)。流感嗜血杆菌肺炎呈支气管肺炎,表现为斑片状或多叶性浸润,无空洞,很少形成肺脓肿(A错)。"} {"Question":"男性,38岁。半月前拔牙,次晨畏寒发热,咳嗽,痰量逐渐增多,呈脓性有臭味。胸片示左下肺大片阴影,有空洞。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左下肺炎症"},{"key":"B","value":"左下肺脓肿"},{"key":"C","value":"左下肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"肺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"左下肺支气管扩张症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者半月前拔牙,可能导致病原体经口、咽腔吸入肺内,病原体多为厌氧菌,导致肺部感染引起肺脓肿,表现为畏寒发热,咳嗽,痰量逐渐增多,呈脓性有臭味本(为肺脓肿的典型临床表现),例胸片示左下肺大片阴影,有空洞(为肺脓肿的典型胸片改变),根据其临床表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为左下肺脓肿(B对)。左下肺炎症(A错)很少有脓臭痰的表现。肺结核(C错)(P64)起病缓慢,病程较长,且不会有脓臭痰。肺癌(P77)(D错)阻塞支气管常引起远端肺化脓性感染,但形成肺脓肿的病程相对较长,因有一个逐渐阻塞的过程,毒性症状多不明显,脓痰量亦较少。支气管扩张症(P37)(E错)多见于儿童和青年,主要症状为持续或反复的咳嗽、咳痰或咳脓痰,病史较长,X线胸片示典型的“双轨征”。"} {"Question":"血源性肺脓肿最常见的病原菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶血链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"厌氧菌"},{"key":"C","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"D","value":"金黄色葡萄球菌"},{"key":"E","value":"流感嗜血杆菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"血源性肺肿多为外伤感染、疖、痈、中耳炎或骨髓炎等所致的脓毒症,栓塞经血行播散到肺,引起小血管栓塞、炎症和坏死而形成肺脓肿,其致病菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(D对)最为常见,溶血性链球菌(A错)虽也较为常见,但并非是血源性肺脓肿最常见的致病菌。厌氧菌(B错)是原发性肺脓肿最常见的病原体。铜绿假单胞菌(C错)是继发性肺脓肿常见的病原体。流感嗜血杆菌(E错)也可通过血液途径导致肺脓肿,但临床上发生率较低,故其不是血源性肺脓肿最常见的病原菌。"} {"Question":"下列细胞因子中,与慢性阻塞性肺疾病慢性气道炎症发病关系最密切的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"IL-4"},{"key":"B","value":"IL-10"},{"key":"C","value":"IL-5"},{"key":"D","value":"IL-8"},{"key":"E","value":"IL-13"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"许多研究表明慢阻肺患者的氧化应激增加。氧化物可直接作用并破坏许多生化大分子如蛋白质、脂质和核酸等,导致细胞功能障碍或细胞死亡,还可以破坏细胞外基质;引起蛋白酶-抗蛋白酶失衡;促进炎症反应,如激活转录因子NF-kB,参与多种炎症介质的转录,如IL-8(D对)、TNF-α以及诱导一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和环氧化物酶等的转录(P22)。"} {"Question":"评估呼吸气流是否受限最常用的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"残气量\/肺总量(RV\/TLC)"},{"key":"B","value":"FEV₁%预计值"},{"key":"C","value":"峰流速(PEF)"},{"key":"D","value":"FEV₁\/FVC"},{"key":"E","value":"用力肺活量(FVC)"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"1秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV₁)与用力肺活量(FVC)之比是判断气流受限的最重要指标(D对),FEV₁\/FVC%<70%可确定为持续气流受限。残气量与肺总量的比值增加提示阻塞性肺疾病(A错)。FEV₁%预计值(B错)是诊断气流受限严重程度的指标,对中晚期COPD的检查比较可靠。PEF又称呼气流量峰值(C错),是指用力肺活量测定过程中,呼气流量最快时的瞬间流速。用力肺活量(FVC)(E错)是指尽力最大吸气后,尽力尽快呼气所能呼出的最大气量,略小于没有时间限制条件下测得的肺活量,该指标是指将测定肺活量的气体用最快速呼出的能力,是测定呼吸道有无阻力的重要指标。"} {"Question":"阻塞性肺不张时不会出现的体征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病变部位呼吸音减弱"},{"key":"B","value":"病变部位叩诊呈浊音"},{"key":"C","value":"病变部位触觉震颤增强"},{"key":"D","value":"气管向患侧移位"},{"key":"E","value":"胸廓可有塌陷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"阻塞性肺不张系指因气道阻塞而导致一个或多个肺段或肺叶的容量或含气量减少。呼吸音来自于气流通过呼吸道和肺泡,产生湍流引起振动,发出声响。阻塞性肺不张时,气流受限,呼吸音减弱(A对);语颤传导不良,语颤减弱(C错,为本题正确答案);肺含气量减少,叩诊由清音变浊(B对);因肺不张,胸廓可有塌陷(E对),气管向患侧移位(D对)。"} {"Question":"男,71岁。间断咳嗽、咳痰20余年,加重伴喘憋1周。近2天出现嗜睡。查体:意识模糊,口唇发绀,球结膜水肿,双肺满布哮鸣音。双下肢水肿。该患者出现意识障碍最主要的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心源性休克"},{"key":"B","value":"电解质紊乱"},{"key":"C","value":"肺性脑病"},{"key":"D","value":"感染中毒性脑病"},{"key":"E","value":"脑出血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"71岁老年男性患者,间断咳嗽、咳痰20余年,加重伴喘憋1周(慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史,COPD急性加重期)。近2天出现嗜睡(出现中枢抑制症状)。查体:意识模糊,口唇发绀,球结膜水肿,双肺满布哮鸣(呼吸衰竭,肺性脑病表现)。双下肢水肿。综合患者病史症状、体征及辅助检查结果,考虑诊断为肺性脑病(C对)。该患者出现意识障碍最主要的机制是由于CO2潴留使脑脊液H+浓度增加,影响脑细胞代谢,降低脑细胞兴奋性,抑制皮质活动。心源性休克(A错)是由心脏病变引起全身循环灌注不足引起,该患者原发病为慢性肺阻塞性疾病,故不选。电解质紊乱(B错)是COPD可引起的并发症,不是意识障碍的原因,故排除。感染中毒性脑病(D错)常表现为反应迟钝、意识障碍、震颤、活动困难、生活不能自理和中毒性精神病表现。脑出血(E错)一般无肺疾病表现,可有头疼、意识障碍、偏瘫等症状,排除。"} {"Question":"女性,60岁。反复咳嗽、咳痰25年,心悸、气促、下肢间歇水肿3年,病情加重伴畏寒发热1周入院。体检:T38℃,呼吸急促,口唇发绀,双肺叩诊过清音,中下肺有湿啰音,心率110次\/分,心律齐,无杂音,双下肢重度水肿。假设该病例呼吸困难进一步加重,右肺呼吸音明显较前减弱,应立即进行的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸部X线检查"},{"key":"B","value":"心电图检查"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉血气分析"},{"key":"D","value":"痰培养及药敏试验"},{"key":"E","value":"血胆固醇和甘油三酯测定"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者为老年女性,反复咳嗽、咳痰25年(为慢阻肺的标志性症状),查体双肺叩诊过清音,诊断慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)。病情加重伴畏寒发热,说明为慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期。患者有下肢间歇水肿病史3年,现双下肢重度水肿,表明已出现右心衰竭,考虑为慢性肺源性心脏病。患者有突然加重的呼吸困难,有明显发绀的症状,并进一步加重,右肺呼吸音减弱,怀疑并发自发性气胸,为明确诊断,首选胸部X线检查(A对)。动脉血气分析(C错)多在病人昏迷、病情危重时了解病情严重程度。心电图检查(B错)主要是了解各种心律失常、心肌缺血\/梗死、房室肥大或电解质紊乱等。痰培养及药敏试验(D错)主要用于诊断肺炎及确诊肺炎的致病菌。血胆固醇和甘油三酯测定(E错)主要用来测定人体血脂,对本例的确诊价值不大。"} {"Question":"女,62岁。间断咳嗽,咳少量白粘痰10年。查体:双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干湿性啰音。血常规正常。胸部X线片示肺纹理增粗紊乱,肺功能示FEV₁占预计值83%,FEV₁\/FVC=67%(舒张后)。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"B","value":"特发性肺纤维化"},{"key":"C","value":"支气管肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"},{"key":"E","value":"支气管扩张"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为老年女性,间断咳嗽,咳少量白痰10年余(COPD常见临床表现)。查体:双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿啰音。胸部X线片示肺纹理增粗紊乱,肺功能:肺功能示FEV₁占预计值83%(FEV₁≥预计值80%,轻度肺功能不全),FEV₁\/FVC=67%(<70%提示存在持续气流受限),考虑诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)(D对)。支气管哮喘(A错)(P30)和COPD最主要鉴别点是气流受限可逆,即支气管哮喘肺功能检查FEV₁\/FVC应大于70%。特发性肺纤维化(B错)(P90)属于间质性肺疾病,主要表现为进行性加重的呼吸困难、限制性通气功能障碍伴弥散功能降低、低氧血症,双肺基底部可闻及Velcro啰音,患者并无相关症状。支气管结核(C错)(P65)会有全身中毒症状如发热盗汗,可有咯血,累及胸膜时可有胸痛。支气管扩张(E错)(P37)多见于青少年,主要表现为持续或反复的咳嗽、咳痰或咳脓痰,听诊时有固定部位的湿啰音,胸部X线检查时,可看到“双轨征”及“环形阴影”。"} {"Question":"COPD气道炎症最主要的效应细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥大细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"中性粒细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"巨噬细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"淋巴细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"COPD气道炎症最主要的效应细胞是中性粒细胞(C对),通过释放中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶等多种生物活性物质引起慢性黏液高分泌状态并破坏肺实质。肥大细胞(A错)、嗜酸性粒细胞(B错)、淋巴细胞(E错)在呼吸道疾病中与支气管哮喘有关(P28)。巨噬细胞(D错)也参与COPD气道炎症,但不是最重要的效应细胞。"} {"Question":"男,72岁。间断咳嗽、咳痰20余年,加重伴喘憋1周。近2天出现嗜睡。查体:意识模糊,口唇发绀,球结膜水肿,双肺满布哮鸣音,双下肢水肿。该患者出现意识障碍最主要机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染中毒性脑病"},{"key":"B","value":"组织缺氧"},{"key":"C","value":"电解质紊乱"},{"key":"D","value":"CO₂潴留"},{"key":"E","value":"脑出血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者老年男性,72岁。间断咳嗽、咳痰20余年(慢性阻塞性肺疾病),加重伴憋喘1周,近两天出现嗜睡(COPD急性加重期)。查体:意识模糊,口唇发绀,双肺布满哮鸣音,双下肢水肿,说明患者COPD病情恶化,处于急性加重期,出现意识模糊,CO₂潴留(D对)是导致阻塞性肺疾病病情加重的主要原因,并可因高CO₂导致呼吸系统受到抑制,加重脑缺氧(肺性脑病),出现意识障碍。感染中毒性脑病(A错)可以出现意识障碍,但并不是COPD急性加重期出现意识障碍最主要机制。组织缺氧(B错)时,机体代偿优先对重要脏器(大脑、心脏)进行供氧,不会两天即出现意识障碍。COPD急性加重期可以因缺氧导致机体代谢紊乱,出现电解质紊乱(C错),但并不是意识障碍的原因。脑出血(E错)可以出现意识障碍,但是本题提示为COPD患者,出现病情加重导致出现的意识障碍,与脑出血无直接关系。"} {"Question":"慢性支气管炎急性发作伴细菌感染时,最主要的临床表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咳嗽加重"},{"key":"B","value":"咳白色泡沫痰与黏液痰"},{"key":"C","value":"咳脓性痰且痰量增加"},{"key":"D","value":"肺部有哮鸣音"},{"key":"E","value":"肺底部有细湿啰音"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"慢性支气管炎的患者因支气管黏膜受炎症的刺激及分泌的黏液增多而出现咳嗽、咳痰的症状。痰液一般为白色黏液泡沫状,在急性发作期,咳嗽加剧,并出现黏液性脓性或脓性痰(第八版病理学P170),所以在急性发作伴细菌感染时,最主要的临床表现是咳脓性痰且痰量增加(C对)。咳嗽加重为慢性支气管炎急性加重的表现(A错),并不一定是伴发细菌感染。咳白色泡沫痰与黏液痰(B错)、肺底部有细湿啰音(E错)为慢性支气管炎时的临床表现与体征。肺部有哮鸣音(D错)为喘息性支气管炎和支气管哮喘的体征。"} {"Question":"克雷伯杆菌肺炎的X线表现出现叶间隙下坠,其原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细菌在细胞内生长繁殖,引起组织坏死液化形成"},{"key":"B","value":"病变中的炎性渗出液粘稠而重"},{"key":"C","value":"肺泡内的渗出液由Cohn氏孔向周围肺泡蔓延所致"},{"key":"D","value":"肺泡内的纤维蛋白渗出较多"},{"key":"E","value":"肺泡内的渗出含有较多的红白细胞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肺炎克雷伯杆菌常存在于人体上呼吸道及肠道,当机体抵抗力降低时,经呼吸道进入肺内引起大叶或者小叶融合性病变,以上叶为多见,病灶中渗出液黏稠而重(B对),致使叶间隙下坠。肺泡内的渗出液由Cohn氏孔向周围肺泡蔓延所致(C错)、肺泡内的纤维蛋白渗出较多(D错)、肺泡内的渗出含有较多的红白细胞(E错)均为肺炎链球菌肺炎的病理变化。细菌在细胞内生长繁殖,引起组织坏死液化形成(A错)为葡萄球菌肺炎的病理变化。"} {"Question":"男,60岁。嗜酒,急起高热,咳嗽,咳黏液脓性痰、量多,胸痛。胸片示右上肺叶实变,有多个蜂窝状空洞,叶间隙下坠。下列哪项诊断可能性最大","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎球菌肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"克雷伯杆菌肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"金黄色萄萄球菌肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"病毒性肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎支原体肺炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"老年男性患者,嗜酒,急起高热,咳嗽,咳黏液脓性痰、量多,胸痛(克雷伯杆菌肺炎典型表现)。胸片示右上肺叶实变,有多个蜂窝状空洞,叶间隙下坠(典型X线征象),结合患者的症状、影像学检查,则诊断克雷伯杆菌肺炎(B对)可能性最大。肺炎球菌肺炎(A错)表现为起病急,寒战、高热、咳铁锈色痰、胸痛,X线征象为肺叶或肺段实变,无空洞,可伴胸腔积液。金黄色萄萄球菌肺炎(C错)表现为起病急,寒战、高热、脓血痰、气急、毒血症症状、休克,X线征象为肺叶或小叶浸润,早期空洞,脓胸,可见液气囊腔。病毒性肺炎(D错)好发于病毒性疾病流行季节,症状通常较轻,与支原体肺炎的症状相似。但起病较急,发热、头痛、全身酸痛、倦怠等全身症状较突出,常在急性流感症状尚未消退时即出现咳嗽、少痰或白色黏液痰、咽痛等呼吸道症状,X线征象为肺纹理增多,磨玻璃状阴影,小片状浸润或广泛浸润、实变,病情严重者显示双肺弥漫性结节性浸润,但大叶实变及胸腔积液者均不多见。肺炎支原体肺炎(E错)起病缓慢,起初有数天至一周的无症状期,继而乏力、头痛、咽痛、肌肉酸痛,咳嗽明显,多为发作性干咳,夜间为重,也可产生脓痰,持久的阵发性剧咳为支原体肺炎较为典型的表现,X线征象为肺部多种形态的浸润影,呈节段性分布,以肺下野为多见,有的从肺门附近向外伸展。病变常经3~4周后自行消散。部分病人出现少量胸腔积液。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。受凉后畏寒、发热5天,咳嗽、咳黄脓痰,无咯血。既往有糖尿病病史。胸部X线片示右下肺大片实变阴影,入院后症状加重,伴气促,烦躁,四肢湿冷。查体:R34次\/分,BP85\/50mmHg,右肺呼吸音减弱,可闻及细湿啰音,心率120次\/分,未闻及杂音。首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重症肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺真菌病"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肺血栓栓塞症"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肺脓肿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者受凉后畏寒、发热,咳嗽、咳黄脓痰(肺炎常见症状),右肺呼吸音减弱,可闻及细湿罗音,胸部X线片示右下肺大片实变阴影(肺炎常见体征),首先考虑的诊断是肺炎。患者呼吸频率≥30次\/分,收缩压<90mmHg或舒张压≤60mmHg,有休克表现,因此诊断为重症肺炎(A对)。肺真菌病(B错)临床表现无特异性,X线影像表现无特征性,可为支气管肺炎、大叶性肺炎、单发或多发结节,乃至肿块状阴影和空洞(P54)。急性肺血栓栓塞症(C错)典型症状为呼吸困难、胸痛及咯血,X线胸片示区域性肺血管纹理减少,有时可见尖端指向肺门的楔形阴影。肺结核(D错)常有低热、盗汗、乏力、消瘦等结核毒性症状,干、湿啰音多局限于上肺(P65)。肺脓肿(E错)起病急,有高热、咳嗽、大量脓臭痰。X线检查可见局部浓密炎症阴影,内有空腔液平(P57)。"} {"Question":"男,76岁。慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史30年。3天前受凉后出现寒战、高热、咳嗽、咳胶冻状血痰,伴右侧胸痛。查体:T39.5℃,R28次\/分,口唇发绀,双肺呼吸音减弱,右上肺可闻及湿啰音。胸部X线片示右上肺大片状模糊影。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真菌性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"干酪性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄球菌肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年男性,慢阻肺病史30年(慢性基础肺病史),3天前受凉后(前期感染史)出现寒战、高热、咳嗽、咳胶冻状血痰(克雷伯杆菌肺炎特征性痰液),伴右侧胸痛(肺部感染常见症状)。查体:T39.5℃,R28次\/分,口唇发绀(缺氧体征),双肺呼吸音减弱(提示肺功能差),右上肺可闻及湿啰音(常见肺部感染体征)。胸部X线片示右上肺大片状模糊影(肺部感染常见影像学表现)。结合患者病史、临床表现及相关辅助检查初步诊断为慢支并发克雷伯杆菌肺炎(B对)。真菌性肺炎(A错)痰液中多含有菌丝,主要依赖病理学检验确诊(P54)。结核病是干酪性肺炎的典型代表,其主要特点有:低热、盗汗、咳嗽轻,少量黏痰(C错)(P65)。葡萄球菌(D错)特征性痰液为脓血痰(P44)。链球菌肺炎(E错)特征性痰液为铁锈色痰(P44)。"} {"Question":"男,20岁,平素健康,淋雨后,突发寒战高热、头痛。第2天出现右侧胸痛、咳嗽、咳痰,胸片示右上肺大片实变影。最可能诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"胸膜增厚"},{"key":"C","value":"肺脓肿"},{"key":"D","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"E","value":"肺梗死"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者为青年男性(大叶性肺炎的好发人群),淋雨后出现寒战、高热、头痛,第2天出现右侧胸痛咳嗽咳痰,胸片示右上肺大片实变影(为大叶性肺炎的典型表现),根据其临床表现和影像学检查结果,考虑诊断为大叶性肺炎(A对)。胸膜增厚(B错)主要表现胸痛或呼吸困难等症状,胸片一般无肺实变影。肺脓肿(P58)(C错)临床特征为高热、咳嗽、咳大量脓臭痰,胸部X线影像显示有一个或多发的含气液平的空洞。肺结核(P65)(D错)常有咳嗽、咳痰或咯血,并有长期午后潮热、乏力、盗汗及消瘦等结核中毒症状,胸片见病变多在肺尖或锁骨上下,密度不匀,消散缓慢,且可形成空洞或肺内播散。肺梗死(P99)(E错)可有发热,但多为低热,主要表现为突发胸痛和呼吸困难等症状。"} {"Question":"痰呈铁锈色最常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎链球菌肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎支原体肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"葡萄球菌肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒性肺炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"铁锈色痰是肺炎链球菌肺炎的特征性痰液表现(A对)。肺炎支原体肺炎(B错)可有阵发刺激性咳嗽,痰少,而无铁锈色痰。葡萄球菌肺炎(C错)为脓性痰和脓血性痰(P48)。肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎(D错)痰液特点为砖红色胶冻样痰。病毒性肺炎(E错)引起的是少量白色黏液痰(P51)。"} {"Question":"男,47岁。因腹痛4小时于急诊诊断为“重症急性胰腺炎”。入院后给予禁食补液及抗感染治疗。2天后患者逐渐感觉气短。查体:T38.3℃,R31次\/分,BP110\/75mmHg。双肺呼吸音清晰,心率96次\/分,P₂<A₂,未闻及杂音及附加音。腹部压痛(+)。经皮氧饱和度监测示SpO₂由95%逐渐下降至88%。该患者首先考虑的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医院获得性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"急性呼吸窘迫综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"阻塞性肺不张"},{"key":"E","value":"肺栓塞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者为中年男性,诊断为重症急性胰腺炎(是急性呼吸窘迫综合征的常见危险因素),2天后逐渐出现气短,心肺查体未见异常,经皮氧饱和度监测示SpO₂由95%逐渐下降至88%(出现顽固性低氧血症,为急性呼吸窘迫综合征的典型症状之一),根据其临床表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(C对)。医院获得性肺炎(P42)(A错)是指患者入院时不存在,也不处于潜伏期,而于入院48小时后在医院发生的肺炎,主要症状为寒战、高热、咳嗽,肺实变时有典型的体征,如叩诊浊音、语颤增强和闻及支气管呼吸音等。急性左心衰竭(P174-P175)(B错)多为中老年患者,有高血压、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、风湿性心脏病等病史和体征,突发气急,端坐呼吸,阵发性咳嗽,常咳出粉红色泡沫痰,两肺可闻及广泛的湿啰音和哮鸣音,左心界扩大,心率增快,心尖部可闻及奔马律。阻塞性肺不张(D错)主要原因是支气管腔内阻塞,一般有肿瘤史、吸入异物史,发病较急,可有胸闷、气急、呼吸困难。肺栓塞(P100)(E错)可出现呼吸困难、胸痛及咯血“三联征”,呼吸系统体征以呼吸急促最常见,肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进(P₂>A₂)或分裂,三尖瓣区收缩期杂音。"} {"Question":"女性,21岁学生,不慎溺水后2小时出现呼吸困难急诊入院。查体:BP90\/60mmHg,R40次\/分,P120次\/分。烦躁不安,唇发绀,双肺可闻及湿啰音,胸片示双肺呈大片状浸润阴影。假设诊断成立,在治疗中应及早使用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高浓度鼻导管吸氧"},{"key":"B","value":"增加输液量"},{"key":"C","value":"面罩吸氧"},{"key":"D","value":"输胶体液"},{"key":"E","value":"PEEP"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者年轻女性,有溺水史(是急性呼吸窘迫综合征的常见危险因素),出现有呼吸困难,查体有血压下降,呼吸及心率增快,口唇发绀,两肺有湿啰音,胸片有大片状浸润阴影,根据其临床表现和体征,考虑诊断为急性呼吸窘迫综合症,故应首先进行机械通气,主要措施包括合适水平的PEEP(E对)和小潮气量。高浓度鼻导管吸氧(A错)、面罩吸氧(C错)可提高PaO₂,但是多数患者需使用机械通气。ARDS的患者以可以允许的较低循环容量来维持有效循环,严格控制输入的液体量,保持体液的负平衡,每天出入液体量一般控制在入量比出量少500ml左右,故不应增加输液量(B错)。ARDS早期,除非有低蛋白血症,否则不宜输注胶体液(D错)。"} {"Question":"男,38岁。因车祸致骨盆、股骨骨折急诊手术。术后1天逐渐出现憋气,烦躁不安。经皮血氧饱和度(SpO₂)监测示由98%逐渐下降至87%,经面罩给氧(5升\/分)后SpO₂增加至89%,但症状缓解不明显。查体:T37.2℃,P103次\/分,R32次\/分,BP90\/60mmHg,意识清楚,口唇发绀,双肺呼吸音对称,双肺闻及少许湿啰音。该患者最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气胸"},{"key":"B","value":"肺血栓栓塞"},{"key":"C","value":"腹腔内出血"},{"key":"D","value":"急性左心衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"急性呼吸窘迫综合征"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"男性患者,有骨折急诊手术史(是急性呼吸窘迫综合征的常见危险因素),现逐渐出现憋气,烦躁不安,经皮血氧饱和度(SpO₂)监测示由98%逐渐下降至87%,经面罩给氧(5升\/分)后SpO₂增加至89%,但症状缓解不明显,表明有顽固性低氧血症的症状(是急性呼吸窘迫综合征特征性症状),心肺查体未见明显异常,根据其临床表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(E对)。气胸(P120)(A错)患者有突然发生的呼吸困难,伴有胸痛,肺部叩诊呈鼓音,呼吸音减弱或消失。肺血栓栓塞(P100)(B错)可表现为呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联征,呼吸系统体征以呼吸急促最常见,肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进(P₂>A₂)或分裂,三尖瓣区收缩期杂。腹腔内出血(C错)常有腹部创伤史,可有休克,但一般无肺部啰音及憋气的表现。急性左心衰(P174-P175)(D错)常表现为突发性呼吸困难,端坐位,咳粉红色泡沫痰,听诊时两肺布满湿性啰音和哮鸣音。"} {"Question":"因肺结核引起的支气管扩张,湿啰音最常见的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺底部"},{"key":"B","value":"肺尖部"},{"key":"C","value":"腋窝部"},{"key":"D","value":"肩胛间区"},{"key":"E","value":"双肺弥漫"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肺结核引起的支气管扩张好发于上叶尖后段,若发生感染,则于肩胛间区(D对)可闻及湿啰音。肺底部(A错)啰音常见于肺炎、心衰等疾病,不具有特异性。肺尖部(B错)湿啰音常见于继发性肺结核。腋窝部湿啰音对疾病的诊断没有特异性(C错)。双肺弥漫性(E错)湿啰音常见于ARDS、急性左心衰等疾病。"} {"Question":"属抑菌作用的抗结核药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异烟肼(INH)"},{"key":"B","value":"利福平(RFP)"},{"key":"C","value":"链霉素(SM)"},{"key":"D","value":"乙胺丁醇(EMB)"},{"key":"E","value":"吡嗪酰胺(PZA)"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"目前临床上对于结核的治疗多采用抗结核药化学治疗的方案,常用的抗结核药根据其作用机制可分为杀菌药与抑菌药,其中异烟肼(INH)(A错)、利福平(RFP)(B错)、链霉素(SM)(C错)、吡嗪酰胺(PZA)(E错)属于杀菌药,乙胺丁醇(EMB)(D对)属于抑菌作用的抗结核药物。"} {"Question":"男,30岁,低热、盗汗,咳嗽、血痰一月。胸片示右上肺小片状浸润影,密度不均。确诊应选择的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PPD试验"},{"key":"B","value":"痰TB-DNA"},{"key":"C","value":"血清中结核抗体"},{"key":"D","value":"痰检抗酸杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"血沉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为中青年男性,低热,盗汗,咳嗽,血痰(为肺结核的典型临床表现),胸片示右上肺小片状浸润影,密度不均,根据其临床表现和辅助检查,考虑诊断为肺结核,确诊应选择的检查是痰检抗酸杆菌(D对)。痰检抗酸杆菌是确诊肺结核病的主要方法,也是制订化疗方案和考核治疗效果的主要依据,每一个有肺结核可疑症状或肺部有异常阴影的患者都必须查痰。PPD试验(A错)(P66)广泛应用于检出结核分枝杆菌的感染,而非检出结核病,且阳性不能区分是结核分枝杆菌的自然感染还是卡介苗接种的免疫反应,仅对儿童、少年和青年的结核病诊断有参考意义。痰T-DNA(B错)阳性率并不高,不是最常用的结核检查。血清中结核抗体(C错)只能检测出曾经感染过结核分枝杆菌,并不能确诊结核病,一般不用于临床结核病的诊断。血沉(E错)一般只用于了解病情的活动性,不作为疾病诊断的标准。"} {"Question":"神经源性肿瘤多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前纵膈"},{"key":"B","value":"后纵膈"},{"key":"C","value":"上纵膈"},{"key":"D","value":"下纵膈"},{"key":"E","value":"中纵膈"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"神经源性肿瘤多见于后纵膈(B对),畸胎瘤和皮样囊肿多发生于前纵膈。胸腺瘤多见于前上纵膈。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。CT检查:纵隔的后下部有一5cm×3cm的边界清晰的肿块。手术切除该肿块时最可能损伤的后纵隔结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动脉弓"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腺"},{"key":"C","value":"胸交感干"},{"key":"D","value":"膈神经"},{"key":"E","value":"上腔静脉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者青年男性,CT示后纵隔有一5cm×3cm的边界清晰的肿块,考虑神经源性肿瘤可能性大,神经源性肿瘤多起源于交感神经,手术切除该肿块时最可能损伤的后纵隔结构是胸交感干(C对)。"} {"Question":"纵膈畸胎瘤好发部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前上纵膈"},{"key":"B","value":"后上纵膈"},{"key":"C","value":"前纵膈"},{"key":"D","value":"后纵膈"},{"key":"E","value":"中纵膈"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"临床上以胸骨角与第四胸椎下缘的水平线为界,将纵隔分为上、下两部。下纵隔再以心包前后界分为前、中、后三部分。上纵隔(AB错)常见的肿瘤有胸骨后甲状腺肿、胸腺瘤等;前纵隔(C对)常见的肿瘤为畸胎瘤和皮样囊肿;中纵膈(E错)常见的肿瘤为心包囊肿;后纵隔(D错)常见的肿瘤为神经源性肿瘤。"} {"Question":"男性,25岁,车祸伤1小时,查体:脉搏130次\/分,血压86\/60mmHg,烦躁不安,发绀,严重呼吸困难,皮肤湿冷,左颈胸部皮下捻发感,气管右移,左胸饱满,左肺呼吸音消失,胸片示左肺完全萎陷。急救处理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗休克"},{"key":"B","value":"气管插管"},{"key":"C","value":"高流量吸氧"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸机辅助呼吸"},{"key":"E","value":"左侧胸膜腔穿刺"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"男性,25岁,车祸伤1小时,查体:脉搏130次\/分,血压86\/60mmHg(血压下降,提示腔静脉回流障碍),烦躁不安,发绀,严重呼吸困难,皮肤湿冷(休克,缺氧),左颈胸部皮下捻发感(皮下气肿),气管右移,左胸饱满,左肺呼吸音消失,胸片示左肺完全萎陷(提示左侧胸膜腔压力高于大气压),综上考虑诊断为左侧张力性气胸。张力性气胸是可迅速致死的危急重症,此时应立即减压,故应选左侧胸膜腔穿刺(E对)。"} {"Question":"开放性气胸引起的病理生理紊乱表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患侧胸膜压力高于大气压,纵隔移向健侧"},{"key":"B","value":"患侧肺萎缩,呼吸功能减退"},{"key":"C","value":"吸气时,纵隔移向患侧"},{"key":"D","value":"呼气时,患侧胸膜压力低于大气压"},{"key":"E","value":"引起反常呼吸运动,导致呼吸、循环衰竭"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"开放性气胸指外界空气经胸壁伤口或软组织缺损处,随呼吸自由进出胸膜腔。伤口大于气管口径时,胸内压几乎等于大气压(AD错),伤侧肺将完全萎陷,丧失呼吸功能(B对)。呼吸时引起纵隔扑动,吸气时,纵隔移向健侧(C错),呼气时移向伤侧。反常呼吸运动是连枷胸的表现(E错)。开放性气胸患侧胸内压力始终约等于大气压。吸气时,健侧胸内压小于大气压(这样气体才能吸进肺),也就是小于患侧胸内压,纵隔移向健侧;呼气时,健侧胸内压大于大气压(这样气体才能呼出来),由于患侧胸内压力始终约等于大气压,也就是说呼气时健侧胸内压大于,把纵隔推向患侧。"} {"Question":"男性,25岁,车祸伤1小时,查体:脉搏130次\/分,血压86\/60mmHg,烦躁不安,发绀,严重呼吸困难,皮肤湿冷,左颈胸部皮下捻发感,气管右移,左胸饱满,左肺呼吸音消失,胸片示左肺完全萎陷。经急救处理,病情好转后又迅速恶化,此时治疗应立即","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气管切开"},{"key":"B","value":"清除呼吸道分泌物"},{"key":"C","value":"左胸膜腔闭式引流"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉快速输血补液"},{"key":"E","value":"多头胸带包扎固定胸壁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"男性,25岁,车祸伤1小时,查体:脉搏130次\/分,血压86\/60mmHg(血压下降,提示腔静脉回流障碍),烦躁不安,发绀,严重呼吸困难,皮肤湿冷(休克,缺氧),左颈胸部皮下捻发感(皮下气肿),气管右移,左胸饱满,左肺呼吸音消失,胸片示左肺完全萎陷(提示左侧胸膜腔压力高于大气压),综上考虑诊断为左侧张力性气胸。张力性气胸是可迅速致死的危急重症,急救穿剌胸膜腔减压后患者又迅速恶化,此时进一步的治疗应选择左胸膜腔闭式引流(C对),加快排出气体,促使肺膨胀。"} {"Question":"男,65岁。因呼吸困难、下肢水肿2周就诊。既往COPD病史15年。该患者体格检查时最不可能的体征","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"P₂>A₂"},{"key":"B","value":"桶状胸"},{"key":"C","value":"二尖瓣收缩期杂音"},{"key":"D","value":"颈静脉怒张"},{"key":"E","value":"三尖瓣收缩期杂音"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者COPD病史15年,视诊可见胸廓前后径增大,肋间隙增宽,剑突下胸骨下角增宽,称为桶状胸(B对)。2周前发生呼吸困难、下肢水肿等症状,并未出现肺性脑病体征,可以诊断为慢性肺源性心脏病心、肺功能代偿期。慢性肺心病代偿期的体征包括原发肺脏疾病体征,如肺气肿体征(B对),干、湿性啰音,P₂>A₂(A对),三尖瓣区可出现收缩期杂音或剑突下心脏搏动增强(E对)等。部分患者因肺气肿使肺内压升高,阻碍腔静脉回流,可有颈静脉充盈甚至怒张(D对),或使横膈下降致肝界下移。慢性肺源性心脏病代偿期并没有累及左心室,所以不会出现二尖瓣收缩期杂音(C错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"男,65岁、反复咳嗽、咳痰20年,加重伴心悸、气短1周,咳大量脓痰,心悸、气短于夜间平卧时更明显,高血压病史3年。查体:BP150\/90mmHg,双肺呼吸音低,三尖瓣区可闻及3\/6级收缩期杂音。脊柱后凸畸形,心电图示RV₁+SV₅=1.18mV,右束支传导阻滞,该患最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风湿性心脏瓣膜病"},{"key":"B","value":"原发性心肌病"},{"key":"C","value":"高血压性心脏病"},{"key":"D","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性肺源性心脏病"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"65岁老年男性患者,反复咳嗽、咳痰20年(慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史),加重伴心悸、气短1周,咳大量脓痰,心悸、气短于夜间平卧时更明显(提示感染,COPD急性加重期,右心衰表现),高血压病史3年。查体:BP150\/90mmHg,双肺呼吸音低,三尖瓣区可闻及3\/6级收缩期杂音(COPD导致肺动脉高压,右心室代偿肥大,三尖瓣相对性关闭不全)。脊柱后凸畸形可导致通气障碍,心电图示RV₁+SV₅=1.18mV(RV₁+SV₅≥1.05mV提示右心室肥厚),右束支传导阻滞(常见于肺源性心脏病),综合患者病史、体征及辅助检查结果,考虑慢性肺源性心脏病(E对)。风湿性心脏瓣膜病(A错)往往有风湿性关节炎和心肌炎病史,其他瓣膜如二尖瓣、主动脉瓣常有病变,X线、心电图、超声心动图有特殊表现。原发性心肌病(B错)多为全心增大,无慢性支气管、肺疾病史,无肺动脉高压的X线表现等。高血压性心脏病(C错)为慢性高血压失代偿期表现,有慢性高血压病史,后期通常表现为左心室肥大及左心衰,故排除。冠心病(D错)也表现为心肌缺血,但多有心绞痛病史,通常无呼吸系统表现,故不选。"} {"Question":"男,62岁。间隔咳嗽、咳痰10余年,喘息5年,加重3天入院。吸烟41年,30支\/日,已戒5年。查体:烦躁,球结膜充血、水肿,口唇发绀。桶状胸,双肺呼吸音低,右下肺可闻及少许湿性啰音,肝肋下5cm,肝颈静脉回流征(+),双下肢水肿。血K⁺4.5mmol\/L。Na⁺129mmol\/L,Cl⁻90mmol\/L。该患者目前最重要的治疗措施为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗感染"},{"key":"B","value":"静脉滴注支链氨基酸"},{"key":"C","value":"无创通气"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿"},{"key":"E","value":"纠正电解质紊乱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者为中老年男性,既往有吸烟病史(慢阻肺最重要的环境致病因素),间隔咳嗽、咳痰,喘息,桶状胸(为慢阻肺的典型表现),双肺呼吸音低,提示为慢阻肺(COPD)。烦躁,球结膜充血、水肿,口唇发绀,肝肋下5cm,肝颈静脉回流征(+),双下肢水肿(为右心衰竭的表现),根据其临床表现和体征,考虑诊断为慢性肺源性心脏病肺、心功能失代偿期(肝大、肝颈静脉回流征(+)、下肢水肿提示已经进入肺、心功能失代偿期)。失代偿期的治疗原则为积极控制感染,通畅呼吸道,改善呼吸功能,其中感染是引起慢性肺心病急性加重致肺、心功能失代偿的常见原因,故需积极控制感染(A对)。静脉滴注支链氨基酸(B错)主要用于肝性脑病的治疗。无创通气(C错)、纠正电解质紊乱(E错)为对症治疗,不是最重要的治疗措施。利尿(D错)的应用需谨慎,用药后易出现低钾、低氯性碱中毒,痰液粘稠不易排痰和血液浓缩,也不是最主要的治疗措施。"} {"Question":"可引起继发性肺动脉高压最常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性阻塞性肺疾病"},{"key":"B","value":"结缔组织病"},{"key":"C","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"D","value":"肺血栓栓塞"},{"key":"E","value":"间质性肺炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"继发性肺动脉高压远比原发性肺动脉高压常见,其基础疾病常为呼吸性疾病,是由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或肺血管病变致肺血管阻力增加所致,以慢阻肺(COPD)最为常见(A对),COPD时,机体缺氧和二氧化碳潴留,使肺血管收缩、痉挛,其中缺氧是最重要的因素,此时收缩血管的活性物质增多,肺血管收缩,血管阻力增加,肺动脉高压形成。结缔组织病、肺结核、间质性肺炎、PE(肺栓塞)均可引起继发性肺动脉高压,但不如COPD常见。"} {"Question":"有长期咳嗽史病人,其心电图QRS额面平均电轴≥90度,重度顺时钟转位,Rv₁+Sv₅≥1.05mv,PⅡ>0.22mv,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阻塞性肺气肿"},{"key":"B","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性肺源性心脏病"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄"},{"key":"E","value":"心房间隔缺损"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"有长期咳嗽史的患者心电图QRS额面平均电轴≥90度,重度顺时钟转位,RV₁+SV₅≥1.05mV,PⅡ>0.22mV等符合慢性肺源性心脏病的心电图表现,故最可能的诊断是慢性肺源性心脏病(C对)。而阻塞性肺气肿(P23)(A错)是以持续气流受限为特征的疾病,其辅助检查主要为肺功能检查,使用支气管扩张剂后,FEV₁\/FVC<0.70可确定为持续气流受限,故该患者不考虑此病。支气管哮喘(P28)(B错)是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其辅助检查主要为肺功能检查以及肺部CT等,心电图无上述改变,故该患者不考虑此病。风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄(P288)(D错)的心电图可见二尖瓣型P波(P波宽度大于0.12s,伴切迹),也可见到QRS电轴右偏和右心室肥厚表现,但晚期常合并房颤,故该患者不考虑此病。心房间隔缺损(P272)(E错)以劳力性呼吸困难为主要表现,可发生室上性心律失常,特别是房扑和房颤,不符合题干中的描述,故该患者不考虑此病。"} {"Question":"破伤风梭菌的主要致病物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外毒素"},{"key":"B","value":"菌毛"},{"key":"C","value":"鞭毛"},{"key":"D","value":"荚膜"},{"key":"E","value":"芽胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"破伤风梭菌的主要致病物质是破伤风痉挛毒素,是破伤风梭菌产生的一种外毒素(A对)。破伤风梭菌有周鞭毛、无荚膜(D错),菌毛(B错)主要见于革兰阴性菌,破伤风梭菌革兰染色阳性。菌毛、鞭毛与霍乱弧菌的致病性有关(C错)(P125)。荚膜是肺炎链球菌的主要致病物质(P100)。芽胞(E错)是破伤风梭菌在土壤中的主要存在方式,不是破伤风杆菌的致病物质,呈正圆形,直径大于菌体,位于菌体顶端,使细菌呈鼓锤状,为该菌的典型特征。"} {"Question":"肉毒梭菌或肉毒毒素侵入人体的途径不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医源性感染"},{"key":"B","value":"经被污染的空气吸入"},{"key":"C","value":"经伤口入侵"},{"key":"D","value":"节肢动物叮咬"},{"key":"E","value":"污染的食物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"肉毒梭菌或肉毒毒素侵入人体的途径包括因进食含肉毒毒素或肉毒梭菌芽胞污染的食物(E对)、创伤(C对)、医源性(A对)或吸入性肉毒中毒等,故经被污染的空气吸入不属于肉毒梭菌或肉毒毒素侵入人体的途径(B对,排除法D为本题的正确答案)。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。腹泻1天,约20多次,“米泔水样”便,继之呕吐数次,无明显发热及腹痛。查体:T36℃,P120次\/分,BP60\/40mmHg,意识模糊,重度脱水貌,腹软,无压痛,肠鸣音活跃。实验室检查:粪镜检未见白细胞,悬滴法观察粪便中细菌穿梭样运动,碱性蛋白胨水培养有细菌生长。引起本病的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弯曲菌"},{"key":"B","value":"霍乱弧菌"},{"key":"C","value":"志贺菌"},{"key":"D","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"E","value":"沙门菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者腹泻和呕吐,排出“米泔水”样粪便,悬滴法观察细菌呈穿梭样运动,碱性蛋白胨水培养有细菌生长。引起本病的病原体是霍乱弧菌(B对)。"} {"Question":"可引起尖锐湿疣的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"难辨梭菌"},{"key":"B","value":"苍白密螺旋体"},{"key":"C","value":"甲型溶血性链球菌"},{"key":"D","value":"人类乳头状瘤病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"HIV"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)主要引起人类皮肤黏膜的增生性病变,低危性HPV(6型、11型等)引起生殖器尖锐湿疣(D对),高危型HPV(16型、18型等)与子宫颈癌等恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关。苍白密螺旋体(B错)是人类梅毒的病原体(P202)。难辨梭菌(艰难梭菌)(A错)是人类肠道中正常菌群之一,耐药的艰难梭菌可引起抗生素相关性腹泻和假膜性结肠炎(P137)。甲型溶血性链球菌(草绿色链球菌)(C错)属链球菌属,易引发龋齿和心内膜炎,是感染性心内膜炎最常见的致病菌(P102)。HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒)(E错)是获得性免疫缺陷综合征即艾滋病(AIDS)的病原体(P305)。"} {"Question":"男,48岁。突发高热,39度,伴寒战。自述头痛乏力全身酸痛。査体可见眼结膜充血,双侧腓肠肌压痛,腹股沟腋窝淋巴结肿大。当地正流行钩端螺旋体病,最有可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤寒"},{"key":"B","value":"肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"D","value":"流行性出血热"},{"key":"E","value":"败血症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"48岁男性患者,发病地区流行钩端螺旋体病(有疫区接触史),突发高热体温达39℃伴寒战,有头痛乏力全身酸痛症状,査体见眼结膜充血,双侧腓肠肌压痛,腹股沟腋窝淋巴结肿大(出现中毒性败血症症状和体征),结合患者的临床表现和个人史,最有可能的诊断是钩端螺旋体病(C对)。钩端螺旋体病是人感染钩端螺旋体后,致病性钩端螺旋体通过皮肤、黏膜侵入人体,并经淋巴系统或直接进入血流引起钩端螺旋体血症。伤寒(A错)由伤寒沙门菌引起,患者可出现持续高热、肝脾肿大、玫瑰疹,可有表情淡漠的伤寒面容等(P119)。肺炎(B错)可由多种病原体引起,症状轻重不一,常见症状为咳嗽、咳痰,可有呼吸困难,呼吸窘迫,大多数患者有发热、呼吸频率增快,也可闻及肺部湿性啰音等(八版内科学P42)。流行性出血热(肾综合征出血热)(D错)是由汉坦病毒导致的出血热疾病,可有明显的地区性和季节性,临床以发热、低血压休克、充血出血和肾损害为主要表现(八版传染病学P77)。败血症(E错)指致病菌侵入血流后,在其中大量生长繁殖并产生毒性产物,而引起全身性中毒症状,主要表现为为寒战、发热、严重毒血症状、皮肤瘀点、肝脾肿大和白细胞数增高等系统性表现,败血症的病原可为多种细菌或真菌(八版传染病学P225-P226)。"} {"Question":"与耐药性的获得及转移密切相关的细菌结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"荚膜"},{"key":"B","value":"质粒"},{"key":"C","value":"普通菌毛"},{"key":"D","value":"芽孢"},{"key":"E","value":"鞭毛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"与耐药性的获得及转移密切相关的细菌结构有染色体DNA、质粒(B对)、转座子等。荚膜(A错)是细菌致病重要的毒力因子。普通菌毛(C错)是细菌的黏附结构,与细菌的致病性相关。芽孢(D错)是细菌的休眠形式,是某些外源性感染的重要来源。鞭毛(E错)是细菌的运动器官,与细菌致病性有关。"} {"Question":"男,40岁。上腹部不适伴纳差1个月。既往体健。胃镜检查结果为黏膜相关性淋巴样组织淋巴瘤。与该病发生密切相关的病原体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"军团菌"},{"key":"B","value":"粪肠球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"幽门螺杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"产气肠杆菌"},{"key":"E","value":"大肠埃希菌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"中年男性(青壮年男性发病较高),上腹部不适伴纳差,胃镜检查结果为黏膜相关性淋巴样组织淋巴瘤,根据患者症状、检查结果,考虑是胃黏膜相关B细胞淋巴瘤(MALT),(MALT)的发生与幽门螺杆菌(C对)密切相关。军团菌(P167)(A错)引起一种叫庞蒂亚克热的疾病,即临床表现为轻型的军团病。肠球菌属中对人类致病者主要为粪肠球菌(B错)和屎肠球菌,是医院感染的重要病原菌,主要引起尿路感染、腹腔感染、盆腔感染、败血症、心内膜炎等。产气肠杆菌(D错)为条件致病菌,与泌尿道、呼吸道和伤口感染有关,偶引起败血症和脑膜炎。大肠埃希菌(E错)在宿主免疫力下降或细菌侵入肠道外组织器官后,即可成为机会致病菌,引起肠道外感染。"} {"Question":"患者腹痛高热,体查:腹部压痛,反跳痛,肠鸣音消失,CT示:腹部积液,积液,腹腔穿刺,抽出黄绿色液体,请问致病菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎克雷伯"},{"key":"B","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"C","value":"变形杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"肠球菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者腹痛高热,体查:腹部压痛,反跳痛,肠鸣音消失,CT示:腹部积液,积液,腹腔穿刺,抽出黄绿色液体,结合患者的表现,提示致病菌为大肠埃希菌(B对)。(P114)肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种可引起重症肺炎、支气管炎,还能引起各种肺外感染,包括肠炎、婴幼儿脑膜炎、泌尿系统感染、创伤感染和败血症等(A错)。(P115)有的变形杆菌菌株尚可引起脑膜炎、腹膜炎、败血症和食物中毒等疾病,亦是医院感染的重要病原菌(C错)。(P162)铜绿假单胞菌也广泛分布在医院环境中,是引起医院感染的主要病原菌,其感染多见于皮肤黏膜破损部位,如烧伤、创伤或手术切口等。也见于因长期化疗或使用免疫抑制剂的病人,以及使用介入性临床诊疗措施时,表现为局部化脓性炎症。也可引起中耳炎、角膜炎、尿道炎、胃肠炎、心内膜炎和脓胸等(D错)。(P97)肠球菌 1.尿路感染。2.腹腔、盆腔感染。3.败血症。4.心内膜炎(E错)。"} {"Question":"女,60岁。5天前无明显诱因出现右腹胀痛,伴畏寒、寒战、发热,最高体温39.2℃,食欲不振,乏力。查体:T38.5℃,P90次/分,R20次/分,BP140\/80mmHg,双肺未闻及干湿性啰音,心律齐,腹软,无肌紧张,肝肋下5cm,有压痛。血常规:Hb120g\/L,WBC12.2×10⁹\/L,N0.92,Plt122×10⁹\/L。腹部B超:右肝内多个直径2cm~3cm液性暗区。抗感染主要针对得细菌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大肠埃希菌"},{"key":"B","value":"表皮葡萄球菌"},{"key":"C","value":"鲍曼不动杆菌"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"梭状芽胞杆菌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者老年女性(免疫力低下,易感染机会性致病菌),5天前无明显诱因(提示由自身菌群导致的机会性感染可能性较大)出现右腹胀痛,伴畏寒、寒战、发热,最高体温39.2℃,食欲不振,乏力(化脓性感染典型临床表现)。查体:肝肋下5cm,有压痛。血常规:Hb120g\/L,WBC12.2×10⁹\/L(正常值4~10×10⁹\/L),N0.92(正常值0.40~0.75),以上提示有炎症,PLT122×10⁹\/L。腹部B超:右肝内多个直径2cm~3cm液性暗区(提示为脓肿)。据患者年龄、临床表现、体征及影像学检查,初步推断患者为因免疫力低下导致的大肠埃希菌感染性肝脓肿(A对),可通过病原学检查进一步明确病因。表皮葡萄球菌(P91)(B错)是人体正常菌群,可引起女性急性膀胱炎,人工瓣膜感染等疾病。鲍曼不动杆菌(P172)(C错)是机会性致病菌,是导致医院感染的常见病菌之一。铜绿假单胞菌(P169)(D错)是常见的机会性致病菌之一,在医院感染中亦常见,其感染多见于皮肤黏膜受损部位,如烧伤、创伤或手术切口等,也因长期化疗或使用免疫抑制剂的患者,表现为局部化脓性炎症等。梭状芽胞杆菌(E错)自然中常见,当其因进入到人体内时,多导致肌肉和软组织、肠道等神经中毒性疾病。临床上有致病性的主要是某些厌氧芽胞杆菌,如破伤风梭菌、产气荚膜梭菌、肉毒梭菌等,分别引起破伤风、气性坏疽、食物中毒等疾病。"} {"Question":"高压蒸汽灭菌法通常在103.4kpa的压力下维持时间为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~5分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"6~10分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"15~20分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"30~40分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"55~60分钟"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"高压蒸气灭菌法通常在102.9kPa的压力和121℃的温度下进行,若物品为敷料,要达到灭菌效果所需最短时间为30分钟;若物品为器械,要达到灭菌效果所需最短时间为20分钟,即高压蒸汽灭菌法通常在102.9kPa的压力下维持时间为20~30分钟。而本题所问为在103.4kPa的压力下,压力略高,故所需时间应略短,因此15~20分钟为最佳答案(C对)。事实上,此数据来源于(八版医学微生物学P34):在超过标准大气压103.4kPa(1.05kg\/cm²)蒸汽压力下,温度达到121.3℃,维持15~20分钟,可杀灭包括细菌芽孢在内的所有微生物。"} {"Question":"鼻咽癌病人","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血酸性磷酸酶升高"},{"key":"B","value":"血酸性糖蛋白升高"},{"key":"C","value":"血CEA升高"},{"key":"D","value":"血AFP升高"},{"key":"E","value":"血VCA-IgA抗体升高"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"鼻咽癌病人的血VCA-IgA抗体升高(E对)提示存在EB病毒感染。血酸性磷酸酶升高(A错)多见于前列腺癌以及骨肿瘤。血酸性糖蛋白升高(B错)是一种急性时相反应,人体在感染、炎症和肿瘤如肺癌等情况下会升高,对鼻咽癌没有特异性。血CEA(癌胚抗原)升高(C错)主要见于结肠癌、直肠癌、胃癌等。血AFP(甲胎蛋白)升高(D错)主要见于肝癌。"} {"Question":"病毒性心肌炎与哪项有关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人类疱疹病毒6型"},{"key":"B","value":"柯萨奇病毒A型"},{"key":"C","value":"柯萨奇病毒B型"},{"key":"D","value":"单纯疱疹病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"无正确选项"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"病毒性心肌炎常见的病原体有柯萨奇B组、孤儿(Echo)病毒,脊髓灰质炎病毒等,尤其是柯萨奇B组(C对)是最为常见的致病原因。柯萨奇A型病毒(B错)主要导致疱疹性咽峡炎、急性结膜炎、手足口病等(P254)。人类疱疹病毒6型(HHV-6)(A错)感染持续终生,多为隐性感染,少数可导致婴儿玫瑰疹(P303)。单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)(D错)可致导致口、唇、生殖器疱疹等多种疾病,如龈口炎、角膜结膜炎、新生儿感染(P295-P296)。"} {"Question":"引起疯牛病和人类克-雅病库鲁病等的病原因子是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病毒"},{"key":"B","value":"类病毒"},{"key":"C","value":"拟病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"朊病毒(朊粒)"},{"key":"E","value":"衣原体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"疯牛病(牛海绵状脑病)和人类克-雅病库鲁病均属于朊粒病(传染性海绵状脑病),是一种人和动物的慢性退行性、致死性中枢精神系统疾病,引起该病的病原因子是朊病毒(D对)。"} {"Question":"对于细菌内毒素作用的描述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发热"},{"key":"B","value":"白细胞升高"},{"key":"C","value":"微循环障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"DIC"},{"key":"E","value":"对组织器官有选择性毒害效应"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"内毒素是革兰阴性细菌细胞壁中的脂多糖组分,只有在细菌死亡裂解后才被释放出来,毒性作用相对较弱且对组织无选择性(E错,为本题正确答案)。内毒素引起的主要生理病理反应有:①致发热反应(A对):内毒素可作用于巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞等,产生IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α等细胞因子,这些细胞因子是内濒性致热原,可作用于宿主下丘脑体温调节中枢,导致发热反应;②引起白细胞数量升高(B对):内毒素进入人体初期,可使中性粒细胞裂黏附到组织毛细血管壁,导致中性粒细胞数减少,数小时后,由LPS诱生的中性粒细胞释放因子刺激骨髓释放中性粒细胞进入血流,使数量显著增加;③导致内毒素血症,内毒素作用于巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、血小板、补体系统、凝血系统等,并诱生IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、组胺、5-羟色胺、前列腺素、激肽等生物活性物质,使小血管功能紊乱而造成微循环障碍(C对),组织器官毛细血管灌注不足、缺氧、酸中毒等;高浓度的内毒素能激活补体替代途径,引发高热、低血压,以及活化凝血系统,最后导致DIC(D对)。"} {"Question":"化脓性细菌侵入血流引起的症状伴有多发性脓肿称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"败血症"},{"key":"B","value":"毒血症"},{"key":"C","value":"菌血症"},{"key":"D","value":"脓毒血症"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒血症"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"脓毒血症是指化脓性病菌侵入血流后,在其中大量繁殖,并通过血流扩散至宿主体内的其他组织或器官,形成多发转移性脓肿(D对)。败血症(A错)是指致病菌侵入血流后,并在其中大量生长繁殖并产生毒性产物,而引起全身性中毒症状(P80)。毒血症(B错)是指致病菌侵入宿主体内后,只在机体局部生长繁殖,病菌不进入血液循环,但其产生的外毒素入血(P79)。菌血症(C错)是指致病菌由局部侵入血流,但未在血流中生长繁殖,只是短暂的一过性通过血液循环到达体内适宜部位后在进行繁殖而致病(P80)。病毒血症(E错)是病毒进入人体后首先进入血液导致的,八版医学微生物学未涉及此概念。"} {"Question":"甲型肝炎病毒属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正黏病毒科"},{"key":"B","value":"副黏病毒科"},{"key":"C","value":"小RNA病毒科"},{"key":"D","value":"呼肠病毒科"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状病毒科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"甲型肝炎病毒属于小RNA病毒科(C对),小RNA病毒科还包括鼻病毒、肠道病毒等。正粘病毒科(A错)只有流行性感冒病毒(流感)一个种,包括人流感病毒和动物流感病毒(P238)。副黏病毒科(B错)包括麻疹病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腮腺炎病毒等(P242)。呼肠病毒科(D错)包括轮状病毒等(P257)。冠状病毒科(E错)包括SARS冠状病毒、人其他型别冠状病毒等(P246)。"} {"Question":"甲型肝炎病程中,传染性最强的阶段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"潜伏期"},{"key":"B","value":"黄疸前期"},{"key":"C","value":"恢复期"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性期"},{"key":"E","value":"急性期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲型肝炎的潜伏期大约为2~6周,平均4周,急性期临床分期可分为黄疸前期(5~7天)、黄疸期(2~6周)和恢复期(1~2个月),在潜伏期末排出的病毒数量多,因此潜伏期末即临床黄疸前期(B对A错)传染性最强。在发病2周后,随着肠道中抗-HAVIgA及血清中抗-HAVIgM和IgG的产生,粪便中不再排出病毒,因此恢复期(C错)传染性不强(P263-P264)。甲、戊型肝炎不会转变为慢性(DE错)。"} {"Question":"自身输液的作用主要是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"容量血管收缩,回心血量增加"},{"key":"B","value":"抗利尿激素增多,水重吸收增加"},{"key":"C","value":"醛固酮增多,钠水重吸收增加"},{"key":"D","value":"组织液回流多于生成"},{"key":"E","value":"动-静脉吻合支开放,回心血量增加"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"由于毛细血管前阻力血管比微静脉收缩强度更大,致使毛细血管中流体静压下降,组织液回流多于生成(D对),组织液进入血管。 这种代偿变化起到了自身输液的作用,是休克时增加回心血量的“第二道防线”。容量血管收缩,回心血量增加(A错)起到了自身输血的作用。抗利尿激素增多,水重吸收增加(B错)、醛固酮增多,钠水重吸收增加(C错)和动-静脉吻合支开放,回心血量增加(E错)具有一定代偿意,但不是自身输液的主要作用。"} {"Question":"休克淤血期在补足血容量后应使用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缩血管药"},{"key":"B","value":"扩血管药"},{"key":"C","value":"补充血容量"},{"key":"D","value":"盐皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"心得安"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"扩血管药(B对)应根据实际情况使用,在休克淤血期应补足血容量后使用,目的是提高微循环灌流量。在微循环缺血期要强调尽早和尽快补充血容量(C错),以降低交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋性,减少儿茶酚胺释放量,缓解微循环前阻力血管收缩程度,提高微循环灌流量,防止休克加重。对过敏性休克应使用缩血管药物(A错)以升高血压,保证心脑重要器官的血液灌流。盐皮质激素(D错)的主要生理作用是促进肾小管重吸收钠而保留水,并排泄钾。心得安(普萘洛尔)(E错)用于治疗多种原因所致的心律失常,也可用于心绞痛、高血压、嗜铬细胞瘤(手术前准备)等。"} {"Question":"休克时交感-肾上腺髓质系统处于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强烈兴奋"},{"key":"B","value":"强烈抑制"},{"key":"C","value":"先兴奋后抑制,最后衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"先抑制后兴奋"},{"key":"E","value":"改变不明显"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"交感-肾上腺髓质系统在微循环缺血期、微循环淤血期和微循环衰竭期都处于强烈兴奋(A对BCDE错)。"} {"Question":"高排低阻型休克可使用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缩血管药"},{"key":"B","value":"扩血管药"},{"key":"C","value":"补充血容量"},{"key":"D","value":"盐皮质激素"},{"key":"E","value":"心得安"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"对高排低阻型休克应使用缩血管药物(A对B错)以升高血压,保证心脑重要器官的血液灌流。过敏性休克时,虽然无明显的失液,但由于血管床容量增加,有效循环血量明显减少,也应根据实际需要来补充血容量(C错)(P180)。盐皮质激素(D错)的主要生理作用是促进肾小管重吸收钠而保留水,并排泄钾。心得安(普萘洛尔)(E错)用于治疗多种原因所致的心律失常,也可用于心绞痛、高血压、嗜铬细胞瘤(手术前准备)等。"} {"Question":"选择血管活性药物治疗休克时应首先","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"充分补足血容量"},{"key":"B","value":"保护和改善细胞功能"},{"key":"C","value":"纠正酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"改善心脏功能"},{"key":"E","value":"去除原发病因"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"选择血管活性药物治疗休克时应根据实际情况使用,在休克淤血期应补足血容量后(A对BCDE错)使用,目的是提高微循环灌流量。在微循环缺血期要强调尽早和尽快补充血容量,以降低交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋性,减少儿茶酚胺释放量,缓解微循环前阻力血管收缩程度,提高微循环灌流量,防止休克加重。"} {"Question":"休克淤血性缺氧期时应用扩血管药物改善微循环主要是指:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩张小动脉"},{"key":"B","value":"扩张微动脉"},{"key":"C","value":"扩张后微动脉"},{"key":"D","value":"扩张毛细血管前括约肌"},{"key":"E","value":"扩张毛细血管后微血管"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"休克淤血性缺氧期时微动脉、后微动脉和毛细血管前括约肌收缩性减弱甚至扩张,大量血液涌入真毛细血管网。微静脉虽也表现为扩张,但因血流缓慢,细胞嵌塞,使微循环流出道阻力增加,毛细血管后阻力大于前阻力而导致血液淤滞于微循环中,所以应用扩血管药物改善微循环主要是指扩张毛细血管后微血管(E对ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"休克期(微循环淤血性缺氧期)微循环的灌流特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少灌少流,灌少于流"},{"key":"B","value":"少灌多流,灌少于流"},{"key":"C","value":"多灌少流,灌多于流"},{"key":"D","value":"多灌多流,灌多于流"},{"key":"E","value":"多灌多流,灌少于流"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"多灌少流,灌多于流(C对ABDE错),组织呈淤血性缺氧状态是休克期(微循环淤血性缺氧期)微循环的灌流特点。"} {"Question":"休克期微循环变化的特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微动脉端收缩,微静脉端舒张"},{"key":"B","value":"微静脉端收缩,微静脉端收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"微静脉端舒张,微静脉端舒张"},{"key":"D","value":"微动脉端舒张,微静脉端收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"微动脉端舒张程度大于微静脉端舒张"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"休克期即微循环淤血期,此期微动脉、后微动脉和毛细血管前括约肌收缩性减弱甚至扩张,大量血液涌入真毛细血管网。微静脉虽也表现为扩张,但因血流缓慢,细胞嵌塞,使微循环流出道阻力增加,毛细血管后阻力大于前阻力,也就是微动脉端舒张程度大于微静脉端舒张(E对ABCD错)而导致血液淤滞于微循环中。"} {"Question":"休克初期(微循环缺血性缺氧期)组织微循环灌流的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多灌少流,灌多于流"},{"key":"B","value":"不灌不流,灌少于流"},{"key":"C","value":"少灌少流,灌少于流"},{"key":"D","value":"少灌少流,灌多于流"},{"key":"E","value":"多灌多流,灌少于流"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"少灌少流,灌少于流(C对ABDE错),组织呈缺血缺氧状态是休克初期(微循环缺血性缺氧期)组织微循环灌流的特点。"} {"Question":"下列哪一种物质不能引起血管扩张?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺苷"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌抑制因子"},{"key":"C","value":"缓激肽"},{"key":"D","value":"组胺"},{"key":"E","value":"内啡肽(endorphin)"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"局部血管活性物质如组胺(D对)、缓激肽(C对)、腺苷(A对)、PGI₂、内啡肽(E对)等则引起血管舒张;乳酸等酸性产物的堆积则可降低血管平滑肌对缩血管物质的反应性,而导致血管扩张。心肌抑制因子(B错,为本题正确答案)不能引起血管扩张。"} {"Question":"休克初期微循环的变化以下哪一项是错误的?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微动脉收缩"},{"key":"B","value":"后微动脉收缩"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细血管前括约肌收缩"},{"key":"D","value":"动静脉吻合支收缩"},{"key":"E","value":"微静脉收缩"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"休克初期在临床上属于休克代偿期,此期微循环血液灌流减少,组织缺血缺氧,这是因为全身小血管,包括小动脉、微动脉(A对)、后微动脉(B对)、毛细血管前括约肌(C对)和微静脉(E对)、小静脉都发生收缩痉挛,口径明显变小,尤其是毛细血管前阻力血管收缩更明显,前阻力增加,大量真毛细血管网关闭,微循环内血液流速减慢,轴流消失,血细胞出现齿轮状运动。动静脉吻合支收缩(D错,为本题正确答案)不是休克初期微循环的变化。"} {"Question":"休克初期(微循环缺血性缺氧期)其微循环改变的病理生理学基础是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有效循环血量减少"},{"key":"B","value":"外周阻力增高"},{"key":"C","value":"血管床容积扩大"},{"key":"D","value":"毛细血管前阻力增高"},{"key":"E","value":"血流速度减慢"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"休克初期(微循环缺血性缺氧期)全身小血管,包括小动脉、微动脉、后微动脉、毛细血管前括约肌和微静脉、小静脉都发生收缩痉挛,口径明显变小,毛细血管前阻力增高(D对ABCE错),大量真毛细血管网关闭,微循环内血液流速减慢,轴流消失,血细胞出现齿轮状运动。"} {"Question":"微静脉舒缩受","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经调节"},{"key":"B","value":"体液调节"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"微静脉舒缩受神经(A对)体液(B对)的调节(C对ABDE错)。交感神经支配微静脉平滑肌,兴奋时通过α-肾上腺能受体使血管收缩,血流减少。全身性体液因子如儿茶酚胺、血管紧张素II、血管加压素、血栓素A2(TXA2 )和内皮素(ET)等可使微血管收缩;而局部血管活性物质如组胺、激肽、腺苷、PGI2、内啡肤、 TNF和一氧化氮( NO)等则引起血管舒张;乳酸等酸性产物的堆积则可降低血管平滑肌对缩血管物质的反应性,而导致血管扩张(AB对,C为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"高动力型休克和低动力型休克均见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"感染性休克"},{"key":"B","value":"创伤性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"过敏性休克"},{"key":"D","value":"失血性休克"},{"key":"E","value":"烧伤性休克"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"感染性休克(A对)即脓毒性休克,按其血流动力学变化可分为高动力型休克和低动力型休克,高动力型休克指病原体或其毒素侵入机体后,引起高代谢和高动力循环状态,即出现发热、心排出益增加、外周阻力降低、脉压增大等临床特点,又称为高排低阻型休克或暖休克。低动力型休克具有心排出量减少、外周阻力增高、脉压明显缩小等特点,又称低排高阻型休克或称冷休克。创伤性休克(B错)、过敏性休克(C错)、失血性休克(D错)和烧伤性休克(E错)无分型。"} {"Question":"呼吸性酸中毒中,哪一项指标为原发性变化","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaC02"},{"key":"B","value":"SB"},{"key":"C","value":"AB"},{"key":"D","value":"BB"},{"key":"E","value":"BE"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"呼吸性酸中毒中,PaC02(A对)为原发性变化。"} {"Question":"体内产生最多的酸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸"},{"key":"B","value":"三羧酸"},{"key":"C","value":"酮体"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸"},{"key":"E","value":"碳酸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"体内产生最多的酸是碳酸(E对)。"} {"Question":"低钾血症时出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸中毒时酸性尿"},{"key":"B","value":"反常性碱性尿"},{"key":"C","value":"碱中毒时碱性尿"},{"key":"D","value":"反常性酸性尿"},{"key":"E","value":"酸碱平衡时酸性尿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"发生低钾血症时由于肾小管上皮细胞内缺钾,K+ -Na+交换减少,代之H+-Na+ 交换增多,H+排出增多,尿液尿液H+升高,出现反常性酸性尿(D对)。"} {"Question":"血浆缓冲系统中最重要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血浆HCO₃⁻\/H₂CO₃缓冲系统"},{"key":"B","value":"红细胞Hb⁻\/HHb和HbO₂⁻\/HHbO₂缓冲系统"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆HPO₄²⁻\/H₂PO₄⁻缓冲系统"},{"key":"D","value":"血浆Pr⁻\/HPr缓冲系统"},{"key":"E","value":"其他缓冲系统"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"血浆缓冲系统中最重要的是血浆HCO₃⁻\/ H₂CO₃缓冲系统(A对),该系统可以缓冲所有的固定酸,但是不能缓冲挥发酸。"} {"Question":"代谢性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导致血浆HCO₃⁻降低和升高的原因同时存在"},{"key":"B","value":"HCO₃⁻在正常范围"},{"key":"C","value":"pH在正常范围"},{"key":"D","value":"PaCO₂常在正常范围"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"发生代谢性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒时,导致血浆HCO₃⁻升高和降低的原因同时存在(A对),彼此相互抵消,所以导致HCO₃⁻在正常范围(B对),pH在正常范围(C对),PaCO ₂常在正常范围(D对,故E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"通过测定血浆Na⁺、CI-、HCO₃⁻可以计算","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"SB"},{"key":"B","value":"AB"},{"key":"C","value":"BE"},{"key":"D","value":"AG"},{"key":"E","value":"BB"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"通过测定血浆Na⁺、CI-、HCO₃⁻可以计算AG(D对)。"} {"Question":"某肺心病并发呼吸衰竭、心功能不全、休克患者血气分析结果如下pH7.25,PaCO₂10.7kPa(80mmHg),BE-4.6mmol\/L,SB21mmol\/L,其酸碱紊乱类型为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"代谢性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"BE负值增大提示为代谢性酸中毒,发生代谢性酸中毒时HCO3-减少,患者同时存在PaCO₂(正常范围为33~46 mmHg)增高,两者变化范围相反,提示存在酸碱一致型混合型酸碱平衡紊乱,故诊断为呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性酸中毒(C对)。"} {"Question":"肾代偿调节","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固定酸"},{"key":"B","value":"挥发酸"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肾代偿调节固定酸(A对),具体是通过肾小管上皮细胞的排H+排氨和重吸收Na+, HC03-等来实现,以调节pH值使之相对恒定。"} {"Question":"出现反常性碱性尿现象的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"机体缺氧"},{"key":"B","value":"大量使用碳酸酐酶抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"摄入大量成酸性药物"},{"key":"D","value":"酮症酸中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"腹泻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大量使用碳酸酐酶抑制剂(B对)可抑制碳酸酐酶活性,导致HC03-在近曲小管重吸收减少,尿中排出增多,引起反常性碱性尿。"} {"Question":"慢性呼吸性酸中毒血气分析参数的变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaCO₂增高"},{"key":"B","value":"pH降低"},{"key":"C","value":"SB、AB、BB均升高,AB>SB"},{"key":"D","value":"BE正值增大"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"发生慢性呼吸性酸中毒,机体吸入过多CO2或无法排出引起体内H+蓄积,PH降低(B对),PaC02增高(A对),通过机体肾、血液、细胞的代偿作用后,体内的HCO3-浓度上升,SB、AB、BB均升高,AB>SB(C对),BE正值增大(D对,故E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"导致乳酸酸中毒的原因中例外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心搏骤停"},{"key":"B","value":"休克"},{"key":"C","value":"低氧血症"},{"key":"D","value":"严重肝疾患"},{"key":"E","value":"长期使用噻嗪类利尿剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"长期使用噻嗪类利尿剂(E错,为本题正确答案)时,抑制了肾髓袢升支对Cl-的主动重吸收,导致H+经肾大量丢失使HC03-大量被重吸收,引起代谢性碱中毒。心搏骤停(A对)、休克(B对)、低氧血症(C对)都可以使细胞内糖的无氧酵解增强而引起乳酸增加,产生乳酸性酸中毒,严重肝疾患(D对)由于乳酸利用障碍也可引起血浆乳酸过高。"} {"Question":"肾小管性酸中毒","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"AG增高性代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"AG正常性代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"发生肾小管性酸中毒时,机体重吸收HC03-减少或泌H+障碍,导致HC03-浓度降低,同时伴有Cl-浓度代偿性升高,固定酸浓度不变,所以肾小管性酸中毒为AG正常型代谢性酸中毒(B对)。"} {"Question":"呼吸性酸中毒合并AG增高性代谢性酸中毒和代谢性碱中毒的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaCO₂明显增高"},{"key":"B","value":"AG>16mmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"HCO₃⁻一般也升高"},{"key":"D","value":"Cl⁻明显降低"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"呼吸性酸中毒合并AG增高性代谢性酸中毒和代谢性碱中毒的特点是PaCO ₂明显增高(A对),AG>l6mmo\/L(B对), HCO ₃⁻般也升高(C对),Cl⁻明显降低(D对,故E为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"根据下列血气分析结果,判断酸碱失衡的类型:PH:7.34,PaCO₂:60mmHg,HCO₃⁻:31mmol\/L","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"代谢性酸中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸性酸中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"代谢性碱中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸性碱中毒"},{"key":"E","value":"酸碱平衡正常"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"判断酸碱失衡的类型先判断PH后判断原发性紊乱:PH<7.35则为酸中毒,患者PaCO₂(正常范围为33~46 mmHg),HCO₃⁻(正常为22~27 mmoI\/L)均上升,如果原发HCO₃⁻上升,PH值也应上升,所以原发性因素是PaCO₂上升,导致PH下降而发生呼吸性酸中毒(B对)。"} {"Question":"代偿性代谢性酸中毒时NaHC03\/H2C03的比值接近","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10\/1"},{"key":"B","value":"20\/1"},{"key":"C","value":"30\/1"},{"key":"D","value":"43739"},{"key":"E","value":"40\/1"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"代偿性代谢性酸中毒时PH在正常范围内,pH主要取决于HC03-与H2C03 比值,PH正常时NaHC03\/H2C03的比值接近20\/1(B对)。"} {"Question":"某患者检查结果为:血氧容量12ml\/dl,动脉血氧含量11.4ml\/dl,动脉血氧分压13.3kPa(lOOmmHg),动-静脉氧含量差3.5ml\/dl。该患者为下列何种疾病的可能性大?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性支气管炎"},{"key":"B","value":"矽肺"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性充血性心力衰竭"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"严重维生素B2缺乏"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"该患者的检查结果与正常值相比,血氧容量降低、动脉血氧含量降低、动脉血氧分压正常、动-静脉氧含量差降低,这些都符合血液性缺氧的血氧变化特点。慢性支气管炎(A错)、矽肺(B错)是引起乏氧性缺氧的原因。慢性充血性心力衰竭(C错)是引起循环性缺氧的原因。严重维生素B2缺乏(E错)是引起组织性缺氧的原因。慢性贫血(D对)是引起血液性缺氧的原因。"} {"Question":"能明显引起呼吸加深加快的缺氧类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低张性缺氧"},{"key":"B","value":"血液性缺氧"},{"key":"C","value":"循环性缺氧"},{"key":"D","value":"组织性缺氧"},{"key":"E","value":"高铁血红蛋白血症所致的缺氧"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"低张性缺氧(A对)时Pa02降低,可兴奋呼吸中枢,使呼吸加深加快。而血液性缺氧(B错)、循环性缺氧(C错)及组织性缺氧(D错)的Pa02正常,故不会引起明显的呼吸加深加快。高铁血红蛋白血症所致的缺氧(E错)属于血液性缺氧。"} {"Question":"引起“肠源性紫绀”的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一氧化碳中毒"},{"key":"B","value":"亚硝酸盐中毒"},{"key":"C","value":"氰化物中毒"},{"key":"D","value":"肠系膜血管痉挛"},{"key":"E","value":"肠道粘膜水肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肠源性紫绀是指食用大量含硝酸盐的腌菜等食物后出现亚硝酸盐中毒(B对),硝酸盐经肠道细菌作用还原为亚硝酸盐,吸收入血后使大量血红蛋白被氧化,形成高铁血红蛋白血症,皮肤、黏膜出现青紫色。一氧化碳中毒(A错)、氰化物中毒(C错)、肠系膜血管痉挛(D错)、肠道粘膜水肿(E错)都不是引起“肠源性紫绀”的原因。"} {"Question":"下列何种原因引起的缺氧不属于循环性缺氧","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"休克"},{"key":"B","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"肺动-静脉瘘"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉淤血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"引起循环性缺氧的原因有:①全身性循环障碍 见于心力衰竭(B对)、休克(A对)和静脉淤血(E对)等。②局部性循环障碍 见于动脉硬化、血管炎、血栓形成(D对)和栓塞、血管痉挛或受压等。肺动-静脉瘘(C错,为本题正确答案)是引起乏氧性缺氧的原因。"} {"Question":"哪项不是血液性缺氧的血气变化","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉血氧分压正常"},{"key":"B","value":"动-静脉氧含量差增大"},{"key":"C","value":"动-静脉氧含量差减小"},{"key":"D","value":"血氧容量降低"},{"key":"E","value":"血氧饱和度正常"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"动脉血氧分压正常(A对)、动脉血氧容量正常或降低(D对)、动脉血氧饱和度正常或降低(E对)、动-静脉血氧含量差降低(C对B错,为本题正确答案)是血液性缺氧的血氧变化特点。"} {"Question":"严重贫血时,下述指标变化中哪一项是不存在的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血氧含量↓"},{"key":"B","value":"PaO₂↓"},{"key":"C","value":"A血氧含量↓"},{"key":"D","value":"A血氧饱和度正常"},{"key":"E","value":"V血氧含量减少"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"严重贫血易引起血液性缺氧,而PaO₂正常(B错,为本题正确答案)、血氧含量降低(ACE对)、血氧容量正常或降低、血氧饱和度正常或降低(D对)、动-静脉血氧含量差降低是血液性缺氧的血氧变化特点。"} {"Question":"氰化物中毒所致的缺氧,血氧变化特点中哪项是错误的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉血氧分压正常"},{"key":"B","value":"氧饱和度正常"},{"key":"C","value":"氧含量正常"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉血氧含量较高"},{"key":"E","value":"动-静脉氧含量差大于正常"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"氰化物中毒所致的缺氧是组织性缺氧,而动脉血氧分压正常(A对)、血氧含量正常(C对)、血氧饱和度正常(B对)、静脉血氧含量高于正常(D对)和动-静脉氧含量差减少(E错,为本题正确答案)是组织性缺氧的血氧变化特点。"} {"Question":"引起慢性肾衰竭常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血栓性微血管病"},{"key":"B","value":"糖尿病肾病"},{"key":"C","value":"误中蛇毒"},{"key":"D","value":"休克早期"},{"key":"E","value":"药物过敏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"引起慢性肾衰竭常见的病因是糖尿病肾病(B对)。"} {"Question":"慢性肾功能衰竭晚期钙磷代谢障碍表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血磷降低,血钙升高"},{"key":"B","value":"血磷升高,血钙降低"},{"key":"C","value":"血磷正常,血钙升高"},{"key":"D","value":"血磷升高,血钙正常"},{"key":"E","value":"血磷降低,血钙降低"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"慢性肾功能衰竭晚期钙磷代谢障碍表现为血磷升高,血钙降低(B对)。"} {"Question":"引起严重肝病的病因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒精"},{"key":"B","value":"四氯化碳"},{"key":"C","value":"肝炎病毒"},{"key":"D","value":"遗传性肝病"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都是"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"引起严重肝病的病因包括酒精(A对)、四氯化碳(B对)、肝炎病毒(C对)及遗传性疾病(D对)等等。综上,以上都是(E对)引起严重肝病的病因。"} {"Question":"下列哪一项与细胞内钙超载发生无关?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞膜外板与糖被膜分离"},{"key":"B","value":"Na+-Ca2+交换加强"},{"key":"C","value":"线粒体通透性转运孔关闭"},{"key":"D","value":"钙泵功能障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"线粒体功能障碍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"细胞膜外板与糖被膜分离(B对)出现在再灌注时发生钙超载时,缺血-再灌细胞膜损伤引起钙超载的机制是:心细胞膜正常结构被破坏,对Ca2+通透性增强,Na+-Ca2+交换加强(B对);①再灌注时生成大量的自由基,使细胞膜的脂质过氧化,加重膜结构的破坏;②细胞内Ca2+增加激活磷脂酶,使膜磷脂降解,进一步增加细胞膜对Ca2+的通透性,共同促使胞质Ca2+浓度升高。(2)线粒体功能障碍(E对)(3)内质网膜损伤:内质网钙摄取是依赖水解ATP的主动转运过程。自由基的作用及膜磷脂的降解可造成内质网膜损伤,使其钙泵功能障碍(D对),对Ca2+摄取减少,引起胞质Ca2+浓度升高。线粒体通透性转运孔关闭(C错,为本题正确答案)与细胞内钙超载发生无关。"} {"Question":"生物体内的抗氧化酶类不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"超氧化物歧化酶"},{"key":"B","value":"过氧化氢酶"},{"key":"C","value":"谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶"},{"key":"D","value":"谷胱甘肽硫转移酶"},{"key":"E","value":"NADH氧化酶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"生物体内的抗氧化酶类包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(A对)可歧化O2-生成H202, 过氧化氢酶(B对)可清除H202,谷胱甘肤过氧化物酶(GSHP- x)(C对)可清除OH· 。NADH可通过NADH氧化酶(E错,为本题正确答案)促反应产生自由基。"} {"Question":"缺血-再灌注损伤是指:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缺血后引起的损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"再灌注时引起的损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"缺血后恢复血流引起的后果"},{"key":"D","value":"缺血后恢复血流损伤反而加重"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"缺血-再灌注损伤是指缺血后恢复血流损伤反而加重(D对)。"} {"Question":"在钙超载引起的再灌注损伤中下列哪一项不产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进氧自由基生成"},{"key":"B","value":"破坏细胞骨架"},{"key":"C","value":"产生内质网功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"激活钙依赖性蛋白酶"},{"key":"E","value":"产生线粒体功能障碍"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"钙超载既是缺血-再灌注的结果,又是缺血-再灌注细胞损伤的原因,缺血-再灌注细胞损伤可促进氧自由基生成(A对)。细胞内Ca2+增加可激活磷脂酶类,促使膜磷脂降解,造成细胞膜结构受损。 还可激活钙依赖性蛋白酶(D对)活性,促进细胞膜和结构蛋白的分解;激活核酸内切酶,引起染色体的损伤。缺血-再灌注可使线粒体渗透性转导孔(mPTP)开放,既可产生线粒体功能障碍(E对),又可导致细胞色素C(Cyt C)释放及凋亡蛋白酶激活,启动细胞凋亡途径。缺血-再灌注可使溶酶体膜破裂,溶酶体内蛋白水解酶逸出引起细胞自溶,破坏细胞骨架(B对)。产生内质网功能障碍(C错,为本题正确答案)不在钙超载引起的再灌注损伤中。"} {"Question":"DIC患者中,血小板,纤维蛋白原含量升高的现象可见于:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"代偿型DIC"},{"key":"B","value":"失代偿型DIC"},{"key":"C","value":"急性DIC早期"},{"key":"D","value":"慢性DIC"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"DIC患者中,血小板,纤维蛋白原含量升高的现象可见于慢性DIC (D对ABCE错)。机体代偿功能较好,凝血因子和血小板代偿性生成迅速,甚至超过消耗,可出现纤维蛋白原等暂时性升高,出血或血栓形成症状不明显。常见于慢性DIC或恢复期DIC, 也可转为失代偿型 DIC。"} {"Question":"DIC最主要的病理特征是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凝血物质大量消耗"},{"key":"B","value":"纤溶亢进"},{"key":"C","value":"凝血功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"大量微血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"溶血性贫血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"DIC最主要的病理特征是大量微血栓形成(D对)。DIC指在某些致病因子的作用下,大量促凝物质入血,凝血因子和血小板被激活,使凝血酶增多,大量微血栓形成,继而因凝血因子和血小板大量消耗(A错),引起继发性纤溶亢进(B错),机体出现以止、凝血功能障碍(C错)为特征的病理生理过程。主要临床表现为出血、休克、器官功能障碍和微血管病性溶血性贫血(E错)等,是一种危重的综合征。"} {"Question":"DIC时最常见的临床症状是:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"出血"},{"key":"B","value":"休克"},{"key":"C","value":"MOF"},{"key":"D","value":"贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不对"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"出血(A对BCDE错)是常为DIC患者最初的症状,也是最常见的临床症状。"} {"Question":"细胞损伤后释放出的组织凝血活酶的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"和凝血因子XI共同激活凝血因子IX"},{"key":"B","value":"和Ca2+、凝血因子V、Ⅹ共同激活凝血酶"},{"key":"C","value":"激活凝血因子X"},{"key":"D","value":"激活凝血因子Ⅻ"},{"key":"E","value":"和Ca2+、凝血因子VII共同激活凝血因子X"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"细胞损伤后释放出的组织凝血活酶的作用是和Ca2+、凝血因子VII共同激活凝血因子X(E对ABCD错),因为血液中的 FVll含有 Ca2+结合氨基酸,组织因子释放后,形成 TF-Ca2+-VII复合物,FVll被激活为FVlla。TF-Vlla 可激活FX。"} {"Question":"宫内死胎是通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激活凝血因子Ⅻ而引起DIC"},{"key":"B","value":"大量组织因子入血引起DIC"},{"key":"C","value":"血小板聚集、释放而引起DIC"},{"key":"D","value":"RBC大量破坏引起DIC"},{"key":"E","value":"其他促凝物质入血引起DIC"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大量组织因子入血引起DIC(B对)是宫内死胎等产科意外导致的,激活外源性凝血系统,启动凝血过程。激活凝血因子Ⅻ而引起DIC(A错)是内源性凝血系统的激活。血小板聚集、释放而引起DIC(C错)是血小板因子3 (PF2)的释放,血小板与胶原组织接触发生黏附、聚积。RBC大量破坏引起DIC(D错)是破坏的红细胞释放大量 ADP等促凝物质,促进血小板黏附、聚集,导致凝血。其他促凝物质入血引起DIC(E错)是急性坏死性胰腺炎时,大量胰蛋白酶入血,可激活凝血酶原,促进凝血酶生成。"} {"Question":"纤维蛋白被纤溶酶水解后生成:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PAF"},{"key":"B","value":"纤维蛋白单体"},{"key":"C","value":"PF"},{"key":"D","value":"FDP"},{"key":"E","value":"MDF"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"FDP(D对)即纤维蛋白(原)降解产物是纤溶酶水解纤维蛋白(原)产生的各种片段。在凝血过程中,凝血酶使纤维蛋白原转变为纤维蛋白单体(B错),最终形成交联的纤维蛋白多聚体。PAF(A错)是血小板活化因子。MDF(E错)是心肌抑制因子。"} {"Question":"下列各因素中哪项是引起DIC晚期出血的主要原因?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管通透性增加"},{"key":"B","value":"血小板减少"},{"key":"C","value":"继发性纤溶亢进"},{"key":"D","value":"纤维蛋白原减少"},{"key":"E","value":"凝血酶减少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"继发性纤溶亢进(C对ADE错)是引起DIC晚期出血的主要原因,DIC时产生的大量凝血酶及 F XIIa 等激活了纤溶系统,产生大量纤溶酶,导致纤溶亢进和 FDP的形成 。此期出血十分明显 。血小板减少(B错)出现在消耗性低凝期。"} {"Question":"D-二聚体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纤溶酶水解纤维蛋白原的产物"},{"key":"B","value":"纤溶酶水解纤维蛋白的产物"},{"key":"C","value":"纤溶酶水解凝血酶原的产物"},{"key":"D","value":"纤溶酶水解凝血酶的产物"},{"key":"E","value":"以上都不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"纤溶酶水解纤维蛋白的产物(B对ACDE错)是D-二聚体"} {"Question":"影响气道阻力的最主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气道内径"},{"key":"B","value":"气道长度"},{"key":"C","value":"气道形态"},{"key":"D","value":"气流速度"},{"key":"E","value":"气流形式"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"影响气道阻力的因索有:气道内径、长度和形态、气流速度和形式等,其中最主要的是气道内径(A对)。"} {"Question":"弥散障碍时血气变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PaO₂降低"},{"key":"B","value":"PaCO₂正常"},{"key":"C","value":"PaO₂升高"},{"key":"D","value":"PaCO₂升高"},{"key":"E","value":"PaCO₂降低"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"弥散障碍时血气变化是PaO₂降低(A对),但不会使PaCO₂增高。"} {"Question":"为了解患者肺泡换气功能,给予100%氧,吸入15min,观察吸纯氧前后的PaO₂,如变化不大,属下列何种异常?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"功能性分流"},{"key":"B","value":"解剖性分流"},{"key":"C","value":"弥散障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"死腔样通气"},{"key":"E","value":"通气障碍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"吸入纯氧可有效地提高功能性分流的PaO₂, 而对解剖性分流(真性分流)的PaO₂则无明显作用,用这种方法可对两者进行鉴别。"} {"Question":"肾外原因引起的低容量性低钠血症早期","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"尿量减少,尿钠含量降低"},{"key":"B","value":"尿量减少,尿钠含量增加"},{"key":"C","value":"尿量不少,尿钠含量降低"},{"key":"D","value":"尿量增多,尿钠含量降低"},{"key":"E","value":"尿量增多,尿钠含量增加"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"低渗性脱水时机体循环血量减少导致尿量减少,醛固酮分泌增加时钠的重吸收增加,尿钠含量降低(A对)。尿量减少,尿钠含量增加(B错)见于肾性原因引起的低容量性低钠血症。"} {"Question":"正常成人血清钾浓度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.5~2.5mmol\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"2.5~3.5mmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"3.0-5.5mmol\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"4.5~5.5mmol\/1,"},{"key":"E","value":"3.5~5.5mmol\/L"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"血清钾浓度的正常范围为3.5 ~5. 5mmol\/L(E对),血清钾浓度低于3.5mmol\/L称为低钾血症,血清钾浓度高于5.5mmol\/L称为高钾血症。"} {"Question":"低钾血症对糖代谢的影响是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减少胰岛素释放,增高血糖"},{"key":"B","value":"减少胰岛素释放,降低血糖"},{"key":"C","value":"增加胰岛素释放,增高血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"增加胰岛素释放,降低血糖"},{"key":"E","value":"无影响"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"过量胰岛素使用可促进细胞糖原合成,使细胞外钾随同葡萄糖转入细胞内而引起低钾血症。而低钾血症对胰岛素分泌无明显影响(E对)。"} {"Question":"低渗性脱水时机体表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞内液降低,细胞外液明显降低"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞内液明显降低,细胞外液降低"},{"key":"C","value":"细胞内液明显降低,细胞外液明显降低"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞内液升高,细胞外液明显降低"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞内液明显降低,细胞外液正常"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"低渗性脱水时细胞外液渗透压降低,细胞外液的水分向渗透压相对高的细胞内液转移,使细胞内液升高,细胞外液进一步降低(D对)。而高渗性脱水时,由于细胞外液高渗,可使渗透压相对较低的细胞内液向细胞外转移,使细胞内液与细胞外液均降低(ABC错)。"} {"Question":"细胞内外渗透压的平衡主要靠哪一种物质的移动来维持?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Na⁺"},{"key":"B","value":"K⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"葡萄糖"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质"},{"key":"E","value":"水"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"细胞内外渗透压主要取决于电解质的浓度,葡萄糖(C错)、蛋白质(D错)所产生的渗透压极小,离子(AB错)的转移需借助细胞膜上离子通道蛋白,水可以自由通过细胞膜,故渗透压改变时主要靠水(E对)的移动来维持。"} {"Question":"体内体液中各部分间渗透压关系是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞内高于细胞外"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞内低于细胞外"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆低于组织间液"},{"key":"D","value":"组织间液低于细胞内液"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞内外液基本相等"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"各部分体液中所含阴、阳离子数的总和是相等的,并保持电中性,如果以总渗透压计算,细胞内外液也是基本相等的(E对ABD错)。机体通过细胞内外液渗透压的相对稳定是维持细胞形态功能的条件。细胞外液的组织间液和血浆的电解质在构成和数量上大致相等,故血浆与组织间液渗透压也大致相等(C错)。"} {"Question":"甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者可产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低钙血症"},{"key":"B","value":"低磷血症"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"甲状旁腺功能亢进PTH分泌增多,抑制近曲小管及远曲小管对磷的重吸收,尿磷排泄增加会引起低磷血症(B对)。因血液钙磷乘积为一常数,故血钙升高(A错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不是引起低容量性低钠血症的原因?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长期持续使用速尿或利尿酸"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺皮质功能亢进"},{"key":"C","value":"慢性间质性肾疾患"},{"key":"D","value":"消化道失液(呕吐,腹泻)"},{"key":"E","value":"大量出汗和大面积烧伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"低容量性低钠血症即低渗性脱水。长期持续使用速尿或利尿酸(A对)能抑制髓拌升支对Na+的重吸收,使血钠降低,导致低钠血症。慢性间质性肾疾患(C对)时肾脏重吸收功能受损,Na+排出增多,出现低钠血症。消化道失液(D对)、大量出汗、大面积烧伤(E对)时若只补充水分则可造成细胞外液低渗引起低渗性脱水。肾上腺皮质功能不全由于醛固酮分泌不足,肾小管对钠的重吸收减少可引起低渗性脱水。肾上腺皮质功能亢进(B错,为本题正确答案)可引起高渗性脱水。"} {"Question":"血友病的致病因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物性因素"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫性因素"},{"key":"C","value":"先天性因索"},{"key":"D","value":"营养性因素"},{"key":"E","value":"遗传性因素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"甲型血友病是由于位于X染色体上的凝血因子调基因发生缺失、插入或点突变,导致凝血因子VIII活性缺失、凝血障碍、出血倾向,所以血友病的致病因素是遗传性因素(E对)。"} {"Question":"导致青霉素过敏的致病因素属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物性因素"},{"key":"B","value":"免疫性因索"},{"key":"C","value":"先天性因素"},{"key":"D","value":"药物性因素"},{"key":"E","value":"理化性因索"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"导致青霉素过敏的致病因素属于免疫性因素(B对)。"} {"Question":"体温下降期热代谢的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产热大于散热"},{"key":"B","value":"散热大于产热"},{"key":"C","value":"产热和散热平衡"},{"key":"D","value":"产热增加"},{"key":"E","value":"散热增加"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"在体温下降期时,由于激活物、EP及发热介质的消除,体温调节中枢的调定点返回到正常水平,散热增强,产热减少,散热大于产热(B对)是此期热代谢的特点。产热和散热平衡(C错)是高热期的热代谢特点。产热大于散热(A错)是体温上升期的热代谢特点。"} {"Question":"下列哪种情况下的体温升高属于过热?","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妇女月经前"},{"key":"B","value":"妇女妊娠期"},{"key":"C","value":"剧烈运动后"},{"key":"D","value":"流行性感期"},{"key":"E","value":"中暑"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中暑(E对)是由于散热障碍引起的非调节性体温升高,属于过热。流行性感冒(D错)是由于致热原引起的调节性体温升高,属于发热。妇女月经前(A错)、妇女月经期(B错)和剧烈运动后(C错)是生理情况下的体温升高,属于生理性反应。"} {"Question":"引起发热最常见的病因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"B","value":"病毒感染"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌感染"},{"key":"D","value":"恶性肿瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"无菌性炎症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"革兰氏阴性细菌的胞壁中所含的内毒素是最常见的外致热原,是血液制品和输液过程中的主要污染物,故细菌感染(C对)是引起发热最常见的原因。变态反应(A错)、病毒感染(B错)、恶性肿瘤(D错)、无菌性炎症(E错)虽然都可以引起发热,但不是引起发热最常见的原因。"} {"Question":"剧烈运动时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"调节性体温升高"},{"key":"B","value":"被动性体温升高"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均可"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"体温升高分为生理性体温升高(月经前期、剧烈运动、心理性应激等)和病理性体温升高(发热和过热)。剧烈运动引起的体温升高是生理性反应(D对),既不属于调节性体温升高(A错),也不属于被动性体温升高(B错)。"} {"Question":"蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素能神经元的中枢位点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺髓质"},{"key":"B","value":"蓝斑"},{"key":"C","value":"腺垂体"},{"key":"D","value":"大脑边缘系统"},{"key":"E","value":"室旁核"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"蓝斑(B对)是蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素能神经元/交感-肾上腺髓质系统的中枢位点。"} {"Question":"原发性高血压的发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与交感肾上腺髓质系统兴奋有关"},{"key":"B","value":"与遗传易感性激活有关"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均否"},{"key":"E","value":"无"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"交感肾上腺髓质系统兴奋(A对)和遗传易感性激活(B对,故C为本题正确答案)与原发性高血压的发生有关。"} {"Question":"应激时可导致机体血液重分布","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素能神经元/交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋"},{"key":"B","value":"下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系"},{"key":"C","value":"肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋"},{"key":"D","value":"急性期反应蛋白"},{"key":"E","value":"β-内啡肽"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"蓝斑-去甲肾上腺素能神经元/交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋(A对)应激时可导致机体血液重分布。"} {"Question":"左心衰竭病人出现右心衰竭时,表现出:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺淤血继续存在"},{"key":"B","value":"肺水肿继续存在"},{"key":"C","value":"肺淤血减轻"},{"key":"D","value":"肺淤血合并体循环淤血"},{"key":"E","value":"肺循环和体循环都恢复正常"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"左心衰竭时,左心室收缩期输出量减少,引起舒张期充盈压升高,肺循环回流阻力增加,久之导致肺循环淤血。而肺循环阻力增加又可加重右心室后负荷,久之可导致右心衰竭,此时因右心衰引起右心室输出量减少,肺淤血减轻(C对)。理论上说全心衰竭时肺循环、体循环回流阻力增加可导致机体出现肺循环淤血合并体循环淤血,但肺淤血减轻是左心衰病人出现右心衰时更具特征性的改变,因而本题最佳答案选C。"} {"Question":"心衰时引起夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制包括以下哪种","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"迷走神经兴奋性降低"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸中枢敏感性增高"},{"key":"C","value":"左心衰竭而右心功能尚好"},{"key":"D","value":"平卧肺淤血急剧加重"},{"key":"E","value":"冠状动脉血流减少,心功能下降"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"心衰引起夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制包括①平卧位时,下半身静脉血液回流不受重力影响,因而回流增多,使得水肿液吸收入血增多,加重肺淤血(D对);②入睡后迷走神经兴奋性增高(A错),使小支气管收缩,气道阻力增大;③熟睡后呼吸中枢敏感性降低(B错),只有当肺淤血程度较为严重,动脉血氧分压降低到一定程度时,方能刺激呼吸中枢,使患者感到呼吸困难而惊醒。"} {"Question":"心衰患者出现端坐呼吸后的病生变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"端坐体位迷走神经兴奋性增高"},{"key":"B","value":"端坐时回心血量增多"},{"key":"C","value":"端坐时机体缺氧加剧"},{"key":"D","value":"端坐时减轻肺淤血"},{"key":"E","value":"端坐时隔肌位置相应上移"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者静息时出现呼吸困难,平卧时加重,需被迫采取端坐位以减轻呼吸困难。端坐位时,下肢血液回流减少,同时水肿液吸收减少,因而回心血量减少(B错),肺淤血减轻(D对)。另外,端坐位时膈肌位置相应下移(E错),胸腔容积增大,肺活量增加,缺氧缓解(C错)。"} {"Question":"促进心肌间质重构的重要因素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活"},{"key":"B","value":"交感神经强烈兴奋"},{"key":"C","value":"ADH大量分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"肿瘤坏死因子作用"},{"key":"E","value":"白介素大量分泌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"慢性心衰时,心脏通过心室重塑进行代偿,心室重塑包括心肌细胞重构和心肌间质重构。促进心肌间质重构的重要因素是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活(A对),产生增加的血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮均可促进非心肌细胞活化或增殖,使其分泌大量不同类型的胶原等细胞外基质,同时又合成降解胶原的间质胶原酶和明胶酶等。通过对胶原合成与降解的调控,促进心肌间质重构。"} {"Question":"大面积急性心肌梗塞时可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌各成份的不平衡生长"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌中大量收缩蛋白破坏"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌兴奋收缩耦联障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌能量生成和\/或利用障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"上述均可能存在"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"大面积急性心肌梗塞时,心肌细胞缺血缺氧,发生变性坏死,大量收缩蛋白破坏(B对),心肌收缩性降低,导致心衰。"} {"Question":"心衰时血容量增加的代偿反应可产生的负面影晌是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水钠排出增加"},{"key":"B","value":"心输出量减少"},{"key":"C","value":"心脏前负荷过重"},{"key":"D","value":"心脏后负荷减少"},{"key":"E","value":"心室充盈不足"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心衰时,机体可通过兴奋交感神经、激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统、增加释放抗利尿激素等使肾脏重吸收钠水增多(A错),导致静脉回心血量增加,心室充盈增加(E错),前负荷增加。但长期血容量增加会导致心脏前负荷过重(C对),加重心衰。"} {"Question":"左心衰引起呼吸困难的病理生理基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左心室收缩功能减弱"},{"key":"B","value":"肺顺应性增强"},{"key":"C","value":"肺泡敏感性增加"},{"key":"D","value":"肺静脉回流增多"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉高压"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"左心衰时,左心室收缩功能减弱(A对),心输出量减少,引起神经-体液调节过度激活,回心血量增加,使左心室充盈压显著升高,肺循环回流受阻,久之导致肺循环淤血,表现为呼吸困难。"} {"Question":"上述哪项指标反映左心室的后负荷","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左心收缩期室壁张力"},{"key":"B","value":"中心静脉压"},{"key":"C","value":"肺动脉压"},{"key":"D","value":"右心室舒张末期压力"},{"key":"E","value":"左心室舒张末期压力"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"左心室的后负荷是指左心室射血时所要克服的阻力,相当于左心室收缩期室壁张力(A对)。"} {"Question":"心力衰竭最具特征的血流动力学变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺循环淤血"},{"key":"B","value":"心输出量不足"},{"key":"C","value":"体循环淤血"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉回流障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管通透性增加"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"各种病因使心脏收缩和(或)舒张功能受损,心输出量不足,引起器官组织灌流量减少和肺循环、体循环淤血,导致心力衰竭。因而心力衰竭最具特征的血流动力学变化是心输出量不足(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列那一项不属于心功能不全的病因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌炎"},{"key":"B","value":"严重贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"过度体力活动"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌缺血"},{"key":"E","value":"甲亢"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"心功能不全的病因可分为:心肌收缩性降低、心室负荷过重和心室舒张及充盈受限。心肌炎(A错)可引起心肌细胞发生变性、坏死,导致心肌收缩性降低。心肌缺血(D错)可引起心肌细胞能量代谢障碍,久之会导致舒缩功能降低。长期严重贫血(B错)、甲亢(E错)可引起外周血管阻力降低,使回心血量增加,进而引起心室容量负荷(心肌收缩前承受的负荷)增加,超过心肌代偿能力时会导致心肌舒缩功能降低。过度体力活动(C对)不属于心功能不全的病因。"} {"Question":"心肌离心性肥大的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脏收缩期阻力过大"},{"key":"B","value":"冠脉血流量增加"},{"key":"C","value":"舒张期室壁张力增高"},{"key":"D","value":"心率加快"},{"key":"E","value":"心输出量增加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"二尖瓣或主动脉瓣关闭不全时,心室充盈压(前负荷)长期升高,导致舒张期室壁张力增高(C对),刺激心肌肌节串联性增生,心肌细胞增长,心腔容积增大,发生离心性肥大。心脏收缩期阻力过大(A错)即后负荷过重,导致收缩期室壁张力增高,刺激心肌肌节并联性增生,心肌细胞增粗,室壁增厚,发生向心性肥大。"} {"Question":"心脏容量扩大伴收缩增强,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紧张性扩张"},{"key":"B","value":"肌源性扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"向心性肥大"},{"key":"D","value":"心室僵硬度"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌重构"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"心衰代偿期时,心室舒张末期容积(前负荷)增加,心脏扩张,使心肌肌节初长度增大但不超过2.2μm(产生最大收缩力时的肌节长度),心肌收缩力增强,这种心脏容量扩大伴收缩增强的情况称为紧张性扩张(A对)。若长期负荷过重,心脏过度扩张,心肌肌节长度超过2.2μm,收缩力反而减弱,这种心脏容量扩大不伴收缩增强的情况称为肌源性扩张(B错)。"} {"Question":"上述哪项指标反映右心室的前负荷","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平均动脉压"},{"key":"B","value":"中心静脉压"},{"key":"C","value":"肺动脉压"},{"key":"D","value":"右心室舒张末期压力"},{"key":"E","value":"左心室舒张末期压力"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"右心室的前负荷是指心脏收缩前右心室所承受的负荷,相当于右心室舒张末期压力(D对)。"} {"Question":"慢性右心衰竭主要表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心输出量绝对减少"},{"key":"B","value":"心输出量相对减少"},{"key":"C","value":"肺循环淤血"},{"key":"D","value":"体循环静脉淤血"},{"key":"E","value":"肺循环淤血伴有心输出量减少"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"慢性右心衰竭时,右心室泵血功能减退,导致右心输出量不足。心输出量不足导致心室收缩后滞留于内的血液增多,心室舒张期充盈压升高,体循环血液回流受阻,造成体循环静脉淤血(D对)。同理可知左心衰竭导致心输出量减少,进而引起心室充盈压升高,肺循环血液回流受阻,造成肺循环淤血(E错)。"} {"Question":"心力衰竭防治的病理生理基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"限制输液"},{"key":"B","value":"改善心肌舒缩功能并调整前后负荷"},{"key":"C","value":"首先输氧"},{"key":"D","value":"使用血管扩张剂,降低心脏负荷"},{"key":"E","value":"防治病因"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心力衰竭防治的病理生理基础包括防治病因、消除诱因、调整神经-体液系统失衡及干预心室重塑、减轻心脏的前负荷和后负荷、改善心肌的收缩和舒张性能。本题中所有选项均为心衰防治的病生基础或具体措施,但B选项描述较其他选项更为全面(B对)。"} {"Question":"心肌肌浆网Ca²⁺摄取能力下降的后果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心肌收缩性下降"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌不能充分舒张"},{"key":"C","value":"心肌能量产生障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"心肌能量利用障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"肌钙蛋白与Ca²⁺结合障碍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"心肌细胞复极化时,胞质中大部分Ca2+被肌浆网摄取并储存在内,使胞质Ca2+浓度迅速降低,心肌舒张。心肌肌浆网Ca²⁺摄取能力下降可导致胞质Ca2+浓度下降减慢,使心肌不能充分舒张(B对),另一方面造成肌浆网贮存的Ca²⁺减少,供给心肌收缩的Ca²⁺不足,心肌收缩性下降(A对)。心肌肌浆网Ca²⁺摄取能力下降属于肌浆网钙转运功能障碍,后者和肌钙蛋白与Ca²⁺结合障碍(E错)均属于心肌兴奋-收缩耦联障碍的原因。本题原答案选B,但按九版教材本题正确答案为AB。"} {"Question":"心肌自律性最高的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结"},{"key":"B","value":"心房肌"},{"key":"C","value":"心室肌"},{"key":"D","value":"房室交界"},{"key":"E","value":"浦肯野纤维"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"自律性是指心肌在无外来刺激条件下能自动产生节律性兴奋的能力或特性。窦房结(A对)P细胞是心脏的正常起搏点,自律性最高,约100次\/分。房室交界(D错)、房室束、浦肯野纤维(E错)的自律性分别为50、40、25次\/分。心房肌(B错)、心室肌(C错)是工作细胞,没有自律性。"} {"Question":"心脏内传导速度最快的部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"窦房结"},{"key":"B","value":"心房肌"},{"key":"C","value":"心室肌"},{"key":"D","value":"房室交界"},{"key":"E","value":"浦肯野纤维"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"兴奋起源于窦房结(A错),产生的兴奋能直接传给心房肌细胞,心房(B错)内兴奋传导速度约为0.4m\/s,兴奋在房室交界(D错)的传导非常慢,其传导速度仅约为0.02m\/s,兴奋在心室肌(C错)的传导速度约为1m\/s,浦肯野纤维(E对)十分粗大(70μm),且含肌原纤维很少,而缝隙连接数量又很多,故其兴奋传导速度是心内传导系统中最快的,可达4m\/s左右。"} {"Question":"收缩压与舒张压之差为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收缩压"},{"key":"B","value":"舒张压"},{"key":"C","value":"脉压"},{"key":"D","value":"体循环平均充盈压"},{"key":"E","value":"中心静脉压"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"收缩压与舒张压之差为脉压(C对)。收缩压(A错)是指心室收缩期中期达到最高值时的血压。舒张压(B错)是指心室舒张末期动脉血压达最低值时的血压。体循环平均充盈压(D错)可以表示循环系统中血液的充盈程度,其高低取决于血量和循环系统容积之间的相对关系。中心静脉压(E错)是指右心房和胸腔内大静脉血压。"} {"Question":"窦房结细胞动作电位0期去极化的原因","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Na⁺内流"},{"key":"B","value":"Ca²⁺内流"},{"key":"C","value":"Cl⁻内流"},{"key":"D","value":"K⁺内流"},{"key":"E","value":"K⁺外流"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"窦房结细胞的跨膜电位及其产生机制明显不同于心室肌细胞。心室肌0期去极化的离子机制为Na⁺通道(快钠通道)介导的Na⁺内流;窦房结P细胞缺乏INa通道,其去极化主要依赖于L型钙通道(慢钙通道)介导的Ca²⁺内流(B对)。"} {"Question":"使冠状动脉血流量增多的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动脉舒张压降低"},{"key":"B","value":"外周阻力减小"},{"key":"C","value":"心室舒张期延长"},{"key":"D","value":"心室收缩期延长"},{"key":"E","value":"心率增加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"动脉舒张压的高低和心舒期的长短是影响冠脉血流量(CBF)的重要因素。其中使冠状动脉血流量增多的因素是:体循环外周阻力增大、主动脉舒张压升高、心室舒张期延长(C对D错)等。使冠状动脉血流量减少的因素是:体循环外周阻力减小(B错)、主动脉舒张压降低(A错)、心率增加(E错)、心室舒张期缩短等。"} {"Question":"在心动周期中,心室内压力上升最快的阶段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"快速射血期"},{"key":"B","value":"等容收缩期"},{"key":"C","value":"缓慢射血期"},{"key":"D","value":"等容舒张期"},{"key":"E","value":"快速充盈期"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"在心动周期中,心室内压力上升最快的阶段是等容收缩期(B对),此期心室收缩但却不能改变心室容积,因而心室急剧收缩只能使室内压急剧上升。快速射血期(A错)的血液很快进入主动脉,心室容积缩小,但由于心室肌收缩,心室内压力上升并达到峰值,但其上升幅度并不是最大。缓慢射血期(C错)的心室内压力由峰值逐渐下降。等容舒张期(D错)心室开始舒张,心室内压力下降。快速充盈期(E错),由于心室肌很快舒张,心室内压力明显降低,甚至形成负压才能对心房和大静脉形成“抽吸”作用。"} {"Question":"男,24岁。间断心悸1月余。心悸时心电图示:窦性心律,可见提前出现的宽大畸形的QRS波群,QRS时限0.16s,其前无P波,代偿间期完全正常。期前收缩后代偿间期形成的生理学机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"房-室延搁"},{"key":"B","value":"心肌传导速度不均一"},{"key":"C","value":"自律细胞兴奋性增加"},{"key":"D","value":"心内兴奋传导途径多变"},{"key":"E","value":"心肌有效不应期长"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"窦性心律,可见提前出现的宽大畸形的QRS波群,QRS时限0.16s,诊断为室性期前收缩。室性期前收缩有自己的不应期,当紧接在期前兴奋后的一次冲动由窦房结传到心室落在其不应期内时,则不能引起心室的兴奋和收缩,即为一次“脱失”,需等下一次窦房结的兴奋传来时才能引起兴奋和收缩,这样,在期前收缩之后会出现一段较长的心室舒张期,称为代偿间歇。因此期前收缩后代偿间歇形成的生理学机制是心肌有效不应期长(E对)。房-室延搁(A错)使心房肌的兴奋不能过快地传到心室肌,从而保证心房内血液在心室收缩前排入心室,有利于心室的充盈和射血(P108)。心肌传导速度不均一(B错)及心内兴奋传导途径不变(D错)与心室传导性有关,自律细胞兴奋性增加(E错)将导致心率加快,三者均与期前收缩后代偿间期形成无关。"} {"Question":"分泌促胃液素的细胞是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥大细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"主细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"G细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"壁细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"黏液细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"G细胞主要分泌促胃液素(C对)。肥大细胞胞质内的异染性颗粒含有组胺、5-羟色胺等化学介质和神经肽、细胞因子等神经调质及过氧化物酶等多种酶类,但不分泌促胃液素(A错)。主细胞主要分泌胃蛋白酶原(B错),壁细胞主要分泌胃酸和内因子(D错),粘液细胞主要分泌粘液(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于促胃液素的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"产生促胃液素的细胞存在于胃体和胃底粘膜内"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白质消化产物及HCl是引起促胃液素释放的主要因素"},{"key":"C","value":"促胃液素对壁细胞有很强的刺激分泌作用"},{"key":"D","value":"促胃液素的最小活性片段是其N端的4个氨基酸"},{"key":"E","value":"切除胃窦的病人,促胃液素分泌不受影响"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"促胃液素(胃泌素)可促进壁细胞分泌胃酸(C对)。促胃液素(胃泌素)是由胃窦部(A错)G细胞分泌的,而胃酸和内因子是由存在于胃体和胃底的壁细胞分泌的。蛋白质的消化产物,如肽类和氨基酸,是引起胃泌素释放的主要因素,但胃酸(HCl)可直接抑制胃窦部G细胞释放促胃液素(B错)。促胃液素具有生物活性的最小片段是其C端的4个氨基酸(D错),该片段与促胃液素的生理作用密切相关。切除胃窦的病人,分泌胃泌素的G细胞减少,导致促胃液素分泌减少(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列神经反射活动中,存在正反馈调节的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺牵张反射"},{"key":"B","value":"屈肌反射"},{"key":"C","value":"排尿反射"},{"key":"D","value":"甲亢时TSH分泌减少"},{"key":"E","value":"压力感受性反射"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"排尿反射(C对)、分娩反射存在正反馈调节。肺牵张反射(A错)包括肺扩张反射和肺萎陷反射两种反射是指肺扩张或向肺内充气可引起吸气活动抑制,而肺萎陷或从肺内抽气则可引起吸气活动加强的现象,属于负反馈调节(P174)。屈肌反射(B错)是指当脊动物一侧肢体的皮肤受到伤害性刺激时,可反射性引起受刺激侧肢体关节的屈肌收缩而伸肌舒张,使肢体屈曲的现象,与反馈调节无关(P324)。压力感受性反射(E错)又称降压反射是指当动脉血压突然升高时,可反射性引起心率减慢、心输出量减少、血管舒张、外周阻力减小,血压下降的现象,属于负反馈调节(P131-P132)。甲亢时由于甲状腺合成释放过多的甲状腺激素会负反馈的抑制腺垂体释放TSH(促甲状腺激素)导致TSH分泌减少(D错)。"} {"Question":"激活后能促进脂肪分解代谢的受体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α₁受体"},{"key":"B","value":"α₂受体"},{"key":"C","value":"β₁受体"},{"key":"D","value":"β₂受体"},{"key":"E","value":"β₃受体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"激活后能促进脂肪分解代谢的受体是β₃受体(E对),肾上腺素可与β₃受体结合继而激活甘油三酯酶,加速脂肪分解,使血液中游离脂肪酸浓度升高。肾上腺素也可与α1受体(A错)结合可扩瞳、脑血管收缩、胃肠括约肌收缩等,与α2受体(B错)结合可引起小肠平滑肌舒张、胃肠腺体分泌减少等,与心肌β₁受体(C错)结合可引起正性心力作用,与β₂受体(D错)结合,加强糖酵解。"} {"Question":"可产生抑制性突触后电位的离子基础是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"K⁺"},{"key":"B","value":"Na⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"Ca²⁺"},{"key":"D","value":"Cl⁻"},{"key":"E","value":"H⁺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"突触后膜在某种神经递质作用下产生局部超极化电位变化,称为抑制性突触后电位(IPSP)。抑制性突触后电位的产生过程:抑制性中间神经元释放的抑制性递质作用于突触后膜,使后膜中的氯通道开放(D对),引起外向电流,结果使突触后膜发生超极化。虽然抑制性突触后电位(IPSP)的产生还与K⁺(A对)外流,Na⁺(B对)、Ca²⁺(C对)有关,但不是主要因素,因此本题最佳答案为D。"} {"Question":"正常人安静状态时出现的脑电波应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α波"},{"key":"B","value":"β波"},{"key":"C","value":"γ波"},{"key":"D","value":"δ波"},{"key":"E","value":"θ波"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常人安静状态时出现的脑电波应为α波(A对)。β波一般见于成人活动时(B错)。γ波一般出现于快速眼动睡眠时期(C错)。δ波一般出现在成人入睡后或处于极度疲劳或麻醉(D错)。θ波是成年人困倦时的主要脑电活动表现(E错)。"} {"Question":"肾上腺髓质激素大量释放时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血压升高,心率加快"},{"key":"B","value":"血压降低,心率加快"},{"key":"C","value":"血压升高,心率减慢"},{"key":"D","value":"血压降低,心率减慢"},{"key":"E","value":"心律和血压均无变化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肾上腺髓质激素大量释放主要是在应急反应时发生,引起中枢神经系统兴奋增强,心率加快,心输出量增加,血压升高(A对),使全身血量重新分布,以确保心、脑与肌肉等器官的血流量增加。呼吸加快加深,血糖升高,脂肪分解,葡萄糖、脂肪氧化增强,以满足机体在紧急情况下急增的能量需求。"} {"Question":"患者长期大量使用糖皮质激素时,下列哪种变化正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血中促肾上腺皮质激素减少"},{"key":"B","value":"血中肾上腺皮质激素增加"},{"key":"C","value":"血中TSH增加"},{"key":"D","value":"血中GH减少"},{"key":"E","value":"血中PRL增加"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者长期大量使用糖皮质激素时,可通过长反馈抑制CRH(促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素)与ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)的合成和分泌,使血中促肾上腺皮质激素减少(A对),血中肾上腺皮质激素减少(B错)。除此之外,(七版生理学P370)糖皮质激素对腺垂体激素GH(生长激素)、TSH(促甲状腺激素)、FSH(促卵泡生长激素)、LH(促黄体生成素)、PRL均有抑制作用(D对BCE错)。故本题的答案应为AD均正确,但参考答案仅为A。"} {"Question":"由胰岛A细胞分泌的激素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"胰高血糖素"},{"key":"C","value":"生长抑素"},{"key":"D","value":"血管活性肠肽"},{"key":"E","value":"胰多肽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"胰高血糖素(B对)由胰岛A细胞分泌。胰岛素(A错)由胰岛B细胞分泌。生长抑素(C错)由胰岛D细胞分泌。血管活性肠肽(D错)由胰岛H细胞分泌。胰多肽(E错)由胰岛PP细胞分泌。"} {"Question":"甲状腺滤泡旁细胞(又称C细胞)分泌的降钙素的作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促进细胞内的氧化作用"},{"key":"B","value":"维持糖、蛋白、脂肪正常的代谢"},{"key":"C","value":"促进机体的正常生长发育"},{"key":"D","value":"保持机体各系统器官的生理功能"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制骨骼的吸收"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"降钙素(CT)由甲状腺滤泡旁细胞即C细胞产生和分泌,其生物学作用是降低血钙和血磷。这种作用是通过降钙素对骨和肾脏的作用来实现的,对骨的作用是通过抑制破骨细胞的活性,减少其分泌,阻止其分化、增殖,从而抑制骨吸收(E对)和溶骨过程,减少Ca²⁺释放,对肾脏作用是抑制肾近端小管重吸收钙磷,增加其在尿中排出,实现降低血钙和血磷。"} {"Question":"CO₂在血液中最主要的运输形式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去氧血红蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"氨基甲酰血红蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"物理溶解"},{"key":"D","value":"碳酸氢盐"},{"key":"E","value":"氧合血红蛋白"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"血液中所含的CO₂约5%以物理溶解(C错)的形式运输,其余约95%则以化学结合的形式运输。化学结合的形式主要是碳酸氢盐(约88%)(D对)和氨基甲酰血红蛋白(约7%)(B错)。血红蛋白(AE错)为O₂的主要的运输形式。"} {"Question":"关于肺表面活性物质成分和功能的说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加肺泡表面张力"},{"key":"B","value":"维持肺的回缩力"},{"key":"C","value":"增大大肺泡的容积"},{"key":"D","value":"减小小肺泡的压力"},{"key":"E","value":"有助于维持肺泡的稳定性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肺表面活性物质有助于维持肺泡的稳定性(E对),降低肺泡表面张力(A错),减小肺泡的回缩力(B错)。肺表面活性物质可以维持肺泡容积的稳定性,在肺泡扩大(吸气)时,表面活性物质的密度减小,肺泡表面张力增加,肺泡的容积减小(C错);在肺泡缩小(呼气)时,表面活性物质的密度增大,降低表面张力的作用增强,肺表面张力减小(D错),因而可以防止肺泡萎陷。"} {"Question":"正常人时间肺活量第1秒末呼出气量占肺活量的百分比是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.6"},{"key":"B","value":"0.63"},{"key":"C","value":"0.8"},{"key":"D","value":"0.96"},{"key":"E","value":"0.99"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"正常人时间肺活量第1秒末呼出气量(FEV₁.₀)占用力肺活量(FVC)的百分比即FEV₁.₀\/FVC,均大于0.8(C对)。FEV₁.₀\/FVC可用于肺功能不全的分级。当FEV₁.₀\/FVC>0.7时,肺功能基本正常;当FEV₁.₀\/FVC在0.61~0.7之间,肺功能轻度减退;当FEV₁.₀\/FVC在0.41~0.6之间,肺功能显著减退;当FEV₁.₀\/FVC≤0.4时,肺功能严重减退。"} {"Question":"下述情况能导致肾小球滤过率减少的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血浆胶体渗透压下降"},{"key":"B","value":"血浆胶体渗透压升高"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆晶体渗透压下降"},{"key":"D","value":"血浆晶体渗透压升高"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小球毛细血管血压升高"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"由于囊内液胶体渗透压接近于0mmHg,所以肾小球有效滤过压=肾小球毛细血管静水压-血浆胶体渗透压-肾小囊内压,由此可知当血浆胶体渗透压升高时,肾小球有效滤过压降低,导致肾小球滤过率减少(B对)。当血浆胶体渗透压下降(A错)时,肾小球有效滤过压升高,导致肾小球滤过率升高。肾小球滤过压与血浆晶体渗透压无关(CD错)。肾小球毛细血管压升高(E错),则肾小球有效滤过压升高,滤过率增高。"} {"Question":"糖尿病患者尿量增多的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饮水过多"},{"key":"B","value":"肾小球滤过率增高"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小管重吸收氯化钠量减少"},{"key":"D","value":"小管液溶质浓度过高"},{"key":"E","value":"交感神经紧张度降低"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"糖尿病患者尿量增多的原因是渗透性利尿,即由于血糖浓度升高而使超滤液中的葡萄糖量超过近端小管对糖的最大转运率,造成小管液溶质浓度升高(D对),渗透压升高,使小管内外渗透压梯度减小,从而使水和NaCl的重吸收减少,尿量增加。"} {"Question":"各段肾小管比较,重吸收量居首位的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"近端小管"},{"key":"B","value":"髓袢降支细段"},{"key":"C","value":"髓袢升支细段"},{"key":"D","value":"远曲小管"},{"key":"E","value":"集合管"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在各段肾小管中,近端小管是最重要的重吸收部位。正常情况下,近端小管(A对)可以重吸收由肾小球滤过的100%的葡萄糖和氨基酸、65%~70%的Na⁺、C1-和水、80%的HCO₃⁻、65%~70%的K⁺、70%的Ca²⁺等。"} {"Question":"目前最常用的评价肾小球滤过率的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"eGFR"},{"key":"B","value":"菊粉清除率"},{"key":"C","value":"内生肌酐清除率"},{"key":"D","value":"血肌酐"},{"key":"E","value":"血尿素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"菊粉被肾小球自由滤过,并在肾小管和集合管不被重吸收和分泌,应用菊粉测定肾小球滤过率虽准确可靠,但操作不便(B错)。内生肌酐清除率(C对)在数值上较接近肾小球滤过率,故临床上常用它来推测肾小球滤过率。血肌酐(D错)可受蛋白摄入情况及肠道吸收功能影响,不能准确评价肾小球滤过率。血尿素(E错)全部由肾小球滤过,30%~40%被肾小管重吸收,肾小管亦分泌少量尿素,不用于评价肾小球滤过率。"} {"Question":"稽留热最常见的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺结核"},{"key":"B","value":"大叶性肺炎"},{"key":"C","value":"急性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"D","value":"疟疾"},{"key":"E","value":"胸膜炎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"稽留热常见于大叶性肺炎(B对)、斑疹伤寒及伤寒高热期。肺结核(A错)常见热型为弛张热和不规则热。急性肾盂肾炎(C错)和疟疾(D错)常见热型为间歇热。胸膜炎(E错)常见热型为不规则热。"} {"Question":"男,45岁。平素体健。为抢救一外伤的幼儿献血100ml,如果不考虑交感\/副交感神经兴奋性,最可能的血压、心率变化是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心率和血压均无明显变化"},{"key":"B","value":"血压升高,心率加快"},{"key":"C","value":"血压升高,心率减慢"},{"key":"D","value":"血压降低,心率加快"},{"key":"E","value":"血压降低,心率减慢"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"正常60kg体重的人血量为4.2~4.8L,该成年男性献血100ml不超过血量的10%,一般不会引起心率和血压均无明显变化(A对)。"} {"Question":"O型血所含的的抗原是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"A抗原"},{"key":"B","value":"H抗原"},{"key":"C","value":"O抗原"},{"key":"D","value":"B抗原"},{"key":"E","value":"MHC抗原"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"(P81)在A基因的控制下,细胞合成的A酶能使一个N-乙酰半乳糖胺基连接到H物质上,形成A抗原(A错);而在B基因控制下合成的B酶,则能把一个半乳糖基连接到H物质上,形成B抗原(D错),B型血所含的抗原为B抗原;O型红细胞虽然不含A、B抗原,但有H抗原(B对C错);MHC(E错)为主要组织相容性复合体,是一组与免疫应答密切相关、决定移植组织是否相容、紧密连锁的基因群。"} {"Question":"决定血浆PH(值)最重要的缓冲对是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"KHCO₃\/H₂CO₃"},{"key":"B","value":"NaHCO₃\/H₂CO₃"},{"key":"C","value":"K₂HPO₄\/KH₂PO₄"},{"key":"D","value":"Na₂HPO₄\/NaH₂PO₄"},{"key":"E","value":"蛋白质钠盐\/蛋白质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"血浆内的缓冲物质主要包括NaHCO₃\/H₂CO₃、蛋白质钠盐\/蛋白质(E错)和Na₂HPO4\/NaH₂PO4(D错)三个缓冲对,其中最重要的是NaHCO₃\/H₂CO₃(B对)。此外,红细胞内还有血红蛋白钾盐\/血红蛋白、氧合血红蛋白钾盐\/氧合血红蛋白、K2HPO4\/KH₂PO4(C错)、KHCO₃\/H₂CO₃(A错)。"} {"Question":"成人失血1000毫升时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血压升高,心率加快"},{"key":"B","value":"血压降低,心率加快"},{"key":"C","value":"血压升高,心率减慢"},{"key":"D","value":"血压降低,心率减慢"},{"key":"E","value":"血压和心率均不变"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"正常人体血量约为4.2~4.8L,当失血量达到正常血量的20%时(约1000ml)时,循环血量减少,机体的代偿功能将不足以维持正常血压,出现血压降低。大量失血时交感神经系统活动增强,机体出现心率加速(B对)。"} {"Question":"用阈下刺激即可诱发心肌细胞产生期前收缩的兴奋性周期时相是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绝对不应期"},{"key":"B","value":"相对不应期"},{"key":"C","value":"低常期"},{"key":"D","value":"局部反应期"},{"key":"E","value":"超常期"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"由于离子通道基本复活而膜电位尚未完全恢复静息电位,给予阈下刺激即可诱发心肌细胞产生期前收缩的兴奋性周期时相即为超常期(E对)。绝对不应期(A错)是指兴奋发生过程中离子通道完全关闭,无论给予何种刺激,都不能诱发心肌细胞产生新的兴奋。相对不应期(B错)是指绝对不应期后,兴奋逐渐恢复,离子通道部分开放,需给予大于原来阈值的刺激强度才可以发生兴奋。低常期(C错)是指超常期后细胞出现的兴奋性轻度降低的时期,需要阈上刺激才可以引起再次兴奋。局部反应期(D错)是指阈下刺激不引起细胞或者组织产生动作电位,但它可以引起受刺激的膜局部出现一个较小的膜的去极化反应。"} {"Question":"医学心理学对健康和疾病的观点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心身统一"},{"key":"B","value":"被动适应"},{"key":"C","value":"认知评价"},{"key":"D","value":"情绪影响"},{"key":"E","value":"个性特征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"随着社会的发展,健康的内涵在不断地发展,1990年世界卫生组织进一步到健康的定义作了补充:健康是指,一个人在身体健康、心理健康、社会适应健康和道德健康四个方面皆健全,即心身统一的观点(A对)。对于心理健康的判断标准有很多不同的理论学派,其中影响比较大的有马斯洛和米特尔曼提出的心理健康的十条标准:①有充分的自我安全感;②能充分了解自己,并能恰当估价自己的能力;③生活理想切合实际;④不脱离周围现实环境;⑤能保持人格的完整与和谐;⑥善于从经验中学习;⑦能保持良好的人际关系;⑧能适度地宣泄情绪和控制情绪;⑨在符合团体要求的前提下,能有限度地发挥个性;⑩在不违背社会规范的前提下,能适当地满足个人的基本需求;可综合概括为:认知评价的观点(C对)、个性特征作用的观点(E对)、情绪因素作用的观点(D)、主动适应的观点(B错,为本题正确答案),心理健康要求以积极的处世态度,与社会广泛接触,具有顺应社会改革变化的能力,是积极主动地适应,而非被动适应。"} {"Question":"下列关于体液的叙述,哪项是正确的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成年女性的体液量约占体重的60%"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞内液量在男性约占体重的40%,绝大多数存在于骨骼肌中"},{"key":"C","value":"血浆约占体重的10%"},{"key":"D","value":"脑脊液关节液消化液等属于功能性细胞外液"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞外液和细胞内液的渗透压一般为260~280mOsm\/L"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"细胞内液量在男性约占体重的40%,绝大多数存在于骨骼肌中(B对)。成年女性的体液量约占体重的50%(A错)。血浆约占体重的5%(C错)。脑脊液关节液消化液等属于无功能性细胞外液(D错)。细胞外液和细胞内液的渗透压一般为280~310mOsm\/L(E错)。"} {"Question":"形成Na⁺、K⁺在细胞内外不均衡分布的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安静时K⁺比Na⁺更易穿透过细胞膜"},{"key":"B","value":"兴奋时Na⁺比K⁺更易穿透过细胞膜"},{"key":"C","value":"K⁺的不断外流和Na⁺的不断内流"},{"key":"D","value":"膜上载体和通道蛋白的共同作用"},{"key":"E","value":"膜上Na⁺-K⁺依赖式ATP酶的活动"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"细胞膜内外Na⁺和K⁺浓度差是细胞发生电活动的基础,形成Na⁺、K⁺在细胞内外不均衡分布的原因是膜上Na⁺-K⁺依赖式ATP酶的活动(E对)。Na⁺-K⁺依赖式ATP酶(钠泵)每分解一分子ATP可逆浓度差将3个Na⁺移出胞外,将2个K⁺移入胞内,使细胞外液中的Na⁺浓度达到胞质内的10倍左右,细胞内的K⁺浓度达到细胞外液的30倍左右。安静时K⁺比Na⁺更易穿透过细胞膜(A错)是静息电位产生的机制。兴奋时Na⁺比K⁺更易穿透过细胞膜(B错)是动作电位产生的机制。K⁺的不断外流和Na⁺的不断内流(C错)可减小Na⁺、K⁺在细胞内外的不均衡分布。膜上载体和通道蛋白的共同作用(D错)与易化扩散有关。"} {"Question":"影响神经纤维动作电位幅度的主要因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刺激强度"},{"key":"B","value":"刺激时间"},{"key":"C","value":"阈电位水平"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞内外的Na⁺浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"神经纤维的直径"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"动作电位幅度=静息电位的绝对值+超射值。若增加细胞外的Na⁺浓度(D对),会加大细胞外液与细胞内液之间的浓度差,Na⁺内流增多,超射值增大,动作电位幅度增大,反之亦然。改变刺激时间(B错)、刺激强度(A错)和阈电位水平(C错),可以改变动作电位发生的难易程度,但不会影响动作电位幅度,因动作电位具有“全或无”的特性。神经纤维的直径(E错)可以影响神经纤维动作电位的传导速度,不会影响动作电位幅度。"} {"Question":"髋关节脱位的最常见类型","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前脱位"},{"key":"B","value":"后脱位"},{"key":"C","value":"中心型脱位"},{"key":"D","value":"合并髋臼骨折的脱位"},{"key":"E","value":"合并股骨头骨折的脱位"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"髋关节囊前壁有较强的髂股韧带,内上壁有耻骨囊韧带,后上壁有坐骨囊韧带加强。但内下壁和后下壁缺乏韧带,较为薄弱,容易从这两处发生脱位。其中最常见类型是后脱位,约占全部髋关节脱位的85%~90%(B对)。"} {"Question":"女,3岁,被牵拉前臂后,出现肘部疼痛,不愿用手取物,桡骨近端压痛。X线片检查未见骨折征象。最适宜的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手法复位"},{"key":"B","value":"外敷药物"},{"key":"C","value":"切开探查"},{"key":"D","value":"石膏固定"},{"key":"E","value":"肩部固定带悬吊"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"儿童患者,有被动牵拉史,出现肘部疼痛,X线片检查未发现骨折征象,符合桡骨头半脱位的诊断,其最适宜的治疗方法是手法复位(A对)。外敷药物(B错)适用于开放性骨折的清创术。切开探查(C错)适用于肌腱、神经、血管等重要组织创伤,关节内骨折,多处骨折等。石膏固定(D错)适用于骨折。肩部固定带悬吊(E错)适用于肩关节脱位。"} {"Question":"女,58岁。摔倒左手背着地,左腕部肿胀疼痛。X线显示桡骨远端向掌侧桡侧移位,最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Chance骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"Jefferson骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"Smith骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"Barton骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"Colles骨折"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题主要考查不同英文命名的特殊骨折的X线表现。患者左手背部着地摔伤后,左腕部肿胀疼痛,X线示桡骨远端向掌侧桡侧移位,其最可能的诊断应为桡骨远端屈曲型骨折(即Smith骨折)(C对)。Colles骨折(E错)呈“银叉”畸形和“枪刺样”畸形,骨折远端向桡、背侧移位,近端向掌侧移位。Chance骨折(A错)和Jefferson骨折(B错)均为椎体的骨折。Barton骨折(D错)为桡骨远端关节面骨折伴腕关节脱位,临床表现为与Colles骨折相似的“银叉”畸形,骨折远端向桡、背侧移位,近端向掌侧移位。"} {"Question":"桡骨下段骨折首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"切开复位钢板内固定"},{"key":"B","value":"抗炎镇痛"},{"key":"C","value":"中药活血化瘀"},{"key":"D","value":"手法复位外固定"},{"key":"E","value":"直接支具外固定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"桡骨远端骨折分为伸直型骨折和屈曲型骨折,二者均首选手法复位外固定(D对);仅在手法复位不成功或外固定不能维持复位时采取切开复位钢板内固定(A错)。消炎镇痛(B错)及中药活血化瘀(C错)对骨折而言主要为辅助保守治疗。直接支具外固定(E错)仅适用于无位移骨折。"} {"Question":"女,66岁。2小时前跌倒时手掌着地受伤。查体:右腕明显肿胀,压痛(+),侧面观呈“银叉样”畸形。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Galeazzi骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"Colles骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"Chance骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"Monteggia骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"Smith骨折"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者老年女性,手掌着地受伤史,右腕明显肿胀,压痛(+),侧面观呈“银叉样”畸形,其最可能的诊断为Colles骨折(B对)。Colles骨折又叫伸直型桡骨远端骨折,由于骨折远端向桡、背侧移位,近端向掌侧移位,因此表现为典型的“餐叉”样畸形(侧面观)、“枪刺样”畸形(正面观)。Smith骨折(P642)(E错)即屈曲型桡骨远端骨折,多由于跌倒时腕关节屈曲、手背着地所致。Monteggia骨折(P640)(D错)指尺骨上1\/3骨干骨折合并桡骨头脱位。Galeazzi骨折(P640)(A错)指桡骨下1\/3骨折合并尺骨小头脱位。Chance骨折(P684)(C错)主要指经椎体、椎弓及棘突的横向骨折。"} {"Question":"女,65岁。摔伤致右髋关节疼痛,功能障碍。X线片示右股骨颈头下骨皮质连续性中断,Pauwells角60°。该股骨颈骨折属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不完全骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"关节外骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"外展骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"稳定性骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"内收骨折"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"老年女性患者,摔伤后右髋关节疼痛、功能障碍(提示可能为股骨颈骨折),X线片示右股骨颈头下骨皮质连续性中断,Pauwels角60°(Pauwels角为远端骨折线与两侧髂嵴连线的夹角,外展型骨折Pauwels角<30°,内收型骨折Pauwels角>50°),结合患者病史、临床表现及实验室检查,患者应诊断为右股骨颈内收型骨折(E对C错)。内收型骨折属不稳定性骨折,外展型骨折属稳定性骨折(D错)。髋关节囊将整个股骨颈包裹在其中,因此股骨颈骨折属于关节内骨折(B错)。不完全骨折指骨的完整性和连续性部分中断,完全骨折指骨的完整性和连续性全部中断,患者X线片示右股骨颈头下骨皮质连续性中断,应为完全骨折(A错)。"} {"Question":"股骨干骨折髓内针内固定的明确指征不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非手术治疗失败"},{"key":"B","value":"伴有多发性损伤"},{"key":"C","value":"粉碎性骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"老年人不宜卧床过久者"},{"key":"E","value":"3岁以内儿童"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"由于儿童骨的再塑能力强,随着生长发育,逐渐代偿,至成人后可不留痕迹,故儿童股骨干骨折多采用手法复位、小夹板固定、皮肤牵引维持方法治疗(E错,为本题正确答案)。股骨干骨折髓内针内固定为股骨干骨折的手术治疗措施,其手术治疗的指征包括非手术治疗失败(A对)、伴有多发性损伤(B对)、粉碎性骨折(C对)、老年人不宜卧床过久者(D对)。"} {"Question":"女,72岁。摔伤右髋部,既往全身情况良好。查体:右下肢缩短,外旋畸形,下肢轴向叩击痛阳性。首选的检查方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"核素扫描"},{"key":"C","value":"关节造影"},{"key":"D","value":"MRI"},{"key":"E","value":"CT"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"老年女性患者,有摔伤史,右下肢缩短、外旋畸形(提示可能为股骨颈骨折),下肢轴向叩击痛阳性,结合患者病史、临床表现及体查结果,该患者最可能的诊断为右侧股骨颈骨折,骨折确诊首选检查方法为X线片(A对)。核素扫描(B错)多用于恶性肿瘤骨转移的诊断。关节造影(C错)多用于关节内病变的检查。MRI(D错)、CT(E错)虽对骨折显示的分辨率较高,但价格昂贵,多不作为首选检查。"} {"Question":"男,26岁。坐位乘车时急刹车,右膝前受冲击,出现右髋剧痛,髋关节运动障碍,处于屈曲、内收、内旋畸形状态。应选择哪种治疗方法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Hippocrates法"},{"key":"B","value":"Kocher法"},{"key":"C","value":"Allis法"},{"key":"D","value":"骨牵引"},{"key":"E","value":"皮牵引"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"男,26岁。坐位乘车时急刹车,右膝前受冲击,出现右髋剧痛,髋关节运动障碍,处于屈曲、内收、内旋畸形状态,考虑诊断为髋关节后脱位。髋关节后脱位绝大多数用手法复位治疗,为保持肌肉松弛,复位常在全麻或椎管内麻醉下进行,常用Allis法。应尽早、尽可能在24h内进行。如超过48h复位将十分困难。复位后患肢固定于外展中立位3周。卧床4周后扶双拐下地,3个月后才能完全持重。以免股骨头缺血坏死。该患者下地负重过早(4周),有可能发生股骨头缺血性坏死(C对)。"} {"Question":"女性,72岁,摔倒后左髋疼痛伴不能活动3小时,查体见左下肢缩短,外旋畸形,X线显示左侧股骨头下骨皮质不连续,断端部分吻合,外旋畸形常见的角度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"40~50"},{"key":"B","value":"80-90"},{"key":"C","value":"50-60"},{"key":"D","value":"20-30"},{"key":"E","value":"30-40"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"老年患者,有摔伤史,左下肢缩短、外旋畸形,考虑其最可能的诊断是左股骨颈骨折。股骨颈骨折的典型畸形是患肢缩短、轻度外旋(一般在45°~60°)(C对ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"男性18岁患者,左上臂近端疼痛肿胀1月。就诊时X线片显示:左肱骨上段膨胀性囊状透亮区,边界清,内有骨性间隔将囊腔分成蜂窝状。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"骨纤维异样增殖症"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉瘤样骨囊肿"},{"key":"D","value":"内生性软骨瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"骨肉瘤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者为青少年男性,左上臂近端疼痛肿胀,X线片示:左肱骨上段膨胀性囊状透亮区,边界清,内有骨性间隔将囊腔分成蜂窝状(动脉瘤样骨囊肿典型影像学表现),结合患者临床表现及影像学检查,最可能的诊断是动脉瘤样骨囊肿(C对)。动脉瘤样骨囊肿好发于青少年长骨干骺端,主要表现为疼痛和肿胀,X线表现为病变部位膨胀性囊状溶骨性改变,边界清,有骨性间隔,将囊腔分隔成蜂窝状或泡沫状。骨囊肿(P779)(A错)多无明显症状,X线表现为干骺端圆形或椭圆形界限清楚的溶骨性病灶,呈单房或多房性。骨纤维异样增殖症(P780)(B错)又称骨纤维发育不良,常无自觉症状,X线表现为受累骨骼膨胀变粗,密质骨变薄,典型特征是呈磨砂玻璃样改变,界限清楚。内生性软骨瘤(P797)(D错)以无痛性肿胀和畸形为主,X线主要表现为髓腔内椭圆形透亮点,呈溶骨性改变,皮质变薄无膨胀,溶骨区内有间隔或斑点状钙化影。骨肉瘤(P776)(E错)X线表现为骨质破坏,骨膜反应明显,可见Codman三角或呈“日光射线”形态。"} {"Question":"男,12岁。1个月前无明显诱因出现左胫骨近端肿痛,逐渐加重,皮肤表面静脉怒张,皮温增高。X线片见左胫骨近端呈溶骨性破坏,伴有骨膜日光放射表现。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"骨巨细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨髓炎"},{"key":"D","value":"骨肉瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"骨结核"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者为青少年,无明显诱因出现左胫骨近端肿痛,逐渐加重,皮肤表面静脉怒张,皮温增高,X线片见左胫骨近端呈溶骨性破坏,伴有骨膜日光放射状表现(骨肉瘤典型影像学表现),结合患者症状体征和影像学检查,最可能的诊断为左胫骨骨肉瘤(D对)。骨肉瘤好发于青少年股骨远端或胫骨近端的干骺端,主要症状多为持续性局部疼痛,局部静脉怒张、皮温升高,X线表现为溶骨性破坏,可见Codman三角或呈“日光射线”形态。骨囊肿(A错)也好发于青少年长管状骨干骺端,但多无明显症状,X线片表现为干骺端圆形或椭圆形界限清楚的溶骨性病灶。骨巨细胞瘤(B错)好发于20岁~40岁,X线特征性表现为骨端偏心性、溶骨性、囊性破坏而无骨膜反应,病灶呈肥皂泡样改变。骨髓炎(C错)常有高热、呕吐等全身性表现,典型X线表现为骨质破坏和死骨形成。骨结核(E错)多见于脊柱,肱骨近端一般不出现,可有低热、盗汗等结核中毒症状,X线可见区域性骨质疏松和周围少量钙化的骨质破坏病灶。"} {"Question":"男性,22岁。右膝内侧肿块5年,生长缓慢,无明显疼痛。X线片显示股骨下端内侧干骺端杵状肿块,边缘清楚。应首先考虑的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨肉瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"骨巨细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"软骨肉瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"骨软骨瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"骨样骨瘤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年男性患者,右膝内侧肿块生长缓慢、无明显疼痛(提示肿块为良性),X线片示股骨下端内侧干骺端杵状肿块,边缘清楚(骨软骨瘤典型影像学表现),结合患者的症状和影像学表现,应首先考虑的是右股骨骨软骨瘤(D对)。骨肉瘤(A错)为恶性骨肿瘤,X线片可见Codman三角或“日光射线”形态,肿瘤边界不清。骨巨细胞瘤(B错)为交界性肿瘤,X线片可见骨端偏心性、溶骨性、囊性破坏而无骨膜反应。软骨肉瘤(C错)是恶性骨肿瘤, X线片可有云雾状改变,边界不清。骨样骨瘤(E错)主要症状是疼痛,进行性加重,多数患者服用阿司匹林可缓解症状。"} {"Question":"男,15岁,2个月无意中发现右小腿近端肿物,无疼痛及活动障碍,查体:右小腿近端可触及约3cm×2cm肿物,质地较硬,无活动,无明压痛,X线检查见右胫骨干骺端有蒂的骨性突起,无骨质破坏及骨反应,最适宜的处理方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药外敷"},{"key":"B","value":"切开取病理"},{"key":"C","value":"随诊观察"},{"key":"D","value":"穿刺活检"},{"key":"E","value":"手术切除"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"青少年男性患者,无意中发现小腿近端肿物,X线检查见右胫骨干骺端有蒂的骨性突起,无骨质破坏及骨反应,说明为良性肿瘤,符合骨软骨瘤的诊断,治疗上随诊观察(C对)即可。中药外敷(A错)适用于开放性骨折的治疗。切开取病理(B错)、穿刺活检(D错)、手术切除(E错)适用于恶性肿瘤或良性肿瘤恶性病变时。"} {"Question":"骨囊肿好发于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"长管状骨干骺端"},{"key":"B","value":"扁骨骨端"},{"key":"C","value":"长管状骨骨端"},{"key":"D","value":"短状骨骨端"},{"key":"E","value":"短骨干骺端"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"骨囊肿好发于长管状骨干骺端(A对C错)。扁骨骨端(B错)如颅骨、肋骨骨端是骨嗜酸性肉芽肿(P780)的好发部位;短状骨骨端(D错)、短骨干骺端(E错)为软骨瘤的好发部位。"} {"Question":"X线显示干骺端圆形边界清楚的透亮区。骨皮质变薄,无骨膜反应的疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨囊肿"},{"key":"B","value":"骨巨细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨软骨瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"骨肉瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"骨纤维异常增殖症"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"干骺端圆形边界清楚的透亮区,骨皮质变薄,无骨膜反应为骨囊肿(A对)的典型X线表现。骨巨细胞瘤(B错)X线表现为骨端偏心位、溶骨性、囊性破坏而无骨膜反应,病灶呈肥皂泡样改变。骨软骨瘤(C错)X线表现为干骺端外生性的骨性突起。骨肉瘤(D错)典型的X线表现为Codman三角或呈“日光射线”征,骨膜反应明显。骨纤维异常增殖症(P780)(E错)亦称骨纤维发育不良,X线表现为受累骨骼膨胀变粗,密质骨变薄,典型特征是呈磨砂玻璃样改变,界限清楚。"} {"Question":"男,35岁,从高处跳下时,双下肢顿时感到无力如果检查显示胸椎压缩性骨折超过lcm,并有骨块进入椎管,应采取的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牵引"},{"key":"B","value":"仰卧硬板床,背部垫高"},{"key":"C","value":"双桌法过伸复位"},{"key":"D","value":"早期背伸锻炼"},{"key":"E","value":"及早手术解除脊髓压迫"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者高处跳下后,双下肢顿时感到无力(提示可能有脊髓损伤),检查示胸椎压缩性骨折超过lcm,并有骨块进入椎管(提示可能损伤脊髓),结合患者病史、临床表现及检查,该患者最可能的诊断为胸椎压缩性骨折伴脊髓损伤,考虑到患者椎管内有骨块进入,为防止加重脊髓损伤,应及早手术解除脊髓压迫(E对)。牵引(A错)多用于颈椎半脱位的治疗。仰卧硬板床,背部垫高(B错)及早期背伸锻炼(D错)均为轻度压缩骨折患者非手术治疗措施。双桌法过伸复位(C错)多用于Chance骨折的治疗。"} {"Question":"Chance骨折是指胸腰椎","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单纯性压缩骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"骨折-脱位"},{"key":"C","value":"屈曲-牵拉性损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"稳定性爆破型骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"水平状撕裂性损伤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"Chance骨折(E对)是指胸腰椎的水平状撕裂性损伤,属于不稳定骨折。单纯性压缩骨折(A错)指胸腰椎椎体前方受压缩楔形变。骨折-脱位(B错)指脊柱骨折并脱位,可伴有关节突关节脱位或骨折。屈曲-牵拉性损伤(C错)多见于颈椎骨折。稳定性爆破型骨折(D错)指椎体呈粉碎骨折,骨折块向四周移位。"} {"Question":"40岁男性,腰痛伴右下肢放射痛2月,反复发作,与劳累有关,咳嗽,用力排便时可加重疼痛。查体右直腿抬高试验40°阳性,加强试验阳性,X线片示:L4~5椎间隙变窄。可完全排除的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腰椎结核"},{"key":"B","value":"腰肌劳损"},{"key":"C","value":"腰椎肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"脊椎滑脱症"},{"key":"E","value":"腰椎管狭窄症"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"腰肌劳损(B错,为本题正确答案)为腰部肌肉及其附着点筋膜或骨膜的慢性损伤性炎症,无明显诱因的慢性疼痛为其主要症状,休息后可缓解。直腿抬高试验阴性,下肢无神经受累表现(即无下肢放射性疼痛),故可完全排除诊断。腰椎结核(A对)、腰椎肿瘤(C对)、脊椎滑脱症(D对)、腰椎管狭窄症(E对)等可以有脊髓、马尾神经或神经根受压刺激的神经受累表现,如下肢放射痛,故无法排除。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。搬重物时突然出现腰背部疼痛伴右下肢放射痛2小时。查体:下腰部压痛,右下肢直腿抬高试验(+),右侧足背外侧感觉减弱,右足趾跖屈肌力减弱,右侧跟腱反射减弱,Babinski征(-)。该患者疾病可能受累的节段是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"L4~5"},{"key":"B","value":"L5~S1"},{"key":"C","value":"L2~3"},{"key":"D","value":"L1~2"},{"key":"E","value":"L3~4"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"患者青年男性,搬重物时(腰椎间盘突出症常见诱因)突然出现腰背部疼痛伴右下肢放射痛(腰椎间盘突出症常见症状)。查体:下腰部压痛,右下肢直腿抬高试验(+)(腰椎间盘突出症常见体征),右侧足背外侧感觉减弱,右足趾跖屈肌力减弱,右侧跟腱反射减弱(L5~S1受损表现);结合患者临床表现考虑腰椎间盘突出症,结合‘表67-1腰神经根病的神经定位’定位于L5~S1(B对)。L2损伤主要表现为:大腿前中部感觉障碍,及髂腰肌运动障碍,L1~2(D错)、L2~3(C错);L4损伤主要表现为内踝感觉障碍,足背伸肌运动障碍,L4~5(A错)L3~4(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,重体力劳动工人。腰腿痛,向左下肢放射,咳嗽、喷嚏时加重1月。检查:腰部活动明显受限,并向左倾斜,直腿抬高试验阳性。病程中无低热盗汗消痩症状。如果病史2年,并逐年加重,己严重影响生活及工作,且出现大小便障碍。其治疗方法应采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"手术"},{"key":"B","value":"按摩"},{"key":"C","value":"牵引"},{"key":"D","value":"用药"},{"key":"E","value":"物理疗法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者男性、重体力劳动工人,腰腿痛、向左下肢放射、咳嗽喷嚏时加重(腰椎间盘突出症典型表现),腰部活动明显受限、向左倾斜,直腿抬高试验阳性(腰椎间盘突出症的重要体征),结合患者症状和体征,该患者首先考虑的诊断是腰椎间盘突出症。患者出现大小便障碍,提示有马尾神经受累,且患者病史已达2年、并逐渐加重,已严重影响生活及工作,故其治疗方法应采取手术(A对)。按摩(B错)、牵引(C错)、用药(D错)及物理疗法(E错)等非手术治疗方案仅可缓解症状,主要用于初次发病,病程较短和症状可自行缓解的病人。"} {"Question":"女,45岁。颈肩痛伴左上肢放射痛1周。查体:Eaton试验(+)。颈部MRI显示C₅₋₆,C₆₋₇椎间盘向左后突出8mm,关节突增生。颈椎斜位X线检查显示C₅₋₆椎间孔稍变窄。首选的治疗措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颈横肌锻炼"},{"key":"B","value":"椎板切除减压术"},{"key":"C","value":"前路椎间盘切除"},{"key":"D","value":"后路椎间盘切除"},{"key":"E","value":"颌枕吊带牵引"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"中年女性患者,有颈肩痛伴左上肢放射痛(表明颈神经根受压迫),颈部MRI显示C₅-₆,C₆-₇椎间盘向左后突出,可诊断为颈椎间盘突出症,其治疗先采用非手术治疗,如颌枕吊带牵引(E对)、休息、卧床等。颈椎间盘突出症不适用颈横肌锻炼(A错)。椎板切除减压术(B错)、前路椎间盘切除(C错)、后路椎间盘切除(D错)适用于非手术治疗无效,疼痛加重,甚至出现肌肉瘫痪等症状时,不作为首选。"} {"Question":"男,41岁。腰痛伴右下肢放射痛3月,反复发作,与劳累有关,咳嗽或用力排便时可加重疼痛。查体右直腿抬高试验40°阳性,加强试验阳性。X线片示:L4~5椎间隙变窄。该患者右下肢麻木的区域可能为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小腿外侧或足背"},{"key":"B","value":"大腿前侧"},{"key":"C","value":"小腿前内侧"},{"key":"D","value":"小腿及足外侧、足底"},{"key":"E","value":"臀部及大腿后侧"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"多数椎间盘突出病人常伴有感觉异常。腰4~5间盘突出,即腰5神经受累,患者将出现小腿外侧或足背的痛、触觉减退(A对)。大腿前侧(B错)为腰2神经受压。小腿前内侧(C错)为腰4神经受压。小腿及足外侧、足底(D错)为骶1神经受压。臀部及大腿后侧(E错)受腰1~3及骶1~3的混合支配。"} {"Question":"男,35岁。间断发作腰痛伴右下肢麻木3年。CT提示中央型腰椎间盘突出症,经保守治疗缓解。近1个月症状逐渐加重,2小时前出现大小便障碍。首选的治疗方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖皮质激素硬膜外注射"},{"key":"B","value":"绝对卧床休息"},{"key":"C","value":"髓核摘除术"},{"key":"D","value":"持续牵引"},{"key":"E","value":"理疗和按摩"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者青年男性,间断发作腰痛伴右下肢麻木3年(腰椎间盘突出常见症状)。CT提示中央型腰椎间盘突出症(中央型腰椎间盘突出典型影像学表现),经保守治疗缓解。近1个月症状逐渐加重,2小时前出现大小便障碍(腰椎间盘突出症急性加重并出现手术适应证)应立行髓核摘除术(C对)。糖皮质激素硬膜外注射(A错)绝对卧床休息(B错)、持续牵引(D错)、理疗和按摩(E错)均属于保守辅助治疗,并不能解决病因,不作为首选治疗方法。"} {"Question":"男,45岁,左膝关节肿胀伴积液,经穿刺抽出清亮液体。2天后出现寒战、高热、膝关节剧痛。查体:T39.5°C,膝关节肿胀并有压痛,实验室检查:WBC15.0×10⁹\/L。左膝关节X线片见软组织肿胀、关节间隙增宽。此关节积液中主要的渗出成分依次是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纤维素、脓液"},{"key":"B","value":"脓液、纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"浆液、纤维素"},{"key":"D","value":"脓液、浆液"},{"key":"E","value":"浆液、脓液"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"患者左膝关节肿胀伴积液,经穿刺抽出清亮液体(浆液性),2天后出现寒战、高热、膝关节剧痛、肿胀并有压痛,WBC﹥10×10⁹\/L(脓性)。左膝关节X线片见软组织肿胀、关节间隙增宽。最可能的诊断为化脓性关节炎。关节积液中主要的渗出成分依次是浆液、脓液(E对)。"} {"Question":"男,28岁。左侧小腿上段皮肤窦道反复流脓,排出碎骨块3年。近2日发热,局部红肿、剧痛、有波动感。X线检查示左胫骨上端增粗,见死骨,周围有新生骨,无包壳形成。在应用抗生素的同时应给予","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病灶刮除、植骨"},{"key":"B","value":"死骨摘除术"},{"key":"C","value":"切开引流"},{"key":"D","value":"穿刺抽脓"},{"key":"E","value":"抗结核药物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者左侧小腿上段皮肤窦道反复流脓,排出碎骨块3年(慢性骨髓炎典型表现),X线示左胫骨上端增粗,见死骨,周围有新生骨(慢性骨髓炎典型影像学表现表现),结合患者病史、症状及影像学表现,该患者最可能的诊断为慢性骨髓炎。近2日发热,局部红肿、剧痛、有波动感,考虑慢性骨髓炎急性发作。慢性骨髓炎急性发作时不宜作病灶死骨摘除术,应以抗生素治疗为主,积脓时宜切开引流(C对)。病灶刮除植骨(A错)仅在慢性炎症期可行,可清除死骨、炎性肉芽组织和消灭无效腔。由于患者尚无骨性包壳形成,所以不应进行死骨摘除术(B错),以免造成长段骨缺损。穿刺抽脓(D错)有导致新窦道形成的风险。抗结核药物(E错)用于治疗结核杆菌感染,而慢性骨髓炎的主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和乙型溶血性链球菌,故无需使用。"} {"Question":"男,12岁,一周前右膝肿胀,高热,呕吐,呈脓毒症样发作,浮髌试验阳性。下列诊断正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性骨髓炎"},{"key":"B","value":"软骨肉瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨性结核"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿病"},{"key":"E","value":"化脓性关节炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者右膝肿胀,高热呕吐,呈脓毒样发作,诊断为急性骨髓炎(A对)。外科,骨与关节化脓性感染,第一节,提到,急性血源性骨髓炎,如果病灶临近关节,可有反应性关节积液。"} {"Question":"脊柱结核与脊柱肿瘤的鉴别诊断中最有价值的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"穿刺活检"},{"key":"B","value":"脊髓造影"},{"key":"C","value":"血沉"},{"key":"D","value":"X线平片"},{"key":"E","value":"B超"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"脊柱结核儿童、成人均可发生,起病缓慢,有午后低热盗汗、疲倦、消瘦、食欲差与贫血等全身症状(P754)。 X线平片表现以骨质破坏和椎间隙狭窄为主(P754)。脊柱肿瘤多见于老人,疼痛逐日加重,X线平片可见骨质破坏累及椎弓根,椎间隙高度正常,一般无椎旁软组织块影(P755)。行穿刺活检检出有无癌细胞是脊柱结核与脊柱肿瘤的鉴别诊断中最有价值的检查(A对)。脊柱结核一般不侵犯脊髓,脊柱肿瘤在未侵犯到脊髓前无特征改变,因此脊髓造影(B错)意义不大。血沉(C错)改变为一般表现,对脊柱结核与脊柱肿瘤的鉴别诊断无意义。X线平片(D错)对脊柱结核与脊柱肿瘤的鉴别诊断有一定意义,但是不如穿刺活检准确。B超(E错)一般不作为脊柱结核与脊柱肿瘤的鉴别诊断的首选检查,更不可能成为最有价值的检查。"} {"Question":"10岁,右大腿下端疼痛伴高热达39.5℃1天。怀疑为急性化脓性骨髓炎。最有价值的辅助检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"X线摄片检查"},{"key":"B","value":"CT检查"},{"key":"C","value":"血培养"},{"key":"D","value":"局部穿刺"},{"key":"E","value":"血常规检查"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"10岁儿童(急性化脓性骨髓炎的好发年龄,好发于儿童和青少年),右大腿下端(化脓性骨髓炎的好发部位,多发于胫骨近端和股骨远端)疼痛伴高热达39.5℃(正常值为36℃~37℃)1天(早期),结合该患者的临床表现和体征,该患者的诊断考虑为急性化脓性骨髓炎。早期局部脓肿分层穿刺,若抽出脓性混浊液可确诊(D对)。X线片无早期诊断价值(A错),2~3周后可见骨破坏表现和骨膜反应。CT对小的骨脓肿仍难以显示(B错)。血培养可获致病菌,但并非每次培养均可获阳性结果,特别是已经用过抗生素者血培养阳性率更低(C错)。血常规检查可有白细胞升高的表现,但只能说明该患者有感染,而不能诊断为急性化脓性骨髓炎(E错)。"} {"Question":"慢性骨髓炎的表现是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异常活动"},{"key":"B","value":"肿胀疼痛"},{"key":"C","value":"功能障碍"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤瘀斑"},{"key":"E","value":"死骨形成"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性骨髓炎炎症反复迁延不愈,病变部位骨组织浸泡在脓液中失去血液供应,导致死骨形成(E对)。异常活动(A错)为骨折专有体征。肿胀疼痛(B错)、功能障碍(C错)为慢性骨髓炎的一般表现,均由局部慢性炎症引起。皮肤瘀斑(D错)为皮下出血的表现。"} {"Question":"急性血源性骨髓炎好发年龄应该是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴幼儿"},{"key":"B","value":"儿童及青少年"},{"key":"C","value":"青年"},{"key":"D","value":"中壮年"},{"key":"E","value":"老年"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性血源性骨髓炎多发生于儿童及青少年(B对),12岁以下的儿童约占80%以上。儿童好发于长骨干骺端,这是由于儿童骨骺板附近的微小终末动脉与毛细血管易形成血管襻,该处血流丰富而流动缓慢,使细菌更易沉积,因此少年长骨干骺端为好发部位。"} {"Question":"骨折切开复位比闭合复位的最大优点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"达到解剖复位"},{"key":"B","value":"降低感染风险"},{"key":"C","value":"制动时间缩短"},{"key":"D","value":"缩短骨折愈合时间"},{"key":"E","value":"减少骨折部位创伤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"切开复位的最大优点是可使手法复位不能复位的骨折达到解剖复位(A对)。有效的内固定,可使病人提前下床活动,减少肌萎缩及关节僵硬,还能方便护理,减少并发症,但它并不能缩短制动时间(C错)和骨折的愈合时间(D错)。由于切开复位时分离软组织和骨膜,减少了骨折部位血供、增加了骨折部位软组织的损伤程度(E错),易发生感染,同时切开复位后多使用内固定器材,更增加了感染的风险(B错)。"} {"Question":"属于不稳定性骨折的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嵌插骨折"},{"key":"B","value":"青枝骨折"},{"key":"C","value":"横骨折"},{"key":"D","value":"裂缝骨折"},{"key":"E","value":"斜形骨折"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"不稳定性骨折指骨折端易发生移位的骨折,包括斜形骨折(E对)、螺旋形骨折、粉碎性骨折等。稳定性骨折指骨折端不易发生移位的骨折,包括裂缝骨折(D错)、青枝骨折(B错)、横行骨折(C错)、压缩性骨折、嵌插骨折(A错)等。"} {"Question":"男,工地外伤,多根多处肋骨骨折,呼吸时可见胸廓反常呼吸运动,现场急救最佳处理措施","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厚敷料加压包扎"},{"key":"B","value":"胸腔穿刺术"},{"key":"C","value":"胸腔闭式引流术"},{"key":"D","value":"胸廓固定"},{"key":"E","value":"镇痛,对症处理"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"多根多处肋骨骨折现场急救:1.抢救休克;2.包扎伤口;3.妥善固定;4.迅速转运。多根肋骨骨折引起反常呼吸时,应该先用厚敷料加压包扎(A对),然后再行胸廓固定(D错)。"} {"Question":"下列哪项不属于闭合性骨折切开复位内固定的适应症","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨折端间有软组织嵌插,手法复位失败"},{"key":"B","value":"关节内骨折,手法复位对位不好"},{"key":"C","value":"并发主要血管损伤"},{"key":"D","value":"并发主要神经损伤"},{"key":"E","value":"未达到解剖复位"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"闭合性骨折指骨折处皮肤及筋膜或骨膜完整,骨折端不与外界相通,其复位方法有手法复位和切开复位。切开复位可使手法复位不能复位的骨折达到解剖复位,且切开复位后大多需要内固定。解剖复位和功能复位都是骨折的复位标准,达到功能复位标准时可不强求解剖复位(E错,为本题正确答案)。切开复位的指征有1)骨折端之间有肌肉或肌腱等软组织嵌入(A对);2)关节内骨折可能影响关节功能者(B对);3)手法复位未能达到功能复位的标准,将严重影响患肢功能者;4)骨折并发主要血管(C对)、神经损伤(D对),修复血管、神经的同时,宜行骨折切开复位;5)多处骨折,为便于护理和治疗,防止并发症,应行切开复位;6)不稳定性骨折,如四肢斜形、螺旋形、粉碎性骨折及脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤者。"} {"Question":"胫骨中段闭合性骨折发生骨筋膜室综合征,处理不当造成的严重后果为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"创伤性关节炎"},{"key":"B","value":"损伤性骨化"},{"key":"C","value":"缺血性骨坏死"},{"key":"D","value":"急性骨萎缩"},{"key":"E","value":"缺血性肌挛缩"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"骨筋膜室综合征造成肌肉和神经急性缺血,恢复血液供应后大部分肌肉坏死,形成挛缩畸形(即缺血性肌挛缩)(E对)。"} {"Question":"属于骨折晚期并发症的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"休克"},{"key":"B","value":"骨化性肌炎"},{"key":"C","value":"感染"},{"key":"D","value":"脂肪栓塞"},{"key":"E","value":"神经损伤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"骨折晚期并发症包括坠积性肺炎、骨化性肌炎(B对)、感染(C对)、压疮、下肢深静脉血栓形成、创伤性骨关节炎、关节僵硬、急性骨萎缩、缺血性骨坏死、缺血性肌挛缩等。休克(A错)、脂肪栓塞(D错)、神经损伤(E错)、骨筋膜室综合征等均为骨折的早期并发症。依据八版外科学教材,骨化性肌炎和感染均为骨折晚期并发症,故B、C均为正确选项。但参考答案给的是B。"} {"Question":"女,29岁,半小时前从高处跌落,右下肢疼痛,活动受限。查体:神志清楚,右侧大腿、小腿压痛(+),畸形,异常活动。为明确诊断,首先应进行的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"B超"},{"key":"B","value":"肌电图"},{"key":"C","value":"MRI"},{"key":"D","value":"X线片"},{"key":"E","value":"CT"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"患者从高处跌落后,查体发现右侧大腿和小腿畸形、异常活动(骨折的特有体征,包括畸形、异常活动、骨擦音或骨擦感),考虑右下肢骨折(具有骨折特有体征之一者,即可诊断为骨折)。为明确诊断,首先应进行的检查是X线片(D对)。X线片检查对骨折的诊断和治疗具有重要价值(不仅可以显示临床上难以发现的不完全性骨折、深部的骨折、关节内骨折和小的撕脱性骨折等,还可以指导骨折的治疗)。MRI(C错)、CT(E错)对骨折的分辨率较高,主要用于早期、不典型病例、X线片难以发现及不规则骨骨折等的诊断,由于价格昂贵,一般不作为首选检查。B超(A错)无法穿透成人皮质骨,故难于诊断骨骼疾病。肌电图(B错)多用于神经肌肉损伤等疾病的诊断。"} {"Question":"男,25岁。主因右膝关节肿痛2周就诊,腰痛3年。查体:右膝关节肿胀,有压痛,浮髌实验阳性,左侧“4字征”阳性,左侧骶髂关节压痛。最有意义的检查是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骶髂关节X线片"},{"key":"B","value":"血沉"},{"key":"C","value":"类风湿因子"},{"key":"D","value":"抗“O”抗体"},{"key":"E","value":"HLA-B27"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"青年男性患者(强直性脊柱炎的好发人群),右膝关节肿痛2周就诊,腰痛3年,查体:右膝关节肿胀、有压痛、浮髌实验阳性(膝关节炎体征),左侧“4字征”阳性、左侧骶髂关节压痛阳性(骶髂关节炎体征),本例患者考虑诊断为强直性脊柱炎,骶髂关节X线检查既可明确诊断,还可对强直性脊柱炎的严重程度进行分级,故该患者最有意义的检查是骶髂关节X线片(A对)。血沉(B错)为一般炎症指标,不具有特异性。类风湿因子(C错)阳性多见于类风湿关节炎,强直性脊柱炎为阴性。抗“O”抗体(D错)阳性见于风湿热、猩红热、丹毒等链球菌感染引发的疾病,强直性脊柱炎为阴性。约90%强直性脊柱炎患者HLA-B27(E错)阳性,但还有约10%患者HLA-B27阴性,故HLA-B27不是最有意义的检查。"} {"Question":"男,32岁。右上臂被重物砸伤2小时。局部疼痛、肿胀、活动受限。查体:右上臂中下部可见畸形及异常活动,垂腕、手指不能伸直。最可能合并损伤的神经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桡神经"},{"key":"B","value":"正中神经"},{"key":"C","value":"腋神经"},{"key":"D","value":"肌皮神经"},{"key":"E","value":"尺神经"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者有右上臂重物砸伤史,局部疼痛、肿胀、活动受限,右中下部畸形及异常活动(骨折特有体征,包括畸形、异常活动、骨擦音或骨擦感,凡具有骨折特有体征之一者,即可诊断为骨折),垂腕、手指不可伸直(提示可能有桡神经损伤),结合患者的病史、症状和体征,该患者最可能的诊断为右肱骨骨折并桡神经损伤,故最可能合并损伤的神经是桡神经(A对)。桡神经肘上损伤主要表现为伸腕、伸拇、伸指、前臂旋后障碍及手背桡侧感觉异常和“垂腕”畸形。正中神经(P700)(B错)肘上损伤主要表现为拇对掌功能障碍、“猿手”畸形、手的桡侧半感觉障碍及拇指和示中指屈曲功能障碍。腋神经(C错)损伤多见于肱骨外科颈骨折,其主干损伤后主要表现为臂不能外展、臂旋外力减弱、肩部及臂外侧区上1\/3部皮肤感觉障碍。肌皮神经(D错)损伤主要见于肱骨上中段骨折,表现为屈肘无力以及前臂外侧部分皮肤感觉的减弱。尺神经(P701)(E错)肘上损伤主要表现为环、小指“爪形手”畸形,手指内收、外展障碍(夹纸试验阳性)、Froment征阳性、手部尺侧半和尺侧一个半手指感觉障碍及环、小指末节屈曲功能障碍。"} {"Question":"男,38岁。右上臂刀割伤3小时,查体:T36.9℃,P102次\/分,BP120\/70mmHg,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音,心律齐,未闻及杂音,腹软,无压痛,右手小指及环指的小指半侧感觉明显减退,手指内收障碍。损伤的神经是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌皮神经"},{"key":"B","value":"正中神经"},{"key":"C","value":"尺神经"},{"key":"D","value":"腋神经"},{"key":"E","value":"桡神经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者右上臂刀割伤3小时,右手小指及环指的小指半侧感觉明显减退,手指内收障碍(提示有尺神经损伤),结合患者病史和临床表现,该患者损伤的神经为尺神经(C对)。肌皮神经(A错)损伤主要见于肱骨上中段骨折,表现为屈肘无力以及前臂外侧部分皮肤感觉的减弱。正中神经(B错)在腕部损伤主要表现为拇对掌功能障碍、“猿手”畸形和手的桡侧半感觉障碍。腋神经(D错)损伤主要见于肱骨外科颈骨折,其主干损伤后主要表现为臂不能外展、臂旋外力减弱、肩部及臂外侧区上1\/3部皮肤感觉障碍。桡神经(E错)伸腕、 伸拇、伸指、前臂旋后障碍及手背桡侧(虎口区)感觉异常,典型的畸形是垂腕。"} {"Question":"克罗恩病最典型的肠道溃疡形态是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不规则深大溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"多发浅溃疡"},{"key":"C","value":"纵行溃疡"},{"key":"D","value":"环形溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"烧瓶样溃疡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"克罗恩病最典型的肠道溃疡形态是纵行溃疡(C对),进而可发展为裂隙,形成鹅卵石样外观。不规则溃疡(A错)主要见于细菌性痢疾(P360),也称地图样溃疡。多发浅溃疡(B错)主要见于溃疡性结肠炎(P194)。环形溃疡(D错)主要见于肠结核(P356)。烧瓶样溃疡(E错)主要见于肠阿米巴病(P369)。"} {"Question":"男,32岁,恶心、呕吐、腹胀、乏力4天,发热、胡言乱语1天。既往无肝病史。查体:巩膜明显黄染,肝浊音界缩小,扑翼样震颤阳性。实验室检查:血ALT130U\/L,TBil240mol\/L。该患者的肝脏可能发生的主要病理改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝淤血性改变"},{"key":"B","value":"假小叶形成"},{"key":"C","value":"肝细胞气球样变"},{"key":"D","value":"肝细胞广泛坏死"},{"key":"E","value":"肝细胞碎屑样坏死"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"青年男性患者,恶心呕吐、腹胀乏力4天,查体见巩膜黄染、肝浊音界缩小,ALT(谷丙转氨酶,正常值为5-40U\/L)、TBil(总胆红素,正常值为3.4-17.1μmol\/L)升高,病程短且已出现肝性脑病的表现(胡言乱语1天、扑翼样震颤阳性),考虑诊断为急性重型肝炎。急性重型肝炎的主要病理改变是肝细胞广泛坏死(D对)。肝淤血性改变(A错)主要见于右心衰竭,此例无下肢水肿、颈静脉怒张等右心衰竭的表现。假小叶形成(B错)是肝硬化的特征性改变(P201)。肝细胞气球样变(C错)见于急性普通型肝炎(P198)。肝细胞碎屑样坏死(E错)常见于慢性肝炎。"} {"Question":"关于肝硬化的叙述中正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚急性重症型病毒性肝炎多发展为门脉性肝硬化"},{"key":"B","value":"病变特点是肝细胞坏死纤维组织增生和假小叶形成"},{"key":"C","value":"门脉高压症可表现为出血倾向"},{"key":"D","value":"肝功能不全可表现为脾肿大"},{"key":"E","value":"肝硬化不发生癌变"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"肝硬化是以肝细胞坏死、纤维组织增生和假小叶形成为病变特点的慢性肝脏疾病(B对)。亚急性重型肝炎多数继续发展而转变为坏死后性肝硬化(A错)。门脉性肝硬化的主要临床病变为门脉高压症和肝功能不全(障碍),其中门脉高压症可表现为慢性淤血性脾大(C错);肝功能不全可表现为出血倾向(D错)。肝硬化可发生癌变(E错)。"} {"Question":"肺组织切片检查,光镜下见细支气管上皮脱落,腔内及周围肺泡腔内亦有多少不等的脓性渗出物,应诊断为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肺淤血"},{"key":"B","value":"大叶性肺炎灰色肝变期"},{"key":"C","value":"小叶性肺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"大叶性肺炎溶解消散期"},{"key":"E","value":"肺结核变质渗出期"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"肺组织切片检查,光镜下见细支气管上皮脱落,腔内及周围肺泡腔内亦有多少不等的脓性渗出物,应诊断为小叶性肺炎(C对)。慢性肺淤血(P46)(A错)镜下可见特征性心衰细胞。大叶性肺炎的自然发展过程可分为充血水肿期、红色肝变期、灰色肝变期和溶解消散期,其中灰色肝变期(P164)镜下可见肺泡腔内渗出的是纤维素和中性粒细胞(B错),溶解消散期(P165)肺泡腔内主要见纤维素溶解(D错)。肺结核(P351)变质渗出期主要表现为浆液性或浆液纤维素性炎,肺泡腔内渗出的不会是脓性物(E错)。"} {"Question":"慢性肺淤血可引起的脏器改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直肠息肉形成"},{"key":"B","value":"脾脏白色锥形病灶"},{"key":"C","value":"回盲部肠腔狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"胃壁溃疡形成"},{"key":"E","value":"肝脏肿大"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"慢性肺淤血时,肺泡壁毛细血管扩张充血,肺泡间隔变厚、纤维化,肺质地变硬,并逐渐形成肺动脉高压,引起右心衰竭,静脉回流障碍最终导致肝脏肿大(E对)。直肠息肉形成(A错)、脾脏白色锥形病灶(B错)、回盲部肠腔狭窄(C错)和胃壁溃疡形成(D错)均与慢性肺淤血无关。"} {"Question":"女性的肺癌大多是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腺癌"},{"key":"B","value":"鳞状细胞癌"},{"key":"C","value":"印戒细胞癌"},{"key":"D","value":"粘液腺癌"},{"key":"E","value":"小细胞未分化癌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"女性的肺癌大多是肺腺癌(A对),约占50%以上。肺鳞状细胞癌(B错)多见于中老年人和有吸烟史的患者。小细胞未分化癌(P183)(E错)多见于有吸烟史的老年男性患者。粘液腺癌(P97)(D错)和印戒细胞癌(C错)多见于胃和大肠,极少发于肺脏。"} {"Question":"细胞坏死的主要形态学特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"核分裂"},{"key":"B","value":"细胞核异型"},{"key":"C","value":"线粒体肿胀"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞核碎裂"},{"key":"E","value":"细胞质脂质增多"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"细胞坏死的的主要形态学特征是细胞核的变化,包括细胞核固缩、细胞核碎裂(D对)和细胞核溶解。核分裂(A错)和细胞核异型(B错)均为恶性肿瘤的主要形态学特征。线粒体肿胀(C错)是细胞水肿(P15)的主要形态学特征。细胞质脂质增多(E错)是细胞脂肪变性(P15)的主要形态学特征。"} {"Question":"肉芽组织主要是由下列哪种细胞组成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"成纤维细胞,新生毛细血管和炎性细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"成纤维细胞,新生毛细血管和巨噬细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"纤维细胞,新生毛细血管和炎性细胞"},{"key":"D","value":"炎性细胞和成纤维细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"新生毛细血管和巨噬细胞"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"肉芽组织主要是由成纤维细胞,新生毛细血管和炎性细胞(A对)组成的。虽然巨噬细胞是参与构成肉芽组织的最主要的炎性细胞,但除它之外还有中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等其他炎性细胞共同参与,故不选B选项。纤维细胞(C错)和成纤维细胞是处于不同功能状态的同一种细胞,参与肉芽组织形成的是功能活跃的成纤维细胞。"} {"Question":"干酪样坏死的本质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纤维蛋白样坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"脂肪坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"干性坏疽"},{"key":"D","value":"液化性坏死"},{"key":"E","value":"彻底的凝固性坏死"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"干酪样坏死是指,当凝固性坏死灶中脂质含量较多时,坏死区呈黄色,状似干酪,其特点为不见坏死部位原有组织结构的残影,甚至不见核碎屑,因此本质上是彻底的凝固性坏死(E对)。纤维蛋白样坏死(A错)即纤维素样坏死(P20),是常见于结缔组织和小血管壁的一种坏死,镜下可见病变部位形成颗粒状或小条块状无结构物质,染色性质似纤维素。脂肪坏死(P21)(B错)属于液化性坏死,有特征性灰白色钙皂形成。干性坏疽(P21)(C错)是坏疽的一种分类,常继发于肢端组织缺血性坏死,多表现为凝固性坏死。液化性坏死(P20)(D错)是指因坏死组织中可凝固的蛋白质少,或坏死细胞自身及浸润的中性粒细胞等释放大量水解酶,或组织富含水分和磷脂,导致细胞组织坏死后易发生溶解液化。"} {"Question":"病毒性肝炎肝细胞气球样变","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞水肿"},{"key":"B","value":"玻璃样变"},{"key":"C","value":"粘液变性"},{"key":"D","value":"淀粉样变"},{"key":"E","value":"脂肪沉积(脂肪变性)"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"在病毒性肝炎中,肝细胞气球样变是肝细胞水肿(A对)的一种状态,是指细胞水肿发展到一定程度时,肝细胞肿胀呈圆球形,胞质几乎完全透明,状似气球。玻璃样变(P16)(B错)是指细胞内或间质中出现半透明状蛋白质蓄积的现象。粘液样变(P17)(C错)是指细胞间质内出现黏多糖(葡萄糖胺聚糖、透明质酸等)和蛋白质蓄积的现象。淀粉样变(P17)(D错)是指细胞间质内出现淀粉样蛋白质和黏多糖复合物蓄积的现象,具有淀粉染色的特征。脂肪沉积(脂肪变性)(P16)(E错)是指非脂肪细胞的胞质中出现甘油三酯蓄积的现象。"} {"Question":"肉芽组织的组成是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毛细血管和弹力纤维"},{"key":"B","value":"小动脉和纤维母细胞"},{"key":"C","value":"毛细血管和胶原纤维"},{"key":"D","value":"纤维母细胞和小静脉"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细血管和纤维母细胞"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肉芽组织的主要成分为新生毛细血管和纤维母细胞(成纤维细胞)(E对)。弹力纤维(A错)和胶原纤维(C错)均可见于疏松结缔组织中,前者排列散乱,略成黄色,富于弹性;后者排列成束,具有韧性,一般比前者略粗。小动脉(B错)为外周阻力血管,小静脉(D错)为容量血管。胶原纤维、小动脉和小静脉的出现均标志着肉芽组织成熟(P37),并逐渐转化为瘢痕组织。"} {"Question":"坏死组织经腐败菌作用后常发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"空洞"},{"key":"C","value":"梗死"},{"key":"D","value":"坏疽"},{"key":"E","value":"栓塞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"坏死组织经腐败菌作用后常可发生坏疽(D对)。空洞(P21)(B错)是指坏死物液化后,经自然管道排出体外后所残留的空腔。梗死(P44)(C错)是指器官或局部组织由于缺血、栓塞导致缺氧而发生的坏死。栓塞(P54)(E错)是指血液循环中,不溶于血液的异常物质随血流运行而阻塞血管腔的现象。"} {"Question":"坏疽是指坏死组织表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干酪样改变"},{"key":"B","value":"淤血性改变"},{"key":"C","value":"腐败菌的感染"},{"key":"D","value":"充血性改变"},{"key":"E","value":"缺血性改变"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"坏疽是指坏死组织表现为腐败菌感染(C对)。干酪样改变(A错)是坏死更为彻底的凝固性坏死,常见于结核肉芽肿(P351)。淤血性改变(B错)、充血性改变(D错)及缺血性改变(E错)均为局部血液循环障碍所致的病理改变,但不是组织细胞损伤的表现形式。"} {"Question":"坏死组织经腐败作用后常可发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脓肿"},{"key":"B","value":"空洞"},{"key":"C","value":"梗死"},{"key":"D","value":"坏疽"},{"key":"E","value":"栓塞"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"坏死组织经腐败菌作用后常可发生坏疽(D对)。空洞(P21)(B错)是指坏死物液化后,经自然管道排出体外后所残留的空腔。梗死(P44)(C错)是指器官或局部组织由于缺血、栓塞导致缺氧而发生的坏死。栓塞(P54)(E错)是指血液循环中,不溶于血液的异常物质随血流运行而阻塞血管腔的现象。"} {"Question":"不属于血栓结局描述的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶解"},{"key":"B","value":"钙化"},{"key":"C","value":"软化"},{"key":"D","value":"机化"},{"key":"E","value":"硬化"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"在心脏和血管内血液发生凝固或者血液中某些有形成分凝集形成的固体质块称为血栓。血栓的结局包括软化(C对)、溶解(A对)和吸收、机化(D对)和再通、钙化(B对)。硬化(E错,为本题正确答案)是血管的病理变化,动脉硬化指动脉壁增厚、失去弹性、硬化性的一类疾病,包括①AS(动脉粥样硬化),如发生在冠状动脉;②细动脉硬化,常见于高血压病和糖尿病;③动脉中层钙化,少见。"} {"Question":"影响栓子运行方向","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血栓部位"},{"key":"B","value":"血流方向"},{"key":"C","value":"血栓类型"},{"key":"D","value":"血栓大小"},{"key":"E","value":"血栓成分"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"栓子一般随血流方向运行,最终停留在口径与其相当的血管并阻断血流。来自不同血管系统的栓子,其运行途径不同(B对)。"} {"Question":"股骨骨折后因处理不当,大量脂肪滴进入血液,该脂肪栓子常栓塞于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺静脉及其分支"},{"key":"B","value":"左心房"},{"key":"C","value":"左心室"},{"key":"D","value":"主动脉分支"},{"key":"E","value":"肺动脉及其分支"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"股骨骨折后处理不当时,直径较大的脂滴常进入下肢静脉,回流入心后再到达肺,栓塞于肺动脉及其分支(E对);直径较小的脂滴可流经肺静脉及其分支(A错)后至左心,而后到达体循环分支引起全身多器官的栓塞。左心房(B错),左心室(C错)和主动脉分支(D错)的管腔较大,不易栓塞。"} {"Question":"贫血性梗死灶呈锥体形改变的脏器是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺"},{"key":"B","value":"脑"},{"key":"C","value":"肾"},{"key":"D","value":"肠"},{"key":"E","value":"心"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"贫血性梗死易发生于组织结构较致密、侧支循环不充分的器官,如肾、脾、心和脑组织等。由于肾(C对)的血管呈锥形分支,故其梗死灶也呈锥体形改变。肺(A错)的梗死灶虽然也呈锥形,但肺脏易发生出血性梗死。脑(B错)的梗死灶无特殊形状(P59),往往经坏死、变软、液化后形成囊状或被星形胶质细胞和胶质纤维替代,形成胶质瘢痕。肠(D错)的梗死灶呈节段形。心(E错)的梗死灶呈地图状。"} {"Question":"透明血栓见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"混合血栓的尾部"},{"key":"B","value":"白血栓"},{"key":"C","value":"混合血栓的头部"},{"key":"D","value":"红血栓"},{"key":"E","value":"DIC"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"透明血栓主要发生于毛细血管内,最常见于DIC(弥散性血管内凝血)(E对)。白色血栓(B错)为延续性血栓的头部(C错),主要见于急性风湿性心内膜炎等。红色血栓(D错)为延续性血栓的尾部(A错),主要见于静脉内。"} {"Question":"下列关于流行性乙型脑炎的病理改变的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经细胞变性,坏死"},{"key":"B","value":"血管套形成"},{"key":"C","value":"软化灶"},{"key":"D","value":"蛛网膜下腔有脓性渗出物"},{"key":"E","value":"胶质细胞增生"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"流行性乙型脑炎是由乙型脑炎病毒感染引起的急性传染病,其基本病变有:血管周围淋巴细胞浸润和血管套形成(B对),神经细胞变性坏死(A对),软化灶形成(C对)和胶质细胞增生(E对)。流行性乙型脑炎由病毒感染引起,无脓性物渗出(D错,为本题正确答案),蛛网膜下腔有脓性渗出物主要见于流行性脑脊髓膜炎。"} {"Question":"单纯性二尖瓣狭窄的病变不伴有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左心房肥厚"},{"key":"B","value":"左心房扩张"},{"key":"C","value":"右心室肥厚"},{"key":"D","value":"左心室肥厚"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏呈梨形"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"单纯性二尖瓣狭窄时,舒张期从左心房流向左心室的血液受阻,淤积在左心房内,心房内压增高,导致左心房代偿性肥厚(A对)和扩张(B对)。后期,随着左心房的压力愈来愈高,肺静脉回流受阻,可引起肺淤血和肺动脉高压,长期的肺动脉高压,可导致右心室代偿性肥厚(C对),继而失代偿,右心室扩张致使三尖瓣相对关闭不全,并最终引起右心房淤血和体循环静脉淤血。左心室早期无明显变化,后期可因流入的血流减少,导致废用性萎缩(D错,为本题正确答案)。X线可见,左心房增大,左心室缩小,心脏呈梨形(E对)。"} {"Question":"出现Aschoff细胞的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性肺源性心脏病"},{"key":"B","value":"高血压心脏病伴左心功能不全"},{"key":"C","value":"扩张性心肌病"},{"key":"D","value":"风湿性心脏病"},{"key":"E","value":"病毒性心肌炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"Aschoff细胞也称风湿细胞,是由增生的巨噬细胞吞噬纤维素样坏死物质转变而成的,常出现于风湿性心脏病(D对)中。慢性肺源性心脏病(P177)(A错)主要出现特征性肺小动脉变化,如无肌型细动脉机化及肌型小动脉中膜增生、肥厚。高血压心脏病伴左心功能不全(B错)多引起肺淤血(P46),肺泡腔内可出现心衰细胞。扩张性心肌病(P149)(C错)主要出现心肌细胞不均匀性肥大、伸长,肥大和萎缩的心肌细胞交错排列。病毒性心肌炎(P153)(E错)主要出现心肌细胞间质水肿和心肌间质纤维化等。"} {"Question":"高血压病时,细动脉硬化的病理改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉壁纤维化"},{"key":"B","value":"动脉壁水肿"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉壁玻璃样变性"},{"key":"D","value":"动脉壁纤维素样坏死"},{"key":"E","value":"动脉壁脂质沉着"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"细动脉硬化是良性高血压病的主要病变特征,表现为动脉壁玻璃样变性(C对);动脉壁纤维素样坏死(D错)是恶性高血压(P142)的特征性病理改变。高血压病时一般不发生动脉壁纤维化(A错)和动脉壁水肿(B错)。动脉壁脂质沉着(E错)是动脉粥样硬化(P132)的病理特点。"} {"Question":"原发性高血压细动脉的可逆性改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内膜下蛋白性物质沉积"},{"key":"B","value":"血管腔狭窄"},{"key":"C","value":"血管痉挛"},{"key":"D","value":"血管壁平滑肌萎缩"},{"key":"E","value":"血管纤维化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"原发性高血压功能紊乱期表现为全身细小动脉间歇性痉挛收缩、血压升高,因动脉无器质性病变,痉挛缓解后血压可恢复正常。血管痉挛(C对)为原发性高血压细动脉的可逆性改变。内膜下蛋白性物质沉积(A错),不一定表现为玻璃样变,也可表现为其他病变如动脉粥样硬化的早期,玻璃样变属于可逆性改变。原发性高血压病变过程大致为:由于细小动脉长期痉挛,加之血管内皮细胞长期受高血压刺激,使内皮细胞及基底膜受损,内皮细胞间隙扩大,通透性增强,血浆蛋白渗入血管壁中,造成可逆性损伤。同时平滑肌细胞(SMC)分泌大量细胞外基质,SMC因缺氧而变性、坏死,血管壁平滑肌萎缩(D错),管壁逐渐纤维化(E错),细动脉壁增厚,导致管腔狭窄(B错),这些均为不可逆损伤。"} {"Question":"心脏充盈受限最常见于下列哪种心肌病","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩张性心肌病"},{"key":"B","value":"肥厚性心肌病"},{"key":"C","value":"限制性心肌病"},{"key":"D","value":"克山病"},{"key":"E","value":"见于所有心肌病"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"限制性心肌病的主要病理变化是心内膜心肌纤维化导致全心腔狭窄,故是以心室充盈受限为最主要特征的心肌病;而肥厚性心肌病的主要病理变化是非对称性室间隔肥厚,故是以心肌肥厚为特征的心肌病,严重的心肌肥厚可引起心室腔狭窄(以左室尤其显著),从而导致左心室充盈受阻。由此可见,相较于肥厚性心肌病,心脏充盈受限更常见于限制性心肌病(C对)。扩张性心肌病(A错)以左心室、右心室或双心室腔扩大,收缩功能障碍等为特征,不会引起心脏充盈受限。克山病(D错)的主要病理变化是心肌严重的变性、坏死和瘢痕形成,导致心脏不同程度增大,因此也不会引起心脏充盈受限。"} {"Question":"恶性高血压的肾脏特征性病变时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾小球纤维化"},{"key":"B","value":"肾细小动脉纤维素样坏死"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小叶间动脉内膜增厚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾小球毛细血管内血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小管上皮变性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"恶性高血压的肾脏特征性病变是增生性小动脉硬化和坏死性细动脉炎,前者的主要表现为肾小球动脉内膜显著增厚,肾小叶间动脉内膜增厚(C错)可出现,但不是特征性病变;后者的主要表现为肾细小动脉纤维素样坏死(B对)。肾小球纤维化(A错)为各种肾小球损伤发展到终末阶段的病理变化(P273)。肾小球毛细血管内血栓形成(D错)可见于DIC(弥散性血管内凝血),常为透明血栓。肾小管上皮变性(E错)可见于部分肾小管-间质性肾炎。"} {"Question":"原发性高血压时细动脉可逆性病理改变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管壁平滑肌萎缩"},{"key":"B","value":"血管纤维化"},{"key":"C","value":"血管痉挛"},{"key":"D","value":"内膜下蛋白性物质沉积"},{"key":"E","value":"血管腔狭窄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"原发性高血压时,细动脉可逆性病理改变(即是非器质性病理改变)为细小动脉间歇性痉挛收缩(C对)。内膜下蛋白性物质沉积(D错)和血管腔狭窄(E错)属于高血压动脉病变期的病理改变。血管壁平滑肌萎缩(A错)和血管纤维化(B错)属于高血压内脏病变期(P140-P141)。"} {"Question":"卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤的病理学特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单个囊腺泡,内上皮为单层扁平状上皮"},{"key":"B","value":"内层为多层高柱状上皮"},{"key":"C","value":"大小不一的囊腔,充满富含糖蛋白的粘稠液体"},{"key":"D","value":"囊腔和间质可见多个砂粒体"},{"key":"E","value":"可见明显异型性细胞"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"在卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤中,它的病理学特征有:肉眼可见肿瘤表面光滑,由多个大小不一的囊腔组成,腔内充满富于糖蛋白的黏稠液体,较少形成乳头(C对)。镜下,良性黏液性腺瘤的痰腔被覆单层高柱状上皮(AB错),核在基底部,核的上部充满黏液,无纤毛,和胃及小肠的上皮相似,交界性黏液性肿瘤镜下特征和交界性浆液性肿瘤相似。黏液性癌上皮细胞明显异型(E错),形成复杂的腺体和乳头结构,可有出芽、搭桥及实性巢状区,如能确认有间质明显破坏性浸润,则可诊断为癌。浆液性癌最主要的特征是有明显的癌细胞破坏性间质浸润,其乳头分支多而复杂,树枝状分布,常可见砂粒体(D错)。"} {"Question":"乳腺纤维腺瘤外观常见的肉眼特点","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"息肉状"},{"key":"B","value":"乳头状"},{"key":"C","value":"分叶状"},{"key":"D","value":"结节状"},{"key":"E","value":"囊状"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"乳腺纤维腺瘤外观的肉眼特点常呈圆形或卵圆形结节状(D对)。起源于上皮组织的肿瘤(P96-P97)常呈乳头状(B错)、息肉状(A错)、蕈伞状或菜花状。脂肪瘤(P98)、脂肪肉瘤(P99)等常呈分叶状(C错)。囊状(E错)可见于囊腺癌等。"} {"Question":"绒毛膜癌的主要转移途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接蔓延"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴转移"},{"key":"C","value":"血行转移"},{"key":"D","value":"直接蔓延和种植"},{"key":"E","value":"直接蔓延和淋巴转移"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"绒毛膜癌的主要转移途径为血行转移(C对),因其侵袭破坏血管能力很强。直接蔓延(A错)为肿瘤从原发部位直接侵入周围组织和器官,绒毛膜癌以破坏血管为主。淋巴转移(BE错)为上皮组织恶性肿瘤最常见的转移方式,绒毛膜癌不属于上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤。种植性转移(D错)发生于体腔内器官的恶性肿瘤,侵及器官表面时,癌细胞脱落后播散到体腔其他器官的一种转移方式。"} {"Question":"确诊肿瘤最可靠的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CT检查"},{"key":"B","value":"DSA检查"},{"key":"C","value":"B超检查"},{"key":"D","value":"肿瘤标记物检查"},{"key":"E","value":"病理学检查"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"病理形态学检查是目前确定肿瘤的直接而可靠的依据(E对)。与病理学检查相比,肿瘤标记物检查、B超检查、CT检查、DSA(数字减影血管造影技术)检查特异性敏感性均较低(ABCD错)。"} {"Question":"来源于间叶组织的肿瘤是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癌"},{"key":"B","value":"肉瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"母细胞瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"类癌"},{"key":"E","value":"临界肿瘤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"来源于间叶组织的肿瘤有良、恶性之分,其中恶性肿瘤称为肉瘤(B对)。癌(A错)是来源于上皮组织的恶性肿瘤。母细胞瘤(C错)是指肿瘤的形态类似发育过程中的某种幼稚细胞或组织的肿瘤。类癌(D错)是起源于胃肠道和其他器官的内分泌细胞的低度恶性肿瘤。临界性肿瘤(E错)又称交界性肿瘤,是介于良性和恶性之间的肿瘤。"} {"Question":"属于恶性肿瘤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"神经纤维瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"软骨母细胞瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"骨母细胞瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"成熟性畸胎瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"髓母细胞瘤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"髓母细胞瘤(E对)是起源于神经细胞的恶性肿瘤。神经纤维瘤(A错)、软骨母细胞瘤(B错)和骨母细胞瘤(C错)均为良性肿瘤。成熟性畸胎瘤(D错)是性畸胎瘤的分类之一,也为良性肿瘤。"} {"Question":"骨肉瘤最重要的组织学特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细胞核多形"},{"key":"B","value":"血管内瘤栓"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤性成骨"},{"key":"D","value":"细胞异型性明显"},{"key":"E","value":"核分裂象多见"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"骨肉瘤为最常见的骨恶性肿瘤。镜下,肿瘤细胞异型性明显,梭形或多边形,直接形成肿瘤性骨样组织或骨组织(C对),这是诊断骨肉瘤最重要的组织学依据。"} {"Question":"黄曲霉毒素B1的靶器官主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脾"},{"key":"B","value":"肝"},{"key":"C","value":"心"},{"key":"D","value":"肺"},{"key":"E","value":"脑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"黄曲霉菌广泛存在于霉变食品中。霉变的花生、玉米及谷类含量最多。黄曲霉毒素有多种,其中黄曲霉毒素B1致癌性最强。黄曲霉毒素B1是异环芳烃,在肝脏代谢为环氧化物,可使肿瘤抑制基因p53发生点突变而失去活性。这种毒素可诱发肝细胞癌。乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染导致肝细胞慢性损伤和再生,可能给黄曲霉毒素B1的致突变作用提供了条件。HBV感染与黄曲霉毒素B1的协同作用可能是我国肝癌高发地区的重要致肝癌因素。因此黄曲霉毒素B1的靶器官主要是肝(B对)。"} {"Question":"关于抑癌基因的正确叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"其产物具有抑制细胞增殖的能力"},{"key":"B","value":"与癌基因的表达无关"},{"key":"C","value":"肿瘤细胞出现时才表达"},{"key":"D","value":"不存在于人类正常细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"缺失与细胞的增殖和分化有关的因子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"抑癌基因是存在于人类正常细胞中的基因(D错),在正常情况下可以表达,并不只是在肿瘤细胞出现时才表达(C错),其产物具有抑制细胞增殖的能力(A对)。抑癌基因可以抑制癌基因的表达(B错),在细胞的增殖和分化调控中起重要作用(E错)。"} {"Question":"不属于上皮组织肿瘤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃淋巴瘤"},{"key":"B","value":"肝腺瘤"},{"key":"C","value":"宫颈鳞状细胞瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"肺腺瘤"},{"key":"E","value":"乳腺导管内乳头状瘤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"上皮组织肿瘤:(1)良性:乳头状瘤(E错)、腺瘤(BD错);(2)恶性:鳞状细胞癌(C错)、腺癌、基底细胞癌、尿路上皮癌。间叶组织肿瘤:(1)良性:脂肪瘤、血管瘤、淋巴管瘤、平滑肌瘤、软骨瘤;(2)恶性:脂肪肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、血管肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、骨肉瘤、软骨肉瘤。胃淋巴瘤(A对)属于淋巴造血组织的肿瘤。"} {"Question":"肿瘤细胞分化程度高是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肿瘤周围有较多的淋巴细胞浸润"},{"key":"B","value":"不容易引起器官的阻塞和破坏"},{"key":"C","value":"高度恶性的肿瘤"},{"key":"D","value":"有较大的异型性"},{"key":"E","value":"与起源组织相似"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"肿瘤细胞的分化程度是指肿瘤组织在形态和功能上与其起源组织的相似程度,分化程度越高,与起源组织越相似(E对)。而高度恶性的肿瘤(C错)和有较大的异型性(D错)的肿瘤,肿瘤细胞的分化程度均较低。"} {"Question":"关于蜂窝织炎下列哪项不正确","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病变组织呈马蜂窝状"},{"key":"B","value":"皮肤、肌肉和阑尾是好发部位"},{"key":"C","value":"主要由溶血性链球菌引起"},{"key":"D","value":"病变弥漫与细菌透明质酸酶和链激酶有关"},{"key":"E","value":"中性粒细胞弥漫浸润组织"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"蜂窝织炎是好发于皮肤、肌肉和阑尾(B对)等疏松结缔组织的弥漫性化脓性炎,主要由溶血性链球菌引起(C对),链球菌分泌的透明质酸酶和链激酶可降解透明质酸、溶解纤维素,有易于病变的扩散(D对),主要表现为组织内大量中性粒细胞浸润(E对)。蜂窝织炎的病变组织呈弥漫性扩散,而不是马蜂窝状(A错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"纤维素性炎症的好发部位应除外","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心包"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"气管"},{"key":"D","value":"结肠"},{"key":"E","value":"皮肤"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"纤维素性炎是以渗出物中含有大量纤维素为特征的炎症,易发生于①黏膜:如气管内壁(C对)、结肠内壁(D对)②浆膜:如心包(A对)③肺组织(B对)。皮肤(E错,为本题正确答案)属于上皮组织,易发生蜂窝织炎(化脓性炎)。"} {"Question":"92μmol\/L,尿蛋白(+++),尿潜血(-)。肾活检检示:基底膜增厚,嗜银染色有钉突形成。最可能的诊断是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"膜性肾病"},{"key":"B","value":"lgA肾病"},{"key":"C","value":"局灶节段性肾小球硬化"},{"key":"D","value":"微小病变性肾病"},{"key":"E","value":"系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"患者中年男性,双下肢水肿(肾性水肿)查体:BP140\/90mmHg,血Alb27g\/L,Scr92μmol\/L,尿蛋白(+++),尿潜血(-)(有蛋白尿而无血尿提示:肾病)。肾活检检示:基底膜增厚,嗜银染色有钉突形成(膜性肾病的特征性病理改变)结合患者病史、临床表现及相关辅助检查最可能的诊断是膜性肾病(A对)。局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(C错)的病理表现为IgM和C3沉积;IgA肾病(B错)隶属于原发性肾小球肾炎,主要病理特点为肾组织以IgA为主的免疫球蛋白沉积为特征;微小病变性肾病(D错)的特征性病理改变为:光镜下肾小球结构正常,电镜下观察到脏层上皮细胞足突消失。系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎(E错)的病理特征为双轨征表现。"} {"Question":"急性弥漫性増生性肾小球肾炎特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"弥漫性系膜细胞和基质增生"},{"key":"B","value":"基底膜和上皮细胞间有驼峰状或小丘状致密物质沉积"},{"key":"C","value":"弥漫性肾小球内大量新月体或环状体形成"},{"key":"D","value":"电镜下呈弥漫性肾小球脏层细胞足突消失"},{"key":"E","value":"是肾病综合征的重要原因"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎的病变特点是毛细血管内皮细胞和系膜细胞增生(A错),电镜检查显示基底膜和上皮细胞间有驼峰状或小丘状致密物质沉积(B对)。弥漫性肾小球内大量新月体或环状体形成(C错)是急进性肾小球肾炎(P267)的病变特点。电镜下呈弥漫性肾小球脏层细胞足突消失(D错)是微小病变性肾小球肾病(P270)的病变特点。急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎的临床表现为急性肾炎综合征(P265),不会引起肾病综合征(E错)。"} {"Question":"男,54岁。渐进性水肿半年,无糖尿病病史,Cr78μmol,C₃正常,NAN(—),蛋白尿(++),血压150\/90mmHg。肾脏在光镜下的特征性病理表现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内皮细胞和系膜细胞增生"},{"key":"B","value":"镜下无异常变化"},{"key":"C","value":"肾小球毛细血管壁增厚"},{"key":"D","value":"新月体形成"},{"key":"E","value":"肾小球无变化,肾小管及间质损伤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"患者男性,渐进性水肿半年,无糖尿病病史,Cr(血肌酐值)78μmol\/L(正常值全血Cr为88.1~176.8μmol\/L,血清或血浆Cr男性53~106μmol\/L),蛋白尿强阳性,血压150\/90mmHg(正常值小于140mmHg),符合肾病综合征的表现,患者年龄54岁,是膜性肾病的好发年龄段,因此首选病理类型应为膜性肾病,膜性肾病光镜下典型病例表现有毛细血管壁增厚,染色后可见增厚的基底膜和垂直的钉突(C对)。内皮细胞和系膜细胞增生常为急性肾小球肾炎(P469)的主要表现(P469)(A错)。肾病综合征光镜下一般都会出现相应的病理表现,极少出现光镜下无异常变化的情况(B错)。新月体形成为急进型肾小球肾炎的典型表现(P471)(D错)。肾小球无变化,肾小管及间质无损伤为微小病变性肾小球肾炎(P478)的常见表现(八版病理学P270)(E错)。"} {"Question":"能够降低心力衰竭死亡率和再住院率,改善患者长期预后的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"C","value":"比索洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"依那普利"},{"key":"E","value":"沙库巴曲缬沙坦"}],"Answer":"CDE","Explanation":"本题考查心力衰竭。能够降低心力衰竭死亡率和再住院率,改善患者长期预后的药物有比索洛尔(C对)、依那普利(D对)、沙库巴曲缬沙坦(E对)。地高辛(A错)为强心苷类正性肌力药,临床主要用于急、慢性心力衰竭,控制心房颤动,心房扑动引起的快速心室率,室上性心动过速。呋塞米(B错)作为袢利尿剂,作用于髓袢升支粗段,抑制Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻协转运体,使NaCl重吸收减少,影响肾的稀释与浓缩功能,发挥利尿作用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,80岁,高血压病史28年,近日自觉憋气,昨夜出现呼吸困难,不能平躺,喘憋,咳粉红色泡沫样痰,诊断为心力衰竭。应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胺碘酮"},{"key":"B","value":"氟桂利嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"硝酸异山梨酯"},{"key":"D","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"E","value":"氨氯地平"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查呋塞米。应选用的药物是呋塞米(D对)。利尿剂可减轻心脏负荷,呋塞米对轻度心衰患者从小剂量开始进行给药,逐渐加量,静脉注射效果优于口服。胺碘酮(A错)为转复房颤的药物。氟桂利嗪(B错)用于脑供血不足,椎动脉缺血,脑血栓形成;耳鸣,脑晕;偏头痛预防;癫痫辅助治疗。硝酸异山梨酯(C错)用于冠心病的长期治疗,心绞痛的预防,心肌梗死后持续心绞痛的治疗;与洋地黄和(或)利尿剂联合应用,治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭,肺动脉高压的治疗。氨氯地平(E错)为二氢吡啶类抗高血压药物,适用于老年高血压、单纯收缩期高血压,伴稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉或颈动脉粥样硬化及周围血管病患者。"} {"Question":"与胆汁酸结合而降血脂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯贝丁酯"},{"key":"B","value":"洛伐他汀"},{"key":"C","value":"考来烯胺"},{"key":"D","value":"烟酸"},{"key":"E","value":"普罗布考"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查调血脂药。考来烯胺(C对)为胆酸螯合剂,通过与胆酸结合阻断胆固醇重吸收。氯贝丁酯(A错)通过抑制血小板聚集降血脂。洛伐他汀(B错)为HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂。烟酸(D错)调节血脂可能与抑制脂肪组织脂解和减少肝脏中胆固醇合成和分泌有关。普罗布考(E错)通过渗入到脂蛋白颗粒中影响脂蛋白代谢,抑制氧化LDL-C的生成而产生降血脂作用。"} {"Question":"qn。最近间断服用多维元素片和褪黑素片。综合评估该患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的发病风险,建议该患者的药物治疗方案应调整为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加用华法林钠片,3mg qd"},{"key":"B","value":"加用依折麦布片,10mg qd"},{"key":"C","value":"加用格列美脲片,2mg qd"},{"key":"D","value":"加用盐酸二甲双胍片,0.5g tid"},{"key":"E","value":"加用吉非贝齐片,0.6g bid"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查调血脂药的联合应用。他汀类与依折麦布(B对)联合应用同时影响胆固醇的合成和吸收,可产生良好协同作用,使血清LDL-C在他汀类治疗的基础上再下降18%左右,降低心血管事件风险。"} {"Question":"患者,男,81岁,诊断为高血压伴前列腺增生,首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"B","value":"氯沙坦"},{"key":"C","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"多沙唑嗪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查多沙唑嗪。高血压伴前列腺增生,首选的药物是多沙唑嗪(E对)。多沙唑嗪适用于高血压伴前列腺增生症患者,也用于难治性高血压患者的治疗,开始用药应在入睡前,以防直立性低血压发生。维拉帕米(A错)为钙通道阻滞剂,用于心绞痛、心律失常、原发性高血压等。氯沙坦(B错)为肾素-血管紧张素活性药,用于治疗原发性高血压,可预防相关慢性疾病如高血脂、高血压、肥胖、高血糖等;对于合并有高血压的患者,治疗的同时注意血尿酸水平,特别是联合使用利尿剂时,必要时可选择兼具降压和降尿酸的血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(如氯沙坦)。螺内酯(C错)为保钾利尿药,用于水肿性疾病、高血压、原发性醛固酮增多症、低钾血症的预防。美托洛尔(D错)属于β-受体阻断剂,适用于伴快速型心律失常、冠心病、慢性心力衰竭、交感神经活性增高、高动力状态的高血压。"} {"Question":"正常高值的血压范围是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收缩压120~139mmHg舒张压80~89mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"收缩压140~159mmHg舒张压90~99mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"收缩压160~179mmHg舒张压100~109mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"收缩压≥180mmHg舒张压≥110mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"收缩压≥140mmHg舒张压<90mmHg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查血压水平的定义和分类。正常高值范围是收缩压120~139mmHg,舒张压80~89mmHg(A对)。收缩压140~159mmHg和(或)舒张压90~99mmHg(B错)为1级高血压(轻度)。收缩压160~179mmHg和(或)舒张压100~109mmHg(C错)为2级高血压(中度)。收缩压≥180mmHg和(或)舒张压≥110mmHg(D错)为3级高血压(重度)。收缩压≥140mmHg和(或)舒张压<90mmHg(E错)为单纯收缩期高血压。"} {"Question":"男,68岁,双侧肾动脉狭窄,有哮喘史,气短、心悸就诊,体征和实验结果为血压172\/96mmHg,血尿酸516mmol\/L(正常180~440),血钾110mmol\/L(正常为25~100),应该选哪个抗高血压药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"替米沙坦"},{"key":"C","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"D","value":"利血平"},{"key":"E","value":"拉西地平"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗高血压药。拉西地平(E对)属于二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂,钙通道阻滞剂适用于老年高血压,单纯收缩期高血压,伴稳定型心绞痛、冠状动脉或颈动脉粥样硬化及周围血管疾病患者。题干中患者68岁可判断为老年高血压。氢氯噻嗪(A错)禁用于高尿酸患者。替米沙坦(B错)为血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药,禁用于双侧肾动脉狭窄患者。卡托普利(C错)为血管紧张素转换酶抑制药,禁用于双侧肾动脉狭窄患者。利血平(D错)慎用于高尿酸血症患者。"} {"Question":"某糖尿病、血脂异常患者已使用二甲双胍、甘精胰岛素以及瑞舒伐他汀等药物进行控血糖、调血脂治疗,需要监测的实验室指标有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红细胞沉降率"},{"key":"B","value":"糖化血红蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"血糖"},{"key":"D","value":"肌酸激酶"},{"key":"E","value":"低密度脂蛋白胆固醇"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":"本题考查糖尿病和高脂血症的监测指标。糖尿病患者需定期监测糖化血红蛋白(B对),以了解血糖的控制情况。也需自我监测血糖(C对),避免发生低血糖。对于糖尿病伴高脂血症,使用他汀类药物治疗期间,应控制血清LDL-C的目标水平,因此需要监测低密度脂蛋白(E对)。另外他汀类药物的不良反应有肌毒性、肝毒性,因此在用药期间需定期监测肌酸激酶(D对)、肝功能等。"} {"Question":"可能引起足踝部水肿的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多沙唑嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"赖诺普利"},{"key":"C","value":"羟考酮"},{"key":"D","value":"辛伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"氨氯地平"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。可能引起足踝部水肿的药物是氨氯地平(E对)。二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂(氨氯地平)常见不良反应包括:反射性交感神经激活导致心跳加快、面部潮红、脚踝部水肿、牙龈增生等。多沙唑嗪(A错)为α肾上腺素能受体阻断剂,主要的不良反应为直立性低血压(伴高血压的老年患者易出现)、眩晕、头痛、乏力、困倦、逆向射精等。赖诺普利(B错)为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,最常见不良反应为干咳,其他不良反应有低血压、皮疹,血管神经性水肿,长期应用有可能导致血钾升高。羟考酮(C错)是强效镇痛药,可引起便秘、恶心、呕吐、头晕等不良反应。辛伐他汀(D错)属于他汀类的调血脂药,典型的不良反应是横纹肌溶解症。"} {"Question":"对患高血压合并痛风者不宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"福辛普利"},{"key":"B","value":"利血平"},{"key":"C","value":"尼索地平"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"特拉唑嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查氢氯噻嗪。对患高血压合并痛风者不宜选用氢氯噻嗪(D对)。氢氯噻嗪为噻嗪类利尿药,痛风患者禁用。福辛普利(A错)为ACEI类降压药,禁用于双侧肾动脉狭窄、高钾血症及妊娠期。利血平(B错)为去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药,禁用于活动型胃溃疡、溃疡性结肠炎、抑郁症,尤其是有自杀倾向的抑郁症。尼索地平(C错)为二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂,但心动过速与心力衰竭患者应慎用。特拉唑嗪(E错)为选择性α₁受体阻滞剂,体位性低血压者禁用,心力衰竭者慎用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁,患有高血压、冠心病,医师处方硝酸甘油片备用。关于该患者用药教育的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用药后可能出现心率加快"},{"key":"B","value":"心绞痛发作时立刻嚼碎吞服"},{"key":"C","value":"心绞痛发作时,首次使用后若症状未缓解,可每5分钟用药1次"},{"key":"D","value":"心绞痛发作时,每次给药0.5mg,15分钟内给药最多不超过3次"},{"key":"E","value":"药品需遮光、密封、在阴凉处保存"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查硝酸甘油的患者用药教育。硝酸酯类药物会反射性增加交感神经张力,使心率加快(A对)。常联合负性心率药物如体阻断剂或非二氢吡啶类CCB(如地尔硫䓬等)治疗慢性稳定型心绞痛。舌下含服硝酸甘油可作为心绞痛发作时缓解症状用药(B错,为本题正确答案),每次0.25~0.5mg, 每5分钟含服1次(C对),直至症状缓解,15分钟内含服最大剂量不超过1.5mg(D对)。硝酸甘油易受光线影响而变质,需遮光、密封、在阴凉处保存(E对)。"} {"Question":"口服给药吸收缓慢且在肝内灭活,应该舌下含服的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨茶碱"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素K"},{"key":"D","value":"钙化三醇"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对高总胆固醇血症者应首选的血脂调节药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"烟酸缓释剂"},{"key":"C","value":"胆酸螯合剂"},{"key":"D","value":"贝丁酸类"},{"key":"E","value":"脂酶抑制剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查调血脂药。HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂(A对)为高总胆固醇血症者首选。烟酸缓释剂(B错)适应证为高三酰甘油症和以三酰甘油升高为主的混合型高脂血症。胆酸螯合剂(C错)是一类安全有效的降低血浆TC和LDL-C药物,但不是高总胆固醇血症者首选药。贝丁酸类(D错)是高三酰甘油血症者首选的血脂调节药。脂酶抑制剂(E错)能抑制脂酶的活性,对高总胆固醇血症者作用较小。"} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁,因心绞痛给予普萘洛尔治疗。普萘洛尔的禁忌症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双侧肾动脉狭窄"},{"key":"B","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"痛风"},{"key":"D","value":"冠心病"},{"key":"E","value":"哮喘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的禁忌症。普萘洛尔的禁忌症是哮喘(E对)。普萘洛尔为β受体阻断药,禁用于严重左心室功能不全、窦性心动过缓、房室传导阻滞及支气管哮喘患者。双侧肾动脉狭窄(A错)是ACEI类药物的禁忌症。心力衰竭(B错)是非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂的禁忌症。痛风(C错)是噻嗪类利尿剂的禁忌症。"} {"Question":"患者,女,51岁,体检时发现血160\/105mmHg,量试验餐后2小时血糖为9.56mmol\/L(参考范围<7.8mmol\/L),甘油三酯0.52mmol\/L(参考范围0.56~1.70mmol\/L),总胆固醇6.26mmol\/L(参考范围<0.2mmoL),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇4.85mmol\/L(参考范围2.1~3.1mmol\/L),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇1.20mmol\/L(参考范围1.2~1.65mmol\/L,肌酐60㎛ol\/L(参考范围45~84㎛ol\/M),蛋白尿:++。临床诊断为高血压病、高脂血症、糖耐量异常。该患者首选的调节血脂药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"依折麦布"},{"key":"B","value":"普罗布考"},{"key":"C","value":"非诺贝特"},{"key":"D","value":"阿托伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"多烯酸乙酯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查调节血脂药。他汀类药物适用于高胆固醇血症和以胆固醇升高为主的混合型高脂血症,该患者应选用阿托伐他汀(D对)。"} {"Question":"对合并糖尿病及肾病的高血压患者的降压目标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"<130\/80mmHg"},{"key":"B","value":"<140\/85mmHg"},{"key":"C","value":"<150\/90mmHg"},{"key":"D","value":"<160\/95mmHg"},{"key":"E","value":"<170\/100mmHg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查高血压的治疗。高血压可以合并脑血管病、冠心病、心力衰竭、慢性肾功能不全和糖尿病等多种疾病。其中,慢性肾功能不全合并高血压者,降压治疗的目的主要是延缓肾功能恶化,预防心、脑血管病发生。2型糖尿病往往较早就与高血压并存,往往同时还伴有肥胖和血脂代谢紊乱,属于心血管疾病高危群体。因此应该积极降压治疗,ACEI或ARB能有效减轻和延缓糖尿病肾病的进展,可作为首选,降压目标为<130\/80mmHg(A对)。"} {"Question":"qn。最近间断服用多维元素片和褪黑素片。因患者血压控制不佳,应在原有降压药物的基础上增加的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"赖诺普利"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"吲达帕胺"},{"key":"E","value":"特拉唑嗪"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查高血压的药物治疗。ACEI(如赖诺普利)(B对)尤其适用于伴慢性心力衰竭、心肌梗死后心功能不全、心房颤动、糖尿病肾病、慢性肾脏病、代谢综合征、蛋白尿或微量白蛋白尿的患者。"} {"Question":"患者男,65岁,既往有痛风、前列腺增生史,近期因头昏、心悸等症状就诊,检查血压为165\/98mmHg,需抗高血压药物进行治疗,宜推荐使用的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"福辛普利"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"氨氯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"特拉唑嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"吲达帕胺"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查降压药。患者男,65岁,既往有痛风、前列腺增生史,近期因头昏、心悸等症状就诊,检查血压为165\/98mmHg,需抗高血压药物进行治疗,宜推荐使用的有福辛普利(A对)、氨氯地平(C对)、特拉唑嗪(D对)。福辛普利为血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂。氨氯地平为钙通道阻滞药。特拉唑嗪为α受体阻断药。氢氯噻嗪(B错)和吲达帕胺(E错)都是属于噻嗪类利尿剂,痛风患者禁用。"} {"Question":"对高血压合并心力衰竭者宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β受体阻断剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂"},{"key":"C","value":"硝普钠或硝酸甘油"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿剂或醛固酮受体拮抗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"α受体阻断剂或利尿剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查抗高血压药。对高血压合并心力衰竭者宜选用β受体阻断剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(A对)。高血压合并心肌梗死和心力衰竭的患者宜选用β受体阻断剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)(B对)。硝普钠或硝酸甘油(C错)用于高血压危象者。利尿剂或醛固酮受体拮抗剂(D错)用于高血压合并脑血管病患者。α受体阻断剂(E错)适用高血压伴前列腺增生患者,心力衰竭者慎用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁,妊娠27周,头晕3天。入院查体:血压160\/100mmHg,诊断为:妊娠高血压。该患者降压治疗应首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"福辛普利"},{"key":"B","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"C","value":"缬沙坦"},{"key":"D","value":"拉贝洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"特拉唑嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查降压药。该患者降压治疗应首选的药物是拉贝洛尔(D对)。拉贝洛尔为妊娠高血压常用降压药物。福辛普利(A错)、卡托普利(B错)为ACEI类药物,缬沙坦(C错)为ARB类药物,均禁用于妊娠期妇女。特拉唑嗪(E错)可引起体位性低血压,头晕患者不宜选用。"} {"Question":"关于缺血性脑血管病防治的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二级预防指疾病发生后预防复发的措施"},{"key":"B","value":"通过控制血压、血脂、血糖,能有效降低复发风险"},{"key":"C","value":"积极治疗伴发疾病,如冠心病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等"},{"key":"D","value":"对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者应给予抗凝药物进行卒中一级预防"},{"key":"E","value":"缺血性脑卒中发病后3小时内溶栓,可避免或减轻脑卒中后遗症"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查缺血性脑血管病防治。对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者应给予抗凝药物进行二级预防(D错,为本题正确答案)。脑血管疾病的三级预防:(1)一级预防:系指发病前的预防。(2)二级预防:是指疾病发生后预防复发的措施(A对)。(3)三级预防:对已出现脑卒中的病人进行干预防止并发症,减轻残疾程度,提高病人的生活质量,预防复发。积极控制可预防的危险因素如高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(C对)、高同型半胱氨酸血症等,以减少脑血管病的发生或复发(B对)。缺血性脑卒中发病后3小时内溶栓,可避免或减轻脑卒中后遗症(E对)。"} {"Question":"多种不同抗抑郁药治疗失败者,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"帕罗西汀"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米替林"},{"key":"C","value":"度洛西汀"},{"key":"D","value":"文拉法辛"},{"key":"E","value":"吗氯贝胺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查抑郁症的药物治疗。对多种不同抗抑郁药治疗失败者,可选用5-羟色胺及去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制药文拉法辛(D对)。"} {"Question":"上市后开发新适应证用于强化麻醉的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"后马托品"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"金刚烷胺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"甘露醇注射剂静注用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅内压升高与青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠高血压"},{"key":"C","value":"急性皮炎"},{"key":"D","value":"经尿道行前列腺切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性胆囊炎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查甘露醇的用法。甘露醇注射液静脉滴注可用于各种原因的脑水肿、颅内压增高和青光眼(A对),作为冲洗剂可用于经尿道行前列腺切除术(D错)。"} {"Question":"可产生酶促作用,加快胆红素排泄,使新生儿黄疸消退的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素K"},{"key":"B","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"C","value":"毛花苷丙"},{"key":"D","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"E","value":"普萘洛尔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与苯乙肼同用会出现高血压危象和脑出血的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"各种白酒"},{"key":"B","value":"乳酪食品"},{"key":"C","value":"葡萄柚汁"},{"key":"D","value":"盐腌海鱼"},{"key":"E","value":"茶叶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查苯乙肼的使用。苯乙肼会引起肝实质损害,且与富含酪胺的食物(奶酪(B对)、酵母、鸡肝、酒类等)合用时可发生高血压危象。酒(A错)的主要成分为乙醇,能够扩张血管,刺激或抑制肝药酶代谢系统。葡萄柚汁(C错)主要影响CYP3A4代谢,同时可抑制CYP3A4的活性。盐腌海鱼(D错)属于高蛋白食物,服用抗拮抗药异烟肼时,不宜与异烟肼同服。茶叶(E错)中含有大量的鞣酸,鞣酸能与药中的多种金属离子结合而发生沉淀,影响药品吸收。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁,体重80kg。12年前于颅脑外伤后出现癫痫全面强直-阵挛性发作,间断有失神发作,最初服用丙戊酸钠缓释片,后因效果不佳,陆续加用奥卡西平片、拉莫三嗪片,三药合用至今已3年;另外间断服用碳酸钙片、骨化三醇胶丸。丙戊酸钠的有效血药浓度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"40~100㎍\/mL"},{"key":"B","value":"4~12㎍\/mL"},{"key":"C","value":"2.5~15㎍\/mL"},{"key":"D","value":"10~20㎍\/mL"},{"key":"E","value":"15~40㎍\/mL"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查丙戊酸钠的有效血药浓度。丙戊酸钠的有效血药浓度为40~100㎍\/mL(A对)。丙戊酸钠为抗癫痫药,用于原发性全面强直阵挛性发作;失神发作;肌阵挛-强直性发作;失张力发作;部分性发作。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁,复杂部分发作性癫痫病史12年,最初使用苯妥英钠单药治疗,6个月前因癫痫控制不佳提高苯妥英钠剂量,因不能耐受不良反应换用卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗,癫痫得到控制。患者近期出现体重增加及严重脱发,到神经内科复诊。患者同时患有2型糖尿病,长期口服二甲双胍、阿卡波糖治疗。此外患者长期服用复合维生素B。患者出现体重增加及严重脱发,可能的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖尿病病情进展"},{"key":"B","value":"丙戊酸钠的不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"停用了苯妥英钠"},{"key":"D","value":"卡马西平的不良反应"},{"key":"E","value":"卡马西平和阿卡波糖的相互作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查丙戊酸钠。患者出现体重增加及严重脱发,可能的原因是丙戊酸钠的不良反应(B对)。丙戊酸钠的不良反应主要有肝中毒、脱发、体重增加、胃肠道功能紊乱等。糖尿病(A错)主要症状是多饮、多尿、多食、体重减轻。苯妥英钠(C错)的不良反应是共济失调,视物模糊,齿龈增生,镇静作用。卡马西平的不良反应(D错)是共济失调,复视,肝损伤,骨髓抑制,皮疹,低钠血症,白细胞减少,抗惊厥药物过敏综合征。个别情况下,阿卡波糖(E错)可影响地高辛的生物利用度,因此需调整地高辛的剂量。"} {"Question":"患者,男,72岁,体重75kg,1小时前出现右上肢体活动不利,半小时后自行缓解。查体:血压210\/90mmHg;检查结果示:糖化血红蛋白9.3%,血肌酐143.2㎛ol\/L。既往有高血压、糖尿病、冠心病病史。诊断为短暂性脑缺血发作。关于缺血性脑血管病抗凝治疗的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合并感染性心内膜炎的短暂性脑缺血发作患者应积极抗凝治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"短暂性脑缺血发作患者应常规抗凝治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"接受人工机械瓣置换术的短暂性脑缺血发作患者推荐使用新型口服抗凝药"},{"key":"D","value":"伴发心房颤动的短暂性脑缺血发作患者需要抗凝治疗"},{"key":"E","value":"合并风湿性二尖瓣病变的短暂性脑缺血发作患者,若无其它危险因素,不推荐抗凝治疗"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查缺血性脑血管病抗凝治疗。伴发心房纤颤的患者,需要抗凝治疗(D对)。抗凝治疗不作为非心源性栓塞性缺血性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作的常规治疗(B错),对伴发房颤、风湿性二尖瓣病变、人工机械瓣膜的短暂性脑缺血发作患者(感染性心内膜炎除外(A错)),建议选用口服华法林抗凝治疗(C错)。因华法林起效缓慢,如需快速达到抗凝效果,可同时应用普通肝素或低分子肝素,待华法林充分发挥抗凝效果后停用肝素。对于有风湿性二尖瓣病变但无心房颤动及其它危险因素(如颈动脉狭窄)的缺血性脑卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者,推荐给予华法林口服抗凝治疗(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁,复杂部分发作性癫痫病史12年,最初使用苯妥英钠单药治疗,6个月前因癫痫控制不佳提高苯妥英钠剂量,因不能耐受不良反应换用卡马西平联合丙戊酸钠治疗,癫痫得到控制。患者近期出现体重增加及严重脱发,到神经内科复诊。患者同时患有2型糖尿病,长期口服二甲双胍、阿卡波糖治疗。此外患者长期服用复合维生素B。患者计划口服避孕药避孕,可能增加避孕失败风险的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"丙戊酸钠"},{"key":"D","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"E","value":"复合维生素B"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查卡马西平。可能增加避孕失败风险的药物是卡马西平(A对)。卡马西平为肝药酶诱导剂,可以增强肝药酶活性的药物,使药物失效加快。二甲双胍(B错)用于单纯饮食控制不满意的Ⅱ型糖尿病病人,尤其是肥胖和伴高胰岛素血症者。丙戊酸钠(C错)是肝药酶抑制剂,不是肝药酶诱导剂。阿卡波糖(D错)用于治疗糖尿病,或降低糖耐量低减者的餐后血糖。复合维生素B(E错)用于预防和治疗B族维生素缺乏所致的营养不良、厌食、脚气病、糙皮病等。"} {"Question":"患者,女,67岁,有高血压病史,右手抖动,行走缓慢4年,诊断为帕金森病。服用复方左旋多巴治疗,症状一度好转后又反复加重,随后采用加大复方左旋多巴剂量,并加用苯海索。患者同时服用氨氯地平、缬沙坦等药物控制血压。近日出现运动症状波动,伴有异动症。导致该不良反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左旋多巴"},{"key":"B","value":"苄丝肼"},{"key":"C","value":"苯海索"},{"key":"D","value":"氨氯地平"},{"key":"E","value":"缬沙坦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。左旋多巴(A对)可用于治疗帕金森病,易诱发致残性的运动并发症。苄丝肼(B错)多与左旋多巴合用,单用时不良反应很少。苯海索(C错)常见口干、视物模糊等,偶见心动过速、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、便秘等。 氨氯地平(D错)的不良反应有心功能不全、低血压、面部潮红、下肢及踝部水肿等。缬沙坦(E错)常见不良反应为头疼和水肿。"} {"Question":"qd治疗。对该患者用药教育的说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不得随意自行调整氟西汀剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"氟西汀应于睡前服用"},{"key":"C","value":"不能突然停止服用氟西汀"},{"key":"D","value":"服用氟西汀期间不能饮酒"},{"key":"E","value":"氟西汀可能引起性功能障碍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氟西汀。根据题干,对该患者用药教育的说法错误的是:氟西汀应于睡前服用(B错,为本题正确答案)。抑郁、焦虑、猜疑等症状常表现为晨重晚轻,因此氟西汀应于早餐后服用。服用氟西汀不得随意自行调整剂量(A对),需要在医生的指导下调整,由于存在症状反跳和戒断综合征的风险,这类药物不能突然停止使用(C对)。服用氟西汀期间不建议饮酒(D对)。氟西汀可能引起性功能障碍(E对)。"} {"Question":"对服用5-HT再摄取抑制剂所引起的性功能障碍的抑郁症患者,可更换应用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟伏沙明"},{"key":"B","value":"帕罗西汀"},{"key":"C","value":"文拉法辛"},{"key":"D","value":"阿米替林"},{"key":"E","value":"托莫西汀"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。对服用5-HT再摄取抑制剂所引起的性功能障碍的抑郁症患者,可更换应用阿米替林(D对)。阿米替林的不良反应不包括性功能障碍。氟伏沙明(A错)、帕罗西汀(B错)、文拉法辛(C错)的不良反应均包括性功能障碍。托莫西汀(E错)用于治疗儿童和青少年的注意缺陷\/多动障碍,不用于治疗抑郁症。"} {"Question":"po治疗。患者用药后出现血压升高,可能导致该患者血压升高的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"文拉法辛缓释片"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸异山梨酯片"},{"key":"C","value":"阿托伐他汀钙片"},{"key":"D","value":"奥美拉唑肠溶片"},{"key":"E","value":"谷维素片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查引起血压升高的药物。文拉法辛缓释片(A对)不良反应有胃肠道反应,血压轻度升高,性功能障碍。硝酸异山梨酯片(B错)用于冠心病的长期治疗、心绞痛的预防,治疗初期或增加剂量时,会出现低血压。阿托伐他汀钙片(C错)使用时偶可引起血氨基转移酶可逆性升高,需监测肝功能。奥美拉唑肠溶片(D错)不良反应是腹泻、头痛、恶心、腹痛、胃肠胀气及便秘,偶见血清氨基转移酶(ALT,AST)增高、皮疹、眩晕、嗜睡、失眠等。谷维素片(E错)不良反应偶有胃不适、恶心、呕吐、口干、皮疹、乳房肿胀、脱发等。"} {"Question":"患者,男,45岁。1月前因突发右侧肢体无力、言语障碍就诊,诊断为缺血性脑卒中,现服用阿托伐他汀钙片,每晚1次,每次20mg。该患者LDL-C的控制目标值是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"<1.8mmol\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"<4.4mmol\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"<3.4mmol\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"<2.6mmol\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"<1.0mmol\/L"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查LDL-C的控制目标值。该患者LDL-C的控制目标值是<1.8mmol\/L(A对)。目前对于缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者他汀类药物治疗的推荐基于其降低LDL-C的强度而非目标值。综合中国国情和国际指南建议,推荐他汀类药物治疗的强度分为高强度(LDL-C降低≥50%)和中等强度(LDL-C降低30%~50%)。在实际工作中,LDL-C的目标值仍然是临床医生评估他汀类药物治疗疗效和依从性的重要参考,建议将“LDL-C<1.8mmol\/L”作为评估降低胆固醇治疗的参考目标值。"} {"Question":"患者向药师咨询,停用口服避孕药后多久可备孕。下列答复中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方短效口服避孕药停药6个月后方可备孕"},{"key":"B","value":"复方短效口服避孕药停药后即可备孕"},{"key":"C","value":"复方短效口服避孕药停药3个月后方可备孕"},{"key":"D","value":"长效避孕药停药后即可备孕"},{"key":"E","value":"长效避孕药停药3个月后方可备孕"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查避孕药。避孕药对子代的影响:由于复方短效口服避孕药激素含量低,停药后即可妊娠(B对AC错),不影响子代生长与发育;长效避孕药内含激素成分及剂量与短效避孕药有很大不同,停药6个月后妊娠安全(DE错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁,产后7周,正在哺乳,尚未恢复月经,自述有阴道炎及严重偏头痛。目前宜选用的避孕方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"采用安全期避孕"},{"key":"B","value":"口服短效复方避孕药"},{"key":"C","value":"使用避孕套"},{"key":"D","value":"口服紧急避孕药"},{"key":"E","value":"放置左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查女性避孕的常用方法。哺乳期尽量避免使用药物进行避孕,可采用如男性使用避孕套(C对)的方式不影响女性哺乳。"} {"Question":"治疗滴虫性阴道炎首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伏立康唑片"},{"key":"B","value":"甲硝唑栓"},{"key":"C","value":"莫匹罗星软膏"},{"key":"D","value":"吲哚美辛栓"},{"key":"E","value":"硝酸咪康唑栓"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查阴道炎治疗药。治疗滴虫性阴道炎首选的药物是甲硝唑(B对)。滴虫性阴道炎首选的药物是硝基咪唑类的药物,常见的有甲硝唑、替硝唑等。伏立康唑片(A错)可用于治疗侵袭性曲霉病。莫匹罗星软膏(C错)可用于革兰氏阳性球菌引起的皮肤软组织的感染,如脓疱疮、疖、毛囊炎等原发性感染以及湿疹、皮炎、溃疡、外伤等皮肤病。吲哚美辛栓(D错)可用于小儿解热及缓解肌肉痛、关节痛。硝酸咪康唑(E错)是治疗真菌性阴道炎的首选药物。"} {"Question":"短效口服避孕药的主要组成成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕激素+雄激素"},{"key":"B","value":"雌激素"},{"key":"C","value":"孕激素"},{"key":"D","value":"雌激素+雄激素"},{"key":"E","value":"雌激素+孕激素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查避孕药。短效复方口服避孕药是由雌、孕激素(E对)组成的复方制剂,其中雌激素成分主要为炔雌醇,孕激素成分则各不相同。主要避孕机制为抑制排卵,正确使用避孕药的有效率接近100%。"} {"Question":"患者,女,32岁,已婚,有长期避孕需求,排除禁忌证后,放置左炔诺孕酮节育系统。关于左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"放置该系统后的前3~6个月,可能会出现经量增多、行经期延长"},{"key":"B","value":"该系统可维持5年有效"},{"key":"C","value":"放置后如发生下腹痛伴出血,需及时就诊"},{"key":"D","value":"该系统可抑制精子运输以及卵子受精,并部分抑制排卵"},{"key":"E","value":"于月经开始的第一天放置"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查宫内节育系统。宫内节育系统:左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统(LNG-IUD),含左炔诺孕酮52mg,由医生放置于宫腔内,可维持5年有效(B对)。一般在月经周期第3~7天放入(E错,为本题正确答案)。放置后如发生下腹痛见出血,需及时就诊(C对)。体内药物释放速率开始时约为20㎍\/24小时,5年后降为约10㎍\/24小时。释放左炔诺孕酮的宫内节育系统可抑制精子运输以及卵子受精,并部分抑制排卵(D对),从理论上讲预防着床是另一个可能的避孕机制。在LNG-IUD使用的前3~6个月内,可能会出现较重或更长的月经出血(A对);通常这种出血是无害的,随着时间的推移变得更轻;如果出血仍然非常严重或延长,特别是有贫血的临床症状,或者女性感觉出血不能接受,可取出LNG-IUD并选择其他方法。"} {"Question":"在我国,属于合法用药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射剧毒药物使心跳停止,实行安乐死"},{"key":"B","value":"口服避孕药物,实行计划生育"},{"key":"C","value":"口服合成雄激素,以夺取百米冠军"},{"key":"D","value":"口服利尿剂,减轻体重以参加举重比赛"},{"key":"E","value":"注射安钠咖,减少睡眠以保证加班工作"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查合法用药。在我国,属于合法用药的是口服避孕药物,实行计划生育(B对)。避孕的方式有很多种,除了药物避孕外还有工具避孕,宫内节育器,自然避孕等,这都是国家允许的,合法的,为控制人口数量和提高人口质量而实行的,故口服避孕药物,实行计划生育是合法的。注射剧毒药物使心跳停止,实行安乐死(A错)、口服合成雄激素,以夺取百米冠军(C错)、口服利尿剂,减轻体重以参加举重比赛(D错)、注射安钠咖,减少睡眠以保证加班工作(E错)均属于违法行为。"} {"Question":"患者,女,47岁,因慢性阻塞性肺疾病使用布地奈德-福莫特罗粉吸入剂,每天2次,每次1吸。患者用药时,自觉未吸入药物,于是重复操作十余次,之后出现心慌、手抖等不适症状。考虑是由于操作不当而误吸入过量福莫特罗所致。药师先请患者演示干粉吸入器的使用方法,针对发现的问题给予用药指导,下列说法正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在深吸气将药物吸入后,立即恢复正常呼吸"},{"key":"B","value":"因为药物颗粒非常小,以至于经常感觉不到,可以通过黑布试验证明药物是否被吸入"},{"key":"C","value":"用药时应有力且深长地吸气,确保药物被充分吸入肺中"},{"key":"D","value":"为避免口腔念珠菌感染,建议每次用药后及时用水漱口"},{"key":"E","value":"装置初始化后,每转动一次,听到“咔嗒”声响,即表示单次装药完成,不应连续转动"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入器的使用。布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入器使用时应注意:(1)用药时应有力且深长地吸气,确保药物充分吸入肺中(C对);(2)因为药物颗粒非常小,以至于经常感觉不到,可以通过黑布试验证明药物是否被吸入(B对);为避免口腔念珠菌感染,建议每次用药后,用水漱口(D对)。布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入器的使用方法:(1)在首次使用吸入器时,都需要对吸入器装置进行初始化,初始化的步骤如下:首先旋松并拔出瓶盖,确保红色的旋柄在下方;其次拿直吸入器,握住红色旋柄部分吸入器中间的部分,向一个方向旋转到底,再其反方向旋转到底。在这一过程中,会听到有“咔哒”一声,然后再重复以上步骤一次(E错),吸入器的初始化操作就完成了;(2)缓慢的呼气,但是不可以对着吸入器吸嘴呼气;(3)把吸嘴置于齿间,双唇包住吸嘴,用力且深长地用嘴吸气;将吸嘴从嘴部移开,屏气5秒钟后恢复正常的呼吸(A错);(4)如果处方中需要多次剂量,就需要重复以上的步骤;(5)在吸入药物之后,用清水漱口,去除上咽部残留的药物;(6)用药完毕,无需再次旋动旋柄,只需要擦干外咬嘴,旋紧瓶盖即可。"} {"Question":",血压138\/80mmHg,心率102次\/分,呼吸32次1分,左肺可闻及湿性啰音。化验结果:白细胞计数11.2×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞百分比85%。胸部X线左肺下叶渗出影。痰培养结果待归。入院诊断:社区获得性肺炎。关于该患者的治疗方案,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在病原学送检后,可立即实施经验性抗菌治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"病情稳定后可从静脉给药转为口服序贯治疗"},{"key":"C","value":"当体温正常48~72h ,且达到肺炎临床稳定标准后,可停用抗菌药物"},{"key":"D","value":"抗菌药物应持续用至胸片X线病灶完全吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"抗菌药物治疗48~72h后对病情进行评价"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查社区获得性肺炎的经验性抗感染治疗。关于该患者的治疗方案,错误的是抗菌药物应持续用至胸片X线病灶完全吸收(D错,为本题正确答案)。抗感染治疗一般可于热退2~3天且主要呼吸道症状明显改善后停药,但疗程应视病情严重程度、缓解速度、是否出现并发症以及不同病原体而异,不必以肺部X线阴影吸收程度作为停用抗菌药物的指征(C对)。合理安排病原学检查,及时启动经验性抗感染治疗(A对)。接受注射用药的感染患者经初始注射治疗病情好转并能口服时,应及早转为口服(B对)。应在初始治疗后72小时对病情进行评估,大多数CAP患者在初始治疗后72小时临床症状改善(E对)。"} {"Question":"抗结核化学药物治疗的目的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使痰菌迅速转阴"},{"key":"B","value":"减少结核病传播"},{"key":"C","value":"防止耐药菌株产生"},{"key":"D","value":"达到部分治愈"},{"key":"E","value":"达到完全治愈"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查抗结核化学药物治疗。抗结核化学药物治疗的目的在于缩短传染期、降低死亡率、感染率及患病率。对每个具体患者,则为达到临床及生物学治愈的主要措施。其目标是:①在最短的时间内使痰菌转阴(A对),减少结核病的传播(B对);②防止耐药菌株的产生(C对);③达到完全治愈(E对D错),避免结核复发。"} {"Question":",血压138\/80mmHg,心率102次\/分,呼吸32次1分,左肺可闻及湿性啰音。化验结果:白细胞计数11.2×10⁹\/L,中性粒细胞百分比85%。胸部X线左肺下叶渗出影。痰培养结果待归。入院诊断:社区获得性肺炎。该患者的社区获得性肺炎需要考虑的常见病原体不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺炎链球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"支原体"},{"key":"C","value":"衣原体"},{"key":"D","value":"铜绿假单胞菌"},{"key":"E","value":"流感嗜血杆菌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查社区获得性肺炎的常见病原体。该患者的社区获得性肺炎需要考虑的常见病原体不包括铜绿假单胞菌(D错,为本题正确答案)。铜绿假单胞菌是医院获得性肺炎的常见病原体。我国CAP的主要病原体:肺炎支原体、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌。其他常见:肺炎衣原体、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。少见:铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。"} {"Question":"结核病患者同时服用异烟肼和利福平治疗期间应监测","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"锥体外系反应"},{"key":"C","value":"肝功能"},{"key":"D","value":"心电图"},{"key":"E","value":"尿液隐血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。结核病患者同时服用异烟肼和利福平治疗期间应监测肝功能(C对)。利福平为肝药酶诱导剂,可加速异烟肼异烟肼代谢为肝毒性代谢产物,治疗期间须监测肝功能。"} {"Question":"患者,男,56岁,哮喘病史6年。哮喘急性发作时,为快速缓解症状,首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孟鲁司特钠片"},{"key":"B","value":"沙丁胺醇气雾剂"},{"key":"C","value":"氨茶碱缓释片"},{"key":"D","value":"布地奈德气雾剂"},{"key":"E","value":"异丙托溴铵气雾剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查沙丁胺醇。患者,男,56岁,哮喘病史6年。哮喘急性发作时,为快速缓解症状,首选的药物是沙丁胺醇气雾剂(B对)。短效β₂受体激动剂吸入给药,能够迅速缓解支气管痉挛,通常在数分钟内起效,疗效可维持数小时,是缓解轻至中度哮喘急性症状的首选药物。孟鲁司特钠片(A错)为白三烯受体阻断剂。氨茶碱缓释片(C错)为茶碱类药物。布地奈德气雾剂(D错)为糖皮质激素类药物,用于哮喘慢性持续期的治疗。异丙托溴铵气雾剂(E错)属于短效抗胆碱药。"} {"Question":"患者,男,9岁,因午后低热、乏力、盗汗就诊,诊断为肺结核,可选用的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"B","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"C","value":"利福平"},{"key":"D","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"E","value":"对氨基水杨酸"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查肺结核治疗药物。可选用的药物有异烟肼(B对)、利福平(C对)、对氨基水杨酸(E对)。乙胺丁醇、异烟肼、利福平、对氨基水杨酸、左氧氟沙星都是抗结核药物。乙胺丁醇(A错)禁用于13岁以下儿童。左氧氟沙星(D错)禁用于18岁以下儿童。"} {"Question":"患者,女,25岁,两天前淋雨后开始发热,体温39.0°C,咳嗽,咳铁锈色黏痰,化验结果提示白细胞计数及中性粒细胞比例升高,诊断为肺炎,经验性抗感染治疗时适宜选用的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢他啶"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"E","value":"美罗培南"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查头孢唑林。经验性抗感染治疗时适宜选用的药物是头孢唑林(D对)。社区获得性肺炎:青壮年和无基础疾病的CAP患者,常用第一代头孢菌素、青霉素类。对于耐药性肺炎链球菌可用对呼吸道感染有特效的氟喹诺酮类。阿奇霉素(A错)为大环内酯类抗生素,由于大环内酣类药物可致心血管不良事件(尤其是 Q-T 间期延长或既往心律失常的患者),同时我国肺炎链球菌及肺炎支原体对大环内酷类药物耐药率高,不建议单用大环内酯类药物。阿米卡星(B错)为氨基糖苷类抗生素,因其毒性大,不宜选用。头孢他啶(C错)是第三代头孢菌素类药物,用于老年人、有基础疾病或需要住院的患者治疗社区获得性肺炎。"} {"Question":"患者,男,28岁,2天前因淋雨后出现发热,体温最高达39℃,经实验室和胸片检查,临床诊断为社区获得性肺炎,无其他基础疾病。可首选的抗菌药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢拉定"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"C","value":"亚胺培南西司他丁"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢哌酮舒巴坦"},{"key":"E","value":"甲硝唑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查社区获得性肺炎治疗药物的选用。可首选的抗菌药物是头孢拉定(A对)。可选用β-内酰胺类抗生素和喹诺酮类抗菌药,但首选β-内酰胺类抗生素,对于耐药者,选择喹诺酮类抗菌药。头孢拉定为β-内酰胺类的第一代头孢菌素类抗生素,适用于青壮年和无基础疾病的CAP患者。亚胺培南西司他丁(C错)、甲硝唑(E错)用于重症肺炎。阿米卡星(B错)因其毒性大,不作为首选。头孢哌酮舒巴坦(D错)是第三代头孢菌素类药物,用于治疗老年人、有基础疾病或需要住院的CAP或医院获得性肺炎。"} {"Question":"起效较慢,应告知患者使用后漱口的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙托溴铵气雾剂"},{"key":"B","value":"孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片"},{"key":"C","value":"茶碱片"},{"key":"D","value":"沙丁胺醇气雾剂"},{"key":"E","value":"布地奈德吸入剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查支气管哮喘用药。起效较慢,应告知患者使用后漱口的药物是布地奈德(E对)。布地奈德是吸入性糖皮质激素,糖皮质激素在口咽局部的不良反应包括声音嘶哑、咽部不适和念珠菌感染。吸药后应及时用清水含漱口咽部,选用干粉吸入剂或加用储雾器可减少上述不良反应。异丙托溴铵气雾剂(A错)为抗胆碱药物。孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片(B错)为白三烯受体阻断剂。茶碱片(C错)为茶碱类药物。沙丁胺醇气雾剂(D错)为β₂受体激动剂。"} {"Question":"患者,男,72岁,既往有高血压、心绞痛、心力衰竭、房室传导阻滞和胃溃疡病史。一个月前,因出现哮喘症状就诊,医师处方布地奈德气雾剂200㎍bid吸入,沙丁胺醇气雾剂100㎍prn吸入,氨氯地平片5mgqd口服及硝酸甘油片0.5mgprn舌下含服治疗。该患者因近日在浇花时出现心悸和手指轻微震颤而就诊。体格检查:T₃6.8℃,P120次\/min,R28次\/min,BP175\/90mmHg。出现上述症状的可能原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"布地奈德剂量太大"},{"key":"B","value":"沙丁胺醇的不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"氨氯地平的不良反应"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸甘油剂量不足"},{"key":"E","value":"布地奈德的不良反应"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。出现上述症状的可能原因是沙丁胺醇的不良反应(B对)。沙丁胺醇为β₂受体激动剂,可能导致窦性心动过速,有诱发易感人群出现心律失常的潜在可能。部分使用高剂量β₂受体激动剂的老年患者,不论给药途径如何,可引发躯体震颤。布地奈德混悬液(AE错)为糖皮质激素类药物,可引起的不良反应有口腔念珠菌病、声音嘶哑、皮肤瘀斑及肺炎的发病率升高等。氨氯地平的不良反应(C错)有踝部水肿、头痛、面部潮红。硝酸甘油的不良反应(D错)有面色潮红、心率反射性加快和低血压及头痛等。"} {"Question":"关于晚期癌症患者缓和医疗的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正视生命的全过程(生、老、病、死),尊重患者和家属的意愿"},{"key":"B","value":"全面管理患者的不适症状,提高其生活质量"},{"key":"C","value":"尽可能尝试现有治疗方法,对原发病进行积极治疗"},{"key":"D","value":"总体原则是“尊重、有益、不伤害和公平”"},{"key":"E","value":"提倡跨学科团队(包括医疗、护理、营养、心理支持、志愿者服务)提供“全人性化管理”服务"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查晚期癌症患者缓和医疗。世界卫生组织对缓和医疗理念的进一步解释为:①正视生命的全过程(生、老、病、死),尊重死亡的正常过程,既不促进也不推延死亡(A对)。②提供有效缓解疼痛和其它不适症状的疗护措施,结合心理精神治疗,给予全面的支持(E对),尽可能提高患者的生活质量(B对)。③注意对家属的帮助和支持,使其能够面对患者病期和死后的诸多问题。总之,通过患者和家庭成员的共同参与,形成以患方为中心的医疗方式,以改善患者的生活质量为目的,预防和治疗患者所承受的痛苦,努力达到患者的期望值,帮助患者有尊严地走完人生的最后一程(D对)。"} {"Question":"环孢素测定血药峰浓度的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾脏毒性"},{"key":"B","value":"服药后2小时"},{"key":"C","value":"心脏毒性"},{"key":"D","value":"服药后8小时"},{"key":"E","value":"早晨服药前"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环孢素的代谢。环孢素测定血药峰浓度的时间是服药后2小时(B对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关糖尿病的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所有的糖尿病人都有“三多一少”的症状"},{"key":"B","value":"部分2型糖尿病患者餐后3~5小时血糖降低"},{"key":"C","value":"糖尿病患者脂肪分解减少,蛋白质代谢正常"},{"key":"D","value":"2型糖尿病患者起病急,病情重,症状明显"},{"key":"E","value":"儿童糖尿病患者多食多饮,其生长发育加快"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查糖尿病。2型糖尿病为非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病,部分2型糖尿病患者餐后3~5小时血糖降低(B对)。许多糖尿病患者并无明显症状,部分可有多饮、多尿、多食、消瘦和体重减轻(A错)等症状。糖尿病患者体内碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢失衡(C错)。2型糖尿病患者一般起病缓慢,无症状的时间长(D错)。儿童糖尿病患者一般临床表现为多食多饮多尿,身体消瘦(E错)。"} {"Question":"对单纯的餐后血糖高,而空腹和餐前血糖水平不高的2型糖尿病者应首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"罗格列酮"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药。阿卡波糖(E对)是单纯餐后血糖高,而空腹和餐前血糖不高的糖尿病首选治疗药物。格列本脲(A错)在2型非肥胖型糖尿病患者有良好的胰岛β细胞储备功能、无高胰岛素血症时应用。二甲双胍(B错)是治疗2型肥胖型糖尿病患者的首选。罗格列酮(C错)是餐后血糖升高为主,伴餐前血糖轻度升高的首选。精蛋白锌胰岛素(D错)用于治疗对低血糖耐受力差的老年人。"} {"Question":"患者,男,52岁,2型糖尿病4年余,长期口服格列吡嗪。近期血糖控制不佳,考虑加用其他降糖药物,不宜联合使用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西格列汀"},{"key":"B","value":"瑞格列奈"},{"key":"C","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"D","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"E","value":"吡格列酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查联合用药。格列吡嗪与瑞格列奈(B错,为本题正确答案)均属于促胰岛素分泌剂,均能导致低血糖,不宜合用。"} {"Question":"绝经后骨质疏松且无禁忌症患者,在钙剂+维生素D的基础治疗上,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌激素或雌激素受体调节剂"},{"key":"B","value":"双膦酸盐"},{"key":"C","value":"降钙素"},{"key":"D","value":"雄激素"},{"key":"E","value":"孕激素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查骨质疏松症的药物治疗。在基础治疗即钙制剂+VD的基础上,联合雌激素用药,须注意适应证与禁忌症,当没有激素替代治疗(HRT)禁忌症的基础上才可以选用雌激素或选择性雌激素受体调节剂(A对)治疗。老年性骨质疏松患者,在钙剂+维生素D的基础治疗上,宜选用双膦酸盐组成三联制剂,从而进行骨质疏松的治疗,此外,应用糖皮质激素引起的骨质疏松患者,宜选用双膦酸盐(B错)。骨质疏松症引起的关节疼痛,宜选用降钙素(C错)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,48岁,诊断为2型糖尿病。经生活方式干预,血糖控制仍不佳,拟开始单药治疗,宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门冬胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"甘精胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"E","value":"格列美脲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查二甲双胍。宜选用的药物是二甲双胍(B对)。如果单纯生活方式干预不能使血糖控制达标,应开始单药治疗。2型糖尿病的首选治疗药物是二甲双胍,若无禁忌症,二甲双胍应一直保留在糖尿病的药物治疗方案中。不耐受二甲双胍治疗者,可选择α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(阿卡波糖(D错))或促胰岛素分泌剂(包括磺酰脲类药物如格列美脲(E错)和格列奈类药物)。胰岛素(AC错)治疗是控制高血糖的重要手段,当口服降糖药效果不佳或存在口服药使用禁忌时,需应用胰岛素控制高血糖,并降低糖尿病并发症的发生危险。"} {"Question":"患者,女,61岁,体检发现重度骨质疏松,既往患有食管裂孔疝、高血压、2型糖尿病。长期服用奥美拉唑肠溶片、厄贝沙坦-氢氯噻嗪片,氨氯地平片、阿卡波糖片、阿司匹林肠溶片。实验室检查结果:肝、肾功能正常。骨质疏松的药物治疗方案中,不适合该患者的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碳酸钙片0.5g tid"},{"key":"B","value":"骨化三醇胶丸0.25㎍ bid"},{"key":"C","value":"阿仑膦酸钠片70mg qw"},{"key":"D","value":"鲑降钙素鼻喷剂100IU qd"},{"key":"E","value":"特立帕肽注射液20㎍ qd"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查骨质疏松的药物治疗方案。食管炎为双磷酸盐类(如阿仑膦酸钠片)(C错,为本题正确答案)药物的主要不良反应,粪隐血阳性,有食管裂孔疝、消化性溃疡者不宜应用。"} {"Question":"对空腹血糖正常,但餐后血糖明显升高的糖尿病患者应选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"磺脲类口服降糖药"},{"key":"C","value":"双胍类口服降糖药"},{"key":"D","value":"α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"噻唑烷二酮类药物"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药。单纯餐后血糖升高,而空腹和餐前血糖不高,首选α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(D对)。胰岛素(A错)用于治疗1型糖尿病、糖尿病合并感染以及酮症。磺脲类口服降糖药(B错)用于治疗2型非肥胖型糖尿病。二甲双胍(C错)可作为2型肥胖型糖尿病的首选。噻唑烷二酮类(E错)是餐后血糖升高为主,伴餐前血糖轻度升高的首选。"} {"Question":"属于中效的胰岛素制剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘精胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"赖脯胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"普通胰岛素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素制剂的种类及特点。属于中效的胰岛素制剂是低精蛋白锌胰岛素(B对)。甘精胰岛素(A错)属于超长效的胰岛素制剂。赖脯胰岛素(C错)属于超短效的胰岛素制剂。精蛋白锌胰岛素(D错)属于长效的胰岛素制剂。普通胰岛素(E错)属于短效的胰岛素制剂。"} {"Question":"患者,男,32岁,BMI31.1kg\/m²,新诊断为2型糖尿病。饮食控制和规律运动3个月后,复查空腹血糖8.5mmol\/L,糖化血红蛋白7.5%。首选的降糖药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利拉鲁肽"},{"key":"B","value":"达格列净"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"格列美脲"},{"key":"E","value":"二甲双胍"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查2型糖尿病的药物治疗。2型糖尿病首选且目前最常用的治疗药物是二甲双胍(E对),若无禁忌证,二甲双胍应一直保留在糖尿病的药物治疗方案中。"} {"Question":"po。药师对患者用药予以指导,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用鲑鱼降钙素时,喷压一个剂量后,应吸气防止药液流出鼻腔,不要立即用鼻孔出气"},{"key":"B","value":"服用骨化三醇应定期监测血钙浓度"},{"key":"C","value":"一旦开启使用,鲑鱼降钙素应贮存于冰箱内,并且应在一个月内用完"},{"key":"D","value":"服用骨化三醇时应多晒太阳以促进吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"因钙可以影响食物中铁等物质的吸收,应避免餐中服用"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查鲑鱼降钙素的正确使用。使用鲑鱼降钙素时,喷压一个剂量后,应吸气防止药液流出鼻腔,不要立即用鼻孔出气(A对)。服用骨化三醇应定期监测血钙浓度,以防止出现高钙血症(B对)。服用骨化三醇时应多晒太阳以促进吸收(D对)。因钙可以影响食物中铁等物质的吸收,应避免餐中服用(E对)。一旦开启使用后,可于室温保存,保持药瓶直立,在规定的时间内使用完毕(C错)。"} {"Question":"慢性痛风和痛风性肾病,为促进尿酸排泄,可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"别嘌醇"},{"key":"B","value":"秋水仙碱"},{"key":"C","value":"泼尼松龙"},{"key":"D","value":"苯溴马隆"},{"key":"E","value":"双氯芬酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查痛风治疗药。慢性痛风和痛风性肾病,为促进尿酸排泄,可选用苯溴马隆(D对)。别嘌醇(A错)是目前常用抑制尿酸生成的药物,是慢性痛风和痛风性肾病的首选药。秋水仙碱(B错)为痛风急性发作期首选药。波尼松龙(C错)用于痛风急性期发作的治疗,但停药后易复发。双氯芬酸(E错)不但能抑制前列腺素的合成,镇痛和抗炎,且能抑制尿酸盐结晶的吞噬,可作为急性期的基本用药,或在秋水仙碱疗效不好时作为替代药。"} {"Question":"2型非肥胖型糖尿病患者且有良好胰岛β-细胞贮备功能患者选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双胍类"},{"key":"B","value":"α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"磺酰脲类"},{"key":"D","value":"胰岛素与胰岛素类似物"},{"key":"E","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药。2型非肥胖型糖尿病患者在有良好的胰岛β细胞储备功能、无高胰岛素血症时可应用促胰岛素分泌剂(磺酰脲类(C对)和格列奈类)。二甲双胍(A错)用于2型肥胖型糖尿病患者。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂(B错)用于单纯餐后血糖升高患者。胰岛素(D错)用于1型糖尿病患者。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(E错)用于高血压。"} {"Question":"作用时间属于超短效的制剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"赖脯胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"甘精胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素制剂的种类及特点。超短效胰岛素有门冬胰岛素、赖脯胰岛素(A对)。甘精胰岛素(B错)属于超长效胰岛素。普通胰岛素(C错)属于短效胰岛素。精蛋白锌胰岛素(D错)属于长效胰岛素。低精蛋白锌胰岛素(E错)属于中效胰岛素。"} {"Question":"po。针对患者病情,临床加用胰岛素治疗,应选用的治疗方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"门冬胰岛素餐前30~60min,皮下注射,tid"},{"key":"B","value":"甘精胰岛素睡前30min,皮下注射,qd"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素餐前30min,皮下注射,qd"},{"key":"D","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素餐前30min,皮下注射,tid"},{"key":"E","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素餐前30min,皮下注射,tid"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素的使用。针对该患者病情,临床加用胰岛素治疗应选用的治疗方案是:甘精胰岛素睡前30min,皮下注射,qd(B对)。患者是老年人,并且空腹血糖和餐后血糖都高,应使用长效胰岛素或者超长效胰岛素。而门冬胰岛素属速效胰岛素,普通胰岛素属短效胰岛素。低精蛋白锌胰岛素、精蛋白锌胰岛素虽是长效胰岛素,但是用法错误,应该在早餐前服用。"} {"Question":"患者女,62岁,2型糖尿病伴下肢浮肿、活动后呼吸困难,不宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"B","value":"吡格列酮"},{"key":"C","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"D","value":"格列齐特"},{"key":"E","value":"西格列汀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查吡格列酮。由题干可知该患者下肢浮肿,活动后呼吸困难,不宜选用吡格列酮(B错,为本题正确答案)用于糖尿病的治疗,因为吡格列酮的不良反应有头痛、肌痛、上呼吸道感染、水肿。二甲双胍(A对)的不良反应有恶心、呕吐、腹泻、味觉异常等。阿卡波糖(C对)的不良反应有胃肠胀气和肠鸣音。格列齐特(D对)的不良反应有头痛,极度饥饿,恶心,呕吐,倦怠,倦睡,睡眠障碍,激动,攻击性行为等。西格列汀(E对)的不良反应有过敏反应、血管性水肿、皮疹、荨麻疹、皮肤血管炎以及剥脱性皮肤损害。"} {"Question":"伴有甲状腺功能亢进症的口腔溃疡患者应避免使用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西地碘含片"},{"key":"B","value":"替硝唑含漱夜"},{"key":"C","value":"地塞米松粘贴片"},{"key":"D","value":"氯己定含漱液"},{"key":"E","value":"左旋咪唑片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物相互作用。伴有甲状腺功能亢进症的口腔溃疡患者应避免使用含碘的药物,如西地碘(A对)。替硝唑含漱液(B错)在最新版考试指南未明确说明。频繁应用地塞米松(C错)粘贴片可引起局部组织萎缩。氯己定(D错)偶可引起接触性皮炎。左旋咪唑(E错)用于肠道寄生虫的治疗。"} {"Question":"糖尿病合并肾病者宜首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"格列喹酮"},{"key":"C","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"D","value":"普伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药。糖尿病合并肾病者宜首选格列喹酮(B对)。胰岛素(A错)注射给药可用于治疗1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病和妊娠糖尿病。二甲双胍(C错)可作为2型肥胖型糖尿病的首选。阿卡波糖(E错)可作为单纯餐后血糖高,而空腹和餐前血糖不高的首选。普伐他汀(D错)为调节血脂药。"} {"Question":"服用后导致低血糖的药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"B","value":"瑞格列奈"},{"key":"C","value":"格列吡嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"西格列汀"},{"key":"E","value":"维格列汀"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药的不良反应。服用后导致低血糖的药有:格列本脲(A对)、瑞格列奈(B对)、格列吡嗪(C对)、维格列汀(E对)。西格列汀(D错)属于二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂类降糖药,不具有低血糖类不良反应。"} {"Question":"急诊处方一般不超过几日","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1日常用量"},{"key":"B","value":"3日常用量"},{"key":"C","value":"7日常用量"},{"key":"D","value":"15日常用量"},{"key":"E","value":"30日常用量"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查处方用量。处方要求规定,急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量(B对)。门诊处方一般不得超过7日用量(C错)。特殊情况下处方用量可适当延长,但医师必须注明理由。"} {"Question":"药师审核麻醉药品处方时,应逐项审核。不属于规范性审核内容的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处方医师是否有麻醉药品处方权"},{"key":"B","value":"处方用量是否严格执行国家有关规定"},{"key":"C","value":"是否有病历记录"},{"key":"D","value":"是否写明临床诊断"},{"key":"E","value":"处方字迹是否清晰"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查处方规范性审核。不属于规范性审核内容的是处方医师是否有麻醉药品处方权(A错,为本题正确答案)。审核麻醉药品开方医师是否具有相应处方权属于处方合法性审核。属于规范性审核内容的是处方用量是否严格执行国家有关规定(B对)、是否有病历记录(C对)、是否写明临床诊断(D对)、处方字迹是否清晰(E对)。"} {"Question":"在运输中应冷库贮存并避免冻结的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"促甲状腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"绒促性素"},{"key":"C","value":"破伤风人免疫球蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"结合雌激素"},{"key":"E","value":"重组人促红素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品的贮存。破伤风免疫球蛋白(C对)在运输过程中遵循运输三原则,即①采用最快速的运输方法,缩短运输时间;②一般应用冷链方法运输;③运输时应注意防止制品冻结。促甲状腺激素(A错)应遮光,密封,在冷处保存。绒促性素(B错)应遮光,密封,在冷处保存。结合雌激素(D错)注射液:一般情况下,配好溶液在数小时内用完。但是,如有必要,可将溶液放置于15~30°C(59~86°F)室温下,避光保存。重组人促红素(E错)在运输中应冷库贮存并避免冻结同时避免振荡。"} {"Question":"患者,女,28岁,妊娠27周,头晕3天。入院查体:血压160\/100mmHg,诊断为:妊娠高血压。患者出现先兆子痫,急救时应首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸镁注射液"},{"key":"B","value":"甲氧氯普胺注射液"},{"key":"C","value":"葡萄糖酸钙注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"尼莫地平注射液"},{"key":"E","value":"乌拉地尔注射液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查降压药。硫酸镁(A对)是治疗严重先兆子痫的首选药物。葡萄糖酸钙注射液(C错)用于预防和治疗钙缺乏症。拉贝洛尔(D错)用于治疗妊娠期妇女高血压。乌拉地尔注射液(E错)用于治疗高血压危象、重度和极重度高血压以及难治性高血压。"} {"Question":"完整的处方应该包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医院的名称、就诊科室、就诊日期"},{"key":"B","value":"患者姓名、性别、年龄、临床诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"药品的名称、剂型、规格、数量和用法"},{"key":"D","value":"处方前记、处方正文和处方后记"},{"key":"E","value":"医师、配方人、核对人、发药人的签名"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查处方。完整的处方包括三部分,即处方前记、处方正文和处方后记(D对)。医院的名称、就诊科室、就诊日期(A错),患者姓名、性别、年龄、临床诊断(B错)均属于处方前记。药品的名称、剂型、规格、数量和用法(C错)是处方正文的内容。医师、配方人、核对人、发药人的签名(E错)属于处方后记。"} {"Question":"处方审核结果分类合理用药和不合理用药,下列情形应判定为不合理用药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无适应证用药"},{"key":"B","value":"无正当理由开具高价药"},{"key":"C","value":"无正常理由超说明书药"},{"key":"D","value":"使用药品通用名开具处方"},{"key":"E","value":"无正当理由为同一患者同时开具两种以上药理作用机制相同的药物"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查不合理用药。处方审核结果分为合理用药和不合理用药,不合理处方包括不规范处方、用药不适宜处方及超常处方。无适应证用药(A对)、无正当理由开具高价药(B对)、无正常理由超说明书用药(C对)、无正当理由为同一患者同时开具两种以上药理作用机制相同的药物(E对),应当判定为超常处方。使用药品通用名开具处方(D错)属于合理用药。"} {"Question":"关于卡前列甲酯栓贮存条件的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"遮光、密闭,5℃以下保存"},{"key":"B","value":"遮光、密闭,-5℃以下保存"},{"key":"C","value":"遮光、密闭,5℃以上保存"},{"key":"D","value":"遮光、密闭,室温下保存"},{"key":"E","value":"遮光、密闭,阴凉处保存"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查卡前列甲酯栓的贮存条件。卡前列甲酯栓的贮存条件为遮光、密闭,-5℃以下保存(B对)。"} {"Question":"淡黄色处方作为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普通处方"},{"key":"B","value":"急诊处方"},{"key":"C","value":"儿科处方"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉药品和第一类精神处方"},{"key":"E","value":"第二类精神药品处方"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查处方。急诊处方(B对)印刷用纸为淡黄色、普通处方(A错)为白色、儿科处方(C错)为淡绿色。麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方(D错)印刷用纸为淡红色,第二类精神药品处方(E错)为白色。"} {"Question":"患者到药店购买“扑尔敏片”药师应给予","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯苯那敏片"},{"key":"B","value":"阿昔洛韦片"},{"key":"C","value":"更昔洛韦片"},{"key":"D","value":"奥司他韦片"},{"key":"E","value":"苯海拉明片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的别名。患者到药店购买“扑尔敏片”药师应给予氯苯那敏片(A对)。马来酸氯苯那敏别名为扑尔敏。阿昔洛韦(B错)的别名为无环鸟苷片或克毒星。更昔洛韦片(C错)的别名为赛美维。奥司他韦片(D错)的别名为达菲。苯海拉明片(E错)的别名为苯那君。"} {"Question":"药物利用指数研究中,某药品的日处方剂量基本合理,表明","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"DUI接近1"},{"key":"B","value":"DUI<0.8"},{"key":"C","value":"DUI>1.2"},{"key":"D","value":"B\/A<1"},{"key":"E","value":"B\/A≥1"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查日处方剂量。DUI﹥1.0,说明医师处方日处方剂量大于DDD,即超过了推荐的限定日剂量;DUI≤1.0,说明医师的处方剂量小于DDD,可能剂量不足;DUI接近于1.0(A对),则认为剂量使用基本合理。"} {"Question":"与阿莫西林配伍,可提高治疗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"B","value":"苄丝肼"},{"key":"C","value":"克拉维酸钾"},{"key":"D","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。与阿莫西林配伍,可提高治疗的是克拉维酸钾(C对)。阿莫西林易被细菌的β内酰胺酶水解,克拉维酸是β内酰胺酶不可逆的竞争型抑制剂,阿莫西林与克拉维酸组成复方制剂阿莫西林克拉维酸钾,可保护不耐酶的抗菌药物结构,提高抗菌活性和效果。叶酸(A错)用于治疗巨幼细胞性贫血。苄丝肼(B错)与左旋多巴合用可增强左旋多巴的药效。奥美拉唑(D错)属于质子泵拮抗剂。维生素C(E错)可以促进硫酸亚铁吸收。"} {"Question":"黄体酮用于治疗输尿管结石症属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"无适应证用药"},{"key":"B","value":"超适应证用药"},{"key":"C","value":"有禁忌症用药"},{"key":"D","value":"过度治疗用药"},{"key":"E","value":"盲目联合用药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查超适应证用药。黄体酮用于治疗输尿管结石症属于超适应证用药(B对)。黄体酮说明书中并未提及用于结石,故属于超适应证用药。无适应证用药(A错)是指在制定治疗方案和开具处方时,药物的适应证与患者病理、病因、病情、临床诊断不相符。有禁忌症用药(C错)是指忽略药品说明书的提示及忽略病情和患者的基础疾病。过度治疗用药(D错)是指滥用抗菌药、糖皮质激素、人血白蛋白、二磷酸果糖及肿瘤补助治疗药,还包括无治疗指征盲目补钙等。盲目联合用药(E错)是指联合应用药物而无明确的指证。"} {"Question":"含有格列本脲成分的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维C银翘片"},{"key":"B","value":"散痰宁糖浆"},{"key":"C","value":"消渴丸"},{"key":"D","value":"痢特敏片"},{"key":"E","value":"清咳散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查含有化学成分的中成药。消渴丸(C对)为中成药,含西药格列本脲。维C银翘片(A错)含西药马来酸氯苯那敏,对乙酰氨基酚,维生素C。散痰宁糖浆(B错)含有西药盐酸麻黄碱、氯化铵。痢特敏片(D错)含西药甲氧苄啶。清咳散(E错)含西药盐酸溴己新。"} {"Question":"运动员参赛时非禁用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利尿药"},{"key":"B","value":"合成类固醇"},{"key":"C","value":"钙离子通道阻滞剂"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉性镇痛剂"},{"key":"E","value":"β受体阻断剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查运动员禁用药。运动员参赛时非禁用的药是钙离子通道阻滞剂(C对)。运动员禁用的药物包括六类:①精神刺激剂,如麻黄碱、可卡因等;②合成类固醇,如甲睾酮、苯丙酸诺龙等;③利尿剂,如呋塞米、螺内酯等;④麻醉镇痛剂,如可待因、芬太尼等;⑤B受体阻断剂,如普萘洛尔等;⑥肽激素类,如人生长激素、促性腺激素等。"} {"Question":"诱导肝药酶的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"B","value":"双香豆素"},{"key":"C","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"别嘌醇"},{"key":"E","value":"甲苯磺丁脲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查肝药酶诱导剂。苯巴比妥(A对)能诱导肝药酶,为肝药酶诱导剂。常见的肝药酶诱导剂有苯巴比妥、卡马西平、乙醇(嗜酒慢性中毒者)、利福平、地塞米松等。"} {"Question":"药师在审核处方时,无需要求确认或重新开处方的情形是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诊断为麻疹,使用阿莫西林抗感染治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"将酚麻美敏胶囊和板蓝根颗粒开在同一张处方上"},{"key":"C","value":"给糖尿病患者同时开具消渴丸和格列本脲"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢曲松钠选用复方氯化钠注射液作溶媒"},{"key":"E","value":"低分子肝素的给药方法为静脉滴注"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查处方的审核。药师在审核处方时,无需要求确认或重新开处方的情形是将酚麻美敏胶囊和板蓝根颗粒开在同一张处方上(B对)。阿莫西林抗感染治疗属于无适应证用药,属于超常处方,需药师找到开具处方的医师确认或重新开处方(A错)。消渴丸中含有格列本脲,属于重复用药,应当判定为用药不适宜处方(C错)。头孢曲松钠选用复方氯化钠注射液作溶媒会有微粒形成,属于有配伍禁忌,应当判定为用药不适宜处方(D错)。低分子肝素的给药方法为皮下注射(E错)。"} {"Question":"药品说明书是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医生和病人在治疗用药时的科学依据"},{"key":"B","value":"是药品生产单位承担法律责任的重要依据"},{"key":"C","value":"是论文的表现形式之一"},{"key":"D","value":"是药品报请审批的必备材料之一"},{"key":"E","value":"是药品的广告"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书。药品说明书是医生和病人在治疗用药时的科学依据(A对),是药品生产单位承担法律责任的重要依据(B对),是药品报请审批的必备材料之一(D对)。论文的表现形式(C错)并不会通过药品说明书来体现。药品的广告(E错)传播途径也不会通过药品说明书来体现。"} {"Question":"药师面向护士的用药咨询内容包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物的适宜溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"药物的稀释容积"},{"key":"C","value":"药物滴注速度"},{"key":"D","value":"药物的配伍禁忌"},{"key":"E","value":"替代治疗方案"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查用药咨询。药师面向护士的用药咨询内容包括:药物的适宜溶剂(A对)、药物的稀释容积(B对)、药物的滴注速度(C对)、药物的配伍禁忌(D对)和药品辅料、包材、用药装置方面的咨询。替代治疗方案(E错)是患者向药师咨询的内容。"} {"Question":"现代临床药物治疗更多依赖于循证医学的支持,在循证医学据分级中,证据和推荐强度级别最高的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大样本病案系列"},{"key":"B","value":"单个大样本随机对照试验"},{"key":"C","value":"同质随机对照试验的系统评价"},{"key":"D","value":"同质病例对照试验研究的系统评价"},{"key":"E","value":"专家意见"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查循证医学的证据分级。在循证医学据分级中,证据和推荐强度级别最高的是同质随机对照试验的系统评价(D对)。当前应用较多的则为2001年5月英国Cochrane中心制定的证据水平评价标准,其根据研究类型将证据分为5级:Ⅰ级,设计良好的随机对照试验;Ⅱ级,设计较好的队列或者病例对照研究;Ⅲ级,病历报告或者有缺点的临床试验;Ⅳ级,病例分析或者质量差的病例对照研究;V级,专家意见或者基于生理、病理生理和基础研究的证据。"} {"Question":"维生素B₂的特定吸收部位在小肠上部,故其最适宜服用的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清晨"},{"key":"B","value":"餐前"},{"key":"C","value":"餐中"},{"key":"D","value":"餐后"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的适宜服用时间。维生素B₂的特定吸收部位在小肠上部,故其最适宜服用的时间是餐后(D对)。不同的药物服用时间会影响药物在人体内的吸收过程,维生素B₂的特定吸收部位在小肠上部,饭后服用在胃内停留时间长,吸收更完全。"} {"Question":"检查环丙沙星的质量标准,应查阅","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《中国国家处方集》"},{"key":"B","value":"《注射药物手册》"},{"key":"C","value":"《新编药物学》"},{"key":"D","value":"《中华人民共和国药典(一部)》"},{"key":"E","value":"《中华人民共和国药典(二部)》"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药典。检查环丙沙星的质量标准,应查阅药典二部正文(E对)。药物的质量检查和质量标准在药典的正文部分。2015年版中国药典分四部出版:一部为中药,二部为化学药,三部为生物制品,四部为总则。"} {"Question":"上市后的药品临床再评价阶段属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ期临床试验"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱa期临床试验"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ期临床试验"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ期临床试验"},{"key":"E","value":"Ⅱb期临床试验"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查新药临床评价的分期。上市后药物临床再评价阶段是Ⅳ期临床试验(D对)。Ⅰ期临床试验(A错)是初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验阶段。Ⅱ期临床试验(BE错)是治疗作用的初步评价阶段,评价药物对目标适应证患者的治疗作用和安全性。Ⅲ期临床试验(C错)是新药得到批准试生产后进行的扩大化临床试验阶段,进一步验证药物对目标适应证患者的治疗作用和安全性。"} {"Question":"羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂(他汀类药)主要经细胞色素酶CYP3A4代谢,不宜与其联合应用的药品有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环孢素"},{"key":"B","value":"酮康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"克拉霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"E","value":"青霉素"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。环孢素(A对)、伊曲康唑、酮康唑(B对)、克拉霉素(C对)、罗红霉素为CYP3A4肝药酶抑制剂,而羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂(他汀类药)主要经细胞色素酶CYP3A4代谢,可抑制胆固醇的合成,降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇和三酰甘油的水平,合用会显著增高后者的血浆水平,故不宜与其联合应用。"} {"Question":"不属于计算机检索药物信息的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"截词检索法"},{"key":"B","value":"加权检索法"},{"key":"C","value":"组配检索法"},{"key":"D","value":"扩检或缩检法"},{"key":"E","value":"抽检法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抽检法的分类。抽检法(E错,为本题正确答案)是指从一批产品中随机抽取少量产品进行检验,以判断该批产品是否合格的统计方法和理论,不属于计算机检索方法。"} {"Question":"细菌性脑膜炎患者应用万古霉素治疗,快速大剂量静脉滴注后可能会产生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"“胰岛素样自体免疫综合征”"},{"key":"B","value":"“灰婴综合征”"},{"key":"C","value":"“药源性流感综合征”"},{"key":"D","value":"“手足综合征”"},{"key":"E","value":"“红人综合征”"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的滴注速度。万古霉素不宜肌内注射或直接静脉注射,滴注速度过快可致由组胺引起的非免疫性与剂量相关反应(出现“红人综合征”(E对))。胰岛素自身免疫综合征(A错)是由血中非外源性胰岛素诱导的胰岛素自身抗体及高浓度免疫活性胰岛素所致的自发性低血糖症。灰婴综合征(B错)是由大量服用氯霉素进行抗菌治疗引起的。药源性流感综合征(C错)是由药物引起的。手足综合征(D错)是一种进行性加重的皮肤病变,手较足更易受累,可由多种化疗药物引起。"} {"Question":"5%葡萄糖注射液500ml含有葡萄糖的克数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"25"},{"key":"B","value":"30"},{"key":"C","value":"10"},{"key":"D","value":"33.3"},{"key":"E","value":"20"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查百分浓度的计算。重量比体积百分浓度=溶质重量\/溶液体积×100%。由题可知:重量比体积百分浓度=5%;溶液体积=500ml。所以代入上式可得:5%=溶质质量\/500×100%,溶质质量=25g(A对)。"} {"Question":"药物临床评价是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对药物临床前研究的一切新药申报资料进行评估"},{"key":"B","value":"新药上市以后对药品的理化性质和质量的评估"},{"key":"C","value":"新药临床研究在未上市以前进行的临床评估"},{"key":"D","value":"药物药理毒理研究为临床使用打基础的评估"},{"key":"E","value":"对上市药品的治疗效果、不良反应等进行评估"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物临床评价。药物临床评价是指根据医药学的最新技术水平,从药理学、药剂学、临床药学、药物流行病学、药物经济学及药品管理政策方面,对药品在治疗效果、不良反应、用药方案、贮存稳定性及药品经济学等方面进行实事求是的评估(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于肠外营养能量配比的说法正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖和脂肪乳剂是提供热量的主要物质"},{"key":"B","value":"1g葡萄糖提供5kcal热量"},{"key":"C","value":"1g脂肪提供8kcal热量"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白质(氨基酸)不是主要的供能物质"},{"key":"E","value":"一般成人热量需求为每天15~20kcal\/kg"}],"Answer":"AD","Explanation":"本题考查肠外营养能量配比。肠外营养物质主要为糖、脂肪、氨基酸、电解质、维生素、微量元素(A对)。蛋白质不是主要的供能物质(D对)。1g葡萄糖提供4kcal热量(B错);1g脂肪提供9kcal热量(C错);1g氮提供4kcal热量。"} {"Question":"属于药物经济学中所讲的直接成本的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗费用"},{"key":"B","value":"伤病期间造成的工资损失"},{"key":"C","value":"精神上的痛苦"},{"key":"D","value":"疾病引起的疼痛"},{"key":"E","value":"生活的不便"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物经济学的基本概念。直接成本是指用于药物治疗或其他治疗所花费的代价或资源的消耗。包括:①直接医疗费用(A对):包括提供的药品与服务、医师的诊断和治疗、护理、检验、住院等消耗的一切费用;②非医疗费用:包括家属陪护、食宿和交通等费用。"} {"Question":"静脉注射阿昔洛韦的适宜溶媒是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.9%氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"B","value":"5%葡萄糖注射液"},{"key":"C","value":"50%葡萄糖注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"复方氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"E","value":"低分子右旋糖酐注射液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的适宜溶剂。静脉注射阿昔洛韦的适宜溶媒是0.9%的氯化钠注射液(A对)。阿昔洛韦与5%葡萄糖注射液(B错)配伍可析出沉淀。50%葡萄糖注射液(C错)主要用于组织脱水。复方氯化钠注射液(D错)为复方制剂,不适宜作为溶解的溶媒。低分子量右旋糖酐注射液(E错)主要用于提高血液的胶体渗透压而扩充血容量。"} {"Question":"Ⅰ期临床试验对象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"患者"},{"key":"B","value":"健康受试者"},{"key":"C","value":"特殊人群"},{"key":"D","value":"目标适应证患者"},{"key":"E","value":"普通或特殊人群患者"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查新药临床评价的分期。Ⅰ期临床试验对象是健康志愿者(B对)。Ⅱ期临床试验对象是目标适应证患者。Ⅲ期临床试验对象是目标适应证患者(D错)。IV期临床试验对象是普通或者特殊人群(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者手术后,给予肠外营养液10%GS500ml,50%GS250ml,20%脂肪乳250ml,8.5%复方氨基酸750ml,水溶性维生素10ml,脂溶性维生素10ml,微量元素10ml,10%氯化钠注射液40ml,10%氯化钠注射液30ml。营养液中葡萄糖提供的能量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"200kcal"},{"key":"B","value":"450kcal"},{"key":"C","value":"700kcal"},{"key":"D","value":"1150kcal"},{"key":"E","value":"1550kcal"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查肠外营养的配比计算。营养液中葡萄糖含量=10%*500ml+50%*250ml=175g,1g葡萄糖可提供4kcal热量,营养液中葡萄糖提供的能量为4*175=700kcal(C对)。"} {"Question":"为增加依从性,应该向患者介绍药物的一般知识,其中包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物的化学结构式和合成路线"},{"key":"B","value":"根据治疗目的选择适当的给药途径"},{"key":"C","value":"药物的效期、包装及储藏保管"},{"key":"D","value":"药物的禁用、慎用、相互作用等"},{"key":"E","value":"特殊病人应遵循的特殊给药方案"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于循证医学的叙述错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"循证医学是建立在证据、医务人员实践和患者利益结合之上的"},{"key":"B","value":"临床研究的可靠证据是循证医学的基石"},{"key":"C","value":"循证医学不包括医师(或药师)长期积累的临床诊治经验"},{"key":"D","value":"循证医学要结合具体患者采用有效、合理、实用和经济的治疗方案"},{"key":"E","value":"循证医学可以使患者得到最佳临床效果和生活质量"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查循证医学。循证医学是在医疗决策中将临床证据、个人经验与患者的实际状况和意愿(A对)三者相结合,是包括医师(或药师)长期积累的临床诊治经验(C错,为本题正确答案)的。循证医学强调任何医疗决策应建立在研究证据基础上(B对)。循证医学评价要结合具体患者采用有效、合理、实用和经济的治疗方案(D对)。循证医学能够使患者得到最佳临床效果和生活质量(E对)。"} {"Question":"噻孢霉素钠的氯化钠等渗当量为0.24,配置2%滴眼液100ml需加多少克氯化钠","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.42g"},{"key":"B","value":"0.61g"},{"key":"C","value":"0.36g"},{"key":"D","value":"1.42g"},{"key":"E","value":"1.36g"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查等渗浓度的计算。氯化钠等渗当量法指与1g的药物成等渗的氯化钠质量。等渗调节剂的用量计算公式:W=(0.9-C×E)×V\/100。其中w为配制等渗溶液需加入的氯化钠的量(g),V为溶液的体积(ml),E为等渗当量,C为溶液中药物的百分浓度。根据题目中已知条件,噻孢霉素钠的氯化钠等渗当量E为0.24,带入C=2%;V=100mL,应加入氯化钠的量=(0.9-2×0.24)×100\/100=0.42(g)(A对)。"} {"Question":"将0.5氨茶碱注射液加到5%葡萄糖注射液250ml中,临床要求给药速度是60mg\/h,输注速度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10ml\/h"},{"key":"B","value":"30ml\/h"},{"key":"C","value":"20ml\/h"},{"key":"D","value":"60ml\/h"},{"key":"E","value":"83.3ml\/h"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查输注速度的计算。氨茶碱成人每日静脉滴注或肌注,一次0.25~0.5g。0.5g氨茶碱即500mg氨茶碱,将其加到250ml5%葡萄糖注射液中,即1ml葡萄糖中含有2mg氨茶碱。现要求给药速度为60mg\/h,可理解为一小时需要静脉滴注60mg的药物,即输入30ml的葡萄糖,因此输注速度为30ml\/h(B对)。"} {"Question":"不属于药物经济学评价对象的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不同药物治疗方案"},{"key":"B","value":"药物治疗方案与手术治疗方案关系"},{"key":"C","value":"药物治疗方案与社会服务项目关系"},{"key":"D","value":"手术治疗方案与社会服务项目关系"},{"key":"E","value":"药物治疗方案与药物预防方案关系"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"两种药物配伍之后效价降低的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢唑林钠与0.9%氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢曲松与复方氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"C","value":"胰岛素与0.90%氯化钠注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素与5%葡萄糖注射液"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C与氯化钠注射液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的配伍使用。两种药物配伍之后效价降低的是青霉素与5%葡萄糖注射液(D对)。青霉素含β-内酰胺环,酸性较强的葡萄糖注射液可促进青霉素裂解为无活性产物。头孢曲松钠不能与含钙注射液直接混合(B错)。头孢唑林钠(A错)、胰岛素(C错)、维生素C(E错)可以使用氯化钠做溶剂。"} {"Question":"属于具有吸附性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药用炭"},{"key":"B","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"C","value":"甲丙氨酯"},{"key":"D","value":"酚磺乙胺"},{"key":"E","value":"甘油"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"造成药物临床前研究局限性的原因有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人与动物试验具有种属的差异性"},{"key":"B","value":"滞后现象等难以在动物试验中观察"},{"key":"C","value":"研究时间长造成受干扰的因素增加"},{"key":"D","value":"人体的疾病因素可影响药物的反应"},{"key":"E","value":"研究中使用的实验动物数目有限"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"服用时需限制饮水的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"止咳糖浆"},{"key":"B","value":"二羟丙茶碱"},{"key":"C","value":"熊去氧胆酸"},{"key":"D","value":"利托那韦"},{"key":"E","value":"阿仑膦酸钠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查限制饮水的药物。服用时需限制饮水的药物是止咳糖浆(A对)。止咳糖浆会黏附在发炎的咽喉部而发挥作用,用后应少喝水,避免将局部药物冲掉。二羟丙茶碱(B错)、熊去氧胆酸(C错)、利托那韦(D错)、阿仑膦酸钠(E错)宜多饮水。"} {"Question":"判断药物有效性的指标(临床常见)不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疾病治愈率"},{"key":"B","value":"疾病显效率"},{"key":"C","value":"病床占用率"},{"key":"D","value":"临床好转率"},{"key":"E","value":"临床无效率"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于药物在肝功能不全患者药动学和药效学变化的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主要在肝内代谢清除的药物,生物利用度提高"},{"key":"B","value":"需要肝脏生物转化的前体药物,药效降低"},{"key":"C","value":"蛋白结合率高的药物,血中游离药物浓度增加"},{"key":"D","value":"首过消除明显的药物,药理作用维持时间缩短"},{"key":"E","value":"血胆汁酸和胆红素升高,血浆蛋白与药物结合的能力下降"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物在肝功能不全患者药动学和药效学变化。关于药物在肝功能不全患者药动学和药效学变化的说法,错误的是首过消除明显的药物,药理作用维持时间缩短(D错,为本题正确答案)。首过消除明显的药物,药理作用维持时间延长。对于某些肝脏高摄取的药物,如阿司匹林、普萘洛尔等,在肝脏摄取后由于生物转化速率降低,口服药物后大量原型药通过肝脏进入血液循环,导致血药浓度上升、生物利用度增强(A对)。另一方面,某些需要在体内代谢后才具有药理活性的前体药(如可待因、依那普利、环磷酰胺等)则由于肝脏的生物转化功能减弱,这些药物的活性代谢产物生成减少,使其药理效应降低(B对)。在肝脏疾病时,肝脏的蛋白质合成功能减退,血浆中白蛋白浓度下降,使药物的血浆蛋白结合率降低,血中结合型药物减少,而游离型药物增加(C对)。肝脏疾病患者血中胆汁酸、胆红素的含量升高时,其竞争性与蛋白质结合,结果使药物的蛋白结合率下降,血浆中游离型的药物浓度升高(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,45岁,因男性乙型肝炎给予干扰素治疗,治疗1个月后,患者出现脱发,停用干扰素后,脱发症状好转,再次给予干扰素治疗,患者再次出现脱发。该ADR的因果关系评价结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肯定"},{"key":"B","value":"很可能"},{"key":"C","value":"可能"},{"key":"D","value":"可能无关"},{"key":"E","value":"无法评价"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应的评定结果。不良反应评价结果有6级,其中,肯定(A对)是指用药及反应发生时间顺序合理;停药以后反应停止,或迅速减轻或好转;再次使用,反应再现,并可能明显加重;有文献资料佐证;排除原患疾病等其它混杂因素影响。很可能(B错)是指无重复用药史,或虽然有合并用药,但基本可排除合并用药导致反应发生的可能性。可能(C错)是指用药与反应发生时间关系密切,同时有文献资料佐证;但引发ADR的药品不止一种,或原患疾病的病情进展因素不能排除。可能无关(D错)是指ADR与用药时间相关性不密切,反应表现与已知该药ADR不相吻合,原患疾病发展同样可能有类似的临床表现。无法评价(E错)是指报表缺项太多,因果关系难以定论,资料又无法补充。"} {"Question":"婴幼儿腹泻,服用地衣芽孢杆菌活菌制剂,正确的使用方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清晨服用"},{"key":"B","value":"用温水调服"},{"key":"C","value":"应同时碱化尿液"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下含服"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前服用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品的正确使用。服用地衣芽孢杆菌活菌制剂应用温水调服(B对)。含活性菌类药物如乳酶生、整肠生等,该类药物遇热会引起活性菌被破坏,因此不能用热水送服。呋塞米、螺内酯为利尿药,宜于清晨服用(A错)。宜睡前服用(E错)的药物有催眠药、平喘药、调节血脂药、抗过敏药、钙剂。硝酸甘油片,舌下含服(D错),用于稳定型心绞痛。苯溴马隆服用时应多饮水,同时应碱化尿液(C错),以防止形成尿酸结石。"} {"Question":"服用抗角化药维A酸时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"忌饮酒"},{"key":"B","value":"宜多饮水"},{"key":"C","value":"忌喝茶"},{"key":"D","value":"禁吸烟"},{"key":"E","value":"宜多食脂肪餐"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查服用药物的特殊提示。维A酸脂溶性强,多食脂肪餐(E对)能够增加药物吸收,增加疗效。饮酒(A错),饮水(B错),喝茶(C错),吸烟(D错)对其无影响。"} {"Question":"临床常需要治疗药物监测的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"他克莫司"},{"key":"E","value":"甲氨蝶呤"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查需要治疗药物监测的药物。常用药物的治疗监护有抗菌药物(C对),肾上腺皮质激素,非甾体抗炎药(B对),抗凝血药和抗血小板药,抗心力衰竭药,抗心律失常药(A对),抗癫痫药,免疫抑制药(D对),抗肿瘤药(E对)。"} {"Question":"比沙可啶片的适宜服药时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清晨"},{"key":"B","value":"餐前"},{"key":"C","value":"餐中"},{"key":"D","value":"餐后"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。比沙可啶是刺激性泻药,睡前(E对)服用后12h排便,于次日晨起泻下。适宜清晨(A错)服用的药物有抗高血压药物、抗抑郁药、利尿药、泻药等。适宜餐前(B错)服用的药物有胃黏膜保护剂、收敛药、促胃动力药、广谱抗线虫药。适宜餐中(C错)服用的药物有助消化药、非甾体抗炎药、肝胆辅助用药、减肥药、抗结核药。适宜餐后(D错)服用的药物有非甾体抗炎药、维生素、组胺H₂受体阻断剂。"} {"Question":"α-糖苷酶抑制剂适宜给药时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清晨"},{"key":"B","value":"餐前"},{"key":"C","value":"餐中"},{"key":"D","value":"餐后"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。α-糖苷酶抑制剂是降糖药,需要在餐中(C对)服用,可以减少降糖药对胃肠道的刺激。适宜清晨(A错)服用的药物有糖皮质激素类、抗高血压药物、利尿药、驱虫药、泻药。适宜餐前(B错)服用的药物有胃黏膜保护剂、收敛药、促胃动力药、广谱抗线虫药。适宜餐后(D错)服用的药物有非甾体抗炎药、维生素、组胺H₂受体阻断剂。适宜睡前(E错)服用的药物有催眠药、平喘药、调节血脂药、缓泻药等。"} {"Question":"极毒性药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"松节油"},{"key":"B","value":"氯化钡"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氧化钠"},{"key":"D","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"E","value":"乳酶生"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查极毒性药品。氯化钡(B对)是极毒性药品,食入0.2~0.5g可引起中毒,致死剂量为0.8~0.9g,如发现中毒,速服硫酸镁或硫酸钠,采取洗胃、灌肠、催吐等措施,迅速就医。松节油(A错)为易燃液体。氢氧化钠(C错)是有腐蚀性的药品。"} {"Question":"与异烟肼合用,使肝炎发生率增加10倍的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"B","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"利福平"},{"key":"D","value":"磷苯乙肼"},{"key":"E","value":"维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"服用抗痛风药别嘌醇时","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"宜饮酒"},{"key":"B","value":"宜多饮水"},{"key":"C","value":"忌喝茶"},{"key":"D","value":"禁吸烟"},{"key":"E","value":"宜多食脂肪餐"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查服用药物的特殊提示。服用抗痛风药别嘌醇时宜多饮水(B对)。服用抗痛风药别嘌醇时多饮水,是为了防止尿酸在排出过程中在泌尿系统沉积形成结石,同时应该碱化尿液,以利于排酸。服用别嘌醇时饮酒(A错),喝茶(C错),吸烟(D错),食用脂肪餐(E错)无影响。"} {"Question":"属于易氧化的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药用炭"},{"key":"B","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"C","value":"甲丙氨酯"},{"key":"D","value":"酚磺乙胺"},{"key":"E","value":"甘油"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可能影响儿童骨骼发育的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方磺胺甲噁唑"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢克洛"},{"key":"C","value":"诺氟沙星"},{"key":"D","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"E","value":"华法林"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查特殊人群用药。可能影响儿童骨骼发育的药物是诺氟沙星(C对)。儿童期运动系统发育较为稚嫩,骨骼肌相对柔弱,骺软骨处于不断增生和不断骨化的过程中。某些药物如喹诺酮类抗菌药物可引起关节痛、关节肿胀及软骨损害,影响骨骼发育。磺胺甲噁唑(A错)在乳汁中的浓度与血浆中一致,在体内与胆红素竞争血浆蛋白,可致游离胆红素增高,尤其在新生儿黄疸时,可促使发生新生儿胆红素脑病(核黄疸)。头孢菌素类(B错)在乳汁中含量甚微,但第四代头孢菌素类如头孢匹罗、头孢吡肟例外。青霉素类(D错)对乳儿安全。"} {"Question":"与葡萄柚汁同服可能升高血药浓度的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维A酸片"},{"key":"B","value":"左旋多巴片"},{"key":"C","value":"地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"非洛地平片"},{"key":"E","value":"去氨加压素片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查饮食对药物疗效的影响。非洛地平片(D对)与葡萄柚汁同服会升高血药浓度。葡萄柚汁主要影响CYP3A4代谢,同时抑制CYP3A4的活性。通过CYP3A4代谢的药物与葡萄柚汁同服会引起生物利用度增加。维A酸(A错)为脂溶性,多食脂肪性食物可促进药物吸收。高蛋白食物在肠内产生大量氨基酸,干扰左旋多巴(B错)由血浆至中枢神经的转移,阻碍吸收。地衣芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊(C错)服用期间不可饮茶。去氨加压素(E错)服药期间应限制饮水。"} {"Question":"适宜清晨服用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泼尼松龙"},{"key":"B","value":"奥利司他"},{"key":"C","value":"氟伐他汀"},{"key":"D","value":"多潘立酮"},{"key":"E","value":"吲哚美辛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。泼尼松龙(A对)是糖皮质激素类药物,清晨服用可减少对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统的反馈抑制。奥利司他(B错)是减肥药,进餐时服用。氟伐他汀(C错)适宜于睡前服用,因肝脏合成胆固醇峰期多在夜间,晚餐后服药有助于提高疗效。多潘立酮(D错)是促胃动力药,餐前服用以助消化。吲哚美辛(E错)适宜在餐后服用。"} {"Question":"肾衰患者应大大减量,必须实施治疗药物监测的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"萘啶酸"},{"key":"B","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"黄连素"},{"key":"D","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"E","value":"利福平"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"服用后可致视物模糊,驾驶员应慎用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯苯那敏"},{"key":"B","value":"吲达帕胺"},{"key":"C","value":"胰酶"},{"key":"D","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"E","value":"阿托品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查驾驶员用药。服用后可致视物模糊,驾驶员应慎用的药物是阿托品(E对)。阿托品为扩瞳药,可导致视物模糊,驾驶员应慎用。氯苯那敏(A错)为抗组胺药,可引起眩晕、头痛、倦怠、嗜睡、乏力等反应。吲哒帕胺(B错)为降血压药,等可能会引起心悸、心绞痛、体位性低血压、头痛、眩晕和嗜睡等。胰酶(C错)为助消化药,孕妇及哺乳期妇女慎用。阿司匹林(D错)对于妊娠及哺乳期妇女应禁用。"} {"Question":"二甲双胍的最佳服用时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"餐前"},{"key":"B","value":"清晨空腹"},{"key":"C","value":"餐中"},{"key":"D","value":"餐后"},{"key":"E","value":"睡前"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。二甲双胍的最佳服用时间是餐中(C对),可减少对胃肠道的刺激和不良反应。适宜于清晨空腹(B错)服用的药物大多要保证对胃肠道无强烈的刺激性,同时可避免食物影响药效,利于药物被吸收和发挥作用,如补益类中药、泻药和某些抗生素等。适宜餐前(A错)服用的药物多可充分附着于肠壁,促进胃蠕动、助消化,需进入小肠作用,避免刺激食管和胃,使血药峰值提前或避免进食延缓药物吸收,如胃黏膜保护药和促胃动力药等。适宜餐后(D错)服用的药物可减少对胃肠的刺激或缓慢进入小肠以利于吸收,如阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚和维生素B₁等。适宜睡前(E错)服用的药物有催眠药、平喘药、调节血脂药、抗过敏药、缓泻药等。"} {"Question":"发药时所贴用法用量标签与医嘱不符属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"给药差错"},{"key":"B","value":"抄写差错"},{"key":"C","value":"配方差错"},{"key":"D","value":"处方差错"},{"key":"E","value":"监测差错"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查用药错误。配方差错(C对)是指发药时所贴用法用量标签与医嘱不符。给药差错(A错)是指护士、患者或家属(患者无生活自理能力)将药品给予患者的过程中发生的错误。抄写差错(B错)是护士或下级医生通过抄写把医嘱传递给其它医护人员时发生的转抄错误。处方错误(D错)是医生处方错误。监测差错(E错)是未检查处方的给药方案是否适宜、是否存在问题等,不包含给药途径错误。"} {"Question":"为了避免夜间排尿次数过多影响休息,利尿剂呋塞米宜于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"早晨服用"},{"key":"B","value":"餐后"},{"key":"C","value":"餐前"},{"key":"D","value":"睡前"},{"key":"E","value":"空腹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。为了避免夜间排尿次数过多影响休息,利尿剂呋塞米宜于早晨服用(A对)。适宜餐后(B错)服用的药有非甾体抗炎药、维生素和组胺H₂受体阻断剂。适宜餐前(C错)服用的药有胃黏膜保护药、收敛药、促胃动力药和降糖药。适宜睡前(D错)服用的药物有催眠药、平喘药、调节血脂药、抗过敏药和钙剂。适宜空腹(E错)服用的药有钙磷调节药、抗菌药物和广谱抗线虫药。"} {"Question":"餐前服用,可以促进胃排空的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方铝酸铋片"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍片"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧氯普胺片"},{"key":"D","value":"瑞舒伐他汀片"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。甲氧氯普胺(C对)为促胃动力药,餐前服用利于帮助消化,促进胃排空。复方铝酸铋(A错)为胃黏膜保护药,适宜于餐前服用。二甲双胍(B错)宜于餐中服用,可以减少对胃肠道的刺激和不良反应。瑞舒伐他汀(D错)宜在睡前服用,因为肝脏合成胆固醇峰期多在夜间,晚餐后服药有助于提高疗效。维生素C(E错)任何时间服用都可以。"} {"Question":"可致子宫强直收缩临产胎盘娩出前禁用的药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"麦角新碱"},{"key":"C","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"D","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"E","value":"氯苯那敏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物不良反应。麦角新碱(B对)可引起子宫强直性收缩,临产胎盘娩出前禁用。"} {"Question":"适于餐前服用的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莫沙必利"},{"key":"B","value":"艾司唑仑"},{"key":"C","value":"帕罗西汀"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。莫沙必利(A对)为促胃动力药,餐前服用能够帮助消化。艾司唑仑(B错)为催眠药,睡前服用。帕罗西汀(C错)为抗抑郁药,清晨服用。氢氯噻嗪(D错)最新版考试指导未说明。阿卡波糖(E错)为降糖药,适合餐中服用。"} {"Question":"可引起视物模糊、耳鸣、复视的非甾体抗炎药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"B","value":"利培酮"},{"key":"C","value":"氯苯那敏"},{"key":"D","value":"吲哚美辛"},{"key":"E","value":"对乙酰氨基酚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查驾驶员用药。可引起视物模糊、耳鸣、复视的非甾体抗炎药是吲哚美辛(D对)。非甾体抗炎药吲哚美辛可出现视力模糊、耳鸣、复视。抗癫痫药卡马西平(A错)在发挥抗癫痫作用的同时,可引起视力模糊、复视或眩晕,使驾驶员看路面或视物出现重影。抗精神病药利培酮(B错)服后偶见头晕、视力模糊、注意力下降等反应。氯苯那敏(C错)为抗组胺药,可引起眩晕、头痛、倦怠、嗜睡、乏力等反应。"} {"Question":"宜于餐前服用的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"普伐他汀"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧氯普胺"},{"key":"D","value":"格列美脲"},{"key":"E","value":"阿司匹林"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。甲氧氯普胺(C对)为促胃动力药,餐前服用助消化。呋塞米(A错)为利尿药,宜于清晨服用。普伐他汀(B错)为调节血脂药,宜于睡前服用。格列美脲(D错)为降糖药,宜于餐中服用。阿司匹林(E错)为非甾体抗炎药,宜于餐后服用。"} {"Question":"直接静脉推注易引起呼吸抑制的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"C","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"D","value":"葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"E","value":"顺铂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药源性疾病。庆大霉素(A对)的神经肌肉阻滞与其血药浓度有关,故中国药典规定该药用于肌肉注射或静脉滴注,直接静脉注射则易引起呼吸抑制。苯妥英钠(B错)神经系统不良反应与剂量相关,常见眩晕、头痛,严重时可引起眼球震颤、共济失调、语言不清和意识模糊,调整剂量或停药可消失。维拉帕米(C错)静脉推注可致低血压。葡萄糖酸钙(D错)静脉给药时可能出现全身发热感,静脉速度过快时,可产生心律失常,恶心和呕吐。顺铂(E错)不良反应为肾毒性。"} {"Question":"可影响幼儿软骨发育,导致承重关节损伤的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"B","value":"环丙沙星"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"D","value":"米诺环素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿莫西林"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。环丙沙星(B对)为喹诺酮类抗菌药,该类抗菌药会影响幼儿软骨发育,导致承重关节损伤。阿米卡星(A错)的耳毒性和肾毒性与卡那霉素相近,故肾功能减退者、脱水者、老年患者及使用强效利尿剂的患者应慎用或减量。头孢唑林(C错)不良反应常见皮疹、红斑、药物热、支气管痉挛等过敏反应,偶见过敏性休克。胃肠道反应有恶心、呕吐、食欲减退、腹痛、腹泻、味觉障碍等症状,偶见假膜性肠炎。用药后可出现暂时性肝功能异常。米诺环素(D错)为四环素类抗菌药,可与钙离子形成黄色螯合物,沉积于牙齿和骨中,造成牙齿黄染。阿莫西林(E错)的不良反应有:过敏反应症状:可出现药物热、荨麻疹、皮疹和哮喘等,尤易发生于传染性单核细胞增多症者。少见过敏性休克;消化系统症状:多见腹泻、恶心、呕吐等症状,偶见假膜性结肠炎等胃肠道反应;血液系统症状:偶见嗜酸粒细胞增多、白细胞减少、血小板减少、贫血等;皮肤粘膜反应:偶见斑丘疹、渗出性多形性红斑、Lyell综合征、剥脱性皮炎;肝、肾功能紊乱:少数患者用药后偶见血清氨基转移酶轻度升高、急性间质性肾炎;其他:兴奋,焦虑,失眠,头晕以及行为异常等中枢神经系统症状。长期使用本药可出现由念珠菌或耐药菌引起的二重感染;静脉注射量大时可见惊厥、嗜酸性粒细胞增多。"} {"Question":"有腐蚀性的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"松节油"},{"key":"B","value":"氯化钡"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氧化钠"},{"key":"D","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"E","value":"乳酶生"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查具有腐蚀性的药物。具有腐蚀性的药物有硫酸、盐酸、硝酸等几大强酸,氢氧化钠(C对)、氢氧化钾、氢氧化镁等几大强碱,浓溴水等。松节油(A错)为易燃液体。氯化钡(B错)是极毒性药品。"} {"Question":"对胎儿骨骼发育可能产生不良反应,妊娠期妇女避免使用的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"B","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"磷霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"甲硝唑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠期用药。对胎儿骨骼发育可能产生不良反应,妊娠期妇女避免使用的药品是左氧氟沙星(A对)。对胎儿有致畸或明显毒性作用,如四环素类可致胎儿齿及骨骼发育不良,氟喹诺酮类致胎儿软骨损害,妊娠期避免应用。氯霉素(B错)在乳汁中的浓度为血清中的一半,有明显骨髓抑制作用,可引起灰婴综合征,故哺乳期禁用。磷霉素(C错)存在于母乳中,哺乳期妇女慎用,用药时暂停哺乳。万古霉素(D错)为糖肽类抗菌药物,对革兰阳性菌有强大的抗菌活性。可导致听力减退,甚至耳聋。妊娠期妇女应避免使用。甲硝唑(E错)禁用于妊娠期妇女及哺乳期妇女。"} {"Question":"下列药物中,适宜在睡前服用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泼尼松"},{"key":"B","value":"美洛昔康"},{"key":"C","value":"多潘立酮"},{"key":"D","value":"辛伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"奥利司他"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。宜在睡前服用的药物是辛伐他汀(D对)。胆固醇主要在夜间合成,夜间服药比白天更加有效。泼尼松(A错)属于糖皮质激素药物,宜于清晨服用。美洛昔康(B错)属于非甾体抗炎药,宜于餐中服用。多潘立酮(C错)是促胃动力药,宜于餐前服用。奥利司他(E错)属于减肥药,宜于餐中服用。"} {"Question":"以下关于药物不良反应的描述中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物不良反应是指在正常用量、用法下发生的"},{"key":"B","value":"药物不良反应就是药物本身的毒副作用"},{"key":"C","value":"药物不良反应专指药物本身的“三”致作用"},{"key":"D","value":"大剂量服用催眠药而致中毒也是药物不良反应"},{"key":"E","value":"将氯化钾快速静脉注射而致死亡是药物不良反应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物不良反应。药品不良反应是指合格药品在正常用法用量下出现的与用药目的无关的有害反应(A对BC错)。大剂量服用催眠药(D错)不属于正常用量。氯化钾快速静脉注射(E错)不属于正常用法。"} {"Question":"可导致耳毒性,主要表现为耳聋的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环孢素"},{"key":"B","value":"利福平"},{"key":"C","value":"依他尼酸"},{"key":"D","value":"银杏叶制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸软骨素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药源性疾病。依他尼酸(C对)可引起听神经障碍(主要为耳聋)。环孢素(A错)具有肾毒性。利福平(B错)具有肝毒性。银杏叶制剂(D错)会增大出血的倾向。硫酸软骨素(E错)无明显的毒副作用。"} {"Question":"老年人初始用药应从小剂量开始,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不用或少用药物"},{"key":"B","value":"选择适当的剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"药物治疗要适度"},{"key":"D","value":"提高用药依从性"},{"key":"E","value":"根据生理特点合理选择药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查特殊人群用药。老年人初始用药应从小剂量开始,属于选择适当的剂量(B对)。老年人多重用药会带来各种用药风险和由药物相互作用导致的不良反应,因此老年人不用或使用最少的药物和最少有效剂量来治疗(A错)。老年人药物治疗要适度(C错)。老年人用药依从性较差会导致药效降低、病情进展(D错)。老年人应根据生理特点合理选择药物(E错)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,68岁,因癌痛使用芬太尼透皮贴剂。关于该患者用药教育的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一贴可持续贴用72小时"},{"key":"B","value":"宜贴于无毛发的皮肤上"},{"key":"C","value":"避免贴在皮肤破损、红肿的部位"},{"key":"D","value":"避免贴在皮肤褶皱处"},{"key":"E","value":"宜热敷,促进药物吸收"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查透皮贴剂的注意事项。关于该患者用药教育的说法,错误的是宜热敷,促进药物吸收(E错,为本题正确答案)。使用透皮贴剂时宜注意:①用前将所要贴敷部位的皮肤清洗干净,并稍稍晾干;②从包装内取出贴片,揭去附着的薄膜,但不要触及含药部位;③贴于无毛发或是刮净毛发的皮肤上(B对),轻轻按压使之边缘与皮肤贴紧,不宜热敷;④皮肤有破损、溃烂、渗出、红肿的部位不要贴敷(C对);⑤不要贴在皮肤的皱褶处(D对)、四肢下端或紧身衣服底下,选择一处不进行剧烈运动的部位,如胸部或上臂;⑥定期或遵医嘱更换,若发现给药部位出现红肿或刺激症状,可向医生咨询。芬太尼透皮贴剂可持续贴用72小时(A对)。"} {"Question":"肝功能不全的患者的选药原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝肠循环"},{"key":"B","value":"肾毒性小肝代谢的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"肝毒性小肾代谢的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾双通道排泄的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"首关消除的药物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查特殊人群用药。肝功能不全的患者的选药原则是肝毒性小肾代谢的药物(C对)。肝功能不全患者用药原则:1.明确诊断,合理选药。2.避免或减少使用对肝脏毒性大的药物。3.注意药物相互作用,特别应避免与肝毒性的药物合用。4.肝功能不全而肾功能正常的患者可选用对肝毒性小并且从肾脏排泄的药物。5.初始剂量宜小,必要时进行治疗药物监测,做到给药方案个体化。6.定期监测肝功能,及时调整治疗方案。"} {"Question":"妊娠早期妇女禁用的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维A酸"},{"key":"B","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"烟酸"},{"key":"D","value":"碳酸钙"},{"key":"E","value":"青霉素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者因扁桃体炎给予头孢拉定治疗,服用4个小时后,面部出现皮疹,无其它不适。停药后皮疹消失,排除其它疾病可能。该病例用药与不良反应因果关系评价结果是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肯定"},{"key":"B","value":"很可能"},{"key":"C","value":"可能"},{"key":"D","value":"可能无关"},{"key":"E","value":"无法评价"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应的评定结果。根据药品不良反应因果关系评价表可知,患者用药后面部出现皮疹的时间顺序合理,停药后皮疹消失,且排除其它疾病的可能,但题干未说明重复用药后皮疹反应出现情况,故该患者用药与皮疹出现的因果关系为“很可能”(B对)。肯定(A错)是指用药及反应发生时间顺序合理;停药以后反应停止,或迅速减轻或好转;再次使用,反应再现,并可能明显加重;有文献资料佐证;排除原患疾病等其它混杂因素影响。可能(C错)是指用药与反应发生时间关系密切,同时有文献资料佐证;但引发ADR的药品不止一种,或原患疾病的病情进展因素不能排除。可能无关(D错)是指ADR与用药时间相关性不密切,反应表现与已知该药ADR不相吻合,原患疾病发展同样可能有类似的临床表现。无法评价(E错)是指报表缺项太多,因果关系难以定论,资料又无法补充。"} {"Question":"用药时宜限制饮水的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胶体果胶铋胶囊"},{"key":"B","value":"环丙沙星片"},{"key":"C","value":"利托那韦片"},{"key":"D","value":"苯溴马隆胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"阿仑膦酸钠片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查用药时宜限制饮水的药物。用药时宜限制饮水的药物是胶体果胶铋胶囊(A对),其为胃黏膜保护剂,服药后在胃中形成保护膜,服用后1小时内尽量不要喝水,避免保护膜被水冲掉。环丙沙星片(B错)、利托那韦片(C错)、苯溴马隆胶囊(D错)、阿仑膦酸钠片(E错)用药时可以饮水。"} {"Question":"餐中服用,可以减少对胃肠道刺激的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方铝酸铋片"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍片"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧氯普胺片"},{"key":"D","value":"瑞舒伐他汀片"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品服用的适宜时间。二甲双胍(B对)宜餐中服用,可以减少对胃肠道的刺激和不良反应。复方铝酸铋(A错)为胃黏膜保护药,宜于餐前服用。甲氧氯普胺(C错)为促胃动力药,餐前服用利于助消化。瑞舒伐他汀(D错)宜睡前服用,因为肝脏合成胆固醇峰期多在夜间,晚餐后服药有助于提高疗效。"} {"Question":"用于评价肝功能不全严重程度的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"数字评分法"},{"key":"B","value":"CTP评分标准"},{"key":"C","value":"Cochrane证据分级"},{"key":"D","value":"APACHE评分系统"},{"key":"E","value":"Beers标准"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查评价肝功能不全严重程度的标准。用于评价肝功能不全严重程度的是CTP评分标准(B对)。临床可以用CTP评分作为肝功能不全分级的评估系统。数字评分法(A错)用于评估癌痛患者疼痛程度。Cochrane证据分级(C错)为循证医学的证据分级。Beers标准(E错)由美国老年医学会建立,用于判断老年患者潜在不适当用药。"} {"Question":"下列导致不合理用药因素中,不属于医师责任的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物和治疗学知识不全面"},{"key":"B","value":"诊断技术和治疗水平不高"},{"key":"C","value":"对处方审查不严而调配错误"},{"key":"D","value":"给病人开处方时责任心不强"},{"key":"E","value":"对医学专业知识更新不及时"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"因老人代谢改变,导致某些药物敏感性增强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇静药"},{"key":"B","value":"β-受体阻断药"},{"key":"C","value":"抗凝药"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿药"},{"key":"E","value":"助消化药"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查老年人用药。因老人代谢改变,导致某些药物敏感性增强的是镇静药(A对)、抗凝药(C对)、利尿药(D对)等。老年人对β-受体阻断药(B错)的敏感性降低。对助消化药(E错)没有明显改变。"} {"Question":"患者,男,47岁,肾移植术后抗排异治疗,不应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环孢素"},{"key":"B","value":"他克莫司"},{"key":"C","value":"吗替麦考酚酯"},{"key":"D","value":"伏立康唑"},{"key":"E","value":"糖皮质激素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查常用免疫抑制剂。肾移植术后抗排异治疗,不应选用的药物是伏立康唑(D错,为本题正确答案)。肾移植术后抗排异治疗,应用免疫抑制剂。伏立康唑为常用的抗菌药。目前临床上常用的免疫抑制剂主要有糖皮质激素类(E对)、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI,如他克莫司(B对)、环孢素(A对))、雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制剂(mTOR,如西罗莫司)、嘌呤和嘧啶合成抑制剂(如吗替麦考酚酯(C对)、咪唑立宾、硫唑嘌呤)等。"} {"Question":"硫酸镁溶液口服用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颅内压升高与青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"妊娠高血压"},{"key":"C","value":"急性皮炎"},{"key":"D","value":"经尿道行前列腺切除术"},{"key":"E","value":"慢性胆囊炎"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查硫酸镁口服液的作用。口服硫酸镁主要有导泻和利胆的作用,可用于慢性胆囊炎(E对)。"} {"Question":"用于铜、汞、铅中毒的解毒药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉胺"},{"key":"B","value":"亚硝酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"谷胱甘肽"},{"key":"D","value":"亚甲蓝"},{"key":"E","value":"右旋糖酐"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查铜、汞、铅中毒解救。青霉胺(D-盐酸青霉胺)(A对)用于铜、汞、铅中毒的解毒,治疗肝豆状核变性病。亚硝酸钠(B错)治疗氰化物中毒。谷胱甘肽(C错)用于丙烯腈、氟化物、一氧化碳、重金属等中毒。亚甲蓝(D错)用于氰化物中毒,小剂量可治疗高铁血红蛋白血症(亚硝酸盐中毒等)。"} {"Question":"加速毒物排出体外的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导泻"},{"key":"B","value":"洗肠"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿"},{"key":"D","value":"血液净化"},{"key":"E","value":"吸氧"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查中毒解救。加速毒物排泄,减少吸收的方法:1.导泻(A对);2.洗肠(B对);3.利尿(C对);4.血液净化(D对)。吸氧(E错)用于纠正缺氧没有加速毒物排出体外的作用。"} {"Question":"对毒鼠强的中毒表现和解救方法描述正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中毒表现为阵挛性惊厥,类似癫痫大发作"},{"key":"B","value":"轻度中毒表现为头痛、头晕、乏力、意识丧失和抽搐"},{"key":"C","value":"解救时应将病人置于新鲜空气处清水洗胃"},{"key":"D","value":"立即使用维生素K150mg静脉注射"},{"key":"E","value":"立即肌内注射盐酸吗啡或哌替啶"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为解救苯巴比妥中毒的患者,在10%葡萄糖注射液中应该加入一些","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯化铵注射液"},{"key":"B","value":"氯化钙注射液"},{"key":"C","value":"抗坏血酸注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"碳酸氢钠注射液"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素B₆注射液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查巴比妥类镇静催眠药中毒解救。为解救苯巴比妥中毒的患者,在10%葡萄糖注射液中应该加入一些碳酸氢钠注射液(D对)。巴比妥类药物中毒静脉输液并加入碳酸氢钠或乳酸钠,以碱化尿液,加速药物的排泄。同时给予利尿药加快药物的排出。"} {"Question":"苯二氮䓬类镇静催眠药中毒的特异性解救药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"B","value":"高锰酸钾"},{"key":"C","value":"氟马西尼"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉胺"},{"key":"E","value":"纳洛酮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查苯二氮䓬类镇静催眠药中毒解救。苯二氮䓬类镇静催眠药中毒的特异性解救药是氟马西尼(C对)。氟马西尼是特异性苯二氮䓬受体阻断剂,能快速逆转昏迷,首次静脉注射剂量为0.3mg。碳酸氢钠(A错)用于巴比妥类镇静催眠药急性中毒的解救。高锰酸钾(B错)常用于巴比妥类、阿片类、士的宁等中毒时的洗胃。青霉胺(D错)用于铜、汞、铅中毒的解救。纳洛酮(E错)用于阿片类药物中毒的解救。"} {"Question":"患者,女,实验室检查:血红蛋白95g\/L,临床诊断为缺铁性贫血,处方口服硫酸亚铁片。下列向患者交代的用药注意事项,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不宜与钙剂同时服用"},{"key":"B","value":"宜空腹服用"},{"key":"C","value":"宜同时补充维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"不宜同时进食牛奶和蛋类"},{"key":"E","value":"避免应用抑酸药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查铁剂的使用。硫酸亚铁具有胃肠反应,常使患者不能耐受,因此建议在餐后服用(B错,为本题正确答案)。牛奶、蛋类中含钙,可抑制铁剂吸收(D对),故硫酸亚铁不宜与钙剂同时服用(A对)。维生素C可促进铁剂吸收,故服用硫酸亚铁的同时宜补充维生素C(C对)。铁剂必须是二价铁才被机体吸收,而抑酸药物会影响三价铁转化为二价铁,所以应避免应用抑酸药(E对)。"} {"Question":"可与茶叶中的鞣酸结合产生沉淀,饮茶会影响其吸收的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸亚铁"},{"key":"B","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"C","value":"对乙酰氨基酚"},{"key":"D","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"E","value":"二甲双胍"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查铁剂的使用。硫酸亚铁(A对)与茶叶中的鞣酸结合形成沉淀,因此服用硫酸亚铁时饮茶会减少药物的吸收。茶叶中含有大量的鞣酸、咖啡因、儿茶酚、茶碱,其中鞣酸能与药中的多种金属离子如钙、铁、钴、铋、铝结合而发生沉淀,从而影响药品的吸收。"} {"Question":"对由营养不良、婴儿期所致的恶性贫血者应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸+维生素B₁₂"},{"key":"B","value":"富马酸亚铁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素K₁"},{"key":"D","value":"甲磺酸去铁胺"},{"key":"E","value":"亚叶酸钙"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查治疗巨幼红细胞性贫血的药物。由营养不良、婴儿期所致的恶性贫血应该补充外源性叶酸和维生素B₁₂(A对)。富马酸亚铁(B错)可用于缺铁性贫血。维生素K₁(C错)用于维生素K缺乏引起的出血性疾病。甲磺酸去铁胺(D错)为铁中毒的解毒剂。亚叶酸钙(E错)用于由甲氨蝶呤引发的贫血。"} {"Question":"缺铁性贫血的原因可能有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"慢性失血,如钩虫病、痔疮、溃疡病、月经量过多等"},{"key":"B","value":"长期营养摄入不足"},{"key":"C","value":"妇女妊娠或哺乳"},{"key":"D","value":"造血因子(叶酸、维生素B₁₂)缺乏"},{"key":"E","value":"脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)合成出现障碍"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查缺铁性贫血。缺铁性贫血原因主要包括四种,慢性失血,如钩虫病、痔疮、溃疡病、月经量过多等(A对)属于铁丢失增加;长期营养摄入不足(B对)属于铁摄入不足;妇女妊娠或哺乳(C对)属于需铁量增加。此外还有铁吸收或利用减少。造血因子(叶酸、维生素B₁₂)缺乏(D错)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)合成出现障碍(E错)不会引起缺铁性贫血。"} {"Question":"患者,女,54岁,诊断为类风湿关节炎2年,目前服用甲氨蝶呤(15mgqw)和塞来昔布(200mgqd)。患者因担心药品不良反应,用药不规律,时断时续,近日出现关节肿胀和疼痛加重,晨僵明显,加用泼尼松10mgqd。关于该患者健康教育的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"早期治疗、遵医嘱规律用药"},{"key":"B","value":"多晒太阳,适量补充钙剂、维生素D,预防骨质疏松"},{"key":"C","value":"定期就诊,评估病情,调整治疗方案"},{"key":"D","value":"一旦症状改善,应即刻停药"},{"key":"E","value":"定期监测血常规、肝肾功能和粪隐血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查患者用药教育。类风湿性关节炎的患者教育:(1)类风湿性关节炎是一种慢性、以关节症状为主的全身性炎症性疾病,需要早期治疗(A对)、长期治疗(D错,为本题正确答案),避免致残。(2)需定期监测血常规、肝肾功能(E对)。(3)定期就诊,评估病情,调整治疗方案(C对)。(4)注意同时预防骨质疏松(B对)。"} {"Question":"骨性关节炎治疗中,能够局部外用以缓解疼痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双氯芬酸"},{"key":"B","value":"白芍总苷"},{"key":"C","value":"氨基葡萄糖"},{"key":"D","value":"曲安奈德"},{"key":"E","value":"阿达木单抗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查骨性关节炎的药物治疗。对于手和膝关节OA,在采用口服药物前,建议首先选择局部药物治疗。可使用NSAIDs的凝胶剂、乳胶剂、膏剂、贴剂等(A对),如氟比洛芬凝胶贴膏。局部外用药可以有效缓解关节轻至中度疼痛,其胃肠道不良反应轻微。对于中至重度疼痛可联合使用局部药物与口服NSAIDs类药物。"} {"Question":"可引起视网膜变性的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环孢素"},{"key":"B","value":"羟氯喹"},{"key":"C","value":"柳氮磺吡啶"},{"key":"D","value":"甲氨蝶呤"},{"key":"E","value":"来氟米特"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物不良反应。可引起视网膜变性的药物是羟氯喹(B对)。羟氯喹有蓄积作用,易沉淀于视网膜的色素上皮细胞,引起视网膜变性而致失明,服药半年左右应检查眼底。另外,用药前、后应查心电图,有窦房结功能不全、心率缓慢、传导阻滞等心脏病患者应禁用。其他不良反应有头晕、头痛、皮疹、瘙痒和耳鸣等。环孢素(A错)主要不良反应有高血压、肝肾毒性、神经系统损害、继发性感染、肿瘤以及胃肠道反应、齿龈增生、多毛等。柳氮磺吡啶(C错)主要不良反应有恶心、呕吐、厌食、消化不良、腹痛、腹泻、皮疹、氨基转移酶增高和可逆性精子减少,偶有白细胞、血小板减少,对磺胺类过敏者禁用。甲氨蝶呤(D错)常见的不良反应有恶心、口炎、腹泻、脱发、皮疹,少数出现骨髓抑制、听力损害和肺间质病变,也可引起流产、畸胎和影响生育力。服药期间应适当补充叶酸,定期监测血常规和肝功能。来氟米特(E错)主要不良反应有腹泻、瘙痒、高血压、肝酶升高、皮疹、脱发和一过性白细胞计数下降等。因有致畸作用,故孕妇禁服。"} {"Question":"尿液呈碱性时抗菌活性增加、使肾毒性减轻的抗生素类别是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢菌素类"},{"key":"B","value":"大环内酯类"},{"key":"C","value":"碳青霉烯类"},{"key":"D","value":"林可霉素类"},{"key":"E","value":"氨基糖苷类"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查饮食对药物疗效的影响。尿液呈碱性时抗菌活性增加、使肾毒性减轻的抗生素类别是氨基糖苷类(E对)。氨基糖苷类抗生素在碱性环境下抗菌活性更强,还可避免药物解离,减轻肾毒性。头孢菌素类(A错)在酸性或碱性环境下易降解。大环内酯类(B错)、林可霉素类(D错)在碱性环境下活性更强,毒性低微,主要副作用是胃肠道反应。碳青霉烯类(C错)有肾毒性,但在碱性环境下无抗菌活性增强、肾毒性减轻的表现。"} {"Question":"过敏性疾病患者可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红细胞\/血红蛋白减少"},{"key":"B","value":"中性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"D","value":"血小板增多"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜碱性粒细胞减少"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查过敏性疾病。过敏性疾病患者可出现嗜酸性粒细胞增多(C对)。过敏性疾病如支气管哮喘、荨麻疹、药物性皮疹、血管神经性水肿、食物过敏、血清病、过敏性肺炎等表现为嗜酸性粒细胞增多。红细胞\/血红蛋白减少(A错)见于消化道溃疡、再生障碍性贫血、骨髓瘤等。中性粒细胞增多(B错)见于急性感染、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、汞中毒、白血病、急性大出血等。血小板增多(D错)见于慢性粒细胞白血病、真性红细胞增多症、急性感染、急性溶血等。嗜碱性粒细胞减少(E错)见于过敏性休克、促肾上腺皮质激素、肾上腺皮质激素应用过量及应激反应。"} {"Question":"关于戒烟管理的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行为干预效果较好"},{"key":"B","value":"必要时进行药物干预"},{"key":"C","value":"可使用一线戒烟药物可乐定戒断烟瘾"},{"key":"D","value":"可使用二线戒烟药物尼古丁替代制剂戒断烟瘾"},{"key":"E","value":"中医戒烟多采用联合治疗手段"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":"本题考查戒烟管理。戒烟管理的方法如下:(1)行为干预:行为干预联合药物治疗能够有效帮助人们戒烟。此方法切实可行且效果较好(A对),值得推广。(2)必要时进行药物干预(B对):戒烟药物能够有效帮助吸烟者戒断烟瘾,其包括一线戒烟药物(如尼古丁替代药物(D错)、安非他酮及伐尼克兰)、二线戒烟药物(如可乐定(C错)和去甲替林等)以及其他戒烟药物。(3)电子烟:电子烟作为烟草的替代品,其作用方式类似尼古丁替代疗法。(4)中医戒烟:传统中医在戒烟上能发挥比较好的作用,其中针刺戒烟已取得了一定疗效。近几年中医戒烟方法更多采用联合戒烟的治疗手段(E对),如针刺结合耳穴、推拿按摩、放血疗法、心理疏导等。"} {"Question":"过敏性皮炎患者常表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血红蛋白减少"},{"key":"B","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"中性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"D","value":"红细胞增多"},{"key":"E","value":"血小板增多"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查血常规检查。过敏性皮炎患者常表现为嗜酸性粒细胞增多(B对)。嗜酸性粒细胞增多:①过敏性疾病:支气管哮喘、荨麻疹、药物性皮疹、血管神经性水肿、食物过敏、血清病、过敏性肺炎等。②皮肤病与寄生虫病:牛皮辦、湿疹、天疱疮、疱疹样皮炎、真菌性皮肤病、肺吸虫病、钩虫病、包虫病、血吸虫病、丝虫病、绦虫病等。③血液系统疾病:慢性粒细胞白血病、嗜酸性粒细胞白血病等。④药物:应用头孢拉定、头孢氨苄、头孢呋辛钠、头孢哌酮等抗生素。⑤恶性肿瘤:某些上皮性来源肿瘤如肺癌等。⑥传染病:猩红热。⑦其他:风湿性疾病、肾上腺皮质功能减退症等。血红蛋白减少(A错)常见于缺铁性贫血。中性粒细胞增多(C错)见于急性感染、糖尿病酮症酸中毒、汞中毒、白血病、急性大出血等。红细胞增多(D错)见于慢性肺心病、肺气肿、高原病和肿瘤(肾癌、肾上腺肿瘤)。血小板增多(E错)见于慢性粒细胞白血病、真性红细胞增多症、急性感染、急性溶血等。"} {"Question":"患者,男,53岁,近日体检发现高血压,血压170\/95mmHg,化验显示肝肾功能正常,血尿酸535umol\/L。该患者不宣选用的降压药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨氯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"依那普利"},{"key":"C","value":"特拉唑嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"氯沙坦钾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查引起血尿酸增高的药物。该患者不宣选用的降压药是氢氯噻嗪(D对)。氢氯噻嗪可引起血尿酸水平升高,本题中患者的血尿酸值为535㎛ol\/L(正常值:男性208-428㎛ol\/L),明显高于正常值。常使血尿酸增高的药物有:四氯化碳、铅中毒,或服用非甾体抗炎药(阿司匹林、贝诺酯)、利尿剂(氢氯噻嗪、托拉塞米、依他尼酸)、抗结核药(吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇)等。氨氯地平(A错)、依那普利(B错)、特拉唑嗪(C错)、氯沙坦钾(E错)不会使血尿酸水平增高,该患者可以使用。"} {"Question":"湿疹患者的实验室检查结果常会出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞减少"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴细胞减少"},{"key":"E","value":"红细胞增多"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查实验室检查结果。湿疹患者的实验室检查结果常会出现嗜酸性粒细胞增多(C对)。湿疹、牛皮癣、疱疹样皮炎、真菌性皮肤病、钩虫病、丝虫病、血吸虫病等皮肤病常见嗜酸性粒细胞增多。中性粒细胞减少(A错)是维生素B₁₂或叶酸缺乏的巨幼细胞贫血的常见与早期表现。淋巴细胞增多(B错)主要见于病毒感染,如传染性淋巴细胞增多症、结核病、水痘、麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎,也可见于百日咳杆菌、布鲁菌等感染。淋巴细胞减少(D错)多见于免疫缺陷病、接触放射线等。高山地区居住的人群和登山运动员红细胞和血红蛋白高于正常,即长期生活在高原地区的人群,其实验室检查结果会出现红细胞增多(E错)。"} {"Question":"长期生活在高原地区的人群,其实验室检查结果会出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中性粒细胞减少"},{"key":"B","value":"淋巴细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴细胞减少"},{"key":"E","value":"红细胞增多"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查实验室检查结果。长期生活在高原地区的人群,其实验室检查结果会出现红细胞增多(E对)。高山地区居住的人群和登山运动员红细胞和血红蛋白高于正常,其实验室检查结果会出现红细胞增多。中性粒细胞减少(A错)是维生素B₁₂或叶酸缺乏的巨幼细胞贫血的常见与早期表现。淋巴细胞增多(B错)主要见于病毒感染,如传染性淋巴细胞增多症、结核病、水痘、麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎,也可见于百日咳杆菌、布鲁菌等感染。湿疹、牛皮癣、疱疹样皮炎、真菌性皮肤病、钩虫病、丝虫病、血吸虫病等皮肤病常见嗜酸性粒细胞增多(C错)。淋巴细胞减少(D错)多见于免疫缺陷病、接触放射线等。"} {"Question":"细菌感染患者可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红细胞\/血红蛋白减少"},{"key":"B","value":"中性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"C","value":"嗜酸性粒细胞增多"},{"key":"D","value":"血小板增多"},{"key":"E","value":"嗜碱性粒细胞减少"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查细菌感染。细菌感染患者可出现中性粒细胞增多(B对)。急性感染,如细菌、某些病毒、真菌、螺旋体等感染时白细胞(中性粒细胞)增加。红细胞\/血红蛋白减少(A错)见于消化道溃疡、再生障碍性贫血、骨髓瘤等。嗜酸性粒细胞增多(C错)见于支气管哮喘、荨麻疹、湿疹、慢性粒细胞白血病、嗜酸性粒细胞白血病、猩红热、风湿性疾病等。血小板增多(D错)见于慢性粒细胞白血病、真性红细胞增多症、急性感染、急性溶血等。嗜碱性粒细胞减少(E错)见于过敏性休克、促肾上腺皮质激素、肾上腺皮质激素应用过量及应激反应。"} {"Question":"枸橼酸铋钾服后可能导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑色大便"},{"key":"B","value":"口干和视力模糊"},{"key":"C","value":"便秘"},{"key":"D","value":"幻觉、定向力障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"疲乏、嗜睡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查枸橼酸铋钾的不良反应。枸橼酸铋钾主要不良反应是黑便(A对),大量长期服用可有脑、肾毒性。"} {"Question":"助消化药胰酶的禁用人群","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高血压者"},{"key":"B","value":"高钾血症者"},{"key":"C","value":"乳酸血症者"},{"key":"D","value":"胰腺炎早期者"},{"key":"E","value":"闭角型青光眼"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查助消化药胰酶的禁用人群。助消化药胰酶的禁用人群主要有孕妇、处于哺乳期的妇女、患有急性胰腺炎的患者(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"奥美拉唑+胶体果酸铋+克拉霉素,合并用药的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提高药物疗效"},{"key":"B","value":"减少不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗多种疾病"},{"key":"D","value":"延缓细菌耐药"},{"key":"E","value":"减少经济负担"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。奥美拉唑为质子泵抑制剂,胶体果酸铋为黏膜保护剂,克拉霉素为抗菌药,三药联合能够使药物疗效增加(A对)。"} {"Question":"有性欲减退和阳痿不良反应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西咪替丁"},{"key":"B","value":"雷尼替丁"},{"key":"C","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"D","value":"罗沙替丁"},{"key":"E","value":"尼扎替丁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"胃食管反流的患者应避免使用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"B","value":"阿仑膦酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"特拉唑嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"多潘立酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查胃食管反流病的禁用药。阿仑膦酸钠(B错,为本题正确答案)主要不良反应为食管炎,可加重胃反流症状,故胃食管反流的患者应避免使用。胃食管反流患者可以使用阿司匹林(A对)、特拉唑嗪(C对)、美托洛尔(D对)、多潘立酮(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,25岁,诊断为十二指肠溃疡,Hp(+),根除Hp四联疗法的用药疗程为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"8周"},{"key":"B","value":"4周"},{"key":"C","value":"6个月"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月"},{"key":"E","value":"2周"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查消化性溃疡的药物治疗。根除Hp经验性铋剂四联治疗方案疗程为10日或14日。推荐的7种经验性根除治疗方案的临床试验均采用了14日疗程,根除率>90%,因此尽可能将疗程延长至14日(E对)应该是合适的选择。"} {"Question":"属于鸟苷酸环化酶C激动剂,用于成人便秘型肠易激综合征的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"番泻叶"},{"key":"B","value":"利那洛肽"},{"key":"C","value":"莫沙必利"},{"key":"D","value":"乳果糖"},{"key":"E","value":"聚乙二醇4000"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查肠易激综合征的药物治疗。利那洛肽(B对)是鸟苷酸环化酶C激动剂,通过细胞内释放环鸟苷酸而刺激胃肠分泌,加快胃肠道运行,调节内脏敏感性,其可显著增加便秘型IBS患者自主排便频率、缓解腹痛症状,美国FDA批准其用于便秘IBS。"} {"Question":"患者,女,61岁,体检发现重度骨质疏松,既往患有食管裂孔疝、高血压、2型糖尿病。长期服用奥美拉唑肠溶片、厄贝沙坦-氢氯噻嗪片,氨氯地平片、阿卡波糖片、阿司匹林肠溶片。实验室检查结果:肝、肾功能正常。该患者服用的药物中,可能与导致骨质疏松相关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"奥美拉唑肠溶片"},{"key":"B","value":"厄贝沙坦-氢氯噻嗪片"},{"key":"C","value":"阿卡波糖片"},{"key":"D","value":"阿司匹林肠溶片"},{"key":"E","value":"氨氯地平片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查抑酸药物的用药注意事项与患者教育。长期使用较高剂量PPI(A对)可使骨折风险升高,尤其是老年患者;对于需要维持用药的患者,应采用最低有效剂量,根据病情采用长期维持或按需给药。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁,因胆汁反流、腹痛来药店购药,药师应推荐的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多潘立酮片"},{"key":"B","value":"酵母片"},{"key":"C","value":"乳酶生片"},{"key":"D","value":"甲氧氯普胺片"},{"key":"E","value":"铝碳酸镁咀嚼片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查胃食管反流病用药。铝碳酸镁咀嚼片(E对)可用于胃食管反流病患者胸痛偶发。对餐后不适综合征可选用胃动力药,伴有恶心或呕吐者可选用甲氧氯普胺片(D错)和多潘立酮片(A错)。酵母片(B错)用于食欲减退者。乳酶生片(C错)、胃蛋白酶合剂可用于偶然性消化不良或进食蛋白质食物过多者。"} {"Question":"哌仑西平服后可能导致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑色大便"},{"key":"B","value":"口干和视力模糊"},{"key":"C","value":"便秘"},{"key":"D","value":"幻觉、定向力障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"疲乏、嗜睡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"抗前列腺增生药特拉唑嗪所致不良反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粒细胞计数减少"},{"key":"B","value":"体位性低血压"},{"key":"C","value":"性功能降低"},{"key":"D","value":"淋巴结肿大"},{"key":"E","value":"视物模糊"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物不良反应。抗前列腺增生药物特拉唑嗪的主要不良反应是直立性低血压(即体位性低血压)(B对)、头晕、头痛、心悸、晕厥、逆向射精等。粒细胞减少(A错)、性功能低下(C错)、淋巴结肿大(D错)、视物模糊(E错)均不是特拉唑嗪的不良反应。"} {"Question":"患者,女,27岁,孕32周,因尿急、尿痛就诊,诊断为尿路感染,应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方磺胺甲噁唑片"},{"key":"B","value":"莫西沙星片"},{"key":"C","value":"阿莫西林胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"阿奇霉素片"},{"key":"E","value":"米诺环素片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查阿莫西林。应选用的药物是阿莫西林胶囊(C对)。妊娠期尿路感染时的选药原则为:①宜选用毒性小的抗菌药物,如阿莫西林、呋喃妥因或头孢菌素类等。②孕妇的急性膀胱炎治疗时间为3~7日。③孕妇急性肾盂肾炎应静脉滴注抗菌药物治疗,疗程两周。可用半合成广谱青霉素(氨苄西林)或第三代头孢菌素(头孢曲松钠、头孢噻肟)。复方磺胺甲噁唑片(A错)可作为急性膀胱炎的短程疗法。莫西沙星片(B错)用于治疗成人(≥18岁)敏感细菌所引起的感染。阿奇霉素片(D错)用于敏感细菌所引起支气管炎、肺炎、急性中耳炎、鼻窦炎、咽炎、扁桃体炎、皮肤和软组织感染等。米诺环素片(E错)用于敏感菌引起的各类疾病,如败血症、梅毒、尿道炎、支气管炎等。"} {"Question":"qd。患者用药后出现头晕,前来咨询。关于该患者教育的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注意药物相互作用,合用其它药物前请咨询医师或药师"},{"key":"B","value":"日常生活中避免久坐,切勿憋尿"},{"key":"C","value":"如出现尿路感染症状,应尽早就诊"},{"key":"D","value":"非那雄胺可快速缓解症状,与特拉唑嗪合用可产生协同疗效"},{"key":"E","value":"症状缓解后,仍需按医嘱用药,不宜自行停药"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查良性前列腺增生患者教育。非那雄胺需长时间使用以控制前列腺体积,特拉唑嗪有利于快速控制下尿路症状,与特拉唑嗪合用可产生协同作用(D错,为本题正确答案)。对良性前列腺增生程度较轻患者的建议如下:(1)注意行为治疗,戒烟忌酒,禁食辛辣、凉冷食物,避免劳累、感染。(2)保证营养充足,适量饮水,注意劳逸结合,避免久坐和过度疲劳,切勿憋尿(B对),如出现尿路感染症状,应尽早就诊(C对)。治疗良性前列腺增生时,要注意药物相互作用,合用其它药物前请咨询医师或药师(A对)。症状缓解后,仍需按医嘱用药,不宜自行停药(E对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,16岁,因尿频和尿痛1天就诊,查体:体温37.2℃,耻骨上有轻度压痛。尿常规示:白细胞500\/μl,临床考虑急性膀胱炎。患者既往有青霉素过敏史。关于该患者的治疗策略和用药注意事项的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可经验性用药,用药前送检尿培养"},{"key":"B","value":"可使用血药浓度和尿药浓度均较高的左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"C","value":"用药3天,多数患者可治愈"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗3天症状无改善,应根据尿培养药敏结果调整用药"},{"key":"E","value":"停药7天后复查尿培养,以明确是否治愈"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查急性膀胱炎患者用药注意事项。左氧氟沙星属于喹诺酮类药物,喹诺酮类药物禁用于18岁以下人群,该患者16岁,不能使用喹诺酮类药物治疗(B错,为本题正确答案)。急性膀胱炎治疗可经验性用药,用药前送检尿培养(A对)。用药3天,多数患者可治愈(C对),若治疗3天症状无改善,应根据尿培养药敏结果调整用药(D对)。停药7天后复查尿培养,以明确是否治愈(E对)。"} {"Question":"可致老年人出现脱水、低血钾不良反应的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲基多巴"},{"key":"B","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"格列齐特"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁,诊断为2型糖尿病、糖尿病肾病,估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)为20.2ml\/(min·1.73m²),可以用于降糖治疗且无需减量的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"B","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"利拉鲁肽"},{"key":"D","value":"利格列汀"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗艾滋病的非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"B","value":"依非韦伦"},{"key":"C","value":"阿昔洛韦"},{"key":"D","value":"拉米夫定"},{"key":"E","value":"替诺福韦"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查依非韦伦。治疗艾滋病的非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂是依非韦伦(B对)。非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂:如奈韦拉平、依非韦伦等。利巴韦林(A错)用于治疗慢性丙型肝炎。阿昔洛韦(C错)用于单纯疱疹的治疗。拉米夫定(D错)为治疗乙型肝炎的二线药物。替诺福韦(E错)为治疗乙型肝炎的一线药物。"} {"Question":"艾滋病抗病毒治疗强调须多种药物联合治疗,俗称“鸡尾酒疗法”,目前国内免费治疗的一线方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拉米夫定+替诺福韦+齐多夫定"},{"key":"B","value":"替诺福韦+依非韦伦+雷特格韦"},{"key":"C","value":"齐多夫定+依非韦伦+利托那韦"},{"key":"D","value":"拉米夫定+司他夫定+奈韦拉平"},{"key":"E","value":"恩替卡韦+奈韦拉平+利托那韦"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查艾滋病治疗方案。目前国内免费治疗艾滋病的一线方案为拉米夫定+司他夫定+奈韦拉平(D对)。艾滋病抗病毒治疗强调多种药物联合治疗,俗称“鸡尾酒疗法”。但尚不能彻底清除病毒,患者需要终生用药。拉米夫定+司他夫定+奈韦拉平是目前国内免费治疗的一线方案。"} {"Question":"临床上选用的抗乙型病毒性肝炎药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拉米夫定"},{"key":"B","value":"α-干扰素"},{"key":"C","value":"阿德福韦酯"},{"key":"D","value":"阿昔洛韦"},{"key":"E","value":"恩替卡韦"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查抗乙型病毒性肝炎的药物。临床上抗乙型病毒性肝炎的药物有:(1)α-干扰素(B对);(2)核苷酸类似物:拉米夫定(A对)、阿德福韦(C对)、恩替卡韦(E对)、替比夫定和替诺福韦等。阿昔洛韦(D错)为治疗带状疱疹的药物。"} {"Question":"关于干扰素α治疗病毒性乙型肝炎的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用药1周内多数患者会出现流感样症状"},{"key":"B","value":"需要监测血常规"},{"key":"C","value":"可引起甲状腺功能异常"},{"key":"D","value":"若患者出现明显流感样症状,应立即停药"},{"key":"E","value":"用药期间若出现神经精神症状,应及时就诊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查干扰素α。关于干扰素α治疗病毒性乙型肝炎的说法,错误的是若患者出现明显流感样症状,应立即停药(D错,为本题正确答案)。干扰素α主要不良反应的处理:(1)流感样症状:表现为用药1周内几乎所有患者都会出现流感样症状(A对),症状不明显者可不予处理;症状明显者建议休息,多饮水,睡前注射干扰素α可减轻流感样症状。(2)外周血细胞减少:本药所致的中性粒细胞计数和血小板计数下降常为一过性,使用时需要监测血常规(B对)。(3)神经精神系统反应:治疗过程中出现情绪低落、焦虑和易怒的患者应及时诊治(E对),神经精神症状严重者或药物不能控制的患者应及时停用干扰素α。(4)甲状腺功能异常(C对)等自身免疫紊乱现象:干扰素α治疗期间应密切监测甲状腺功能、TPOAb和TGAb。(5)糖尿病:干扰素α治疗前应积极控制糖尿病症状;治疗期间应定期监测血糖水平。(6)其他不良反应:可对症治疗,一些患者可出现自身抗体,仅少部分患者发生银屑病、白斑病、类风湿关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮样综合征等自身免疫异常疾病,应及时就诊,严重者须停药;出现少见的严重不良反应如肾脏损害、心血管并发症、视网膜病变、听力下降和间质性肺炎等,须停止干扰素α治疗。"} {"Question":"关于腹泻的药物治疗的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有严重腹痛的炎性或血性腹泻患者,应加用洛哌丁胺"},{"key":"B","value":"应当使用口服补液盐预防和纠正脱水"},{"key":"C","value":"急性腹泻患者,应常规应用抗感染药物"},{"key":"D","value":"应当使用蒙脱石散吸附毒素,并增强黏液屏障功能"},{"key":"E","value":"益生菌应避免与蒙脱石散同时服用"}],"Answer":"BDE","Explanation":"本题考查腹泻的药物治疗。口服补液盐(ORS)Ⅲ比ORSⅡ渗透压低,是腹泻治疗的补液首选,可同时用于预防和纠正脱水(B对)。双八面体蒙脱石散,可覆盖消化道,与黏膜蛋白结合后增强黏液屏障(D对),防止胃酸、病毒、细菌、毒素对消化道黏膜的侵害,首剂可加倍。益生菌的活菌制剂,尽可能避免与抗生素、蒙脱石(E对)、小檗碱和鞣酸蛋白同时应用,以避免效价的降低。对于伴发热或明显腹痛等疑似炎性腹泻以及血性腹泻的患者应避免使用肠道动力抑制剂洛哌丁胺(A错)。急性水样泻患者,排除霍乱后,多为病毒性(如轮状病毒、诺如病毒)或产肠毒素性细菌(如大肠埃希菌)感染,不应常规使用抗感染药物(C错)。"} {"Question":"患儿,女,4岁半,身高110cm,体重15kg。一天前开始发热(39.1℃),咽稍痛,无咳嗽,无吐泻,家长在家选用退烧药对症治疗。发病20h左右出现腹泻,约2~3h一次大便,量少,黄色黏液便,呕吐1次。体格检查:T38.8℃,P118次\/分,R28次\/分,咽微充血,出现轻微脱水症状。双肺呼吸音清,腹平,肝脾未触及,肠鸣音活跃,实验室检查:WBC18.5×10⁹\/L(参考值4.0×10⁹~10.0×10⁹\/L),粪便镜检可见红、白细胞。该患者的临床表现及实验室检查结果常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动力性腹泻"},{"key":"B","value":"消化不良性腹泻"},{"key":"C","value":"感染性腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"分泌性腹泻"},{"key":"E","value":"出血坏死性腹泻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查腹泻的临床诊断。患者粪便为黄色黏液便,黏液便常见于感染性腹泻,且患者白细胞值超过了正常值,白细胞增加常见于急性感染,即判断患者为感染性腹泻(C对)。"} {"Question":"患者,女,25岁,痛经,应选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山莨菪碱"},{"key":"B","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"C","value":"麦角胺咖啡因"},{"key":"D","value":"卡马西平"},{"key":"E","value":"吗啡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查治疗痛经的药物。患者,女,25岁,痛经,应选用的药物是布洛芬(B对)。布洛芬为前列腺素合成酶抑制剂,可通过抑制前列腺素合成酶的活性而减少前列腺素产生,从而减轻或消除痛经。山莨菪碱(A错)用于内脏平滑肌痉挛引起的绞痛。麦角胺咖啡因(C错)用于反复性偏头痛。卡马西平(D错)是三叉神经痛首选药。吗啡(E错)用于其他镇痛药无效的急性锐痛,如严重创伤、战伤、烧伤、晚期癌症等疼痛。"} {"Question":"感冒的主要症状有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"流鼻涕、打喷嚏,同时嗅觉减退"},{"key":"B","value":"疲乏、全身不适、有轻度发热或不发热、头痛、四肢痛"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸困难、咳嗽、紫绀及咯血等,肺部可听到湿性罗音"},{"key":"D","value":"血常规检测白细胞计数正常或偏低"},{"key":"E","value":"高热不退,谵妄以致昏迷、儿童可见抽搐及脑膜刺激症状"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查感冒的症状。感冒的主要症状有:流鼻涕、打喷嚏,同时嗅觉减退(A对);疲乏、全身不适、有轻度发热或不发热、头痛、四肢痛(B对);血常规检测白细胞计数正常或偏低(D对)。上感发病较急,初起时常有卡他症状,后期会出现全身症状。严重时可继发细菌感染,其临床表现为:1.全身可有畏寒、疲乏、无力、全身不适,有时有轻度发热或不发热、头痛、四肢痛、背部酸痛、食欲不振、腹胀、便秘等;小儿则可能伴有高烧、呕吐、腹泻等症状。2.病毒进入鼻黏膜细胞,释放出可引起发炎的物质,使鼻腔及鼻甲黏膜充血、流鼻涕或有水肿,同时嗅觉减退。3.打喷嚏,鼻中的神经末梢受到黏膜肿胀的刺激,经过反射而打喷嚏。4.咽部可有轻、中度充血,咽部肿痛、咽部干燥感、声音嘶哑和咳嗽等症状。5.血常规检测白细胞计数仍正常或偏低。当并发细菌性感染时,则血白细胞计数增多。"} {"Question":"在抗感冒药中,含有伪麻黄碱成分复方制剂的应用目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减轻鼻黏膜充血"},{"key":"B","value":"退热缓解疼痛"},{"key":"C","value":"对抗病毒复制"},{"key":"D","value":"改善体液循环"},{"key":"E","value":"减少打喷嚏或者鼻溢液"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查抗感冒药复方制剂。在抗感冒药中,含有伪麻黄碱成分复方制剂的应用目的是减轻鼻黏膜充血(A对)。伪麻黄碱为鼻黏膜血管收缩药,可减轻鼻窦、鼻腔黏膜血管充血,解除鼻塞症状,有助于保持咽鼓管和窦口通畅。退热缓解疼痛(B错)的是解热镇痛药,如阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚。对抗病毒复制(C错)的成分是抗病毒药。改善体液循环(D错)的成分主要是蛋白水解酶。减少打喷嚏或者鼻溢液(E错)的成分是抗组胺药如氯苯那敏。"} {"Question":"进餐时服用,可减少脂肪吸收的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯扎贝特"},{"key":"B","value":"吉非贝齐"},{"key":"C","value":"阿昔莫司"},{"key":"D","value":"奥利司他"},{"key":"E","value":"非诺贝特"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗癌痛患者因服用阿片类镇痛剂导致的便秘,宜选择的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"比沙可啶"},{"key":"B","value":"乳果糖"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸镁"},{"key":"D","value":"东莨菪碱"},{"key":"E","value":"阿托品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乳果糖。治疗癌痛患者因服用阿片类镇痛剂导致的便秘,宜选择的药物是乳果糖(B对)。乳果糖是一种渗透性泻药,因为无肠道刺激性,可用于治疗慢性功能性便秘。使用阿片类镇痛药的癌症患者对比沙可啶(A错)的耐受性差,可能会造成腹痛、腹泻和大便失禁。硫酸镁(C错)为容积性泻药,其作用强烈,排出大量水样便。东莨菪碱(D错)为颠茄中药理作用最强的一种生物碱,可用于阻断副交感神经,也可用作中枢神经系统抑制剂。他的作用类似颠茄碱,但作用较强且较短暂。临床用的一般是他的氢溴酸盐,可用于麻醉镇痛、止咳、平喘,对动晕症有效,也可用于控制帕金森病的僵硬和震颤。阿托品(E错)主要用来解除平滑肌痉挛、缓解内脏绞痛、改善循环和抑制腺体分泌,并扩大瞳孔,升高眼压,兴奋呼吸中枢。"} {"Question":"对乙酰氨基酚大量应用所致的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血尿酸和肌酐升高"},{"key":"B","value":"呼吸窘迫综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"肝坏死"},{"key":"D","value":"深静脉血栓形成"},{"key":"E","value":"骨质疏松症"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚的不良反应。对乙酰氨基酚大量应用所致的不良反应是肝坏死(C对)。长期用药或过量中毒导致体内谷胱甘肽被耗竭时,此毒性产物以共价键形式与肝、肾中重要的酶和蛋白质不可逆性结合,引起肝细胞、肾小管细胞损伤。"} {"Question":"对口腔黏膜有麻醉作用,产生麻木感,需整片吞服,不可嚼碎的镇咳药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右美沙芬"},{"key":"B","value":"喷托维林"},{"key":"C","value":"苯丙哌林"},{"key":"D","value":"可待因"},{"key":"E","value":"羧甲司坦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的使用。对口腔黏膜有麻醉作用,产生麻木感,需整片吞服,不可嚼碎的镇咳药是苯丙哌林(C对)。苯丙哌林对口腔黏膜有麻醉作用,产生麻木感觉,服药时需整片吞服,不可嚼碎。右美沙芬(A错)可引起嗜睡,对驾车、高空作业或操作机器者宜慎用。喷托维林(B错)慎用于青光眼、心功能不全者;有报道喷托维林可造成儿童呼吸抑制,故5岁以下儿童不宜应用。可待因(D错)对过敏者、多痰者、婴幼儿禁用。羧甲司坦(E错)胃溃疡患者、孕妇慎用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,6岁,因发热(38.6℃)、头痛、鼻塞、流清涕、咳嗽、无痰就诊。实验室检查:白细胞、中性粒细胞计数正常。临床诊断为普通感冒。治疗该患者咳嗽,首选的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可待因"},{"key":"B","value":"乙酰半胱氨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"溴已新"},{"key":"D","value":"右美沙芬"},{"key":"E","value":"氨溴索"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查感冒药。治疗该患者咳嗽,首选的药物是右美沙芬(D对)。对感冒所伴随的咳嗽,有多种右美沙芬复方制剂可选用,如氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片、美扑伪麻片、酚麻美敏片、双酚伪麻、美息伪麻、伪麻美沙芬等制剂,应避免合并用药。可待因(A错)尤其适用于伴有胸痛的干咳患者,12岁以下儿童禁用。乙酰半胱氨酸(B错)、溴已新(C错)、氨溴索(E错)为祛痰药。"} {"Question":"自我药疗时,解热镇痛药用于解热,连续用药时间不宜超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1日"},{"key":"B","value":"3日"},{"key":"C","value":"5日"},{"key":"D","value":"7日"},{"key":"E","value":"10日"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查解热镇痛药的使用。自我药疗时,解热镇痛药用于解热,连续用药时间不宜超过3日(B对)。解热镇痛药用于退热一般不超过3天,如症状未缓解应及时就医,不得自行长期服用。用于疼痛时一般不超过5天(C错),如症状未缓解,可能是用药不对症或者病症比较严重,应去医院就诊,对症治疗。"} {"Question":"在非处方药中氢溴酸右美沙芬的适应证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃酸过多、烧心"},{"key":"B","value":"关节痛、神经痛"},{"key":"C","value":"手足癣、体癣、股癣、头癣"},{"key":"D","value":"蛔虫病、蛲虫病"},{"key":"E","value":"无痰干咳、频繁剧烈的咳嗽"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查右美沙芬。在非处方药中氢溴酸右美沙芬的适应证是无痰干咳、频繁剧烈的咳嗽(E对)。氢溴酸右美沙芬通过抑制延脑咳嗽中枢而产生镇咳作用,其镇咳作用与可待因相等或稍强。一般治疗剂量不抑制呼吸,长期服用无成瘾性和耐受性。适用于无痰干咳,包括频繁、剧烈的咳嗽,用药一周症状不缓解,应去医院就医。应根据咳嗽的症状和类型选药:(一)非处方药 刺激性干咳或阵咳宜选用苯丙哌林;咳嗽频繁或程度剧咳者宜选苯丙哌林,其为非麻醉性强效镇咳药,次选右美沙芬;根据时间选择:白天咳嗽宜选用苯丙哌林,夜间咳嗽选择右美沙芬;感冒伴随的咳嗽选用右美沙芬复方制剂。(二)处方药 对频繁、剧烈无痰干咳及刺激性咳嗽,可考虑可待因;对呼吸道大量痰液并阻塞呼吸道,应及时应用司坦类如羧甲司坦等黏液调节剂;对合并气管炎、支气管炎等应服用抗感染药物(抗生素类等)。"} {"Question":"马来酸氯苯那敏治疗荨麻疹,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"驾车不可使用"},{"key":"B","value":"青光眼患者不可使用"},{"key":"C","value":"老年人使用会导致尿潴留"},{"key":"D","value":"红霉素会使马来酸氯苯那敏血药浓度降低"},{"key":"E","value":"使用马来酸氯苯那敏前应服用门冬氨酸钾镁"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查荨麻疹的用药指导与患者教育。马来酸氯苯那敏为第一代抗组胺药,可透过血-脑屏障,对中枢神经系统组胺受体产生抑制作用,引起镇静、困倦、嗜睡反应,对驾车、高空作业、精密机械操作者,在工作前不得服用或在服用后间隔6小时以上再从事上述活动(A对)。对闭角型青光眼者可引起眼压增高(B对),对患有良性前列腺增生症的老年男性可能引起尿潴留(C对),给药时应予注意。红霉素为肝药酶抑制剂,会使马来酸氯苯那敏血药浓度升高(D错)。"} {"Question":"可引起Q-T间期轻度延长的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"兰索拉唑"},{"key":"B","value":"多潘立酮"},{"key":"C","value":"枸橼酸铋钾"},{"key":"D","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"E","value":"硫糖铝"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查多潘立酮。可引起Q-T间期轻度延长的药物是多潘立酮(B对)。多潘立酮在胃肠道出血、机械性肠梗阻、胃肠穿孔、分泌催乳素的垂体肿瘤患者禁用。只有当FD患者出现恶心和呕吐时,才建议使用多潘立酮进行治疗。另外,因其可引起Q-T间期延长,导致心律失常,因此不宜与酮康唑口服制剂、红霉素或其他可能延长Q-T间期的CYP3A4酶强抑制剂(如氟康唑、伏立康唑、克拉霉素、胺碘酮、泰利霉素等)联用。质子泵抑制剂如奥美拉唑、雷贝拉唑、埃索美拉唑、泮托拉唑、兰索拉唑(A错),长期服用影响钙吸收,可致骨质疏松;维生素B₁₂和维生素C吸收下降,增加感染风险,便秘、口干。枸橼酸铋钾(C错)所致的主要不良反应是黑便,大量长期服用可有脑、肾毒性。法莫替丁(D错)属于组胺H₂受体阻断剂,能够有效的抑制胃酸及胃蛋白酶的分泌。不良反应可使驾驶员出现定向力障碍。硫糖铝(E错)主要的不良反应为便秘,偶见口干、恶心、腹泻等,长期服用可导致低磷血症。"} {"Question":"患者,女,35岁,因感冒所致流涕、咳嗽、发热等症状到药店购药,药师应推荐的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酚麻美敏片"},{"key":"B","value":"萘甲唑啉滴鼻液"},{"key":"C","value":"氯苯那敏片"},{"key":"D","value":"对乙酰氨基酚片"},{"key":"E","value":"奥司他韦胶囊"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查感冒用药。含右美沙芬的制剂,如酚麻美敏(A对)、美酚伪麻、双酚伪麻、美息伪麻、伪麻美沙芬等可用于治疗感冒伴有咳嗽症状。感冒后有微热或流感后出现高热,并伴有明显的头痛、全身酸痛等,可选用对乙酰氨基酚(D错)、阿司匹林、布洛芬。感冒致鼻塞选用含伪麻黄碱的制剂,可以收缩鼻黏膜。局部选用1%麻黄素、萘甲唑啉滴鼻液(B错)、羟甲唑啉滴鼻剂、赛洛唑啉滴鼻剂等。感冒初始阶段所致打喷嚏、流鼻涕选用含抗过敏成分制剂,如盐酸伪麻黄碱,氯苯那敏片(C错)。奥司他韦胶囊(E错)用于成人及1岁和1岁以上儿童的甲型和乙型流感的治疗。"} {"Question":"属于上市后研究工作,应遵循GCP规范的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品再评价"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅳ期临床试验"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅰ期临床试验"},{"key":"D","value":"药理毒理研究"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品研制过程与质量管理规范。属于上市后研究工作,应遵循GCP规范的是Ⅳ期临床试验(B对)。药物临床试验,分为Ⅰ期临床试验、Ⅱ期临床试验、Ⅲ期临床试验、Ⅳ期临床试验以及生物等效性试验。根据药物特点和研究目的,研究内容包括临床药理学研究、探索性临床试验、确证性临床试验和上市后研究。新药在批准上市前,申请新药注册应当完成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验。在某些特殊情况下,经批准也可仅进行Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期临床试验或仅进行Ⅲ期临床试验,各期临床试验的目的和主要内容如下:Ⅰ期临床试验(C错)是初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验。观察人体对于新药的耐受程度和药代动力学,为制定给药方案提供依据。Ⅱ期临床试验是治疗作用初步评价阶段。其目的是初步评价药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,也包括为Ⅲ期临床试验研究设计和给药剂量方案的确定提供依据。此阶段的研究设计可以根据具体的研究目的,采用多种形式,包括随机盲法对照临床试验。Ⅲ期临床试验是治疗作用确证阶段。其目的是进一步验证药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,评价利益与风险关系,最终为药物注册申请的审查提供充分依据。试验一般应为具有足够样本量的随机盲法对照试验。Ⅳ期临床试验是新药上市后的应用研究阶段。其目的是考察在广泛使用条件下的药物的疗效和不良反应,评价在普通或者特殊人群中使用的利益与风险关系以及改进给药剂量等。生物等效性试验,是指用生物利用度研究的方法,以药代动力学参数为指标,比较同一种药物的相同或者不同剂型的制剂,在相同的试验条件下,其活性成分吸收程度和速度有无统计学差异的人体试验。一般仿制药的研制需要进行生物等效性试验。药物非临床研究质量管理规范:非临床安全性评价研究,指为评价药物安全性,在实验室条件下用实验系统进行的试验,初步目的是通过毒理学试验对受试物的毒性反应进行暴露,在非临床试验中提示受试物的安全性。非临床安全性评价研究的内容包括安全药理学试验、单次给药毒性试验、重复给药毒性试验、生殖毒性试验、遗传毒性试验、致癌性试验、局部毒性试验、免疫原性试验、依赖性试验、毒代动力学试验以及与评价药物安全性有关的其他试验(D错)。"} {"Question":"国内某医药集团通过不同路径寻求产品的多元化发展,获得国家食品药品监督管理总局批准的氯吡格雷片批准文号X和某抗生素新药批准文号Y,同时获得进口香港某药品生产企业生产的盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊的批准文号Z。药品批准文号Z的格式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国药准字ZC+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"B","value":"国药准字HC+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"C","value":"S+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"D","value":"国药准字BJ+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"E","value":"国药准字J+四位年号+四位顺序号"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品批准文件的格式。国内某医药集团通过不同路径寻求产品的多元化发展,获得国家食品药品监督管理总局批准的氯吡格雷片批准文号X和某抗生素新药批准文号Y,同时获得进口香港某药品生产企业生产的盐酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊的批准文号Z。药品批准文号Z的格式是国药准字HC+4位年号+4位顺序号(B对)。药品批准文件:药品注册证书载明药品批准文号、持有人、生产企业等信息;属于非处方药的,注明非处方药类别。经核准的药品生产工艺、质量标准、说明书和标签作为附件一并发给申请人,必要时还应附药品上市后研究要求。上述信息纳入药品品种档案,并根据上市后变更情况及时更新。药品注册证书载明的药品批准文号的格式:①境内生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)+四位年号+四位顺序号;②中国香港、澳门和台湾地区生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)C+四位年号+四位顺序号(A错);③境外生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)J+四位年号+四位顺序号。其中,H代表化学药,Z代表中药,S代表生物制品。药品批准文号,不因上市后的注册事项的变更而改变。药品监督管理部门制作的药品注册批准证明电子文件及原料药批准文件电子文件与纸质文件具有同等法律效力。"} {"Question":"申请药品注册的临床试验均须按照《药物临床试验质量管理规范》执行的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ期临床试验"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ期临床试验"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ期临床试验"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ期临床试验"},{"key":"E","value":"各期临床试验"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物临床试验质量管理规范。申请药品注册的临床试验均须按照《药物临床试验质量管理规范》执行的是各期临床试验(E对)。药物临床试验质量管理规范:药物临床试验包括新药临床试验(含生物等效性试验)和上市后的Ⅳ期临床试验。为保证药物研究实验记录真实、及时、准确、完整,提高药物临床试验质量,保障受试者的合法权益,药物临床试验实行过程管理;药物临床试验必须实施《药物临床试验质量管理规范》;并执行《药品研究实验记录暂行规定》《药品临床研究若干规定》等相关规定。"} {"Question":"研究单位何时申请新药证书","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"临床前研究结束后"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ期临床研究结束后"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅱ期临床研究结束后"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅲ期临床研究结束后"},{"key":"E","value":"试产期满后"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查申请新药证书的时间。研究单位在Ⅲ期临床研究结束后(D对)申请新药证书。Ⅳ期临床试验是新药上市后的应用研究阶段,其目的是考察在广泛使用条件下的药物的疗效和不良反应,评价在普通或者特殊人群中使用的利益与风险关系以及改进给药剂量等。新药证书要在Ⅲ期临床试验结束后申请,取得新药证书后新药生产上市,进行Ⅳ期临床试验。Ⅰ期临床试验(B错)是初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验。观察人体对于新药的耐受程度和药代动力学,为制定给药方案提供依据。Ⅱ期临床试验(C错)是治疗作用初步评价阶段。其目的是初步评价药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,也包括为Ⅲ期临床试验研究设计和给药剂量方案的确定提供依据。此阶段的研究设计可以根据具体的研究目的,采用多种形式,包括随机盲法对照临床试验。Ⅲ期临床试验是治疗作用确证阶段。其目的是进一步验证药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,评价利益与风险关系,最终为药物注册申请的审查提供充分依据。试验一般应为具有足够样本量的随机盲法对照试验。药物临床前研究(A错)包括药物的合成工艺、提取方法、理化性质及纯度、剂型选择、处方筛选、制备工艺、检验方法、质量标准、稳定性、药理、毒理、动物药代动力学研究等。"} {"Question":"《药品生产质量管理规范附录》规定,口服固体药品的暴露工序要求的洁净区洁净级别应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100级"},{"key":"B","value":"1000级"},{"key":"C","value":"10000级"},{"key":"D","value":"100000级"},{"key":"E","value":"300000级"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"药物临床试验是指任何在人体进行的药物系统性研究,以证实或揭示试验药物的作用,临床试验分为四期,药物治疗作用初步评价阶段属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅱ期临床试验"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅰ期临床试验"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ期临床试验"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ期临床试验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物临床试验的内容和基本要求。药物临床试验是指任何在人体进行的药物系统性研究,以证实或揭示试验药物的作用,临床试验分为四期,药物治疗作用初步评价阶段属于Ⅱ期临床试验(A对)。药物临床试验,分为Ⅰ期临床试验、Ⅱ期临床试验、Ⅲ期临床试验、Ⅳ期临床试验以及生物等效性试验。根据药物特点和研究目的,研究内容包括临床药理学研究、探索性临床试验、确证性临床试验和上市后研究。新药在批准上市前,申请新药注册应当完成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验。在某些特殊情况下,经批准也可仅进行Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期临床试验或仅进行Ⅲ期临床试验,各期临床试验的目的和主要内容如下:Ⅰ期临床试验(B错)是初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验。观察人体对于新药的耐受程度和药代动力学,为制定给药方案提供依据。Ⅱ期临床试验是治疗作用初步评价阶段。其目的是初步评价药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,也包括为Ⅲ期临床试验研究设计和给药剂量方案的确定提供依据。此阶段的研究设计可以根据具体的研究目的,采用多种形式,包括随机盲法对照临床试验。Ⅲ期临床试验(C错)是治疗作用确证阶段。其目的是进一步验证药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,评价利益与风险关系,最终为药物注册申请的审查提供充分依据。试验一般应为具有足够样本量的随机盲法对照试验。Ⅳ期临床试验(D错)是新药上市后的应用研究阶段。其目的是考察在广泛使用条件下的药物的疗效和不良反应,评价在普通或者特殊人群中使用的利益与风险关系以及改进给药剂量等。生物等效性试验,是指用生物利用度研究的方法,以药代动力学参数为指标,比较同一种药物的相同或者不同剂型的制剂,在相同的试验条件下,其活性成分吸收程度和速度有无统计学差异的人体试验。一般仿制药的研制需要进行生物等效性试验。"} {"Question":"根据《药品注册管理办法》,下列药品批准文号格式符合规定的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国卫药注字J20160008"},{"key":"B","value":"国药准字S20143005"},{"key":"C","value":"国食药准字Z20163026"},{"key":"D","value":"国食药监字H20130085"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是的药品批准文号的格式。根据《药品注册管理办法》,下列药品批准文号格式符合规定的是国药准字S20143005(B对)。药品注册证书载明的药品批准文号的格式:①境内生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)+四位年号+四位顺序号;②中国香港、澳门和台湾地区生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)C+四位年号+四位顺序号;③境外生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)J+四位年号+四位顺序号。其中,H代表化学药,Z代表中药,S代表生物制品。药品批准文号,不因上市后的注册事项的变更而改变。"} {"Question":"境内分包装从印度进口的化学药品,其注册证证号的格式应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ZC+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"B","value":"SC+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"C","value":"S+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"D","value":"HJ+四位年号+四位顺序号"},{"key":"E","value":"国药准字J+四位年号+四位顺序号"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品批准文号的格式。境内分包装从印度进口的化学药品,其注册证证号的格式应为HJ+四位年号+四位顺序号(D对)。药品注册证书载明的药品批准文号的格式:①境内生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)+四位年号+四位顺序号(C错);②中国香港、澳门和台湾地区生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)C+四位年号+四位顺序号(AB错);③境外生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)J+四位年号+四位顺序号。其中,H代表化学药,Z代表中药,S代表生物制品。药品批准文号,不因上市后的注册事项的变更而改变。"} {"Question":"根据《药品生产质量管理规范》规定,下列药品生产环境空气洁净度级别:10000级适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大容量注射剂的灌封"},{"key":"B","value":"小容量注射剂的灌封"},{"key":"C","value":"注射剂的浓配"},{"key":"D","value":"口服固体药品的暴露工序"},{"key":"E","value":"直肠用药的暴露工序"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"按照《药品生产质量管理规范》规定无规定使用期限的物料,其储存期一般不超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,进口在英国生产的药品首先应取得","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《进口药品注册证》"},{"key":"B","value":"《医药产品注册证》"},{"key":"C","value":"《进口准许证》"},{"key":"D","value":"《药品经营许可证》"},{"key":"E","value":"《进口药品通关单》"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是进口药品注册管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,进口在英国生产的药品首先应取得《进口药品注册证》(A对)。进口药品注册管理:在新修订《药品管理法》和《药品注册管理办法》实施之前,我国对申请进口的药品实施与国产药品有所区别的注册管理模式。一是,原则上要求申请进口的药品,应当获得境外制药厂商所在生产国家或者地区的上市许可,未在生产国家或者地区获得上市许可,但经国家药品监督管理部门确认该药品安全、有效而且临床需要的,可以批准进口。二是对于批准进口我国的药品发给《进口药品注册证》,对于中国香港、澳门和台湾地区企业生产的药品参照进口药品注册申请的程序办理,并发给《医药产品注册证》(B错),而均不核发药品批准文号,《进口药品注册证》《医药产品注册证》在补充申请、再注册等方面的具体管理方式也有别于药品批准文号。三是对于进口药品的进口备案、报关、口岸检验以及进口通关等,国务院药品监督管理部门和海关总署联合制定了《药品进口管理办法》,以规范相关工作的开展。除2007年修订的《药品注册管理办法》外,原国家食品药品监督管理局发布的《关于进口药品再注册有关事项的公告》(国食药监注〔2009〕18号,以下简称18号公告)对进口药品再注册和分包装申报、受理、审批,再注册核档程序、再注册期间临时进口和分包装、再注册涉及的补充申请,再注册和补充申请注册证编发等有关事项,进一步作了规范。18号公告与《药品注册管理办法》《药品进口管理办法》一并构成了我国进口药品注册管理的基本制度体系。"} {"Question":"药品生产企业作出二级召回决定后,应当在规定时间内通知有关药品经营企业使用单位停止销售和使用。其中的“规定时间”是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7日内"},{"key":"B","value":"48小时内"},{"key":"C","value":"72小时内"},{"key":"D","value":"24小时内"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是生产企业药品召回的时间规定。药品生产企业作出二级召回决定后,应当在规定时间内通知有关药品经营企业使用单位停止销售和使用。其中的“规定时间”是48小时内(B对)。生产企业药品召回的时间规定:药品生产企业在作出药品召回决定后,应当制定召回计划并组织实施:一级召回在24小时内(D错),二级召回在48小时内,三级召回在72小时内(C错),通知到有关药品经营企业、使用单位停止销售和使用,同时向所在地省级药品监督管理部门报告。药品生产企业在启动药品召回后,一级召回在1日内,二级召回在3日内,三级召回在7日内,应当将调查评估报告和召回计划提交给所在地省级药品监督管理部门备案。省级药品监督管理部门应当将收到一级药品召回的调查评估报告和召回计划报告国家药品监督管理部门。药品生产企业在实施召回的过程中,一级召回每日,二级召回每3日,三级召回每7日,向所在地省级药品监督管理部门报告药品召回进展情况。"} {"Question":"根据《药品召回管理办法》,作出主动召回决定的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品生产企业"},{"key":"B","value":"药品批发企业"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构"},{"key":"D","value":"药品零售企业"},{"key":"E","value":"药品监督管理部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品召回分类。根据《药品召回管理办法》,作出主动召回决定的是药品生产企业(A对)。药品召回分类:(1)主动召回:是指药品生产企业对收集的信息进行分析,对可能存在安全隐患的药品进行调查评估,发现药品存在安全隐患的,由该药品生产企业决定召回。(2)责令召回:是指药品监管部门(E错)经过调查评估,认为存在安全隐患,药品生产企业应当召回药品而未主动召回的,责令药品生产企业召回药品。必要时,药品监督管理部门可以要求药品生产企业、经营企业(BD错)和使用单位(C错)立即停止销售和使用该药品。"} {"Question":"根据《药品注册管理办法》,甲药品批准文号为国药准字Z20080022,其中Z表示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学药品"},{"key":"B","value":"中药"},{"key":"C","value":"生物制品"},{"key":"D","value":"进口药品"},{"key":"E","value":"进口药品分包装"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品批准文号的格式。根据《药品注册管理办法》,甲药品批准文号为国药准字Z20080022,其中Z表示中药(B对)。药品注册证书载明的药品批准文号的格式:①境内生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)+四位年号+四位顺序号;②中国香港、澳门和台湾地区生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)C+四位年号+四位顺序号;③境外生产药品(DE错):国药准字H(Z、S)J+四位年号+四位顺序号。其中,H代表化学药(A错),Z代表中药,S代表生物制品(C错)。药品批准文号,不因上市后的注册事项的变更而改变。"} {"Question":"根据《2011-2015年》药品电子监管工作规划》正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"首先对基本药物实施全品种电子监管"},{"key":"B","value":"在药品生产、批发环节实现电子监管的基础上,推广到药品和使用环节"},{"key":"C","value":"首先对医疗用毒性药品实施电子监管,逐步推广到血液制品和疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"按照先东部发达地区再向西部渗透的原则实施药品电子监管"},{"key":"E","value":"采用一步到位方式,对所有的药品实施电子监管"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品电子监管工作规划。《2011-2020年药品电子监管工作规划》具体目标:①2012-2020年实现药品制剂含进口药品“全品种”电子监管。②在生产企业和批发企业已实现电子监管的基础上,向零售药店、医疗机构等末端流通使用环节延伸流通“全过程”(B对)。③拓展药品电子监管系统的深度应用,充分利用药品电子监管数据,为广大社会公众提供药品信息检索、监管码查询、真伪鉴别等服务。"} {"Question":"根据《药品注册管理办法》,进一步验证药物对目标适应证患者的治疗作用和安全性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ期临床试验"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅱ期临床试验"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ期临床试验"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ期临床试验"},{"key":"E","value":"生物等效性试验"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物临床试验的分期和目的。根据《药品注册管理办法》,进一步验证药物对目标适应证患者的治疗作用和安全性的是Ⅲ期临床试验(C对)。Ⅲ期临床试验是治疗作用确证阶段。其目的是进一步验证药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性,评价利益与风险关系,最终为药物注册申请的审查提供充分依据。Ⅰ期临床试验(A错)是初步的临床药理学及人体安全性评价试验。观察人体对于新药的耐受程度和药代动力学,为制定给药方案提供依据。Ⅱ期临床试验(B错)是治疗作用初步评价阶段。其目的是初步评价药物对目标适应症患者的治疗作用和安全性。Ⅳ期临床试验(D错)是新药上市后的应用研究阶段。其目的是考察在广泛使用条件下的药物的疗效和不良反应。生物等效性试验(E错)是指用生物利用度研究的方法,以药代动力学参数为指标,比较同一种药物的相同或者不同剂型的制剂,在相同的试验条件下,其活性成分吸收程度和速度有无统计学差异的人体试验。一般仿制药的研制需要进行生物等效性试验。"} {"Question":"根据《药品注册管理办法》,药品批准文号为“国药准字H20070272”的药品属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物制品"},{"key":"B","value":"中成药"},{"key":"C","value":"化学药品"},{"key":"D","value":"进口药品"},{"key":"E","value":"中药饮片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品批准文号的格式。根据《药品注册管理办法》,药品批准文号为“国药准字H20070272”的药品属于生物制品(A对)。药品注册证书载明的药品批准文号的格式:①境内生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)+四位年号+四位顺序号;②中国香港、澳门和台湾地区生产药品:国药准字H(Z、S)C+四位年号+四位顺序号;③境外生产药品(D错):国药准字H(Z、S)J+四位年号+四位顺序号。其中,H代表化学药(C错),Z代表中药(BE错),S代表生物制品。药品批准文号,不因上市后的注册事项的变更而改变。"} {"Question":"根据《药品召回管理办法》,对不会引起健康危害,但由于其他原因需要收回的药品,实施的药品召回属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五级召回"},{"key":"B","value":"四级召回"},{"key":"C","value":"三级召回"},{"key":"D","value":"二级召回"},{"key":"E","value":"一级召回"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品召回分级。根据《药品召回管理办法》,对不会引起健康危害,但由于其他原因需要收回的药品,实施的药品召回属于三级召回(C对)。药品召回分级:根据药品安全隐患的严重程度,药品召回分为三级(AB错):对使用该药品可能引起严重健康危害的实施一级召回(E错);对使用该药品可能引起暂时的或者可逆的健康危害的实施二级召回(D错);对使用该药品一般不会引起健康危害,但由于其他原因需要收回的实施三级召回。"} {"Question":"根据《中药品种保护条例》,对特定疾病有特殊疗效的中药品种,申请中药保护品种的保护期限和延长的保护期限分别为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10年、10年"},{"key":"B","value":"10年、20年"},{"key":"C","value":"10年、14年"},{"key":"D","value":"7年、7年"},{"key":"E","value":"7年、10年"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中药保护品种的等级划分和保护措施。根据《中药品种保护条例》,对特定疾病有特殊疗效的中药品种,申请中药保护品种的保护期限和延长的保护期限分别为10年、10年(A对)。申请中药一级保护品种应具备的条件:符合下列条件之一的中药品种,可以申请一级保护。①对特定疾病有特殊疗效的;②相当于国家一级保护野生药材物种的人工制成品;③用于预防和治疗特殊疾病的。中药一级保护品种的保护期限分别为30年、20年、10年。因特殊情况需要延长保护期的,由生产企业在该品种保护期满前6个月,依照中药品种保护的申请办理程序申报。由国家药品监督管理部门确定延长的保护期限,不得超过第一次批准的保护期限。"} {"Question":"《中药材生产质量管理规范》是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药材生产和经营质量管理的基本准则"},{"key":"B","value":"中药材生产和质量管理的基本准则"},{"key":"C","value":"中药材按传统方法加工的基本准则"},{"key":"D","value":"道地药材加工的基本准则"},{"key":"E","value":"动物药按传统方法加工的基本准则"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是《中药材生产质量管理规范》。《中药材生产质量管理规范》是中药材生产和质量管理的基本准则(B对)。《中药材生产质量管理规范》(GAP)是中药材生产和质量管理的基本准则,适用于中药材生产企业生产中药材(含植物、动物药)的全过程。"} {"Question":"关于中药材专业市场管理的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"严禁销售假劣中药材"},{"key":"B","value":"严禁销售中药饮片以外的其他药品"},{"key":"C","value":"严禁销售国家规定的27种毒性药材"},{"key":"D","value":"严禁非法销售国家规定的42种濒危药材"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药材专业市场管理。中药材专业市场严禁未经批准以任何名义或方式经营中药饮片、中成药和其他药品(B错,为本题正确答案)。中药材专业市场管理:《药品管理法》及其实施条例规定,城乡集市贸易市场可以出售中药材,国务院另有规定的除外。另外,《关于进一步加强中药材管理的通知》指出:除现有17个中药材专业市场外,各地一律不得开办新的中药材专业市场。中药材专业市场所在地人民政府要按照“谁开办,谁管理”的原则,承担起管理责任,明确市场开办主体及其责任。中药材专业市场要建立健全交易管理部门和质量管理机构,完善市场交易和质量管理的规章制度,逐步建立起公司化的中药材经营模式。要构建中药材电子交易平台和市场信息平台,建设中药材流通追溯系统,配备使用具有药品现代物流水平的仓储设施设备,提高中药材仓储、养护技术水平,切实保障中药材质量。严禁销售假劣中药材(A对),严禁未经批准以任何名义或方式经营中药饮片、中成药和其他药品,严禁销售国家规定的27种毒性药材(C对),严禁非法销售国家规定的42种濒危药材(D对)。"} {"Question":"根据《中药、天然药物处方药说明书内容书写要求》,了解药品是否可产生依赖性的情况,可查询","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"【成份】"},{"key":"B","value":"【用法用量】"},{"key":"C","value":"【不良反应】"},{"key":"D","value":"【禁忌】"},{"key":"E","value":"【注意事项】"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查中药、天然药物处方药说明书书写要求。根据《中药、天然药物处方药说明书内容书写要求》,了解药品是否可产生依赖性的情况,可查询【注意事项】(E对)。"} {"Question":"根据《中药品种保护条例》,治疗特殊疾病的野生药材人工制成品,申请中药保护品种的保护期限和延长的保护期限分别为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10年、10年"},{"key":"B","value":"10年、20年"},{"key":"C","value":"10年、14年"},{"key":"D","value":"7年、7年"},{"key":"E","value":"7年、10年"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中药保护品种的等级划分和保护措施。根据《中药品种保护条例》,治疗特殊疾病的野生药材人工制成品,申请中药保护品种的保护期限和延长的保护期限分别为10年、10年(A对)。申请中药一级保护品种应具备的条件:符合下列条件之一的中药品种,可以申请一级保护。①对特定疾病有特殊疗效的;②相当于国家一级保护野生药材物种的人工制成品;③用于预防和治疗特殊疾病的。中药一级保护品种的保护期限分别为30年、20年、10年。因特殊情况需要延长保护期的,由生产企业在该品种保护期满前6个月,依照中药品种保护的申请办理程序申报。由国家药品监督管理部门确定延长的保护期限,不得超过第一次批准的保护期限。"} {"Question":"资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"豹骨"},{"key":"B","value":"熊胆"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查三级保护野生药材物种。三级保护野生药材物种系指资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材物种(D对)。属于三级保护野生药材物种的有:川贝母(4个品种)、伊贝母(2个品种)、刺五加、黄芩、天冬、猪苓、龙胆(4个品种)、防风、远志(2个品种)、胡黄连、肉苁蓉、秦艽(4个品种)、细辛(3个品种)、紫草、五味子(2个品种)、蔓荆子(2个品种)、诃子(2个品种)、山茱萸、石斛(5个品种)、阿魏(2个品种)、连翘(2个品种)、羌活(2个品种)。豹骨和熊胆均不在此列,因此两者均不是资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材。"} {"Question":"资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"B","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"C","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"D","value":"半夏"},{"key":"E","value":"羚羊角"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是国家重点保护的野生药材分级及名录。资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种是黄柏(B对)。国家重点保护野生药材物种的分级和管理:国家重点保护的野生药材物种分为三级管理。一级保护野生药材物种:系指濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种。二级保护野生药材物种:系指分布区域缩小,资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种。三级保护野生药材物种:系指资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材物种。国家重点保护的野生药材名录:(1)一级保护药材名称:虎骨、豹骨、羚羊角(E错)、鹿茸(梅花鹿)。(2)二级保护药材名称:鹿茸(马鹿)、麝香(3个品种)、熊胆(2个品种)、穿山甲、蟾酥(2个品种)、哈蟆油、金钱白花蛇、乌梢蛇、蕲蛇、蛤蚧、甘草(3个品种)、黄连(3个品种)、人参、杜仲、厚朴(2个品种)、黄柏(2个品种)、血竭。(3)三级保护药材名称:川贝母(4个品种)、伊贝母(2个品种)、刺五加、黄芩(C错)、天冬、猪苓、龙胆(4个品种)、防风、远志(2个品种)、胡黄连、肉苁蓉、秦艽(4个品种)、细辛(3个品种)、紫草、五味子(2个品种)、蔓荆子(2个品种)、诃子(2个品种)、山茱萸、石斛(5个品种)、阿魏(2个品种)、连翘(2个品种)、羌活(2个品种)。丁香、八角茴香、山药、山楂、乌梅、木瓜、龙眼肉(桂圆)、决明子、百合、阿胶、枣(大枣、酸枣、黑枣)、罗汉果、郁李仁、金银花、姜(生姜、干姜)、藿香、党参、铁皮石斛、西洋参、黄芪(A错)、灵芝、山茱萸、天麻、杜仲叶、当归等常见的中药材都被纳入按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录管理。毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏(D错)、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。需要说明的是上述中药品种是指原药材和饮片,不含制剂。"} {"Question":"根据《野生药材资源保护管理条例》,禁止采猎的野生物种药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚羊角"},{"key":"B","value":"丹参"},{"key":"C","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"D","value":"甘草"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查野生药材资源保护。根据《野生药材资源保护管理条例》,禁止采猎的野生物种药材是羚羊角(A对)。国家重点保护野生药材采猎管理:《野生药材资源保护管理条例》规定,禁止采猎一级保护野生药材物种。采猎、收购二、三级保护野生药材物种必须按照批准的计划执行。采猎者必须持有采药证,需要进行采伐或狩猎的,必须申请采伐证或狩猎证。不得在禁止采猎期、禁止采猎区采猎二、三级保护野生药材物种,并不得使用禁用工具进行采猎。二、三级保护野生药材物种属于国家计划管理的品种,由中国药材公司统一经营管理,其余品种由产地县药材公司或其他单位按照计划收购。国家重点保护的野生药材名录:(1)一级保护药材名称:虎骨、豹骨、羚羊角、鹿茸(梅花鹿)。(2)二级保护药材名称:鹿茸(马鹿)、麝香(3个品种)、熊胆(2个品种)、穿山甲、蟾酥(2个品种)、哈蟆油、金钱白花蛇、乌梢蛇、蕲蛇、蛤蚧、甘草(D错)(3个品种)、黄连(3个品种)、人参、杜仲、厚朴(2个品种)、黄柏(2个品种)、血竭。(3)三级保护药材名称:川贝母(4个品种)、伊贝母(2个品种)、刺五加、黄芩(C错)、天冬、猪苓、龙胆(4个品种)、防风、远志(2个品种)、胡黄连、肉苁蓉、秦艽(4个品种)、细辛(3个品种)、紫草、五味子(2个品种)、蔓荆子(2个品种)、诃子(2个品种)、山茱萸、石斛(5个品种)、阿魏(2个品种)、连翘(2个品种)、羌活(2个品种)。"} {"Question":"药品管理法规定实行品种保护的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新药"},{"key":"B","value":"处方药"},{"key":"C","value":"非处方药"},{"key":"D","value":"医疗机构配制的制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"中药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查中药。药品管理法规定实行品种保护的是中药(E对)。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第三十六条规定,国家实行中药品种保护制度,具体办法由国务院制定。新药(A错)是指未曾在中国境内上市销售的药品。处方药(B错)是指凭执业医师和执业助理医师处方方可购买、调配和使用的药品。非处方药(C错)是指由国务院药品监督管理部门公布的,不需要凭执业医师和执业助理医师处方,消费者可以自行判断、购买和使用的药品。医疗机构制剂(D错)是指医疗机构根据本单位临床需要经批准而配制、自用的固定处方制剂。"} {"Question":"在国家一级保护野生药材物种范围内的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚羊角"},{"key":"B","value":"甘草"},{"key":"C","value":"人参"},{"key":"D","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"E","value":"防风"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查一级保护野生药材物种。在国家一级保护野生药材物种范围内的药材是羚羊角(A对)。一级保护野生药材物种系指濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种。一级保护药材名称:虎骨、豹骨、羚羊角、鹿茸(梅花鹿)。二级保护野生药材物种系指分布区域缩小、资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种。二级保护药材名称:鹿茸(马鹿)、麝香(3个品种)、熊胆(2个品种)、穿山甲、蟾酥(2个品种)、哈蟆油、金钱白花蛇、乌梢蛇、蛤蚧、甘草(3个品种)(B错)、黄连(3个品种)、人参(C错)、杜仲、厚朴(2个品种)、黄柏(2个品种)(D错)、血竭。三级保护野生药材物种系指资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材物种。三级保护药材名称:川贝母(4个品种)、伊贝母(2个品种)、刺五加、黄芩、天冬、猪苓、龙胆(4个品种)、防风(E错)、远志(2个品种)、胡黄连、肉从蓉、秦艽(4个品种)、细辛(3个品种)、紫草、五味子(2个品种)、蔓荆子(2个品种)、诃子(2个品种)、山茱萸、石斛(5个品种)、阿魏(2个品种)、连翘(2个品种)、羌活(2个品种)。"} {"Question":"《野生药材资源保护管理条例》规定,属于濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"梅花鹿"},{"key":"B","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"C","value":"黑熊"},{"key":"D","value":"银环蛇"},{"key":"E","value":"五味子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查野生药材物种。《野生药材资源保护管理条例》规定,属于濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种是梅花鹿(A对)。一级保护野生药材物种系指濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种。一级保护野生药材物种包括:虎骨、豹骨、羚羊角、鹿茸(梅花鹿)。黄芩(B错)为三级保护野生药材物种。厚朴(B错)、黑熊熊胆(C错)属于二级保护野生药材物种。五味子(E错)属于三级保护野生药材物种。银环蛇(D错)未列入国家重点保护野生药材名录。"} {"Question":"药品调剂人员在调配存在“十八反”“十九畏”的中药饮片处方时,应采取措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"作为不合法处方,拒绝调配,并按照有关规定报告"},{"key":"B","value":"告知处方医师,并请其确认和签字后,方可调剂"},{"key":"C","value":"经主管中药师以上专业技术人员复核签字后,方可调剂"},{"key":"D","value":"对患者进行用药指导,在患者充分知情,并请其签字确认后,方可调剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查医院中药饮片调剂与临方炮制。药品调剂人员在调配存在“十八反”“十九畏”的中药饮片处方时,应采取措施是告知处方医师,并请其确认和签字后,方可调剂(B对)。医院中药饮片调剂与临方炮制:医院对中药饮片调剂和临方炮制要符合国家有关规定。中药饮片调剂室应当有与调剂量相适应的面积,配备通风、调温、调湿、防潮、防虫、防鼠、除尘设施,工作场地、操作台面应当保持清洁卫生。中药饮片调剂室的药斗等储存中药饮片的容器应当排列合理,有品名标签。药品名称应当符合《中华人民共和国药典》或省、自治区、直辖市药品监督管理部门制定的规范名称。标签和药品要相符。中药饮片装斗时要清斗,认真核对,装量适当,不得错斗、串斗。医院调剂用计量器具应当按照质量技术监督部门的规定定期校验,不合格的不得使用。中药饮片调剂人员在调配处方时,应当按照《处方管理办法》和中药饮片调剂规程的有关规定进行审方和调剂。对存在“十八反”“十九畏”、妊娠禁忌、超过常用剂量等可能引起用药安全问题的处方,应当由处方医生确认(“双签字”)或重新开具处方后方可调配。中药饮片调配后,必须经复核后方可发出。二级以上医院应当由主管中药师以上专业技术人员负责调剂复核工作,复核率应当达到100%。医院应当定期对中药饮片调剂质量进行抽查并记录检查结果。中药饮片调配每剂重量误差应当在±5%以内。罂粟壳不得单方发药,必须凭有麻醉药处方权的执业医师签名的淡红色处方方可调配,每张处方不得超过三日用量,连续使用不得超过七天,成人一次的常用量为每天3~6克。处方保存三年备查。医院进行临方炮制,应当具备与之相适应的条件和设施,严格遵照国家药品标准和省(区、市)药品监督管理部门制定的炮制规范炮制,并填写“饮片炮制加工及验收记录”,经医院质量检验合格后方可投入临床使用。"} {"Question":"属于资源严重减少的野生药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚羊角"},{"key":"B","value":"细辛"},{"key":"C","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"D","value":"党参"},{"key":"E","value":"斑蝥"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查国家重点保护野生药材分级与名录。属于资源严重减少的野生药材是细辛(B对)。国家重点保护野生药材物种的分级和管理:国家重点保护的野生药材物种分为三级管理。一级保护野生药材物种:系指濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种。二级保护野生药材物种:系指分布区域缩小,资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种。三级保护野生药材物种:系指资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材物种。国家重点保护的野生药材名录:(1)一级保护药材名称:虎骨、豹骨、羚羊角(A错)、鹿茸(梅花鹿)。(2)二级保护药材名称:鹿茸(马鹿)、麝香(3个品种)、熊胆(2个品种)、穿山甲、蟾酥(2个品种)、哈蟆油、金钱白花蛇、乌梢蛇、蕲蛇、蛤蚧、甘草(3个品种)、黄连(3个品种)、人参、杜仲、厚朴(C错)(2个品种)、黄柏(2个品种)、血竭。(3)三级保护药材名称:川贝母(4个品种)、伊贝母(2个品种)、刺五加、黄芩、天冬、猪苓、龙胆(4个品种)、防风、远志(2个品种)、胡黄连、肉苁蓉、秦艽(4个品种)、细辛(3个品种)、紫草、五味子(2个品种)、蔓荆子(2个品种)、诃子(2个品种)、山茱萸、石斛(5个品种)、阿魏(2个品种)、连翘(2个品种)、羌活(2个品种)。丁香、八角茴香、山药、山楂、乌梅、木瓜、龙眼肉(桂圆)、决明子、百合、阿胶、枣(大枣、酸枣、黑枣)、罗汉果、郁李仁、金银花、姜(生姜、干姜)、藿香、党参(D错)、铁皮石斛、西洋参、黄芪、灵芝、山茱萸、天麻、杜仲叶、当归等常见的中药材都被纳入按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录管理。毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥(E错)、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。需要说明的是上述中药品种是指原药材和饮片,不含制剂。"} {"Question":"依照《野生药材资源保护管理条例》及《国家重点保护野生药材物种名录》,没有列入《国家重点保护野生药材物种名录》的植物药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羚羊角"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆"},{"key":"C","value":"穿山甲"},{"key":"D","value":"当归"},{"key":"E","value":"水牛角"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《中药品种保护条例》,不可以申请中药品种保护的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天然药物提取物"},{"key":"B","value":"天然药物提取制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"中药人工制品"},{"key":"D","value":"已申请专利的中药制剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查《中药品种保护条例》的适用范围。根据《中药品种保护条例》,不可以申请中药品种保护的是已申请专利的中药制剂(D错,为本题正确答案)。《中药品种保护条例》的适用范围:适用于中国境内生产制造的中药品种,包括中成药、天然药物的提取物(A对)及其制剂(B对)和中药人工制品(C对)。申请专利的中药品种,依照专利法的规定办理,不适用《中药品种保护条例》。申请专利的中药品种除外。国家药品监督管理部门负责全国中药品种保护的监督管理工作。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,中药饮片的标签不须注明的内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"品名"},{"key":"B","value":"产地"},{"key":"C","value":"产品批号"},{"key":"D","value":"有效期限"},{"key":"E","value":"生产日期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查中药饮片生产管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》中药饮片的标签不须注明的内容是有效期限(D错,为本题正确答案)。中药饮片包装必须印有或贴有标签。中药饮片的标签必须注明品名(A对)、规格、产地(B对)、生产企业、产品批号(C对)、生产日期(E对)、实施批准文号管理的中药饮片还必须注明批准文号。"} {"Question":"关于中成药的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中成药的质量应当符合《中国药典》或者省级标准"},{"key":"B","value":"中成药通用名称应当科学、明确、简短,不易产生歧义和误导"},{"key":"C","value":"国家鼓励运用现代科学技术研究开发传统中成药"},{"key":"D","value":"中成药应当由依法取得《药品生产许可证》的企业生产"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查中药饮片生产管理。《药品管理法》规定,中药饮片应当按照国家药品标准炮制;国家药品标准没有规定的,应当按照省(区、市)人民政府药品监督管理部门制定的炮制规范炮制(A错,为本题正确答案)。中成药通用名称应科学、明确、简短、不易产生歧义和误导,避免使用生涩用语(B对)。鼓励运用现代科学技术研究开发传统中成药(C对),鼓励发挥中药传统剂型优势研制中药新药,加强中药质量控制。中成药应由依法取得药品生产许可证的企业生产(D对),质量符合国家药品标准,包装、标签、说明书符合《药品管理法》规定。"} {"Question":"买卖进出口证明文件,情节严重的,构成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虚假广告罪"},{"key":"B","value":"销售劣药罪"},{"key":"C","value":"销售假药罪"},{"key":"D","value":"生产假药罪"},{"key":"E","value":"非法经营罪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查非法经营罪。《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十五条 违反国家规定,有下列非法经营行为(E对)之一,扰乱市场秩序,情节严重的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金;情节特别严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产:(一)未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或者其他限制买卖的物品的;(二)买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的;(三)未经国家有关主管部门批准非法经营证券、期货、保险业务的,或者非法从事资金支付结算业务的;(四)其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为。"} {"Question":"非处方药遴选的主要原则","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防治必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、中西药并重、基本保障、临床首选、基层能够"},{"key":"B","value":"临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、市场能够保证供应"},{"key":"C","value":"安全、有效、方便、价廉"},{"key":"D","value":"应用安全、疗效确切、质量稳定、使用方便"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药的遴选原则。非处方药遴选的主要原则应用安全、疗效确切、质量稳定、使用方便(D对)。非处方药的遴选:为了配合药品分类管理制度的推行,我国于1999开始对非处方药进行遴选并公布非处方药目录。非处方药根据以下原则遴选:(1)应用安全:长期临床使用证实安全性大;无潜在毒性,不易引起蓄积中毒,中药中的重金属限量不超过国内或国外公认标准;基本无不良反应;不引起依赖性,无“三致”作用;医疗用毒性药品、麻醉药品以及精神药品原则上不能作为非处方药,但个别麻醉药品与少数精神药品可作为“限复方制剂活性成分”使用;组方合理,无不良相互作用,比如中成药组方中无“十八反”“十九畏”等。(2)疗效确切:药物作用针对性强,功能主治明确;不需要经常调整剂量;连续使用不引起耐药性。(3)质量稳定:质量可控、性质稳定。(4)使用方便:不用经过特殊检查和试验即可使用;以口服和外用的常用剂型为主。国家基本药物目录的制定:国家卫生健康委员会会同有关部门起草国家基本药物目录遴选工作方案和具体的遴选原则,经国家基本药物工作委员会审核后组织实施。国家基本药物遴选应当按照防治必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、中西药并重、基本保障、临床首选和基层能够配备(A错)的原则,结合我国用药特点,参照国际经验,合理确定品种(剂型)和数量。国家基本药物应当是《中华人民共和国药典》收载的,国家卫生健康部门、国家药品监督管理部门颁布药品标准的品种。除急救、抢救用药外,独家生产品种纳入国家基本药物目录应当经过单独论证。医保药品目录的确定条件:根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》第三条,纳入医保药品目录的药品,应是临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、市场能够保证供应(B错)的药品,并具备下列条件之一:《中华人民共和国药典》(现行版)收载的药品;符合国家药品监督管理部门颁发标准的药品;国家药品监督管理部门批准正式进口的药品。基本医疗卫生制度的建立:深化医药卫生体制改革是全面深化改革的重要内容,是维护人民群众健康福祉的重大民生工程、民心工程。2009年4月6日,《中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见》(中发〔2009〕6号)(以下简称“新医改意见”)发布,标志着我国医药卫生体制进入深化改革新阶段。新医改意见坚持把基本医疗卫生制度作为公共产品向全民提供的核心理念,坚持保基本、强基层、建机制的基本原则,首次明确了深化医药卫生体制改革总体目标是建立健全覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗卫生制度,为群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉(C错)的医疗卫生服务。即建设覆盖城乡居民的公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系、药品供应保障体系,形成四位一体的基本医疗卫生制度。四大体系相辅相成,配套建设,协调发展。同时,完善保障医药卫生体系有效规范运转的体制机制,完善医药卫生的管理、运行、投入、价格、监管体制机制,建立协调统一的医药卫生管理体制、高效规范的医药卫生机构运行机制、政府主导的多元卫生投入机制、科学合理的医药价格形成机制、严格有效的医药卫生监管体制、可持续发展的医药卫生科技创新机制和人才保障机制、实用共享的医药卫生信息系统、医药卫生法律制度,保障医药卫生体系有效规范运转。"} {"Question":"由原发证机关注销《药品经营许可证》的情形不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《药品经营许可证》有效期届满未换证的"},{"key":"B","value":"药品经营企业终止经营药品或关闭的"},{"key":"C","value":"《药品经营许可证》被依法撤销、撤回、吊销、收回或缴销的"},{"key":"D","value":"不可抗力导致《药品经营许可证》的许可事项无法实施的"},{"key":"E","value":"违反药品广告规定的"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品经营许可证注销。由原发证机关注销《药品经营许可证》的情形不包括(E错,为本题正确答案)。药品经营许可证注销:根据《药品经营监督管理办法》的规定,药品经营企业有下列情形之一的,药品经营许可证由原发证机关注销,并予以公告:申请人主动申请注销药品经营许可证的;药品经营许可证有效期届满未申请换证的(A对);药品经营企业终止经营药品的(B对);药品经营许可证被依法撤销或吊销的(C对);营业执照被依法吊销或注销的;法律、法规规定的应当注销行政许可的其他情形(D对)。"} {"Question":"关于非处方药专有标示管理的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲类非处方药为红色"},{"key":"B","value":"乙类非处方药为绿色"},{"key":"C","value":"乙类非处方药的使用说明书上专有标识可单色印刷"},{"key":"D","value":"甲类非处方药所使用的大包装可单色印刷"},{"key":"E","value":"甲类非处方药所使用的标签可单色印刷"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药专有标识的管理。甲类非处方药标签必须按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的色标要求印刷(E错,为本题正确答案)。非处方药专有标识的管理:非处方药专有标识是用于已列入《国家非处方药目录》,并通过药品监督管理部门审核登记的非处方药药品标签、使用说明书、内包装、外包装的专有标识,也可用作经营非处方药药品的企业指南性标志。我国非处方药专有标识图案为椭圆形背景下的OTC 3个英文字母的组合,这也是国际上对非处方药的习惯称谓。非处方药专有标识图案分为红色和绿色,红色专有标识用于甲类非处方药品(A对),绿色专有标识用于乙类非处方药品(B对)和用作指南性标志。使用非处方药专有标识时,药品的使用说明书和大包装可以单色印刷(CD对),标签和其他包装必须按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的色标要求印刷。单色印刷时,非处方药专有标识下方必须标示“甲类”或“乙类”字样。非处方药专有标识应与药品标签、使用说明书、内包装、外包装一体化印刷,其大小可根据实际需要设定,但必须醒目、清晰,并按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的坐标比例使用。非处方药药品标签、使用说明书和每个销售基本单元包装印有中文药品通用名称(商品名称)的一面(侧),其右上角是非处方药专有标识的固定位置。"} {"Question":"甲和乙同为药品批发企业,其所持有的《药品经营许可证》载明的经营范围为麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素原料药及其制剂、生化药品。丙是药品零售企业,经营方式是零售(连锁)经营范围是中药饮片、中成药、化学制剂。出于经营策略的需要,甲企业决定与乙企业合并,并扩大经营范围,丙企业决定更换质量负责人并扩大经营范围。甲、乙、丙企业通过扩大药品经营范围也都不能经营的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生马钱子"},{"key":"B","value":"疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"D","value":"A型肉毒素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品经营范围。甲和乙同为药品批发企业,其所持有的《药品经营许可证》载明的经营范围为麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素原料药及其制剂、生化药品。丙是药品零售企业,经营方式是零售(连锁)经营范围是中药饮片、中成药、化学制剂。出于经营策略的需要,甲企业决定与乙企业合并,并扩大经营范围,丙企业决定更换质量负责人并扩大经营范围。甲、乙、丙企业通过扩大药品经营范围也都不能经营的药品是疫苗(B对)。药品批发企业的禁止类行为:药品批发企业在从事药品经营活动中,应当遵循“诚实守信、依法经营”的原则,禁止以任何弄虚作假手段骗取药品经营许可证,尤其是禁止采用聘用“挂证”执业药师骗取药品经营许可证。药品批发企业不得违法回收或参与回收药品,销售回收药品;不得为他人违法经营药品提供场所、资质证明文件、票据等条件;不得接受药品上市许可持有人委托销售后,再次委托销售;不得从非药品上市许可持有人、药品批发企业等单位或个人处购进药品;不得向无合法购药资质的单位或者个人销售药品,尤其是知道或者应当知道他人从事无证经营仍为其提供药品;不得以中药材及初加工产品冒充中药饮片销售,非法加工中药饮片;不得委托不符合药品GSP的企业储存运输药品;不得伪造药品采购来源,虚构药品销售流向,篡改计算机系统、温湿度监测系统数据,隐瞒真实药品购销存记录、票据、凭证、数据等,致使药品购销存记录不完整、不真实,经营行为无法追溯;不得在证、票、账、货、款不能相互对应一致时购销药品;不得有药品未入库,设立账外账,药品未纳入企业质量体系管理,使用银行个人账户进行业务往来等情形;不得将麻醉药品、精神药品和含特殊药品复方制剂流入非法渠道,或者进行现金交易;不得购进销售医疗机构制剂;不得在核准地址以外的场所储存药品;不得违反规定对药品储存、运输及进行温湿度监测;不得擅自改变药品经营许可证许可事项、登记事项;不得以展销会、博览会、交易会、订货会、产品宣传会等方式现货销售药品或赠送药品;不得不经药品零售连锁总部,直接向药品零售连锁企业门店销售药品;不得向药品零售企业销售禁止零售的药品;不得向非连锁药品零售企业销售第二类精神药品;不得销售药品不开具发票。药品上市许可持有人可授权派出医药代表从事学术推广、技术咨询等活动,但不得要求其承担药品销售任务。疫苗上市许可持有人不得向除疾病预防控制机构外的其他任何单位或个人销售疫苗。药品零售企业不得经营的药品种类:药品零售企业不得经营的药品:麻醉药品、放射性药品、第一类精神药品、终止妊娠药品(包括含有“米非司酮”成分的所有药品制剂)、蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素(胰岛素除外)、药品类易制毒化学品、疫苗,以及我国法律法规规定的其他禁止零售的药品。药品零售企业也不得经营中药配方颗粒、医疗机构制剂。药品经营范围包括:麻醉药品、第一类精神药品、第二类精神药品、药品类易制毒化学品、医疗用毒性药品、生物制品、药品类体外诊断试剂、中药饮片、中成药、化学药。其中,麻醉药品、精神药品、药品类易制毒化学品、医疗用毒性药品等经营范围的核定,按照国家有关规定执行;经营冷藏、冷冻药品或者蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素的,还应当在《药品经营许可证》经营范围项下予以明确。麻醉药品、第一类精神药品、药品类易制毒化学品及蛋白同化制剂、胰岛素外的肽类激素等不得列入药品零售企业持有的药品经营许可证的经营范围内。生马钱子(A错)与A型肉毒素(D错)属于医疗毒性药品,苯巴比妥(C错)属于第二类精神药品,均在药品批发企业及药品批发企业的经营范围内。"} {"Question":"依据《药品流通监督管理办法》,药品零售企业销售药品时开具销售凭证的内容至少应包含","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品名称、数量、价格、生产厂商、批号、规格"},{"key":"B","value":"药品名称、数量、批准文号、生产厂商、批号"},{"key":"C","value":"药品名称、数量、规格、生产厂商"},{"key":"D","value":"药品名称、价格、规格、生产厂商"},{"key":"E","value":"药品名称、数量、剂型、生产厂商"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业药品销售管理。依据《药品流通监督管理办法》,药品零售企业销售药品时开具销售凭证的内容至少应包含药品名称、数量、价格、生产厂商、批号(A对)。药品零售企业药品销售管理:销售药品应当符合以下要求:处方经执业药师审核后方可调配;对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或者代用,对有配伍禁忌或者超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配,但经处方医师更正或者重新签字确认的,可以调配;调配处方后经过核对方可销售;处方审核、调配、核对人员应当在处方上签字或者盖章,并按照有关规定保存处方或者其复印件;销售近效期药品应当向个人消费者告知有效期;销售中药饮片做到计量准确,并告知煎服方法及注意事项;提供中药饮片代煎服务,应当符合国家有关规定。企业销售药品应当开具销售凭证,内容包括药品名称、生产厂商、数量、价格、批号、规格等,并做好销售记录。药品在售出时,应当执行追溯体系的规定。"} {"Question":"《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》规定,非处方药分为甲、乙两类的依据是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品的适用性"},{"key":"B","value":"药品的稳定性"},{"key":"C","value":"药品的可靠性"},{"key":"D","value":"药品的安全性"},{"key":"E","value":"药品的有效性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药的分类。《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》规定,非处方药分为甲、乙两类的依据是药品的安全性(D对)。非处方药的分类:国家根据药品的安全性,非处方药又被分为甲、乙两类,就用药安全性而言,乙类非处方药相对于甲类非处方药更安全。"} {"Question":"某零售药店的下列行为,符合药品经营质量管理规范的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"购销记录的药品名称填写为药品商品名"},{"key":"B","value":"对每批入库、出库的药品都有检查记录"},{"key":"C","value":"药师拒绝调配含有配伍禁忌的民间处方"},{"key":"D","value":"抗生素与维生素C摆放在同一柜台"},{"key":"E","value":"聘请药学专业本科毕业生为质量管理人员"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业经营质量管理规范。某零售药店的下列行为,符合药品经营质量管理规范的有对每批入库、出库的药品都有检查记录(B对);药师拒绝调配含有配伍禁忌的民间处方(C对);聘请药学专业本科毕业生为质量管理人员(E对)。药品零售企业质量管理、验收、采购人员:具有药学或者医学、生物、化学等相关专业学历或者具有药学专业技术职称。药品零售企业操作规程和相关记录的建立与保存:药品零售操作规程应当包括:药品采购、验收、销售;处方审核、调配、核对;中药饮片处方审核、调配、核对;药品拆零销售;特殊管理的药品和国家有专门管理要求的药品的销售;营业场所药品陈列及检查;营业场所冷藏药品的存放;计算机系统的操作和管理;设置库房的还应当包括储存和养护的操作规程。企业应当建立药品采购、验收、销售、陈列检查、温湿度监测、不合格药品处理等相关记录,做到真实、完整、准确、有效和可追溯。记录及相关凭证应当至少保存5年。特殊管理的药品的记录及凭证按相关规定保存。通过计算机系统记录数据时,相关岗位人员应当按照操作规程,通过授权及密码登录计算机系统,进行数据的录入,保证数据原始、真实、准确、安全和可追溯。电子记录数据应当以安全、可靠方式定期备份。药品零售企业药品销售管理:销售药品应当符合以下要求:处方经执业药师审核后方可调配;对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或者代用,对有配伍禁忌或者超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配,但经处方医师更正或者重新签字确认的,可以调配;调配处方后经过核对方可销售;处方审核、调配、核对人员应当在处方上签字或者盖章,并按照有关规定保存处方或者其复印件;销售近效期药品应当向个人消费者告知有效期;销售中药饮片做到计量准确,并告知煎服方法及注意事项;提供中药饮片代煎服务,应当符合国家有关规定。企业销售药品应当开具销售凭证,内容包括药品名称、生产厂商、数量、价格、批号、规格等,并做好销售记录。药品在售出时,应当执行追溯体系的规定。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第五章药品经营第五十七条:药品经营企业购销药品,应当有真实、完整的购销记录。购销记录应当注明药品的通用名称(A错)、剂型、规格、产品批号、有效期、上市许可持有人、生产企业、购销单位、购销数量、购销价格、购销日期及国务院药品监督管理部门规定的其他内容。药品零售企业药品陈列要求:药品的陈列应当符合以下要求:按剂型、用途以及储存要求分类陈列,并设置醒目标志,类别标签字迹清晰、放置准确;药品放置于货架(柜),摆放整齐有序,避免阳光直射;处方药、非处方药分区陈列(D错),并有处方药、非处方药专用标识;处方药不得采用开架自选的方式陈列和销售;外用药与其他药品分开摆放;拆零销售的药品集中存放于拆零专柜或者专区;第二类精神药品、毒性中药品种和罂粟壳不得陈列;冷藏药品放置在冷藏设备中,按规定对温度进行监测和记录,并保证存放温度符合要求;中药饮片柜斗谱的书写应当正名正字;装斗前应当复核,防止错斗、串斗;应当定期清斗,防止饮片生虫、发霉、变质;不同批号的饮片装斗前应当清斗并记录;经营非药品应当设置专区,与药品区域明显隔离,并有醒目标志。"} {"Question":"药品批发企业的行为规则包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"建立执行药品进货检查验收制度"},{"key":"B","value":"销售药品必须准确无误,并正确说明用法、用量和注意事项"},{"key":"C","value":"有真实完整的药品购销记录"},{"key":"D","value":"设置药品检验机构"},{"key":"E","value":"从合法药品生产、经营企业购药"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"药品零售企业应当执行","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《药品生产质量管理规范》"},{"key":"B","value":"《药品经营质量管理规范》"},{"key":"C","value":"《中药材生产质量管理规范》"},{"key":"D","value":"《药物临床试验质量管理规范》"},{"key":"E","value":"《优良药房工作规范》"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业的开办条件。药品零售企业应当执行《药品经营质量管理规范》(B对)。药品零售企业(含药品零售连锁门店)的开办条件:从事药品零售活动,应当具备以下条件:(1)经营处方药、甲类非处方药的,应当按规定配备执业药师或者其他依法经过资格认定的药学技术人员;经营乙类非处方药的,应当根据省、自治区、直辖市药品监督管理部门的规定配备药学技术人员;企业法定代表人、主要负责人、质量管理负责人(以下称质量负责人)无《药品管理法》规定的禁止从事药品经营活动的情形。(2)具有与所经营药品相适应的营业场所、设备、计算机系统、陈列(仓储)设施设备以及卫生环境;在超市等其他场所从事药品零售活动的,应当具有独立的经营区域。(3)具有独立的计算机管理信息系统,能覆盖企业药品经营和质量控制全过程,并实现药品信息化追溯。(4)具有保证药品质量的规章制度,并符合药品GSP的要求。从事药品生产活动,应当遵守药品生产质量管理规范,建立健全药品生产质量管理体系,保证药品生产全过程持续符合法定要求。按照新《药品管理法》发布实施之前的规定,新开办药品生产企业或药品生产企业新增生产范围、新建车间的,应当按照《药品管理法实施条例》的规定,自取得生产证明文件或经批准正式生产之日起30日,按照规定要求申请药品《药品生产质量管理规范》(A错)(GMP)认证。《中药材生产质量管理规范》(C错)(GAP)是中药材生产和质量管理的基本准则,适用于中药材生产企业生产中药材(含植物、动物药)的全过程。《药物临床试验质量管理规范》(D错)(GCP):药物临床试验包括新药临床试验(含生物等效性试验)和上市后的Ⅳ期临床试验。为保证药物研究实验记录真实、及时、准确、完整,提高药物临床试验质量,保障受试者的合法权益,药物临床试验实行过程管理;药物临床试验必须实施《药物临床试验质量管理规范》;并执行《药品研究实验记录暂行规定》《药品临床研究若干规定》等相关规定。《优良药房工作规范》(E错),2020年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"非处方药的有效性具有的特点包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"制剂及其成分的研究充分,结果明确,安全性良好"},{"key":"B","value":"用药对象明确,适应症或功能主治明确"},{"key":"C","value":"作为处方药使用时的安全性"},{"key":"D","value":"涉及运动员、儿童等人群用药,应有明确的安全性指示"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方药转换为非处方药。非处方药的有效性具有的特点包括用药对象明确,适应症或功能主治明确(B对)。处方药转换为非处方药的申请范围:除以下规定情况外,申请单位均可对其生产或代理的品种提出处方药转换评价为非处方药的申请:一是处于监测期内的药品;二是用与急救和其他患者不宜自我治疗疾病的药品;三是个人消费者不便自我使用的药物剂型;四是用药期间需要专业人员进行医学监护和指导的药品;五是需要在特殊条件下保存的药品;六是作用于全身的抗菌药、激素(避孕药除外);七是含毒性中药材,且不能证明其安全性的药品;八是原料药、药用辅料、中药材、中药饮片;九是国家规定的疫苗、血液制品、药品类易制毒化学品、医疗用毒性药品、麻醉药品、精神药品和放射性药品,以及其他特殊管理的药品;十是其他不符合非处方药要求的药品。申请药品应符合“应用安全、疗效确切、质量稳定、使用方便”的基本原则,同时,药品的各种属性均应体现“适于自我药疗”。基本要求包括:一是制剂或其成分应已在我国上市,并经过长期临床使用,同时应用比较广泛、有足够的使用人数;二是制剂及其成分的研究应充分,结果应明确,安全性良好(A错);三是制剂及其成分具有法定质量标准,质量可控、稳定;四是用法用量、疗程明确,疗效确切;五是药品适应症应符合非处方药适应症范围,适于自我药疗;六是涉及小儿、孕妇等特殊人群用药,应有明确的用药指示(D错);七是给药途径、剂型、剂量、规格、用药时间、贮存、包装、标签及说明书等特性均适于自我药疗需求。处方药转换为非处方药时,需要进行安全性以及有效性评价。安全性及有效性评价:非处方药的安全性评价包括三方面的内容:一是指作为处方药品时的安全性(C错);二是当药品成为非处方药后广泛使用时出现滥用、误用情况下的安全性;三是当处于消费者进行自我诊断、自我药疗情况下的药品安全性。非处方药有效性是指在足够的使用指示及不安全使用警告的条件下,用于绝大多数目标人群中能够产生合理、有效的预期药理作用,并对其所治疗的类型产生明显的解除作用。除用于日常营养补充的维生素、矿物质等外,非处方药的有效性应具有如下特点:一是用药对象明确,适应症或功能主治明确;二是绝大多数适用对象正确使用后能产生预期的作用;三是用法用量明确;四是不需要与其他药物联合使用(辅助治疗药品除外);五是疗效确切,用药后的效果明显或明确,患者一般可以自我感知。"} {"Question":"根据处方药与非处方药分类管理的相关规定,关于非处方药遴选原则解释的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用安全,系指经过长期临床使用证实,药品无潜在毒性,不易引起蓄积中毒,基本无不良反应,不引起依赖性"},{"key":"B","value":"疗效确切,系指药物针对性强功能主治明确,不需要调整剂量,连续使用不易引起耐药性"},{"key":"C","value":"质量稳定,系指药品质量可控、性质稳定"},{"key":"D","value":"使用方便,系指不用经过特殊检查和试验即可使用,以口服和外用的常用剂型为主"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药的遴选原则。疗效确切,系指药物作用针对性强,功能主治明确;不需要经常调整剂量;连续使用不引起耐药性(B错,为本题正确答案)。非处方药的遴选:为了配合药品分类管理制度的推行,我国于1999开始对非处方药进行遴选并公布非处方药目录。非处方药根据以下原则遴选:(1)应用安全:长期临床使用证实安全性大;无潜在毒性,不易引起蓄积中毒,中药中的重金属限量不超过国内或国外公认标准;基本无不良反应;不引起依赖性(A对),无“三致”作用;医疗用毒性药品、麻醉药品以及精神药品原则上不能作为非处方药,但个别麻醉药品与少数精神药品可作为“限复方制剂活性成分”使用;组方合理,无不良相互作用,比如中成药组方中无“十八反”“十九畏”等。(2)疗效确切:药物作用针对性强,功能主治明确;不需要经常调整剂量;连续使用不引起耐药性。(3)质量稳定:质量可控、性质稳定(C对)。(4)使用方便:不用经过特殊检查和试验即可使用;以口服和外用的常用剂型为主(D对)。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,药品批发经营企业对所有的库存产品","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进行质量评审"},{"key":"B","value":"进行质量鉴定"},{"key":"C","value":"进行合法性审核"},{"key":"D","value":"实行色标管理"},{"key":"E","value":"按质量条款"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查《药品经营质量管理规范》。在人工作业的库房储存药品,按质量状态实行色标管理(D对),合格药品为绿色,不合格药品为红色,待确定药品为黄色。"} {"Question":"根据处方药与非处方药分类管理要求,下列销售行为错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品零售企业对疑似假冒或者不合法处方,应断然拒绝调配,并向所在地药品监管理部门报告"},{"key":"B","value":"药品零售企业不得采用开架自选的方式销售处方药,可以采用“捆绑搭售”“满减优惠”等方式赠送销售非处方药"},{"key":"C","value":"销售处方药时,处方应当经执业药师审核,调配处方应当经过核对,对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或者代用,对有配伍禁忌的处方,应当拒绝调配"},{"key":"D","value":"第二类精神药品,肿瘤治疗药,精神障碍治疗药等在药品零售企业必须严格凭处方销售"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业销售非处方药的要求。根据处方药与非处方药分类管理要求,下列销售行为错误的是药品零售企业不得采用开架自选的方式销售处方药,可以采用“捆绑搭售”“满减优惠”等方式赠送销售非处方药(B错,为本题正确答案)。药品零售企业不得采用开架自选的方式销售处方药,也不得采用“捆绑搭售”“买商品赠药品”“买N赠1”“满N减1”“满N元减X元”等方式直接或变相赠送销售处方药、甲类非处方药(包括通过网络销售的渠道)。药品零售企业销售处方应当按照国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,凭处方销售处方药,处方保留不少于5年。处方应当经执业药师审核,调配处方应当经过核对,对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或代用。对有配伍禁忌或超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配(C对);必要时,经处方医师更正或确认重新签字后,方可调配销售。根据《关于做好处方药与非处方药分类管理实施工作的通知》(国食药监安(2005)409号)的规定,对于部分滥用或超剂量使用会带来较大的安全性风险的药品,药品零售企业必须做到严格凭处方销售。此类药品包括所有注射剂、医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品、禁止零售的药品以外其他按兴奋剂管理的药品、精神障碍治疗药(抗精神病、抗焦虑、抗躁狂、抗抑郁药)、抗病毒药(逆转录酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂)、肿瘤治疗药(D对)、含麻醉药品的复方口服溶液和曲马多制剂、未列入非处方药目录的抗菌药物和激素,以及国家药品监督管理局公布的其他必须凭处方销售的药品。药品零售企业对疑似假冒或不合法处方,除拒绝调配外,还应当向所在地药品监督管理部门报告(A对)。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范》及其有关附录文件,属于冷库、冷藏车、保温箱共有的验证项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"测点终端安装数量及位置确认"},{"key":"B","value":"测点终端参数与数据联动传输确认"},{"key":"C","value":"运输最长时限验证"},{"key":"D","value":"极端温度保温性能验证"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品经营质量管理规范附录文件《验证管理》。根据《药品经营质量管理规范》及其有关附录文件,属于冷库、冷藏车、保温箱共有的验证项目是极端温度保温性能验证(D对)。冷库的验证项目包括:库内温度分布特性(稳定性验证持续时长不得小于48小时),温控设备运行状况,测点终端参数与安装位置确认,开门作业对库内温度影响,冷库断电保护功能确认,极端温度保温性能,新库(含改造后重启)空载、满载验证,年度满载验证。冷藏车的验证项目包括:车厢内温度分布特性(稳定性验证持续时长不得小于5小时),温控设备运行状况,测点终端参数与安装位置确认,开门作业对车厢内温度影响,车厢析电保护功能确认,极端温度保温性能,新车空载、满载验证,年度满载验证。冷藏箱(保温箱)验证项目包括:箱内温度分布特性,蓄冷剂配备使用(蓄冷剂与保温箱采取摆列组合式捆绑验证),测点终端位置(A错),开箱作业对箱内温度影响,极端温度保温性能,运输最长时限验证(C错)。"} {"Question":"药品零售企业必须凭处方销售的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所有抗菌药物"},{"key":"B","value":"所有中药注射剂"},{"key":"C","value":"所有终止妊娠药品"},{"key":"D","value":"所有生物制品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业销售处方药的要求。药品零售企业必须凭处方销售的是所有中药注射剂注射剂(B对)。药品零售企业销售处方药的要求:药品零售企业销售处方应当按照国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,凭处方销售处方药,处方保留不少于5年。处方应当经执业药师审核,调配处方应当经过核对,对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或代用。对有配伍禁忌或超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配;必要时,经处方医师更正或确认重新签字后,方可调配销售。调配处方后,药学服务人员应当对照处方,核对药品名称、规格、剂型、数量、标签以及个人消费者姓名、性别、年龄等信息,正确无误后方可销售。根据《关于做好处方药与非处方药分类管理实施工作的通知》(国食药监安〔2005〕409号)的规定,对于部分滥用或超剂量使用会带来较大的安全性风险的药品,药品零售企业必须做到严格凭处方销售。此类药品包括所有注射剂(B错)、医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品、禁止零售的药品以外其他按兴奋剂管理的药品、精神障碍治疗药(抗精神病、抗焦虑、抗躁狂、抗抑郁药)、抗病毒药(逆转录酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂)、肿瘤治疗药、含麻醉药品的复方口服溶液和曲马多制剂、未列入非处方药目录的抗菌药物(A错)和激素,以及国家药品监督管理局公布的其他必须凭处方销售的药品。药品零售企业对疑似假冒或不合法处方,除拒绝调配外,还应当向所在地药品监督管理部门报告。药品零售企业不得经营的药品:麻醉药品、放射性药品、第一类精神药品、终止妊娠药品(C错)(包括含有“米非司酮”成分的所有药品制剂)、蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素(胰岛素除外)、药品类易制毒化学品、疫苗,以及我国法律法规规定的其他禁止零售的药品。药品零售企业也不得经营中药配方颗粒、医疗机构制剂。"} {"Question":"药品零售连锁企业从事质量管理、验收、养护及计量等工作的专职人员数量,不少于企业职工总数的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.01"},{"key":"B","value":"0.02"},{"key":"C","value":"0.03"},{"key":"D","value":"0.04"},{"key":"E","value":"0.05"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《药品经营许可证》的有效期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3个月"},{"key":"B","value":"1年"},{"key":"C","value":"5年"},{"key":"D","value":"3年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是有效期的相关内容。《药品经营许可证》的有效期是5年(C对)。药品经营许可证分为正本和副本,有效期为5年。药品经营许可证样式由国家药品监督管理局统一制定。药品经营许可证电子证书与纸质证书具有同等法律效力。禁止伪造、变造、出租、出借、买卖药品经营许可证。有效期为3个月(A错)的是《药品类易制毒化学品购用证明》。《药品类易制毒化学品购用证明》由国家药品监督管理部门统一印制,有效期为3个月。有效期为1年(B错)的是《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品运输证明》。《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品运输证明》有效期为1年(不跨年度)。有效期为3年(D错)的是《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品购用印鉴卡》。《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品购用印鉴卡》有效期为3年。"} {"Question":"根据《总局办公厅关于加强互联网药品医疗器械交易监管工作的通知》,按照“线上线下一致”原则,建立完善互联网药品交易服务企业监管制度,规范交易行为。下列互联网药品交易行为中,符合法律法规要求的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"戊药品生产企业通过自建网站,将非处方药销售给个人消费者"},{"key":"B","value":"丁药品零售连锁企业通过自建网站向患者销售了乙类非处方药培菲康(冷藏类生物制品)由企业执业药师持内装蓄冷剂的保温箱送至消费者"},{"key":"C","value":"乙药品生产企业自建网站将处方药销售给丙药品零售企业"},{"key":"D","value":"甲药品零售连锁企业制定了网络药品销售管理制度,规定只在网上销售非处方药,对其中的含麻黄碱类复方制剂要求个人消费者上传身份证信息,且每次购买不得超过2盒"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查的是网络药品经营管理。根据《总局办公厅关于加强互联网药品医疗器械交易监管工作的通知》,按照“线上线下一致”原则,建立完善互联网药品交易服务企业监管制度,规范交易行为。下列互联网药品交易行为中,符合法律法规要求的有丁药品零售连锁企业通过自建网站向患者销售了乙类非处方药培菲康(冷藏类生物制品)由企业执业药师持内装蓄冷剂的保温箱送至消费者(B对);乙药品生产企业自建网站将处方药销售给丙药品零售企业(C对)。网络药品交易服务的类型:1.企业对企业模式,Business to Business (B-to-B):药品上市许可持有人、药品批发企业通过自建网站,从网上采购药品或将药品销售给其他药品上市许可持有人、药品生产企业、药品经营企业和药品使用单位,以及药品零售企业、医疗机构从网上向药品上市许可持有人、药品批发企业采购药品的网络药品交易服务模式。药品上市许可持有人、药品批发企业通过网络销售药品的,应当按规定向所在地省级药品监督管理部门备案。2.企业对个人消费者模式,Business-to-Customer (B-to-C):药品零售企业通过自建网站,向个人消费者销售药品,并按照药品GSP要求配送至个人消费者的网络药品交易服务模式。药品零售企业通过网络销售药品的,应当按规定向所在地市县级药品监督管理部门备案。3.药品网络交易第三方平台模式:药品网络交易第三方平台提供者通过网络系统,为在药品网络交易活动中的购销双方提供网络药品交易服务的模式。4.线上与线下联动模式,Online to Offline (O-to-O):(1)“网订店取”,个人消费者通过网络下单购买药品,赴就近的药品零售企业经营场所获取药品和相关药学服务。(2)“网订店送”,个人消费者通过网络下单购买药品,由药品零售企业的执业药师或其他药学技术人员按照药品GSP配送药品的要求,将购买的药品送递至个人消费者,并当面向其提供相关药学服务。国家鼓励药品零售企业向个人消费者提供“网订店取”“网订店送”模式的网络药品交易服务。网络销售药品的条件:1.药品网络销售者应当是取得药品上市许可持有人、药品经营企业。其他企业、机构及个人不得从事药品网络销售,法律法规另有规定的除外(A错)。药品网络销售范围不得超出药品持有、药品经营许可范围。药品网络销售者为药品上市许可持有人、药品批发企业的,不得向个人消费者销售药品。药品网络销售者为药品零售企业的,不得通过网络销售含麻黄碱类复方制剂等国家有专门管理要求的药品(D错)。2.药品网络销售者除符合国家药品监督管理以及网络交易管理的法律、法规、规章要求外,还应当具备下列条件:①有企业管理实际需要的应用软件、网络安全措施和相关数据库,能够满足业务开展要求;②有药品网络销售安全管理制度,可实现药品销售全程可追溯、可核查;③有保障药品质量与安全的配送管理制度;④有投诉举报处理、消费者权益保护制度;⑤有网上药品不良反应(事件)监测报告制度;⑥依法持有《互联网药品信息服务资格证书》。销售对象为个人消费者的,还应当建立在线药学服务制度,配备执业药师,指导合理用药。3.药品网络销售者应当在网站首页或者经营活动的主页面醒目位置清晰展示相关资质证明文件、备案凭证和企业联系方式,并将展示的证书信息链接至国家药品监督管理局网站对应的数据查询页面。证书发生变更的,应当及时更新网站展示信息。销售对象为个人消费者的,还应当展示《执业药师注册证》。"} {"Question":"某县药品监督管理部门对当地一家药品零售企业(经营范围:化学药、生物制品、中成药、中药饮片)进行日常检查的过程中,发现其人员包括:法定代表人甲:具备执业药师资格(药学),2015年开办该药品零售企业,注册的执业单位为该药品零售企业。执业药师(中药学)乙:具备执业药师资格(中药学),注册在该药品零售企业。店员丙:某大专院校药学专业毕业后一直在该药品零售企业工作。检查当日上午,甲与乙外出参加继续教育,丙在岗。检查期间,有消费者丁到店,向丙表示欲购买罗红霉素片1盒(生产企业为国外某制药有限公司,2020年8月获批在中国上市),甲类非处方药通便灵胶囊1盒,但因时间匆忙,没来得及前往医院就诊开具处方。关于甲执业行为的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲对该药品零售企业的经营活动全面负责,应当熟悉药品经营监管的法律法规"},{"key":"B","value":"为提升药学服务效率,甲通过网络审核其执业单位药品处方,不再到店执业"},{"key":"C","value":"甲的执业药师注册证应当在营业场所的显著位置挂牌明示"},{"key":"D","value":"甲负责该药品零售企业的药品管理、处方审核和调配、合理用药指导等工作"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品零售的经营行为管理的经营行为管理禁止类行为。关于甲执业行为的说法,错误的是为提升药学服务效率,甲通过网络审核其执业单位药品处方,不再到店执业(B错,为本题正确答案)。药品零售连锁企业总部的经营行为管理禁止类行为:不得以“远程审方”等方式替代国家对执业药师的配备要求。药品上市许可持有人、药品经营企业法定代表人和主要负责人对药品经营活动全面负责,并应当熟悉药品经营监管的法律法规(A对)。药品零售企业应当在醒目位置公示《执业药师注册证》,并对在岗执业的执业药师挂牌明示(C对)。执业药师不在岗时,应当以醒目方式公示,并停止销售处方药和甲类非处方药。执业药师依法负责药品管理、处方审核和调配、合理用药指导等工作(D对)。"} {"Question":"谭某,女,39岁,从微信中得知使用生长因子素(属肽类激素)可以美容,就接连去了多家零售药店后购买,但是一无所获。各家药店对此事有不同解释,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"零售药店断货,需要等几天进货再告知"},{"key":"B","value":"零售药店不能销售该药品,即使有执业医师处方也不能调配"},{"key":"C","value":"销售是必须有执业药师指导使用,但执业药师正好不在岗,无法销售"},{"key":"D","value":"需要凭执业医师处方才能调配,由于没有医师处方,故不能调配"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业不得经营的药品种类。谭某,女,39岁,从微信中得知使用生长因子素(属肽类激素)可以美容,就接连去了多家零售药店后购买,但是一无所获。各家药店对此事有不同解释,正确的是零售药店不能销售该药品,即使有执业医师处方也不能调配(B对)。药品零售企业不得经营的药品种类:药品零售企业不得经营的药品:麻醉药品、放射性药品、第一类精神药品、终止妊娠药品(包括含有“米非司酮”成分的所有药品制剂)、蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素(胰岛素除外)、药品类易制毒化学品、疫苗,以及我国法律法规规定的其他禁止零售的药品。药品零售企业也不得经营中药配方颗粒、医疗机构制剂。药品零售企业可不凭医师处方销售非处方药,但执业药师或其他药学技术人员应当向个人消费者提供必要的药学服务,指导其合理用药或提出寻求医师治疗的建议。销售乙类非处方药时,执业药师或其他药学技术人员应当根据个人消费者咨询需求,提供科学合理的用药指导;销售甲类非处方药时,执业药师应当主动向个人消费者提供用药指导(C错)。根据《关于做好处方药与非处方药分类管理实施工作的通知》(国食药监安〔2005〕409号)的规定,对于部分滥用或超剂量使用会带来较大的安全性风险的药品,药品零售企业必须做到严格凭处方销售。此类药品包括所有注射剂、医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品、禁止零售的药品以外其他按兴奋剂管理的药品、精神障碍治疗药(抗精神病、抗焦虑、抗躁狂、抗抑郁药)、抗病毒药(逆转录酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂)、肿瘤治疗药、含麻醉药品的复方口服溶液和曲马多制剂、未列入非处方药目录的抗菌药物和激素,以及国家药品监督管理局公布的其他必须凭处方销售的药品(D错)。"} {"Question":"医药经营企业的药品质量验收记录","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可以用铅笔填写"},{"key":"B","value":"不得撕毁"},{"key":"C","value":"确实需涂改时,应划去后在旁边重写,在划处盖本人图章和日期"},{"key":"D","value":"签名可以只写姓氏"},{"key":"E","value":"无内容填写时可空格"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查药品验收。医药经营企业的药品质量验收记录不得撕毁(B对),确实需涂改时,应划去后在旁边重写,在划处盖本人图章和日期(C对)。验收药品应当做好验收记录,包括药品的通用名称、剂型、规格、批准文号、批号、生产日期、有效期、生产厂商、供货单位、到货数量、到货日期、验收合格数量、验收结果等。药品质量验收记录不得撕毁或任意涂改记录,确实需涂改时,应划去后在旁边重写,在划处盖本人图章和日期;字迹清楚,内容真实完整,不得用铅笔填写记录(A错);签名要写全名,不得只写姓氏(D错);不得空格漏项,如无内容填写一律用“”表示(E错)。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,对首营品种应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质量审核"},{"key":"B","value":"专柜存放"},{"key":"C","value":"定期养护"},{"key":"D","value":"分开设置"},{"key":"E","value":"逐批验收"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"药品批发企业在药品购销活动中履行合同不当,承担违约责任,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"刑事责任"},{"key":"B","value":"行政责任"},{"key":"C","value":"民事责任"},{"key":"D","value":"违宪责任"},{"key":"E","value":"行政处罚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品安全法律责任。药品批发企业在药品购销活动中履行合同不当,承担违约责任,属于民事责任(C对)。"} {"Question":"材料一:甲因其子(8周岁)连续咳嗽一周,到某药品零售连锁企业门店购药。当时该零售企业执业药师不在岗,由工作人员乙详细询问甲,了解患者是否发烧、是否咳痰,在得知未发烧、咳黄痰后,向甲推荐盐酸氨溴索口服液(按甲类非处方药管理)和维生C素泡腾片(按乙类非处方药管理),甲凭以往用药经验,向乙提出新的购药需求购买中成药抗病毒口服液(外包装上有绿色OTC标识)和小儿退烧药。甲购买药品给其子使用一周后,症状未改善。甲再次前往该门店,向门店执业药师表示想购买磷酸可待因糖浆给其子使用。根据背景材料,关于该零售企业能否销售中成药抗病毒口服液的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗病毒口服液应按处方药管理,不应销售"},{"key":"B","value":"不能根据患者的要求直接销售抗病毒口服液"},{"key":"C","value":"在不能确定儿童能否使用抗病毒口服液的情况下,不能销售"},{"key":"D","value":"可查询药品说明书中【用法用量】【注意事项】等项目,在做好用药交代的基础上销售"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药的销售。甲因其子(8周岁)连续咳嗽一周,到某药品零售连锁企业门店购药。当时该零售企业执业药师不在岗,由工作人员乙详细询问甲,了解患者是否发烧、是否咳痰,在得知未发烧、咳黄痰后,向甲推荐盐酸氨溴索口服液(按甲类非处方药管理)和维生C素泡腾片(按乙类非处方药管理),甲凭以往用药经验,向乙提出新的购药需求购买中成药抗病毒口服液(外包装上有绿色OTC标识)和小儿退烧药。甲购买药品给其子使用一周后,症状未改善。甲再次前往该门店,向门店执业药师表示想购买磷酸可待因糖浆给其子使用。根据背景材料,关于该零售企业能否销售中成药抗病毒口服液的说法,正确的是在不能确定儿童能否使用抗病毒口服液的情况下,不能销售(C对)。非处方药专有标识图案分为红色和绿色,红色专有标识用于甲类非处方药品,绿色专有标识用于乙类非处方药品(A错)和用作指南性标志。乙类非处方药的确定:根据《乙类非处方药确定原则》[《国家食品药品监督管理局办公室关于印发处方药转换为非处方药评价指导原则(试行)等6个技术文件的通知》(食药监办注(2012)137号)],乙类非处方药是指在一般情况下,消费者不需要医生及药师的指导,可以自我购买和使用的药品(B错),与甲类非处方药相比,其安全性更好,消费者自行使用的风险更低。乙类非处方药应是用于常见轻微疾病和症状,以及日常营养补充等的非处方药药品。以下情况下不应作为乙类非处方药:儿童用药(有儿童用法用量的均包括在内,维生素、矿物质类除外);化学药品含抗菌药物、激素等成分的;中成药含毒性药材(包括大毒和有毒)和重金属的口服制剂、含大毒药材的外用制剂;严重不良反应发生率达万分之一以上;中成药组方中包括无国家或省级药品标准药材的(药食同源的除外);中西药复方制剂;辅助用药。"} {"Question":"材料四:某顾客持医院处方到药品零售企业购买处方药。药品零售企业工作人员对处方进行审核发现,处方所开药品已经售完,处方未注明用法用量,药品零售企业有同类药品,药品适应症与治疗目标相符,价格相对便宜。根据《处方管理办法》,关于该药品零售企业能否直接替换同类药品的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"为顾客着想,可以在得到顾客同意的前提下调整处方内容并调配药品"},{"key":"B","value":"如该工作人员系执业药师,则可根据自己专业能力判断,属于可直接调配的情形"},{"key":"C","value":"在做好记录并开展处方点评的前提下可调配处"},{"key":"D","value":"相应情形非经医师修改和签字不得调配"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业销售处方药的要求。某顾客持医院处方到药品零售企业购买处方药。药品零售企业工作人员对处方进行审核发现,处方所开药品已经售完,处方未注明用法用量,药品零售企业有同类药品,药品适应症与治疗目标相符,价格相对便宜。根据《处方管理办法》,关于该药品零售企业能否直接替换同类药品的说法,正确的是相应情形非经医师修改和签字不得调配(D对)。药品零售企业销售处方药的要求:药品零售企业销售处方应当按照国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,凭处方销售处方药,处方保留不少于5年。处方应当经执业药师审核,调配处方应当经过核对,对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或代用。对有配伍禁忌或超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配;必要时,经处方医师更正或确认重新签字后,方可调配销售。调配处方后,药学服务人员应当对照处方,核对药品名称、规格、剂型、数量、标签以及个人消费者姓名、性别、年龄等信息,正确无误后方可销售。根据《关于做好处方药与非处方药分类管理实施工作的通知》(国食药监安〔2005〕409号)的规定,对于部分滥用或超剂量使用会带来较大的安全性风险的药品,药品零售企业必须做到严格凭处方销售。此类药品包括所有注射剂、医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品、禁止零售的药品以外其他按兴奋剂管理的药品、精神障碍治疗药(抗精神病、抗焦虑、抗躁狂、抗抑郁药)、抗病毒药(逆转录酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂)、肿瘤治疗药、含麻醉药品的复方口服溶液和曲马多制剂、未列入非处方药目录的抗菌药物和激素,以及国家药品监督管理局公布的其他必须凭处方销售的药品。药品零售企业对疑似假冒或不合法处方,除拒绝调配外,还应当向所在地药品监督管理部门报告。"} {"Question":"甲和乙同为药品批发企业,其所持有的《药品经营许可证》载明的经营范围为麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素原料药及其制剂、生化药品。丙是药品零售企业,经营方式是零售(连锁)经营范围是中药饮片、中成药、化学制剂。出于经营策略的需要,甲企业决定与乙企业合并,并扩大经营范围,丙企业决定更换质量负责人并扩大经营范围。甲、乙两企业合并的说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"属于《药品经营许可证》许可事项变更"},{"key":"B","value":"属于应该重新办理《药品经营许可证》的事项"},{"key":"C","value":"属于《药品经营许可证》登记事项变更"},{"key":"D","value":"属于只需到工商行政部门办理的企业注册登记事项变更"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品经营许可证变更。甲和乙同为药品批发企业,其所持有的《药品经营许可证》载明的经营范围为麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素原料药及其制剂、生化药品。丙是药品零售企业,经营方式是零售(连锁)经营范围是中药饮片、中成药、化学制剂。出于经营策略的需要,甲企业决定与乙企业合并,并扩大经营范围,丙企业决定更换质量负责人并扩大经营范围。甲、乙两企业合并的说法正确的是属于应该重新办理《药品经营许可证》的事项(B对)。药品经营许可证变更:(1)变更分类:药品经营许可证变更分为许可事项变更和登记事项变更。许可事项变更是指注册地址、主要负责人、质量负责人、经营范围、仓库地址(包括增减仓库)的变更。登记事项变更是指企业名称、社会信用代码、法定代表人等事项的变更。(2)许可事项变更(A错):药品经营企业变更许可事项的,应当向原发证机关提交药品经营许可证变更申请及相关材料。原发证机关应当自受理企业变更申请之日起15个工作日内作出准予变更或不予变更的决定。需现场检查的,原发证机关依据检查细则相关内容组织现场检查。现场检查、企业整改的时间,不计入审批时限。未经批准,企业不得擅自变更许可事项。药品经营企业如未经原发证机关许可,擅自变更药品经营许可证经营范围、仓库地址(包括增加仓库)、注册地址的,依照《药品管理法》第一百一十五条给予处罚。(3)登记事项变更(CD错):药品经营企业变更登记事项的,应当在市场监督管理部门核准变更后30日内,向原发证机关提交药品经营许可证变更申请。原发证机关应当自受理企业变更申请之日起10个工作日内完成变更事项。企业分立、新设合并、改变经营方式、跨原管辖地迁移,按照新开办药品经营企业申领药品经营许可证。药品零售连锁经营企业收购、兼并其他药品零售企业时,如实际经营地址、经营范围未发生变化的,可按变更药品经营许可证办理。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范实施细则》,下列关于药品零售叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品零售均可采用开架自选的销售方式"},{"key":"B","value":"顾客反映的药品质量问题,无须记录,直接向药监部门报告"},{"key":"C","value":"对陈列的药品应按季进行检查,发现质量问题要及时处理"},{"key":"D","value":"药品销售可以附赠适量药品或礼品"},{"key":"E","value":"监督电话的号码应与服务公约同时悬挂在店堂内醒目处"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"非处方药红色专有标识图案用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲类非处方药"},{"key":"B","value":"乙类非处方药"},{"key":"C","value":"在药品分类管理中目前实行双轨制的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"药品生产企业使用的指南性标志"},{"key":"E","value":"刊登药品广告时使用的指南性标志"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查非处方药专有标识。非处方药专有标识图案分为红色和绿色,红色专有标识用于甲类非处方药品(A对),绿色专有标识用于乙类非处方药品(B错)和用作指南性标志。"} {"Question":"《药品经营质量管理规范》应具体负责企业质量管理工作的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品零售企业主要负责人"},{"key":"B","value":"药品零售企业专职质量管理人员"},{"key":"C","value":"药品零售企业中处方审核人员"},{"key":"D","value":"药品零售企业质量负责人"},{"key":"E","value":"药品零售企业法定代表人"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查企业专职质量管理人员。《药品经营质量管理规范》应具体负责企业质量管理工作的是药品零售企业专职质量管理人员(B对)。依据《药品经营质量管理规范》第一百二十六条,企业应当设置质量管理部门或者配备质量管理人员,履行以下职责:(1)督促相关部门和岗位人员执行药品管理的法律法规及本规范;(2)组织制订质量管理文件,并指导、监督文件的执行;(3)负责对供货单位及其销售人员资格证明的审核;(4)负责对所采购药品合法性的审核;(5)负责药品的验收,指导并监督药品采购、储存、陈列、销售等环节的质量管理工作;(6)负责药品质量查询及质量信息管理;(7)负责药品质量投诉和质量事故的调查、处理及报告;(8)负责对不合格药品的确认及处理;(9)负责假劣药品的报告;(10)负责药品不良反应的报告;(11)开展药品质量管理教育和培训;(12)负责计算机系统操作权限的审核、控制及质量管理基础数据的维护;(13)负责组织计量器具的校准及检定工作;(14)指导并监督药学服务工作;(15)其他应当由质量管理部门或者质量管理人员履行的职责。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,药品零售企业对拆零药品应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质量审核"},{"key":"B","value":"专柜存放"},{"key":"C","value":"质量复核"},{"key":"D","value":"抽样检验"},{"key":"E","value":"抽样送检"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业药品陈列要求。根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,药品零售企业对拆零药品应专柜存放(B对)。根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,药品零售企业应当定期对拆零药品进行质量审药品陈列要求:药品的陈列应当符合以下要求:按剂型、用途以及储存要求分类陈列,并设置醒目标志,类别标签字迹清晰、放置准确;药品放置于货架(柜),摆放整齐有序,避免阳光直射;处方药、非处方药分区陈列,并有处方药、非处方药专用标识;处方药不得采用开架自选的方式陈列和销售;外用药与其他药品分开摆放;拆零销售的药品集中存放于拆零专柜或者专区;第二类精神药品、毒性中药品种和罂粟壳不得陈列;冷藏药品放置在冷藏设备中,按规定对温度进行监测和记录,并保证存放温度符合要求;中药饮片柜斗谱的书写应当正名正字;装斗前应当复核(A错),防止错斗、串斗;应当定期清斗(C错),防止饮片生虫、发霉、变质;不同批号的饮片装斗前应当清斗并记录;经营非药品应当设置专区,与药品区域明显隔离,并有醒目标志。"} {"Question":"2015年5月,原国家食品药品监督管理总局发布《关于穿心莲内酯软胶囊等13种药品转换为非处方药的通知》,将穿心莲内酯软胶嚢等13种药品(化学药品2种、中成药11种)转换为非处方药。具体的转换为非处方药的13种药品名单见下表。在上述表格中,穿心莲内酯软胶嚢、妇康宝颗粒、痰咳净滴丸等药品的类别为“甲类”,备注为“双跨”,其中的“甲类”是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从原来的甲类非处方药转为现在的“双跨”品种"},{"key":"B","value":"从原来的“双跨”品种转换为现在的甲类非处方药"},{"key":"C","value":"从原来的处方药转换为现在的甲类非处方药"},{"key":"D","value":"从原来的乙类非处方药转换为现在的甲类非处方药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查“双跨”药品的界定。双跨药品是指根据其适应症、剂量和疗程的不同,既可以作为处方药,又可以作为非处方药(C对)。"} {"Question":"国家以保障公众用药安全为目标,以落实企业主体责任为基础,以实现“一物一码,物码同追”为方向,加快推进药品信息化追溯体系建设。其中关于“码”的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"每一种药品有一个特定的追溯码"},{"key":"B","value":"同一个规格的药品有一个特定的追溯码"},{"key":"C","value":"同一个生产批号的药品有一个特定的追溯码"},{"key":"D","value":"每一个药品最小销售单元有一个特定的追溯码"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查一物一码的含义。国家以保障公众用药安全为目标以落实企业主体责任为基础以实现“一物一码,物码同追”为方向加快推进药品信息化追溯体系建设。其中关于“一物一码”的说法正确的是每一个药品最小销售单元有一个特定的追溯码(D对)。“物”指的是药品独立最小包装(ABC错),“码”是指药品信息码,含有生产厂家、批号等信息,且每一最小包装上的码都是唯一的。"} {"Question":"对温湿度检测和仓储监控仪器进行检查、复核","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"属于化验室工作"},{"key":"B","value":"属于物理检测室工作"},{"key":"C","value":"属于商品养护工作"},{"key":"D","value":"属于销售工作"},{"key":"E","value":"属于综合性质量管理工作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品养护。对温湿度检测和仓储监控仪器进行检查、复核属于商品养护(C对)。养护人员应当根据库房条件、外部环境、药品质量特性等对药品进行养护,主要内容是:指导和督促储存人员对药品进行合理储存与作业;检查并改善储存条件、防护措施、卫生环境;对库房温湿度进行有效监测、调控;按照养护计划对库存药品的外观、包装等质量状况进行检查,并建立养护记录;对储存条件有特殊要求的或者有效期较短的品种应当进行重点养护;发现有问题的药品应当及时在计算机系统中锁定和记录,并通知质量管理部门处理;对中药材和中药饮片应当按其特性采取有效方法进行养护并记录,所采取的养护方法不得对药品造成污染;定期汇总、分析养护信息。"} {"Question":"我国遴选OTC药物的基本原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用安全、质量稳定、疗效确切、应用方便"},{"key":"B","value":"安全有效、质量稳定、经济合理、临床必需"},{"key":"C","value":"临床必需、应用安全、疗效确切、应用方便"},{"key":"D","value":"临床必需、应用安全、经济合理、应用方便"},{"key":"E","value":"临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、应用方便"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查非处方药的遴选原则。我国遴选OTC药物的基本原则是应用安全、质量稳定、疗效确切、使用方便(A对)。为了配合药品分类管理制度的推行,我国于1999开始对非处方药进行遴选并公布非处方药目录。非处方药根据以下原则遴选:(1)应用安全:长期临床使用证实安全性大;无潜在毒性,不易引起蓄积中毒,中药中的重金属限量不超过国内或国外公认标准;基本无不良反应;不引起依赖性,无“三致”作用;医疗用毒性药品、麻醉药品以及精神药品原则上不能作为非处方药,但个别麻醉药品与少数精神药品可作为“限复方制剂活性成分”使用;组方合理,无不良相互作用,比如中成药组方中无“十八反”“十九畏”等。(2)疗效确切:药物作用针对性强,功能主治明确;不需要经常调整剂量;连续使用不引起耐药性。(3)质量稳定:质量可控、性质稳定。(4)使用方便:不用经过特殊检查和试验即可使用;以口服和外用的常用剂型为主。"} {"Question":"丙药品零售企业从不具有药品经营资质的“背包药贩”处购买“医保回收”的市场紧俏降糖药,并在店内销售。关于丙药品零售企业购进此类药品的行为应当定性为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"以销售假药共同犯罪论处"},{"key":"B","value":"从非法渠道购进药品"},{"key":"C","value":"以销售劣药共同犯罪论处"},{"key":"D","value":"向非法渠道销售药品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售经营的禁止类行为。丙药品零售企业从不具有药品经营资质的“背包药贩”处购买“医保回收”的市场紧俏降糖药,并在店内销售。关于丙药品零售企业购进此类药品的行为应当定性为从非法渠道购进药品(B对)。药品零售经营的禁止类禁止类行为:药品零售企业(含药品零售连锁企业门店)在从事药品经营活动中,应当遵循“诚实守信、依法经营”的原则,禁止以任何弄虚作假手段骗取药品经营许可证,尤其是禁止采用聘用“挂证”执业药师骗取药品经营许可证。药品零售企业不得违法回收或参与回收药品,销售回收药品;不得以“远程审方”等方式替代国家对执业药师的配备要求;不得从非法渠道购进药品;不得购进销售医疗机构制剂;不得购进销售假劣药品,或将非药品冒充药品进行宣传、销售;不得以中药材及初加工产品冒充中药饮片销售,非法加工中药饮片;不得销售处方中未注明“生用”的毒性中药品种;不得单味零售罂粟壳;不得出租、出借柜台等为他人非法经营提供便利;不得销售国家明令禁止零售的药品;非定点药品零售企业不得销售第二类精神药品;不得违反规定销售含特殊药品复方制剂(超经营方式、超数量、超频次等),导致流入非法渠道(D错);不得销售米非司酮(含仅用于紧急避孕或用于治疗子宫肌瘤的米非司酮制剂)等具有终止妊娠作用的药品;不得未经许可擅自改变药品经营许可证许可事项、登记事项;不得购进药品不索取发票(含应税劳务清单)及随货同行单,或虽索取发票等票据,但相关信息(单位、品名、规格、批号、金额、付款流向等)与实际不符;不得违反药品的贮藏要求储存、陈列药品;不得违反国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定销售药品;不得以买药品赠药品等方式向个人消费者销售处方药或甲类非处方药;非本企业在职人员不得在营业场所内从事药学服务活动;不得采取任何手段,诱导个人消费者超出治疗需求购买药品。为生产、销售假、劣药品提供运输、保管、仓储等便利条件的主体应承担的法律责任:根据《药品管理法》规定,知道或者应当知道属于假药、劣药或者124条第一款第一项至第五项的药品,而为其提供储存、运输等便利条件的,没收全部储存、运输收入,并处违法收入一倍以上五倍以下的罚款;情节严重的,并处违法收入五倍以上十五倍以下的罚款;违法收入不足五万元的,按五万元计算。该规定旨在发挥法律的威慑作用,打击与制售假劣药品有关的违法犯罪行为。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》规定,明知他人生产、销售假药、劣药,而提供生产、经营场所、设备或者运输、储存、保管、邮寄、网络销售渠道等便利条件的,以生产、销售假药、劣药的共同犯罪论处(AC错)。以生产、销售假药、劣药共同犯罪论处的情形还包括:明知他人生产、销售假药、劣药,而提供资金、贷款、账号、发票、证明、许可证件的;或者提供生产技术或者原料、辅料、包装材料、标签、说明书的;或者提供广告宣传等帮助行为的。共同犯罪的,对各共同犯罪人合计判处的罚金应当在生产、销售假药、劣药金额的二倍以上。"} {"Question":"根据现行GSP的规定,药品批发企业从事质量管理工作的人员应具有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药学或相关专业的学历,或者具有药学专业的技术职称"},{"key":"B","value":"药学专业技术职称"},{"key":"C","value":"相应的药学专业技术职称"},{"key":"D","value":"药师以上专业技术职称"},{"key":"E","value":"主管药师以上专业技术职称"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品批发企业经营和质量管理人员的资质要求。根据现行GSP的规定药品批发企业从事质量管理工作的人员应具有药学中专或者医学、生物、化学等相关专业大学专科以上学历或者具有药学初级以上专业技术职称(A对)。"} {"Question":"依照《药品经营质量管理规范实施细则》,药品储存时,对近效期药品,填报效期报表的周期是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"日"},{"key":"B","value":"周"},{"key":"C","value":"月"},{"key":"D","value":"季"},{"key":"E","value":"年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于非处方药专有标识管理要求的说法,错误的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非处方药药品标签、说明书和各级销售包装单元包装印有通用名称的一面,其左上角是非处方药专有标识的固定位置"},{"key":"B","value":"非处方药专有标识印刷时,标识下方必须标示“甲类”或者“乙类”字样"},{"key":"C","value":"非处方药专有标识图案分别为绿色和红色,分别对应甲类非处方药和乙类非处方药"},{"key":"D","value":"非处方药专有标识图案为水平短轴椭圆背景下的“OTC”3个英文字母的组合"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药专有标识的管理。关于非处方药专有标识管理要求的说法,错误的有非处方药药品标签、说明书和各级销售包装单元包装印有通用名称的一面,其左上角是非处方药专有标识的固定位置(A错,为本题正确答案)、非处方药专有标识印刷时,标识下方必须标示“甲类”或者“乙类”字样(B错,为本题正确答案)、非处方药专有标识图案分别为绿色和红色,分别对应甲类非处方药和乙类非处方药(C错,为本题正确答案)。非处方药专有标识图案分为红色和绿色,红色专有标识用于甲类非处方药品,绿色专有标识用于乙类非处方药品和用作指南性标志。使用非处方药专有标识时,药品的使用说明书和大包装可以单色印刷,标签和其他包装必须按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的色标要求印刷。单色印刷时,非处方药专有标识下方必须标示“甲类”或“乙类”字样”。非处方药药品标签、使用说明书和每个销售基本单元包装印有中文药品通用名称(商品名称)的一面(侧),其右上角是非处方药专有标识的固定位置。非处方药专有标识图案为水平长轴椭圆背景下的“OTC”3个英文字母的组合(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"药品零售企业严格禁止销售的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所有抗菌药物"},{"key":"B","value":"所有中药注射剂"},{"key":"C","value":"所有终止妊娠药品"},{"key":"D","value":"所有生物制品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售企业不得经营的药品种类。药品零售企业严格禁止销售的是所有终止妊娠药品(C对)。药品零售企业不得经营的药品:麻醉药品、放射性药品、第一类精神药品、终止妊娠药品(C错)(包括含有“米非司酮”成分的所有药品制剂)、蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素(胰岛素除外)、药品类易制毒化学品、疫苗,以及我国法律法规规定的其他禁止零售的药品。药品零售企业也不得经营中药配方颗粒、医疗机构制剂。药品零售企业销售处方药的要求:药品零售企业销售处方应当按照国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,凭处方销售处方药,处方保留不少于5年。处方应当经执业药师审核,调配处方应当经过核对,对处方所列药品不得擅自更改或代用。对有配伍禁忌或超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配;必要时,经处方医师更正或确认重新签字后,方可调配销售。调配处方后,药学服务人员应当对照处方,核对药品名称、规格、剂型、数量、标签以及个人消费者姓名、性别、年龄等信息,正确无误后方可销售。根据《关于做好处方药与非处方药分类管理实施工作的通知》(国食药监安〔2005〕409号)的规定,对于部分滥用或超剂量使用会带来较大的安全性风险的药品,药品零售企业必须做到严格凭处方销售。此类药品包括所有注射剂(B错)、医疗用毒性药品、第二类精神药品、禁止零售的药品以外其他按兴奋剂管理的药品、精神障碍治疗药(抗精神病、抗焦虑、抗躁狂、抗抑郁药)、抗病毒药(逆转录酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂)、肿瘤治疗药、含麻醉药品的复方口服溶液和曲马多制剂、未列入非处方药目录的抗菌药物(A错)和激素,以及国家药品监督管理局公布的其他必须凭处方销售的药品。药品零售企业对疑似假冒或不合法处方,除拒绝调配外,还应当向所在地药品监督管理部门报告。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范》,关于药品零售企业拆零销售管理的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品拆零销售应当使用洁净、卫生的包装"},{"key":"B","value":"质量管理人员方可负责药品拆零销售"},{"key":"C","value":"药品拆零销售应提供药品说明书原件或复印件"},{"key":"D","value":"药品拆零销售期间,应保留原包装和说明书"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品零售区企业的药品拆零销售管理。负责拆零销售的人员经过专门培训(B错,为本题正确答案)。药品零售区企业的药品拆零销售管理:药品拆零销售应当符合以下要求:负责拆零销售的人员经过专门培训;拆零的工作台及工具保持清洁、卫生,防止交叉污染;做好拆零销售记录,内容包括拆零起始日期、药品的通用名称、规格、批号、生产厂商、有效期、销售数量、销售日期、分拆及复核人员等;拆零销售应当使用洁净、卫生的包装(A对),包装上注明药品名称、规格、数量、用法、用量、批号、有效期以及药店名称等内容;提供药品说明书原件或者复印件(C对);拆零销售期间,保留原包装和说明书(D对)。"} {"Question":"非处方药遴选的主要原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用安全、疗效确切、质量稳定、使用方便"},{"key":"B","value":"安全、有效、方便、廉价"},{"key":"C","value":"临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、市场能够保障供应"},{"key":"D","value":"防治必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、中西药并重、基本保障、临床首选、基层能够配备"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是非处方药的遴选原则。非处方药遴选的主要原则是应用安全、疗效确切、质量稳定、使用方便(A对)。非处方药的遴选:为了配合药品分类管理制度的推行,我国于1999开始对非处方药进行遴选并公布非处方药目录。非处方药根据以下原则遴选:(1)应用安全:长期临床使用证实安全性大;无潜在毒性,不易引起蓄积中毒,中药中的重金属限量不超过国内或国外公认标准;基本无不良反应;不引起依赖性,无“三致”作用;医疗用毒性药品、麻醉药品以及精神药品原则上不能作为非处方药,但个别麻醉药品与少数精神药品可作为“限复方制剂活性成分”使用;组方合理,无不良相互作用,比如中成药组方中无“十八反”“十九畏”等。(2)疗效确切:药物作用针对性强,功能主治明确;不需要经常调整剂量;连续使用不引起耐药性。(3)质量稳定:质量可控、性质稳定。(4)使用方便:不用经过特殊检查和试验即可使用;以口服和外用的常用剂型为主。基本医疗卫生制度的建立:深化医药卫生体制改革是全面深化改革的重要内容,是维护人民群众健康福祉的重大民生工程、民心工程。2009年4月6日,《中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见》(中发〔2009〕6号)(以下简称“新医改意见”)发布,标志着我国医药卫生体制进入深化改革新阶段。新医改意见坚持把基本医疗卫生制度作为公共产品向全民提供的核心理念,坚持保基本、强基层、建机制的基本原则,首次明确了深化医药卫生体制改革总体目标是建立健全覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗卫生制度,为群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉(B错)的医疗卫生服务。即建设覆盖城乡居民的公共卫生服务体系、医疗服务体系、医疗保障体系、药品供应保障体系,形成四位一体的基本医疗卫生制度。四大体系相辅相成,配套建设,协调发展。同时,完善保障医药卫生体系有效规范运转的体制机制,完善医药卫生的管理、运行、投入、价格、监管体制机制,建立协调统一的医药卫生管理体制、高效规范的医药卫生机构运行机制、政府主导的多元卫生投入机制、科学合理的医药价格形成机制、严格有效的医药卫生监管体制、可持续发展的医药卫生科技创新机制和人才保障机制、实用共享的医药卫生信息系统、医药卫生法律制度,保障医药卫生体系有效规范运转。医保药品目录的确定条件:根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》第三条,纳入医保药品目录的药品,应是临床必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、市场能够保证供应(C错)的药品,并具备下列条件之一:《中华人民共和国药典》(现行版)收载的药品;符合国家药品监督管理部门颁发标准的药品;国家药品监督管理部门批准正式进口的药品。国家基本药物目录的制定:国家卫生健康委员会会同有关部门起草国家基本药物目录遴选工作方案和具体的遴选原则,经国家基本药物工作委员会审核后组织实施。国家基本药物遴选应当按照防治必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、中西药并重、基本保障、临床首选和基层能够配备(D错)的原则,结合我国用药特点,参照国际经验,合理确定品种(剂型)和数量。国家基本药物应当是《中华人民共和国药典》收载的,国家卫生健康部门、国家药品监督管理部门颁布药品标准的品种。除急救、抢救用药外,独家生产品种纳入国家基本药物目录应当经过单独论证。"} {"Question":"境外第二类医疗器械","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经省(区、市)药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给注册证"},{"key":"B","value":"经国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给注册证"},{"key":"C","value":"经国务院药品监督管理部门备案"},{"key":"D","value":"经省(区、市)药品监督管理部门备案"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查产品注册与备案管理。境外生产的第二类医疗器械应当经国家药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给注册证(B对)。产品注册与备案管理:国家建立医疗器械注册与备案管理工作体系和制度,应当注册而未经注册,或者应当备案而未经备案的医疗器械不得上市。第一类医疗器械备案,由备案人向所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门提交备案资料(D错)。境内第二类医疗器械由注册申请人所在地省(区、市)药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给医疗器械注册证(A错)。境内第三类医疗器械由国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给医疗器械注册证。进口医疗器械,应当由境外生产企业作为注册申请人或者备案人,由其在我国境内设立的代表机构或者指定我国境内的企业法人作为代理人,申请注册或者办理备案。进口第一类医疗器械备案,境外备案人由其指定的我国境内企业法人向国务院药品监督管理部门提交备案资料和备案人所在国(地区)主管部门准许该医疗器械上市销售的证明文件(C错)。进口第二类、第三类医疗器械由国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给医疗器械注册证。"} {"Question":"根据《化妆品卫生监督条例》,关于化妆品管理的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非特殊用途化妆品是指用于育发、健美、脱毛、祛斑的化妆品"},{"key":"B","value":"生产化妆品需取得化妆品卫生许可证和化妆品生产许可证"},{"key":"C","value":"首次进口特殊用途化妆品,应经国务院药品监督管理部门批准"},{"key":"D","value":"首次进口非特殊用途化妆品,应取得省级化妆品监督管理部门颁发的批准文号"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查化妆品管理。根据《化妆品卫生监督条例》,关于化妆品管理的说法,正确的是首次进口特殊用途化妆品,应经国务院药品监督管理部门批准(C对)。化妆品的界定和分类:化妆品,是指以涂擦、喷洒或其他类似的方式,施用于皮肤、毛发、指甲、口唇等人体表面,以清洁、保护、美化、修饰为目的的日用化学工业产品。国务院药品监督管理部门负责全国化妆品监督管理工作,国务院有关部门在各自职责范围内负责与化妆品有关的监督管理工作。县级以上地方人民政府负责药品监督管理的部门负责本行政区域的化妆品监督管理工作。县级以上地方人民政府有关部门在各自职责范围内负责与化妆品有关的监督管理工作。国家按照风险程度对化妆品、化妆品原料实行分类管理。化妆品分为特殊化妆品、普通化妆品。国家对特殊化妆品实行注册管理,对普通化妆品实行备案管理。用于染发、烫发、祛斑美白、防晒、仿脱发的化妆品以及宣称新功效的化妆品为特殊化妆品(A错)。特殊化妆品以外的化妆品为普通化妆品。对于进口化妆品,应当提交境外生产企业生产质量管理的有关证明材料和产品在生产国(地区)或原产国(地区)上市销售的证明文件,专为中国市场生产、不能提交产品在生产国(地区)或者原产国(地区)上市销售的证明文件的,应当提交产品面向中国消费者销售的证明文件,并提供相关的研究和实验数据。化妆品生产经营管理方式和批准文号管理:特殊化妆品经国务院药品监督管理部门注册后方可生产、进口。国产普通化妆品应当在上市销售前向备案人所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门备案。进口普通化妆品应当在进口前向国务院药品监督管理部门备案(D错)。国家对化妆品生产实行许可制度。生产化妆品需依法持有省级化妆品监督管理部门颁发的化妆品生产许可证,未取得《化妆品生产许可证》的化妆品生产企业,不得从事化妆品生产。化妆品生产许可证有效期五年。自2017年1月1日起,统一启用《化妆品生产许可证》。化妆品生产企业持有的原《全国工业产品生产许可证》和《化妆品生产企业卫生许可证》自动作废(B错)。"} {"Question":"用于疾病诊断、治疗、监护的医疗器械是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心电图机"},{"key":"B","value":"避孕工具"},{"key":"C","value":"手动轮椅"},{"key":"D","value":"手术器械"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏瓣膜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"境外第一类医疗器械","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经省(区、市)药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给注册证"},{"key":"B","value":"经国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给注册证"},{"key":"C","value":"经国务院药品监督管理部门备案"},{"key":"D","value":"经省(区、市)药品监督管理部门备案"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查产品注册与备案管理。境外生产的第一类医疗器械应当向国家药品监督管理部门备案(C对)。产品注册与备案管理:国家建立医疗器械注册与备案管理工作体系和制度,应当注册而未经注册,或者应当备案而未经备案的医疗器械不得上市。第一类医疗器械备案,由备案人向所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门提交备案资料(D错)。境内第二类医疗器械由注册申请人所在地省(区、市)药品监督管理部门审查(A错),批准后发给医疗器械注册证。境内第三类医疗器械由国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给医疗器械注册证。进口医疗器械,应当由境外生产企业作为注册申请人或者备案人,由其在我国境内设立的代表机构或者指定我国境内的企业法人作为代理人,申请注册或者办理备案。进口第一类医疗器械备案,境外备案人由其指定的我国境内企业法人向国务院药品监督管理部门提交备案资料和备案人所在国(地区)主管部门准许该医疗器械上市销售的证明文件。进口第二类、第三类医疗器械由国务院药品监督管理部门审查,批准后发给医疗器械注册证(B错)。"} {"Question":"属于二类医疗器械产品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"输血器"},{"key":"B","value":"纱布绷带"},{"key":"C","value":"微波治疗仪"},{"key":"D","value":"一次性使用输液器"},{"key":"E","value":"无菌医用手套"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查医疗器械的分类。要求市售医疗器械产品,必须无菌的是一次性使用集尿袋(E对)。国家对医疗器械按照风险程度实行分类管理。评价医疗器械风险程度,应当考虑医疗器械的预期目的、结构特征、使用方法等因素。第一类是风险程度低,实行常规管理可以保证其安全、有效的医疗器械。如外科用手术器械(刀、剪、钳、镊夹、针、钩)、听诊器(无电能)、反光镜、反光灯、医用放大镜、(中医用)刮痧板、橡皮膏、纱布绷带(B错)、透气胶带、手术衣、手术帽、检查手套、集液袋等。此类可以市售,但必须无菌。第二类是具有中度风险,需要严格控制管理以保证其安全、有效的医疗器械。如血压计、体温计、心电图机、脑电图机、手术显微镜、(中医用)针灸针、助听器、皮肤缝合钉、避孕套、避孕帽、无菌医用手套、睡眠监护系统软件、超声三维系统软件、脉象仪软件等。第三类是具有较高风险,需要采取特别措施严格控制管理以保证其安全、有效的医疗器械。如心脏起搏器、体外反搏装置、血管内窥镜、超声肿瘤聚焦刀、高频电刀、微波手术刀(C错)、医用磁共振成像设备、钻60治疗机、正电子发射断层扫描装置(PECT)、植入器材、植入式人工器官、血管支架、血管内导管、一次性使用输液器(D错)、输血器(A错)等。"} {"Question":"《医疗器械监督管理条例》所称医疗器械,是指单独或者组合使用于人体的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"仪器、设备"},{"key":"B","value":"器具"},{"key":"C","value":"材料或者其他物品"},{"key":"D","value":"包括所需要的软件"},{"key":"E","value":"所有诊断试剂"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"从证书号格式判断属于进口第一类医疗器械的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"京械注准×××××××××××"},{"key":"B","value":"国械注准×××××××××××"},{"key":"C","value":"国械注许×××××××××××"},{"key":"D","value":"国械备××××××××"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查医疗器械注册格式与备案凭证格式。从证书号格式判断属于进口第一类医疗器械的是国械备××××××××(D对)。医疗器械注册格式与备案凭证格式:医疗器械注册证格式由国务院药品监督管理部门统一制定。注册证编号的编排方式为:×1械注×2××××3×4××5××××6。其中:×1为注册审批部门所在地的简称:境内第三类医疗器械、进口第二类、第三类医疗器械为“国”字;境内第二类医疗器械为注册审批部门所在地省、自治区、直辖市简称;×2为注册形式:“准”字适用于境内医疗器械(AB错);“进”字适用于进口医疗器械;“许”字适用于香港、澳门、台湾地区的医疗器械(C错);××××3为首次注册年份;×4为产品管理类别;××5为产品分类编码;××××6为首次注册流水号。延续注册的,××××3和××××6数字不变。产品管理类别调整的,应当重新编号。第一类医疗器械备案凭证编号的编排方式为:×1械备××××2××××3号。其中:×1为备案部门所在地的简称:进口第一类医疗器械为“国”字;境内第一类医疗器械为备案部门所在地省、自治区、直辖市简称加所在地设区的市级行政区域的简称(无相应设区的市级行政区域时,仅为省、自治区、直辖市的简称);××××2为备案年份;××××3为备案流水号。"} {"Question":"某执业药师在执业过程中,发现从供货单位购进的降糖药质量可疑,根据执业药师的职业道德要求,对该批药的最佳处理方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"要求供货单位尽快换货"},{"key":"B","value":"将余下药品退回供货单位"},{"key":"C","value":"因为没有确认为假药可以继续使用"},{"key":"D","value":"在退货的同时,报告当地药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"不能退、换货,及时报告当地药品监督管理部门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考察执业药师职责。执业药师应确保药品质量,发现质量可疑的药品,应当立即停止销售,并及时报告当地药监部门,不能退、换货(E对)。"} {"Question":"执业药师在合理用药方面应尽的职责有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"积极向患者推荐新药、贵重药和进口药"},{"key":"B","value":"向患者介绍药物的治疗作用和不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"建立患者药历,进行用药咨询"},{"key":"D","value":"及时发现药物不良反应,并逐级报告,评价上市药物的稳定性和疗效"},{"key":"E","value":"定期进行处方和病历分析,找出不合理用药原因"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"执业药师在个人价值观与社会个别不良风气发生冲突时,要自觉抵制不道德行为,并提供专业服务。其在执业药师职业道德中体现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诚信服务、一视同仁"},{"key":"B","value":"尊重患者、平等相待"},{"key":"C","value":"进德修业、珍视声誉"},{"key":"D","value":"在岗执业、标识明确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是执业药师的职业道德准则。执业药师在个人价值观与社会个别不良风气发生冲突时,要自觉抵制不道德行为,并提供专业服务。其在执业药师职业道德中体现为进德修业,珍视声誉(C对)。执业药师的职业道德准则:2006年10月18日,原中国执业药师协会发布了《中国执业药师职业道德准则》(简称《准则》),2009年6月5日又对《准则》进行了修订。同时,为了指导全国广大执业药师更好地贯彻、实施《准则》,规范执业药师的执业行为,原中国执业药师协会又在《准则》的基础上,于2007年3月13日发布了《中国执业药师职业道德准则适用指导》,并在2009年6月5日进行了修订。《准则》包含五条职业道德准则,适用于中国境内的执业药师,包括依法履行执业药师职责的其他药学技术人员。执业药师在执业过程中应当接受各级药品监督管理部门、执业药师协会和社会公众的监督。具体内容如下:1.救死扶伤,不辱使命:执业药师应当将患者及公众的身体健康和生命安全放在首位,以专业知识、技能和良知,尽心、尽职、尽责为患者及公众提供药品和药学服务。2.尊重患者,平等相待(B错):执业药师应当尊重患者或消费者的价值观、知情权、自主权、隐私权,对待患者或消费者应不分年龄、性别、民族、信仰、职业、地位、贫富,一视同仁(A错)。3.依法执业,质量第一:执业药师应当遵守药品管理法律、法规,恪守职业道德,依法独立执业,确保药品质量和药学服务质量,科学指导用药,保证公众用药安全、有效、经济、适当。4.进德修业,珍视声誉:执业药师应当不断学习新知识、新技术,加强道德修养,提高专业水平和执业能力;知荣明耻,正直清廉,自觉抵制不道德行为和违法行为,努力维护职业声誉。5.尊重同仁,密切协作:执业药师应当与同仁和医护人员相互理解,相互信任,以诚相待,密切配合,建立和谐的工作关系,共同为药学事业的发展和人类的健康奉献力量。药品零售企业营业人员应当佩戴有照片、姓名、岗位等内容的工作牌,执业药师和药学技术人员的工作牌还应当标明执业资格或者药学专业技术职称,在岗执业的执业药师应当挂牌明示(D错)。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,对疗效不确、不良反应大或者其他原因危害人民健康的药品,应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进行再评价"},{"key":"B","value":"立即停止生产、经营、使用"},{"key":"C","value":"撤销其批准文号"},{"key":"D","value":"按假药处理"},{"key":"E","value":"按劣药处理"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查《中华人民共和国药品管理法》。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第四十二条规定,国务院药品监督管理部门对已经批准生产或者进口的药品,应当组织调查;对疗效不确、不良反应大或者其他原因危害人体健康的药品,应当撤销批准文号(C对)或者进口药品注册证书。"} {"Question":"执业药师有权依法开办或领办","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品生产企业、医院制剂室"},{"key":"B","value":"药品生产企业、药品检验所"},{"key":"C","value":"药品生产企业、药品经营企业"},{"key":"D","value":"药品经营企业、医院制剂室"},{"key":"E","value":"药品经营企业、药物研究所"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查执业药师。执业药师有权依法开办或领办药品生产企业、药品经营企业(C对)。执业药师是指经全国统一考试合格,取得《中华人民共和国执业药师职业资格证书》(以下简称《执业药师职业资格证书》)并经注册,在药品生产、经营、使用和其他需要提供药学服务的单位中执业的药学技术人员。凡从事药品生产、经营、使用的单位均应配备相应的执业药师,并以此作为开办药品生产、经营、使用单位的必备条件之一。故药品生产企业与药品经营企业均应配备相应的执业药师。"} {"Question":"对已确认发生严重不良反应的药品,可以采取停止生产、销售、使用的紧急控制措施的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地方人民政府和药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院或者省级人民政府的药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"药品监督管理部门及其设置的药品检验机构"},{"key":"D","value":"药品监督管理部门及其设置的药品检验机构的工作人员"},{"key":"E","value":"药品生产、经营企业和医疗机构的药品检验机构或者人员"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品监督管理。药品上市许可持有人、药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构应当经常考察本单位所生产、经营、使用的药品质量、疗效和不良反应。发现疑似不良反应的,应当及时向药品监督管理部门和卫生健康主管部门报告。对已确认发生严重不良反应的药品,由国务院药品监督管理部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门(B对)根据实际情况采取停止生产、销售、使用等紧急控制措施,并应当在五日内组织鉴定,自鉴定结论作出之日起十五日内依法作出行政处理决定。药品存在质量问题或者其他安全隐患的,药品上市许可持有人应当立即停止销售,告知相关药品经营企业和医疗机构停止销售和使用,召回已销售的药品,及时公开召回信息,必要时应当立即停止生产,并将药品召回和处理情况向省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门和卫生健康主管部门报告。药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构应当配合。药品上市许可持有人依法应当召回药品而未召回的,省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门应当责令其召回。地方人民政府和药品监督管理部门(A错)不得以要求实施药品检验、审批等手段限制或者排斥非本地区药品生产企业依照本法规定的药品进入本地区。药品监督管理部门及其设置的药品检验机构(C错)不得参与药品生产经营活动,不得以其名义推荐或者监制、监销药品。药品监督管理部门及其设置的药品检验机构的工作人员(D错)不得参与药品生产经营活动。药品生产、经营企业和医疗机构的药品检验机构或者人员(E错)应当接受当地药品监督管理部门设置的药品检验机构的业务指导。"} {"Question":"社会药店、医疗机构药房零售甲类非处方药的必要条件之一是配备","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药士"},{"key":"B","value":"执业药师"},{"key":"C","value":"老药工"},{"key":"D","value":"用药咨询人员"},{"key":"E","value":"专职采购人员"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查执业药师。社会药店、医疗机构药房零售甲类非处方药的必要条件之一是配备执业药师(B对)。凡从事药品生产、经营、使用的单位均应配备相应的执业药师,并以此作为开办药品生产、经营、使用单位的必备条件之一。"} {"Question":"根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》,特殊适应症与急救、抢救需要时,才可以纳入基本医疗保险用药的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药材"},{"key":"B","value":"中药饮片"},{"key":"C","value":"中成药"},{"key":"D","value":"血液制品"},{"key":"E","value":"口服泡腾剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是不得纳入基本医疗保险用药范围的药品。根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》,特殊适应症与急救、抢救需要时,才可以纳入基本医疗保险用药的药品是血液制品(D对)。不得纳入基本医疗保险用药范围的药品:根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》第四条,不能纳入基本医疗保险用药范围的药品包括:①主要起营养滋补作用的药品;②部分可以入药的动物及动物脏器,干(水)果类;③用中药材(A错)和中药饮片泡制的各类酒制剂;④各类药品中的果味制剂、口服泡腾剂(E错);⑤血液制品、蛋白类制品(特殊适应症与急救、抢救除外);⑥劳动保障部规定基本医疗保险基金不予支付的其他药品。《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》第五条:《药品目录》所列药品包括西药、中成药(C错)(含民族药,下同)、中药饮片(B错)(含民族药,下同)。西药和中成药列基本医疗保险基金准予支付的药品目录,药品名称采用通用名,并标明剂型。中药饮片列基本医疗保险基金不予支付的药品目录,药品名称采用药典名。"} {"Question":"给病人提供合理用药的正确指导是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品采购供应的职业道德"},{"key":"B","value":"药品安全储运的道德要求"},{"key":"C","value":"药品生产企业销售的工作道德"},{"key":"D","value":"药品调剂配发的工作道德"},{"key":"E","value":"药品广告宣传的道德责任"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》规定负责对已确认发生严重不良反应的药品,采取紧急控制措施,并依法作出行政处理决定的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生部"},{"key":"B","value":"国家食品药品监督管理局会同卫生部"},{"key":"C","value":"国家食品药品监督管理局"},{"key":"D","value":"国家药品不良反应监测中心"},{"key":"E","value":"省、自治区、直辖市(食品)药品监督管理局"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应报告和监测管理。负责对已确认发生严重不良反应的药品,采取紧急控制措施,并依法作出行政处理决定的部门是国家药品监督管理局(C对)。《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》第六条:国家食品药品监督管理局负责全国药品不良反应报告和监测的管理工作,并履行以下主要职责:(一)与卫生部共同制定药品不良反应报告和监测的管理规定和政策,并监督实施;(二)与卫生部联合组织开展全国范围内影响较大并造成严重后果的药品群体不良事件的调查和处理,并发布相关信息;(三)对已确认发生严重药品不良反应或者药品群体不良事件的药品依法采取紧急控制措施,作出行政处理决定,并向社会公布;(四)通报全国药品不良反应报告和监测情况;(五)组织检查药品生产、经营企业的药品不良反应报告和监测工作的开展情况,并与卫生部联合组织检查医疗机构的药品不良反应报告和监测工作的开展情况。"} {"Question":"医疗保障体系的构建中,发挥托底作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基本医疗保险"},{"key":"B","value":"补充医疗保险"},{"key":"C","value":"商业健康保险"},{"key":"D","value":"医疗救助"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查医疗救助的概念。医疗救助(D对)是帮助困难群众获得基本医疗保险服务并减轻其医疗费用负担的制度安排。国家整合完善城乡医疗救助,不断加大财政投入力度,提高托底保障能力,制度受益人群逐步扩展,确保困难群众公平获得基本医疗服务。基本医疗保险(A错)覆盖城乡全体就业和非就业人口,公平普惠保障人民群众基本医疗需求。补充医疗保险(B错)保障参保群众基本医疗保险之外个人负担的符合社会保险相关规定的医疗费用。鼓励商业健康保险(C错)发展鼓励产品创新,完善支持政策,加强市场行为监督管理,突出商业健康保险产品设计、销售、赔付等关键环节监管。"} {"Question":"患者,男,50岁,静脉滴注上市5年内的某国产药品,7分钟后全身瘙痒,难以忍受,立即停药,患者症状无缓解,并出现呼吸困难,血压下降至40\/25mmHg,神志模糊,给予抗休克治疗,患者神志逐渐清醒,呼吸顺畅,痒感消失血压回升至正常范围内。查询药品说明书,【不良反应】项下注明该药品可能发生过敏性休克。根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》,关于上述信息中的医疗机构对发生的药品不良反应处置的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该药品不良应不属于报告范围,可以不报告"},{"key":"B","value":"通过在医院内发布药讯代替不良反应报告"},{"key":"C","value":"应当立即通过药品不良反应监测信息网络报告"},{"key":"D","value":"应当在15日内填写药品不良反应报告表并报告"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是个例药品不良反应的收集。根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》,关于上述信息中的医疗机构对发生的药品不良反应处置的说法,正确的是应当在15日内填写药品不良反应报告表并报告(D对)。个例药品不良反应的收集:个例药品不良反应的收集和报告是药品不良反应监测工作的基础,也是药品上市许可持有人应履行的基本法律责任。药品上市许可持有人应建立面向医生、药师、患者等的有效信息途径,主动收集临床使用、临床研究、市场项目、学术文献以及药品上市许可持有人相关网站或论坛涉及的不良反应信息。境内发生的严重不良反应应当自严重不良反应发现或获知之日起15日内报告,死亡病例及药品群体不良事件应当立即报告,其他不良反应应当在30日内报告。药品上市许可持有人应当对严重不良反应报告中缺失的信息进行随访,对死亡病例开展调查并按要求提交调查报告。医疗机构通过药品不良反应监测系统报告发现或获知的药品不良反应,也可向药品上市许可持有人直接报告。药品经营企业直接向药品上市许可持有人报告。药品上市许可持有人不得以任何理由或手段干涉报告者的自发报告行为。"} {"Question":"根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,通过非法手段获取《执业药师资格证书》进行执业注册的人员,发证机构应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收回《执业药师资格证书》"},{"key":"B","value":"取消执业药师资格"},{"key":"C","value":"注销执业药师注册证"},{"key":"D","value":"通报批评"},{"key":"E","value":"给予1000元以下罚款"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是执业药师执业活动的监督管理。根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,通过非法手段获取《执业药师资格证书》进行执业注册的人员,发证机构应收回《执业药师资格证书》(A对)、取消执业药师资格(B对)、注销执业药师注册证(C对)。按照12号文及药品经营质量管理相关规定,对以不正当手段取得《执业药师职业资格证书》的,按照《专业技术人员资格考试违纪违规行为处理规定》(人力资源社会保障部令第31号)相关规定处理。以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得《执业药师注册证》的,由发证部门撤销《执业药师注册证》,三年内不予执业药师注册,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。对存在“挂证”行为的执业药师,撤销其《执业药师注册证》,在全国执业药师注册管理信息系统进行记录,并予以公示,在不良信息记录撤销前,不能再次注册执业。药品零售企业存在“挂证”执业药师的,按严重违反《药品经营质量管理规范》情形进行处罚。"} {"Question":"根据现行法律法规和国务院办公厅“三定方案”,负责建立国家基本药物制度,制定国家药物政策的政府部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生健康部门"},{"key":"B","value":"中医药管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗保障部门"},{"key":"D","value":"工业和信息化部门"},{"key":"E","value":"公安部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品管理工作相关部门。卫生健康部门(A对)根据现行法律法规和国务院办公厅“三定方案”,负责建立国家基本药物制度,制定国家药物政策。"} {"Question":"先由参保人员自付一定比例,再按基本医疗保险的规定支付的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使用“甲类目录”药品所发生的费用"},{"key":"B","value":"使用“乙类目录”药品所发生的费用"},{"key":"C","value":"使用中药饮片所发生的费用"},{"key":"D","value":"使用口服泡腾剂所发生的费用"},{"key":"E","value":"使用中药材和中药饮片炮制的各类酒制剂所发生的费用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是医保药品使用的费用支付原则。先由参保人员自付一定比例,再按基本医疗保险的规定支付的是使用“乙类目录”药品所发生的费用(B对)。医保药品使用的费用的支付方式:使用“甲类目录”的药品所发生的费用(A错),按基本医疗保险的规定支付。使用“乙类目录”的药品所发生的费用,先由参保人员自付一定比例,再按基本医疗保险的规定支付。个人自付的具体比例,由统筹地区规定,报省、自治区、直辖市医疗保障管理部门备案。"} {"Question":"《城镇职工基本医疗保险定点零售药店管理暂行办法》规定,定点零售药店对外配处方要","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与药品分类管理的处方药合并管理"},{"key":"B","value":"加强管理、统一核算"},{"key":"C","value":"集中管理、统一记账"},{"key":"D","value":"分别管理、单独建账"},{"key":"E","value":"分别管理、统一核算"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《药品不良反应报告和管理办法》规定,药品发生群体不良反应报告的报告时限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15日内"},{"key":"B","value":"立即"},{"key":"C","value":"1日内"},{"key":"D","value":"3日内"},{"key":"E","value":"5日内"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应。药品上市许可持有人、生产、经营企业和医疗机构获知或者发现药品群体不良事件后,应当立即(B对)通过电话或者传真等方式报所在地的县级药品监督管理部门、卫生行政部门和药品不良反应监测机构,必要时可以越级报告;同时填写《药品群体不良事件基本信息表》,对每一病例还应当及时填写《药品不良反应\/事件报告表》,通过国家药品不良反应监测信息网络报告。"} {"Question":"关于药品安全风险和药品安全风险管理措施的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品内在属性决定药品具有不可避免的药品安全风险"},{"key":"B","value":"不合理用药,用药差错是导致药品安全风险的关键因素"},{"key":"C","value":"药品上市许可人应担负起药品整个生命周期的安全监测和风险管理工作"},{"key":"D","value":"实施药品安全风险管理的有效措施是要从药品注册环节消除各种药品风险因素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品安全与风险管理。药品安全是一个相对的概念,取决于上市前对药品安全评价的认知局限性,也取决于对药品风险与收益量化评价的艰难性。药品安全相对性体现在整个药品的研发过程中。在这个过程中,不追求“零风险”,而要求对风险的有效控制,使其控制在可接受的范围内(D错,为本题正确答案)。药品安全与风险管理:药品产业链长,有研发、生产、流通和使用等多个环节,每个环节都存在着可能危害消费者的风险。安全的药品是人们认为它对人体损害的风险程度在可接受的水平,是一种“可接受”的有临床疗效的药品。药品安全是一个相对的概念,取决于上市前对药品安全评价的认知局限性,也取决于对药品风险与收益量化评价的艰难性。药品安全相对性体现在整个药品的研发过程中。在这个过程中,不追求“零风险”,而要求对风险的有效控制,使其控制在可接受的范围内。药品的最终上市是利益与风险权衡的结果。药品安全风险客观存在,这主要是由于药品具有两重性,一方面可以防病治病,另一方面也可能引起不良反应,使用不当会危害人体健康。任何药品的安全性都是相对的,药品本身就具有不可避免的安全风险(A对)。药品安全风险可分为自然风险和人为风险。药品安全的自然风险,又称“必然风险”“固有风险”,是药品的内在属性,属于药品设计风险。药品安全的自然风险是客观存在的,和药品的疗效一样,是由药品本身所决定的,来源于已知或者未知的药品不良反应。药品安全的人为风险,属于“偶然风险”的范畴,是指人为有意或无意违反法律法规而造成的药品安全风险,存在于药品的研制、生产、经营、使用各个环节。人为风险属于药品的制造风险和使用风险,主要来源于不合理用药、用药差错、药品质量问题、政策制度设计及管理导致的风险,是我国药品安全风险的关键因素(B对)。风险管理原则是全球药品管理的第一原则。风险通常被认为是“危害发生的可能性及其严重性的组合”,风险是与安全相对立统一的概念,风险存在一个可接受可容忍的“阈值”。药品领域风险来源多样,没有绝对安全的药品,只有不断地防控各种风险,才能实现保护和促进公众健康的目的。药品安全风险管理的目的在于使药品风险最小化,从而保障公众用药安全。药品安全管理就是药品安全的风险管理,最核心的要求就是要将事前预防、事中控制、事后处置有机结合起来,坚持预防为先,发挥多元主体作用,落实好各方责任,形成全链条管理,切实把药品安全风险管控起来。《药品管理法》第三条规定了药品管理坚持风险管理的原则。药品安全风险管理是一项非常复杂的社会系统工程,需要全社会共同参与,需要多方合作和充足的资源,需要明确药品研发机构、生产企业、经营企业和使用单位等风险管理主体的责任。药品安全管理的主要措施:药品管理应当以人民健康为中心,坚持风险管理、全程管控、社会共治的原则,建立科学、严格的监督管理制度,落实“四个最严”,即最严谨的标准、最严格的监管、最严厉的处罚和最严肃的问责,全面提升药品质量,保障药品的安全、有效、可及。在我国,加强药品安全风险管理可以从四个方面着手:首先,需要健全药品安全监管的各项法律法规。现有的对药品上市前的注册审评、药品上市后的不良反应监测,以及对存在安全隐患的药品实行召回、对已上市药品进行再评价等法律法规,是我国药品安全风险管理的法律基础;应当将风险管理的理念融入立法当中,完善法律法规、规范性文件和指南等,以覆盖药品安全风险管理的全过程,从而对药品整个生命周期中的风险进行全程监控。其次,要完善药品安全监管的相关组织体系建设。国家药品监督管理局设有药品注册管理司、药品监督管理司,以及药品审评中心、药品评价中心(国家药品不良反应监测中心)、执业药师资格认证中心等机构,形成了我国药品安全监管的行政和技术支撑体系。再者,要加强药品研制、生产、经营、使用环节的全过程管理,落实药品安全管理参与方各自的责任。药品上市许可持有人要始终以保护公众健康为中心,依法对药品研制、生产、经营、使用全过程中药品的安全性、有效性和质量可控性负责,承担药品全生命周期质量与风险管理的主体责任(C对)。最后,要建立药品追溯系统,所有药品上市许可持有人、生产企业、经营企业、使用单位都应当通过信息化手段建立这一系统,实现“一物一码,物码同追”,及时准确记录、保存药品追溯数据,形成互联互通药品追溯数据链,实现药品生产、流通和使用全过程来源可查、去向可追;有效防范非法药品进入合法渠道;确保发生质量安全风险的药品可召回、责任可追究。"} {"Question":"《国务院关于整合城乡居民医疗保险制度的意见》要求整合城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗制度,建立统一的城乡居民基本医疗保险制度。关于我国整合城乡居民基本医疗保险制度重点内容的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坚持统一覆盖范围和保障待遇,均衡城乡居民的保障待遇"},{"key":"B","value":"统一居民医保基金管理制度,遵循以收定支、收支平衡,略有结余原则"},{"key":"C","value":"坚持统一筹资渠道和筹资水平,统一住院费用支付比例"},{"key":"D","value":"统一城乡居民医保药品目录和医疗服务项目目录,对目录实行分级管理、动态调整"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查我国整合城乡居民基本医疗保险制度重点内容。我国整合城乡居民基本医疗保险的重点内容:(1)统一覆盖范围,城乡居民医保制度覆盖范围包括现有城镇居民医保和新以外的其他所有城乡居即覆盖除织民。(2)统一筹资政策,坚持多渠道筹资,继实行个人费与政府补助相结合为主的筹资方式,鼓励集体、单位或其他社会经济组织给予扶持或资助,在精算平衡的基础上,逐步建立与经济社会发展水平,各方承受能力相适应的稳定筹资机制逐步建立个人费标准与减乡居民人均可支图收入相俗接的机制。合理划分政府与个人的筹资责任,在提高政府补助标准的同时,适当提高个人缴费比重(C错,为本题正确答案)。(3)统一保障待遇。①遵循保适度、收支平衡的原则,均衡城多保障待遇,逐步统一保范围和支付标准,为参保人员提供公平的基本医疗保障(A对);②城多居民医保基金主要用于支付参保人员发生的住院和门诊医药费用;③稳定住院保障水平,政策范围内住院费用支付比例保持在75%左右。(4)统一医保目录,统一城乡居民医保药品目录和医疗服务项目目录(D对),明确药品和医疗服务支付范围,各省(区、市)要按照国家基本医保用药管理和基本药物制度有关规定,遵循临床必票安全有效、价格合理,技术活宜、其全可承受的原则,在现有城镇居民医保和新农合目录的其出上,活当老电参保人员重求变化进行调整,有增有减、有控有扩,做到种类基本齐全、结构总体合理。完善医保目录管理办法,实行分级管理、动态调整。(5)统一定点管理,统一城乡居民医保定点机构管理办法,强化定点服务协议管理,建立健全考核评价机制和动态的准入退出机制,对非公立医疗机构与公立医宁机构实行同等的定点管理政策,原则上由统筹地区管理机构负责定点机知的准入、退出和监管,省级管理机私负责制J定点机构的准入原则和管理办法,并重点加强对统筹区域外的省、市级定点医疗机构的指导与监督。(6)统一基金管理,城乡居民医保执行国家统一的基金财务制度、会计制度和基金预决算管理制度.城乡居民医保基金纳入财政专户,实行“收支两条线”管里。基全独立核算、专户管理,任何单位和个人不得挤占挪用。其全使用遵循以收定支收古平衡略有结余的原则,确保应支付费用及时足额拨付,合理控制基全当年结余率和累计结余率(B对)。"} {"Question":"国家实行特殊管理的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"福尔可定"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢哌酮"},{"key":"D","value":"氧氟沙星"},{"key":"E","value":"鱼腥草注射液"}],"Answer":"AB","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品和药品分类。国家实行特殊管理的药品是白蛋白(A对)、福尔可定(B对)。药品和药品分类:《药品管理法》规定,药品是指“用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理机能并规定有适应症或者功能主治、用法和用量的物质,包括中药、化学药和生物制品等”。从该定义来看,我国《药品管理法》中规定的药品具有特定的内涵和外延。药品特指人用药品,不包括兽药和农药。药品的使用目的、方法有严格规定。使用目的是用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理机能;使用方法要求必须遵循规定的适应症或者功能主治、用法和用量。根据药品的定义,药品可分为中药、化学药和生物制品三类。同时,《药品管理法》有关条文对药品进行了其他分类。《药品管理法》第四条:“国家发展现代药和传统药”;第五十四条:“国家对药品实行处方药与非处方药分类管理制度”;第六十一条:“疫苗、血液制品、麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、药品类易制毒化学品等国家实行特殊管理的药品不得在网络上销售”。根据相关条文,药品在一定程度上还可分为现代药和传统药;处方药与非处方药;实行一般管理的药品与实行特殊管理的药品。另外,在药品注册管理中,对中药、化学药和生物制品等按药品注册类别进行分类。中药注册分类:中药创新药,中药改良型新药,古代经典名方中药复方制剂,同名同方药等。化学药注册分类:化学药创新药,化学药改良型新药,仿制药等。生物制品注册分类:生物制品创新药、生物制品改良型新药,已上市生物制品(含生物类似药)等。血液制品,是特指各种人血浆蛋白制品,包括人血白蛋白、人胎盘血白蛋白、静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白、肌注人免疫球蛋白、组织胺人免疫球蛋白、特异性免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白(乙型肝炎、狂犬病、破伤风免疫球蛋白)、人凝血因子Ⅷ、人凝血酶原复合物、人纤维蛋白原、抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白等。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪;22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。"} {"Question":"根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》,省级主管部门可以调整的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲类目录"},{"key":"B","value":"乙类目录"},{"key":"C","value":"口服泡腾片"},{"key":"D","value":"中药饮片"},{"key":"E","value":"中成药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是医保药品目录制定与调整。根据《城镇职工基本医疗保险用药范围管理暂行办法》,省级主管部门可以调整的是乙类目录(B对)。医保药品目录制定与调整:国家医疗保障局负责制定医保药品目录准入谈判规则并组织实施。根据《2019年国家医保药品目录调整工作方案》,目录调整工作由国家医疗保障局牵头,会同工业和信息化部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、国家卫生健康委、国家药品监督管理局、国家中医药管理局研究制定工作方案,研究确定目录调整的原则、程序,协调政策问题。目录调整分为准备、评审、发布常规准入目录、谈判、发布谈判准入目录5个阶段。根据《关于印发〈国家基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险药品目录〉的通知》,各地不得自行制定目录或用变通的方法增加目录内药品,也不得自行调整目录内药品的限定支付范围。对于原省级药品目录内按规定调增的乙类药品,应在3年内逐步消化。消化过程中,各省应优先将纳入国家重点监控范围的药品调整出支付范围。对于经国家有关部门批准上市的民族药品,可由各省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围。各省调整民族药品的情况应报国家医保局备案后向社会公开。医保药品目录中的中药饮片是从有国家标准的中药饮片中经专家评审产生的。对于其他有国家或地方标准的中药饮片,可由各省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围,但不得增加目录中规定的不予支付的饮片。对于经省级药品监督管理部门批准的治疗性医院制剂,可由省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序,制定纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围的医院制剂目录,并按照有关规定限于特定医疗机构使用。"} {"Question":"药学人员在药学实践中,通过自我教育,不断改正缺点,体现了药学职业道德的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激励作用"},{"key":"B","value":"促进作用"},{"key":"C","value":"调节作用"},{"key":"D","value":"约束作用"},{"key":"E","value":"督促和启迪作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"执业药师资格考试机构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国家药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国家人事部"},{"key":"C","value":"国家药品监督管理部门和人事部"},{"key":"D","value":"省药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"省人事部门"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查执业药师。执业药师资格考试机构是国家药品监督管理部门和人事部(C对)。在执业药师职业资格考试职责分工方面,国家药品监督管理局主要负责组织拟定考试科目和考试大纲、建立试题库、组织命审题工作,提出考试合格标准建议。人力资源社会保障部负责组织审定考试科目、考试大纲,会同国家药品监督管理局对考试工作进行监督、指导并确定合格标准。国家药品监督管理局(A错)为全国执业药师资格注册管理机构。各省、自治区、直辖市药品监督管理局(D错)为注册机构。"} {"Question":"根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,执业药师注册有效期为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一年"},{"key":"B","value":"二年"},{"key":"C","value":"三年"},{"key":"D","value":"四年"},{"key":"E","value":"五年"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是执业药师注册要求。根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,执业药师注册有效期为五年(E对)。执业药师注册有效期为五年。需要延续的,应当在有效期届满三十日前,向所在地注册管理机构提出延续注册申请。"} {"Question":"对于政府定价的药品,政府不制定药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最高零售价"},{"key":"B","value":"最高基准价"},{"key":"C","value":"最高批发价"},{"key":"D","value":"调拨价"},{"key":"E","value":"最高出厂价"}],"Answer":"BD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"由国家制定,各省可根据当地经济水平、医疗需求和用药习惯适当进行调整的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《基本医疗保险药品目录》中的“甲类目录”药品"},{"key":"B","value":"《基本医疗保险药品目录》中的“乙类目录”"},{"key":"C","value":"《基本医疗保险药品目录》中的中药饮片"},{"key":"D","value":"新型农村合作医疗药品目录"},{"key":"E","value":"定点药店可经营的药品种类和品种"}],"Answer":null,"Explanation":"本题考查的是医保药品目录制定与调整。各地不得自行制定目录或用变通的方法增加目录内药品,也不得自行调整目录内药品的限定支付范围(ABCDE错)。医保药品目录制定与调整:国家医疗保障局负责制定医保药品目录准入谈判规则并组织实施。根据《2019年国家医保药品目录调整工作方案》,目录调整工作由国家医疗保障局牵头,会同工业和信息化部、财政部、人力资源社会保障部、国家卫生健康委、国家药品监督管理局、国家中医药管理局研究制定工作方案,研究确定目录调整的原则、程序,协调政策问题。目录调整分为准备、评审、发布常规准入目录、谈判、发布谈判准入目录5个阶段。根据《关于印发〈国家基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险药品目录〉的通知》,各地不得自行制定目录或用变通的方法增加目录内药品,也不得自行调整目录内药品的限定支付范围。对于原省级药品目录内按规定调增的乙类药品,应在3年内逐步消化。消化过程中,各省应优先将纳入国家重点监控范围的药品调整出支付范围。对于经国家有关部门批准上市的民族药品,可由各省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围。各省调整民族药品的情况应报国家医保局备案后向社会公开。医保药品目录中的中药饮片是从有国家标准的中药饮片中经专家评审产生的。对于其他有国家或地方标准的中药饮片,可由各省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围,但不得增加目录中规定的不予支付的饮片。对于经省级药品监督管理部门批准的治疗性医院制剂,可由省级医疗保障部门牵头,会同人力资源社会保障部门根据当地的基金负担能力及用药需求,经相应的专家评审程序,制定纳入本省(区、市)基金支付范围的医院制剂目录,并按照有关规定限于特定医疗机构使用。"} {"Question":"根据《反不正当竞争法》,下列互联网药品信息服务提供者的行为中,属于互联网不正当竞争行为的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"转载药品监督管理部门或药品生产企业发布的药品召回信息"},{"key":"B","value":"转载国家药品监督管理部门发布的药品管理规范性文件"},{"key":"C","value":"利用技术手段,对其他合法药品经营者的网络服务实施不兼容"},{"key":"D","value":"对非法售药网站实施屏蔽"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查互联网不正当竞争行为。根据《反不正当竞争法》,下列互联网药品信息服务提供者的行为中,属于互联网不正当竞争行为的是利用技术手段,对其他合法药品经营者的网络服务实施不兼容(C对)。互联网不正当竞争行为:经营者利用网络从事生产经营活动,应当遵守反不正当竞争法的各项规定。同时,经营者不得利用技术手段,通过影响用户选择或者其他方式,实施下列妨碍、破坏其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务正常运行的行为:①未经其他经营者同意,在其合法提供的网络产品或者服务中,插入链接、强制进行目标跳转;②误导、欺骗、强迫用户修改、关闭、卸载其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务;③恶意对其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务实施不兼容;④其他妨碍、破坏其他经营者合法提供的网络产品或者服务正常运行的行为。"} {"Question":"根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,使用某药品需要观察过敏反应的内容应列在","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"适应症"},{"key":"B","value":"不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"药物相互作用"},{"key":"D","value":"注意事项"},{"key":"E","value":"禁忌"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书的格式和书写要求。根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,使用某药品需要观察过敏反应的内容应列在注意事项(D对)。【注意事项】:(1)处方药应当列出使用时必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒),用药过程中需观察的情况(如过敏反应,定期检查血象、肝功能、肾功能)及用药对于临床检验的影响等。如有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,应在该项下列出;如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、妊娠、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出;处方中如含有可能引起严重不良反应的成分或辅料,应在该项下列出;注射剂如需进行皮内敏感试验的,应在该项下列出;中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,必须列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。尚不清楚有无注意事项的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)非处方药应列出使用该药必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒等),孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群用药,用药对于临床检验的影响,滥用或药物依赖情况,以及其他保障用药人自我药疗安全用药的有关内容。必须注明“对本品过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用”“本品性状发生改变时禁止使用”“如正在使用其他药品,使用本品前请咨询医师或药师”“请将本品放在儿童不能接触的地方”。对于可用于儿童的药品必须注明“儿童必须在成人监护下使用”。处方中含兴奋剂的品种应注明“运动员应在医师指导下使用”。对于是否适用于孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群尚不明确的,必须注明相应人群应在医师指导下使用。如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出。中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,应注明本品含××(化学药品通用名称),并列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品注意事项内容不得删减。【注意事项】内容应采用加重字体印刷。(3)预防用生物制品列出使用的各种注意事项。以特殊接种途径进行免疫的制品,应明确接种途径,如注明“严禁皮下或肌内注射”。使用前检查包装容器、标签、外观、有效期是否符合要求。还包括疫苗包装容器开启时,对制品使用的要求(如需振摇),冻干制品的重溶时间等。疫苗开启后应在规定的时间内使用,以及由于接种该制品而出现的紧急情况的应急处理办法等。减毒活疫苗还需在该项下注明:本品为减毒活疫苗,不推荐在该疾病流行季节使用。【适应症】(A错)(化学药)\/【功能主治】(中成药):(1)处方药应当根据该药品的用途,采用准确的表述方式,明确用于预防、治疗、诊断、缓解或者辅助治疗某种疾病(状态)或者症状;与国家批准的该品种药品标准中的功能主治或适应症一致。(2)非处方药应按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的非处方药功能主治内容书写,并不得超出国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药适应症(功能主治)范围。(3)预防用生物制品说明书则标注为【接种对象】:注明适宜接种的易感人群、接种人群的年龄、接种的适宜季节等,以及【作用与用途】明确该制品的主要作用,如“用于×××疾病的预防”。【不良反应】(B错)(1)处方药应当实事求是地详细列出该药品不良反应,并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出;尚不清楚有无不良反应的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品应包括接种后可能出现的偶然或者一过性反应的描述,以及对于出现的不良反应是否需要特殊处理建议。(3)非处方药在本项目下应当实事求是地详细列出该药品已知的或者可能发生的不良反应。并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品不良反应内容不得删减。同时,标注“不良反应”的定义。【药物相互作用】(C错):(1)化学药品处方药应列出与该药产生相互作用的药品或者药品类别,并说明相互作用的结果及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。(2)中成药处方药如进行过该项相关研究,应详细说明哪些或哪类药物与本药品产生相互作用,并说明相互作用的结果。如未进行该项相关研究,可不列此项,但注射剂除外,注射剂必须以“尚无本品与其他药物相互作用的信息”来表述。(3)应列出与该药产生相互作用的药物及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。必须注明“如与其他药物同时使用可能会发生药物相互作用,详情请咨询医师或药师。”【禁忌】(E错):(1)处方药应当列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,例如禁止应用该药品的人群、疾病等情况;尚不清楚有无禁忌的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品列出禁止使用或者暂缓使用该制品的各种情况。(3)非处方药应列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,如禁止应用该药品的人群或疾病等情况。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品禁忌内容不得删减。【禁忌】内容应采用加重字体印刷。"} {"Question":"患者王某,15岁,因患感冒、咳嗽,到社区卫生服务中心就诊,经问诊结合血常规检查结果,医师开具了左氧氟沙星片、复方磷酸可特因口服溶液、感冒清热颗粒(外包装为红色OTC标识)的处方。药师审方后,认为左氧氟沙星片不宜用于18岁以下小儿及青少年,建议调整抗菌药物,改用阿奇霉素片。取药时,药师交代用药注意事项。收到复方磷酸可待因口服溶液的申请后,所在地省级市场监督管理部门的做法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"予以批准,并告知只能在有关部门指定的医学、药学专业刊物上发布广告"},{"key":"B","value":"予以批准,并告知可以在大众媒体上发布广告"},{"key":"C","value":"不论其广告申请材料是否完备,均不予受理"},{"key":"D","value":"告知无须批准,经备案即可发布广告"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查不得发布广告的产品。说法正确的是不论其广告申请材料是否完备,均不予受理(C对)。不得发布广告的产品:按照规定,不得做广告的产品包括:麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、药品类易制毒化学品,以及戒毒治疗的药品、医疗器械。对按处方药管理的含麻黄碱类复方制剂,其广告只能在医学、药学专业刊物上发布(A错);不得在大众传播媒介发布广告或者以其他方式进行以公众为对象的广告宣传。广告管理:“双跨”药品作为“处方药”时不得在大众媒介上发布广告或者以其他方式进行以公众为对象的广告宣传,作为“非处方药”则可以在大众媒介上进行广告宣传(B错)。"} {"Question":"药品广告中有关药品功效的宣传应当科学准确,遵循合理宣传、科学引导的原则。药品广告不得含有的内容有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"“能够帮助提高考试成绩”的表述"},{"key":"B","value":"“免费治疗、免费赠送”的表述"},{"key":"C","value":"“仅供医药学专业人士阅读”的表述"},{"key":"D","value":"“纯中药、无毒副作用”的表述"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查广告中不得出现的情形。药品广告中有关药品功效的宣传应当科学准确,遵循合理宣传、科学引导的原则。药品广告不得含有的内容有“能够帮助提高考试成绩”的表述(A错,为本题正确答案)、“免费治疗、免费赠送”的表述(B错,为本题正确答案)与“纯中药、无毒副作用”的表述(D错,为本题正确答案)。广告中不得出现的情形:药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告不得违反《广告法》第九条、第十六条、第十九条规定,不得包含的内容还包括:①使用或者变相使用国家机关、国家机关工作人员、军队单位或者军队人员的名义或者形象,或者利用军队装备、设施等从事广告宣传;②使用科研单位、学术机构、行业协会或者专家、学者、医师、药师、临床营养师、患者等的名义或者形象作推荐、证明;③违反科学规律,明示或者暗示可以治疗所有疾病、适应所有症状、适应所有人群,或者正常生活和治疗病症所必需等内容;④引起公众对所处健康状况和所患疾病产生不必要的担忧和恐惧,或者使公众误解不使用该产品会患某种疾病或者加重病情的内容;⑤含有“安全”“安全无毒副作用”“毒副作用小”;明示或者暗示成分为“天然”,因而安全性有保证等内容;⑥含有“热销、抢购、试用”“家庭必备、免费治疗、免费赠送”等诱导性内容,“评比、排序、推荐、指定、选用、获奖”等综合性评价内容,“无效退款、保险公司保险”等保证性内容,怂恿消费者任意、过量使用药品的内容;⑦含有医疗机构的名称、地址、联系方式、诊疗项目、诊疗方法以及有关义诊、医疗咨询电话、开设特约门诊等医疗服务的内容;⑧法律、行政法规规定不得含有的其他内容。药品广告的内容应当以国务院药品监督管理部门核准的说明书为准。药品广告涉及药品名称、药品适应症或者功能主治、药理作用等内容的,不得超出说明书范围。药品广告应当显著标明禁忌、不良反应,处方药广告还应当显著标明“本广告仅供医学药学专业人士阅读”(C对),非处方药广告还应当显著标明非处方药标识(OTC)和“请按药品说明书或者在药师指导下购买和使用”。"} {"Question":"根据《药品包装、标签和说明书管理规定(暂行)》,下列所述属于药品内包装标签必须标注的内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品的用法用量"},{"key":"B","value":"药品的功能主治或适应症"},{"key":"C","value":"药品的生产企业"},{"key":"D","value":"药品生产日期"},{"key":"E","value":"药品名称、规格及生产批号"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药品的内标签。药品内包装标签必须标注的内容是药品名称、规格及生产批号(E对)。药品内标签是指直接接触药品包装的标签。内包装标签可根据其尺寸的大小,应当尽可能包含药品通用名称、适应症或者功能主治、规格、用法用量、贮藏、生产日期、生产批号、有效期、生产企业等内容。包装尺寸过小无法全部标明上述内容的,至少应当标注药品通用名称、规格、产品批号、有效期等内容。药品的用法用量(A错)、药品的功能主治或适应症(B错)、药品的生产企业(C错)、药品生产日期(D错)不属于必须标注的内容。"} {"Question":"药品说明书中【用法用量】一项","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应详细列出口服、皮下注射、外用等用药途径"},{"key":"B","value":"应详细说明用药过量造成的后果"},{"key":"C","value":"应准确标明药物剂量,分清儿童、成人、老龄患者的用量"},{"key":"D","value":"需要饭前、饭后、清晨、睡前服用者,应详细说明"},{"key":"E","value":"应详细说明正常用法用量情况下出现的对人体有害的反应"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,欲了解用药疗程或者用药规定期限,可查阅","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"【用法用量】"},{"key":"B","value":"【药物相互作用】"},{"key":"C","value":"【禁忌】"},{"key":"D","value":"【注意事项】"},{"key":"E","value":"【不良反应】"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书的格式和书写要求。根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,欲了解用药疗程或者用药规定期限,可查阅【用法用量】(A对)。【用法用量】:(1)化学药品和治疗用生物制品应当包括用法和用量两部分。需按疗程用药或者规定用药期限的,必须注明疗程、期限;详细列出该药品的用药方法,准确列出用药的剂量、计量方法、用药次数以及疗程期限,并应当特别注意与规格的关系。用法上有特殊要求的,应当按实际情况详细说明。(2)中药、天然药物处方药应与国家批准的该品种药品标准中的用法用量一致。(3)化学药品非处方药用量按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用量书写。数字以阿拉伯数字表示,所有重量或容量单位必须以汉字表示。用法可根据药品的具体情况,在国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用法用量和适应症范围内描述,用法不能对用药人有其他方面的误导或暗示;需提示患者注意的特殊用法用量应当在注意事项中说明。老年人或儿童等特殊人群的用法用量不得使用“儿童酌减”或“老年人酌减”等表述方法,可在【注意事项】中注明“儿童用量(或老年人用量)应咨询医师或药师”。(4)中成药非处方药用量按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用量书写。数字以阿拉伯数字表示,所有重量或容量单位必须以汉字表示。用法可根据药品的具体情况,在国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用法用量和功能主治范围内描述,用法不能对用药人有其他方面的误导或暗示,需提示用药人注意的特殊用法用量应当在注意事项中说明。(5)预防用生物制品则标注【免疫程序和剂量】明确接种部位、接种途径(如肌内注射、皮下注射、划痕接种等)。特殊接种途径的应描述接种的方法、全程免疫程序和剂量(包括免疫针次、每次免疫的剂量、时间间隔、加强免疫的时间及剂量)。每次免疫程序因不同年龄段而不同的,应当分别作出规定。冻干制品应当规定复溶量及复溶所用的溶媒。【药物相互作用】(B错):(1)化学药品处方药应列出与该药产生相互作用的药品或者药品类别,并说明相互作用的结果及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。(2)中成药处方药如进行过该项相关研究,应详细说明哪些或哪类药物与本药品产生相互作用,并说明相互作用的结果。如未进行该项相关研究,可不列此项,但注射剂除外,注射剂必须以“尚无本品与其他药物相互作用的信息”来表述。(3)应列出与该药产生相互作用的药物及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。必须注明“如与其他药物同时使用可能会发生药物相互作用,详情请咨询医师或药师。”【禁忌】(C错):(1)处方药应当列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,例如禁止应用该药品的人群、疾病等情况;尚不清楚有无禁忌的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品列出禁止使用或者暂缓使用该制品的各种情况。(3)非处方药应列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,如禁止应用该药品的人群或疾病等情况。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品禁忌内容不得删减。【禁忌】内容应采用加重字体印刷。【注意事项】(D错):(1)处方药应当列出使用时必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒),用药过程中需观察的情况(如过敏反应,定期检查血象、肝功能、肾功能)及用药对于临床检验的影响等。如有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,应在该项下列出;如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、妊娠、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出;处方中如含有可能引起严重不良反应的成分或辅料,应在该项下列出;注射剂如需进行皮内敏感试验的,应在该项下列出;中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,必须列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。尚不清楚有无注意事项的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)非处方药应列出使用该药必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒等),孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群用药,用药对于临床检验的影响,滥用或药物依赖情况,以及其他保障用药人自我药疗安全用药的有关内容。必须注明“对本品过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用”“本品性状发生改变时禁止使用”“如正在使用其他药品,使用本品前请咨询医师或药师”“请将本品放在儿童不能接触的地方”。对于可用于儿童的药品必须注明“儿童必须在成人监护下使用”。处方中含兴奋剂的品种应注明“运动员应在医师指导下使用”。对于是否适用于孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群尚不明确的,必须注明相应人群应在医师指导下使用。如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出。中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,应注明本品含××(化学药品通用名称),并列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品注意事项内容不得删减。【注意事项】内容应采用加重字体印刷。(3)预防用生物制品列出使用的各种注意事项。以特殊接种途径进行免疫的制品,应明确接种途径,如注明“严禁皮下或肌内注射”。使用前检查包装容器、标签、外观、有效期是否符合要求。还包括疫苗包装容器开启时,对制品使用的要求(如需振摇),冻干制品的重溶时间等。疫苗开启后应在规定的时间内使用,以及由于接种该制品而出现的紧急情况的应急处理办法等。减毒活疫苗还需在该项下注明:本品为减毒活疫苗,不推荐在该疾病流行季节使用。【不良反应】(E错):(1)处方药应当实事求是地详细列出该药品不良反应,并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出;尚不清楚有无不良反应的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品应包括接种后可能出现的偶然或者一过性反应的描述,以及对于出现的不良反应是否需要特殊处理建议。(3)非处方药在本项目下应当实事求是地详细列出该药品已知的或者可能发生的不良反应。并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品不良反应内容不得删减。同时,标注“不良反应”的定义。"} {"Question":"为保障公众的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权,国家药品监督管理部门开通药品信息查询平台。下列不属于药品信息查询平台公开范围的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行政审批信息"},{"key":"B","value":"统计信息"},{"key":"C","value":"监督抽检信息"},{"key":"D","value":"立案信息"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查上市药品信息公开的范围。公开的范围:(1)各类依法主动公开的信息:包括药品管理的法律法规、各项规章和规范性文件、政策解读、各类公告通告、中药保护品种目录、麻醉药品和精神药品品种目录、国家基本药物目录、非处方药目录等等。(2)行政审批信息(A对)。(3)药品的备案信息(4)药品日常监督检查和飞行检查等监督检查结果信息,通常以公告通告,或监管信息的形式发布。(5)全国药品抽检信息(C对)。(6)药品行政处罚决定的信息。(7)药品监督管理部门责令药品生产经营者召回相关药品的信息。(8)药品监督管理部门的各类统计信息(B对)依据法律法规及时公开,供社会公众查询(D错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"由经营者自主制定,通过市场竞争形成的价格是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"政府指导价"},{"key":"B","value":"政府定价"},{"key":"C","value":"集中招标采购"},{"key":"D","value":"市场调节价"},{"key":"E","value":"调节价"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"原料药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"标签上应注明质量标准"},{"key":"B","value":"标签上应有《中国人民共和国药品管理法实施办法》中规定的标志"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均需要"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不需要"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品标准。原料药标签上应注明质量标准(A对)。药品标准也称药品质量标准,是指对药品的质量指标、生产工艺和检验方法等所作的技术要求和规范,内容包括药品的名称、成分或处方的组成;含量及其检验方法;制剂的辅料规格;允许的杂质及其限量;以及药品的作用、用法、用量;注意事项;贮藏方法等。《药品管理法》中规定药品的外标签应当注明药品通用名称、成分、性状、适应症或者功能主治、规格、用法用量、不良反应等。原料药的标签应当注明药品名称、贮藏、生产日期、产品批号、有效期、执行标准、批准文号、生产企业,同时还需注明包装数量以及运输注意事项等必要内容。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,关于药品的包装管理的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对不合格的直接接触药品包装材料的容器,由省级工商管理部门责令停止使用"},{"key":"B","value":"药品生产企业不得使用未经批准的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器"},{"key":"C","value":"直接接触药品的包装材料和容器,应在药品批准后,再报批"},{"key":"D","value":"药品包装必须按规定印有彩色醒目标签"},{"key":"E","value":"特殊管理药品、外用药、非处方药、药用辅料标签必须印有专有标识"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品包装的分类。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,关于药品的包装管理的说法,正确的是药品生产企业不得使用未经批准的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器(B对)。药品包装的分类:药品的包装分内包装、外包装和最小销售单元包装。(1)内包装:系指直接与药品接触的包装(如安瓿、注射剂瓶、铝箔等,也叫做“药包材”)。药包材应当能保证药品在生产、运输、贮藏及使用过程中的质量,并便于医疗使用。《药品管理法》第四十六条规定,直接接触药品的包装材料和容器,应当符合药用要求,符合保障人体健康、安全的标准。对不合格的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器,由药品监督管理部门责令停止使用(A错)。国家对直接接触药品的包装有严格的规定和标准,如《药品包装材料与药物相容性试验指导原则》(YBB00142002)等相关技术指导原则的要求。2004年7月,国家药品监督管理部门发布《直接接触药品的包装材料和容器管理办法》(局令第13号),要求根据药品的性质选用药包材的材质,开展稳定性试验,考察药包材与药品的相容性;并要求制定注册药包材产品目录,并对目录中的产品实行注册管理。《药品管理法》第二十五条第二款规定,国务院药品监督管理部门在审批药品时,对化学原料药一并审评审批,对相关辅料、直接接触药品的包装材料和容器一并审评(C错),对药品的质量标准、生产工艺、标签和说明书一并核准。禁止使用未按照规定审评、审批的原料药、包装材料和容器生产药品。(2)外包装:系指内包装以外的包装,按由里向外分为中包装和大包装。外包装应根据药品的特性选用不易破损的包装,以保证药品在运输、贮藏、使用过程中的质量。(3)最小销售单元包装:实际上也是属于外包装,药品的每个最小销售单元的包装必须按照规定印有或贴有标签并附有说明书。《药品管理法》第四十九条规定,药品包装应当按照规定印有或者贴有标签并附有说明书。标签或者说明书应当注明药品的通用名称、成分、规格、上市许可持有人及其地址、生产企业及其地址、批准文号、产品批号、生产日期、有效期、适应症或者功能主治、用法、用量、禁忌、不良反应和注意事项。标签、说明书中的文字应当清晰,生产日期、有效期等事项应当显著标注,容易辨识(D错)。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、外用药品和非处方药的标签、说明书,应当印有规定的标志(E错)。"} {"Question":"根据《互联网药品信息服务管理办法》,提供互联网药品信息服务的网站发布药品广告的审查批准部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"信息产业主管部门"},{"key":"B","value":"药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"卫生行政部门"},{"key":"D","value":"工商行政管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"电信管理机构"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查互联网药品信息的发布。根据《互联网药品信息服务管理办法》,提供互联网药品信息服务的网站发布药品广告的审查批准部门是药品监督管理部门(B对)。互联网药品信息的发布:提供互联网药品信息服务的网站,应当在其网站主页显著位置标注《互联网药品信息服务资格证书》的证书编号。提供互联网药品信息服务网站所登载的药品信息必须科学、准确,必须符合国家的法律、法规和国家有关药品、医疗器械管理的相关规定。提供互联网药品信息服务的网站不得发布麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、戒毒药品和医疗机构制剂的产品信息。提供互联网药品信息服务的网站发布的药品(含医疗器械)广告,必须经过药品监督管理部门审查批准。提供互联网药品信息服务的网站发布的药品(含医疗器械)广告要注明广告审查批准文号。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》,药品零售企业出售的女性避孕药价格明显不合理,侵犯了消费者的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"安全权"},{"key":"B","value":"知情权"},{"key":"C","value":"自主选择权"},{"key":"D","value":"公平交易权"},{"key":"E","value":"获得赔偿权"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品交易中消费者的权利。根据《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》,药品零售企业出售的女性避孕药价格明显不合理,侵犯了消费者的公平交易权(D对)。消费者的权利:消费者的权利是消费者在消费活动中所依法享有的各种权利的总称。消费者权益保护法为消费者设立了既相互独立又相互关联的多项重要权利。(一)安全保障权(A错):消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时享有人身、财产安全不受损害的权利。消费者有权要求经营者提供的商品和服务,符合保障人身、财产安全的要求。(二)真情知悉权(B错):消费者享有知悉其购买、使用的商品或者接受的服务的真实情况的权利。消费者有权根据商品或者服务的不同情况,要求经营者提供商品的价格、产地、生产者、用途、性能、规格、等级、主要成分、生产日期、有效期限、检验合格证明、使用方法说明书、售后服务,或者服务的内容、规格、费用等有关情况。(三)自主选择权(C错):消费者享有自主选择商品或者服务的权利。消费者有权自主选择提供商品或者服务的经营者,自主选择商品品种或者服务方式;自主决定购买或者不购买任何一种商品、接受或者不接受任何一项服务。消费者在自主选择商品或者服务时,有权进行比较、鉴别和挑选。(四)公平交易权:消费者享有公平交易的权利。经营者与消费者进行交易,应当遵循自愿、平等、公平、诚实信用的原则。消费者在购买商品或者接受服务时,有权获得质量保障、价格合理、计量正确等公平交易条件,有权拒绝经营者的强制交易行为。(五)获取赔偿权(E错):消费者因购买、使用商品或者接受服务受到人身、财产损害的,享有依法获得赔偿的权利。消费者的求偿权,既包括人身损害的赔偿请求权,也包括财产损害的赔偿请求权。(六)结社权:消费者享有依法成立维护自身合法权益的社会组织的权利。消费者协会和其他消费者组织是依法成立的对商品和服务进行社会监督的保护消费者合法权益的社会组织。消费者协会履行下列公益性职责:一是向消费者提供消费信息和咨询服务,提高消费者维护自身合法权益的能力,引导文明、健康、节约资源和保护环境的消费方式;二是参与制定有关消费者权益的法律、法规、规章和强制性标准;三是参与有关行政部门对商品和服务的监督、检查;四是就有关消费者合法权益的问题,向有关部门反映、查询,提出建议;五是受理消费者的投诉,并对投诉事项进行调查、调解;六是投诉事项涉及商品和服务质量问题的,可以委托具备资格的鉴定人鉴定,鉴定人应当告知鉴定意见;七是就损害消费者合法权益的行为,支持受损害的消费者提起诉讼或者依照法律提起诉讼;八是对损害消费者合法权益的行为,通过大众传播媒介予以揭露、批评。消费者协会应当认真履行保护消费者合法权益的职责,听取消费者的意见和建议,接受社会监督。各级人民政府对消费者协会履行职责应当予以必要的经费等支持。依法成立的其他消费者组织依照法律、法规及其章程的规定,开展保护消费者合法权益的活动。(七)知识获取权:消费者享有获得有关消费和消费者权益保护方面的知识的权利。消费者应当努力掌握所需商品或者服务的知识和使用技能,正确使用商品,提高自我保护意识。(八)受尊重权:消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时,享有人格尊严、民族风俗习惯得到尊重的权利,享有个人信息依法得到保护的权利。(九)监督批评权:消费者享有对商品和服务以及保护消费者权益工作进行监督的权利。消费者有权检举、控告侵害消费者权益的行为和国家机关及其工作人员在保护消费者权益工作中的违法失职行为,有权对保护消费者权益工作提出批评、建议。"} {"Question":"依据《中华人民共和国价格法》,下列属于经营者正当价格行为的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相互串通,操纵市场价格,损害其他经营者或消费者的合法权益"},{"key":"B","value":"为了排挤竞争对手或者独占市场,以低于成本的价格倾捎"},{"key":"C","value":"降价处理鲜活商品、季节性商品、积压商品"},{"key":"D","value":"捏造、散布涨价信息,哄抬价洛,推动商品价格过高上涨"},{"key":"E","value":"提供相同商品或者服务,对具有同等交易条件的其他经营者实行价格歧视"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》,购买商品时,消费者的权利不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"要求经营者提供商品的成分、生产工艺、有效期限"},{"key":"B","value":"获得质量保障、价格合理、计量正确等公平交易条件"},{"key":"C","value":"使用商品受到人身、财产损害的,可以要求经营者或生产者赔偿"},{"key":"D","value":"依法成立维护自身合法权益的社会团体"},{"key":"E","value":"对经营者提供的商品进行比较、鉴别和监督"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查消费者的权利。根据《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》,购买商品时,消费者的权利不包括要求经营者提供商品的成分、生产工艺、有效期限(A错,为本题正确答案)。消费者的权利:(一)安全保障权。消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时享有人身、财产安全不受损害的权利。(二)真情知悉权。消费者享有窒息其购买、使用的商品或者接受的服务的真实情况的权利。(三)自主选择权。消费者在自主选择商品或者服务时,有权进行比较、鉴别和挑选(E对)。(四)公平交易权。消费者在购买商品或者接受服务时,有权获得质量保障、价格合理、计量正确等公平交易条件(B对),有权拒绝经营者的强制交易行为。(五)获取赔偿权。消费者因购买、使用商品或者接受服务受到人身、财产损害的,享有依法获得赔偿的权利(C对)。(六)结社权。消费者享有依法成立维护自身合法权益的社会组织的权利(D对)。(七)知识获取权。消费者享有获得有关消费和消费者权益保护方面的知识的权利。(八)受尊重权。消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时,享有人格尊严、民族风俗习惯得到尊重的权利,享有个人信息依法得到保护的权利。(九)监督批评权。消费者有权检举、控告侵害消费者权益的行为和国家机关及其工作人员在保护消费者权益工作中的违法失职行为,有权对保护消费者权益工作提出批评、建议。"} {"Question":"根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,了解合并用药的注意事项,可查阅","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用法用量"},{"key":"B","value":"药物相互作用"},{"key":"C","value":"禁忌"},{"key":"D","value":"药物过量"},{"key":"E","value":"不良反应"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书的格式和书写要求。根据《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》,了解合并用药的注意事项,可查阅药物相互作用(B对)。【药物相互作用】:(1)化学药品处方药应列出与该药产生相互作用的药品或者药品类别,并说明相互作用的结果及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。(2)中成药处方药如进行过该项相关研究,应详细说明哪些或哪类药物与本药品产生相互作用,并说明相互作用的结果。如未进行该项相关研究,可不列此项,但注射剂除外,注射剂必须以“尚无本品与其他药物相互作用的信息”来表述。(3)应列出与该药产生相互作用的药物及合并用药的注意事项。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。必须注明“如与其他药物同时使用可能会发生药物相互作用,详情请咨询医师或药师。”【用法用量】(A错):(1)化学药品和治疗用生物制品应当包括用法和用量两部分。需按疗程用药或者规定用药期限的,必须注明疗程、期限;详细列出该药品的用药方法,准确列出用药的剂量、计量方法、用药次数以及疗程期限,并应当特别注意与规格的关系。用法上有特殊要求的,应当按实际情况详细说明。(2)中药、天然药物处方药应与国家批准的该品种药品标准中的用法用量一致。(3)化学药品非处方药用量按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用量书写。数字以阿拉伯数字表示,所有重量或容量单位必须以汉字表示。用法可根据药品的具体情况,在国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用法用量和适应症范围内描述,用法不能对用药人有其他方面的误导或暗示;需提示患者注意的特殊用法用量应当在注意事项中说明。老年人或儿童等特殊人群的用法用量不得使用“儿童酌减”或“老年人酌减”等表述方法,可在【注意事项】中注明“儿童用量(或老年人用量)应咨询医师或药师”。(4)中成药非处方药用量按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用量书写。数字以阿拉伯数字表示,所有重量或容量单位必须以汉字表示。用法可根据药品的具体情况,在国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药用法用量和功能主治范围内描述,用法不能对用药人有其他方面的误导或暗示,需提示用药人注意的特殊用法用量应当在注意事项中说明。(5)预防用生物制品则标注【免疫程序和剂量】明确接种部位、接种途径(如肌内注射、皮下注射、划痕接种等)。特殊接种途径的应描述接种的方法、全程免疫程序和剂量(包括免疫针次、每次免疫的剂量、时间间隔、加强免疫的时间及剂量)。每次免疫程序因不同年龄段而不同的,应当分别作出规定。冻干制品应当规定复溶量及复溶所用的溶媒。【禁忌】(C错):(1)处方药应当列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,例如禁止应用该药品的人群、疾病等情况;尚不清楚有无禁忌的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品列出禁止使用或者暂缓使用该制品的各种情况。(3)非处方药应列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,如禁止应用该药品的人群或疾病等情况。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品禁忌内容不得删减。【禁忌】内容应采用加重字体印刷。【药物过量】(D错)(仅化学药品和治疗用生物制品有此项):详细列出过量应用该药品可能发生的毒性反应、剂量及处理方法。未进行该项实验且无可靠参考文献的,应当在该项下予以说明。【不良反应】(E错)(1)处方药应当实事求是地详细列出该药品不良反应,并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出;尚不清楚有无不良反应的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品应包括接种后可能出现的偶然或者一过性反应的描述,以及对于出现的不良反应是否需要特殊处理建议。(3)非处方药在本项目下应当实事求是地详细列出该药品已知的或者可能发生的不良反应。并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品不良反应内容不得删减。同时,标注“不良反应”的定义。"} {"Question":"国家对药品生产、经营单位实行药品安全信用分类管理。首次被处以撤销药品广告批准文号的企业,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"失信等级"},{"key":"B","value":"严重失信等级"},{"key":"C","value":"警示等级"},{"key":"D","value":"守信等级"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品安全信用等级。国家对药品生产、经营单位实行药品安全信用分类管理。首次被处以撤销药品广告批准文号的企业,属于失信等级(A对)。药品安全信用等级分为守信、警示、失信、严重失信四级。确定药品安全信用等级的原则为:①以是否有因违反药品、医疗器械监督管理法律、法规和规章等而被处以刑事或者行政处罚作为信用等级划分的主要标准;②以违法行为情节的轻重和主观过错的大小作为信用等级划分的辅助标准。(1)守信等级(D错):正常运营的药品、医疗器械生产、经营企业和研制单位在一年内无违法违规行为。(2)警示等级(C错):①因违法违规行为受到警告,被责令改正的;②药品经营企业、医疗机构有充分证据证明其不知道所销售或者使用的药品是假药、劣药,受到没收其销售或者使用的假药、劣药和违法所得处罚的。(3)失信等级:①因实施同一违法行为被连续警告、公告两次以上的;②被处以罚款、没收违法所得、没收非法财物或者被撤销药品、医疗器械广告批准文号的。(4)严重失信等级(B错):①连续被撤销两个以上药品、医疗器械广告批准文号的;②被撤销批准证明文件、责令停产停业、暂扣生产(经营)许可证、暂扣营业执照的;③药品企事业单位拒绝、阻挠执法人员依法进行监督检查、抽验和索取有关资料或者拒不配合执法人员依法进行案件调查的;④因违反药品、医疗器械监督管理法律、法规构成犯罪的。"} {"Question":"根据《中药、天然药物处方药说明书的内容书写要求》,列出某药品不能应用的人群、疾病等情况的说明书项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"功能主治、适应症"},{"key":"B","value":"注意事项"},{"key":"C","value":"不良反应"},{"key":"D","value":"成份"},{"key":"E","value":"禁忌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书的格式和书写要求。根据《中药、天然药物处方药说明书的内容书写要求》,列出某药品不能应用的人群、疾病等情况的说明书项目是禁忌(E对)。【禁忌】:(1)处方药应当列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,例如禁止应用该药品的人群、疾病等情况;尚不清楚有无禁忌的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品列出禁止使用或者暂缓使用该制品的各种情况。(3)非处方药应列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,如禁止应用该药品的人群或疾病等情况。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品禁忌内容不得删减。【禁忌】内容应采用加重字体印刷。【适应症】(化学药)\/【功能主治】(中成药)(A错):(1)处方药应当根据该药品的用途,采用准确的表述方式,明确用于预防、治疗、诊断、缓解或者辅助治疗某种疾病(状态)或者症状;与国家批准的该品种药品标准中的功能主治或适应症一致。(2)非处方药应按照国家药品监督管理部门公布的非处方药功能主治内容书写,并不得超出国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品非处方药适应症(功能主治)范围。(3)预防用生物制品说明书则标注为【接种对象】:注明适宜接种的易感人群、接种人群的年龄、接种的适宜季节等,以及【作用与用途】明确该制品的主要作用,如“用于×××疾病的预防”。【注意事项】(B错):(1)处方药应当列出使用时必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒),用药过程中需观察的情况(如过敏反应,定期检查血象、肝功能、肾功能)及用药对于临床检验的影响等。如有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,应在该项下列出;如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、妊娠、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出;处方中如含有可能引起严重不良反应的成分或辅料,应在该项下列出;注射剂如需进行皮内敏感试验的,应在该项下列出;中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,必须列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。尚不清楚有无注意事项的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)非处方药应列出使用该药必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒等),孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群用药,用药对于临床检验的影响,滥用或药物依赖情况,以及其他保障用药人自我药疗安全用药的有关内容。必须注明“对本品过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用”“本品性状发生改变时禁止使用”“如正在使用其他药品,使用本品前请咨询医师或药师”“请将本品放在儿童不能接触的地方”。对于可用于儿童的药品必须注明“儿童必须在成人监护下使用”。处方中含兴奋剂的品种应注明“运动员应在医师指导下使用”。对于是否适用于孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群尚不明确的,必须注明相应人群应在医师指导下使用。如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出。中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,应注明本品含××(化学药品通用名称),并列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品注意事项内容不得删减。【注意事项】内容应采用加重字体印刷。(3)预防用生物制品列出使用的各种注意事项。以特殊接种途径进行免疫的制品,应明确接种途径,如注明“严禁皮下或肌内注射”。使用前检查包装容器、标签、外观、有效期是否符合要求。还包括疫苗包装容器开启时,对制品使用的要求(如需振摇),冻干制品的重溶时间等。疫苗开启后应在规定的时间内使用,以及由于接种该制品而出现的紧急情况的应急处理办法等。减毒活疫苗还需在该项下注明:本品为减毒活疫苗,不推荐在该疾病流行季节使用。【不良反应】(C错)(1)处方药应当实事求是地详细列出该药品不良反应,并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出;尚不清楚有无不良反应的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品应包括接种后可能出现的偶然或者一过性反应的描述,以及对于出现的不良反应是否需要特殊处理建议。(3)非处方药在本项目下应当实事求是地详细列出该药品已知的或者可能发生的不良反应。并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品不良反应内容不得删减。同时,标注“不良反应”的定义。【成分】(D错):(1)化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书:①列出活性成分的化学名称、化学结构式、分子式、分子量。②复方制剂可以不列出每个活性成分化学名称、化学结构式、分子式、分子量内容。本项可以表达为“本品为复方制剂,其组分为:×××”。组分按一个制剂单位(如每片、粒、支、瓶等)分别列出所含的全部活性成分及其量。③多组分或者化学结构尚不明确的化学药品或者治疗用生物制品,应当列出主要成分名称,简述活性成分来源。④处方中含有可能引起严重不良反应的辅料的,该项下应当列出该辅料名称。⑤注射剂应当列出全部辅料名称。(2)预防用生物制品说明书:包括该制品的主要成分(如生产用毒株或基因表达提取物等)和辅料、生产用细胞、简述制备工艺、成品剂型和外观等。冻干制品还应增加冻干保护剂的主要成分。(3)中药、天然药物处方药说明书:应列出处方中所有的药味或有效部位、有效成分等。注射剂还应列出所用的全部辅料名称;处方中含有可能引起严重不良反应的辅料的,在该项下也应列出该辅料名称。成分排序应与国家批准的该品种药品标准一致,辅料列于成分之后。对于处方已列入国家秘密技术项目的品种,以及获得中药一级保护的品种,可不列此项。(4)化学药品非处方药说明书:处方组成及各成分含量应与该药品注册批准证明文件一致。成分含量按每一个制剂单位(如每片、粒、包、支、瓶等)计。单一成分的制剂须写明成分通用名称及含量,并注明所有辅料成分。表达为“本品每×含××××××。辅料为:××××××”。复方制剂须写明全部活性成分组成及各成分含量,并注明所有辅料成分。表达为“本品为复方制剂,每×含×××××××。辅料为:×××××××”。(5)中成药非处方药说明书:除《中药品种保护条例》规定的情形外,必须列出全部处方组成和辅料,处方所含成分及药味排序应与药品标准一致。处方中所列药味其本身为多种药材制成的饮片,且该饮片为国家药品标准收载的,只需写出该饮片名称。"} {"Question":"欲查询是否有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,可查询的说明书项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"【注意事项】"},{"key":"B","value":"【成份】"},{"key":"C","value":"【禁忌】"},{"key":"D","value":"【不良反应】"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品说明书的格式和书写要求。欲查询是否有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,可查询的说明书项目是【注意事项】(A对)。【注意事项】:(1)处方药应当列出使用时必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒),用药过程中需观察的情况(如过敏反应,定期检查血象、肝功能、肾功能)及用药对于临床检验的影响等。如有药物滥用或者药物依赖性内容,应在该项下列出;如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、妊娠、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出;处方中如含有可能引起严重不良反应的成分或辅料,应在该项下列出;注射剂如需进行皮内敏感试验的,应在该项下列出;中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,必须列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。尚不清楚有无注意事项的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)非处方药应列出使用该药必须注意的问题,包括需要慎用的情况(如肝、肾功能的问题),影响药物疗效的因素(如食物、烟、酒等),孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群用药,用药对于临床检验的影响,滥用或药物依赖情况,以及其他保障用药人自我药疗安全用药的有关内容。必须注明“对本品过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用”“本品性状发生改变时禁止使用”“如正在使用其他药品,使用本品前请咨询医师或药师”“请将本品放在儿童不能接触的地方”。对于可用于儿童的药品必须注明“儿童必须在成人监护下使用”。处方中含兴奋剂的品种应注明“运动员应在医师指导下使用”。对于是否适用于孕妇、哺乳期妇女、儿童、老人等特殊人群尚不明确的,必须注明相应人群应在医师指导下使用。如有与中医理论有关的证候、配伍、饮食等注意事项,应在该项下列出。中药和化学药品组成的复方制剂,应注明本品含××(化学药品通用名称),并列出成分中化学药品的相关内容及注意事项。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品注意事项内容不得删减。【注意事项】内容应采用加重字体印刷。(3)预防用生物制品列出使用的各种注意事项。以特殊接种途径进行免疫的制品,应明确接种途径,如注明“严禁皮下或肌内注射”。使用前检查包装容器、标签、外观、有效期是否符合要求。还包括疫苗包装容器开启时,对制品使用的要求(如需振摇),冻干制品的重溶时间等。疫苗开启后应在规定的时间内使用,以及由于接种该制品而出现的紧急情况的应急处理办法等。减毒活疫苗还需在该项下注明:本品为减毒活疫苗,不推荐在该疾病流行季节使用。【成分】(B错):(1)化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书:①列出活性成分的化学名称、化学结构式、分子式、分子量。②复方制剂可以不列出每个活性成分化学名称、化学结构式、分子式、分子量内容。本项可以表达为“本品为复方制剂,其组分为:×××”。组分按一个制剂单位(如每片、粒、支、瓶等)分别列出所含的全部活性成分及其量。③多组分或者化学结构尚不明确的化学药品或者治疗用生物制品,应当列出主要成分名称,简述活性成分来源。④处方中含有可能引起严重不良反应的辅料的,该项下应当列出该辅料名称。⑤注射剂应当列出全部辅料名称。(2)预防用生物制品说明书:包括该制品的主要成分(如生产用毒株或基因表达提取物等)和辅料、生产用细胞、简述制备工艺、成品剂型和外观等。冻干制品还应增加冻干保护剂的主要成分。(3)中药、天然药物处方药说明书:应列出处方中所有的药味或有效部位、有效成分等。注射剂还应列出所用的全部辅料名称;处方中含有可能引起严重不良反应的辅料的,在该项下也应列出该辅料名称。成分排序应与国家批准的该品种药品标准一致,辅料列于成分之后。对于处方已列入国家秘密技术项目的品种,以及获得中药一级保护的品种,可不列此项。(4)化学药品非处方药说明书:处方组成及各成分含量应与该药品注册批准证明文件一致。成分含量按每一个制剂单位(如每片、粒、包、支、瓶等)计。单一成分的制剂须写明成分通用名称及含量,并注明所有辅料成分。表达为“本品每×含××××××。辅料为:××××××”。复方制剂须写明全部活性成分组成及各成分含量,并注明所有辅料成分。表达为“本品为复方制剂,每×含×××××××。辅料为:×××××××”。(5)中成药非处方药说明书:除《中药品种保护条例》规定的情形外,必须列出全部处方组成和辅料,处方所含成分及药味排序应与药品标准一致。处方中所列药味其本身为多种药材制成的饮片,且该饮片为国家药品标准收载的,只需写出该饮片名称。【禁忌】(C错):(1)处方药应当列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,例如禁止应用该药品的人群、疾病等情况;尚不清楚有无禁忌的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品列出禁止使用或者暂缓使用该制品的各种情况。(3)非处方药应列出该药品不能应用的各种情况,如禁止应用该药品的人群或疾病等情况。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品禁忌内容不得删减。【禁忌】内容应采用加重字体印刷。【不良反应】(D错):(1)处方药应当实事求是地详细列出该药品不良反应,并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出;尚不清楚有无不良反应的,可在该项下以“尚不明确”来表述。(2)预防用生物制品应包括接种后可能出现的偶然或者一过性反应的描述,以及对于出现的不良反应是否需要特殊处理建议。(3)非处方药在本项目下应当实事求是地详细列出该药品已知的或者可能发生的不良反应。并按不良反应的严重程度、发生的频率或症状的系统性列出。国家药品监督管理部门公布的该药品不良反应内容不得删减。同时,标注“不良反应”的定义。"} {"Question":"国务院价格主管部门负责制定国家基本医疗保障用药中的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学药品价格"},{"key":"B","value":"中药价格"},{"key":"C","value":"中成药价格"},{"key":"D","value":"处方药价格"},{"key":"E","value":"非处方药价格"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查国家基本医疗保障用药价格的制定。国务院价格主管部门负责制定药品价格的政策、原则和方法;制定国家基本药物、国家基本医疗保障用药中的处方药(D对)及生产经营具有垄断性的特殊药品价格。省级价格主管部门负责制定国家基本医疗保障用药中的非处方药价格(E错)。"} {"Question":"药品说明书必须提供的基本信息是药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合法性"},{"key":"B","value":"相容性"},{"key":"C","value":"相关性"},{"key":"D","value":"安全性"},{"key":"E","value":"稳定性"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"外用药品标签(标志)的颜色规定由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绿色、白色组成"},{"key":"B","value":"蓝色、白色组成"},{"key":"C","value":"黑色、白色组成"},{"key":"D","value":"红色、白色组成"},{"key":"E","value":"红色、黄色组成"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查外用药品标签上的标志。外用药品标签(标志)的颜色规定由红色、白色组成(D对)。根据《药品管理法》及相关规定,麻醉药品和精神药品的标签必须印有国务院药品监督管理部门规定的标志。国务院药品监督管理部门规定的麻醉药品专用标志样式为天蓝色与白色相间(B错)的图案,精神药品的专用标志样式为绿色与白色相间(A错)的图案。国务院药品监督管理部门规定的医疗用毒性药品的标志颜色:黑白相间(C错),黑底白字。放射性药品标签的颜色规定由红色、黄色组成(E错)。"} {"Question":"违反《中华人民共和国广告法》规定,在药品广告发布中说明治愈率或有效率的,对广告者责令改正,没收广告费用,可并处罚款,实施处罚的机关是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"物价管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"工商行政管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"卫生行政管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"公安部门"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查广告管理。《中华人民共和国广告法》第十四条规定,药品、医疗器械广告不得有说明治愈率或者有效率的内容。第四十一条又规定,违反本法第十四条规定,广告监督管理机关责令负有责任的广告主、广告经营者、广告发布者改正或者停止发布,没收广告费用,可以并处以广告费用一倍以上五倍以下的罚款;情节严重的,依法停止其广告业务。县级以上人民政府工商行政管理部门(C对)是广告监督管理机关。"} {"Question":"下列文字图案在药品标签中可以出现的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"进品原料"},{"key":"B","value":"××省转销,××总代理"},{"key":"C","value":"企业形象标志,企业防伪标识"},{"key":"D","value":"印刷企业,印刷批次"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品名称、商标和专有标识管理要求。下列文字图案在药品标签中可以出现的是企业形象标志,企业防伪标识(C对)。药品说明书、标签的印制和文字表述:(1)核准内容:药品说明书和标签的内容由国家药品监督管理部门予以核准,药品生产企业印制时,应当按照国家药品监督管理局规定的格式和要求、根据核准的内容印制说明书和标签,不得擅自增加或删改原批准的内容。药品的标签应当以说明书为依据,其内容不得超出说明书的范围,不得印有暗示疗效、误导使用和不适当宣传产品的文字和标识。药品包装必须按照规定印有或者贴有标签,也不得夹带其他任何介绍或者宣传产品、企业的文字、音像及其他资料。因此,药品标签不得印制“××省专销”“原装正品”“进口原料”(A错)“驰名商标”“专利药品”“××监制”“××总经销”“××总代理”(B错)等字样。但是,“企业防伪标识”“企业识别码”“企业形象标志”等文字图案可以印制。以企业名称等作为标签底纹的,不得以突出显示某一名称来弱化药品通用名称。“印刷企业”“印刷批次”(D错)等与药品的使用无关的,不得在药品标签中标注。(2)规范文字:药品说明书和标签应当使用国家语言文字工作委员会公布的规范化汉字,增加其他文字对照的,应当以汉字表述为准不能使用繁体字、异体字,如加汉语拼音或外文,必须以中文为主体;在国内销售的进口药品,必须附加中文使用说明。凡使用商品名的西药制剂,必须在商品名下方的括号内标明法定通用名称等。(3)科学表述:药品说明书和标签的文字表述应当科学、规范、准确,并跟踪药品上市后的安全性和有效性情况,及时提出修改药品说明书的申请。非处方药说明书还应当使用容易理解的文字表述,以便患者自行判断、选择和使用。(4)明晰标识:药品说明书和标签中的文字应当清晰易辨,标识应当清楚醒目,不得有印字脱落或者粘贴不牢等现象,不得以粘贴、剪切、涂改等方式进行修改或者补充。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、外用药品和非处方药品等国家规定有专用标识的,其说明书和标签必须印有规定的标识。(5)加注警示:为保护公众健康和指导正确合理用药的目的,药品生产企业可以主动提出在药品说明书或者标签上加注警示语,国家药品监督管理部门也可以要求药品生产企业在说明书或者标签上加注警示语。根据《反兴奋剂条例》,药品中含有兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质的,其说明书或者标签应当注明“运动员慎用”字样。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,医疗保险定点医疗机构应当按照规定如实公布其","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常用药品价格"},{"key":"B","value":"药品价格清单"},{"key":"C","value":"药品招标价格"},{"key":"D","value":"药品零售价格"},{"key":"E","value":"药品购销价格"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营者遵守药品价格管理的规定。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,医疗保险定点医疗机构应当按照规定如实公布其常用药品价格(A对)。药品经营者应如实报告销售和价格情况:药品上市许可持有人、药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构应当依法向药品价格主管部门提供其药品的实际购销价格(E错)和购销数量等资料。医疗机构应当向患者提供所用药品的价格清单(B错),按照规定如实公布其常用药品的价格,加强合理用药管理。及时发布药物相关信息,将不同类型的药品价格进行归类公示,让公众进行筛选。药品经营者合理定价明码标价:依法实行市场调节价的药品,药品上市许可持有人、药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构应当按照公平、合理和诚实信用、质价相符的原则制定价格,为用药者提供价格合理的药品;应当遵守国务院药品价格主管部门关于药品价格管理的规定,制定和标明药品零售价格(D错),禁止暴利、价格垄断和价格欺诈等行为。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,医疗机构应当向患者提供所用药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"价格"},{"key":"B","value":"价格清单"},{"key":"C","value":"购进价格"},{"key":"D","value":"出厂价格"},{"key":"E","value":"批发价格"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营者遵守药品价格管理的规定。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,医疗机构应当向患者提供所用药品的价格清单(B对)。药品经营者应如实报告销售和价格情况:药品上市许可持有人、药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构应当依法向药品价格主管部门提供其药品的实际购销价格和购销数量等资料。医疗机构应当向患者提供所用药品的价格清单,按照规定如实公布其常用药品的价格(A错),加强合理用药管理。及时发布药物相关信息,将不同类型的药品价格进行归类公示,让公众进行筛选。"} {"Question":"消费者有权要求经营者提供所销售商品的产地信息、检验合格证明等,这种消费者权利属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自主选择权"},{"key":"B","value":"公平交易权"},{"key":"C","value":"真情知悉权"},{"key":"D","value":"安全保障权"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查消费者的权利。消费者有权要求经营者提供所销售商品的产地信息、检验合格证明等,这种消费者权利属于真情知悉权(C对)。消费者的权利:消费者的权利是消费者在消费活动中所依法享有的各种权利的总称。消费者权益保护法为消费者设立了既相互独立又相互关联的多项重要权利。(一)安全保障权(D错):消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时享有人身、财产安全不受损害的权利。消费者有权要求经营者提供的商品和服务,符合保障人身、财产安全的要求。(二)真情知悉权:消费者享有知悉其购买、使用的商品或者接受的服务的真实情况的权利。消费者有权根据商品或者服务的不同情况,要求经营者提供商品的价格、产地、生产者、用途、性能、规格、等级、主要成分、生产日期、有效期限、检验合格证明、使用方法说明书、售后服务,或者服务的内容、规格、费用等有关情况。(三)自主选择权(A错):消费者享有自主选择商品或者服务的权利。消费者有权自主选择提供商品或者服务的经营者,自主选择商品品种或者服务方式;自主决定购买或者不购买任何一种商品、接受或者不接受任何一项服务。消费者在自主选择商品或者服务时,有权进行比较、鉴别和挑选。(四)公平交易权(B错):消费者享有公平交易的权利。经营者与消费者进行交易,应当遵循自愿、平等、公平、诚实信用的原则。消费者在购买商品或者接受服务时,有权获得质量保障、价格合理、计量正确等公平交易条件,有权拒绝经营者的强制交易行为。(五)获取赔偿权:消费者因购买、使用商品或者接受服务受到人身、财产损害的,享有依法获得赔偿的权利。消费者的求偿权,既包括人身损害的赔偿请求权,也包括财产损害的赔偿请求权。(六)结社权:消费者享有依法成立维护自身合法权益的社会组织的权利。消费者协会和其他消费者组织是依法成立的对商品和服务进行社会监督的保护消费者合法权益的社会组织。消费者协会履行下列公益性职责:一是向消费者提供消费信息和咨询服务,提高消费者维护自身合法权益的能力,引导文明、健康、节约资源和保护环境的消费方式;二是参与制定有关消费者权益的法律、法规、规章和强制性标准;三是参与有关行政部门对商品和服务的监督、检查;四是就有关消费者合法权益的问题,向有关部门反映、查询,提出建议;五是受理消费者的投诉,并对投诉事项进行调查、调解;六是投诉事项涉及商品和服务质量问题的,可以委托具备资格的鉴定人鉴定,鉴定人应当告知鉴定意见;七是就损害消费者合法权益的行为,支持受损害的消费者提起诉讼或者依照法律提起诉讼;八是对损害消费者合法权益的行为,通过大众传播媒介予以揭露、批评。消费者协会应当认真履行保护消费者合法权益的职责,听取消费者的意见和建议,接受社会监督。各级人民政府对消费者协会履行职责应当予以必要的经费等支持。依法成立的其他消费者组织依照法律、法规及其章程的规定,开展保护消费者合法权益的活动。(七)知识获取权:消费者享有获得有关消费和消费者权益保护方面的知识的权利。消费者应当努力掌握所需商品或者服务的知识和使用技能,正确使用商品,提高自我保护意识。(八)受尊重权:消费者在购买、使用商品和接受服务时,享有人格尊严、民族风俗习惯得到尊重的权利,享有个人信息依法得到保护的权利。(九)监督批评权:消费者享有对商品和服务以及保护消费者权益工作进行监督的权利。消费者有权检举、控告侵害消费者权益的行为和国家机关及其工作人员在保护消费者权益工作中的违法失职行为,有权对保护消费者权益工作提出批评、建议。"} {"Question":"2015年6月25日,国家食品药品监督管理总局发布《关于停止生产销售使用酮康唑口服制剂的公告》(2015年85号),决定即日起停止酮康唑口服制剂在我国的生产、销售和使用,撤销药品批准文号。上述信息中的药品有效期为“2016年6月”。对2015年6月1日至25日期间售出的药品的认定,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"该药品的有效期至2016年5月31日,药品已超过有效期"},{"key":"B","value":"该药品的有效期至2016年6月1日,药品已超过有效期"},{"key":"C","value":"该药品的有效期至2016年6月30日,药品未超过有效期"},{"key":"D","value":"该药品的有效期至2016年7月1日,药品未超过有效期"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品标签上药品有效期的规定。2015年6月25日,国家食品药品监督管理总局发布《关于停止生产销售使用酮康唑口服制剂的公告》(2015年85号),决定即日起停止酮康唑口服制剂在我国的生产、销售和使用,撤销药品批准文号。上述信息中的药品有效期为“2016年6月”。对2015年6月1日至25日期间售出的药品的认定,正确的是该药品的有效期至2016年6月30日,药品未超过有效期(C对)。药品标签上药品有效期的规定:药品标签中的有效期应当按照年、月、日的顺序标注,年份用四位数字表示,月、日各用两位数表示。其具体标注格式为“有效期至××××年××月”或者“有效期至××××年××月××日”;也可以用数字和其他符号表示为“有效期至××××.××.”或者“有效期至××××\/××\/××”等。预防用生物制品有效期的标注按照国家药品监督管理部门批准的注册标准执行,治疗用生物制品有效期的标注应自分装日期计算,其他药品有效期的标注以生产日期计算。有效期若标注到日,应当为起算日期对应年月日的前一天;若标注到月,应当为起算月份对应年月的前一月。如果由于包装尺寸或者技术设备等原因有效期确难以标注为“有效期至某年某月”的,可以标注有效期实际期限,如“有效期24个月”。"} {"Question":"甲是药品上市许可持有人,持有并生产的品种包括处方药硝苯地平控释片、鱼腥草注射液;中药饮片黄芪;非处方药维生素C泡腾片。乙是药品批发企业,长期与甲保持业务关系,从甲处采购硝苯地平控释片、中药饮片黄芪、维生素C泡腾片。最近决定首次从甲处采购鱼腥草注射液,甲将乙釆购的四种药品同车运输至乙处,乙将到货药品储存在同一间库房。为扩大市场甲拟对其生产的药品进行广告宣传,甲的下列行为中,符合药品广告管理规定的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在中央电视台少儿频道发布中药饮片黄芪的广告"},{"key":"B","value":"在经指定可发布处方药广告的专业期刊上发布硝苯地平控释片广告"},{"key":"C","value":"聘请某医院内科主任担任维生素C泡腾片广告的形象代言人"},{"key":"D","value":"以鱼腥草注射液商品名为某电视台老年人真人秀冠名"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品广告发布的内容准则。甲是药品上市许可持有人,持有并生产的品种包括处方药硝苯地平控释片、鱼腥草注射液;中药饮片黄芪;非处方药维生素C泡腾片。乙是药品批发企业,长期与甲保持业务关系,从甲处采购硝苯地平控释片、中药饮片黄芪、维生素C泡腾片。最近决定首次从甲处采购鱼腥草注射液,甲将乙釆购的四种药品同车运输至乙处,乙将到货药品储存在同一间库房。为扩大市场甲拟对其生产的药品进行广告宣传,甲的下列行为中,符合药品广告管理规定的是在经指定可发布处方药广告的专业期刊上发布硝苯地平控释片广告(B对)。药品广告发布媒体的限制:处方药和特殊医学用途配方食品中的特定全营养配方食品广告只能在国务院卫生健康委员会和国家药品监督管理部门共同指定的医学、药学专业刊物上发布。不得利用处方药或者特定全营养配方食品的名称为各种活动冠名进行广告宣传(D错)。不得使用与处方药名称或者特定全营养配方食品名称相同的商标、企业字号在医学、药学专业刊物以外的媒介变相发布广告,也不得利用该商标、企业字号为各种活动冠名进行广告宣传。特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品广告不得在大众传播媒介或者公共场所发布。广告中不得出现的情形:药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告不得违反《广告法》第九条、第十六条、第十九条规定,不得包含的内容还包括:①使用或者变相使用国家机关、国家机关工作人员、军队单位或者军队人员的名义或者形象,或者利用军队装备、设施等从事广告宣传;②使用科研单位、学术机构、行业协会或者专家、学者、医师、药师、临床营养师、患者等的名义或者形象作推荐、证明(C错);③违反科学规律,明示或者暗示可以治疗所有疾病、适应所有症状、适应所有人群,或者正常生活和治疗病症所必需等内容;④引起公众对所处健康状况和所患疾病产生不必要的担忧和恐惧,或者使公众误解不使用该产品会患某种疾病或者加重病情的内容;⑤含有“安全”“安全无毒副作用”“毒副作用小”;明示或者暗示成分为“天然”,因而安全性有保证等内容;⑥含有“热销、抢购、试用”“家庭必备、免费治疗、免费赠送”等诱导性内容,“评比、排序、推荐、指定、选用、获奖”等综合性评价内容,“无效退款、保险公司保险”等保证性内容,怂恿消费者任意、过量使用药品的内容;⑦含有医疗机构的名称、地址、联系方式、诊疗项目、诊疗方法以及有关义诊、医疗咨询电话、开设特约门诊等医疗服务的内容;⑧法律、行政法规规定不得含有的其他内容。《中华人民共和国广告法》第三章广告行为规范第四十条:在针对未成年人的大众传播媒介上不得发布医疗、药品、保健食品、医疗器械、化妆品、酒类、美容广告(A错),以及不利于未成年人身心健康的网络游戏广告。针对不满十四周岁的未成年人的商品或者服务的广告不得含有下列内容:(一)劝诱其要求家长购买广告商品或者服务;(二)可能引发其模仿不安全行为。"} {"Question":"不符合化学药品说明书中关于【用法用量】要求的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应标有常用剂量"},{"key":"B","value":"应标有明确的用药方法"},{"key":"C","value":"需按疗程用药的应标明疗程"},{"key":"D","value":"应标有动物的半数致死量"},{"key":"E","value":"可以标有负荷剂量和维持剂量"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查用法用量。不符合化学药品说明书中关于【用法用量】要求的是应标有动物的半数致死量(D错,为本题正确答案)。化学药品和治疗用生物制品应当包括用法和用量两部分。需按疗程用药或者规定用药期限的,必须注明疗程(C对)、期限;详细列出该药品的用药方法(B对),准确列出用药的剂量(AE对)、计量方法、用药次数以及疗程期限,并应当特别注意与规格的关系。用法上有特殊要求的,应当按实际情况详细说明。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第七十五条规定,从事生产、销售假药及生产、销售劣药情节严重的企业或者其他单位,其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人十年内不得从事药品生产、经营活动,这种行政处罚的种类属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人身罚"},{"key":"B","value":"财产罚"},{"key":"C","value":"声誉罚"},{"key":"D","value":"资格罚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是行政处罚的种类。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第七十五条规定,从事生产、销售假药及生产、销售劣药情节严重的企业或者其他单位,其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人十年内不得从事药品生产、经营活动,这种行政处罚的种类属于资格罚(D对)。行政处罚的种类:《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》第八条明确规定了行政处罚的种类,可归为以下四类。(1)人身罚(A错):是指特定行政主体限制和剥夺违法行为人人身自由的行政处罚,如行政拘留。《行政处罚法》规定,“限制人身自由的行政处罚,只能由法律设定”。《药品管理法》规定,对生产销售假药和生产销售劣药情节严重的,以及伪造编造许可证件、骗取许可证件等情节恶劣的违法行为,可以由公安机关对相关责任人员处五日至十五日的拘留。(2)资格罚:是指行政主体限制、暂停或剥夺作出违法行为的行政相对人某种行为能力或资格的处罚措施。根据《行政处罚法》规定,资格罚主要包括责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者执照等。《药品管理法》规定的行政处罚中的资格罚包括:吊销药品批准证明文件、吊销药品生产许可证、吊销药品经营许可证、吊销医疗机构执业许可证、撤销检验资格、责令停产、停业,药物非临床安全性评价研究机构、药物临床试验机构一定期限内不得开展药物非临床安全性评价研究、药物临床试验,吊销执业证书等。另外,《药品管理法》规定生产、销售假药,或者生产、销售劣药且情节严重的法律责任,对违法企业的法定代表人、主要负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员进行从业资格限制,终身禁止从事药品生产经营活动;对生产销售假药被吊销许可证的企业,十年内不受理其相应申请;规定伪造、变造、出租、出借、非法买卖许可证或者药品批准证明文件,提供虚假的证明、数据、资料、样品或者采取其他手段骗取临床试验许可、药品生产许可、药品经营许可、医疗机构制剂许可或者药品注册等许可,未遵守药品生产质量管理规范、药品经营质量管理规范、药物非临床研究质量管理规范、药物临床试验质量管理规范等且情节严重的法律责任,对违法企业的法定代表人、主要负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员,十年直至终身禁止从事药品生产经营等活动。(3)财产罚(B错):是指行政主体依法对违法行为人给予的剥夺财产权的处罚形式。财产罚是运用最广泛的一种行政处罚,其形式主要有罚款和没收财物(没收违法所得、没收非法财物等)两种。罚款,是行政主体依法强制违法行为人在一定期限内交纳一定数额货币的一种处罚方式,《药品管理法》中运用相当广泛。没收违法所得、没收非法财物,是行政主体依法将违法行为人的违法所得、违禁物品、违法行为工具等强制收归国有的一种处罚形式。以强制手段剥夺违法行为人的财产权,以此达到惩罚目的。药品行政处罚中的没收内容包括没收非法财物(药品、假药、劣药)、没收违法所得、没收与违法行为有关的其他财物等。(4)声誉罚(C错):是指对违法者的名誉、荣誉、信誉或精神上的利益造成一定损害的处罚方式,是行政处罚中最轻的一种,具体形式主要有警告和通报批评两种。《行政处罚法》中设置的声誉罚只有警告,是指行政主体对实施了违法行为但情节较为轻微并造成实际危害后果的相对人的谴责和警戒。《药品管理法》第80条、第84条、第85条、第86条等都有“给予警告”的规定。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》,可以适用简易程序的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对公民处200元以下罚款"},{"key":"B","value":"对公民处500元罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"没收非法所得"},{"key":"D","value":"吊销许可证"},{"key":"E","value":"行政拘留"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是行政处罚的程序。根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》,可以适用简易程序的是对公民处200元以下罚款(A对)。行政处罚的程序:1.行政处罚的决定及其程序:公民、法人或者其他组织违反行政管理秩序的行为,依法应当给予行政处罚。行政机关在作出行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人作出行政处罚决定的事实、理由及依据,并告知当事人依法享有的权利。行政处罚决定程序有2大类。(1)简易程序(当场处罚程序):当违法事实清楚、有法定依据、拟作出数额较小的罚款(对公民处200元以下,对法人或者其他组织处3000元以下的罚款)或者警告时,可以适用简易程序,当场处罚。简易程序包括:①表明身份(执法人员应向当事人出示执法身份证件)。②确认违法事实,说明处罚理由和依据。③制作行政处罚决定书。④交付行政处罚决定书。⑤备案。(2)一般程序(普通程序):一般程序包括:①立案。对于在两年以内未发现的行政违法行为,不予立案追究。②调查。调查时,行政执法人员不得少于二人,并应出示证件。③处理决定。根据不同情况,分别作出行政处罚、不予行政处罚和移送司法机关处理决定。④说明理由并告知权利。⑤当事人的陈述和申辩。⑥制作处罚决定书。⑦送达行政处罚决定书。2.听证程序:行政机关作出责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者执照(D错)、较大数额罚款等行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利;当事人要求听证的,行政机关应当组织听证。当事人不承担行政机关组织听证的费用。听证程序包括:(1)听证申请的提出:当事人要求听证的,应当在行政机关告知后三日内提出。(2)听证通知:行政机关应当在听证的七日前,将举行听证的时间、地点和其他相关事项通知当事人。(3)听证的主持与参与:听证应由行政机关指定非本案调查人员主持。当事人有权申请听证主持人回避。当事人可亲自参加,也可委托一至二人代理参加。(4)辩论:举行听证时,调查人员提出当事人违法的事实、证据和行政处罚建议;当事人进行申辩和质证。(5)制作听证笔录:笔录应当交当事人审核无误后签字或者盖章。财产罚:是指行政主体依法对违法行为人给予的剥夺财产权的处罚形式。财产罚是运用最广泛的一种行政处罚,其形式主要有罚款和没收财物(没收违法所得、没收非法财物等)两种。罚款,是行政主体依法强制违法行为人在一定期限内交纳一定数额货币的一种处罚方式,《药品管理法》中运用相当广泛。没收违法所得(C错)、没收非法财物,是行政主体依法将违法行为人的违法所得、违禁物品、违法行为工具等强制收归国有的一种处罚形式。以强制手段剥夺违法行为人的财产权,以此达到惩罚目的。药品行政处罚中的没收内容包括没收非法财物(药品、假药、劣药)、没收违法所得、没收与违法行为有关的其他财物等。人身罚:是指特定行政主体限制和剥夺违法行为人人身自由的行政处罚,如行政拘留(E错)。《行政处罚法》规定,“限制人身自由的行政处罚,只能由法律设定”。《药品管理法》规定,对生产销售假药和生产销售劣药情节严重的,以及伪造编造许可证件、骗取许可证件等情节恶劣的违法行为,可以由公安机关对相关责任人员处五日至十五日的拘留。"} {"Question":"负责拟订药品流通发展规划和政策的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"商务部"},{"key":"B","value":"国家药品监督管理局"},{"key":"C","value":"工业和信息化部"},{"key":"D","value":"卫生健康部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是商务部门的职责。负责拟订药品流通发展规划和政策的部门是商务部门(A对)。商务部门的职责:商务部门负责拟订药品流通发展规划和政策,药品监督管理部门在药品监督管理工作中,配合执行药品流通发展规划和政策。商务部发放药品类易制毒化学品进口许可前,应当征得国家药品监督管理局同意。国家药品监督管理局(B错)负责制定药品、医疗器械和化妆品监管制度,负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品研制环节的许可、检查和处罚。工业和信息化部门(C错):工业和信息化部门负责研究提出工业发展战略,拟订工业行业规划和产业政策并组织实施。提出新型工业化发展战略和政策,制定并组织实施工业行业规划、计划和产业政策,推进产业结构战略性调整和优化升级,推进信息化和工业化融合。拟订高技术产业中涉及生物医药、新材料等的规划、政策和标准并组织实施,指导行业技术创新和技术进步,以先进适用技术改造提升传统产业。承担振兴装备制造业组织协调的责任。监测分析工业运行态势,协调解决行业运行发展中的有关问题并提出政策建议。负责提出工业固定资产投资规模和方向。承担食品、医药工业等的行业管理工作;拟订卷烟、食盐和糖精的生产计划;承担盐业和国家储备盐行政管理、中药材生产扶持项目管理、国家药品储备管理工作。同时,工信主管部门负责配合有关部门依法处置发布药品虚假违法广告、涉嫌仿冒他人网站发布互联网广告的违法违规网站、无线电台,积极引导行业自律。卫生健康部门(D错)的职责:卫生健康部门负责组织拟订国民健康政策,拟订卫生健康事业发展法律法规草案、政策、规划,制定部门规章和标准并组织实施。统筹规划卫生健康资源配置,指导区域卫生健康规划的编制和实施。制定并组织实施推进卫生健康基本公共服务均等化、普惠化、便捷化和公共资源向基层延伸等政策措施。协调推进深化医药卫生体制改革,组织深化公立医院综合改革,健全现代医院管理制度,提出医疗服务和药品价格政策的建议。制定并组织落实疾病预防控制规划、国家免疫规划以及严重危害人民健康公共卫生问题的干预措施,制定检疫传染病和监测传染病目录。负责卫生应急工作,组织指导突发公共卫生事件的预防控制和各类突发公共事件的医疗卫生救援。组织拟订并协调落实应对人口老龄化政策措施,负责推进老年健康服务体系建设和医养结合工作。组织制定国家药物政策和国家基本药物制度,开展药品使用监测、临床综合评价和短缺药品预警,提出国家基本药物价格政策的建议。组织开展食品安全风险监测评估,依法制定并公布食品安全标准。负责职责范围内的职业卫生、放射卫生、环境卫生、学校卫生、公共场所卫生、饮用水卫生等公共卫生的监督管理,负责传染病防治监督,健全卫生健康综合监督体系。牵头《烟草控制框架公约》履约工作。制定医疗机构、医疗服务行业管理办法并监督实施,建立医疗服务评价和监督管理体系。负责计划生育管理和服务工作,完善计划生育政策。同时,国家药品监督管理局会同国家卫生健康委员会组织国家药典委员会并制定国家药典,建立重大药品不良反应和医疗器械不良事件相互通报机制和联合处置机制。"} {"Question":"下列部门的主要职责,配合相关部门加强互联网药品广告管理,负责依法查处虚假、违法违规药品广告信息网站的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"市场监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"商务部门"},{"key":"C","value":"公安部门"},{"key":"D","value":"互联网信息管理部门"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查互联网信息管理部门。互联网信息管理部门(D对)配合相关部门进一步加强互联网药品广告管理,大力整治网上虚假违法违规信息,依法查处发布虚假违法广告信息等的违法违规网站,营造风清气正的网络空间。市场监督管理部门(A错)负责相关市场主体登记注册和营业执照核发,查处准人、生产、经营、交易中的有关违法行为,实施反垄断执法、价格监督检查和反不正当竞争,负责药品、保健食品、医疗器械、特殊医学用途配方食品广告审查和监督处罚。商务部门(B错)负责拟订药品流通发展规划和政策,药品监督管理部门在药品监督管理工作中,配合执行药品流通发展规划和政策。公安部门(C错)负责组织指导药品、医疗器械和化妆品犯罪案件侦查工作。"} {"Question":"关于法律效力的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"同一位阶的法之间,特别规定优于一般规定"},{"key":"B","value":"行政法规之间对同一事项,新的一般规定与旧的特别规定不一致,不能确定如何适用时,由全国人大常委会裁决"},{"key":"C","value":"同一机关制定的法规,新的规定与旧的规定不一致的,适用新的规定"},{"key":"D","value":"上位法的效力高于下位法"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是法的效力冲突及其解决。关于法律效力的说法,正确的有同一位阶的法之间,特别规定优于一般规定(A对);同一机关制定的法规,新的规定与旧的规定不一致的,适用新的规定(C对);上位法的效力高于下位法(D对)。法的效力冲突及其解决:由于正式的法的渊源本身是有层次或等级划分的,因而其效力当然具有层次或等级性。法律效力的层次是指规范性法律文件之间的效力等级关系。正式的法的渊源的效力和冲突解决原则包括不同位阶的法的渊源之间的冲突原则、同一位阶的法的渊源之间的冲突原则、位阶出现交叉时的法的渊源之间的冲突原则。(1)不同位阶法的渊源冲突的解决原则:上位法的效力高于下位法,宪法至上、法律高于法规、法规高于规章、行政法规高于地方性法规。按《立法法》的规定,下位法违反上位法规定的,由有关机关依照该法规定的权限予以改变或者撤销。(2)同一位阶法的渊源冲突的解决原则:特别规定优于一般规定,新的规定优于旧的规定。《立法法》规定:同一机关制定的法律、行政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例、规章,特别规定与一般规定不一致的,适用特别规定;新的规定与旧的规定不一致的,适用新的规定。法律之间对同一事项的新的一般规定与旧的特别规定不一致,不能确定如何适用时,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会裁决。行政法规之间对同一事项的新的一般规定与旧的特别规定不一致,不能确定如何适用时,由国务院裁决(B错)。(3)位阶出现交叉时法的渊源冲突的解决原则:自治条例和单行条例依法对法律、行政法规、地方性法规作变通规定的,在本自治地方适用自治条例和单行条例的规定。经济特区法规根据授权对法律、行政法规、地方性法规作变通规定的,在本经济特区适用经济特区法规的规定。地方性法规与部门规章之间对同一事项的规定不一致时,由国务院提出意见,国务院认为应当适用地方性法规的,应当决定适用地方性法规;认为应当适用部门规章的,应当提请全国人民代表大会常务委员会裁决。部门规章之间、部门规章与地方政府规章之间对同一事项的规定不一致时,由国务院裁决。根据授权制定的法规与法律规定不一致时,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会裁决。同一机关制定的新的一般规定与旧的特别规定不一致时,由制定机关裁决。"} {"Question":"属于省级药品监督管理部门直属机构的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"省、自治区、直辖市药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"设区的市级药品监督管理机构"},{"key":"D","value":"药品监督管理分局"},{"key":"E","value":"药品检验机构"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"负责建立国家基本药物制度,制定国家药物政策的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫生部门"},{"key":"B","value":"中医药管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"发展和改革委员会"},{"key":"D","value":"工业和信息化管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"公安部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是卫生健康部门的职责。负责建立国家基本药物制度,制定国家药物政策的是卫生部门(A对)。卫生健康部门组织制定国家药物政策和国家基本药物制度,开展药品使用监测、临床综合评价和短缺药品预警,提出国家基本药物价格政策的建议。中医药管理部门(B错)负责拟订中医药和民族医药事业发展的战略、规划、政策和相关标准,起草有关法律法规和部门规章草案,参与国家重大中医药项目的规划和组织实施。承担中医医疗、预防、保健、康复及临床用药等的监督管理责任。规划、指导和协调中医医疗、科研机构的结构布局及其运行机制的改革。拟订各类中医医疗、保健等机构管理规范和技术标准并监督执行。负责监督和协调医疗、研究机构的中西医结合工作,拟订有关管理规范和技术标准。负责指导民族医药的理论、医术、药物的发掘、整理、总结和提高工作,拟订民族医医疗机构管理规范和技术标准并监督执行。组织开展中药资源普查,促进中药资源的保护、开发和合理利用,参与制定中药产业发展规划、产业政策和中医药的扶持政策,参与国家基本药物制度建设。组织拟订中医药人才发展规划,会同有关部门拟订中医药专业技术人员资格标准并组织实施。会同有关部门组织开展中医药师承教育、毕业后教育、继续教育和相关人才培训工作,参与指导中医药教育教学改革,参与拟订各级各类中医药教育发展规划。拟订和组织实施中医药科学研究、技术开发规划,指导中医药科研条件和能力建设,管理国家重点中医药科研项目,促进中医药科技成果的转化、应用和推广。承担保护濒临消亡的中医诊疗技术和中药生产加工技术的责任,组织开展对中医古籍的整理研究和中医药文化的继承发展,提出保护中医非物质文化遗产的建议,推动中医药防病治病知识普及。国家中医药管理局由国家卫生和健康委员会管理。发展和改革委员会(C错)负责监测和管理药品宏观经济。2018年国务院机构改革,将国家发改委的价格监督检查与反垄断执法职责划入国家市场监督管理总局,国家发改委的药品和医疗服务价格管理职责划入国家医疗保障局。同时,国家发展和改革委员会负责组织监测和评估人口变动情况及趋势影响,建立人口预测预报制度,开展重大决策人口影响评估,完善重大人口政策咨询机制,研究提出国家人口发展战略,拟订人口发展规划和人口政策,研究提出人口与经济、社会、资源、环境协调可持续发展,以及统筹促进人口长期均衡发展的政策建议。工业和信息化管理部门(D错)负责研究提出工业发展战略,拟订工业行业规划和产业政策并组织实施。提出新型工业化发展战略和政策,制定并组织实施工业行业规划、计划和产业政策,推进产业结构战略性调整和优化升级,推进信息化和工业化融合。拟订高技术产业中涉及生物医药、新材料等的规划、政策和标准并组织实施,指导行业技术创新和技术进步,以先进适用技术改造提升传统产业。承担振兴装备制造业组织协调的责任。监测分析工业运行态势,协调解决行业运行发展中的有关问题并提出政策建议。负责提出工业固定资产投资规模和方向。承担食品、医药工业等的行业管理工作;拟订卷烟、食盐和糖精的生产计划;承担盐业和国家储备盐行政管理、中药材生产扶持项目管理、国家药品储备管理工作。同时,工信主管部门负责配合有关部门依法处置发布药品虚假违法广告、涉嫌仿冒他人网站发布互联网广告的违法违规网站、无线电台,积极引导行业自律。公安部门(E错)负责组织指导药品、医疗器械和化妆品犯罪案件侦查工作。药品监督管理部门与公安部门建立行政执法和刑事司法工作衔接机制。药品监督管理部门发现违法行为涉嫌犯罪的,按照有关规定及时移送公安机关,公安机关应当迅速进行审查,并依法作出立案或者不予立案的决定。公安机关依法提请药品监督管理部门作出检验、鉴定、认定等协助的,药品监督管理部门应当予以协助。"} {"Question":"药品监督管理部门在监督检查中,对可疑药品所进行的有针对性的抽验属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"评价抽验"},{"key":"B","value":"指定检验"},{"key":"C","value":"注册检验"},{"key":"D","value":"监督抽验"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品质量监督检验的类型。药品监督管理部门在监督检查中,对可疑药品所进行的有针对性的抽验属于监督抽检(D对)。药品质量监督检验的类型:药品质量监督检验根据其目的和处理方法不同,可以分为抽查检验、注册检验、指定检验和复验等类型。(1)抽查检验:简称抽验,是国家依法对生产、经营和使用的药品质量进行有目的地调查和检查的过程,是药品监督管理部门通过技术方法对药品质量合格与否做出判断的一种重要手段。《药品管理法》第100条规定,药品监督管理部门根据监督管理的需要,可以对药品质量进行抽查检验。抽查检验应当按照规定抽样,并不得收取任何费用;抽样应当购买样品。所需费用按照国务院规定列支。对有证据证明可能危害人体健康的药品及其有关材料,药品监督管理部门可以查封、扣押,并在七日内作出行政处理决定;药品需要检验的,应当自检验报告书发出之日起十五日内作出行政处理决定。根据《药品质量抽查检验管理办法》(国药监药管〔2019〕34号),药品质量抽查检验根据监管目的一般可分为监督抽检和评价抽检(A错)。监督抽检是指药品监督管理部门根据监管需要对质量可疑药品进行的抽查检验,评价抽检是指药品监督管理部门为评价某类或一定区域药品质量状况而开展的抽查检验。评价抽验的抽样工作可由药品检验机构承担;监督抽验的抽样工作由药品监督管理部门承担,然后送达所属区划的药品检验机构检验。国务院药品监督管理部门负责组织实施国家药品质量抽查检验工作,在全国范围内对生产、经营、使用环节的药品质量开展抽查检验,并对地方药品质量抽查检验工作进行指导。省级药品监督管理部门负责对本行政区域内生产环节以及批发、零售连锁总部和互联网销售第三方平台的药品质量开展抽查检验,组织市县级人民政府负责药品监督管理的部门对行政区域内零售和使用环节的药品质量进行抽查检验,承担上级药品监督管理部门部署的药品质量抽查检验任务。(2)注册检验(C错):药品注册检验,包括标准复核和样品检验。标准复核,是指对申请人申报药品标准中设定项目的科学性、检验方法的可行性、质控指标的合理性等进行的技术评估。样品检验,是指按照申请人申报或者国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心核定的药品质量标准进行的实验室检验。国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心基于风险启动样品检验和标准复核。新药上市申请、首次申请上市仿制药、首次申请上市境外生产药品,应当进行样品检验和标准复核。其他药品,必要时启动样品检验和标准复核。与已有国家标准收载的同品种使用的检测项目和检测方法一致,或者经审评可评估药品标准科学性、可行性和合理性的,可不再进行标准复核。(3)指定检验(B错):是指国家法律或国家药品监督管理部门规定某些药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构检验,检验合格的,才准予销售的强制性药品检验。《药品管理法》规定下列药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构进行检验,检验不合格的,不得销售或者进口:①首次在中国销售的药品;②国家药品监督管理部门规定的生物制品;③国务院规定的其他药品。对于这些药品,虽然已经取得药品生产批准证明文件,并经药品生产企业检验合格,但是,如果在销售前没有经过药品检验机构对其药品实施检验,仍然会认定该销售行为是违法行为。许多国家的药事法中都有这项强制性检验的规定,主要是针对一些存在安全性隐患,需要加强管理的品种,实施上市前的检验行为,这也是我国对这些药品进行“批签发”管理的组成部分。2017年12月29日,国家食品药品监督管理总局发布修订后的《生物制品批签发管理办法》(总局令第39号)(自2018年2月1日起施行),强化生物制品批签发管理工作。批签发是指国家药品监管部门为确保疫苗等生物制品的安全、有效,在每批产品上市前由指定的药品检验机构对其进行审核、检验及签发的监督管理行为。这种作法是国际上对疫苗等生物制品监管的一种通行做法,被世界卫生组织列为各国政府对疫苗类生物制品实行监管的关键职能之一。疫苗类制品、血液制品、用于血源筛查的体外诊断试剂以及国家药品监督管理部门规定的其他生物制品,在每批产品上市销售前或进口时,都应当通过批签发审核检验。未通过批签发的产品,不得上市销售或进口。(4)复验:当事人对药品检验结果有异议的,可以自收到药品检验结果之日起七日内向原药品检验机构或者上一级药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验,也可以直接向国务院药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验。受理复验的药品检验机构应当在国务院药品监督管理部门规定的时间内作出复验结论。"} {"Question":"特殊药品管理制度是为了","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"防止药物滥用"},{"key":"B","value":"保证分装准确无误"},{"key":"C","value":"保证发药正确率"},{"key":"D","value":"保证药品质量和发药剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"考核审查工作质量和效率处方调配的有关管理制度中"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"行政机关对不履行行政决定的公民、法人或者其他组织可采取的行政强制执行方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"责令组织听证"},{"key":"B","value":"划拔存款、汇款"},{"key":"C","value":"责令停产停业"},{"key":"D","value":"查封场所、设施或者财物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是行政强制。行政机关对不履行行政决定的公民、法人或者其他组织可采取的行政强制执行方式是划拔存款、汇款(B对)。行政强制的概念和原则:行政强制,是指行政机关为了实现预防或制止正在发生或可能发生的违法行为、危险状态以及不利后果,或者为了保全证据、确保案件查处工作的顺利进行等行政目的,而对相对人的人身或财产采取强制性措施的行为,包括行政强制措施和行政强制执行。行政强制的设定和实施应当适当,并应当依照法定的权限、范围、条件和程序。采用非强制手段可以达到行政管理目的的,不得设定和实施行政强制。实施行政强制,应当坚持教育与强制相结合。公民、法人或者其他组织对行政机关实施行政强制,享有陈述权、申辩权;有权依法申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼;因行政机关违法实施行政强制受到损害的,有权依法要求赔偿。公民、法人或者其他组织因人民法院在强制执行中有违法行为或者扩大强制执行范围受到损害的,有权依法要求赔偿。(二)行政强制措施:行政强制措施,是指行政机关在行政管理过程中,为制止违法行为、防止证据损毁、避免危害发生、控制危险扩大等情形,依法对公民的人身自由实施暂时性限制,或者对公民、法人或者其他组织的财物实施暂时性控制的行为。行政强制措施的种类包括:①限制公民人身自由;②查封场所、设施或者财物(D错);③扣押财物;④冻结存款、汇款;⑤其他行政强制措施。(三)行政强制执行:行政强制执行,是指行政机关或者行政机关申请人民法院,对不履行行政决定的公民、法人或者其他组织,依法强制履行义务的行为。行政强制执行的方式包括:①加处罚款或者滞纳金;②划拨存款、汇款;③拍卖或者依法处理查封、扣押的场所、设施或者财物;④排除妨碍、恢复原状;⑤代履行;⑥其他强制执行方式。"} {"Question":"省级药品监督管理部门依法承担的职责有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对药品零售企业的药品采购行为开展监督检查"},{"key":"B","value":"对药品批发企业的药品储存行为开展监督检查"},{"key":"C","value":"对药品生产企业的药品生产行为开展监督检查"},{"key":"D","value":"对药品上市许可持有人的药品零售行为开展监督检查"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品监督管理部门。省级药品监督管理部门依法承担的职责有对药品批发企业的药品储存行为开展监督检查(B对)与对药品生产企业的药品生产行为开展监督检查(C对)。药品监督管理部门:药品监督管理部门是指依照法律法规的授权和相关规定,承担药品研制、生产、流通和使用环节监督管理职责的组织机构。国家药品监督管理局负责制定药品、医疗器械和化妆品监管制度,负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品研制环节的许可、检查和处罚。省级药品监督管理部门负责药品、医疗器械、化妆品生产环节的许可、检查和处罚,以及药品批发许可、零售连锁总部许可、互联网销售第三方平台备案及检查和处罚。市县两级市场监督管理部门负责药品零售、医疗器械经营的许可、检查和处罚(AD错),以及化妆品经营和药品、医疗器械使用环节质量的检查和处罚。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》规定,行政机关作出行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利的情形有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"警告"},{"key":"B","value":"责令停产停业"},{"key":"C","value":"吊销许可证或者执照"},{"key":"D","value":"一千元以下罚款"},{"key":"E","value":"较大数额罚款"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是行政处罚的程序。《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》规定,行政机关作出行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利的情形有责令停产(B对)、吊销许可证或者执照(C对)、较大数额罚款(E对)。行政处罚的程序:1.行政处罚的决定及其程序:公民、法人或者其他组织违反行政管理秩序的行为,依法应当给予行政处罚。行政机关在作出行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人作出行政处罚决定的事实、理由及依据,并告知当事人依法享有的权利。行政处罚决定程序有2大类。(1)简易程序(当场处罚程序):当违法事实清楚、有法定依据、拟作出数额较小的罚款(对公民处50元以下,对法人或者其他组织处1000元以下的罚款)(D错)或者警告(A错)时,可以适用简易程序,当场处罚。简易程序包括:①表明身份(执法人员应向当事人出示执法身份证件)。②确认违法事实,说明处罚理由和依据。③制作行政处罚决定书。④交付行政处罚决定书。⑤备案。(2)一般程序(普通程序):一般程序包括:①立案。对于在两年以内未发现的行政违法行为,不予立案追究。②调查。调查时,行政执法人员不得少于二人,并应出示证件。③处理决定。根据不同情况,分别作出行政处罚、不予行政处罚和移送司法机关处理决定。④说明理由并告知权利。⑤当事人的陈述和申辩。⑥制作处罚决定书。⑦送达行政处罚决定书。2.听证程序:行政机关作出责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者执照、较大数额罚款等行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利;当事人要求听证的,行政机关应当组织听证。当事人不承担行政机关组织听证的费用。听证程序包括:(1)听证申请的提出:当事人要求听证的,应当在行政机关告知后三日内提出。(2)听证通知:行政机关应当在听证的七日前,将举行听证的时间、地点和其他相关事项通知当事人。(3)听证的主持与参与:听证应由行政机关指定非本案调查人员主持。当事人有权申请听证主持人回避。当事人可亲自参加,也可委托一至二人代理参加。(4)辩论:举行听证时,调查人员提出当事人违法的事实、证据和行政处罚建议;当事人进行申辩和质证。(5)制作听证笔录:笔录应当交当事人审核无误后签字或者盖章。"} {"Question":"药物临床试验机构以健康人为麻醉药品和第一类精神药品临床试验的受试对象的,由药品监管管理部门责令停止违潜行为,给予警告;情节严重的,取消其药物临床试验机构的资格;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。对受试对象造成损害的,药物临床试验机构依法承担治疗和赔偿责任。“对受试对象造成损害的,药物临床试验机构依法承担治疗和赔偿责任”属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行政处分"},{"key":"B","value":"民事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"刑事责任"},{"key":"D","value":"行政处罚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是行政处罚法原则。药物临床试验机构以健康人为麻醉药品和第一类精神药品临床试验的受试对象的,由药品监管管理部门责令停止违潜行为,给予警告;情节严重的,取消其药物临床试验机构的资格;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。对受试对象造成损害的,药物临床试验机构依法承担治疗和赔偿责任。“对受试对象造成损害的,药物临床试验机构依法承担治疗和赔偿责任”属于民事责任(B对)。行政处罚(D错)的原则:(1)处罚法定原则:依照《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》(以下简称《行政处罚法》),公民、法人或者其他组织违反行政管理秩序的行为,应当给予行政处罚的,由法律、法规或者规章规定,并由行政机关依照《行政处罚法》规定的程序实施。没有法定依据或者不遵守法定程序的,行政处罚无效。(2)处罚公正、公开原则:公正,是指公平、正义,其基本精神是要求行政主体及其工作人员办事公道不徇私情,平等地对待不同身份、民族、性别和不同宗教信仰的人。公正是国家活动的一项基本原则,也是公民所应享有的一项基本权利。在行政处罚中,公平原则要求行政主体必须依法裁判,公平地处罚违法的公民、法人或者其他组织,做到同样的违法行为受到同样的处罚,不同的违法行为不应受到同等的处罚。同时,必须以公正而无偏私的程序达到公正的结果。(3)处罚与违法行为相适应的原则:这一原则是指设定和实施行政处罚必须以事实为依据,与违法行为的事实、性质、情节以及社会危害程度相当。(4)处罚与教育相结合的原则:实施行政处罚,纠正违法行为,应当坚待处罚与教育相结合,教育公民、法人或者其他组织自觉守法。处罚不是目的,而是手段,通过处罚达到教育的目的。(5)不免除民事责任,不取代刑事责任(C错)原则:这一原则是指公民、法人或者其他组织因违法受到行政处罚,其违法行为对他人造成损害的,应当承担民事责任。违法行为构成犯罪,应当依法追究刑事责任,不得以行政处罚代替刑事处罚。行政处分(A错):指由有管辖权的国家机关或企事业单位依据行政隶属关系对违法失职人员给予的一种行政制裁。其种类主要有警告、记过、记大过、降级、撤职、开除六种。"} {"Question":"2013年12月全国人民代表大会常务委员会将原药品管理法的第十三条修正为“经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准药品生产企业可以接受委托生产药品”,根据该规定,国家药品监督管理部门将药品委托生产行政许可职责下放到省级药品监督管理部门。这一法律适用过程体现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不溯及既往原则"},{"key":"B","value":"全面审查原则"},{"key":"C","value":"法律条文到达时间的原则"},{"key":"D","value":"行政许可法定原则"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是设定和实施行政许可的原则。2013年12月全国人民代表大会常务委员会将原药品管理法的第十三条修正为“经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准药品生产企业可以接受委托生产药品”,根据该规定,国家药品监督管理部门将药品委托生产行政许可职责下放到省级药品监督管理部门。这一法律适用过程体现行政许可法定原则(D对)。设定和实施行政许可的原则:1.法定原则:设定和实施行政许可,应当依照法定的权限、范围、条件和程序。2.公开、公平、公正原则:设定和实施行政许可,应当公开、公平、公正,维护行政相对人的合法权益。3.便民和效率原则:实施行政许可,应当便民,提高办事效率,提供优质服务。4.信赖保护原则:公民、法人或者其他组织依法取得的行政许可受法律保护,行政机关不得擅自改变已经生效的行政许可。行政许可所依据的法律、法规、规章修改或者废止,或者准予行政许可所依据的客观情况发生重大变化的,为了公共利益的需要,行政机关可以依法变更或者撤回已经生效的行政许可。由此给公民、法人或者其他组织造成财产损失的,行政机关应当依法给予补偿。法律的时间效力:时间效力是指法律在何时生效和何时终止效力,以及新法律颁布生效之前发生的事件或者行为是否适用该项法规的问题。时间效力一般有三个原则:不溯及既往原则(A错);后法废止前法原则;法律条文到达时间的原则(C错)。行政复议的基本原则:1.合法原则;2.公正原则;3.公开原则;4.及时原则;5.便民原则;6.全面审查原则(B错)。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》规定,行政机关应当事先告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利才能作出行政处罚决定的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暂扣许可证或执照"},{"key":"B","value":"一千元以下罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"没收违法所得"},{"key":"D","value":"没收非法财物"},{"key":"E","value":"较大数额罚款"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查听证程序。《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》规定行政机关作出责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者执照、较大数额罚款(E对)等行政处罚决定之前,应当告知当事人有要求举行听证的权利;当事人要求听证的,行政机关应当组织听证。当事人不承担行政机关组织听证的费用。暂扣许可证或执照(A错)、没收违法所得(C错)、没收非法财物(D错)属于行政处罚,不适用于听证程序。对法人或者其他组织处1000元以下的罚款(B错)或者警告时,适用于简易程序。"} {"Question":"下列属于国家药品监督管理总局职责的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"负责药品价格的监督管理工作"},{"key":"B","value":"拟订并完善执行药师资格准入制度,指导监督执业药师注册工作"},{"key":"C","value":"规范公立医院和基层医疗机构药品采购、合理规定药品平均价格"},{"key":"D","value":"组织指导食品药品犯罪案件侦查工作"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是国家药品监督管理局的主要职责。下列属于国家食品药品监督管理总局职责的是拟订并完善执行药师资格准入制度,指导监督执业药师注册工作(B对)。国家药品监督管理局:根据《国家药品监督管理局职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定》,国家药品监督管理局(简称NMPA)贯彻落实党中央关于药品监督管理工作的方针政策和决策部署,在履行职责过程中坚持和加强党对药品监督管理工作的集中统一领导。主要职责是:(1)负责药品(含中药、民族药,下同)、医疗器械和化妆品安全监督管理。拟订监督管理政策规划,组织起草法律法规草案,拟订部门规章,并监督实施。研究拟订鼓励药品、医疗器械和化妆品新技术新产品的管理与服务政策。(2)负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品标准管理。组织制定、公布国家药典等药品、医疗器械标准,组织拟订化妆品标准,组织制定分类管理制度,并监督实施。参与制定国家基本药物目录,配合实施国家基本药物制度。(3)负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品注册管理。制定注册管理制度,严格上市审评审批,完善审评审批服务便利化措施,并组织实施。(4)负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品质量管理。制定研制质量管理规范并监督实施。制定生产质量管理规范并依职责监督实施。制定经营、使用质量管理规范并指导实施。(5)负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品上市后风险管理。组织开展药品不良反应、医疗器械不良事件和化妆品不良反应的监测、评价和处置工作。依法承担药品、医疗器械和化妆品安全应急管理工作。(6)负责执业药师资格准入管理。制定执业药师资格准入制度,指导监督执业药师注册工作。(7)负责组织指导药品、医疗器械和化妆品监督检查。制定检查制度,依法查处药品、医疗器械和化妆品注册环节的违法行为,依职责组织指导查处生产环节的违法行为。(8)负责药品、医疗器械和化妆品监督管理领域对外交流与合作,参与相关国际监管规则和标准的制定。(9)负责指导省、自治区、直辖市药品监督管理部门工作。(10)完成党中央、国务院交办的其他任务。(11)职能转变。①深入推进简政放权。减少具体行政审批事项,逐步将药品和医疗器械广告、药物临床试验机构、进口非特殊用途化妆品等审批事项取消或者改为备案。对化妆品新原料实行分类管理,高风险的实行许可管理,低风险的实行备案管理。②强化事中事后监管。完善药品、医疗器械全生命周期管理制度,强化全过程质量安全风险管理,创新监管方式,加强信用监管,全面落实“双随机、一公开”和“互联网+监管”,提高监管效能,满足新时代公众用药用械需求。③有效提升服务水平。加快创新药品、医疗器械审评审批,建立上市许可持有人制度,推进电子化审评审批,优化流程、提高效率,营造激励创新、保护合法权益环境。及时发布药品注册申请信息,引导申请人有序研发和申报。④全面落实监管责任。按照“最严谨的标准、最严格的监管、最严厉的处罚、最严肃的问责”要求,完善药品、医疗器械和化妆品审评、检查、检验、监测等体系,提升监管队伍职业化水平。加快仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价,推进追溯体系建设,落实企业主体责任,防范系统性、区域性风险,保障药品、医疗器械安全有效。根据上述职责,国家药品监督管理局设9个内设机构:综合和规划财务司、政策法规司、药品注册管理司(中药民族药监督管理司)、药品监督管理司、医疗器械注册管理司、医疗器械监督管理司、化妆品监督管理司、科技和国际合作司(港澳台办公室)、人事司。"} {"Question":"在药品上市申请中需要进行的检验属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注册检验"},{"key":"B","value":"监督抽检"},{"key":"C","value":"指定检验"},{"key":"D","value":"复验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品质量监督检验的类型。国家药品监督管理部门对新药上市许可申请人申报的药品标准进行的技术评估,属于注册检验(A对)。注册检验:药品注册检验,包括标准复核和样品检验。新药上市申请、首次申请上市仿制药、首次申请上市境外生产药品,应当进行样品检验和标准复核。根据《药品质量抽查检验管理办法》(国药监药管〔2019〕34号),药品质量抽查检验根据监管目的一般可分为监督抽检(B错)和评价抽检。监督抽检是指药品监督管理部门根据监管需要对质量可疑药品进行的抽查检验,评价抽检是指药品监督管理部门为评价某类或一定区域药品质量状况而开展的抽查检验。指定检验(C错):是指国家法律或国家药品监督管理部门规定某些药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构检验,检验合格的,才准予销售的强制性药品检验。复验(D错):当事人对药品检验结果有异议的,可以自收到药品检验结果之日起七日内向原药品检验机构或者上一级药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验,也可以直接向国务院药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验。受理复验的药品检验机构应当在国务院药品监督管理部门规定的时间内作出复验结论。"} {"Question":"根据2018年《深化党和国家机构改革方案》和《国务院关于机构设置的通知》,关于国家医疗保障局职责的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"统筹规划卫生健康资源配置,指导区域卫生健康规划的制定与实施"},{"key":"B","value":"组织制定并实施医疗保障基金安全防控机制,推进医疗保障基金支付方式改革"},{"key":"C","value":"制定医保目录准入谈判规则,并组织实施"},{"key":"D","value":"组织制定并完善异地就医管理和费用结算政策"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗保障部门的职责。统筹规划卫生健康资源配置,指导区域卫生健康规划的制定与实施为卫生健康部门的职责(A错,为本题正确答案)。医疗保障部门的职责:医疗保障部门负责拟订医疗保险、生育保险、医疗救助等医疗保障制度的法律法规草案、政策、规划和标准,制定部门规章并组织实施。组织制定并实施医疗保障基金监督管理办法,建立健全医疗保障基金安全防控机制,推进医疗保障基金支付方式改革(B对)。组织制定医疗保障筹资和待遇政策,完善动态调整和区域调剂平衡机制,统筹城乡医疗保障待遇标准,建立健全与筹资水平相适应的待遇调整机制。组织拟订并实施长期护理保险制度改革方案。组织制定城乡统一的药品、医用耗材、医疗服务项目、医疗服务设施等医保目录和支付标准,建立动态调整机制,制定医保目录准入谈判规则并组织实施(C对)。组织制定药品、医用耗材价格和医疗服务项目、医疗服务设施收费等政策,建立医保支付医药服务价格合理确定和动态调整机制,推动建立市场主导的社会医药服务价格形成机制,建立价格信息监测和信息发布制度。制定药品、医用耗材的招标采购政策并监督实施,指导药品、医用耗材招标采购平台建设。制定定点医药机构协议和支付管理办法并组织实施,建立健全医疗保障信用评价体系和信息披露制度,监督管理纳入医保范围内的医疗服务行为和医疗费用,依法查处医疗保障领域违法违规行为。负责医疗保障经办管理、公共服务体系和信息化建设。组织制定和完善异地就医管理和费用结算政策(D对)。建立健全医疗保障关系转移接续制度。开展医疗保障领域国际合作交流。同时,医疗保障部门应完善统一的城乡居民基本医疗保险制度和大病保险制度,建立健全覆盖全民、城乡统筹的多层次医疗保障体系,不断提高医疗保障水平,确保医保资金合理使用、安全可控,推进医疗、医保、医药“三医联动”改革,更好保障人民群众就医需求、减轻医药费用负担。国家卫生健康委员会、国家医疗保障局等部门在医疗、医保、医药等方面加强制度、政策衔接,建立沟通协商机制,协同推进改革,提高医疗资源使用效率和医疗保障水平。卫生健康部门的职责:卫生健康部门负责组织拟订国民健康政策,拟订卫生健康事业发展法律法规草案、政策、规划,制定部门规章和标准并组织实施。统筹规划卫生健康资源配置,指导区域卫生健康规划的编制和实施。制定并组织实施推进卫生健康基本公共服务均等化、普惠化、便捷化和公共资源向基层延伸等政策措施。协调推进深化医药卫生体制改革,组织深化公立医院综合改革,健全现代医院管理制度,提出医疗服务和药品价格政策的建议。制定并组织落实疾病预防控制规划、国家免疫规划以及严重危害人民健康公共卫生问题的干预措施,制定检疫传染病和监测传染病目录。负责卫生应急工作,组织指导突发公共卫生事件的预防控制和各类突发公共事件的医疗卫生救援。组织拟订并协调落实应对人口老龄化政策措施,负责推进老年健康服务体系建设和医养结合工作。组织制定国家药物政策和国家基本药物制度,开展药品使用监测、临床综合评价和短缺药品预警,提出国家基本药物价格政策的建议。组织开展食品安全风险监测评估,依法制定并公布食品安全标准。负责职责范围内的职业卫生、放射卫生、环境卫生、学校卫生、公共场所卫生、饮用水卫生等公共卫生的监督管理,负责传染病防治监督,健全卫生健康综合监督体系。牵头《烟草控制框架公约》履约工作。制定医疗机构、医疗服务行业管理办法并监督实施,建立医疗服务评价和监督管理体系。负责计划生育管理和服务工作,完善计划生育政策。同时,国家药品监督管理局会同国家卫生健康委员会组织国家药典委员会并制定国家药典,建立重大药品不良反应和医疗器械不良事件相互通报机制和联合处置机制。"} {"Question":"下列英文缩写中“A”代表“管理局”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"FDA"},{"key":"B","value":"IPA"},{"key":"C","value":"BA"},{"key":"D","value":"CA"},{"key":"E","value":"CPA"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"组织制定药品价格,推动建立市场主导的社会医药服务价格形成机制的机构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国家中医药管理局"},{"key":"B","value":"国家发展和改革委员会"},{"key":"C","value":"国家卫生健康委员会"},{"key":"D","value":"国家医疗保障局"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗保障部门的职责。组织制定药品价格,推动建立市场主导的社会医药服务价格形成机制的机构是国家医疗保障局(D对)。医疗保障部门的职责:医疗保障部门负责拟订医疗保险、生育保险、医疗救助等医疗保障制度的法律法规草案、政策、规划和标准,制定部门规章并组织实施。组织制定并实施医疗保障基金监督管理办法,建立健全医疗保障基金安全防控机制,推进医疗保障基金支付方式改革。组织制定医疗保障筹资和待遇政策,完善动态调整和区域调剂平衡机制,统筹城乡医疗保障待遇标准,建立健全与筹资水平相适应的待遇调整机制。组织拟订并实施长期护理保险制度改革方案。组织制定城乡统一的药品、医用耗材、医疗服务项目、医疗服务设施等医保目录和支付标准,建立动态调整机制,制定医保目录准入谈判规则并组织实施。组织制定药品、医用耗材价格和医疗服务项目、医疗服务设施收费等政策,建立医保支付医药服务价格合理确定和动态调整机制,推动建立市场主导的社会医药服务价格形成机制,建立价格信息监测和信息发布制度。制定药品、医用耗材的招标采购政策并监督实施,指导药品、医用耗材招标采购平台建设。制定定点医药机构协议和支付管理办法并组织实施,建立健全医疗保障信用评价体系和信息披露制度,监督管理纳入医保范围内的医疗服务行为和医疗费用,依法查处医疗保障领域违法违规行为。负责医疗保障经办管理、公共服务体系和信息化建设。组织制定和完善异地就医管理和费用结算政策。建立健全医疗保障关系转移接续制度。开展医疗保障领域国际合作交流。同时,医疗保障部门应完善统一的城乡居民基本医疗保险制度和大病保险制度,建立健全覆盖全民、城乡统筹的多层次医疗保障体系,不断提高医疗保障水平,确保医保资金合理使用、安全可控,推进医疗、医保、医药“三医联动”改革,更好保障人民群众就医需求、减轻医药费用负担。国家卫生健康委员会、国家医疗保障局等部门在医疗、医保、医药等方面加强制度、政策衔接,建立沟通协商机制,协同推进改革,提高医疗资源使用效率和医疗保障水平。中医药管理部门(A错)的职责:中医药管理部门负责拟订中医药和民族医药事业发展的战略、规划、政策和相关标准,起草有关法律法规和部门规章草案,参与国家重大中医药项目的规划和组织实施。承担中医医疗、预防、保健、康复及临床用药等的监督管理责任。规划、指导和协调中医医疗、科研机构的结构布局及其运行机制的改革。拟订各类中医医疗、保健等机构管理规范和技术标准并监督执行。负责监督和协调医疗、研究机构的中西医结合工作,拟订有关管理规范和技术标准。负责指导民族医药的理论、医术、药物的发掘、整理、总结和提高工作,拟订民族医医疗机构管理规范和技术标准并监督执行。组织开展中药资源普查,促进中药资源的保护、开发和合理利用,参与制定中药产业发展规划、产业政策和中医药的扶持政策,参与国家基本药物制度建设。组织拟订中医药人才发展规划,会同有关部门拟订中医药专业技术人员资格标准并组织实施。会同有关部门组织开展中医药师承教育、毕业后教育、继续教育和相关人才培训工作,参与指导中医药教育教学改革,参与拟订各级各类中医药教育发展规划。拟订和组织实施中医药科学研究、技术开发规划,指导中医药科研条件和能力建设,管理国家重点中医药科研项目,促进中医药科技成果的转化、应用和推广。承担保护濒临消亡的中医诊疗技术和中药生产加工技术的责任,组织开展对中医古籍的整理研究和中医药文化的继承发展,提出保护中医非物质文化遗产的建议,推动中医药防病治病知识普及。国家中医药管理局由国家卫生和健康委员会管理。发展和改革宏观调控部门的职责:国家发展和改革委员会(B错)负责监测和管理药品宏观经济。2018年国务院机构改革,将国家发改委的价格监督检查与反垄断执法职责划入国家市场监督管理总局,国家发改委的药品和医疗服务价格管理职责划入国家医疗保障局。同时,国家发展和改革委员会负责组织监测和评估人口变动情况及趋势影响,建立人口预测预报制度,开展重大决策人口影响评估,完善重大人口政策咨询机制,研究提出国家人口发展战略,拟订人口发展规划和人口政策,研究提出人口与经济、社会、资源、环境协调可持续发展,以及统筹促进人口长期均衡发展的政策建议。卫生健康部门(C错)的职责:卫生健康部门负责组织拟订国民健康政策,拟订卫生健康事业发展法律法规草案、政策、规划,制定部门规章和标准并组织实施。统筹规划卫生健康资源配置,指导区域卫生健康规划的编制和实施。制定并组织实施推进卫生健康基本公共服务均等化、普惠化、便捷化和公共资源向基层延伸等政策措施。协调推进深化医药卫生体制改革,组织深化公立医院综合改革,健全现代医院管理制度,提出医疗服务和药品价格政策的建议。制定并组织落实疾病预防控制规划、国家免疫规划以及严重危害人民健康公共卫生问题的干预措施,制定检疫传染病和监测传染病目录。负责卫生应急工作,组织指导突发公共卫生事件的预防控制和各类突发公共事件的医疗卫生救援。组织拟订并协调落实应对人口老龄化政策措施,负责推进老年健康服务体系建设和医养结合工作。组织制定国家药物政策和国家基本药物制度,开展药品使用监测、临床综合评价和短缺药品预警,提出国家基本药物价格政策的建议。组织开展食品安全风险监测评估,依法制定并公布食品安全标准。负责职责范围内的职业卫生、放射卫生、环境卫生、学校卫生、公共场所卫生、饮用水卫生等公共卫生的监督管理,负责传染病防治监督,健全卫生健康综合监督体系。牵头《烟草控制框架公约》履约工作。制定医疗机构、医疗服务行业管理办法并监督实施,建立医疗服务评价和监督管理体系。负责计划生育管理和服务工作,完善计划生育政策。同时,国家药品监督管理局会同国家卫生健康委员会组织国家药典委员会并制定国家药典,建立重大药品不良反应和医疗器械不良事件相互通报机制和联合处置机制。"} {"Question":"国家对国外首次在中国销售的药品进行的检验属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抽查检验"},{"key":"B","value":"注册检验"},{"key":"C","value":"生产检验"},{"key":"D","value":"指定检验"},{"key":"E","value":"复验"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品质量监督检验的类型。国家对国外首次在中国销售的药品进行的检验属于指定检验(D对)。药品质量监督检验的类型:药品质量监督检验根据其目的和处理方法不同,可以分为抽查检验、注册检验、指定检验和复验等类型。(1)抽查检验(A错):简称抽验,是国家依法对生产、经营和使用的药品质量进行有目的地调查和检查的过程,是药品监督管理部门通过技术方法对药品质量合格与否做出判断的一种重要手段。。(2)注册检验(B错):药品注册检验,包括标准复核和样品检验。标准复核,是指对申请人申报药品标准中设定项目的科学性、检验方法的可行性、质控指标的合理性等进行的技术评估。样品检验,是指按照申请人申报或者国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心核定的药品质量标准进行的实验室检验。(3)指定检验:是指国家法律或国家药品监督管理部门规定某些药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构检验,检验合格的,才准予销售的强制性药品检验。(4)复验(E错):当事人对药品检验结果有异议的,可以自收到药品检验结果之日起七日内向原药品检验机构或者上一级药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验,也可以直接向国务院药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验。"} {"Question":"结果由药品监督管理部门药品质量公告形式发布的检验属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抽查检验"},{"key":"B","value":"指定检验"},{"key":"C","value":"注册检验"},{"key":"D","value":"复验"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品质量公告的定义。结果由药品监督管理部门药品质量公告形式发布的检验属于抽查检验(A对)。药品质量公告的定义:药品质量公告是指由国务院和省级药品监督管理部门向公众发布的有关药品质量抽查检验结果的通告。《药品管理法》第101条规定,国务院和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府的药品监督管理部门应当定期公告药品质量抽查检验的结果;公告不当的,应当在原公告范围内予以更正。药品质量公告是药品监督管理的一项重要内容,也是药品监督管理部门的法定义务,药品抽查检验的结果应当依法向社会公告药品质量监督检验的类型:药品质量监督检验根据其目的和处理方法不同,可以分为抽查检验、注册检验、指定检验和复验等类型。(1)抽查检验:简称抽验,是国家依法对生产、经营和使用的药品质量进行有目的地调查和检查的过程,是药品监督管理部门通过技术方法对药品质量合格与否做出判断的一种重要手段。(2)注册检验(C错):药品注册检验,包括标准复核和样品检验。标准复核,是指对申请人申报药品标准中设定项目的科学性、检验方法的可行性、质控指标的合理性等进行的技术评估。样品检验,是指按照申请人申报或者国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心核定的药品质量标准进行的实验室检验。(3)指定检验(B错):是指国家法律或国家药品监督管理部门规定某些药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构检验,检验合格的,才准予销售的强制性药品检验。(4)复验(D错):当事人对药品检验结果有异议的,可以自收到药品检验结果之日起七日内向原药品检验机构或者上一级药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验,也可以直接向国务院药品监督管理部门设置或者指定的药品检验机构申请复验。受理复验的药品检验机构应当在国务院药品监督管理部门规定的时间内作出复验结论。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》规定,药品在销售前或者进口时,应当按照国务院药品监督管理部门的规定进行检验或者审核批准的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疫苗类制品"},{"key":"B","value":"血液制品"},{"key":"C","value":"用于血源筛查的体外诊断试剂"},{"key":"D","value":"抗生素"},{"key":"E","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门规定的其他生物制品"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品的指定检验。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》规定,药品在销售前或者进口时,应当按照国务院药品监督管理部门的规定进行检验或者审核批准的是疫苗类制品(A对)、血液制品(B对)、用于血源筛查的体外诊断试剂(C对)、国家药品监督管理部门规定的其他生物制品(E对)。药品指定检验:是指国家法律或国家药品监督管理部门规定某些药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构检验,检验合格的,才准予销售的强制性药品检验。《药品管理法》规定下列药品在销售前或者进口时,必须经过指定药品检验机构进行检验,检验不合格的,不得销售或者进口:①首次在中国销售的药品;②国家药品监督管理部门规定的生物制品;③国务院规定的其他药品。对于这些药品,虽然已经取得药品生产批准证明文件,并经药品生产企业检验合格,但是,如果在销售前没有经过药品检验机构对其药品实施检验,仍然会认定该销售行为是违法行为。许多国家的药事法中都有这项强制性检验的规定,主要是针对一些存在安全性隐患,需要加强管理的品种,实施上市前的检验行为,这也是我国对这些药品进行“批签发”管理的组成部分。2017年12月29日,国家食品药品监督管理总局发布修订后的《生物制品批签发管理办法》(总局令第39号)(自2018年2月1日起施行),强化生物制品批签发管理工作。批签发是指国家药品监管部门为确保疫苗等生物制品的安全、有效,在每批产品上市前由指定的药品检验机构对其进行审核、检验及签发的监督管理行为。这种作法是国际上对疫苗等生物制品监管的一种通行做法,被世界卫生组织列为各国政府对疫苗类生物制品实行监管的关键职能之一。疫苗类制品、血液制品、用于血源筛查的体外诊断试剂以及国家药品监督管理部门规定的其他生物制品,在每批产品上市销售前或进口时,都应当通过批签发审核检验。未通过批签发的产品,不得上市销售或进口。"} {"Question":"依照《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》的规定,麻醉药品处方至少保存","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一年"},{"key":"B","value":"二年"},{"key":"C","value":"三年"},{"key":"D","value":"四年"},{"key":"E","value":"五年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方资格及处方管理。依照《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》的规定,麻醉药品处方至少保存三年(C对)。麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方资格及处方管理:1.医疗机构应当按照国务院卫生健康主管部门的规定,对本单位执业医师进行有关麻醉药品和精神药品使用知识的培训、考核,经考核合格的,授予麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方资格。执业医师取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方资格后,方可在本医疗机构开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方,但不得为自己开具该种处方。2.医疗机构应当将具有麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方资格的执业医师名单及其变更情况,定期报送所在地设区的市级卫生行政部门,并抄送同级药品监督管理部门。3.执业医师应当使用专用处方开具麻醉药品和精神药品,单张处方的最大用量应当符合国务院卫生主管部门的规定。对麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方,处方的调配人、核对人应当仔细核对,签署姓名,并予以登记;对不符合处方管理规定的,处方的调配人、核对人应当拒绝发药。4.医疗机构应当对麻醉药品和精神药品处方进行专册登记,加强管理。麻醉药品处方至少保存3年,精神药品处方至少保存2年。"} {"Question":"属于麻醉药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨酚待因片"},{"key":"B","value":"氨酚氢可酮片"},{"key":"C","value":"氢可酮"},{"key":"D","value":"氯胺酮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品目录。属于麻醉药品的是氢可酮(C对)。《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因2.罂粟浓缩物(包括器粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉)3.二氢埃托啡4.地芬诺酯5.芬太尼6.氢可酮7.氢吗啡酮8.美沙酮9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液)10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片)11.羟考酮12.哌替啶13.瑞芬太尼14.舒芬太尼15.蒂巴因16.可待因17.右丙氧芬18.双氢可待因19.乙基吗啡20.福尔可定21.布桂嗪22.罂粟壳。氨酚待因片(A错)为含特殊药品复方制剂。氨酚氢可酮片(B错)为第二类精神药品。氯胺酮(D错)为第一类精神药品。"} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》邮寄时需要预先办理准予邮寄证明,托运时需要预先办理运输证明的精神药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"咖啡因"},{"key":"C","value":"布桂嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"氯胺酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品的运输管理与邮寄管理。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》邮寄时需要预先办理准予邮寄证明,托运时需要预先办理运输证明的精神药品是氯胺酮(D对)。托运或自行运输麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的单位,应当向所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门申请领取《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品运输证明》(简称运输证明)。运输第二类精神药品无需办理运输证明。麻醉药品和精神药品可以邮寄。邮寄麻醉药品和精神药品,寄件人应当提交所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门出具的准予邮寄证明。麻醉药品和精神药品目录:《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第3条规定,麻醉药品和精神药品目录由国务院药品监督管理部门会同国务院公安部门、国务院卫生主管部门制定、调整并公布。根据《条例》规定,国家食品药品监督管理总局、公安部、国家卫生计生委于2013年11月11日联合公布《麻醉药品品种目录(2013年版)》和《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》(食药监药化监〔2013〕230号),自2014年1月1日起施行。(一)麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪(C错);22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。(二)精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮;6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因(B错);22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片;26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。阿托品(A错)属于毒性药品西药品种。毒性药品西药品种共13种:去乙酰毛花苷丙、阿托品、洋地黄毒苷、氢溴酸后马托品、三氧化二砷、毛果芸香碱、升汞、水杨酸毒扁豆碱、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、亚砷酸钾、士的宁、亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素及其制剂。"} {"Question":"根据特殊管理药品有关品种目录管理的规定,罂粟壳属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第二类精神药品"},{"key":"B","value":"第一类精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗用毒性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉药品"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品目录。根据特殊管理药品有关品种目录管理的规定,罂粟壳属于麻醉药品(D对)。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪;22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品(B错)有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮;6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品(A错)有29个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片;26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。医疗用毒性药品(C错)的管理品种,由国务院卫生主管部门会同国务院药品监督管理部门规定。毒性药品的品种目录应以国家有关部门确定并公布的品种目录为准,现已公布的毒性药品的管理品种分为中药品种和西药品种两大类。1.毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。需要说明的是上述中药品种是指原药材和饮片,不含制剂。2.毒性药品西药品种共13种:去乙酰毛花苷丙、阿托品、洋地黄毒苷、氢溴酸后马托品、三氧化二砷、毛果芸香碱、升汞、水杨酸毒扁豆碱、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、亚砷酸钾、士的宁、亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素及其制剂。需要说明的有两点,一是上述西药品种除亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素制剂以外的毒性西药品种是指原料药;二是上述西药品种士的宁、阿托品、毛果芸香碱等包括其盐类化合物。"} {"Question":"甲是药品上市许可持有人,依法持有甲钴胺片等药品品种;乙是药品生产企业,生产范围:片剂,胶囊剂;丙是药品生产企业,生产范围:胶囊剂,颗粒剂;丁是全国性药品批发企业,经营范围:麻醉药品、中成药、中药饮片、化学药、生物制品,具备药品现代物流条件;戊是县级区域性药品批发企业,经营范围:中成药、化学药;己是药品零售连锁企业所属门店,经营类别:处方药、甲类非处方药,乙类非处方药,经营范围:第二类精神药品、中成药、中药饮片,化学药。根据药品监督管理法规,结合题目提供的信息,关于药品销售行为的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲将甲钴胺片销售给戊,戊同时销售给丁和己"},{"key":"B","value":"甲将甲钴胺片销售给乙,乙再销售给丁,丁再销售给己所属连锁总部,再由总部配送中心配送至己"},{"key":"C","value":"甲将甲钴胺片销售给丁,丁再销售给戊,丁、戊同时销售给己所属连锁总部,再由总部委托丁配送至己"},{"key":"D","value":"甲将甲钴胺片销售给丁,丁再直接销售并配送至己,己完成收货验收后向总部报告本次药品采购情况"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品购进渠道管理。甲是药品上市许可持有人,依法持有甲钴胺片等药品品种;乙是药品生产企业,生产范围:片剂,胶囊剂;丙是药品生产企业,生产范围:胶囊剂,颗粒剂;丁是全国性药品批发企业,经营范围:麻醉药品、中成药、中药饮片、化学药、生物制品,具备药品现代物流条件;戊是县级区域性药品批发企业,经营范围:中成药、化学药;己是药品零售连锁企业所属门店,经营类别:处方药、甲类非处方药,乙类非处方药,经营范围:第二类精神药品、中成药、中药饮片,化学药。根据药品监督管理法规,结合题目提供的信息,关于药品销售行为的说法,正确的是甲将甲钴胺片销售给丁,丁再销售给戊,丁、戊同时销售给己所属连锁总部,再由总部委托丁配送至己(C对)。区域性批发企业,可以从全国性批发企业购进麻醉药品和第一类精神药品。从事第二类精神药品批发业务的企业,可以将第二类精神药品销售给定点生产企业、具有第二类精神药品经营资格的药品批发企业、医疗机构、从事第二类精神药品零售的药品零售连锁企业。药品零售连锁企业对其所属的经营第二类精神药品的门店,应当严格执行统一进货、统一配送和统一管理。药品零售连锁企业门店所零售的第二类精神药品,应当由本企业直接配送,不得委托配送(D错)。"} {"Question":"属于第一类精神药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"布桂嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"麦角酸"},{"key":"E","value":"氨酚氢可酮片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查精神药品目录。属于第一类精神药品的是氯胺酮(C对)。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮;6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片(E错);26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪(B错);22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。目前,药品类易制毒化学品分为两类,即:麦角酸和麻黄素等物质。药品类易制毒化学品品种目录(2010版)所列物质有:(1)麦角酸(D错);(2)麦角胺;(3)麦角新碱;(4)麻黄素、伪麻黄素、消旋麻黄素、去甲麻黄素、甲基麻黄素、麻黄浸膏、麻黄浸膏粉等麻黄素类物质。(麻黄素也称为麻黄碱)。需要说明两点:一是上述所列物质包括可能存在的盐类;二是药品类易制毒化学品包括原料药及其单方制剂。"} {"Question":"药品零售连锁企业经批准可以销售","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"B","value":"第一类精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"第二类精神药品"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品零售规定。药品零售连锁企业经批准可以销售第二类精神药品(D对)。麻醉药品和精神药品零售规定:1.麻醉药品(A错)和第一类精神药品(B错)不得零售。除经批准的药品零售连锁企业外,其他药品零售企业不得从事第二类精神药品零售活动。2.第二类精神药品零售企业应当凭执业医师开具的处方,按规定剂量销售第二类精神药品,并将处方保存2年备查。零售第二类精神药品时,处方应经执业药师或其他依法经过资格认定的药学技术人员复核;第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量,禁止超剂量或者无处方销售第二类精神药品。3.第二类精神药品零售企业不得向未成年人销售第二类精神药品。在难以确定购药者是否为未成年人的情况下,可查验购药者身份证明。4.罂粟壳,必须凭盖有乡镇卫生院以上医疗机构公章的医生处方配方使用,不准生用,严禁单味零售,处方保存3年备查。药品零售企业不得经营的药品种类:药品零售企业不得经营的药品:麻醉药品、放射性药品、第一类精神药品、终止妊娠药品(包括含有“米非司酮”成分的所有药品制剂)、蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素(胰岛素除外)、药品类易制毒化学品、疫苗(C错),以及我国法律法规规定的其他禁止零售的药品。药品零售企业也不得经营中药配方颗粒、医疗机构制剂。"} {"Question":"关于注射用A型肉毒毒素管理的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"只有药品零售连锁企业才能经营注射用A型肉毒毒素,非连锁药品零售企业不得经营"},{"key":"B","value":"注射用A型肉毒毒素只能销售至已取得《医疗机构执业许可证》的医疗美容机构"},{"key":"C","value":"调配注射用A型肉毒毒素的处方应保存3年备查"},{"key":"D","value":"经营注射用A型肉毒毒素的药品批发企业应具有医疗用毒性药品经营资质和生物制品经营资质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查A型肉毒毒素的管理。关于注射用A型肉毒毒素管理的说法,正确的是经营注射用A型肉毒毒素的药品批发企业应具有医疗用毒性药品经营资质和生物制品经营资质(D对)。A型肉毒毒素的管理:为加强对A型肉毒毒素的监督管理,原国家食品药品监督管理局、原卫生部发布《关于将A型肉毒毒素列入毒性药品管理的通知》(国食药监办〔2008〕405号),决定将A型肉毒毒素及其制剂列入毒性药品管理。2016年6月24日,国家食品药品监督管理总局办公厅发布《关于加强注射用A型肉毒毒素管理的通知》(食药监办药化监〔2016〕88号),要求药品生产经营企业切实加强注射用A型肉毒毒素购销管理,防止注射用A型肉毒毒素从合法渠道流入非法从事美容业务的机构,防止假药进入合法渠道。1.药品生产企业应制定A型肉毒毒素制剂年度生产计划,严格按照年度生产计划和药品GMP要求进行生产。注射用A型肉毒毒素生产(进口)企业应当指定具有医疗用毒性药品收购经营资质的药品批发企业作为本企业注射用A型肉毒毒素的经营企业,并且经指定的经营企业直接将注射用A型肉毒毒素销售至已取得《医疗机构执业许可证》的医疗机构或医疗美容机构(B错)。未经指定的药品经营企业不得购销注射用A型肉毒毒素。3.生产经营企业不得向未取得《医疗机构执业许可证》的单位销售注射用A型肉毒毒素;药品零售企业不得经营注射用A型肉毒毒素(A错)。4.注射用A型肉毒毒素生产(进口)企业和指定经营企业必须严格审核购买单位资质,建立客户档案,健全各项管理制度,加强购、销、存管理,保证来源清楚,流向可核查、可追溯。要建立注射用A型肉毒毒素购进、销售台账,并保存至超过药品有效期2年备查(C错)。5.注射用A型肉毒毒素生产(进口)企业应当及时将指定经营企业情况报所在地省级食品药品监管部门备案。药品生产(进口)企业所在地省级食品药品监管部门要对生产(进口)企业指定的经营企业进行审核,经审核确认的经营企业名单应当予以公布。"} {"Question":"《麻醉药品管理办法》规定,非法吸食麻醉药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"给予行政处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"给予行政处分"},{"key":"C","value":"按照治安管理处罚条例处罚"},{"key":"D","value":"依法追究其刑事责任"},{"key":"E","value":"向人民法院申请强制执行"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"申请经营活动时应当具有冷藏设施设备和运输工具的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"B","value":"第一类精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"第二类精神药品"},{"key":"D","value":"放射性药品"},{"key":"E","value":"第一类疫苗"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查疫苗全程冷链储运管理制度。申请经营活动时应当具有冷藏设施设备和运输工具的药品是第一类疫苗(E对)。《疫苗储存和运输管理规范(2017年版)》(国卫疾控发〔2017〕60号)规定,疾病预防控制机构、接种单位、疫苗生产企业、疫苗配送企业、疫苗仓储企业应当装备保障疫苗质量的储存、运输冷链设施设备。"} {"Question":"列入现行麻醉药品品种目录的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麦角胺"},{"key":"B","value":"地芬诺酯"},{"key":"C","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"麦角胺咖啡因片"},{"key":"E","value":"复方甘草片"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品品种。列入现行麻醉药品品种目录的药品包括:吗啡、芬太尼、布桂嗪、地芬诺酯(B对)等。"} {"Question":"列入第二类精神药品管理的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"复方甘草片"},{"key":"B","value":"含可待因复方口服液体制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"含麻黄碱复方制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"药品类易制毒化学品单方制剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查含特殊药品复方制剂的药品零售管理。纳入麻醉药品销售渠道经营,零售药店不得销售的是含可待因复方口服液体制剂(B对)。含特殊药品复方制剂的药品零售管理:因为含特殊药品复方制剂不是特殊管理药品,所以公众在零售药店是可以购买到的。但是,根据国家药品监督管理部门的相关规定,部分含特殊药品复方制剂零售有一定的管理限制。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,处方药应当严格执行处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,复方甘草片(A错)、复方地芬诺酯片列入必须凭处方销售的处方药管理,严格凭医师开具的处方销售;除处方药外,非处方药一次销售不得超过5个最小包装(含麻黄碱复方制剂另有规定除外)。自2015年5月1日起,含可待因复方口服液体制剂(包括口服溶液剂和糖浆剂)已列入第二类精神药品管理。具有经营资质的药品零售企业,销售含可待因复方口服液体制剂时,必须凭医疗机构使用精神药品专用处方开具的处方销售,单方处方量不得超过7日常用量。复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯片应设置专柜由专人管理、专册登记,上述药品登记内容包括:药品名称、规格、销售数量、生产企业、生产批号。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,如发现超过正常医疗需求,大量、多次购买上述药品的,应当立即向当地药品监督管理部门报告。药品零售企业销售含麻黄碱类复方制剂(C错),应当查验购买者的身份证,并对其姓名和身份证号码予以登记。除处方药按处方剂量销售外,一次销售不得超过2个最小包装。查验购买者的身份证,系指购买者合法有效的身份证件,包括居民身份证、军人证件、护照等。药品类易制毒化学品单方制剂(D错)和小包装麻黄素,纳入麻醉药品销售渠道经营,仅能由麻醉药品全国性批发企业和区域性批发企业经销,不得零售。"} {"Question":"直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之兴奋或抑制,连续使用后能产生身体依赖性的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精神药品"},{"key":"B","value":"一类精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"二类精神药品"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"E","value":"戒毒药品"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查精神药品。直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之兴奋或抑制,连续使用后能产生身体依赖性的药品是精神药品(A对)。麻醉药品(D错)是指连续使用后易产生身体依赖性、能成瘾癖的药品。"} {"Question":"下列精神药品所对应的习用名是:氯氮卓","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利眠宁"},{"key":"B","value":"速可眠"},{"key":"C","value":"利他林"},{"key":"D","value":"强痛定"},{"key":"E","value":"狄奥宁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不属于麻醉药品和精神药品,但按处方药管理,药品零售企业必须凭处方调剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单味罂粟壳"},{"key":"B","value":"复方磷酸可待因溶液"},{"key":"C","value":"按非处方药管理的含麻黄碱类复方制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"复方甘草片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查含特殊药品复方制剂的零售管理。不属于麻醉药品和精神药品,但按处方药管理,药品零售企业必须凭处方调剂的是复方甘草片(D对)。含特殊药品复方制剂的药品零售管理:因为含特殊药品复方制剂不是特殊管理药品,所以公众在零售药店是可以购买到的。但是,根据国家药品监督管理部门的相关规定,部分含特殊药品复方制剂零售有一定的管理限制。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,处方药应当严格执行处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯片列入必须凭处方销售的处方药管理,严格凭医师开具的处方销售;除处方药外,非处方药一次销售不得超过5个最小包装(含麻黄碱复方制剂另有规定除外)。自2015年5月1日起,含可待因复方口服液体制剂(B错)(包括口服溶液剂和糖浆剂)已列入第二类精神药品管理。具有经营资质的药品零售企业,销售含可待因复方口服液体制剂时,必须凭医疗机构使用精神药品专用处方开具的处方销售,单方处方量不得超过7日常用量。复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯片应设置专柜由专人管理、专册登记,上述药品登记内容包括:药品名称、规格、销售数量、生产企业、生产批号。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,如发现超过正常医疗需求,大量、多次购买上述药品的,应当立即向当地药品监督管理部门报告。罂粟壳(A错),必须凭盖有乡镇卫生院以上医疗机构公章的医生处方配方使用,不准生用,严禁单味零售,处方保存3年备查。含麻黄碱类复方制剂(C错)的零售管理:药品零售企业销售含麻黄碱类复方制剂,应当查验购买者的身份证,并对其姓名和身份证号码予以登记。除处方药按处方剂量销售外,一次销售不得超过2个最小包装。"} {"Question":"被列于27种毒性中药材品种的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"闹阳花"},{"key":"B","value":"肉苁蓉"},{"key":"C","value":"火麻仁"},{"key":"D","value":"胖大海"},{"key":"E","value":"石菖蒲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查毒性药品。被列于27种毒性中药材品种的是闹羊花(A对)。医疗用毒性药品(简称毒性药品)是指毒性剧烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当会致人中毒或死亡的药品。毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。"} {"Question":"连续使用易产生身体依赖性,能成瘾癖的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒性药品"},{"key":"B","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"C","value":"放射性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"局部麻醉药品"},{"key":"E","value":"精神药品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品。连续使用易产生身体依赖性,能成瘾癖的药物是麻醉药品(B对)。麻醉药品是指连续使用后易产生身体依赖性、能成瘾癖的药品。医疗用毒性药品(简称毒性药品)(A错)是指毒性剧烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当会致人中毒或死亡的药品。放射性药品(C错)是指用于临床诊断或者治疗的放射性核素制剂或者其标记化合物。局部麻醉药品(D错)是一类能在用药局部可逆性的阻断感觉神经冲动发生与传递的药品,简称“局麻药”。精神药品(E错)是指直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之兴奋或抑制,连续使用可产生依赖性的药品。"} {"Question":"按麻醉药品管理的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"曲马多"},{"key":"B","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"C","value":"麦角胺"},{"key":"D","value":"罂粟壳"},{"key":"E","value":"士的宁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品目录。按麻醉药品管理的是罂粟壳(D对)。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪;22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮(B错);6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片;26.曲马多(A错);27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。目前,药品类易制毒化学品分为两类,即:麦角酸和麻黄素等物质。药品类易制毒化学品品种目录(2010版)所列物质有:(1)麦角酸;(2)麦角胺(C错);(3)麦角新碱;(4)麻黄素、伪麻黄素、消旋麻黄素、去甲麻黄素、甲基麻黄素、麻黄浸膏、麻黄浸膏粉等麻黄素类物质。(麻黄素也称为麻黄碱)。需要说明两点:一是上述所列物质包括可能存在的盐类;二是药品类易制毒化学品包括原料药及其单方制剂。毒性药品的管理品种,由国务院卫生主管部门会同国务院药品监督管理部门规定。毒性药品的品种目录应以国家有关部门确定并公布的品种目录为准,现已公布的毒性药品的管理品种分为中药品种和西药品种两大类。1.毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。需要说明的是上述中药品种是指原药材和饮片,不含制剂。2.毒性药品西药品种共13种:去乙酰毛花苷丙、阿托品、洋地黄毒苷、氢溴酸后马托品、三氧化二砷、毛果芸香碱、升汞、水杨酸毒扁豆碱、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、亚砷酸钾、士的宁(E错)、亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素及其制剂。需要说明的有两点,一是上述西药品种除亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素制剂以外的毒性西药品种是指原料药;二是上述西药品种士的宁、阿托品、毛果芸香碱等包括其盐类化合物。"} {"Question":"属于参照特殊管理药品实施严格管理的兴奋剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白同化制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉止痛剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查兴奋剂的管理层次。属于参照特殊管理药品实施严格管理的兴奋剂是蛋白同化制剂(B对)。兴奋剂的管理层次:依照《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,我国对含兴奋剂药品的管理可体现为三个层次。1.实施特殊管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品和药品类易制毒化学品的(D错),其生产、销售、进口、运输和使用,依照《药品管理法》和有关行政法规的规定实施特殊管理。2.实施严格管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于我国尚未实施特殊管理的蛋白同化制剂、肽类激素的,依照《药品管理法》《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,参照我国有关特殊管理药品的管理措施和国际通行做法,其生产、销售、进口和使用环节实施严格管理。3.实施处方药管理:除上述实施特殊管理和严格管理的品种外,兴奋剂目录所列的其他禁用物质,实施处方药管理。药品零售企业必须凭处方销售胰岛素(A错)以及其他按规定可以销售的含兴奋剂药品。"} {"Question":"属于兴奋剂目录所列的品种,并且药品零售企业可以经营的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿片生物碱类止痛剂"},{"key":"B","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"抗肿瘤药物"},{"key":"D","value":"蛋白同化制剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查兴奋剂的管理层次。属于兴奋剂目录所列的品种,并且药品零售企业可以经营的是利尿剂(B对)。国家体育总局、商务部、国家卫生健康委、海关总署、国家药品监督管理局于2019年12月30日联合发布2020年兴奋剂目录公告,《2020年兴奋剂目录》自2020年1月1日起施行。《2020年兴奋剂目录》分为两个部分。第一部分:兴奋剂品种;第二部分:对运动员进行兴奋剂检查的有关规定。我国公布的《2020年兴奋剂目录》,将兴奋剂品种分为七大类,共计349个品种(比2019年兴奋剂目录新增5个品种),具体品种详见《2020年兴奋剂目录》。该目录中品种类别分布如下:·肽类激素品种68个。·麻醉药品品种14个。·刺激剂(含精神药品)品种79个。·药品类易制毒化学品品种3个。·医疗用毒性药品品种1个。·其他品种(β受体阻滞剂、利尿剂等)115个。需要说明的有两点,一是目录所列物质包括其可能存在的盐及光学异构体,所列蛋白同化制剂品种包括其可能存在的盐、酯、醚及光学异构体;二是目录所列物质中属于药品的,还包括其原料药及单方制剂。兴奋剂的管理层次:依照《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,我国对含兴奋剂药品的管理可体现为三个层次。1.实施特殊管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于麻醉药品(A错)、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品和药品类易制毒化学品的,其生产、销售、进口、运输和使用,依照《药品管理法》和有关行政法规的规定实施特殊管理。2.实施严格管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于我国尚未实施特殊管理的蛋白同化制剂(D错)、肽类激素的,依照《药品管理法》《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,参照我国有关特殊管理药品的管理措施和国际通行做法,其生产、销售、进口和使用环节实施严格管理。3.实施处方药管理:除上述实施特殊管理和严格管理的品种外,兴奋剂目录所列的其他禁用物质,实施处方药管理。抗肿瘤药物(C错)不属于兴奋剂目录所列的品种。"} {"Question":"属于麻醉药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"布桂嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"麦角酸"},{"key":"E","value":"氨酚氢可酮片"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品目录。属于麻醉药品的是布桂嗪(B对)。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪;22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮(C错);6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片(E错);26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。目前,药品类易制毒化学品分为两类,即:麦角酸和麻黄素等物质。药品类易制毒化学品品种目录(2010版)所列物质有:(1)麦角酸(D错);(2)麦角胺;(3)麦角新碱;(4)麻黄素、伪麻黄素、消旋麻黄素、去甲麻黄素、甲基麻黄素、麻黄浸膏、麻黄浸膏粉等麻黄素类物质。(麻黄素也称为麻黄碱)。需要说明两点:一是上述所列物质包括可能存在的盐类;二是药品类易制毒化学品包括原料药及其单方制剂。"} {"Question":"由国家药品监督管理部门审批的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的全国性批发企业"},{"key":"B","value":"医疗机构需要取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品购用印鉴卡"},{"key":"C","value":"从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的区域性批发企业"},{"key":"D","value":"药品零售连锁企业从事第二类精神药品零售业务"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品定点经营资格审批。由国家药品监督管理部门审批的是从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的全国性批发企业(A对)。麻醉药品和精神药品定点经营资格审批:1.跨省、自治区、直辖市从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的药品经营企业称为全国性批发企业,应当经国务院药品监督管理部门批准,并予以公布。国务院药品监督管理部门在批准全国性批发企业时,应当明确其所承担供药责任的区域。2.在本省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的药品经营企业称为区域性批发企业(C错),应当经所在地省级药品监督管理部门批准,并予以公布。省级药品监督管理部门在批准区域性批发企业时,应当明确其所承担供药责任的区域。3.专门从事第二类精神药品批发业务的药品经营企业,应当经所在地省级药品监督管理部门批准,并予以公布。仅取得第二类精神药品经营资格的药品批发企业,只能从事第二类精神药品批发业务。4.从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业,可以从事第二类精神药品批发业务。如需开展此项业务,企业《药品经营许可证》的经营范围必须有此项目;如许可经营范围没有此项目的,企业应当向所在地省级药品监督管理部门申请变更《药品经营许可证》经营范围,企业所在地省级药品监督管理部门应当在其《药品经营许可证》经营范围中加注(第二类精神药品原料药或第二类精神药品制剂)。5.经所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门批准,实行统一进货、统一配送、统一管理的药品零售连锁企业可以从事第二类精神药品零售业务(D错)。6.各级药品监督管理部门应当及时将批准的全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业、专门从事第二类精神药品批发的企业和从事第二类精神药品零售的连锁企业(含相应门店)的名单在网上公布。医疗机构需要使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的,应当经所在地设区的市级卫生健康主管部门批准,取得《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品购用印鉴卡》(以下简称《印鉴卡》)(B错)。医疗机构应当凭《印鉴卡》向本省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内的定点批发企业购买麻醉药品和第一类精神药品。"} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,药品经营企业对第二类精神药品专用账册的保存期限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3年"},{"key":"B","value":"1年"},{"key":"C","value":"不少于5年"},{"key":"D","value":"药品有效期期满之日起不少于5年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查第二类精神药品的储存。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,药品经营企业对第二类精神药品专用账册的保存期限为药品有效期期满之日起不少于5年(D对)。第二类精神药品经营企业,应当在药品库房中设立独立的专库或者专柜储存第二类精神药品,并建立专用账册,实行专人管理。专用账册的保存期限应当自药品有效期期满之日起不少于5年。医疗机构应当对麻醉药品和精神药品处方进行专册登记,加强管理。麻醉药品处方至少保存3年(A错),精神药品处方至少保存2年。托运或自行运输麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的单位,应当向所在地设区的市级药品监督管理部门申请领取《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品运输证明》。运输第二类精神药品无需办理运输证明。运输证明有效期为1年(B错)(不跨年度)。运输证明应当由专人保管,不得涂改、转让、转借。药品零售企业销售处方药的要求:药品零售企业销售处方应当按照国家处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,凭处方销售处方药,处方保留不少于5年(C错)。"} {"Question":"根据《疫苗流通和预防接种管理条例》,可以向省级疾病预防控制机构供应第一类疫苗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定点药品零售企业"},{"key":"B","value":"疫苗药品批发企业"},{"key":"C","value":"县级疾病预防控制机构"},{"key":"D","value":"设区的市级以上疾病预防控制机构"},{"key":"E","value":"国家疾病预防控制机构"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毒性药品每张处方不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"七日常用量"},{"key":"B","value":"二日常用量"},{"key":"C","value":"三日常用量"},{"key":"D","value":"二日极量"},{"key":"E","value":"三日极量"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查处方限量。毒性药品每张处方不得超过二日极量(D对)。医疗机构供应和调配毒性药品,须凭执业医师签名的正式处方。具有毒性药品经营资格的零售药店,供应和调配毒性药品时,须凭盖有执业医师所在的医疗机构公章的正式处方。每次处方剂量不得超过二日极量。"} {"Question":"根据《医疗用毒性药品管理办法》,下列关于医疗用毒性药品的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒性药品的收购和经营,由药品监督管理部门指定的药品经营企业承担"},{"key":"B","value":"药品零售企业调配毒性药品时,每次处方剂量不得超过二日极量"},{"key":"C","value":"麦角胺和洋地黄毒苷为医疗用毒性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"调配处方时,对处方未注明“生用”的毒性中药,应当付炮制品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查医疗用毒性药品。麦角胺属于药品类易制毒化学品(C错,为本题正确答案)。目前,药品类易制毒化学品分为两类,即:麦角酸和麻黄素等物质。药品类易制毒化学品品种目录(2010版)所列物质有:(1)麦角酸;(2)麦角胺;(3)麦角新碱;(4)麻黄素、伪麻黄素、消旋麻黄素、去甲麻黄素、甲基麻黄素、麻黄浸膏、麻黄浸膏粉等麻黄素类物质。(麻黄素也称为麻黄碱)。毒性药品的收购和经营,由药品监督管理部门指定的药品经营企业承担(A对),其他任何单位或者个人均不得从事毒性药品的收购、经营业务。零售药店供应和调配毒性药品,凭盖有医生所在的医疗单位公章的正式处方。每次处方剂量不得超过二日极量(B对)。医疗机构供应和调配毒性药品,须凭执业医师签名的正式处方。调配处方时,必须认真负责,计量准确,按医嘱注明要求,并由配方人员及具有药师以上技术职称的复核人员签名盖章后方可发出。对处方未注明“生用”的毒性中药,应当付炮制品(D对)。如发现处方有疑问时,须经原处方医生重新审定后再行调配。处方一次有效,取药后处方保存2年备查。"} {"Question":"只限于医疗、教学和科研需要,其他一律不得使用的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医用毒性药品"},{"key":"B","value":"精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"放射性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"E","value":"血液制品"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品。只限于医疗、教学和科研需要,其他一律不得使用的药品是麻醉药品(D对)。药品经营企业不得经营麻醉药品原料药和第一类精神药品原料药。但是,供医疗、科学研究、教学使用的小包装的上述药品可以由国务院药品监督管理部门规定的药品批发企业经营。"} {"Question":"根据《疫苗流通和预防接触管理条例》,下列疫苗中,不属于一类疫苗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国家免疫规划确定的疫苗"},{"key":"B","value":"公民自费并自愿受种的疫苗"},{"key":"C","value":"公民应依照政府规定受种的疫苗"},{"key":"D","value":"县级以上人民政府组织应急接种疫苗"},{"key":"E","value":"卫生主管部门组织的群体性预防接种所使用的疫苗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查疫苗的概念。第一类疫苗为政府免费向公民提供,公民应根据政府的规定受种的疫苗。公民自费并自愿受种的疫苗(B错,为本题正确答案)不属于第一类疫苗。"} {"Question":"在药品管理中明确实施特殊管理的兴奋剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"蛋白同化制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉止痛剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查兴奋剂的管理层次。在药品管理中明确实施特殊管理的兴奋剂是麻醉止痛剂(D对)。在药品管理中明确实施特殊管理的兴奋剂是。(一)兴奋剂的管理层次:依照《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,我国对含兴奋剂药品的管理可体现为三个层次。1.实施特殊管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品和药品类易制毒化学品的,其生产、销售、进口、运输和使用,依照《药品管理法》和有关行政法规的规定实施特殊管理。2.实施严格管理:兴奋剂目录所列禁用物质属于我国尚未实施特殊管理的蛋白同化制剂(B错)、肽类激素的,依照《药品管理法》《反兴奋剂条例》的规定,参照我国有关特殊管理药品的管理措施和国际通行做法,其生产、销售、进口和使用环节实施严格管理。3.实施处方药管理:除上述实施特殊管理和严格管理的品种外,兴奋剂目录所列的其他禁用物质,实施处方药管理。药品零售企业必须凭处方销售胰岛素(A错)以及其他按规定可以销售的含兴奋剂药品。"} {"Question":"失效期的英文缩写是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"DL"},{"key":"B","value":"LD"},{"key":"C","value":"ED"},{"key":"D","value":"Exp"},{"key":"E","value":"MFD"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于第二类精神药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"布桂嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"麦角酸"},{"key":"E","value":"氨酚氢可酮片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查精神药品目录。属于第二类精神药品的是氨酚氢可酮片(E对)。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮(C错);6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片;26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。麻醉药品目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪(B错);22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。目前,药品类易制毒化学品分为两类,即:麦角酸和麻黄素等物质。药品类易制毒化学品品种目录(2010版)所列物质有:(1)麦角酸(D错);(2)麦角胺;(3)麦角新碱;(4)麻黄素、伪麻黄素、消旋麻黄素、去甲麻黄素、甲基麻黄素、麻黄浸膏、麻黄浸膏粉等麻黄素类物质。(麻黄素也称为麻黄碱)。需要说明两点:一是上述所列物质包括可能存在的盐类;二是药品类易制毒化学品包括原料药及其单方制剂。"} {"Question":"根据特殊管理药品有关品种目录管理的规定,含可待因复方口服溶液剂属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第二类精神药品"},{"key":"B","value":"第一类精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗用毒性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"麻醉药品"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查部分含特殊药品复方制剂的品种范围。根据特殊管理药品有关品种目录管理的规定,含可待因复方口服溶液剂属于第二类精神药品(A对)。部分含特殊药品复方制剂的品种范围:1.口服固体制剂:每剂量单位:含可待因≤15mg的复方制剂;含双氢可待因≤10mg的复方制剂;含羟考酮≤5mg的复方制剂。具体品种如下:(1)阿司待因片;(2)阿司可咖胶囊;(3)阿司匹林可待因片;(4)氨酚待因片;(5)氨酚待因片(Ⅱ);(6)氨酚双氢可待因片;(7)复方磷酸可待因片;(8)可待因桔梗片;(9)氯酚待因片;(10)洛芬待因缓释片;(11)洛芬待因片;(12)萘普待因片;(13)愈创罂粟待因片。2.含可待因复方口服液体制剂(列入第二类精神药品管理):(1)复方磷酸可待因溶液;(2)复方磷酸可待因溶液(Ⅱ);(3)复方磷酸可待因口服溶液;(4)复方磷酸可待因口服溶液(Ⅲ);(5)复方磷酸可待因糖浆;(6)可愈糖浆;(7)愈酚待因口服溶液;(8)愈酚伪麻待因口服溶液。3.复方地芬诺酯片。4.复方甘草片、复方甘草口服溶液。5.含麻黄碱类复方制剂。6.其他含麻醉药品口服复方制剂:(1)复方福尔可定口服溶液;(2)复方福尔可定糖浆;(3)复方枇杷喷托维林颗粒;(4)尿通卡克乃其片。7.含曲马多口服复方制剂:(1)复方曲马多片;(2)氨酚曲马多片;(3)氨酚曲马多胶囊。精神药品目录:《精神药品品种目录(2013年版)》共有149个品种,其中第一类精神药品有68个品种,第二类精神药品有81个品种。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第一类精神药品(B错)有7个品种,具体有以下品种。1.哌醋甲酯;2.司可巴比妥;3.丁丙诺啡;4.γ-羟丁酸;5.氯胺酮;6.马吲哚;7.三唑仑。目前,目录确定的我国生产及使用的第二类精神药品有28个品种,具体有以下品种。1.异戊巴比妥;2.格鲁米特;3.喷他佐辛;4.戊巴比妥;5.阿普唑仑;6.巴比妥;7.氯硝西泮;8.地西泮;9.艾司唑仑;10.氟西泮;11.劳拉西泮;12.甲丙氨酯;13.咪达唑仑;14.硝西泮;15.奥沙西泮;16.匹莫林;17.苯巴比妥;18.唑吡坦;19.丁丙诺啡透皮贴剂;20.布托啡诺及其注射剂;21.咖啡因;22.安钠咖;23.地佐辛及其注射剂;24.麦角胺咖啡因片;25.氨酚氢可酮片;26.曲马多;27.扎来普隆;28.佐匹克隆。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。医疗用毒性药品(C错)的管理品种,由国务院卫生主管部门会同国务院药品监督管理部门规定。毒性药品的品种目录应以国家有关部门确定并公布的品种目录为准,现已公布的毒性药品的管理品种分为中药品种和西药品种两大类。1.毒性药品中药品种共27种:砒石(红砒、白砒)、砒霜、水银、生马钱子、生川乌、生草乌、生白附子、生附子、生半夏、生南星、生巴豆、斑蝥、青娘虫、红娘子、生甘遂、生狼毒、生藤黄、生千金子、生天仙子、闹羊花、雪上一枝蒿、白降丹、蟾酥、洋金花、红粉、轻粉、雄黄。需要说明的是上述中药品种是指原药材和饮片,不含制剂。2.毒性药品西药品种共13种:去乙酰毛花苷丙、阿托品、洋地黄毒苷、氢溴酸后马托品、三氧化二砷、毛果芸香碱、升汞、水杨酸毒扁豆碱、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、亚砷酸钾、士的宁、亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素及其制剂。需要说明的有两点,一是上述西药品种除亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素制剂以外的毒性西药品种是指原料药;二是上述西药品种士的宁、阿托品、毛果芸香碱等包括其盐类化合物。麻醉药品(D错)目录:《麻醉药品品种目录(2013版)》共121个品种,其中我国生产及使用的品种及包括的制剂、提取物、提取物粉共有27个品种,具体有以下品种。1.可卡因;2.罂粟浓缩物(包括罂粟果提取物、罂粟果提取物粉);3.二氢埃托啡;4.地芬诺酯;5.芬太尼;6.氢可酮;7.氢吗啡酮;8.美沙酮;9.吗啡(包括吗啡阿托品注射液);10.阿片(包括复方樟脑酊、阿桔片);11.羟考酮;12.哌替啶;13.瑞芬太尼;14.舒芬太尼;15.蒂巴因;16.可待因;17.右丙氧芬;18.双氢可待因;19.乙基吗啡;20.福尔可定;21.布桂嗪;22.罂粟壳。需要说明的有两点,一是上述品种包括其可能存在的盐和单方制剂(除非另有规定);二是上述品种包括其可能存在的化学异构体及酯、醚(除非另有规定)。《条例》规定,麻醉药品目录中的罂粟壳只能用于中药饮片和中成药的生产以及医疗配方使用。"} {"Question":"第二类精神药品制剂的经营单位指定部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"省级药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"县以上药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"县以上卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"经营、使用单位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"毛果芸香碱属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"B","value":"精神药品"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查毒性药品。毛果芸香碱属毒性药品(D对)。毒性药品是指毒性剧烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当致人中毒或死亡的药品。毛果芸香碱用于治疗原发性青光眼,按卫生部规定,毛果芸香碱属于西药毒性药品。毒性药品西药品种共13种:去乙酰毛花苷丙、阿托品、洋地黄毒苷、氢溴酸后马托品、三氧化二砷、毛果芸香碱、升汞、水杨酸毒扁豆碱、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、亚砷酸钾、士的宁、亚砷酸注射液、A型肉毒毒素及其制剂。麻醉药品(A错)是指对中枢神经有麻醉作用,连续使用、滥用或者不合理使用,易产生身体依赖性和精神依赖性,能成瘾癖的药品。精神药品(B错)可以直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之极度兴奋或抑制。"} {"Question":"《麻醉药品管理办法》规定,擅自经营麻醉药品和罂粟壳的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"给予行政处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"给予行政处分"},{"key":"C","value":"按照治安管理处罚条例处罚"},{"key":"D","value":"依法追究其刑事责任"},{"key":"E","value":"向人民法院申请强制执行"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品品种目录(2007年版)》属于麻醉药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"γ-羟丁酸"},{"key":"B","value":"西地那非"},{"key":"C","value":"麦角酸"},{"key":"D","value":"吗啡阿托品注射液"},{"key":"E","value":"阿普唑仑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考察特殊药品管理。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品品种目录(2007年版)》,属于麻醉药品的是吗啡阿托品注射液(D对)。"} {"Question":"麻醉药品处方留存","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品处方保存期限。麻醉药品处方留存3年(C对)。医疗机构应当对麻醉药品和精神药品处方进行专册登记,加强管理。麻醉药品处方至少保存3年,精神药品处方至少保存2年。"} {"Question":"治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒性药品"},{"key":"B","value":"麻醉药品"},{"key":"C","value":"放射性药品"},{"key":"D","value":"局部麻醉药品"},{"key":"E","value":"精神药品"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查毒性药品。医疗用毒性药品(简称毒性药品)(A对)是指毒性剧烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当会致人中毒或死亡的药品。麻醉药品(B错)是指连续使用后易产生身体依赖性、能成瘾癖的药品。放射性药品(C错)是指用于临床诊断或者治疗的放射性核素制剂或者其标记化合物。局部麻醉药品(D错)是一类能在用药局部可逆性的阻断感觉神经冲动发生与传递的药品,简称“局麻药”。精神药品(E错)是指直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之兴奋或抑制,连续使用可产生依赖性的药品。"} {"Question":"医疗机构麻醉药品处方应当至少保存","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方资格及处方管理。医疗机构麻醉药品处方应当至少保存3年(C对)。医疗机构应当对麻醉药品和精神药品处方进行专册登记,加强管理。麻醉药品处方至少保存3年,精神药品处方至少保存2年(B错)。"} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,关于麻醉药品和精神药品的说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品零售企业不得从事第二类精神药品零售"},{"key":"B","value":"区域性批发企业就近向获准使用麻醉药品的省外医疗机构销售麻醉药品,应经国务院药品监督管理部门批准"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品,应当向省级卫生行政部门申请办理购用印鉴卡"},{"key":"D","value":"定点生产企业只能将麻醉药品和第一类精神药品制剂销售给全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业以及经批准购用的其他单位"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品的定点生产和销售渠道限制。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,关于麻醉药品和精神药品的说法正确的是定点生产企业只能将麻醉药品和第一类精神药品制剂销售给全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业以及经批准购用的其他单位(D对)。麻醉药品和精神药品定点生产和销售渠道限制:1.为严格麻醉药品和精神药品生产管理,国家对麻醉药品和精神药品实行定点生产制度。国务院药品监督管理部门按照合理布局、总量控制的原则,根据麻醉药品和精神药品的需求总量,确定麻醉药品和精神药品定点生产企业的数量和布局,并根据年度需求总量对定点生产企业的数量和布局进行调整、公布。2.定点生产企业的必备条件以及定点生产资格的审批规定,见《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》《麻醉药品和精神药品生产管理办法(试行)》原文的具体条款。根据2016年2月《国务院关于修改部分行政法规的决定》(国务院令第666号),麻醉药品、精神药品生产,由省级食品药品监督管理部门审批。3.定点生产企业应当严格按照麻醉药品和精神药品年度生产计划安排生产,并依照规定向所在地省级药品监督管理部门报告生产情况。经批准定点生产的麻醉药品、精神药品不得委托加工。4.定点生产企业生产的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品原料药只能按照计划销售给制剂生产企业和经批准购用的其他单位,小包装原料药可以销售给全国性批发企业和区域性批发企业。定点生产企业只能将麻醉药品和第一类精神药品制剂销售给全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业以及经批准购用的其他单位。5.定点生产企业只能将第二类精神药品原料药销售给全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业、专门从事第二类精神药品批发业务的企业、第二类精神药品制剂生产企业以及经备案的其他需用第二类精神药品原料药的企业。生产企业将第二类精神药品原料药销售给制剂生产企业以及经备案的其他需用第二类精神药品原料药的企业时,应当按照备案的需用计划销售。定点生产企业只能将第二类精神药品制剂销售给全国性批发企业、区域性批发企业、专门从事第二类精神药品批发业务的企业、第二类精神药品零售连锁企业(A错)、医疗机构或经批准购用的其他单位。6.麻醉药品和精神药品定点生产企业销售麻醉药品和精神药品不得使用现金交易。由于特殊地理位置的原因,区域性批发企业需要就近向其他省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品使用资格的医疗机构销售麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的,应当经企业所在地省(区、市)药品监督管理部门批准(B错)。医疗机构需要使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的,应当向设区的市级卫生行政部门提出办理《印鉴卡》(C错)。"} {"Question":"申请经营药品类易制毒化学品的审批部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"省人民政府安全生产监督管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"省级药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"E","value":"省级卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品类易制毒化学品的生产、经营许可。申请经营药品类易制毒化学品的审批部门是国务院药品监督管理部门(A对)。药品类易制毒化学品的生产、经营许可:1.生产、经营药品类易制毒化学品的企业,应当依照有关规定取得药品类易制毒化学品生产、经营许可。未取得生产许可或经营许可的企业不得生产或经营药品类易制毒化学品。药品类易制毒化学品的生产许可,由企业所在地省级药品监督管理部门(D错)审批。药品类易制毒化学品以及含有药品类易制毒化学品的制剂不得委托生产。2.药品类易制毒化学品单方制剂和小包装麻黄素,纳入麻醉药品销售渠道经营,仅能由麻醉药品全国性批发企业和区域性批发企业经销,不得零售。未实行药品批准文号管理的品种,纳入药品类易制毒化学品原料药渠道经营。3.申请经营药品类易制毒化学品原料药的药品经营企业,应具有麻醉药品和第一类精神药品定点经营资格或者第二类精神药品定点经营资格,否则,药品监督管理部门将不予受理。"} {"Question":"医疗机构麻醉药品处方保存期限至少为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"4年"},{"key":"D","value":"3年"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查医疗机构的处方管理。医疗机构麻醉药品处方保存期限至少为3年(D对)。医疗机构麻醉药品处方保存期限至少为。医疗机构应当对麻醉药品和精神药品处方进行专册登记,加强管理。麻醉药品处方至少保存3年,精神药品处方至少保存2年(B错)。"} {"Question":"材料一:甲因其子(8周岁)连续咳嗽一周,到某药品零售连锁企业门店购药。当时该零售企业执业药师不在岗,由工作人员乙详细询问甲,了解患者是否发烧、是否咳痰,在得知未发烧、咳黄痰后,向甲推荐盐酸氨溴索口服液(按甲类非处方药管理)和维生C素泡腾片(按乙类非处方药管理),甲凭以往用药经验,向乙提出新的购药需求购买中成药抗病毒口服液(外包装上有绿色OTC标识)和小儿退烧药。甲购买药品给其子使用一周后,症状未改善。甲再次前往该门店,向门店执业药师表示想购买磷酸可待因糖浆给其子使用。甲提出购买磷酸可待因糖浆,门店执业药师的下列做法中,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"填写空白处方后,向甲出售磷酸可待因糖浆1瓶"},{"key":"B","value":"向甲销售磷酸可待因糖浆1瓶,并出具书面用药指导"},{"key":"C","value":"告知甲到周边诊所开具处方后,再至该门店凭处方购买磷酸可待因糖浆1瓶"},{"key":"D","value":"坚决不予销售建议到医院就诊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品零售管理。甲因其子(8周岁)连续咳嗽一周,到某药品零售连锁企业门店购药。当时该零售企业执业药师不在岗,由工作人员乙详细询问甲,了解患者是否发烧、是否咳痰,在得知未发烧、咳黄痰后,向甲推荐盐酸氨溴索口服液(按甲类非处方药管理)和维生C素泡腾片(按乙类非处方药管理),甲凭以往用药经验,向乙提出新的购药需求购买中成药抗病毒口服液(外包装上有绿色OTC标识)和小儿退烧药。甲购买药品给其子使用一周后,症状未改善。甲再次前往该门店,向门店执业药师表示想购买磷酸可待因糖浆给其子使用。甲提出购买磷酸可待因糖浆,门店执业药师的下列做法中,正确的是坚决不予销售建议到医院就诊(D对)。药品零售管理:因为含特殊药品复方制剂不是特殊管理药品,所以公众在零售药店是可以购买到的。但是,根据国家药品监督管理部门的相关规定,部分含特殊药品复方制剂零售有一定的管理限制。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,处方药应当严格执行处方药与非处方药分类管理有关规定,复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯片列入必须凭处方销售的处方药管理,严格凭医师开具的处方销售;除处方药外,非处方药一次销售不得超过5个最小包装(含麻黄碱复方制剂另有规定除外)。自2015年5月1日起,含可待因复方口服液体制剂(包括口服溶液剂和糖浆剂)已列入第二类精神药品管理。具有经营资质的药品零售企业,销售含可待因复方口服液体制剂时,必须凭医疗机构使用精神药品专用处方开具的处方销售,单方处方量不得超过7日常用量。复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯片应设置专柜由专人管理、专册登记,上述药品登记内容包括:药品名称、规格、销售数量、生产企业、生产批号。药品零售企业销售含特殊药品复方制剂时,如发现超过正常医疗需求,大量、多次购买上述药品的,应当立即向当地药品监督管理部门报告。"} {"Question":"根据《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》,关于药品按处方药与非处方药分类管理的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"按照药品品种、规格、给药途径及疗效的不同进行分类"},{"key":"B","value":"按照药品类别、规格、适应症、成本效益比的不问进行分类"},{"key":"C","value":"按照药物经济学评价指标中的风险效益比成成本效益比的不同进行分类"},{"key":"D","value":"按照药品品种、包装规格、适应症、剂量及给药途径的不同进行分类"},{"key":"E","value":"按照药品品种、规格、适应症、剂量及给药途径的不同进行分类"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查处方药与非处方药分类。根据《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》,关于药品按处方药与非处方药分类管理的说法,正确的是按照药品品种、规格、适应症、剂量及给药途径的不同进行分类(E对)。《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》第二条:根据药品品种、规格、适应症、剂量及给药途径不同,对药品分别按处方药与非处方药进行管理。处方药必须凭执业医师或执业助理医师处方才可调配、购买和使用;非处方药不需要凭执业医师或执业助理医师处方即可自行判断、购买和使用。"} {"Question":"提供虚假材料申请药品广告审批,取得药品广告批准文号的,药品广告审查机关在发现后,应撤销该药品广告批准文号并给予的处罚包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3年内不受理该企业的同类药品广告审批申请"},{"key":"B","value":"1年内不受理该企业该品种的药品广告审批申请"},{"key":"C","value":"1年内不受理该企业的所有药品广告审批申"},{"key":"D","value":"3年内不受理该企业该品种的药品广告审批申"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查违反药品广告管理的处罚。提供虚假材料申请药品广告审批,取得药品广告批准文号的,药品广告审查机关在发现后,应撤销该药品广告批准文号并给予的处罚包括3年内不受理该企业该品种的药品广告审批申(A对)。违反药品广告管理以不当方式获得批准文件的处罚:隐瞒真实情况或者提供虚假材料申请药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告审查的;或者以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告批准文号的,按照《广告法》第六十五条处罚,广告审查机关不予受理或者不予批准,予以警告,一年内不受理该申请人的广告审查申请(BC错);以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得广告审查批准的,广告审查机关予以撤销,处十万元以上二十万元以下的罚款,三年内不受理该申请人的广告审查申请(D错)。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》的规定,应当自取得《药品经营许可证》之日起30日内,按照规定向药品监督管理部门申请《药品经营质量管理规范》认证的单位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品批发企业"},{"key":"B","value":"药品零售企业"},{"key":"C","value":"药品批发和零售企业"},{"key":"D","value":"新开办药品批发和零售企业"},{"key":"E","value":"新开办医疗机构药房"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营企业管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》的第十三条规定:新开办药品批发企业和药品零售企业(D对),应当自取得《药品经营许可证》之日起30日内,向发给其《药品经营许可证》的药品监督管理部门或者药品监督管理机构申请《药品经营质量管理规范》认证。受理申请的药品监督管理部门或者药品监督管理机构应当自收到申请之日起3个月内,按照国务院药品监督管理部门的规定,组织对申请认证的药品批发企业或者药品零售企业是否符合《药品经营质量管理规范》进行认证;认证合格的,发给认证证书。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,颁发药品注册证书的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"国务院科技管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"国务院经济综合主管部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门、国务院卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品研制和注册。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,颁发药品注册证书的部门是国务院药品监督管理部门(A对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第二章药品研制和注册第二十四条:在中国境内上市的药品,应当经国务院药品监督管理部门批准,取得药品注册证书;但是,未实施审批管理的中药材和中药饮片除外。实施审批管理的中药材、中药饮片品种目录由国务院药品监督管理部门会同国务院中医药主管部门制定。申请药品注册,应当提供真实、充分、可靠的数据、资料和样品,证明药品的安全性、有效性和质量可控性。"} {"Question":"材料二,A制药公司是一家现代化企业,许多产品在市场上口碑很好,B制药公司为获取更大利润,将自己产品的包装盒装潢设计的与A制药公司同类药品非常相似,并在印制药品说明书和标签假冒了A制药公司的注册商标,同时做了宣传和广告。如果上述信息中的B企业的药品广告批准文号属于提供虚假材料申请而取得,药品广告审查机关应当撤销药品广告批准文号,同时还应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3年内不受理该企业该品种的广告审批申请"},{"key":"B","value":"1年内不受理该企业该品种的广告审批申请"},{"key":"C","value":"1年内不受理该企业所有品种的广告审批申请"},{"key":"D","value":"3年内不受理该企业所有品种的广告审批申请"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查违反药品广告管理的处罚。材料二,A制药公司是一家现代化企业,许多产品在市场上口碑很好,B制药公司为获取更大利润,将自己产品的包装盒装潢设计的与A制药公司同类药品非常相似,并在印制药品说明书和标签假冒了A制药公司的注册商标,同时做了宣传和广告。如果上述信息中的B企业的药品广告批准文号属于提供虚假材料申请而取得,药品广告审查机关应当撤销药品广告批准文号,同时还应3年内不受理该企业所有品种的广告审批申请(D对)。违反药品广告管理,以不当方式获得批准文件:隐瞒真实情况或者提供虚假材料申请药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告审查的;或者以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得药品、医疗器械、保健食品和特殊医学用途配方食品广告批准文号的,按照《广告法》第六十五条处罚,广告审查机关不予受理或者不予批准,予以警告,一年内不受理该申请人的广告审查申请(C错);以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得广告审查批准的,广告审查机关予以撤销,处十万元以上二十万元以下的罚款,三年内不受理该申请人的广告审查申请。"} {"Question":"依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,医疗机构购进药品,必须有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真实、完整的药品购进记录"},{"key":"B","value":"符合医疗机构临床的需要"},{"key":"C","value":"药品采购部门"},{"key":"D","value":"真实、完整的药品购销记录"},{"key":"E","value":"药品采购中介组织"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查医疗机构的药剂管理。依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,医疗机构购进药品,必须有真实、完整的药品购进记录(A对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第四章医疗机构的药剂管理第二十六条:医疗机构购进药品,必须有真实、完整的药品购进记录。药品购进记录必须注明药品的通用名称、剂型、规格、批号、有效期、生产厂商、供货单位、购货数量、购进价格、购货日期以及国务院药品监督管理部门规定的其他内容。"} {"Question":"根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》,进口药品自首次获准进口之日起5年内,应报告该药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"已知的药品不良反应"},{"key":"B","value":"常见的药品不良反应"},{"key":"C","value":"罕见的药品不良反应"},{"key":"D","value":"所有的药品不良反应"},{"key":"E","value":"新的和严重的药品不良反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应报告。根据《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》,进口药品自首次获准进口之日起5年内,应报告该药品的所有的药品不良反应(D对)。《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》第三章报告与处置第二节个例药品不良反应第二十条:新药监测期内的国产药品应当报告该药品的所有不良反应;其他国产药品,报告新的和严重的不良反应(E错)。进口药品自首次获准进口之日起5年内,报告该进口药品的所有不良反应;满5年的,报告新的和严重的不良反应。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,生产药品所需的原料、辅料必须符合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食用标准"},{"key":"B","value":"行业标准"},{"key":"C","value":"药用要求"},{"key":"D","value":"卫生要求"},{"key":"E","value":"生产要求"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品生产。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,生产药品所需的原料、辅料必须符合药用要求(C对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第四章药品生产第四十五条:生产药品所需的原料、辅料,应当符合药用要求、药品生产质量管理规范的有关要求。生产药品,应当按照规定对供应原料、辅料等的供应商进行审核,保证购进、使用的原料、辅料等符合前款规定要求。药品标准分为法定标准和非法定标准两种。法定标准是包括中国药典在内的国家药品标准和经国务院药品监督管理部门核准的药品质量标准;非法定标准有行业标准(B错)、团体标准、企业标准等。法定标准属于强制性标准,是药品质量的最低标准,拟上市销售的任何药品都必须达到这个标准;企业标准只能作为企业的内控标准,各项指标均不得低于国家药品标准。医疗机构用于调配药品的工具、设施、包装用品以及调配药品的区域,应当符合卫生要求(D错)及相应的调配要求。麻醉药品和精神药品的定点生产企业应当具有与麻醉药品和精神药品安全生产要求(E错)相适应的管理水平和经营规模。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,用于灌装葡萄糖注射液液体的容器,必须符合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品标准"},{"key":"B","value":"企业标准"},{"key":"C","value":"行业标准"},{"key":"D","value":"药用要求"},{"key":"E","value":"卫生要求"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品包装要求。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,用于灌装葡萄糖注射液液体的容器,必须符合药用要求(D对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第四十六条规定,直接接触药品的包装材料和容器,应当符合药用要求,符合保障人体健康、安全的标准。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,下列对违法行为的处罚错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗机构配制制剂为假药,情节严重的,吊销其《医疗机构制剂许可证》"},{"key":"B","value":"医疗机构配制制剂为劣药,情节严重的,吊销其《医疗机构制剂许可证》"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构将其配制的制剂在市场上销售的,吊销其《医疗机构制剂许可证》"},{"key":"D","value":"未取得《医疗机构制剂许可证》配制制剂的,没收违法生产的制剂和违法所得,并处罚款"},{"key":"E","value":"医疗机构从无《药品经营许可证》的企业购进药品,情节严重的,吊销其医疗机构执业许可证书"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查违反《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的法律责任。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,下列对违法行为的处罚错误的是医疗机构将其配制的制剂在市场上销售的,吊销其《医疗机构制剂许可证》(C错,为本题正确答案)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第一百三十三条规定,违反本法规定,医疗机构将其配制的制剂在市场上销售的,责令改正,没收违法销售的制剂和违法所得,并处违法销售制剂货值金额二倍以上五倍以下的罚款;情节严重的,并处货值金额五倍以上十五倍以下的罚款;货值金额不足五万元的,按五万元计算。生产、销售假药的,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,责令停产停业整顿,吊销药品批准证明文件,并处违法生产、销售的药品货值金额十五倍以上三十倍以下的罚款;货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算;情节严重的,吊销药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证(A对),十年内不受理其相应申请;药品上市许可持有人为境外企业的,十年内禁止其药品进口。生产、销售劣药的,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,并处违法生产、销售的药品货值金额十倍以上二十倍以下的罚款;违法生产、批发的药品货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算,违法零售的药品货值金额不足一万元的,按一万元计算;情节严重的,责令停产停业整顿直至吊销药品批准证明文件、药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证(B对)。未取得药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证生产、销售药品的,责令关闭,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,并处违法生产、销售的药品(包括已售出和未售出的药品,下同)货值金额十五倍以上三十倍以下的罚款;货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算(D对)。"} {"Question":"注册商标有效期满,续展注册的时间应当在期满前","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一个月内申请"},{"key":"B","value":"两个月内申请"},{"key":"C","value":"三个月内申请"},{"key":"D","value":"五个月内申请"},{"key":"E","value":"六个月内申请"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查注册商标有效期。注册商标有效期满,续展注册的时间应当在期满前六个月内申请(E对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施办法》第四十一条规定:国务院药品监督管理部门核发的药品批准文号、《进口药品注册证》、《医药产品注册证》的有效期为5年。有效期届满,需要继续生产或者进口的,应当在有效期届满前6个月申请再注册。药品再注册时,应当按照国务院药品监督管理部门的规定报送相关资料。有效期届满,未申请再注册或者经审查不符合国务院药品监督管理部门关于再注册的规定的,注销其药品批准文号、《进口药品注册证》或者《医药产品注册证》。"} {"Question":"根据《药品管理法》的规定,“新药”系指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"我国药典未收载过的药品"},{"key":"B","value":"我国未上市过的药品"},{"key":"C","value":"我国未生产过的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"我国未使用过的药品"},{"key":"E","value":"我国未研究过的药品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查新药。“新药”是指我国未上市过的药品(B对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第十章附则第八十三条对新药的含义作了法定定义:新药,是指未曾在中国境内上市销售的药品。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,药品购销记录必须注明药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通用名称"},{"key":"B","value":"批准文号"},{"key":"C","value":"生产日期"},{"key":"D","value":"商品名称"},{"key":"E","value":"贮存条件"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,药品购销记录必须注明药品的通用名称(A对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第五章药品经营第五十七条:药品经营企业购销药品,应当有真实、完整的购销记录。购销记录应当注明药品的通用名称、剂型、规格、产品批号、有效期、上市许可持有人、生产企业、购销单位、购销数量、购销价格、购销日期及国务院药品监督管理部门规定的其他内容。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国刑法》规定,对伪造、变造、买卖国家机关的公文、证件、印章的处罚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利"},{"key":"B","value":"处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利,并处或单处罚金"},{"key":"C","value":"处十年以上有期徒刑"},{"key":"D","value":"处无期徒刑"},{"key":"E","value":"处死刑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,办理药品零售企业许可事项变更的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"省级药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"C","value":"设区的市级药品监督管理机构"},{"key":"D","value":"省级卫生行政部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国家中医药管理局"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营企业管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,办理药品零售企业许可事项变更的是设区的市级药品监督管理机构(C对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第三章药品经营企业管理第十二条:开办药品零售企业,申办人应当向拟办企业所在地设区的市级药品监督管理机构或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门直接设置的县级药品监督管理机构提出申请。受理申请的药品监督管理机构应当自收到申请之日起30个工作日内,依据国务院药品监督管理部门的规定,结合当地常住人口数量、地域、交通状况和实际需要进行审查,作出是否同意筹建的决定。申办人完成拟办企业筹建后,应当向原审批机构申请验收。原审批机构应当自收到申请之日起15个工作日内,依据《药品管理法》第十五条规定的开办条件组织验收;符合条件的,发给《药品经营许可证》。第十六条:药品经营企业变更《药品经营许可证》许可事项的,应当在许可事项发生变更30日前,向原发证机关申请《药品经营许可证》变更登记;未经批准,不得变更许可事项。原发证机关应当自收到企业申请之日起15个工作日内作出决定。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,药品监督管理部门批准开办药品经营企业,除依据应具备的开办条件规定外,还应遵循的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"公平合理和诚实信用"},{"key":"B","value":"市场需求和社会承受力"},{"key":"C","value":"安全有效和市场需求"},{"key":"D","value":"质量第一和方便群众购药"},{"key":"E","value":"合理布局和方便群众购药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,区域性批发企业应当","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经国家药品监督管理部门批准"},{"key":"B","value":"申请定点资格前,在2年内没有违反有关禁毒的法律、行政法规规定的行为"},{"key":"C","value":"经所在地的卫生行政部门批准,向本省内销售麻醉药品"},{"key":"D","value":"向教学科研单位提供科学研究使用的小包装的麻醉药品原料药"},{"key":"E","value":"自行向邻省的医疗机构供应麻醉药品以便满足边远地区需求"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查麻醉药品和精神药品的经营管理。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,区域性批发企业应当申请定点资格前,在2年内没有违反有关禁毒的法律、行政法规规定的行为(B对)。《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第二十三条规定,麻醉药品和精神药品定点批发企业除应当具备药品管理法第十五条规定的药品经营企业的开办条件外,还应当具备下列条件:(一)有符合本条例规定的麻醉药品和精神药品储存条件;(二)有通过网络实施企业安全管理和向药品监督管理部门报告经营信息的能力;(三)单位及其工作人员2年内没有违反有关禁毒的法律、行政法规规定的行为;(四)符合国务院药品监督管理部门公布的定点批发企业布局。在本省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内从事麻醉药品和第一类精神药品批发业务的企业(以下称区域性批发企业),应当经所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准(A错)。药品经营企业不得经营麻醉药品原料药和第一类精神药品原料药。但是,供医疗、科学研究、教学使用的小包装的上述药品可以由国务院药品监督管理部门规定的药品批发企业经营(D错)。区域性批发企业可以向本省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品使用资格的医疗机构销售麻醉药品和第一类精神药品(C错);由于特殊地理位置的原因,需要就近向其他省、自治区、直辖市行政区域内取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品使用资格的医疗机构销售的,应当经企业所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准(E错)。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国刑法》规定销售明知是不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料,对人体健康造成严重危害","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或死刑,并处以罚金或没收财产"},{"key":"B","value":"处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处以罚金或没收财产"},{"key":"C","value":"处七年以下有期徒刑,并处以罚金"},{"key":"D","value":"处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处以罚金"},{"key":"E","value":"处五年以下有期徒刑,并处以罚金"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售伪劣商品罪。《中华人民共和国刑法》规定销售明知是不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料,对人体健康造成严重危害处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处以罚金(D对)。《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百四十五条:生产不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料,或者销售明知是不符合保障人体健康的国家标准、行业标准的医疗器械、医用卫生材料,足以严重危害人体健康的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处销售金额百分之五十以上二倍以下罚金;对人体健康造成严重危害的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;后果特别严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。"} {"Question":"依照《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,接受委托生产药品的药品生产企业,必须持有与其受托生产的药品相适应的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《药品生产质量管理规范》认证证书"},{"key":"B","value":"《药品生产卫生许可证》"},{"key":"C","value":"药品批准文号"},{"key":"D","value":"《受托生产药品许可证》"},{"key":"E","value":"《药品生产合格证》"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《医疗机构药事管理规定》,关于医疗机构药事管理的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"是保证医疗机构药品质量,保障公众用药安全,维护公众身体健康的相关活动"},{"key":"B","value":"对临床用药全过程进行有效的组织实施与管理"},{"key":"C","value":"是以患者为中心,以临床医学为基础的综合管理"},{"key":"D","value":"是促进临床科学、合理用药的药学技术服务和相关的药品管理工作"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查医疗机构药事管理。根据《医疗机构药事管理规定》,关于医疗机构药事管理的说法,错误的是是以患者为中心,以临床医学为基础的综合管理(C错,为本题正确答案)。为加强医疗机构药事管理,促进药物合理应用,保障公众身体健康(A对),根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》、《医疗机构管理条例》和《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》等有关法律、法规,制定《医疗机构药事管理规定》。本规定所称医疗机构药事管理,是指医疗机构以病人为中心,以临床药学为基础,对临床用药全过程进行有效的组织实施与管理(B对),促进临床科学、合理用药的药学技术服务和相关的药品管理工作(D对)。"} {"Question":"根据《关于禁止商业贿赂行为的暂行规定》,以下属于错误的论述的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"任何单位或者个人在销售或者购买商品时不到收受或者索取贿赂"},{"key":"B","value":"经营者销售商品,不得以明示方式给予对方折扣"},{"key":"C","value":"对方单位或个人在账外暗中收受回扣的,以受贿论处"},{"key":"D","value":"在账外暗中给予对方单位或者个人回扣的,以行贿论处"},{"key":"E","value":"经营者在商品交易中,赠送小额广告礼品,视为商业贿赂行为"}],"Answer":"BE","Explanation":"本题考查商业贿赂行为。根据《关于禁止商业贿赂行为的暂行规定》:经营者销售商品,可以以明示方式给予对方折扣(B错,为本题正确答案);经营者在商品交易中不得向对方单位或者其个人附赠现金或者物品,但按照商业惯例赠送小额广告礼品的除外(E错,为本题正确答案);任何单位或者个人在销售或者购买商品时不到收受或者索取贿赂(A对);对方单位或个人在账外暗中收受回扣的,以受贿论处(C对);在账外暗中给予对方单位或者个人回扣的,以行贿论处(D对)。"} {"Question":"按刑法规定,属于扰乱市场秩序罪,情节特别严重,应处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或没收财产的犯罪行为是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"广告主、广告经营者、广告发布者违法国家规定,利用广告对商品或服务虚假宣传的"},{"key":"B","value":"未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或者其他限制买卖的物品的"},{"key":"C","value":"买卖进出口许可证以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的"},{"key":"D","value":"其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为的"},{"key":"E","value":"以暴力、威胁方法阻碍国家机关工作人员依法执行职务的"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查扰乱市场秩序。《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百二十五条:违反国家规定,有下列非法经营行为之一,扰乱市场秩序,情节严重的,处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金;情节特别严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产:(一)未经许可经营法律、行政法规规定的专营、专卖物品或者其他限制买卖的物品的(B对);(二)买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或者批准文件的(C对);(三)未经国家有关主管部门批准,非法经营证券、期货或者保险业务的,或者非法从事资金支付结算业务的;(四)其他严重扰乱市场秩序的非法经营行为(D对)。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,制定药物临床试验机构资格认定办法的部门是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门"},{"key":"C","value":"国务院科技管理部门"},{"key":"D","value":"国务院经济综合主管部门"},{"key":"E","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门、国务院卫生行政部门"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药品研制和注册。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,制定药物临床试验机构资格认定办法的部门是国务院药品监督管理部门、国务院卫生行政部门(E对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第二章药品研制和注册第十九条:开展药物临床试验,应当按照国务院药品监督管理部门(A错)的规定如实报送研制方法、质量指标、药理及毒理试验结果等有关数据、资料和样品,经国务院药品监督管理部门批准。国务院药品监督管理部门应当自受理临床试验申请之日起六十个工作日内决定是否同意并通知临床试验申办者,逾期未通知的,视为同意。其中,开展生物等效性试验的,报国务院药品监督管理部门备案。开展药物临床试验,应当在具备相应条件的临床试验机构进行。药物临床试验机构实行备案管理,具体办法由国务院药品监督管理部门、国务院卫生健康主管部门共同制定。"} {"Question":"药品广告不得“妨碍环境和自然资源保护”出自于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《中华人民共和国广告法》"},{"key":"B","value":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》"},{"key":"C","value":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》"},{"key":"D","value":"《药品经营质量管理规范》"},{"key":"E","value":"《处方药与非处方药分类管理办法(试行)》"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查《中华人民共和国广告法》。药品广告不得“妨碍环境和自然资源保护”出自于《中华人民共和国广告法》(A对)。《中华人民共和国广告法》第二章广告内容准则第九条:广告不得有下列情形:(一)使用或者变相使用中华人民共和国的国旗、国歌、国徽,军旗、军歌、军徽;(二)使用或者变相使用国家机关、国家机关工作人员的名义或者形象;(三)使用“国家级”“最高级”“最佳”等用语;(四)损害国家的尊严或者利益,泄露国家秘密;(五)妨碍社会安定,损害社会公共利益;(六)危害人身、财产安全,泄露个人隐私;(七)妨碍社会公共秩序或者违背社会良好风尚;(八)含有淫秽、色情、赌博、迷信、恐怖、暴力的内容;(九)含有民族、种族、宗教、性别歧视的内容;(十)妨碍环境、自然资源或者文化遗产保护;(十一)法律、行政法规规定禁止的其他情形。"} {"Question":"《处方药与非处方药流通管理暂行规定》要求,对医师处方进行审核,签字的人员必须是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药店经理"},{"key":"B","value":"值班经理"},{"key":"C","value":"店员"},{"key":"D","value":"药士"},{"key":"E","value":"执业药师或药师"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"生产注射剂的药品生产企业的GMP认证工作由","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"国务院质量技术监督管理部门负责"},{"key":"B","value":"国务院卫生行政部门负责"},{"key":"C","value":"国务院药品监督管理部门负责"},{"key":"D","value":"省级人民政府药品监督管理部门负责"},{"key":"E","value":"省级人民政府卫生行政部门负责"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品生产企业管理。生产注射剂的药品生产企业的GMP认证工作由国务院药品监督管理部门负责(C对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第五条:省级以上人民政府药品监督管理部门应当按照《药品生产质量管理规范》和国务院药品监督管理部门规定的实施办法和实施步骤,组织对药品生产企业的认证工作;符合《药品生产质量管理规范》的,发给认证证书。其中,生产注射剂、放射性药品和国务院药品监督管理部门规定的生物制品的药品生产企业的认证工作,由国务院药品监督管理部门负责。《药品生产质量管理规范》认证证书的格式由国务院药品监督管理部门统一规定。"} {"Question":"对药品分别按处方药与非处方药进行管理是根据药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"品种"},{"key":"B","value":"规格"},{"key":"C","value":"适应证"},{"key":"D","value":"剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"给药途径"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查处方药和非处方药。对药品分别按处方药与非处方药进行管理是根据药品的品种(A对)、规格(B对)、适应证(C对)、剂量(D对)及给药途径(E对)。"} {"Question":"根据《互联网药品交易服务审批暂行规定》,向个人消费者提供互联网药品交易服务的企业,应当具备的条件不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有与设立药品批发企业一致的条件"},{"key":"B","value":"对上网交易的品种有完整的管理制度与措施"},{"key":"C","value":"具有完整保存交易记录的能力、设施和设备"},{"key":"D","value":"具有与上网交易的品种相适应的药品配送系统"},{"key":"E","value":"具有负责网上实时咨询的执业药师"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查向个人消费者提供互联网药品交易服务的企业应当具备的条件。《互联网药品交易服务审批暂行规定》第九条规定,向个人消费者提供互联网药品交易服务的企业,应当具备以下条件:(一)依法设立的药品连锁零售企业;(二)提供互联网药品交易服务的网站已获得从事互联网药品信息服务的资格;(三)具有健全的网络与交易安全保障措施以及完整的管理制度;(四)具有完整保存交易记录的能力、设施和设备(C对);(五)具备网上咨询、网上查询、生成订单、电子合同等基本交易服务功能;(六)对上网交易的品种有完整的管理制度与措施(B对);(七)具有与上网交易的品种相适应的药品配送系统(D对);(八)具有执业药师负责网上实时咨询(E对),并有保存完整咨询内容的设施、设备及相关管理制度;(九)从事医疗器械交易服务,应当配备拥有医疗器械相关专业学历、熟悉医疗器械相关法规的专职专业人员。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,不得在市场销售的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗机构配制的制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"中药"},{"key":"C","value":"中药饮片"},{"key":"D","value":"没有实施批准文号管理的中药材"},{"key":"E","value":"新发现和从国外引种的药材"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗机构制剂的定义及特征。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,不得在市场销售的是医疗机构配制的制剂(A对)。医疗机构制剂的定义及特征:《医疗机构制剂注册管理办法(试行)》(局令第20号)第3条规定:医疗机构制剂,是指医疗机构根据本单位临床需要经批准而配制、自用的固定处方制剂。《药品管理法》规定,医疗机构配制制剂,应当经所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准,取得医疗机构制剂许可证。无医疗机构制剂许可证的,不得配制制剂。医疗机构配制的制剂,应当是本单位临床需要而市场上没有供应的品种,并应当经所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准;但是,法律对配制中药制剂另有规定的除外。医疗机构制剂具有如下特征:①双证管理。医疗机构获得《医疗机构制剂许可证》后,取得配制制剂的资格;如果要进行某种制剂的配制,还必须取得相应制剂的批准文号(法律对配制中药制剂另有规定的除外)。②品种补缺。医疗机构制剂仅限于临床需要而市场上没有供应的品种,方便临床使用。③医院自用为主。医疗机构制剂凭执业医师或者执业助理医师的处方在本单位内部使用,并与《医疗机构执业许可证》所载明的诊疗范围一致。医疗机构配制的制剂不得在市场上销售,不得发布医疗机构制剂广告。特殊情况下,经国务院药品监督管理部门或者省级药品监督管理部门批准,可在指定的医疗机构之间调剂使用。④药剂科自制。医疗机构制剂只能由医院的药学部门配制,其他科室不得配制供应制剂。⑤质量检验合格。医疗机构制剂需按规定进行质量检验,质量检验一般由医疗机构的药检室负责,检验合格后,凭医师处方使用。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,已在我国销售的国外药品,其药品证明文件有效期届满未申请再注册,应注销","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《药品生产许可证》"},{"key":"B","value":"《进口药品注册证》"},{"key":"C","value":"《医疗产品注册证》"},{"key":"D","value":"《医疗机构执业许可证》"},{"key":"E","value":"《医药产品许可证》"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,已在我国销售的国外药品,其药品证明文件有效期届满未申请再注册或者经审查不符合国务院药品监督管理部门关于再注册的规定的,注销其药品批准文号、《进口药品注册证》(B对)或者《医药产品注册证》。"} {"Question":"下列关于中药材种植、养殖管理的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在药用动物的养殖中,适时、定量地补充精料、维生素、矿物质及其他必要的添加剂,可以适量添加激素类药品"},{"key":"B","value":"根据药用植物的营养特点及土壤的供肥能力,确定施肥种类、时间和数量"},{"key":"C","value":"严格管理农药、肥料等农业投入品的使用,禁止在中材种植过程中使用剧毒、高毒农药"},{"key":"D","value":"种子、菌种和繁殖材料在生产、储运过程中应实行验检疫制度以保证质量和防止病虫害及杂草的传播"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查中药的保护与发展。下列关于中药材种植、养殖管理的说法,正确的是根据药用植物的营养特点及土壤的供肥能力,确定施肥种类、时间和数量(B对)、严格管理农药、肥料等农业投入品的使用,禁止在中材种植过程中使用剧毒、高毒农药(C对)、种子、菌种和繁殖材料在生产、储运过程中应实行验检疫制度以保证质量和防止病虫害及杂草的传播(D对)。企业应当根据种植中药材营养需求特性和土壤肥力,科学制定肥料使用技术规程:以有机肥为主,化学肥料有限度使用,鼓励使用经国家批准的微生物肥料及中药材专用肥;自积自用的有机肥须经充分腐熟达到无害化标准,避免掺入杂草、有害物质等;禁止直接施用城市生活垃圾、工业垃圾、医院垃圾和人粪便。第二十二条国家鼓励发展中药材规范化种植养殖,严格管理农药、肥料等农业投入品的使用,禁止在中药材种植过程中使用剧毒、高毒农药,支持中药材良种繁育,提高中药材质量。种子种苗或其他繁殖材料。中药材种子种苗或其他繁殖材料应当符合国家、行业或者地方标准;没有标准的,鼓励企业制定标准,明确生产基地使用种子种苗或其他繁殖材料的等级,并建立相应检测方法。GAP还要求企业应当根据药用动物生长发育习性和对环境条件的要求等制定养殖技术规程。企业应当按国务院农业农村行政主管部门有关规定使用饲料和饲料添加剂;禁止使用国务院农业农村行政主管部门公布禁用的物质以及对人体具有直接或潜在危害的其他物质;不得使用未经登记的进口饲料和饲料添加剂(A错)。"} {"Question":"药品经营企业发现药品存在安全隐患,未按规定立即停止销售,造成严重后果的,应给予的处罚是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吊销《药品经营许可证》"},{"key":"B","value":"警告,责令改正,可以并处2万元以下罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"撤销药品批准证明文件,直至吊销《药品生产许可证》"},{"key":"D","value":"处3万元以下罚款"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查《药品召回管理办法》。药品经营企业发现药品存在安全隐患,未按规定立即停止销售,造成严重后果的,应给予的处罚是吊销《药品经营许可证》(A对)。《药品召回管理办法》第五章法律责任:第二十九条:药品监督管理部门确认药品生产企业因违反法律、法规、规章规定造成上市药品存在安全隐患,依法应当给予行政处罚,但该企业已经采取召回措施主动消除或者减轻危害后果的,依照《行政处罚法》的规定从轻或者减轻处罚;违法行为轻微并及时纠正,没有造成危害后果的,不予处罚。药品生产企业召回药品的,不免除其依法应当承担的其他法律责任。第三十条:药品生产企业违反本办法规定,发现药品存在安全隐患而不主动召回药品的,责令召回药品,并处应召回药品货值金额3倍的罚款;造成严重后果的,由原发证部门撤销药品批准证明文件,直至吊销《药品生产许可证》(C错)。第三十一条:药品生产企业违反本办法第二十五条规定,拒绝召回药品的,处应召回药品货值金额3倍的罚款;造成严重后果的,由原发证部门撤销药品批准证明文件,直至吊销《药品生产许可证》。第三十二条:药品生产企业违反本办法第十六条规定,未在规定时间内通知药品经营企业、使用单位停止销售和使用需召回药品的,予以警告,责令限期改正,并处3万元以下罚款(D错)。第三十三条:药品生产企业违反本办法第十九条、第二十四条第二款、第二十八条第二款规定,未按照药品监督管理部门要求采取改正措施或者召回药品的,予以警告,责令限期改正,并处3万元以下罚款。第三十四条:药品生产企业违反本办法第二十二条规定的,予以警告,责令限期改正,并处3万元以下罚款。第三十五条:药品生产企业有下列情形之一的,予以警告,责令限期改正;逾期未改正的,处2万元以下罚款:(一)未按本办法规定建立药品召回制度、药品质量保证体系与药品不良反应监测系统的;(二)拒绝协助药品监督管理部门开展调查的;(三)未按照本办法规定提交药品召回的调查评估报告和召回计划、药品召回进展情况和总结报告的;(四)变更召回计划,未报药品监督管理部门备案的。第三十六条:药品经营企业、使用单位违反本办法第六条规定的,责令停止销售和使用,并处1000元以上5万元以下罚款;造成严重后果的,由原发证部门吊销《药品经营许可证》或者其他许可证。第三十七条:药品经营企业、使用单位拒绝配合药品生产企业或者药品监督管理部门开展有关药品安全隐患调查、拒绝协助药品生产企业召回药品的,予以警告,责令改正,可以并处2万元以下罚款(B错)。第三十八条:药品监督管理部门及其工作人员不履行职责或者滥用职权的,按照有关法律、法规规定予以处理。"} {"Question":"应当与诊疗范围相适应并凭医师处方调配的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗机构配制的制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"医疗机构购进的国产药品"},{"key":"C","value":"医疗机构购进的进口药品"},{"key":"D","value":"常用药品和急救药品"},{"key":"E","value":"医疗机构向患者提供的药品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查与诊疗范围相适应的药品。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第二十七条规定,医疗机构向患者提供的药品(E对)应当与诊疗范围相适应,并凭执业医师或者执业助理医师的处方调配。"} {"Question":"根据《药品说明书和标签管理规定》规定,有效期表述形式错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有效期至2012年06月"},{"key":"B","value":"有效期至2012\/06"},{"key":"C","value":"有效期至2012.6.6"},{"key":"D","value":"有效期至2012.06.06"},{"key":"E","value":"有效期至2012年06月06日"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品的有效期表述形式。根据《药品说明书和标签管理规定》规定,有效期表述形式错误的是有效期至2012.6.6(C错,为本题正确答案)。《药品说明书和标签管理规定》第二十三条规定,药品标签中的有效期应当按照年、月、日的顺序标注,年份用四位数字表示,月、日用两位数表示。其具体标注格式为“有效期至XXXX年XX月”(A对)或者“有效期至XXXX年XX月XX日(E对)”;也可以用数字和其他符号表示为“有效期至XXXX.XX.(D对)”或者“有效期至XXXX\/XX\/XX”(B对)等。"} {"Question":"以同一批原料药在同一连续生产周期内生产的均质产品为一批的属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大容量注射剂"},{"key":"B","value":"粉针剂"},{"key":"C","value":"固体制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"液体制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"冻干粉针剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"仅限于二级以上医院内使用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸哌替啶"},{"key":"B","value":"罂粟壳"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸二氢埃托啡"},{"key":"D","value":"人参"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查特殊药品处方管理。仅限于二级以上医院内使用的是盐酸二氢埃托啡(C对)。《处方管理办法》第二十六条规定,对于需要特别加强管制的麻醉药品,盐酸二氢埃托啡处方为一次常用量,仅限于二级以上医院内使用;盐酸哌替啶(A错)处方为一次常用量,仅限于医疗机构内使用。罂粟壳(B错),必须盖有乡镇卫生院以上医疗机构公章的医生处方配方使用,不准生用,严禁单味零售,处方保存3年备查。"} {"Question":"根据《药品经营质量管理规范实施细则》,关于药品经营企业人员要求的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品批发企业从事药品验收人员,应当具有大专(含)以上药学学历"},{"key":"B","value":"跨地域连锁经营的药品零售连锁企业质量管理工作负责人应是执业药师"},{"key":"C","value":"药品经营企业从事质量管理的人员可为兼职人员"},{"key":"D","value":"药品零售连锁企业从事质量管理、验收养护等工作的专职人员应不少于职工总数的4%"},{"key":"E","value":"药品零售企业从事质量管理的人员,每年应接受省级药品监督管理部门组织的继续教育"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营管理。根据《药品经营质量管理规范实施细则》,跨地域连锁经营的药品零售连锁企业质量管理工作负责人应是执业药师(B对)。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》《医疗机构制剂许可证》的许可事项发生变更的,提出变更登记申请期限为许可事项发生变更","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"15日前"},{"key":"B","value":"30日前"},{"key":"C","value":"60日前"},{"key":"D","value":"3个月"},{"key":"E","value":"6个月"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查医疗机构的药剂管理。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》《医疗机构制剂许可证》的许可事项发生变更的,提出变更登记申请期限为许可事项发生变更30日前(B对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第二十一条规定,医疗机构变更《医疗机构制剂许可证》许可事项的,应当在许可事项发生变更30日前,按照《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》向原审核,批准机关申请《医疗机构制剂许可证》变更登记;未经批准,不得变更许可事项。原审核、批准机关应当在各自收到申请之日起15个工作日内作出决定。"} {"Question":"根据《药品管理法实施条例》,经省药品监督管理部门批准的事项是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的注册申请"},{"key":"B","value":"直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的产品目录"},{"key":"C","value":"直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的药用要求"},{"key":"D","value":"医院制剂的直接接触药品的容器"},{"key":"E","value":"中药饮片的包装容器"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品包装的管理。根据《药品管理法实施条例》,经省药品监督管理部门批准的事项是医院制剂的直接接触药品的容器(D对)。《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》第六章药品包装的管理第四十三条:药品生产企业使用的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器,必须符合药用要求和保障人体健康、安全的标准。直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的管理办法、产品目录(B错)和药用要求(C错)与标准,由国务院药品监督管理部门组织制定并公布。第四十四条:生产中药饮片,应当选用与药品性质相适应的包装材料和容器(E错);包装不符合规定的中药饮片,不得销售。中药饮片包装必须印有或者贴有标签。中药饮片的标签必须注明品名、规格、产地、生产企业、产品批号、生产日期,实施批准文号管理的中药饮片还必须注明药品批准文号。第四十五条:药品包装、标签、说明书必须依照《药品管理法》第五十四条和国务院药品监督管理部门的规定印制。药品商品名称应当符合国务院药品监督管理部门的规定。第四十六条:医疗机构配制制剂所使用的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器、制剂的标签和说明书应当符合《药品管理法》第六章和本条例的有关规定,并经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准。"} {"Question":"根据《处方管理办法》,吗啡缓释片用于门诊癌症疼痛患者的处方最大量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一次常用量"},{"key":"B","value":"3日常用量"},{"key":"C","value":"5日常用量"},{"key":"D","value":"7日常用量"},{"key":"E","value":"15日常用量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考察处方管理。《处方管理办法》第二十四条:为门(急)诊癌症疼痛患者和中、重度慢性疼痛患者开具的麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂,每张处方不得超过3日常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过15日常用量(E对);其他剂型,每张处方不得超过7日常用量。"} {"Question":"在医疗机构药品采购管理中,关于药品采购品种限制的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处方组成类同的复方制剂1~2种"},{"key":"B","value":"同一通用名称药品的品种,注射剂型和口服剂型合计不得超过2种"},{"key":"C","value":"每种药品剂型原则上不超过2种"},{"key":"D","value":"药品采购品种限制原则为“两品两规”"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗机构药品采购品种限制。在医疗机构药品采购管理中,关于药品采购品种限制的说法,正确的是处方组成类同的复方制剂1~2种(A对)。医疗机构应当按照经药品监督管理部门批准并公布的药品通用名称购进药品。同一通用名称药品的品种,注射剂型和口服剂型各不得超过2种(B错),处方组成类同的复方制剂1~2种。因特殊诊疗需要使用其他剂型和剂量规格药品的情况除外。即按照规定,医院除特殊情况外,每一个通用名药品品牌不能超过两个(C错),只允许同一药品,两种规格的存在。对于医疗机构采购品种的限制,称之为“一品两规”(D错),正因为如此,医疗机构应当加强对购进药品品种的管理,选择优质优价的药品。"} {"Question":"二类精神药品每张处方发药量不得超","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三日极量"},{"key":"B","value":"二日常用量"},{"key":"C","value":"二日极量"},{"key":"D","value":"三日常用量"},{"key":"E","value":"七日常用量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查处方限量。二类精神药品每张处方发药量不得超七日常用量(E对)。为门(急)诊一般患者开具的麻醉药品注射剂,每张处方为一次常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过7日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过3日常用量(D错)。第一类精神药品处方限量同麻醉药品;哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量。第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量;对于慢性病或某些特殊情况的患者,处方用量可以适当延长,医师应当注明理由。"} {"Question":"关于特殊使用级抗菌药物的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疗效、安全性方面的临床资料丰富"},{"key":"B","value":"具有明显或者严重不良反应,不宜随意使用的"},{"key":"C","value":"价格昂贵"},{"key":"D","value":"需要严格控制使用,避免细菌过快产生耐药"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查特殊使用级抗菌药物分级和分级标准。说法正确的有具有明显或者严重不良反应,不宜随意使用的(B对)、价格昂贵的(C对)、需要严格控制使用,避免细菌过快产生耐药的(D对)。特殊使用级主要包括以下几类:①具有明显或者严重不良反应,不宜随意使用的抗菌药物;②需要严格控制使用,避免细菌过快产生耐药的抗菌药物;③疗效、安全性方面的临床资料较少的(A错)抗菌药物;④价格昂贵的抗菌药物。"} {"Question":"根据《医疗机构制剂注册管理办法(试行)》,医疗机构制剂批准文号有效期为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗机构制剂注册制度。根据《医疗机构制剂注册管理办法(试行)》,医疗机构制剂批准文号有效期为3年(C对)。《药品管理法》规定,医疗机构配制的制剂,应当是本单位临床需要而市场上没有供应的品种,并应当经所在地省级药品监督管理部门批准;但是,法律对配制中药制剂另有规定的除外。获得《医疗机构制剂许可证》的医疗机构,如果要进行某种制剂的配制,还必须报送有关资料和样品,经所在地省级药品监督管理部门批准,发给制剂批准文号后,方可配制。医疗机构制剂的申请人应当是持有《医疗机构执业许可证》并取得《医疗机构制剂许可证》的医疗机构。医疗机构配制制剂,应当按照经核准的工艺进行,所需的原料、辅料和包装材料等应当符合药用要求,不得擅自变更工艺、处方、配制地点和委托配制单位。需要变更的,申请人应当提出补充申请,报送相关资料,经批准后方可执行。医疗机构制剂批准文号的有效期为3年。有效期届满需要继续配制的,申请人应当在有效期届满前3个月按照原申请配制程序提出再注册申请,报送有关资料。医疗机构制剂的批准文号格式为:×药制字H(Z)+4位年号+4位流水号。其中,×—省、自治区、直辖市简称,H—化学制剂,Z—中药制剂。《中医药法》规定,医疗机构配制中药制剂,应当依照《药品管理法》的规定取得医疗机构制剂许可证,或者委托取得药品生产许可证的药品生产企业、取得医疗机构制剂许可证的其他医疗机构配制中药制剂。委托配制中药制剂,应当向委托方所在地省、级药品监督管理部门备案。医疗机构配制的中药制剂品种,应当依法取得制剂批准文号。但是,仅应用传统工艺配制的中药制剂品种,向医疗机构所在地省级药品监督管理部门备案后即可配制,不需要取得制剂批准文号。《医疗机构制剂许可证》应当标明有效期,有效期为5年(E错),到期重新审查发证。《麻醉药品、第一类精神药品运输证明》有效期为1年(A错)(不跨年度)。运输证明应当由专人保管,不得涂改、转让、转借。"} {"Question":"根据《关于加快药学服务高质量发展的意见》,对评估后符合要求的慢性病患者可以开具长期处方。一次开具的药品用量最长可用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"4周"},{"key":"B","value":"8周"},{"key":"C","value":"12周"},{"key":"D","value":"24周"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查慢性病长期药品处方。根据《关于加快药学服务高质量发展的意见》,对评估后符合要求的慢性病患者可以开具长期处方。一次开具的药品用量最长可用12周(C对)。"} {"Question":"医疗机构生产的医院制剂在使用过程中出现新的不良反应,应采取的措施是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继续使用并通知供应商"},{"key":"B","value":"立即停止使用并主动召回"},{"key":"C","value":"及时向药品不良反应监测机构报告"},{"key":"D","value":"立即停止使用并销毁,并向药品监督管理部门报告"},{"key":"E","value":"立即停止使用、就地封存,并向药品监督管理部门报告"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物临床管理。医疗机构生产的医院制剂在使用过程中出现新的不良反应,应采取的措施是及时向药品不良反应监测机构报告(C对)。医疗机构应当建立药品不良反应、用药错误和药品损害事件监测报告制度。医疗机构临床科室发现药品不良反应、用药错误和药品损害事件后,应当积极救治患者,立即向药学部门报告,并做好观察与记录。医疗机构应当按照国家有关规定向相关部门报告药品不良反应,用药错误和药品损害事件应当立即向所在地县级卫生行政部门报告。"} {"Question":"编写供医护人员参考的《处方集》,必须","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紧密结合临床"},{"key":"B","value":"内容广泛多样"},{"key":"C","value":"更新传递快速"},{"key":"D","value":"强调经济效益"},{"key":"E","value":"展望未来发展"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《医疗机构制剂配制监督管理办法(试行)》,《医疗机构制剂许可证》应当载明的项目内容不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"配制范围"},{"key":"B","value":"配制地址"},{"key":"C","value":"药检室负责人"},{"key":"D","value":"制剂室负责人"},{"key":"E","value":"有效期限"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗机构制剂许可证的核发。根据《医疗机构制剂配制监督管理办法(试行)》,《医疗机构制剂许可证》应当载明的项目内容不包括(C错,为本题正确答案)。《医疗机构制剂许可证》是医疗机构配制制剂的法定凭证,应当载明证号、医疗机构名称、医疗机构类别、法定代表人、制剂室负责人(D对)、配制范围(A对)、注册地址、配制地址(B对)、发证机关、发证日期、有效期限(E对)等项目。其中由药品监督管理部门核准的许可事项为:制剂室负责人、配制地址、配制范围、有效期限。证号和配制范围按国家药品监督管理部门规定的编号方法和制剂类别填写。《医疗机构制剂许可证》分正本和副本,具有同等法律效力。"} {"Question":"普通药品处方应保留","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1年"},{"key":"B","value":"2年"},{"key":"C","value":"3年"},{"key":"D","value":"4年"},{"key":"E","value":"5年"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"依据《麻醉药品、精神药品处方管理办法》,麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂处方一般不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一次用量"},{"key":"B","value":"1日用量"},{"key":"C","value":"3日用量"},{"key":"D","value":"5日用量"},{"key":"E","value":"7日用量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方限量。依据《处方管理办法》,麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂处方一般不得超过一次用量(A对)。处方限量:处方一般不得超过7日用量(E错);急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量(C错);对于某些慢性病、老年病或特殊情况,处方用量可适当延长,但医师应当注明理由。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品的处方用量应当严格按照国家有关规定执行。为门(急)诊一般患者开具的麻醉药品注射剂,每张处方为一次常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过7日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过3日常用量。第一类精神药品处方限量同麻醉药品;哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量。第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量;对于慢性病或某些特殊情况的患者,处方用量可以适当延长,医师应当注明理由。为门(急)诊癌症疼痛患者和中、重度慢性疼痛患者开具的麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂,每张处方不得超过3日常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过15日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过7日常用量。为住院患者开具的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方应当逐日开具,每张处方为1日常用量(B错)。对于需要特别加强管制的麻醉药品,盐酸二氢埃托啡处方为一次常用量,仅限于二级以上医院内使用;盐酸哌替啶处方为一次常用量,仅限于医疗机构内使用。"} {"Question":"独家生产的药品可以采取","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"建立公开透明,多方参与的价格谈判机制"},{"key":"B","value":"实行最高出厂价格和零售管理"},{"key":"C","value":"定点生产,议价采购"},{"key":"D","value":"实行集中挂网,由医院直接采购"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品分类采购。独家生产的药品可以采取建立公开透明,多方参与的价格谈判机制(A对)。实行药品分类采购。①招标采购药品:对临床用量大、采购金额高、多家企业生产的基本药物和非专利药品,发挥省级集中批量采购优势,由省级药品采购机构采取双信封制公开招标采购,医院作为采购主体,按中标价格采购药品。可根据上一年度药品采购总金额中各类药品的品规采购金额百分比排序,将占比排序累计不低于80%,且有3家及以上企业生产的基本药物和非专利药品纳入招标采购范围。在此过程中,要进一步完善双信封评价办法。投标的药品生产企业须同时编制经济技术标书和商务标书。经济技术标书主要对企业的《药品生产质量管理规范》(GMP)资质认证、药品质量抽验抽查情况、生产规模、配送能力、销售额、市场信誉、电子监管能力等指标进行评审,并将通过《药品生产质量管理规范(2010年修订)》认证情况,在欧盟、美国、日本等发达国家(地区)上市销售情况,标准化的剂型、规格、包装等作为重要指标。通过经济技术标书评审的企业方可进入商务标书评审。在商务标书评审中,从有利竞争、满足需求、确保供应出发,区别药品不同清况,结合公立医院用药特点和质量要求,根据仿制药质量一致性评价技术要求,科学设定竞价分组,同一个竞价分组按报价由低到高选择中标企业和候选中标企业,每组中标企业数量不超过2家。对竞标价格明显偏低、可能存在质量和供应风险的药品,必须进行综合评估,避免恶性竞争。优先采购达到国际水平的仿制药。对于只有1家或2家企业投标的品规,可组织专门议价,公开议价规则,同品种议价品规的价格要参照竞价品规中标价格,尽量避免和减少人为因素影响,做到公开透明、公平公正。总体上要落实招采合一、带量采购、量价挂钩。②谈判采购药品:对部分专利药品、独家生产药品,建立公开透明、多方参与的价格谈判机制。谈判结果在国家药品供应保障综合管理信息平台上公布,医院按谈判结果采购药品。③直接挂网采购药品:包括妇儿专科非专利药品、急(抢)救药品、基础输液、临床用量小的药品(上述药品的具体范围由各省、区、市确定)和常用低价药品以及暂不列入招标采购的药品,实行集中挂网,由医院直接采购(D错)。④国家定点生产的药品:对临床必需、用量小、市场供应短缺的药品,由国家招标定点生产、议价采购(C错)。根据《关于2016年临床必需、用量小、市场供应短缺药品定点生产试点有关事项的通知》(国卫药政函〔2016〕365号),目前已完成地高辛口服溶液、复方磺胺甲噁唑注射液、注射用对氨基水杨酸钠3个品种的定点生产企业招标工作。定点生产企业按照所划分的区域,直接在省级集中采购平台上挂网销售相应品种。政府办基层医疗卫生机构使用的定点生产品种,应当委托省级药品采购机构按照统一价格,从定点生产企业集中采购、集中支付货款;公立医院也应当按照统一价格从定点生产企业采购相应品种;鼓励其他医疗卫生机构采购使用定点生产品种。⑤仍按现行规定采购的药品:麻醉药品和第一类精神药品、防治传染病和寄生虫病的免费用药、国家免疫规划疫苗、计划生育药品及中药饮片。麻醉药品和第一类精神药品仍暂时实行最高出厂价格和最高零售价格管理(B错)。医院使用的所有药品(不含中药饮片)均应通过省级药品集中采购平台采购。采购周期原则上一年一次。对采购周期内新批准上市的药品,各地可根据疾病防治需要,经过药物经济学和循证医学评价,另行组织以省(区、市)为单位的集中采购。医院使用的所有药品(不含中药饮片)均应通过省级药品集中采购平台采购。采购周期原则上一年一次。对采购周期内新批准上市的药品,各地可根据疾病防治需要,经过药物经济学和循证医学评价,另行组织以省(区、市)为单位的集中采购。"} {"Question":"《处方管理办法(试行)》规定,保存期限的处方销毁须经","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"医疗、预防、保健机构或药品零售企业专管领导批准、登记备案"},{"key":"B","value":"县以上卫生行政部门批准、登记备案"},{"key":"C","value":"县以上(食品)药品监督管理部门批准、登记备案"},{"key":"D","value":"县以上监督管理部门批准、登记备案"},{"key":"E","value":"医疗、预防、保健机构或药品零售企业的主管部门批准、登记零售"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品使用管理。保存期限的处方销毁须经医疗、预防、保健机构或药品零售企业专管领导批准、登记备案(A对)。处方保存期满后,经医疗机构主要负责人批准、登记备案,方可销毁,不是经行政部门、药品监督管理部门批准。"} {"Question":"依据《处方管理办法》,为门诊患者开具麻醉药品控缓制剂,每张处方不得超过几日用量","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1日"},{"key":"B","value":"3日"},{"key":"C","value":"7日"},{"key":"D","value":"5日"},{"key":"E","value":"1次"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方限量。依据《处方管理办法》,为门诊患者开具麻醉药品控缓制剂,每张处方不得超过7日(C对)用量。处方限量:处方一般不得超过7日用量;急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量(B错);对于某些慢性病、老年病或特殊情况,处方用量可适当延长,但医师应当注明理由。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品的处方用量应当严格按照国家有关规定执行。为门(急)诊一般患者开具的麻醉药品注射剂,每张处方为一次常用量(E错);控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过7日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过3日常用量。第一类精神药品处方限量同麻醉药品;哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量。第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量;对于慢性病或某些特殊情况的患者,处方用量可以适当延长,医师应当注明理由。为门(急)诊癌症疼痛患者和中、重度慢性疼痛患者开具的麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂,每张处方不得超过3日常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过15日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过7日常用量。为住院患者开具的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方应当逐日开具,每张处方为1日常用量(A错)。对于需要特别加强管制的麻醉药品,盐酸二氢埃托啡处方为一次常用量,仅限于二级以上医院内使用;盐酸哌替啶处方为一次常用量,仅限于医疗机构内使用。"} {"Question":"根据《处方管理办法》,药师对处方用药进行适宜性审核的内容包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处方用药与临床诊断的相符性"},{"key":"B","value":"剂量、用法的正确性"},{"key":"C","value":"选用剂型与给药途径的合理性"},{"key":"D","value":"是否有重复给药现象"},{"key":"E","value":"是否有执业医师签名"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方审核内容。根据《处方管理办法》,药师对处方用药适宜性审核的内容包括处方用药与临床诊断的相符性(A对);剂量、用法的正确性(B对);选用剂型与给药途径的合理性(C对);是否有重复给药现象(D对)。处方审核内容:处方审核内容包括合法性审核、规范性审核和适宜性审核。(1)合法性审核包括:①处方开具人是否根据《执业医师法》取得医师资格,并执业注册。②处方开具时,处方医师是否根据《处方管理办法》在执业地点取得处方权。③麻醉药品、第一类精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、抗菌药物等药品处方,是否由具有相应处方权的医师开具。(2)规范性审核包括:①处方是否符合规定的标准和格式,处方医师签名(E错)或加盖的专用签章有无备案,电子处方是否有处方医师的电子签名。②处方前记、正文和后记是否符合《处方管理办法》等有关规定,文字是否正确、清晰、完整。③条目是否规范。年龄应当为实足年龄,新生儿、婴幼儿应当写日、月龄,必要时要注明体重;中药饮片、中药注射剂要单独开具处方;开具西药、中成药处方,每一种药品应当另起一行,每张处方不得超过5种药品;药品名称应当使用经药品监督管理部门批准并公布的药品通用名称、新活性化合物的专利药品名称和复方制剂药品名称,或使用由原卫生部公布的药品习惯名称;医院制剂应当使用药品监督管理部门正式批准的名称;药品剂量、规格、用法、用量准确清楚,符合《处方管理办法》规定,不得使用“遵医嘱”“自用”等含糊不清字句;普通药品处方量及处方效期符合《处方管理办法》的规定,抗菌药物、麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射药品、易制毒化学品等的使用符合相关管理规定;中药饮片、中成药的处方书写应当符合《中药处方格式及书写规范》。(3)适宜性审核包括:①西药及中成药处方,应当审核以下项目:处方用药与诊断是否相符;规定必须做皮试的药品,是否注明过敏试验及结果的判定;处方剂量、用法是否正确,单次处方总量是否符合规定;选用剂型与给药途径是否适宜;是否有重复给药和相互作用情况,包括西药、中成药、中成药与西药、中成药与中药饮片之间是否存在重复给药和有临床意义的相互作用;是否存在配伍禁忌;是否有用药禁忌:儿童、老年人、孕妇及哺乳期妇女、脏器功能不全患者用药是否有禁忌使用的药物,患者用药是否有食物及药物过敏史禁忌证、诊断禁忌证、疾病史禁忌证与性别禁忌证;溶媒的选择、用法用量是否适宜,静脉输注的药品给药速度是否适宜;是否存在其他用药不适宜情况。②中药饮片处方,应当审核以下项目:中药饮片处方用药与中医诊断(病名和证型)是否相符;饮片的名称、炮制品选用是否正确,煎法、用法、脚注等是否完整、准确;毒麻贵细饮片是否按规定开方;特殊人群如儿童、老年人、孕妇及哺乳期妇女、脏器功能不全患者用药是否有禁忌使用的药物;是否存在其他用药不适宜情况。"} {"Question":"《关于城镇医药卫生体制改革的指导意见》指出,社区卫生服务组织、门诊部及个体诊所只可经销由省级卫生、药品监督部门审定的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"特殊管理的药品"},{"key":"B","value":"常用药品"},{"key":"C","value":"急救药品"},{"key":"D","value":"常用和急救药品"},{"key":"E","value":"处方药"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品使用管理。《关于城镇医药卫生体制改革的指导意见》指出,社区卫生服务组织、门诊部及个体诊所只可经销由省级卫生、药品监督部门审定的常用药品和急救药品(D对)。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,生产药品所需的原、辅料必须符合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药理标准"},{"key":"B","value":"化学标准"},{"key":"C","value":"食用标准"},{"key":"D","value":"药用要求"},{"key":"E","value":"生产要求"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查《中华人民共和国药品管理法》。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,生产药品所需的原、辅料必须符合药用要求(D对)。《药品管理法》规定,医疗机构配制制剂,应当有能够保证制剂质量的设施、管理制度、检验仪器和卫生环境。医疗机构配制制剂,应当按照经核准的工艺进行,所需的原料、辅料和包装材料等应当符合药用要求。"} {"Question":"医疗机构不得采用的供药方式有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未经诊疗直接为患者提供处方药"},{"key":"B","value":"通过邮售方式直接向患者销售处方药"},{"key":"C","value":"通过互联网方式直接向患者销售处方药"},{"key":"D","value":"按国家有关规定向患者提供麻醉药品"},{"key":"E","value":"提供医疗机构制剂给基层医疗卫生机构使用"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查供药方式。医疗机构不得未经诊疗直接为患者提供药品(A错,为本题正确答案),也不可以采取邮售和互联网方式供应药品(BC错,为本题正确答案)。医疗机构制剂凭执业医师或者执业助理医师的处方在本单位内部使用,特殊情况下,经国家或省级药品监督管理部门批准,可在指定的医疗机构之间调剂使用(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"依照《处方管理办法》,处方用量管理的要求是,普通处方","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一般不得超过7日用量"},{"key":"B","value":"一般不得超过5日用量"},{"key":"C","value":"一般不得超过3日用量"},{"key":"D","value":"一般不得超过2日用量"},{"key":"E","value":"可适当延长处方用量"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方限量。依照《处方管理办法》,处方用量管理的要求是,普通处方一般不得超过7日用量(A对)。处方限量:处方一般不得超过7日用量;急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量(C错);对于某些慢性病、老年病或特殊情况,处方用量可适当延长(E错),但医师应当注明理由。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品的处方用量应当严格按照国家有关规定执行。为门(急)诊一般患者开具的麻醉药品注射剂,每张处方为一次常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过7日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过3日常用量。第一类精神药品处方限量同麻醉药品;哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量。第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量;对于慢性病或某些特殊情况的患者,处方用量可以适当延长,医师应当注明理由。为门(急)诊癌症疼痛患者和中、重度慢性疼痛患者开具的麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂,每张处方不得超过3日常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过15日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过7日常用量。为住院患者开具的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方应当逐日开具,每张处方为1日常用量。对于需要特别加强管制的麻醉药品,盐酸二氢埃托啡处方为一次常用量,仅限于二级以上医院内使用;盐酸哌替啶处方为一次常用量,仅限于医疗机构内使用。"} {"Question":"根据《处方管理办法》,关于处方权的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"执业医师在合法医疗机构均有相应的处方权"},{"key":"B","value":"经注册的执业助理医师在其执业的县级医院可取得相应的处方权"},{"key":"C","value":"医师应当在注册的医疗机构签名留样或者专用印章备案后,方可开具处方"},{"key":"D","value":"执业医师经考核合格取得麻醉药品处方权后,可按照规定为自己开具麻醉药品处方"},{"key":"E","value":"进修医师在其进修的医疗机构直接拥有相应的处方权"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方权的获得。根据《处方管理办法》,关于处方权的说法,正确的是医师应当在注册的医疗机构签名留样或者专用印章备案后,方可开具处方(C对)。处方权的获得:经注册的执业医师在执业地点取得相应的处方权(A错)。经注册的执业助理医师在乡、民族乡、镇、村的医疗机构独立从事一般的执业活动,可以在注册的执业地点取得相应的处方权(B错)。经注册的执业助理医师在医疗机构开具的处方,应当经所在执业地点执业医师签名或加盖专用签章后方有效。试用期人员开具处方,应当经所在医疗机构有处方权的执业医师审核并签名或加盖专用签章后方有效。医师应当在注册的医疗机构签名留样或者专用签章备案后,方可开具处方。医疗机构应当对本医疗机构执业医师和药师进行麻醉药品和精神药品使用知识和规范化管理的培训。执业医师经考核合格后取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的处方权,药师经考核合格后取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品调剂资格。医师取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方权后,方可在本医疗机构开具麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方,但不得为自己开具该类药品处方(D错)。药师取得麻醉药品和第一类精神药品调剂资格后,方可在本医疗机构调剂麻醉药品和第一类精神药品。《处方管理办法》第三章处方权的获得第十三条:进修医师由接收进修的医疗机构对其胜任本专业工作的实际情况进行认定后授予相应的处方权(E错)。"} {"Question":"临床应用证明安全有效,对细菌耐药性影响较小,价格较低的克林莓素属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"非限制级抗菌药物"},{"key":"B","value":"重点监测级抗菌药物"},{"key":"C","value":"特殊使用级抗菌药物"},{"key":"D","value":"限制级抗菌药物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是抗菌药物分级和分级标准。临床应用证明安全有效,对细菌耐药性影响较小,价格较低的克林莓素属于非限制级抗菌药物(A对)。抗菌药物分级和分级标准:抗菌药物临床应用应当遵循安全、有效、经济的原则。抗菌药物临床应用实行分级管理。根据安全性、疗效、细菌耐药性、价格等因素,将抗菌药物分为三级:非限制使用级、限制使用级与特殊使用级。具体划分标准如下。(1)非限制使用级:经长期临床应用证明安全、有效,对细菌耐药性影响较小,价格相对较低的抗菌药物。(2)限制使用级(D错):经长期临床应用证明安全、有效,对细菌耐药性影响较大,或者价格相对较高的抗菌药物。(3)特殊使用级(C错):主要包括以下几类:①具有明显或者严重不良反应,不宜随意使用的抗菌药物;②需要严格控制使用,避免细菌过快产生耐药的抗菌药物;③疗效、安全性方面的临床资料较少的抗菌药物;④价格昂贵的抗菌药物。"} {"Question":"根据《处方管理办法》,药学专业技术人员调剂处方时必须做到“四查十对”,查处方是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对药品性状、用法用量"},{"key":"B","value":"对临床诊断"},{"key":"C","value":"对科别、姓名、年龄"},{"key":"D","value":"对药名、剂型、规格、数量"},{"key":"E","value":"对价格收费"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方的“四查十对”原则。根据《处方管理办法》,药学专业技术人员调剂处方时必须做到“四查十对”,查处方是指对科别、姓名、年龄(C对)。处方的“四查十对”原则:药师调剂处方时必须做到“四查十对”:查处方,对科别、姓名、年龄;查药品,对药名、剂型、规格、数量(D错);查配伍禁忌,对药品性状、用法用量(A错);查用药合理性,对临床诊断(B错)。"} {"Question":"根据《处方管理办法》,哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1次常用量"},{"key":"B","value":"3日常用量"},{"key":"C","value":"5日常用量"},{"key":"D","value":"7日常用量"},{"key":"E","value":"15日常用量"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是处方限量。根据《处方管理办法》,哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量(E对)。处方限量:处方一般不得超过7日用量(D错);急诊处方一般不得超过3日用量(B错);对于某些慢性病、老年病或特殊情况,处方用量可适当延长,但医师应当注明理由。麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品的处方用量应当严格按照国家有关规定执行。为门(急)诊一般患者开具的麻醉药品注射剂,每张处方为一次常用量(A错);控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过7日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过3日常用量。第一类精神药品处方限量同麻醉药品;哌醋甲酯用于治疗儿童多动症时,每张处方不得超过15日常用量。第二类精神药品一般每张处方不得超过7日常用量;对于慢性病或某些特殊情况的患者,处方用量可以适当延长,医师应当注明理由。为门(急)诊癌症疼痛患者和中、重度慢性疼痛患者开具的麻醉药品、第一类精神药品注射剂,每张处方不得超过3日常用量;控缓释制剂,每张处方不得超过15日常用量;其他剂型,每张处方不得超过7日常用量。为住院患者开具的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方应当逐日开具,每张处方为1日常用量。对于需要特别加强管制的麻醉药品,盐酸二氢埃托啡处方为一次常用量,仅限于二级以上医院内使用;盐酸哌替啶处方为一次常用量,仅限于医疗机构内使用。"} {"Question":"根据《医疗机构药事管理》,关于医院药师工作职责的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"负责处方或用药医嘱审核"},{"key":"B","value":"负责指导病房(区)护士请领,使用与管理药品"},{"key":"C","value":"参与临床药物治疗,对临床药物治疗提出意见或调整建议"},{"key":"D","value":"开展药品质量检测,对所在医院的药物治疗全负责"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是医院药师职责。根据《医疗机构药事管理》,关于医院药师工作职责的说法,错误的是开展药品质量检测,对所在医院的药物治疗全负责(D错,为本题正确答案)。医院药师的工作职责包括:①负责药品采购供应、处方或者用药医嘱审核(A对)、药品调剂、静脉用药集中调配和医院制剂配制,指导病房(区)护士请领、使用与管理药品(B对);②参与临床药物治疗,进行个体化药物治疗方案的设计与实施(C对),开展药学查房,为患者提供药学专业技术服务;③参加查房、会诊、病例讨论和疑难、危重患者的医疗救治,协同医师做好药物使用遴选,对临床药物治疗提出意见或调整建议,与医师共同对药物治疗负责;④开展抗菌药物临床应用监测,实施处方点评与超常预警,促进药物合理使用;⑤开展药品质量监测,药品严重不良反应和药品损害的收集、整理、报告等工作;⑥掌握与临床用药相关的药物信息,提供用药信息与药学咨询服务,向公众宣传合理用药知识;结合临床药物治疗实践,进行药学临床应用研究;⑦开展药物利用评价和药物临床应用研究;⑧参与新药临床试验和新药上市后安全性与有效性监测等。医疗机构应当加强对药学专业技术人员的培养、考核和管理,制订培训计划,组织药学专业技术人员参加毕业后规范化培训和继续医学教育,将完成培训及取得继续医学教育学分情况,作为药学专业技术人员考核、晋升专业技术职务任职资格和专业岗位聘任的条件之一。"} {"Question":"2005年5月,某县的A药品生产企业在K疫苗(第二类疫苗)生产、销售过程中,采用偷工减料、弄虚作假等手段逃避监督管理,致使若干人份的效价不符合规定的产品流向市场,有证据证明已造成接种人员健康的严重伤害后果。药品监督管理部门依据《药品管理法》有关规定,没收A企业违法生产、销售的该批K疫苗和违法所得,并依法从重处罚,罚没共计2500余万元。同时、撒销A企业K疫苗的药品批准证明文件,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员被移送司法机关追究相关责任。本案中,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人涉嫌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生产,销售假药罪"},{"key":"B","value":"危害公共卫生罪"},{"key":"C","value":"生产,销售劣药罪"},{"key":"D","value":"生产,销售伪劣产品罪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用劣药的行政责任。2005年5月,某县的A药品生产企业在K疫苗(第二类疫苗)生产、销售过程中,采用偷工减料、弄虚作假等手段逃避监督管理,致使若干人份的效价不符合规定的产品流向市场,有证据证明已造成接种人员健康的严重伤害后果。药品监督管理部门依据《药品管理法》有关规定,没收A企业违法生产、销售的该批K疫苗和违法所得,并依法从重处罚,罚没共计2500余万元。同时、撒销A企业K疫苗的药品批准证明文件,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员被移送司法机关追究相关责任。本案中,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人涉嫌生产,销售劣药罪(C对)。劣药的界定:根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。假药(A错)的界定:《药品管理法》第九十八条第一款、第二款规定,禁止生产(包括配制,下同)、销售、使用假药。有下列情形之一的,为假药:①药品所含成分与国家药品标准规定的成分不符;②以非药品冒充药品或者以他种药品冒充此种药品;③变质的药品;④药品所标明的适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围。生产、销售劣药还可能涉及《刑法》第一百四十条规定的生产、销售伪劣产品罪(D错)。在生产、销售劣药尚不足以认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”时,可能因为销售金额或货值金额符合生产、销售伪劣产品罪的构成要件,而构成生产、销售伪劣产品罪。"} {"Question":"下列按假药论处的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未标明有效期的"},{"key":"B","value":"不注明生产批号的"},{"key":"C","value":"所标明的适应症超出规定范围的"},{"key":"D","value":"所标明的功能主治超出规定范围的"},{"key":"E","value":"依法必须检验而未经检验即销售的"}],"Answer":"CDE","Explanation":"本题考查假药。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定,有下列情形之一的药品,按假药论处:1.国务院药品监督管理部门规定禁止使用的;2.依照本法必须批准而未经批准生产、进口,或者依照本法必须检验而未经检验即销售的(E对);3.变质的;4.被污染的;5.使用依照本法必须取得批准文号而未取得批准文号的原料药生产的;6.所标明的适应症(C对)或者功能主治(D对)超出规定范围的。未标明有效期(A错)、不注明生产批号(B错)的按劣药论处。"} {"Question":"材料五:某地区卫生行政执法机构执法人员对甲中医诊所开展日常检查时发现,该诊所内放置治疗床一张,并有针灸针等医疗器械若干。经调查,该诊所未履行审批和备案手续,医师张某持有执业医师资格证,属未经备案开展中医执业行为。执法人员当场责令整改,并依照《中华人民共和国中医药法》的相关规定,对张某的行为予以立案调查。调查发现,该诊所后堂内安装有中药制剂配制设备一套,存放有制成的中药制剂成品若干及收集的患者资料多份,涉嫌未经审批或备案擅自配制中药制剂。根据上述信息,关于甲中医诊所未经备案擅自开展执业活动的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲诊所必须取得制剂批准文号才能应用传统工艺配制中药制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"应没收甲诊所违法所得,并处三万元以下罚款,依法追究刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"甲诊所不是中医综合医院,未经审批不能应用传统工艺配制中药制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"在甲诊所拒不改正的情况下,中医药主管部门可责令其停止执业活动,直接责任人员5年内不得从事中医药相关活动"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查违反举办中医诊所、炮制中药饮片、委托配制中药制剂备案管理规定的法律责任。某地区卫生行政执法机构执法人员对甲中医诊所开展日常检查时发现,该诊所内放置治疗床一张,并有针灸针等医疗器械若干。经调查,该诊所未履行审批和备案手续,医师张某持有执业医师资格证,属未经备案开展中医执业行为。执法人员当场责令整改,并依照《中华人民共和国中医药法》的相关规定,对张某的行为予以立案调查。调查发现,该诊所后堂内安装有中药制剂配制设备一套,存放有制成的中药制剂成品若干及收集的患者资料多份,涉嫌未经审批或备案擅自配制中药制剂。根据上述信息,关于甲中医诊所未经备案擅自开展执业活动的说法,正确的是在甲诊所拒不改正的情况下,中医药主管部门可责令其停止执业活动,直接责任人员5年内不得从事中医药相关活动(D对)。违反举办中医诊所、炮制中药饮片、委托配制中药制剂备案管理规定的法律责任:根据《中医药法》第五十六条规定,举办中医诊所、炮制中药饮片、委托配制中药制剂应当备案而未备案,或者备案时提供虚假材料的,由中医药主管部门和药品监督管理部门按照各自职责分工责令改正,没收违法所得,并处三万元以下罚款,向社会公告相关信息(B错);拒不改正的,责令停止执业活动或者责令停止炮制中药饮片、委托配制中药制剂活动,其直接责任人员五年内不得从事中医药相关活动。医疗机构应用传统工艺配制中药制剂未依照规定备案,或者未按照备案材料载明的要求配制中药制剂的,按生产假药给予处罚。医疗机构中药制剂是医疗机构根据本单位临床需要经批准而配制、自用的固定的中药处方制剂。国家鼓励医疗机构根据本医疗机构临床用药需要配制和使用中药制剂,支持应用传统工艺配制中药制剂,支持以中药制剂为基础研制中药新药。医疗机构配制中药制剂,应当依照《药品管理法》的规定取得医疗机构制剂许可证,或者委托取得药品生产许可证的药品生产企业、取得医疗机构制剂许可证的其他医疗机构配制中药制剂(C错)。委托配制中药制剂,应当向委托方所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门备案。医疗机构对其配制的中药制剂的质量负责;委托配制中药制剂的,委托方和受托方对所配制的中药制剂的质量分别承担相应责任。医疗机构配制的中药制剂品种,应当依法取得制剂批准文号。但是,仅应用传统工艺配制的中药制剂品种,向医疗机构所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门备案后即可配制,不需要取得制剂批准文号(A错)。"} {"Question":"未取得《药品生产许可证》《药品经营许可证》或者《医疗机构制剂许可证》生产、经营药品的应按照无证生产、经营药品处罚。下列行为不属于无证生产经营药品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未经批准,擅自在城乡集贸市场设点销售药品的"},{"key":"B","value":"出租、出借药品经营许可证的"},{"key":"C","value":"个人设置的门诊部向患者提供的药品超出规定品种范围的,应办理许可事项变更而未办理"},{"key":"D","value":"被发证部门宣布《药品经营许可证》无效,仍从事药品经营活动的"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查无证生产、经营药品的法律责任。未取得《药品生产许可证》《药品经营许可证》或者《医疗机构制剂许可证》生产、经营药品的应按照无证生产、经营药品处罚。下列行为不属于无证生产经营药品的是出租、出借药品经营许可证的(B错,为本题正确答案)。无证生产、经营药品的法律责任:根据《药品管理法》第一百一十五条的规定,未取得药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证生产、销售药品的,责令关闭,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,并处违法生产、销售的药品(包括已售出和未售出的药品,下同)货值金额十五倍以上三十倍以下的罚款;货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算。其他按照无证生产、经营处罚的情形,包括:①未经批准,擅自在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售药品(A对)或者在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售的药品超出批准经营的药品范围的。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第65条。②个人设置的门诊部、诊所等医疗机构向患者提供的药品超出规定的范围和品种的。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第67条。③药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构变更药品生产、经营许可事项,应当办理变更登记手续而未办理的(C对),由原发证部门给予警告,责令限期补办变更登记手续;逾期不补办的,宣布其《药品生产许可证》《药品经营许可证》和《医疗机构制剂许可证》无效;仍从事药品生产经营活动的(D对),依照《药品管理法》第一百一十五条的规定处罚。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第74条。禁止伪造、变造、出租、出借、买卖药品经营许可证"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,属于劣药的药品包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未标明有效期或更改有效期的药品"},{"key":"B","value":"不注明或者更改生产批号的药品"},{"key":"C","value":"擅自添加了防腐剂的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"擅自添加了辅料的药品"},{"key":"E","value":"使用未经批准的直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的药品"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查劣药的界定。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,属于劣药的药品包括未标明有效期或更改有效期的药品(A对)、不注明或者更改生产批号的药品(B对)、擅自添加了防腐剂的药品(C对)、擅自添加了辅料的药品(D对)。劣药的界定:根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。"} {"Question":"根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,通过非法手段获取《执业药师资格证书》或《执业药师注册证》的人员,发证机构应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收回《执业药师资格证书》"},{"key":"B","value":"取消执业药师资格"},{"key":"C","value":"注销《执业药师注册证》"},{"key":"D","value":"通报批评"},{"key":"E","value":"给予行政处罚"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查执业药师管理。根据《执业药师资格制度暂行规定》,通过非法手段获取《执业药师资格证书》或《执业药师注册证》的人员,发证机构应收回《执业药师资格证书》(A对)、取消执业药师资格(B对)、注销《执业药师注册证》(C对)。"} {"Question":"2005年5月,某县的A药品生产企业在K疫苗(第二类疫苗)生产、销售过程中,采用偷工减料、弄虚作假等手段逃避监督管理,致使若干人份的效价不符合规定的产品流向市场,有证据证明已造成接种人员健康的严重伤害后果。药品监督管理部门依据《药品管理法》有关规定,没收A企业违法生产、销售的该批K疫苗和违法所得,并依法从重处罚,罚没共计2500余万元。同时、撒销A企业K疫苗的药品批准证明文件,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员被移送司法机关追究相关责任。本案中,对直接负责的主管人员和直接责任人员追究行政责任为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十年内不得从事药品生产,经营活动"},{"key":"B","value":"三年内不得从事药品生产,经营活动,并处罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"二十年内不得从事药品生产,经营活动"},{"key":"D","value":"终身不得从事药品生产、经营活动"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药品经营管理要求的法律责任。根据《药品管理法》第一百一十八条第一款规定,生产、销售假药,对法定代表人、主要负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员,没收违法行为发生期间自本单位所获收入,并处所获收入百分之三十以上三倍以下的罚款,终身禁止从事药品生产经营活动(D对)。"} {"Question":"生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成危害,后果特别严重的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或死刑,并处以罚金或没收财产"},{"key":"B","value":"处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑,并处以罚金或没收财产"},{"key":"C","value":"处七年以下有期徒刑、并处以罚金"},{"key":"D","value":"处二年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处以罚金"},{"key":"E","value":"处七年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处以罚金或没收财产"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任。生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成危害,后果特别严重的处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑,并处以罚金或没收财产(B对)。根据《刑法》第一百四十二条规定,生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;后果特别严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。"} {"Question":"药品成分的含量与法定药品标准规定不符合的药品为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保健品"},{"key":"B","value":"特殊管理的药品及外用药"},{"key":"C","value":"假药"},{"key":"D","value":"劣药"},{"key":"E","value":"新药"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查劣药。药品成分的含量与法定药品标准规定不符合的药品为劣药(D对)。根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。特殊管理药品(B错)是指《药品管理法》第35条规定的药品,即国家对麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品实行特殊管理。有下列情形之一的,为假药(C错):①药品所含成分与国家药品标准规定的成分不符的;②以非药品冒充药品或者以他种药品冒充此种药品的。有下列情形之一的药品,按假药论处:①国务院药品监督管理部门规定禁止使用的;②依照本法必须批准而未经批准生产、进口,或者依照本法必须检验而未检验即销售的;③变质的;④被污染的;⑤使用依照本法必须取得批准文号而未取得批准文号的原料药生产的;⑥所表明的适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围的。新药(E错)系指未曾在中国境内上市销售的药品。"} {"Question":"《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理危害药品安全刑警案件适用的法律若干问题的解释》,对生产、销售假劣药认定为刑法第一百四十一条和一百四十二条规定的“对人体健康造成严重的危害”“其他特别严重情节”及“后果特别严重”的情形进行解释生产、销售假药,致人重度残疾,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"后果特别严重"},{"key":"B","value":"其他严重情节"},{"key":"C","value":"对人体健康造成严重危害"},{"key":"D","value":"其他特别严重情节"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用假、劣药的刑事责任认定。《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理危害药品安全刑警案件适用的法律若干问题的解释》,对生产、销售假劣药认定为刑法第一百四十一条和一百四十二条规定的“对人体健康造成严重的危害”“其他特别严重情节”及“后果特别严重”的情形进行解释生产、销售假药,致人重度残疾,属于其他特别严重情节(D对)。根据《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(高检发释字〔2022〕1号)的规定,生产、销售、提供假药,具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害(C错)”:①造成轻伤或者重伤的;②造成轻度残疾或者中度残疾的;③造成器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍或者严重功能障碍的;④其他对人体健康造成严重危害的情形。生产、销售、提供假药,具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为刑法第一百四十一条规定的有“其他严重情节(B错)”:①造成较大突发公共卫生事件的;②生产、销售金额二十万元以上不满五十万元的;③生产、销售金额十万元以上不满二十万元,并具有本解释第一条规定的应当酌情从重处罚情形之一的;④根据生产、销售的时间、数量、假药种类等,应当认定为情节严重的。生产、销售、提供假药,具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为刑法第一百四十一条规定的有“其他特别严重情节”:①致人重度残疾的;②造成三人以上重伤、中度残疾或者器官组织损伤导致严重功能障碍的;③造成五人以上轻度残疾或者器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍的;④造成十人以上轻伤的;⑤造成重大、特别重大突发公共卫生事件的;⑥生产、销售、提供假药的金额五十万元以上的;⑦生产、销售金额二十万元以上不满五十万元,并具有本解释第一条规定的应当酌情从重处罚情形之一的;⑧根据生产、销售的时间、数量、假药种类等,应当认定为情节特别严重的。根据《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第五条第二款规定,生产、销售、提供劣药,具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为刑法第一百四十二条规定的“对人体健康造成严重危害”:①造成轻伤或者重伤的;②造成轻度残疾或者中度残疾的;③造成器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍或者严重功能障碍的;④其他对人体健康造成严重危害的情形。生产、销售劣药,致人死亡,或者具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为“后果特别严重(A错)”:①致人重度残疾的;②造成三人以上重伤、中度残疾或者器官组织损伤导致严重功能障碍的;③造成五人以上轻度残疾或者器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍的;④造成十人以上轻伤的;⑤造成重大、特别重大突发公共卫生事件的。"} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,定点批发企业未依照规定储存麻醉药品和精神药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由药品监督管理部门取消其定点批发资格,并依照药品管理法的有关规定处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"由药品监督管理部门责令改正,给予警告,没收违法交易的药品,并处罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"由设区的市级人民政府卫生主管部门责令限期改正,给予警告"},{"key":"D","value":"由县级以上人民政府卫生主管部门给予警告,暂停其执业活动"},{"key":"E","value":"由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查违反麻醉药品和精神药品管理规定的法律责任。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,定点批发企业未依照规定储存麻醉药品和精神药品的由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告(E对)。经营企业违反麻醉药品和精神药品管理规定的法律责任:1.定点批发企业:根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第六十八条规定,定点批发企业违反规定销售麻醉药品和精神药品,或者违反规定经营麻醉药品原料药和第一类精神药品原料药的,由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告,并没收违法所得和违法销售的药品;逾期不改正的,责令停业,并处违法销售药品货值金额两倍以上五倍以下的罚款;情节严重的,取消其定点批发资格。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第六十九条规定,定点批发企业违反麻醉药品和精神药品的管理规定,有下列情形之一的,由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告;逾期不改正的,责令停业,并处两万元以上五万元以下的罚款;情节严重的,取消其定点批发资格:①未依照规定购进麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的;②未保证供药责任区域内的麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的供应的;③未对医疗机构履行送货义务的;④未依照规定报告麻醉药品和精神药品的进货、销售、库存数量以及流向的;⑤未依照规定储存麻醉药品和精神药品,或者未依照规定建立、保存专用账册的;⑥未依照规定销毁麻醉药品和精神药品的;⑦区域性批发企业之间违反规定调剂麻醉药品和第一类精神药品,或者因特殊情况调剂麻醉药品和第一类精神药品后未依照规定备案的。2.第二类精神药品零售企业:根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第70条的规定,第二类精神药品零售企业违反规定储存、销售或者销毁第二类精神药品的,由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告,并没收违法所得和违法销售的药品;逾期不改正的,责令停业,并处五千元以上两万元以下的罚款;情节严重的,取消其第二类精神药品零售资格。"} {"Question":"材料七:A县药品稽查人员在该县的一村卫生室进行监督检查,现场查获标示为B省的大众生物科技有限公司生产的金银花百合片和乌梢蛇桔梗胶囊等8种产品,共计6000盒,这些产品在标签上或说明书中标注了适应症或功能主治,明示了治疗功效和用法用量,但未标示药品批准文号。A县公安局经立案侦查发现,B省的大众生物科技有限公司是两年前开办的新企业,没有药品生产许可证和药品经营许可证,法定代表人是刘某。刘某组织人员在居民楼生产假药,经过网络和快递物流进行销售,并通过银行卡收取货款。同时,刘某雇了王某、黄某和周某分别将上述产品提供给A县几个村卫生室,供就诊患者使用。村卫生室医师张某在近半年内分批分次销售给患者。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,对刘某除追究法律责任之外,还应给予从业资格限制。从业资格限制要求是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10年内不得从事食品药品生产、经营活动"},{"key":"B","value":"5年内不得从事原企业与药品有关的生产、经营活动"},{"key":"C","value":"终身不得从事药品生产、经营活动"},{"key":"D","value":"5年内不得担任药品生产经营企业的负责人。"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用假药的行政责任。A县药品稽查人员在该县的一村卫生室进行监督检查,现场查获标示为B省的大众生物科技有限公司生产的金银花百合片和乌梢蛇桔梗胶囊等8种产品,共计6000盒,这些产品在标签上或说明书中标注了适应症或功能主治,明示了治疗功效和用法用量,但未标示药品批准文号。A县公安局经立案侦查发现,B省的大众生物科技有限公司是两年前开办的新企业,没有药品生产许可证和药品经营许可证,法定代表人是刘某。刘某组织人员在居民楼生产假药,经过网络和快递物流进行销售,并通过银行卡收取货款。同时,刘某雇了王某、黄某和周某分别将上述产品提供给A县几个村卫生室,供就诊患者使用。村卫生室医师张某在近半年内分批分次销售给患者。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,对刘某除追究法律责任之外,还应给予从业资格限制。从业资格限制要求是终身内不得从事药品生产、经营活动(C对)。生产、销售、使用假药的行政责任:1.单位承担的行政责任:根据《药品管理法》第一百一十六条规定,生产、销售假药的,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,责令停产停业整顿,吊销药品批准证明文件,并处违法生产、销售的药品货值金额十五倍以上三十倍以下的罚款;货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算;情节严重的,吊销药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证,十年内不受理其相应申请;药品上市许可持有人为境外企业的,十年内禁止其药品进口。2.相关人员承担的行政责任:根据《药品管理法》第一百一十八条第一款规定,生产、销售假药,对法定代表人、主要负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员,没收违法行为发生期间自本单位所获收入,并处所获收入百分之三十以上三倍以下的罚款,终身禁止从事药品生产经营活动,并可以由公安机关处五日以上十五日以下的拘留。3.从重处罚的情节:根据《药品管理法》第一百三十七条规定,生产、销售假药,有下列行为之一的,从重处罚:①以麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、药品类易制毒化学品冒充其他药品,或者以其他药品冒充上述药品;②生产、销售以孕产妇、儿童为主要使用对象的假药;③生产、销售的生物制品属于假药;④生产、销售假药、劣药,造成人身伤害后果;⑤生产、销售假药,经处理后再犯;⑥拒绝、逃避监督检查,伪造、销毁、隐匿有关证据材料,或者擅自动用查封、扣押物品。"} {"Question":"擅自配制和出售麻醉药品制剂的,应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由其所在单位给予行政处分"},{"key":"B","value":"由公安机关依照治安管理处罚条例或有关规定给予处罚"},{"key":"C","value":"由司法机关追究刑事责任"},{"key":"D","value":"没收全部麻醉药品和非法收入,并视情节给予罚款等处罚"},{"key":"E","value":"以生产、贩卖毒品罪论处"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,定点批发企业销售超过有效期的麻醉药品和精神药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由药品监督管理部门取消其定点批发资格,并依照药品管理法的有关规定处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"由药品监督管理部门责令改正,给予警告,没收违法交易的药品,并处罚款"},{"key":"C","value":"由设区的市级人民政府卫生主管部门责令限期改正,给予警告"},{"key":"D","value":"由县级以上人民政府卫生主管部门给予警告,暂停其执业活动"},{"key":"E","value":"由药品监督管理部门责令限期改正,给予警告"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查违反麻醉药品和精神药品管理规定的法律责任。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》,定点批发企业销售超过有效期的麻醉药品和精神药品的由药品监督管理部门取消其定点批发资格,并依照药品管理法的有关规定处罚(A对)。劣药的界定:根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第八章法律责任第七十八条:定点生产企业、定点批发企业和第二类精神药品零售企业生产、销售假劣麻醉药品和精神药品的,由药品监督管理部门取消其定点生产资格、定点批发资格或者第二类精神药品零售资格,并依照药品管理法的有关规定予以处罚。"} {"Question":"因药品缺陷向患者赔偿属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"民事责任"},{"key":"B","value":"刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"行政处罚"},{"key":"D","value":"行政处分"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品安全法律责任分类。因药品缺陷向患者赔偿属于民事责任(A对)。药品安全法律责任分类:根据行为人违反药品法律法规的性质和社会危害程度的不同,可将药品安全法律责任分为刑事责任、民事责任和行政责任。1.刑事责任(B错):药品安全刑事责任,是指行为人违反药品管理法律法规,侵犯了国家药品管理制度和不特定多数人的健康权利,构成犯罪时,由司法机关依照《刑法》规定,对其依法追究法律责任。刑事责任有以下特点:①刑事责任是基于行为人实施了《刑法》明文规定的犯罪行为而产生的,其确立的依据是行为人实施的行为符合犯罪构成要件。②刑事责任具有鲜明的惩罚性,是对当事人最为严厉的一种制裁手段。③刑事责任实现的方式表现为刑法所规定的各类以限制或者剥夺行为人的自由和生命为主的刑罚。根据《刑法》规定,实现刑事责任的方式是刑罚。刑罚是国家审判机构依照刑法的规定,剥夺犯罪分子某种权益直至生命的一种强制行为,分为主刑和附加刑。主刑包括管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑和死刑,它们只能单独适用。附加刑有罚金、剥夺政治权利、没收财产,它们可以附加适用,也可以独立适用。对于犯罪的外国人,还可以独立适用或附加适用驱逐出境。我国《刑法》对违反药品法律、法规的犯罪行为的刑事责任作了明确规定,规定了相关罪名,如生产、销售假药罪,生产、销售劣药罪,非法提供麻醉药品、精神药品罪等。根据《药品管理法》第113条第一款规定,药品监督管理部门发现药品违法行为涉嫌犯罪的,应当及时将案件移送公安机关。根据《药品管理法》第114条规定,违反药品管理法规定,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。2.民事责任:药品安全民事责任主要是产品责任,即生产者、销售者因生产、销售缺陷产品致使他人遭受人身伤害、财产损失,而应承担的赔偿损失、消除危险、停止侵害等责任的特殊侵权民事责任。《药品管理法》规定的民事责任主要体现在以下四个方面:一是明确了药品上市许可持有人和药品生产经营企业赔偿责任,药品出现质量问题,药品上市许可持有人和药品生产经营企业要承担民事赔偿责任;二是规定境外药品上市许可持有人在中国境内的代理人与持有人承担连带责任;三是民事赔偿首负责任制;四是对生产假劣药或者明知假劣药仍销售的,受害人还可以要求惩罚性赔偿。根据《侵权责任法》第43条的规定,因产品存在缺陷造成损害的,被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿,也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。根据《侵权责任法》第59条的规定,因药品缺陷造成患者损害的,患者可以向生产者请求赔偿,也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。因产品存在缺陷造成损害请求赔偿的诉讼时效期间为两年,自当事人知道或者应当知道其权益受到损害时起计算。3.行政责任:药品安全行政责任包括在药品监督管理行政法律关系中,当行政相对人实施了违反行政法律规范的行为,或不履行行政法律义务时,应依法承担的法律后果。根据我国现行药品法律法规的规定,药品行政责任主要包括行政处罚和行政处分。(1)行政处罚(C错):指药品监督管理部门在职权范围内对违反药品法律法规但尚未构成犯罪的行政相对人所实施的行政制裁。药品领域的行政处罚的种类主要有:警告、罚款、没收非法财物、没收违法所得、责令停产停业、暂扣或吊销有关许可证等,2019 年修订的《药品管理法》增加设定了限制人身自由的行政处罚,对生产销售假药和生产销售劣药情节严重的,伪造变造许可证、骗取许可证等情节恶劣的行为,可以由公安机关对相关责任人处五日至十五日的行政拘留。(2)行政处分(D错):指由有管辖权的国家机关或企事业单位依据行政隶属关系对违法失职人员给予的一种行政制裁。其种类主要有警告、记过、记大过、降级、撤职、开除六种。"} {"Question":"某省两名糖尿病患者服用标识为“甲制药厂”的“糖脂宁胶囊”(批号为02733)后死亡,经药品监督部门核查,甲制药厂未生产过批号为02733的“糖脂宁胶囊”,致人死亡的药品系乙非法生产,经药品检验所检验,该药品中非法添加了化学物质“格列本脲”,对本事件的处理,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"批号为02733的“糖脂宁胶囊”为假药"},{"key":"B","value":"对乙按照生产、销售假药行为追究其刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"对甲和乙同时按照生产、销售劣药行为追究其法律责任"},{"key":"D","value":"甲制药厂应对其生产的所有“糖脂宁胶囊”实施召回"},{"key":"E","value":"甲制药厂应对涉案的“糖脂宁胶囊”(批号为02733)实施召回"}],"Answer":"AB","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用假药的法律责任。某省两名糖尿病患者服用标识为“甲制药厂”的“糖脂宁胶囊”(批号为02733)后死亡,经药品监督部门核查,甲制药厂未生产过批号为02733的“糖脂宁胶囊”,致人死亡的药品系乙非法生产,经药品检验所检验,该药品中非法添加了化学物质“格列本脲”,对本事件的处理,正确的有批号为02733的“糖脂宁胶囊”为假药(A对);对乙按照生产、销售假药行为追究其刑事责任(B对)。假药的界定:《药品管理法》第九十八条第一款、第二款规定,禁止生产(包括配制,下同)、销售、使用假药。有下列情形之一的,为假药:①药品所含成分与国家药品标准规定的成分不符;②以非药品冒充药品或者以他种药品冒充此种药品;③变质的药品;④药品所标明的适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围。生产、销售、使用假药的法刑事责任认定及刑罚:根据《刑法》第一百四十一条规定,生产、销售假药的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处罚金;对人体健康造成严重危害或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;致人死亡或者有其他特别严重情节的,处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。"} {"Question":"某医生为自己开麻醉药处方,以达滥用目的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"没收全部麻醉药品和非法所得、罚款或停业整顿"},{"key":"B","value":"以生产、贩卖毒品论处"},{"key":"C","value":"以生产、贩卖毒品论处"},{"key":"D","value":"给予行政处分"},{"key":"E","value":"判二年以下徒刑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查执业医师的法律责任。某医生为自己开麻醉药处方,以达滥用目的应给予行政处分(D对)。根据《麻醉药品和精神药品管理条例》第七十三条第一款规定,具有麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方资格的执业医师违反规定开具相关处方,或未按临床应用指导原则使用麻醉药品和第一类精神药品的,由其所在医疗机构取消其麻醉药品和第一类精神药品处方资格,造成严重后果的,由原发证机关吊销其执业证书。执业医师未按照临床应用指导原则的要求使用第二类精神药品或者未使用专用处方开具第二类精神药品,造成严重后果的,由原发证部门吊销其执业证书。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国刑法》,生产、销售劣药,后果特别严重应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"处以三年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金"},{"key":"B","value":"处以三年以上十年以下有期徒刑"},{"key":"C","value":"处以三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金"},{"key":"D","value":"处以十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑罚金或者没收财产"},{"key":"E","value":"处以十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑,并处罚金或者没收财产"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》,生产、销售劣药,后果特别严重应处以十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产(D对)。生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任:根据《刑法》第一百四十二条规定,生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金(C错);后果特别严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。生产、销售、提供假药的刑事责任:根据《刑法》第一百四十一条规定,生产、销售假药的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处罚金(A错);对人体健康造成严重危害或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;致人死亡或者有其他特别严重情节的,处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑,并处罚金或者没收财产(E错)。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,药品零售企业在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售的药品超出了批准经营的药品范围,应给予的处罚包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"警告,责令改正"},{"key":"B","value":"对于犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"依法予以取缔,没收药品和违法所得"},{"key":"D","value":"处违法销售药品货值金额二倍以上五倍以下的罚款"},{"key":"E","value":"直接责任人员五年内不得从事药品生产、经营活动"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查无证生产、经营药品的法律责任。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例》,药品零售企业在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售的药品超出了批准经营的药品范围,应给予的处罚包括依法予以取缔,没收药品和违法所得(C对)。无证生产、经营药品的法律责任:根据《药品管理法》第一百一十五条的规定,未取得药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证生产、销售药品的,责令关闭,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,并处违法生产、销售的药品(包括已售出和未售出的药品,下同)货值金额十五倍以上三十倍以下的罚款(D错);货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算。其他按照无证生产、经营处罚的情形,包括:①未经批准,擅自在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售药品或者在城乡集市贸易市场设点销售的药品超出批准经营的药品范围的。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第65条。②个人设置的门诊部、诊所等医疗机构向患者提供的药品超出规定的范围和品种的。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第67条。③药品生产企业、药品经营企业和医疗机构变更药品生产、经营许可事项,应当办理变更登记手续而未办理的,由原发证部门给予警告,责令限期补办变更登记手续;逾期不补办的,宣布其《药品生产许可证》《药品经营许可证》和《医疗机构制剂许可证》无效;仍从事药品生产经营活动的,依照《药品管理法》第一百一十五条的规定处罚。参见《药品管理法实施条例》第74条。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,属于劣药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变质的药品"},{"key":"B","value":"被污染的药品"},{"key":"C","value":"所标明适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"未注明生产批号的药品"},{"key":"E","value":"所含成分与药典规定不符的药品"}],"Answer":"BD","Explanation":"本题考查劣药的界定。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,属于劣药的是被污染的药品(B对)、未注明生产批号的药品(D对)。劣药的界定:根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。假药的界定:《药品管理法》第九十八条第一款、第二款规定,禁止生产(包括配制,下同)、销售、使用假药。有下列情形之一的,为假药:①药品所含成分与国家药品标准规定的成分不符(E错);②以非药品冒充药品或者以他种药品冒充此种药品;③变质的药品(A错);④药品所标明的适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围(C错)。"} {"Question":"按照《中华人民共和国药品管理法》,下列情形中按假药论处的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未标明有效期的药品"},{"key":"B","value":"更改生产批号的药品"},{"key":"C","value":"擅自添加防腐剂的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"超过有效期的药品"},{"key":"E","value":"变质的药品"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查假药。按假药论处的是变质的药品(E对)。《药品管理法》第四十八条规定,禁止生产、销售假药。有下列情形之一的,为假药:①药品所含成份与国家药品标准规定的成份不符的;②以非药品冒充药品或者以他种药品冒充此种药品的。有下列情形之一的药品,按假药论处:①国务院药品监督管理部门规定禁止使用的;②依照本法必须批准而未经批准生产、进口,或者依照本法必须检验而未经检验即销售的;③变质的;④被污染的;⑤使用依照本法必须取得批准文号而未取得批准文号的原料药生产的;⑥所标明的适应症或者功能主治超出规定范围的。未标明有效期的药品(A错)、更改生产批号的药品(B错)、擅自添加防腐剂的药品(C错)、超过有效期的药品(D错)均按劣药论处。"} {"Question":"《中华人民共和国刑法》规定,生产、销售假药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处以","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拘役,并处罚金"},{"key":"B","value":"三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金"},{"key":"C","value":"死刑,并处罚金"},{"key":"D","value":"管制"},{"key":"E","value":"无期徒刑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、提供假药的刑事责任。《中华人民共和国刑法》规定,生产、销售假药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处以三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金(B对)。生产、销售、提供假药的刑事责任认定及刑罚:根据《刑法》第一百四十一条规定,生产、销售假药的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处罚金(A错);对人体健康造成严重危害或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;致人死亡或者有其他特别严重情节的,处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑,并处罚金或者没收财产(CE错)。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》《中华人民共和国刑法》《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》对生产、销售以孕产妇、婴幼儿及儿童为主要对象的假药,但还不能认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”,其法律责任是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"构成犯罪,追究刑事责任时酌情从重处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"构成犯罪,追究刑事责任时加重处罚"},{"key":"C","value":"未构成犯罪,在行政处罚时应从重处罚"},{"key":"D","value":"从重处罚,在行政处罚时加重处罚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、提供假药的刑事责任。根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》《中华人民共和国刑法》《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》对生产、销售以孕产妇、婴幼儿及儿童为主要对象的假药,但还不能认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”,其法律责任是构成犯罪,追究刑事责任时酌情从重处罚(A对)。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》还规定了应当酌情从重处罚的七种情形,并规定对犯生产、销售假药罪的,一般应当依法判处生产、销售金额二倍以上的罚金。应当酌情从重处罚的情形包括:①生产、销售的假药以孕产妇、婴幼儿、儿童或者危重病人为主要使用对象的;②生产、销售的假药属于麻醉药品、精神药品、医疗用毒性药品、放射性药品、避孕药品、血液制品、疫苗的;③生产、销售的假药属于注射剂药品、急救药品的;④医疗机构、医疗机构工作人员生产、销售假药的;⑤在自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等突发事件期间,生产、销售用于应对突发事件的假药的;⑥两年内曾因危害药品安全违法犯罪活动受过行政处罚或者刑事处罚的;⑦其他应当酌情从重处罚的情形。在自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等突发事件发生时期,生产、销售用于应对突发事件药品的假药的,依法从重处罚。"} {"Question":"某市药品监督管理部门在日常检查中,发现某药品生产企业库存的复方氨基酸胶囊的生产批号,由“140509”更改为“150706”并出厂销售。另有某医疗机构工作人员丁某,明知该药品生产企业行为的实际情况,为该科室购买该批复方氨基酸胶囊并有发热患者使用。经查,该药品生产企业销售该批药品的金额为10万元。但未收到给药品造成的健康损害的报告,不足以认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”。关于上述信息中的药品生产企业和主要责任人可能承担的法律责任的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员5年内不得从事药品生产、经营活动"},{"key":"B","value":"只需承担行政责任,不需要承担刑事责任"},{"key":"C","value":"按生产销售假药罪,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金"},{"key":"D","value":"按生产销售伪劣产品罪承担刑事责任"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任。某市药品监督管理部门在日常检查中,发现某药品生产企业库存的复方氨基酸胶囊的生产批号,由“140509”更改为“150706”并出厂销售。另有某医疗机构工作人员丁某,明知该药品生产企业行为的实际情况,为该科室购买该批复方氨基酸胶囊并有发热患者使用。经查,该药品生产企业销售该批药品的金额为10万元。但未收到给药品造成的健康损害的报告,不足以认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”。关于上述信息中的药品生产企业和主要责任人可能承担的法律责任的说法,正确的是按生产销售伪劣产品罪承担刑事责任(D对)。劣药(C错)的界定:根据《药品管理法》第九十八条第三款规定,有下列情形之一的,为劣药:①药品成分的含量不符合国家药品标准;②被污染的药品;③未标明或者更改有效期的药品;④未注明或者更改产品批号的药品;⑤超过有效期的药品;⑥擅自添加防腐剂、辅料的药品;⑦其他不符合药品标准的药品。生产、销售、使用劣药的行政责任:1.单位承担的行政责任:根据《药品管理法》第一百一十七条规定,生产、销售劣药的,没收违法生产、销售的药品和违法所得,并处违法生产、销售的药品货值金额十倍以上二十倍以下的罚款;违法生产、批发的药品货值金额不足十万元的,按十万元计算,违法零售的药品货值金额不足一万元的,按一万元计算;情节严重的,责令停产停业整顿直至吊销药品批准证明文件、药品生产许可证、药品经营许可证或者医疗机构制剂许可证。生产、销售的中药饮片不符合药品标准,尚不影响安全性、有效性的,责令限期改正,给予警告;可以处十万元以上五十万元以下的罚款。2.个人承担的行政责任:根据《药品管理法》第119条的规定,药品使用单位使用假药、劣药的,按照销售假药、零售劣药的规定处罚;情节严重的,法定代表人、主要负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员有医疗卫生人员执业证书的,还应当吊销执业证书(A错)。3.从重处罚的情节:根据《药品管理法》第一百三十七条规定,生产、销售劣药,有下列行为之一的,由药品监督管理部门在《药品管理法》和《药品管理法实施条例》规定的处罚幅度内从重处罚:①生产、销售以孕产妇、儿童为主要使用对象的劣药;②生产、销售的生物制品属于劣药;③生产、销售劣药,造成人身伤害后果;④生产、销售劣药,经处理后再犯;⑤拒绝、逃避监督检查,伪造、销毁、隐匿有关证据材料,或者擅自动用查封、扣押物品。生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任:1.刑事责任认定及刑罚:根据《刑法》第一百四十二条规定,生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;后果特别严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。2.刑罚的适用:生产、销售劣药还可能涉及《刑法》第一百四十条规定的生产、销售伪劣产品罪(B错)。在生产、销售劣药尚不足以认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”时,可能因为销售金额或货值金额符合生产、销售伪劣产品罪的构成要件,而构成生产、销售伪劣产品罪。"} {"Question":"根据刑法及其相关司法解释,下列关于走私,非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂的刑事责任说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"将麻黄碱类复方制剂拆除包装,改变形态后进行非法买卖,达到定罪数量标准的,以非法买卖制剂毒物品罪处罚"},{"key":"B","value":"以加工、提炼制毒物品为目的,携带、寄递麻黄碱类复方制剂进出境,达到定罪数量标准的,以走私毒物品罪处罚"},{"key":"C","value":"以加工、提炼制毒物品为目的,购买麻黄碱类复方制剂,达到定罪数量标准的,以非法买卖制毒物品罪处罚"},{"key":"D","value":"以加工、提炼制毒物品制造毒品为目的,购买麻黄碱复方制剂,达到定罪数量标准的,以制造毒品罪处罚"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查走私、非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂等行为的法律责任。根据刑法及其相关司法解释,下列关于走私,非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂的刑事责任说法,正确的有将麻黄碱类复方制剂拆除包装,改变形态后进行非法买卖,达到定罪数量标准的,以非法买卖制剂毒物品罪处罚(A对);以加工、提炼制毒物品为目的,携带、寄递麻黄碱类复方制剂进出境,达到定罪数量标准的,以走私毒物品罪处罚(B对);以加工、提炼制毒物品为目的,购买麻黄碱类复方制剂,达到定罪数量标准的,以非法买卖制毒物品罪处罚(C对);以加工、提炼制毒物品制造毒品为目的,购买麻黄碱复方制剂,达到定罪数量标准的,以制造毒品罪处罚(D对)。走私、非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂等行为的法律责任:在《关于办理走私、非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》中,就办理走私、非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂等行为的刑事责任,作出如下规定:1.走私、非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂等行为:以加工、提炼制毒物品制造毒品为目的,购买麻黄碱类复方制剂,或者运输、携带、寄递麻黄碱类复方制剂进出境的,依照刑法第三百四十七条规定,以制造毒品罪定罪处罚。以加工、提炼制毒物品为目的,购买麻黄碱类复方制剂,或者运输、携带、寄递麻黄碱类复方制剂进出境的,依照刑法三百五十条第一款、第三款规定,分别以非法买卖制毒物品罪、走私制毒物品罪定罪处罚。将麻黄碱类复方制剂拆除包装、改变形态后进行走私或者非法买卖,或者明知是已拆除包装、改变形态的麻黄碱类复方制剂而进行走私或者非法买卖的,依照刑法第三百五十条第一款、第三款规定,分别以走私制毒物品罪、非法买卖制毒物品罪定罪处罚。非法买卖麻黄碱类复方制剂或者运输、携带、寄递麻黄碱类复方制剂进出境,没有证据证明系用于制造毒品或者走私、非法买卖制毒物品,或者未达到走私制毒物品罪、非法买卖制毒物品罪的定罪数量标准,构成非法经营罪、走私普通货物、物品罪等其他犯罪的,依法定罪处罚。2.利用麻黄碱类复方制剂加工、提炼制毒物品的行为:以制造毒品为目的,利用麻黄碱类复方制剂加工、提炼制毒物品的,依照刑法第三百四十七条规定,以制造毒品罪定罪处罚。以走私或者非法买卖为目的,利用麻黄碱类复方制剂加工、提炼制毒物品的,依照刑法第350第一款、第三款规定,分别以走私制毒物品罪、非法买卖制毒物品罪定罪处罚。3.关于制毒物品数量的认定:以走私制毒物品罪、非法买卖制毒物品罪定罪处罚的,应当以涉案麻黄碱类复方制剂中麻黄碱类物质的含量作为涉案制毒物品的数量。以制造毒品罪定罪处罚的,应当将涉案麻黄碱类复方制剂所含的麻黄碱类物质可以制成的毒品数量作为量刑清节考虑。多次实施的行为未经处理的,涉案制毒物品的数量累计计算。"} {"Question":"根据最高人民法院、最高人民检察院,发布的《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,生产、销售劣药造成下列情形,认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"造成重度残疾的"},{"key":"B","value":"造成五人以上轻度残疾的"},{"key":"C","value":"造成轻伤或者重伤的"},{"key":"D","value":"造成重大突发公共卫生事件的"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任认定及刑罚。根据最高人民法院、最高人民检察院,发布的《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,生产、销售劣药造成下列情形,认定为“对人体健康造成严重危害”的是造成轻伤或者重伤的(C对)。生产、销售、使用劣药的刑事责任认定及刑罚:根据《刑法》第一百四十二条规定,生产、销售劣药,对人体健康造成严重危害的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;后果特别严重的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。本条所称劣药,是指依照《药品管理法》的规定属于劣药的药品。根据《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第五条第二款规定,生产、销售、提供劣药,具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为刑法第一百四十二条规定的“对人体健康造成严重危害”:①造成轻伤或者重伤的;②造成轻度残疾或者中度残疾的;③造成器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍或者严重功能障碍的;④其他对人体健康造成严重危害的情形。生产、销售劣药,致人死亡,或者具有下列情形之一的,应当认定为“后果特别严重”:①致人重度残疾的(A错);②造成三人以上重伤、中度残疾或者器官组织损伤导致严重功能障碍的;③造成五人以上轻度残疾(B错)或者器官组织损伤导致一般功能障碍的;④造成十人以上轻伤的;⑤造成重大、特别重大突发公共卫生事件的(D错)。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理危害药品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》还规定,以生产、销售劣药为目的,实施下列行为之一的,应当认定为“生产”劣药:①合成、精制、提取、储存、加工炮制药品原料的行为;②将药品原料、辅料、包装材料制成成品过程中,进行配料、混合、制剂、储存、包装的行为;③印制包装材料、标签、说明书的行为。对于医疗机构、医疗机构工作人员明知是劣药而有偿提供给他人使用,或者为出售而购买、储存的行为,应当认定为“销售”劣药。"} {"Question":"催眠药使用时间","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饭前"},{"key":"B","value":"上午7~8点"},{"key":"C","value":"睡前"},{"key":"D","value":"饭后"},{"key":"E","value":"清晨起床后"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查催眠药的使用时间。催眠药使用时间是睡前(C对)。助消化药使用时间是饭前(A错)。糖皮质激素使用时间为上午7~8点(B错)。"} {"Question":"较少出现中枢副反应的M胆碱受体阻断剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯化琥珀胆碱"},{"key":"B","value":"丁溴东莨菪碱"},{"key":"C","value":"毛果芸香碱"},{"key":"D","value":"石杉碱甲"},{"key":"E","value":"多奈哌齐"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于哌啶类镇痛药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸美沙酮"},{"key":"B","value":"枸橼酸芬太尼"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸纳洛酮"},{"key":"D","value":"酒石酸布托啡诺"},{"key":"E","value":"苯噻啶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查哌替啶类镇痛药。属于哌啶类镇痛药的是枸橼酸芬太尼(B对)。在4-苯基哌啶类结构中,哌啶环的4位引入苯氨基,并在苯基氨基的氮原子上丙酰化得到4-苯氨基哌啶类结构的强效镇痛药,代表药物是枸橼酸芬太尼。盐酸美沙酮(A错)属于氨基酮类镇痛药,其结构仅仅保留了吗啡的A环结构,为高度柔性的开链吗啡类似物。纳洛酮(C错)为半合成的镇痛药,是由吗啡的N-甲基被烯丙基、环丙基甲基或环丁基甲基等取代后得到的。酒石酸布托啡诺(D错)属于吗啡喃类镇痛药。苯噻啶(E错)属于抗组胺类镇痛药,并有很强的抗组胺和较弱的抗乙酰胆碱作用。"} {"Question":"具有磺酰脲结构,通过促进胰岛素分泌发挥降血糖作用的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"B","value":"格列吡嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"格列齐特"},{"key":"D","value":"那格列奈"},{"key":"E","value":"米格列奈"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查磺酰脲类胰岛素分泌促进剂类降糖药。格列本脲(A对)、格列吡嗪(B对)、格列齐特(C对)均为胰岛素分泌促进剂,具有磺酰脲结构,并通过促进胰岛素分泌发挥降血糖作用。那格列奈(D错)、米格列奈(E错)属于非磺酰脲类胰岛素分泌促进剂,无磺酰脲结构。"} {"Question":"下列钙拮抗剂中,存在手性中心的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"尼莫地平"},{"key":"C","value":"尼群地平"},{"key":"D","value":"桂利嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"氨氯地平"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查尼莫地平的结构。存在手性中心的药物有尼莫地平(B对)、尼群地平(C对)、氨氯地平(E对)。尼莫地平分子中4位为手性碳原子,具有一个手性中心。尼群地平4位碳原子具手性,临床用其外消旋体。氨氯地平的4位碳原子具手性,临床用外消旋体和左旋体。硝苯地平(A错)结构对称,无手性中心。桂利嗪(D错)结构中无手性中心。"} {"Question":"用于治疗精神分裂症的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯丙嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"丙咪嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"司来吉兰"},{"key":"D","value":"哌替啶"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸锂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查吩噻嗪类药物氯丙嗪。用于治疗精神分裂症的药物是氯丙嗪(A对)。氯丙嗪主要用于治疗精神分裂症和躁狂症,亦可治疗神经官能症的焦虑和紧张状态,大剂量时,还可用于镇吐、低温麻醉和人工冬眠等。丙米嗪(B错)适用于治疗内源性抑郁症,反应性抑郁症及更年期抑郁症,也可用于小儿遗尿症。司来吉兰(C错)为治疗帕金森病的辅助药物。哌替啶(D错)又称杜冷丁,是一种临床常用的合成镇痛药,长期使用会产生依赖性,被列为严格管制的麻醉药品。硫酸锂(E错)主要用于躁狂症的治疗。"} {"Question":"芳基丙酸类药物最主要的临床作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中枢兴奋"},{"key":"B","value":"抗癫痫"},{"key":"C","value":"降血脂"},{"key":"D","value":"抗病毒"},{"key":"E","value":"消炎镇痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查芳基丙酸类药物。芳基丙酸类药物属于芳基烷酸类非甾体抗炎药,主要用于消炎镇痛。中枢兴奋(A错)的临床常用药物有咖啡因、尼可刹米等。抗癫痫(B错)的临床常用药物有苯妥英钠、卡马西平等。降血脂(C错)的临床常用药物有考来烯胺、氯贝丁酯等。抗病毒(D错)的临床常用药物有阿昔洛韦、利巴韦林等。"} {"Question":"与青霉素合用,可降低青霉素的排泄速度,从而增强青霉素抗菌活性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丙磺舒"},{"key":"B","value":"克拉维酸"},{"key":"C","value":"舒巴坦钠"},{"key":"D","value":"他唑巴坦"},{"key":"E","value":"甲氧苄啶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。丙磺舒(A对)与青霉素合用,发生竞争性抑制,可降低青霉素的排泄速度,增强青霉素抗菌活性。克拉维酸(B错)可与阿莫西林组成复方制剂;舒巴坦钠(C错)可与氨苄西林相连提高抗菌效果;他唑巴坦(D错)为处方类抗菌素;甲氧苄啶(E错)为广谱抗生素,单用可治疗单纯性尿路感染,和磺胺类药物合用起到消炎作用。"} {"Question":"镇痛作用比吗啡强的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸纳洛酮"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸哌替啶"},{"key":"C","value":"右丙氧芬"},{"key":"D","value":"枸橼酸芬太尼"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸美沙酮"}],"Answer":"DE","Explanation":"本题考查哌替啶类镇痛药。镇痛作用比吗啡强的药物有枸橼酸芬太尼(D对)、盐酸美沙酮(E对)。枸橼酸芬太尼亲脂性高,易于通过血-脑屏障,起效快,作用强,镇痛作用为哌替啶的500倍,吗啡的80~100倍。盐酸美沙酮镇痛作用比吗啡、哌替啶稍强,成瘾性等副作用也相对较小,适用于各种原因引起的剧痛。纳洛酮(A错)为阿片受体拮抗剂,临床上可用于服用吗啡或海洛因中毒的成瘾者的解救。哌替啶(B错)的镇痛作用为吗啡的1\/8~1\/6,且成瘾性弱于吗啡。右丙氧芬(C错)主要与阿片μ受体结合,其作用与美沙酮相似,镇痛作用较弱,仅能用于缓解轻度到中度疼痛。几乎无镇咳作用。"} {"Question":"用于慢性哮喘症状控制的N-羟基脲类5-脂氧合酶抑制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"曲尼司特"},{"key":"B","value":"氨茶碱"},{"key":"C","value":"扎鲁司特"},{"key":"D","value":"二羟丙茶碱"},{"key":"E","value":"齐留通"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查齐留通。齐留通(E对)是用于慢性哮喘症状的控制的N-羟基脲类5-脂氧合酶抑制剂。氨茶碱(B错)、二羟丙茶碱(D错)是磷酸二脂酶抑制剂;曲尼司特(A错)是过敏介质阻滞剂;扎鲁司特(C错)是选择性的白三烯受体拮抗剂。"} {"Question":"属于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伯氨喹"},{"key":"B","value":"琥珀胆碱"},{"key":"C","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"D","value":"氯沙坦"},{"key":"E","value":"依那普利"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查血管紧张素转换酶抑制药。常用的血管紧张素转换酶抑制药包括:卡托普利、阿拉普利、依那普利(E对)、依那普利拉、贝那普利等。"} {"Question":"属于酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的靶向抗肿瘤药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伊马替尼"},{"key":"B","value":"他莫昔芬"},{"key":"C","value":"氨鲁米特"},{"key":"D","value":"氟他胺"},{"key":"E","value":"紫杉醇"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查靶向抗肿瘤药。甲磺酸伊马替尼(A对)是第一个上市的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,其在体内外均可在细胞水平上抑制“费城染色体”的Bcr-Ahl酪氨酸激酶,能选择性抑制Bcr-Ahl阳性细胞系细胞、Ph染色体阳性的慢性粒细胞白血病和急性淋巴细胞白血病病人的新鲜细胞的增殖和诱导其凋亡。他莫昔芬(B错)为合成的抗雌激素药物。结构类似雌激素,能与雌二醇竞争雌激素受体,与雌激素受体形成稳定的复合物,并转运入核内,阻止染色体基因开放,从而使癌细胞的生长和发育受到抑制。氨鲁米特(C错)在外周组织中,通过阻断芳香化酶而抑制雌激素的生成,从而减少雌激素对乳腺癌的促进作用,起到抑制肿瘤生长的效果。氟他胺(D错)抗雄性激素类药物,临床上常用于治疗前列腺癌或者良性前列腺肥大。紫杉醇(E错)为有丝分裂抑制剂的抗肿瘤药。"} {"Question":"关于对乙酰氨基酚的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对乙酰氨基酚分子中含有酰胺键,正常储存条件下不易发生变质"},{"key":"B","value":"对乙酰氨基酚在体内代谢可产生乙酰氨基酚,引起肾毒性和肝毒性"},{"key":"C","value":"大剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚引起中毒时,可用谷胱甘肽或乙酰半胱氨酸解毒"},{"key":"D","value":"对乙酰氨基酚在体内主要与葡萄糖醛酸或硫酸结合,从肾脏排泄"},{"key":"E","value":"对乙酰氨基酚可与阿司匹林形成前药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚。N-乙酰基亚胺醌是对乙酰氨基酚的毒性代谢产物(B错,为本题正确答案)。对乙酰氨基酚主要在肝脏代谢,大部分与葡萄糖醛酸及硫酸结合,从尿中排泄(D对)。少量生成有毒的N-羟基乙酰氨基酚,进一步转化成毒性代谢物N-乙酰亚胺醌。在正常条件下,它可与肝内的谷胱甘肽结合而解毒。大剂量服用对乙酰氨基酚引起中毒时,可用谷胱甘肽或乙酰半胱氨酸解毒(C对)。对乙酰氨基酚分子中具有酰胺键,相对稳定,正常储存条件下不易发生变质(A对)。对乙酰氨基酚可与阿司匹林形成前药贝诺酯(E对),胃肠道反应减少。"} {"Question":"利用前药修饰原理,促使药物长效化","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丙酸睾丸素"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢孟多酯钠"},{"key":"C","value":"氯霉素棕榈酸酯"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢美唑的新戊酰氧甲基酯"},{"key":"E","value":"赛达明"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有半胱氨酸结构,用于对乙酰氨基酚的解毒的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙酰半胱氨酸"},{"key":"B","value":"右美沙芬"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸氨溴索"},{"key":"D","value":"喷托维林"},{"key":"E","value":"羧甲司坦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚。具有半胱氨酸结构,用于对乙酰氨基酚的解毒的是乙酰半胱氨酸(A对)。乙酰半胱氨酸属于半胱氨酸的类似物,可通过巯基与毒性代谢产物N-乙酰亚胺醌结合使其失活,阻止其与肝细胞的大分子共价结合而解毒。右美沙芬(B错)、盐酸氨溴索(C错)、喷托维林(D错)均不具有半胱氨酸的结构。羧甲司坦(E错)为祛痰药,具有半胱氨酸的结构,但不具有游离的巯基,因此不能与毒性代谢产物结合而解毒。"} {"Question":"表示抗菌药物抗菌活性的主要指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗菌谱"},{"key":"B","value":"化疗指数"},{"key":"C","value":"最低抑菌或杀菌浓度"},{"key":"D","value":"安全系数"},{"key":"E","value":"效价强度"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查抗菌活性的定义。抗菌活性指抗菌药物抑制或杀灭病原菌的能力。能抑制培养基内细菌生长的最低浓度称最低抑菌浓度(MIC),能够杀灭培养基内细菌(即杀死99.9%供试微生物)的浓度为最小杀菌浓度,两者是药物抗菌活性指标(C对)。"} {"Question":"从百合科植物丽江山慈菇的球茎中得到的一种生物碱,能抑制细胞有丝分裂,有一定的抗肿瘤作用,可以控制尿酸盐对关节造成的炎症,可在痛风急症时使用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"别嘌醇"},{"key":"B","value":"非布索坦"},{"key":"C","value":"苯溴马隆"},{"key":"D","value":"丙磺舒"},{"key":"E","value":"秋水仙碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗痛风药的作用机制。秋水仙碱(E对)是来源于天然物丽江山慈菇,长期使用会产生骨髓抑制毒性副作用的抗痛风药物。别嘌醇(A错)是通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶来抑制尿酸生成的药物,可以降低血中尿酸的浓度,减少尿酸在关节等处的沉积。非布索坦(B错)为目前世界上最新研制的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,其通过高度选择性地作用于该氧化酶,减少体内尿酸合成,降低尿酸浓度,从而有效治疗痛风。苯溴马隆(C错)的抗痛风机制主要是通过抑制肾小管对尿酸的重吸收,从而降低血中的尿酸浓度。丙磺舒(D错)抑制尿酸盐在近曲小管的主动重吸收,增加尿酸的排泄而降低血中尿酸盐的浓度。"} {"Question":"为S-(-)-光学异构体,体内代谢慢,维持时间长的抗溃疡药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"B","value":"埃索美拉唑"},{"key":"C","value":"兰索拉唑"},{"key":"D","value":"泮托拉唑"},{"key":"E","value":"雷贝拉唑"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查埃索美拉唑。埃索美拉唑(B对)是奥美拉唑(A错)的S-(-)-光学异构体,主要被CYP3A4作用,在体内的代谢清除率低,经体内循环更易重复循环,维持时间更长,有更优良的药理性质。兰索拉唑(C错)也存在S、R两种异构体,本身并不是S型异构体。雷贝拉唑(E错)是在兰索拉唑的基础上发展起来的,在兰索拉唑吡啶环上的4位延长了侧链;泮托拉唑(D错)也具有两个手性异构体,在体内可发生右旋体向左旋体的转化。"} {"Question":"兰索拉唑(结构式如下)结构中亚磺酰基为手性中心,有两个光学异构体。该药具有弱碱性,在酸性条件下不稳定,口服吸收迅速,生物利用度较高。兰索拉唑优选的剂型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"口服溶液剂"},{"key":"B","value":"缓释制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"肠溶制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"控释制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"靶向制剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查兰索拉唑。兰索拉唑在酸性情况下不稳定,通常制成肠溶制剂(C对),主要用于胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡等疾病。"} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁,因骨折手术后需要使用镇痛药解除疼痛,医生建议使用曲马多。查询曲马多说明书和相关药学资料:(+)-曲马多主要抑制5-HT重摄取,同时为弱阿片μ受体激动剂,对μ受体的亲和性相当于吗啡的1\/3800,其活性代谢产物对μ、δ、κ受体亲和力增强,镇痛作用为吗啡的1\/35;(-)-曲马多是去甲肾上腺素重摄取抑制剂和肾上腺素α₂受体激动剂;(±)-曲马多镇痛作用得益于两者的协同性和互补性作用。中国药典规定盐酸曲马多缓释片的溶出度限度标准:在1小时、2小时、4小时和8小时的溶出量分别为标示量的25%~45%,35%~55%、50%~80%和80%以上。盐酸曲马多的化学结构如图。根据背景资料,盐酸曲马多的药理作用特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇痛作用比吗啡大"},{"key":"B","value":"具有一定程度的耐受性和依赖性"},{"key":"C","value":"具有明显的致平滑肌痉挛作用"},{"key":"D","value":"具有明显的影响组胺释放作用"},{"key":"E","value":"具有明显的镇咳作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查曲马多。根据背景材料可以得到:盐酸曲马多具有一定程度的耐受性和依耐性(B对);盐酸曲马多镇痛作用为吗啡的 1\/35,其镇痛作用比吗啡小(A错)。"} {"Question":"6α、9α双氟取代的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"醋酸氢化可的松"},{"key":"B","value":"醋酸地塞米松"},{"key":"C","value":"醋酸泼尼松龙"},{"key":"D","value":"醋酸氟氢松"},{"key":"E","value":"醋酸曲安奈德"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"含有喹啉酮环母核结构的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨苄西林"},{"key":"B","value":"环丙沙星"},{"key":"C","value":"尼群地平"},{"key":"D","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"E","value":"阿昔洛韦"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环丙沙星。环丙沙星(B对)为喹诺酮类抗菌药物,具有1,4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉(或氮杂喹啉)-3-羧酸结构。氨苄西林(A错)属于青霉素类β-内酰胺抗菌药;尼群地平(C错)为1,4-二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂;格列本脲(D错)为磺酰脲类胰岛素分泌促进剂,具有磺酰脲结构;阿昔洛韦(E错)是人工合成的鸟嘌呤核苷类似物。以上四种药物均不含有喹啉酮结构。"} {"Question":"通过竞争性地与α-葡萄糖苷酶结合而抑制其活性的降血糖药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"马来酸罗格列酮"},{"key":"B","value":"瑞格列奈"},{"key":"C","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"D","value":"甲苯磺丁脲"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查阿卡波糖。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的化学结构均为单糖或多糖类似物,主要有阿卡波糖(E对)、米格列醇和伏格列波糖,可竞争性地与α-葡萄糖苷酶结合,抑制该酶的活性,从而减慢糖类水解产生葡萄糖的速度,并延缓葡萄糖的吸收。马来酸罗格列酮(A错)属于胰岛素增敏剂。瑞格列奈(B错)、格列本脲(C错)、甲苯磺丁脲(D错)均属于胰岛素分泌促进剂。"} {"Question":"与磺胺甲噁唑合用能使后者作用增强","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢氨苄"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧苄啶"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素钠"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查抗菌增效剂甲氧苄啶。甲氧苄啶(C对)能阻断二氢叶酸还原成四氢叶酸,与磺胺类药物合用,可产生协同的抗菌作用。磺胺嘧啶(A错)是二氢叶酸合成酶抑制剂。头孢氨苄(B错)为β-内酰胺类抗生素。青霉素钠(D错)是天然的抗菌药。氯霉素(E错)是酰胺醇类抗生素。"} {"Question":"克拉维酸是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含青霉烷砜结构的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"含青霉烷结构的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"含碳青霉烯结构的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"含并四苯结构的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"含内酯环结构的药物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氧青霉烷类抗菌药。克拉维酸属于氧青霉烷类β-内酰胺酶抑制剂,含有青霉烷结构(B对)。含青霉烷砜结构(A错)的药物为青霉烷砜类抗生素,如舒巴坦。含碳青霉烯结构(C错)的为碳青霉烯类,如亚胺培南。含并四苯结构(D错)的药物主要为四环素类,如土霉素。含内酯环结构(E错)的为大环内酯类,如红霉素。"} {"Question":"其左旋体有镇咳作用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸纳洛酮"},{"key":"B","value":"酒石酸布托啡诺"},{"key":"C","value":"右丙氧芬"},{"key":"D","value":"苯噻啶"},{"key":"E","value":"磷酸可待因"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"含有α-羟基苯乙酸酯结构,作用快,持续时间短,用于眼科检查和散瞳的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"氢溴酸东莨菪碱"},{"key":"C","value":"氢溴酸后马托品"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙托溴铵"},{"key":"E","value":"丁溴酸东莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查常用药物的结构特征与作用。氢溴酸后马托品(C对)含有α-羟基苯乙酸酯结构,为M胆碱受体阻断剂,能散大瞳孔,麻痹睫状肌,临床上用于眼底检查及验光。硫酸阿托品(A错)是一种抗胆碱药,用于胃肠道、胆绞痛、散瞳检查验光、角膜炎、有机磷农药中毒、感染性休克等综合症的治疗。氢溴酸东莨菪碱(B错)含有氧桥结构,中枢作用较强,用于预防和治疗晕动症。异丙托溴铵(D错)含季胺药效团,为M胆碱受体拮抗剂类平喘药。丁溴东莨菪碱(E错)为东莨菪碱季铵化得到的药物,属于外周抗胆碱药。"} {"Question":"属于非核苷类的抗病毒药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"B","value":"金刚烷胺"},{"key":"C","value":"齐夫多定"},{"key":"D","value":"奥司他韦"},{"key":"E","value":"更昔洛韦"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查抗病毒药的类型。非核苷类抗病毒药有利巴韦林(A对)、金刚烷胺(B对)、膦甲酸钠和奥司他韦(D对)。"} {"Question":"氨氯地平的作用靶点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管紧张素转化酶"},{"key":"B","value":"β-肾上腺素受体"},{"key":"C","value":"羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶"},{"key":"D","value":"钙离子通道"},{"key":"E","value":"钾离子通道"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查氨氯地平的结构。氨氯地平的作用靶点是钙离子通道(D对)。氨氯地平为二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂。血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)(A错)是血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂的作用靶点;肾上腺素能受体(B错)是介导儿茶酚胺作用的一类组织受体。HMG-CoA还原酶(C错)是HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂的作用靶点;钾离子通道(E错)不是氨氯地平的作用靶点。"} {"Question":"结构与对氨基苯甲酸类似,通过代谢拮抗方式产生抗菌活性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"特比萘芬"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢克洛"},{"key":"E","value":"克拉维酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查磺胺嘧啶。结构与对氨基苯甲酸类似,通过代谢拮抗方式产生抗菌活性的药物是磺胺嘧啶(A对)。磺胺嘧啶在结构和电性与对氨基苯甲酸相似。如果改变其相似性则抗菌活性降低,反之保持其相似性则保持抗菌活性。氟康唑(B错)属于三唑类抗菌药。特比萘芬(C错)是丙烯胺类抗真菌药。头孢克洛(D错)是头孢氨苄的C-3位甲基被氯原子取代得到的可口服的半合成头孢菌素。克拉维酸(E错)是天然来源的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂。"} {"Question":"含季按盐的拟胆碱药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溴新斯的明"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸毛果芸香碱"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸阿托品"},{"key":"D","value":"氯化琥珀胆碱"},{"key":"E","value":"丁溴东莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据磺酰脲类降糖药的构效关系,当脲上取代基为甲基环己基时,甲基阻碍了环己烷上的羟基化反应,因此具有高效、长效降血糖作用。下列降糖药中,具有上述结构特征的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"格列齐特"},{"key":"B","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"C","value":"格列吡嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"格列喹酮"},{"key":"E","value":"格列美脲"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查磺酰脲类胰岛素分泌促进剂类降糖药。格列美脲(E对)脲上的取代基为甲基环己基,甲基处在环己烷的平伏键上,阻碍了环己烷上的羟基化反应,因此具有高效、长效降血糖作用;格列齐特(A错)是将甲苯磺丁脲分子中脲上丁基以八氢环戊烷并吡咯取代得到的;格列本脲(B错)、格列吡嗪(C错)、格列喹酮(D错)脲上的取代基为环己基。"} {"Question":"属于选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丙咪嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"C","value":"马普替林"},{"key":"D","value":"吗氯贝胺"},{"key":"E","value":"苯乙肼"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查5-羟色胺(5-HT)再摄取抑制剂。属于选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂的药物是氟西汀(B对)。氟西汀为选择性的5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂,通过选择性地抑制中枢神经系统对5-HT的再吸收,延长和增加5-HT的作用。丙咪嗪(A错)为三环类抗抑郁药,该类药主要通过抑制神经末梢对NE和5-HT的再摄取,减少NE和5-HT的氧化脱氨代谢,增加突触间隙的NE和5-HT浓度,促进神经传递。马普替林(C错)为选择性去甲肾上腺素重摄取抑制剂,对5-HT几乎没有作用,是广谱的抗抑郁药。吗氯贝胺(D错)为单胺氧化酶抑制剂类抗抑郁药,其作用是通过可逆性抑制A型单胺氧化酶,从而提高脑内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺的水平,起到抗抑郁作用。苯乙肼(E错)用于治疗抑郁症,尤其是反应性抑郁症,为不可逆单胺氧化酶抑制剂,无选择性。"} {"Question":"紫杉醇(Taxol)是从美国西海岸的短叶红豆杉的树皮中提取得到的具有紫杉烯环结构的二萜类化合物,属有丝分裂抑制剂或纺锤体毒素。多西他赛(Docetaxel)是由10-去乙酰基浆果赤霉素进行半合成得到的紫杉烷类抗肿瘤药物,结构上与紫杉醇有点不同,一是第10位碳上的取代基,二是3′位上的侧链。多西他赛的水溶性比紫杉醇好,毒性较小,抗肿瘤谱更广。按药物来源分类,多西他赛属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天然药物"},{"key":"B","value":"半合成天然药物"},{"key":"C","value":"合成药物"},{"key":"D","value":"生物药物"},{"key":"E","value":"半合成抗生素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的来源。多西他赛属于半合成天然药物(B对)。以天然活性物质为原料通过化学半合成得到的药物为半合成天然药物。多西他赛是由10-去乙酰基浆果赤霉素进行半合成得到的又一个紫杉烷类抗肿瘤药物,所以为半合成天然药物。化学合成药物(C错)是指通过化学合成方法得到的小分子的有机或无机药物。来源于天然产物的药物是指从天然产物中提取得到的有效单体、通过发酵方法得到的抗生素以及半合成得到的天然药物和半合成抗生素。这些药物中,有些是直接从天然的植物提取得到的天然活性物质,为天然药物(A错)。但有很大一部分是以天然活性物质或抗生素为原料通过化学半合成或生物合成的方法得到的半合成天然药物或半合成抗生素(E错)。生物技术药物(D错)是指所有以生物物质为原料的各种生物活性物质以及人工合成类似物,以及通过现代生物技术制得的药物。"} {"Question":"将氟尿嘧啶制成去氧氟尿苷的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"延长药物的作用时间"},{"key":"B","value":"增加药物对特定部分作用的选择性"},{"key":"C","value":"改善药物的溶解性能"},{"key":"D","value":"提高药物的稳定性"},{"key":"E","value":"改善药物的吸收性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查嘧啶类抗代谢物。去氧氟尿苷是氟尿嘧啶类衍生物,在肿瘤组织中转化成5-氟尿嘧啶发挥选择性抗肿瘤作用。(B对ACDE错)。"} {"Question":"致依赖性药物包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可待因"},{"key":"B","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"C","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"哌替啶"},{"key":"E","value":"普仑司特"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查致依赖性药物。致依赖性药物包括:可待因(A对)、地西泮(B对)、氯胺酮(C对)、哌替啶(D对)。致依赖性药物主要包括:(1)麻醉药品;(2)精神药品;(3)其他。依据《麻醉药品目录》的规定,麻醉药品是指连续使用后易产生身体依赖性、能成瘾的药品,临床上使用的阿片类药属于麻醉药品。精神药品是指直接作用于中枢神经系统,使之兴奋或抑制,连续使用能产生依赖性的药品,包括兴奋剂、致幻剂、镇静催眠剂等。可待因和哌替啶属于阿片类麻醉药品。地西泮属于苯二氮䓬类镇静催眠药。氯胺酮为致幻剂。普仑司特(E错)属于作用于白三烯受体的平喘药,不属于致依赖性药物。"} {"Question":"关于福辛普利性质描述正确是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"福辛普利是含有巯基的ACE抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"福辛普利是含有膦酰基的ACE抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"福辛普利在体内代谢为福辛普利拉而发挥作用"},{"key":"D","value":"福辛普利在体内可经肝或肾“双通道”代谢"},{"key":"E","value":"福辛普利是含有二羧基的ACE抑制剂"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查福辛普利。福辛普利是含有膦酰基的ACE抑制剂的代表(B对AE错)。福辛普利为前体药,在体内代谢为福辛普利拉后药效增强(C对)。福辛普利部分为肝肾“双通道”代谢(D对)。"} {"Question":"通过增敏受体,发挥药效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地塞米松"},{"key":"B","value":"罗格列酮"},{"key":"C","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"异丙肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的作用与受体。通过增敏受体,发挥药效的药物是罗格列酮(B对)。增敏作用是指某药可使组织或受体对另一药的敏感性增强的作用。胰岛素增敏剂又称“胰岛素增敏因子”,它是过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体的激动剂,使细胞膜上胰岛素受体对胰岛素的敏感性增加,促进细胞对葡萄糖利用。地塞米松(A错)为强效糖皮质激素。普萘洛尔(C错)是具有氨基醇结构的β受体阻滞剂,为非选择性β-受体阻断药。胰岛素(D错)临床主要用于治疗高血糖。胰岛素可降低血糖水平。异丙肾上腺素(E错)为β受体激动剂。"} {"Question":"在体内代谢过程中,少部分可由细胞色素P450氧化酶系统代谢为具有肝毒性乙酰亚胺醌代谢物的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对乙酰氨基酚"},{"key":"B","value":"舒林酸"},{"key":"C","value":"赖诺普利"},{"key":"D","value":"缬沙坦"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚。对乙酰氨基酚(A对)在体内代谢过程中,极少部分可由CYP450氧化酶系统转化成毒性代谢产物N-羟基衍生物和N-乙酰亚胺醌。正常情况下代谢产物N-乙酰亚胺醌可与内源性的谷胱甘肽结合而解毒,但在大量或过量服用对乙酰氨基酚后,肝脏内的谷胱甘肽会被耗竭,N-乙酰亚胺醌可进一步与肝蛋白的亲核基团(如SH)结合而引起肝坏死。这也是过量服用对乙酰氨基酚导致肝坏死、低血糖和昏迷的主要原因。舒林酸(B错)为非甾体抗炎药,属前体药物,它在体外无效,在体内经肝代谢,甲基亚砜基被还原为甲硫基化合物而显示生物活性。赖诺普利(C错)具有两个没被酯化的羧基,且赖诺普利和依那普利是当前唯一使用的两个非前药的ACE抑制剂。缬沙坦(D错)分子中含有酸性的四氮唑基团,用于各类轻、中度高血压,尤其适用于ACE抑制药不耐受的病人;缬沙坦可和氨氯地平组成复方制剂用于治疗原发性高血压,特别是单药治疗不能充分控制血压的患者;缬沙坦可和氢氯噻嗪组成复方制剂用于治疗单一药物不能充分控制血压的轻度至中度原发性高血压,但不适用于高血压的初始治疗。氢氯噻嗪(E错)属于噻嗪类利尿药,它能够抑制肾小管Na⁺-Cl⁻转运体,从而抑制Na⁺-K⁺、Na⁺-H⁺交换而发挥排钠利尿作用。"} {"Question":"原形与代谢产物均具有抗抑郁作用的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舍曲林"},{"key":"B","value":"文拉法辛"},{"key":"C","value":"氟西汀"},{"key":"D","value":"帕利哌酮"},{"key":"E","value":"阿米替林"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查抗抑郁药。原形与代谢产物均具有抗抑郁作用的药物有舍曲林(A对)、文拉法辛(B对)、氟西汀(C对)、阿米替林(E对)。抗抑郁药物有:1、去甲肾上腺素重摄取抑制剂。①二苯并氮䓬类如丙米嗪、氯米帕明;②二苯并庚二烯类如阿米替林及活性代谢产物去甲阿米替林;③二苯并噁嗪类如多塞平。2、5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂。舍曲林的活性代谢产物N-去甲舍曲林,文拉法辛的活性代谢产物O-去甲文拉法辛,氟西汀的活性代谢产物去甲氟西汀,西酞普兰的活性代谢产物是N-去甲基西酞普兰。帕利哌酮(D错)是利培酮的活性代谢物,属于抗精神病药物。"} {"Question":"分子中含有2个手性中心,但只有3个光学异构体的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸氯胺酮"},{"key":"D","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乙胺丁醇的结构。盐酸乙胺丁醇(B对)含两个手性碳,构型相同,故只有三个旋光异构体。左氧氟沙星(A错)含一个手性碳。盐酸氯胺酮(C错)有两个异构体。氯霉素(D错)与盐酸麻黄碱(E错)均含2个手性碳。"} {"Question":"治疗产青霉素酶的金黄色葡萄球菌感染宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素V"},{"key":"B","value":"双氯西林"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苄西林"},{"key":"D","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"E","value":"替卡西林"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查耐酶青霉素。耐酶青霉素包括双氯西林(B对)和甲氧西林,在临床应用主要用于治疗产青霉素酶的金黄色葡萄球菌的感染。"} {"Question":"关于硝酸甘油性质和作用的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常温下为液体,有挥发性"},{"key":"B","value":"在遇热或撞击下易发生爆炸"},{"key":"C","value":"在碱性条件下迅速消解"},{"key":"D","value":"在体内不经代谢而排出"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔黏膜吸收迅速,心绞痛发作时,可在舌下含服"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查硝酸甘油。硝酸甘油在肝脏中经谷胱甘肽还原酶代谢,经尿和胆汁排出体外(D错,为本题正确答案)。硝酸甘油常温下为液体(A对),具有挥发性和爆炸性,在遇热或撞击下易发生爆炸(B对);硝酸甘油在中性和弱酸性条件下相对稳定,在碱性条件下迅速水解(C对);硝酸甘油经舌下黏膜迅速吸收,可避免肝脏对药物的首过效应,用于急性心绞痛(E对)。"} {"Question":"含苯甲酸酯结构的局部麻醉药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸丁卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸布比卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸普鲁卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸利多卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸罗哌卡因"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":null} {"Question":"口服给药有首过效应,生物利用度仅为50%的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸吗啡"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸哌替啶"},{"key":"C","value":"枸橼酸芬太尼"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸美沙酮"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸溴己新"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查盐酸哌替啶。盐酸哌替啶(B对)为合成的镇痛药,口服给药有首过效应,生物利用度仅为50%。盐酸吗啡(A错)的首过效应显著,癌症患者显示不同的口服生物利用度。枸橼酸芬太尼(C错)口服经胃肠道吸收,无明显首过效应。盐酸美沙酮(D错)口服吸收迅速,生物利用度为90%。盐酸溴己新(E错)分子在体内可发生环己烷羟基化、N-去甲基的代谢得到活性代谢物氨溴索,氨溴索已作为药品使用。"} {"Question":"吡唑酮类解热镇痛药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"贝诺酯"},{"key":"B","value":"安乃近"},{"key":"C","value":"吲哚美辛"},{"key":"D","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"E","value":"吡罗昔康"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"通过拮抗多巴胺D₂受体,增加乙酰胆碱释放,同时又能抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,减少乙酰胆碱分解,从而增强胃收缩力,加速胃排空的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多潘立酮"},{"key":"B","value":"伊托必利"},{"key":"C","value":"莫沙必利"},{"key":"D","value":"甲氧氯普胺"},{"key":"E","value":"雷尼替丁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查伊托必利。伊托必利(B对)具有阻断多巴胺D₂受体活性和抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的双重活性,通过对D₂受体的拮抗作用而增加乙酰胆碱的释放,同时通过对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用来抑制已释放的乙酰胆碱分解,从而增强胃、十二指肠收缩力,加速胃排空,并有止吐作用。甲氧氯普胺(D错)为多巴胺D₂受体阻断药,同时还具有5-HT₄受体激动效应,对5-HT₄受体有轻度抑制作用,具有促动力作用和止吐的作用。多潘立酮(A错)为较强的外周性多巴胺D₂受体阻断药,故较少出现甲氧氯普胺的中枢神经系统的副作用(锥体外系症状)。莫沙必利(C错)为新型促胃肠动力药,是强效、选择性5-HT₄受体激动药。雷尼替丁(E错)是H₂受体阻断剂抗溃疡药,临床用于治疗胃、十二指肠溃疡,消化道出血、胃炎、反流性食管炎及卓-艾综合征。"} {"Question":"化学名为4-((2-异丙氨基-1-羟基)乙基)-1、2-苯二酚盐酸盐的药物是","Options":[{"key":"B","value":"盐酸多巴酚丁胺"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸多巴胺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的化学名。化学名为4-((2-异丙氨基-1-羟基)乙基)-1、2-苯二酚盐酸盐的药物是盐酸异丙肾上腺素(C对)。盐酸异丙肾上腺素化学名是4-((2-异丙氨基-1-羟基)乙基)-1、2-苯二酚盐酸盐。盐酸伪麻黄碱(A错)的化学名是[S-(R*,R*)]-a-1[1-(甲氨基)乙基]-苯甲醇盐酸盐。盐酸多巴酚丁胺(B错)的化学名是4-[2-[[1-甲基-3-(4-羟苯基)丙基]氨基]乙基]-1,2-苯二酚盐酸盐。盐酸麻黄碱(D错)的化学名是(1R,2S)-2-甲氨基-苯丙烷-1-醇盐酸盐。盐酸多巴胺(E错)的化学名是4-(2-氨基乙基)-1,2-苯二酚盐酸盐。"} {"Question":"含有1个手性碳的芳基烷胺类钙通道阻滞剂用于室上性心动过速治疗的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"苯磺酸氨氯地平"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸氟桂利嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸维拉帕米"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸地尔硫䓬"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查维拉帕米。维拉帕米(D对)是含有1个手性碳的芳基烷胺类钙通道阻滞剂,临床可用于室上性心动过速的治疗。硝苯地平(A错)结构对称,不含手性碳。苯磺酸氨氯地平(B错)是含有1个手性碳的二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂。盐酸氟桂利嗪(C错)是哌嗪类钙离子拮抗剂。地尔硫䓬(E错)是含有2个手性碳原子的苯硫氮䓬钙离子通道阻滞剂。"} {"Question":"母核属于雄甾烷的蛋白同化激素药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲睾酮"},{"key":"B","value":"雌二醇"},{"key":"C","value":"达那唑"},{"key":"D","value":"丙酸睾酮"},{"key":"E","value":"苯丙酸诺龙"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查甾体激素类药物。母核属于雄甾烷的蛋白同化激素类药物是苯丙酸诺龙(E对)。睾酮的化学结构为雄甾烷类,去除睾酮19位甲基得到苯丙酸诺龙。甲睾酮(A错)、丙酸睾酮(D错)是雄性激素,不属于蛋白同化激素。雌二醇(B错)是雌激素,母核为雌甾烷。达那唑(C错)为合成雄激素。"} {"Question":"在体外无效,体内经还原代谢产生甲硫基化合物而显示生物活性的非甾体抗炎药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舒林酸"},{"key":"B","value":"塞来昔布"},{"key":"C","value":"吲哚美辛"},{"key":"D","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"E","value":"萘丁美酮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查舒林酸。舒林酸(A对)为非甾体抗炎药,属前体药物,它在体外无效,在体内经肝代谢,甲基亚砜基被还原为甲硫基化合物而显示生物活性。塞来昔布(B错)、吲哚美辛(C错)、布洛芬(D错)均为非前药。萘丁美酮(E错)为非酸性的前体药物,其本身无环氧合酶抑制活性。小肠吸收后,经肝脏首关代谢为活性代谢物,即原药6-甲氧基-2-萘乙酸起作用。"} {"Question":"属血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"马来酸依那普利"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸哌唑嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"氯沙坦"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸地尔硫䓬"},{"key":"E","value":"利血平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查属于血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂的药物。属血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂的药物是马来酸依那普利(A对),其是一种长效的血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂。盐酸哌唑嗪(B错)是α₁肾上腺素受体拮抗剂。氯沙坦(C错)是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂。盐酸地尔硫䓬(D错)是钙通道阻滞剂。利血平(E错)是吲哚类生物碱。"} {"Question":"盐酸多柔比星,又称阿霉素,是光谱抗肿瘤药物,其化学结构如下:临床上,使用盐酸多柔比星注射液时,常发生骨髓抑制和心脏毒性等严重不良反应,解决方法之一是将其制成脂质体制剂。盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射液的辅料有PEG⁻DSPRE,氢化大豆卵磷脂,胆固醇,硫酸铵,蔗糖,组氨酸等。盐酸多柔比星产生抗肿瘤活性的作用机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ"},{"key":"B","value":"与DNA发生烷基化"},{"key":"C","value":"拮抗胸腺嘧啶是生物合成"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制二氢叶酸还原酶"},{"key":"E","value":"干扰肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查多柔比星。多柔比星为作用于拓扑异构酶Ⅱ的抑制剂(A对),是直接抑制DNA合成的蒽醌药物,作用机制为分子嵌入到DNA的双链中形成稳定的复合物,影响DNA的功能,阻止DNA的复制和RNA的转录。"} {"Question":"以下哪些与青蒿素的情况相符合","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"从植物青蒿中分离得到"},{"key":"B","value":"味甘甜,易溶于水"},{"key":"C","value":"遇碘化钾试液,析出碘"},{"key":"D","value":"可被氢氧化钠水溶液加热水解"},{"key":"E","value":"为高效、速效抗疟药"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"分子中含有季铵结构,中枢作用较弱的药物是","Options":[{"key":"B","value":"硫酸阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"氢溴酸东莨菪碱"},{"key":"D","value":"氢溴酸山莨菪碱"},{"key":"E","value":"丁溴东莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的化学结构及药理作用。分子中含有季铵结构,中枢作用较弱的药物是丁溴东莨菪碱(E对)。丁溴东莨菪碱是抗胆碱药,可缓解胃肠道、胰胆管平滑肌痉挛,用于治疗胃肠痉挛、蠕动亢进、胆绞痛、肾绞痛等,分子中含有季铵结构,对中枢作用弱。氢溴酸后马托品(A错)、硫酸阿托品(B错)、氢溴酸东莨菪碱(C错)、氢溴酸山莨菪碱(D错)都是抗胆碱药,分子中不含有季铵结构。"} {"Question":"对洛美沙星进行人体生物利用度研究,采用静脉注射与口服给药方式,给药剂量均为400mg·h\/ml和36㎍·h\/ml。洛美沙星是喹诺酮母核8位引入氟,构效分析,8位引入氟后,使洛美沙星","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"与靶酶DNA聚合酶作用强、抗菌活性减弱"},{"key":"B","value":"药物光毒性减少"},{"key":"C","value":"口服利用度增加"},{"key":"D","value":"消除半衰期3~4小时,需一日多次给药"},{"key":"E","value":"水溶性增加,更易制成注射液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查喹诺酮类抗菌药。在喹诺酮类药物的6位和8位同时引入两个氟原子并在7位引入3-甲基哌嗪得到洛美沙星;8位氟原子取代基可提高口服生物利用度(C对),生物利用度可达到95%~98%;口服吸收迅速、完全且稳定性强;口服后仅有5%的药物经生物转化后代谢,60%~80%的药物以原型从尿液中排出;但8位氟原子取代可增加其光毒性(B错),盐酸洛美沙星7位取代基为体积较大的3-甲基哌嗪,可以使其消除半衰期增至7~8小时(D错)。"} {"Question":"在水溶液中不稳定,放置后可发生β-内酰胺开环,生成无抗菌活性聚合物的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨苄西林"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢噻肟钠"},{"key":"C","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢哌酮钠"},{"key":"E","value":"哌拉西林"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":"本题考查β-内酰胺类抗菌药物。氨苄西林(A对)和阿莫西林(C对)水溶液不太稳定,在室温放置24h生成无抗菌活性的聚合物。头孢噻肟钠(B错)、头孢哌酮钠(D错)属头孢菌素类抗生素,分子中β-内酰胺环稳定性好。哌拉西林(E错)在氨苄西林引入哌嗪酮酸基,极性增大,在水溶液中稳定性较好。"} {"Question":"有抗血小板聚集和抗血栓形成作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯丙嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查阿司匹林。阿司匹林(B对)为环氧化酶的不可逆抑制剂,通过阻断前列腺素的生物合成起到解热、镇痛、抗炎的作用;也可减少血小板血栓素A₂的生成,起到抑制血小板聚集和防止血栓形成的作用。氯丙嗪为吩噻嗪类抗精神病药,主要用于治疗精神分裂症和躁狂症,亦可治疗神经官能症的焦虑和紧张状态,大剂量时,还可用于镇吐、低温麻醉和人工冬眠等。"} {"Question":"含有酰苯胺结构,通过拮抗雌激素受体,用于前列腺癌治疗的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"来曲唑"},{"key":"B","value":"枸橼酸他莫昔芬"},{"key":"C","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"氟他胺"},{"key":"E","value":"氟康唑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查氟他胺的结构和药理作用。氟他胺(D对)为非甾体类抗雄激素药物,含有酰苯胺结构,可用于前列腺癌治疗。"} {"Question":"醋酸氢化可的松的母核结构是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甾体"},{"key":"B","value":"吩噻嗪环"},{"key":"C","value":"二氢呲啶环"},{"key":"D","value":"鸟嘌呤环"},{"key":"E","value":"喹啉酮环"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查醋酸氢化可的松。醋酸氢化可的松是用醋酸与氢化可的松酯化制备的,氢化可的松是一种天然短效的肾上腺皮质激,属于甾体(A对)激素类药物。"} {"Question":"下列药物合用时,具有增敏效果的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾上腺素延长普鲁卡因的局麻作用时间"},{"key":"B","value":"罗格列酮与胰岛素合用提高降糖作用"},{"key":"C","value":"阿替洛尔与氢氯噻嗪联合用于降压"},{"key":"D","value":"克拉霉素和阿莫西林合用,增强抗幽门螺杆菌作用"},{"key":"E","value":"链霉素可延长氯化琥珀胆碱的肌松作用时间"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查增敏药。某药可使组织或受体对另一药的敏感性增强,称为增敏。例如,罗格列酮与胰岛素合用提高降糖作用(B对),罗格列酮为胰岛素增敏剂,可使胰岛素对受体靶组织的敏感性增加,减少肝糖的产生。肾上腺素延长普鲁卡因的局麻作用时间(A错)是药物的增强作用。阿替洛尔与氢氯噻嗪联合用于降压(C错)是相加作用。克拉霉素和阿莫西林合用增强抗幽门螺杆菌作用(D错)并不是增敏效果,两者都是抗生素。链霉素可延长氯化琥珀胆碱的肌松作用时间(E错)并不是增敏效果。"} {"Question":"在体内被单胺氧化酶和儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶代谢失活,而口服无效,必须采用注射给药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙美特罗"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸多巴酚丁胺"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"重酒石酸肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"重酒石酸间羟胺"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查儿茶酚胺类药物。儿茶酚胺类的代谢失活主要受到儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)和单胺氧化酶(MAO)的催化,分别发生苯环3-羟基的甲基化和侧链末端氨基的氧化脱除。口服无效,需注射给药的药物包括:盐酸多巴胺、盐酸多巴酚丁胺(B对)、盐酸异丙肾上腺素(C对)、重酒石酸肾上腺素(D对)等。"} {"Question":"16α位为甲基的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"醋酸氢化可的松"},{"key":"B","value":"醋酸地塞米松"},{"key":"C","value":"醋酸泼尼松龙"},{"key":"D","value":"醋酸氟氢松"},{"key":"E","value":"醋酸曲安奈德"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查肾上腺糖皮质激素药地塞米松。地塞米松(B对)是在糖皮质激素分子16位引入阻碍17位的氧化代谢的甲基,使抗炎活性增加,钠潴留作用减少。醋酸氢化可的松(A错)是将氢化可的松21-OH用醋酸进行酯化制备的一种前药,氢化可的松16位无取代基。泼尼松龙(C错)是在氢化可的松的1位增加双键,16位无取代基。氟氢松(D错)是在6α-位和9α-位双氟取代的药物。曲安奈德(E错)是在9α-位引入氟原子、C16引入羟基并与C17α-羟基一道制成丙酮的缩酮,可抵消9α-氟原子取代增加钠潴留作用,糖皮质激素作用大幅度增加。"} {"Question":"作用机制涉及NO生成与释放的药物包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普罗布考"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"C","value":"硝普钠"},{"key":"D","value":"缬沙坦"},{"key":"E","value":"辛伐他汀"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查药物的作用机制。硝酸甘油(B对)主要通过上调NO\/cGMP通路而舒张血管平滑肌。硝普钠(C对)属硝基扩血管药,作用机制与硝酸酯类相似,通过释放NO,激活鸟苷酸环化酶,增加血管平滑肌细胞内cGMP水平而起作用。普罗布考(A错)通过渗入LDL颗粒核心中,影响脂蛋白代谢,使LDL易通过非受体途径被清除,主要用于高胆固醇血症,尤其是纯合子型家族性高胆固醇血症 及黄色瘤患者。缬沙坦(D错)为血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药。辛伐他汀(E错)为调血脂药,他汀类药物的结构与HMG-CoA相似,与HMG-CoA还原酶的亲和力比HMG-CoA高数千倍,对该酶发生竞争性抑制使胆固醇合成受阻。"} {"Question":"注射用美洛西林\/舒巴坦,规格1.25g(美洛西林1.0g,舒巴坦0.25g)。成人静脉符合单室模型。美洛西林表观分布容积V=0.5L\/Kg。关于复方制剂美洛西林钠与舒巴坦的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美洛西林为“自杀性”β-内酰胺酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"舒巴坦是氨苄西林经改造而来,抗菌作用强"},{"key":"C","value":"舒巴坦可增强美洛西林对β-内酰胺酶稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"美洛西林具有甲氧肟基,对β-内酰胺酶具有高稳定作用"},{"key":"E","value":"舒巴坦属于碳青霉烯类抗生素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查舒巴坦。舒巴坦为青霉烷砜类抗生素(E错),为不可逆竞争性β-内酰胺酶抑制剂。与β-内酰胺类抗生素合用,能增强青霉素类及头孢类药物对β-内酰胺酶的稳定性(C对)。克拉维酸为“自杀性”β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(A错)。在氨苄西林侧链的氨基上引入极性较大的咪唑啉酮酸基团得到美洛西林,以扩大抗菌谱,具有抗假单胞菌酶活性(D错)。"} {"Question":"影响结构非特异性全身麻醉药活性的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解离度"},{"key":"B","value":"分配系数"},{"key":"C","value":"立体构型"},{"key":"D","value":"空间构象"},{"key":"E","value":"电子云密度分布"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的分配系数对药效的影响。影响结构非特异性全身麻醉药活性的因素是分配系数(B对)。对于结构非特异性药物,药物的理化性质直接影响药物的活性。药物的理化性质主要有药物的溶解度、分配系数和解离度。通常药物以非解离的形式被吸收,进入细胞后,在膜内的水介质中解离成解离形式起作用,故解离度(A错)不是影响手性药物对映体之间活性差异的因素。影响手性药物对映体之间活性差异的因素是立体构型(C错)。空间构象(D错)是指分子中原子或基团在三维空间的取向和定位。电子云密度(E错)能决定原子的成键方向和成键强度。"} {"Question":"下列不属于参与Ⅱ相代谢的内源性极性小分子物质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖醛酸"},{"key":"B","value":"硫酸"},{"key":"C","value":"乳酸"},{"key":"D","value":"甘氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"谷胱甘肽"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查二相代谢。乳酸(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于第Ⅱ相生物转化内源成分。第Ⅱ相生物转化内源性的极性小分子包括葡萄糖醛酸(A对)、硫酸盐(B对)、氨基酸(D对)、谷胱甘肽(E对)等。"} {"Question":"对映异构体之间具有相同的药理作用和强度的手性药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯苯那敏"},{"key":"B","value":"普罗帕酮"},{"key":"C","value":"扎考必利"},{"key":"D","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"E","value":"氨已烯酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的手性结构对药物活性的影响。对映异构体之间具有相同的药理作用和强度的手性药物是普罗帕酮(B对)。手性药物的两个对映体之间的药理作用和强度以及与消旋体之间没有明显差异,产生这样结果的原因是药物的手性中心不在与受体结合的部位,属于静态手性类药物。两个对映体有相似的药理活性,但作用强度有明显的差异。例如抗过敏药氯苯那敏(A错),其右旋体的活性高于左旋体,产生的原因是由于分子中的手性碳原子离芳环近,对药物受体相互作用产生空间选择性。抗精神病药扎考必利(C错)对映异构体之间产生相反的活性。扎考必利通过作用于5-HT₃受体而起效的,其中R-对映体为5-HT₃受体阻断剂,S-对映体为5-HT₃受体激动剂。氯胺酮(D错)一种对映体具有药理活性,另一对映体具有毒性作用。氯胺酮为中枢性麻醉药物,只有R-(+)-对映体才具有麻醉作用,而S-(-)-对映体则产生中枢兴奋作用。目前S-(-)-对映体艾司氯胺酮被批准上市用于抑郁症的治疗。药物中只有一个异构体有药理活性,而另一个没有或几乎没有活性,表现出药物与生物靶点作用的立体选择性。这种情况比较多,例如抗高血压药物L-甲基多巴,仅L-构型的化合物有效。氨已烯酸(E错)只有S-对映体是GABA转氨酶抑制剂。产生这种严格的构型与活性差异的原因,部分是来自受体对药物的空间结构要求比较严格。"} {"Question":"结构中17位氮上有丙烯基","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸丁丙诺啡"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸纳洛酮"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"克拉霉素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含青霉烷砜结构的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"含青霉烷结构的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"含碳青霉烯结构的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"含并四苯结构的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"含内酯环结构的药物"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查克拉霉素。克拉霉素属于大环内酯类抗菌药,分子中含有14元内酯环结构(E对)。含青霉烷砜结构(A错)的为青霉烷砜类,代表药物舒巴坦。含青霉烷结构(B错)的为氧青霉烷类,代表药物克拉维酸。含碳青霉烯结构(C错)的为碳青霉烯类,代表药物亚胺培南。含并四苯结构(D错)的为四环素类,代表药物四环素。"} {"Question":"药物分子结构中引入手性中心后,得到的对映异构体,成为手性药物。这些药物的对映异构体之间在生物活性上有时存在很大的差别。下列药物中,属于手性药物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯胺酮"},{"key":"B","value":"乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"C","value":"氨氯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"普鲁卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"阿司匹林"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查药物的手性特征及其对药物作用的影响。氯胺酮(A对)是手性药物,有两个异构体,(+)-(S)-对映体具有麻醉作用,而(-)-(R)-对映体可产生中枢兴奋作用。抗结核病药乙胺丁醇(B对),分子中含有2个手性中心,但两个手性碳是相同的且分子是对称的,所以只有3个光学异构体。氨氯地平(C对)含一个手性碳,属于手性药物。普鲁卡因(D错)和阿司匹林(E错)不是手性药物。"} {"Question":"K⁺通道具有抑制作用,可诱发药源性心律失常的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伐昔洛韦"},{"key":"B","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"特非那定"},{"key":"D","value":"酮康唑"},{"key":"E","value":"沙丁胺醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物化学结构与生物活性。对hERG K⁺通道具有抑制作用,可诱发药源性心律失常的是特非那定(C对)。伐昔洛韦(A错)用于治疗水痘带状疱疹及Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型单纯性疱疹病毒感染,包括初发和复发的生殖器疱疹病毒感染。阿奇霉素(B错)为大环内酯类抗生素。酮康唑(D错)属于唑类抗真菌药。沙丁胺醇(E错)用于治疗哮喘。"} {"Question":"有较强的吸电子性,可增加脂溶性及药物作用时间的官能团是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟基"},{"key":"B","value":"硫醚"},{"key":"C","value":"羧酸"},{"key":"D","value":"卤素"},{"key":"E","value":"酰胺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的典型官能团对生物活性影响。卤素(D对)是很强的吸电子基,可增加脂溶性,减慢代谢,延长药物作用时间。药物分子中引入羟基(A错),增加水溶性,还可增加位阻,从而增加药物的稳定性。硫醚(B错)可氧化成亚砜或砜,极性增强。引入羧酸(C错),酸性增强,且羧酸易成酯,成酯后脂溶性增大,易于吸收。引入酰胺(E错)后,能够与生物大分子形成氢键,增强与受体的结合力。"} {"Question":"在体内因阻断hERG钾通道,可诱发室性心律失常而撤市的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司咪唑"},{"key":"B","value":"丙米嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"文拉法辛"},{"key":"D","value":"普拉洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"尼卡地平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物与体内代谢过程引发的毒副作用。阿司咪唑(A对)因干扰心肌细胞K⁺通道,引发致死性尖端扭转型室性心动过速,导致药源性心律失常,被美国FDA从市场撤回,并建议修改这类药物的说明书。"} {"Question":"十五元环的大环内酯类抗生素为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"罗红霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"克拉霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"琥乙红霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"红霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查大环内脂类抗菌药物。阿奇霉素(D对)在红霉素结构上修饰后得到的一种广谱抗生素,属于第二代十五元环的大环内酯类抗生素。罗红霉素(A错)、克拉霉素(B错)、琥乙红霉素(C错)、红霉素(E错)均属于十四元环的大环内酯类抗生素。"} {"Question":"氯丙嗪导致锥体外系反应是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α-受体阻断作用"},{"key":"B","value":"阻断结节-漏斗通路的D₂-受体"},{"key":"C","value":"M-受体阻断作用"},{"key":"D","value":"阻断黑质-纹状体通路的D₂-受体"},{"key":"E","value":"阻断黑质-纹状体通路的D₁-受体"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"第Ⅱ相生物结合代谢中发生的反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧化反应"},{"key":"B","value":"重排反应"},{"key":"C","value":"卤代反应"},{"key":"D","value":"甲基化反应"},{"key":"E","value":"乙基化反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物化学结构与第Ⅱ相生物转化的规律。甲基化反应(D对)属于第Ⅱ相生物结合代谢中发生的反应。第Ⅱ相生物转化包括:1.与葡萄糖醛酸的结合反应、2.与硫酸的结合反应、3.与氨基酸的结合反应、4.与谷胱甘肽的结合反应、5.乙酰化结合反应、6.甲基化结合反应。而氧化反应(A错)属于第Ⅰ相生物转化。重排(B错)反应、卤代反应(C错)和乙基化反应(E错)为干扰项,不属于第二相生物转化反应。"} {"Question":"体内可以代谢成吗啡,具有成瘾性的镇咳药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可待因"},{"key":"B","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"C","value":"对乙酰氨基酚"},{"key":"D","value":"乙酰半胱氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"羧甲司坦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查镇咳药可待因。可待因(A对)是吗啡的3位甲醚衍生物,在肝脏代谢,代谢后约8%生成吗啡,产生成瘾性。可待因可直接抑制延脑的咳嗽中枢,镇咳作用强。布洛芬(B错)是非甾体类解热镇痛药;对乙酰氨基酚(C错)为苯胺类解热镇痛药;乙酰半胱氨酸(D错)为黏液溶解剂,具有较强的黏痰溶解作用。羧甲司坦(E错)是一种化痰药物。"} {"Question":"表示体液酸碱度的参数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"pKₐ"},{"key":"B","value":"pH"},{"key":"C","value":"[α]D20"},{"key":"D","value":"lgP"},{"key":"E","value":"m.p."}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药代动力学参数。表示体液酸碱度的参数是pH(B对)。pKₐ(A错)是评价药物解离程度的参数,在化学及生物化学中,是指一个特定的平衡常数,以代表一种酸离解氢离子的能力。《中国药典》旋光度测定法(通则0621)规定:除另有规定外,测定温度为20℃,测定管长度为1dm(如使用其它管长,应进行换算),使用钠光谱的D线(589.3nm)作光源,在此条件下测得的比旋度用[α]D20(C错)表示。LogP(D错)可以用来表示脂溶性,其中P是脂水分配系数,常用其对数。m.p.(E错)表示熔点。"} {"Question":"胆固醇的生物合成途径如下:阿托伐他汀通过抑制羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶产生降血脂作用。阿托伐他汀抑制该酶活性的必需药效团是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙基"},{"key":"B","value":"吡咯环"},{"key":"C","value":"氟苯基"},{"key":"D","value":"3,5-二羟基戊酸结构片段"},{"key":"E","value":"酰苯胺基"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物结构与官能团。阿托伐他汀通过抑制羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶产生降血脂作用活性的必需药效团是有3, 5-二羟基羧酸(D对)。药物是由一个核心的主要骨架结构(母核起连接作用)和与之相连接的基团或片段(又称药效团作用是与靶标结合)组成。阿托伐他汀的母核是吡咯环(B错),含有3, 5-二羟基羧酸的结构片段,为其药效团。"} {"Question":"氯霉素的主要不良反应有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不可逆的再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制婴儿骨骼生长"},{"key":"D","value":"对早产儿和新生儿可引起循环衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"耳毒性"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查药物化学结构与第Ⅱ相生物转化的规律。氯霉素的不良反应有:1、血液系统异常:氯霉素可引起骨髓抑制,可能引起白细胞和血小板减少,甚至导致再生障碍性贫血(A对)。2、灰婴综合征:临床表现为腹胀、呕吐、进行性苍白、紫绀、微循环障碍(D对)、体温上升、呼吸不规则。3、周围神经炎和视神经炎:常在长期用药时发生。4、消化道反应:可出现腹泻、恶心、呕吐等。大量应用氯霉素治疗伤寒时会引起治疗性休克(B对) 5、过敏反应:较少见。一般较轻,停药后可迅速好转。6、二重感染:可导致变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、真菌等引起的肺、胃肠道及尿路感染。氯霉素不会抑制婴儿的骨骼生长(C错),不会引起耳毒性(E错)。"} {"Question":"在体内可被儿茶酚O-甲基转移酶快速甲基化,使活性降低的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"非尔氨酯"},{"key":"D","value":"吲哚美辛"},{"key":"E","value":"醋磺己脲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查肾上腺素。在体内可被儿茶酚O-甲基转移酶快速甲基化,使活性降低的药物是肾上腺素(B对)。参与甲基化反应的基团有酚羟基、胺基、巯基等。酚羟基的甲基化反应主要对象是具儿茶酚胺结构的活性物质,如肾上腺素,肾上腺素经儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)快速甲基化后生成3-O-甲基肾上腺素,活性降低。如支气管扩张药沙丁胺醇(A错)发生与硫酸的结合反应。钠通道阻滞药非尔氨酯(C错)首先在体内被酯酶水解并被醛脱氢酶催化下生成醛基氨甲酸酯,在发生分子内环合生成环唑啉酮,环唑啉酮脱氢生成强亲电性的2-苯基丙烯醛,易与蛋白的亲核基团发生迈克尔加成,产生特质性毒性。吲哚美辛(D错)在体内约有50%经O-脱甲基代谢,生成无活性的化合物。口服降糖药醋磺己脲(E错)发生脂环的氧化反应,主要代谢产物是反式4-羟基醋磺己脲。"} {"Question":"普鲁卡因在体内与受体之间存在多种结合形式,结合模式如图所示。图中,B区域的结合形式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢键作用"},{"key":"B","value":"离子-偶极作用"},{"key":"C","value":"偶极-偶极作用"},{"key":"D","value":"电荷转移作用"},{"key":"E","value":"疏水作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查非共价键的键合类型。偶极-偶极作用(C对)常见于羰基类化合物,普鲁卡因在体内与受体之间存在多种结合形式,结合模式如上图所示。A区域为范德华力,B区域为偶极-偶极作用,C区域为静电引力,D区域为疏水性作用。在药物和受体分子中,当碳原子与其它电负性较大的原子,如N、O、S、卤素等成键时,由于电负性较大原子的诱导作用使电荷分布不均匀,导致电子的不对称分布,产生电偶极。药物分子的偶极受到来自生物大分子的离子或其它电偶极基团的相互吸引,而产生相互作用,这种相互作用对稳定药物受体复合物起到重要作用,但是这种离子-偶极(B错),偶极-偶极的作用比离子产生的静电作用要弱的多。氢键作用(A错)是有机化学中最常见的一种非共价键作用形式。氢键的形成是由于药物分子中含有孤对电子的O、N、S等原子和与非碳的杂原子以共价键相连的氢原子之间形成的弱化学键。电荷转移作用(D错):电荷转移复合物发生在缺电子的电子接受体和富电子的电子共给体之间,当这两种分子相结合时,电子将在电子供给体和电子接受体之间转移,这种复合物实质是分子间的偶极-偶极相互作用。疏水作用(E错)是指分子中存在非极性基团(例如烃基)时,和水分子(广义地说和任何极性分子或分子中的极性基团)间存在相互排斥的作用,这种排斥作用称为疏水力。"} {"Question":"下列属于多功能酶系,可以催化数十种代谢反应,参与Ⅰ相代谢反应最主要的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CYP450酶"},{"key":"B","value":"过氧化酶"},{"key":"C","value":"单胺氧化酶"},{"key":"D","value":"黄素单加氧酶"},{"key":"E","value":"多巴胺β单加氧酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查细胞色素P450酶系。细胞色素P450(CYP450)酶(A对)是一个多功能酶系,可以催化数十种代谢反应。大多数药物都可CYP450催化而氧化,CYP450存在于肝脏及肝脏外组织的内质网中,是一组酶的总称。"} {"Question":"可减少利多卡因肝脏中分布量,减少其代谢,增加其血中浓度的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"华法林"},{"key":"C","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"甲苯磺丁脲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。去甲肾上腺素(A对)减少肝脏血流量,减少了利多卡因在其主要代谢部位肝脏中的分布量,从而减少该药的代谢,结果使血中利多卡因浓度增高。华法林(B错)主要经肝脏CYP450酶代谢,能够抑制CYP活性的药物,如甲硝唑、氯霉素、西咪替丁、奥美拉唑和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制药等,均可使华法林的代谢减慢,半衰期延长,抗凝作用加强。阿司匹林(C错)与甲氨蝶呤竞争血浆蛋白的结合部位,使游离型的甲氨蝶呤浓度增高,增加甲氨蝶呤的肝脏毒性。异丙肾上腺素(D错)与全麻药合用,可增加发生室性心律失常的可能性。甲苯磺丁脲(E错)与普萘洛尔、氢氯噻嗪、氯丙嗪、乙醇、赛庚啶和雄性激素等合用将减弱其降血糖作用。"} {"Question":"药物副作用是指:","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物蓄积过多引起的反应"},{"key":"B","value":"在治疗剂量时,机体出现与治疗目的无关的不适反应"},{"key":"C","value":"停药后血药浓度已降至阈浓度以下时产生的不适反应"},{"key":"D","value":"极少数人对药物特别敏感产生的反应"},{"key":"E","value":"过量药物引起的肝、肾功能障碍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列药物引发的毒性反应,属于神经毒性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西立伐他汀引起的横纹肌溶解"},{"key":"B","value":"环磷酰胺引起的骨髓抑制"},{"key":"C","value":"秋水仙碱引起的轴突损害"},{"key":"D","value":"庆大霉素引起的前庭毒性"},{"key":"E","value":"胺碘酮引起的髓鞘损害"}],"Answer":"CDE","Explanation":"本题考查药物毒副作用。引起神经系统损害的药物有抗肿瘤药秋水仙碱(C对)、氨基糖苷类抗生素(D对)、有机磷酸酯类、抗心律失常药胺碘酮(E对)、抗结核药异烟肼、抗精神失常药氯丙嗪等。"} {"Question":"属于第三信使的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"cGMP"},{"key":"B","value":"Ca²⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"cAMP"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"转化因子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查第三信使。属于第三信使的是转化因子(E对)。第三信使是指负责细胞核内外信息传递的物质,包括生长因子、转化因子等,其转导蛋白以及某些癌基因产物,参与基因调控、细胞增殖和分化以及肿瘤的形成等过程。cGMP(A错)、Ca²⁺(B错)、cAMP(C错)均为第二信使。肾上腺素(D错)为第一信使。"} {"Question":"用药剂量过大或体内蓄积过多时发生的危害机体的反应属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"继发性反应"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性反应"},{"key":"C","value":"特异质反应"},{"key":"D","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"E","value":"副作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应的分类。用药剂量过大或体内蓄积过多时发生的危害机体的反应属于毒性反应(B对)。毒性反应是指在药物剂量过大或体内蓄积过多时发生的危害机体的反应。继发性反应(A错)是由于药物的治疗作用所引起的不良后果,又称为治疗矛盾。特异质反应(C错)是指少数特异体质患者对某些药物反应异常敏感。变态反应(D错)是指机体受药物刺激所发生异常的免疫反应,引起机体生理功能障碍或组织损伤,又称为过敏反应。副作用(E错)是指在药物按正常用法用量使用时,出现的与治疗目的无关的不适反应。"} {"Question":"连续用药后,病原体对药物的敏感性降低称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐受性"},{"key":"B","value":"依赖性"},{"key":"C","value":"耐药性"},{"key":"D","value":"继发反应"},{"key":"E","value":"特异质反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查耐药性。连续用药后,病原体对药物的敏感性降低称为耐药性(C对)。耐受性(A错)是指在连续用药过程中,有的药物的药效会逐渐减弱,需加大剂量才能显效的现象。药物依赖性(B错)指长期用药后,患者对药物产生主观和客观上需要连续用药的现象,分为躯体依赖性和精神依赖性。继发反应(D错)指药物的治疗作用所引起的不良后果,也称治疗矛盾。特异质反应(E错)指个体对一种药物发生有别于常人的特殊反应。"} {"Question":"静脉注射给药后,通过提高渗透压而产生利尿作用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右旋糖酐"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氧化铝"},{"key":"C","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"D","value":"硫酸镁"},{"key":"E","value":"二巯基丁二酸钠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查甘露醇。静脉注射给药后,通过提高渗透压而产生利尿作用的药物是甘露醇(C对)。有些药物是通过简单的化学反应或物理作用而产生药理效应。例如,口服氢氧化铝(B错)、三硅酸镁等抗酸药中和胃酸,可用于治疗胃溃疡;静脉注射甘露醇,其在肾小管内产生高渗透压而利尿;二硫基丁二酸钠(E错)等络合剂可将汞、砷等重金属离子络合成环状物,促使其随尿液排出以解毒。此外,渗透性泻药硫酸镁(D错)和血容量扩张药右旋糖酐(A错)等通过局部形成高渗透压而产生相应的效应。"} {"Question":"引起等效反应的相对剂量或浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最小有效量"},{"key":"B","value":"效能"},{"key":"C","value":"效价强度"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗指数"},{"key":"E","value":"安全范围"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查效能和效价。引起等效反应的相对剂量或浓度是效价强度(C对)。效价强度是指能引起等效反应(一般采用50%效应量)的相对剂量或浓度。效价强度用于作用性质相同的药物之间的等效剂量或浓度的比较,其值越小则强度越大。最小有效量(A错)是指引起药理效应的最小药物剂量,也称阈剂量。效能(B错)反映了药物的内在活性,在质反应中阳性率100%。在一定范围内,增加药物剂量或浓度,其效应随之增加,但效应增至一定程度时,若继续增加剂量或浓度而效应不再继续增强,此药理效应的极限称为最大效应,也称效能。治疗指数(D错)是指药物LD₅₀与ED₅₀的比值,其表示药物的安全性,此数值越大越安全。安全范围(E错)是指ED₉₅和LD₅之间的距离,其值越大越安全。"} {"Question":"耐药性是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"机体连续多次用药后,其反应性降低,需加大剂量才能维持原有疗效的现象"},{"key":"B","value":"反复使用具有依赖性特征的药物,产生一种适应状态,中断用药后产生的一系列强烈的症状或损害"},{"key":"C","value":"病原微生物对抗菌药的敏感性降低甚至消失的现象"},{"key":"D","value":"连续用药后,可使机体对药物产生生理\/心理的需求"},{"key":"E","value":"长期使用拮抗药造成受体数量或敏感性提高的现象"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查耐药性。耐药性是病原微生物对抗菌药的敏感性降低甚至消失的现象(C对)。机体连续多次用药后,其反应性降低,需加大剂量才能维持原有疗效的现象(A错)为耐受性。反复使用具有依赖性特征的药物,产生一种适应状态,中断用药后产生的一系列强烈的症状或损害(B错)的现象为戒断综合征。连续用药后,可使机体对药物产生生理\/心理的需求(D错)的现象为药物依赖性。长期使用拮抗药造成受体数量或敏感性提高的现象(E错)为受体的向上调节。"} {"Question":"葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺陷的患者服用磺胺可出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灰婴综合征"},{"key":"B","value":"干咳"},{"key":"C","value":"溶血性贫血"},{"key":"D","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"E","value":"停药反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查影响药物的作用因素。葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺陷的患者服用磺胺可出现溶血性贫血(C对)。某些患者遗传性葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏,当其服用伯氨喹、磺胺类药物、阿司匹林、对乙酰氨基酚时,可引起溶血性贫血。灰婴综合征(A错)是氯霉素的不良反应。干咳(B错)常见于呼吸道感染、阿司匹林类药物等。变态反应(D错)是指机体受药物刺激所发生的异常免疫反应,引起机体生理功能障碍或组织损伤。停药反应(E错)是指患者长期应用某种药物,突然停药后出现原有疾病加剧的现象,又称回跃反应或反跳。"} {"Question":"呋塞米、氯噻嗪、环戊噻嗪与氢氯噻嗪的效价强度与效能比较见下图,对这四种利尿药的效能和效价强度的分析,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米的效价强度大于氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"呋塞米的效价强度小于氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米的效能强于氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"环戊噻嗪与氢氯噻嗪的效能相同"},{"key":"E","value":"环戊噻嗪的效价强度约为氢氯噻嗪的30倍"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查效能和效价。呋塞米的效价强度小于氢氯噻嗪(A错,为本题正确答案)。效价强度是指药物产生一定的效应所需的剂量或浓度,其值越小则强度越大。故效价强度环戊噻嗪>氢氯噻氢>呋塞米>氯噻嗪(BE对),呋塞米的效价强度小于氢氯噻嗪。效能指药物可产生的最大效应。继续增加剂量或浓度,效应不能再上升,以排钠量作为指标,环戊噻嗪、氢氯噻嗪和氯噻嗪无论剂量如何增加,都不能达到呋塞米所产生的效能,故效能最强的是呋塞米(C对),环戊噻嗪、氢氯噻嗪和氯噻嗪的效能相同(D对)。"} {"Question":"药物产生毒性反应的原因有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用药剂量过大"},{"key":"B","value":"机体对药物过于敏感"},{"key":"C","value":"药物有抗原性"},{"key":"D","value":"用药时间过长"},{"key":"E","value":"机体有遗传性疾病"}],"Answer":"AD","Explanation":"本题考查药品的不良反应。药物产生毒性反应的原因有药物剂量过大(A对)、用药时间过长(D对)。毒性反应是指在剂量过大或药物在体内蓄积过多时发生的危害性反应。机体对药物过于敏感(B错)和药物有抗原性(C错)是药物产生过敏反应的原因。机体有遗传性疾病(E错)是药物产生特异质反应的原因。"} {"Question":"阿托品常引起口干、尿潴留、视力模糊,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副作用"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性反应"},{"key":"C","value":"后遗效应"},{"key":"D","value":"继发反应"},{"key":"E","value":"首剂效应"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药品的不良反应。阿托品常引起口干、尿潴留、视力模糊,属于副作用(A对)。副作用是指在药物按正常用法用量使用时,出现的与治疗目的无关的不适反应。如阿托品用于解除胃肠痉挛时,会引起口干、尿潴留、视力模糊等副作用。毒性反应(B错)是指在药物剂量过大或体内蓄积过多时发生的危害机体的反应。后遗效应(C错)是指在停药后血药浓度已降低至最低有效浓度以下时仍残存的药理效应。继发反应(D错)是由于药物的治疗作用所引起的不良反应。首剂效应(E错)是指一些患者在初服某种药物时,由于机体对药物作用尚未适应而引起不可耐受的强烈反应。例如哌唑嗪等按照常规剂量开始治疗常可致血压骤降。"} {"Question":"在药物安全指标中,药物安全范围指的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"ED₅和LD₉₅之间的距离"},{"key":"B","value":"ED₉₅和LD₅之间的距离"},{"key":"C","value":"ED₁和LD₉₉之间的距离"},{"key":"D","value":"ED₅₀和LD₅₀之间的距离"},{"key":"E","value":"ED₉₉和LD₁之间的距离"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物安全范围。在药物安全指标中,药物安全范围指的是ED₉₅和LD₅之间的距离(B对)。较好的药物安全指标是ED₉₅和LD₅之间的距离,称为药物安全范围,其值越大越安全。药物LD₅₀和ED₅₀的比值(D错)表示药物的安全性,称为治疗指数(TI)。"} {"Question":"肾上腺素的药理作用包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心率加快"},{"key":"B","value":"骨骼肌血管血流增加"},{"key":"C","value":"收缩压下降"},{"key":"D","value":"促进糖原合成"},{"key":"E","value":"扩张支气管"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":"本题考查肾上腺素的药理作用。肾上腺素α和β受体激动药,其药理作用主要表现为兴奋心血管系统、抑制支气管平滑肌和促进新陈代谢。肾上腺素可直接作用于心肌、窦房结和传导组织的β₁和β₂受体,使心肌收缩力增强、心率加快(A对)、传导加速、兴奋性加强。作用于骨骼肌血管时β受体占优势,可产生舒张作用,骨骼肌血管血流增加(B对)。肾上腺素激动支气管平滑肌的β₂受体,使支气管平滑肌松弛(E对),当支气管痉挛时其舒张作用更为明显。肾上腺素对血压的影响与用药剂量和给药速度有关。在极小剂量下,收缩压和舒张压均下降。皮下注射治疗量或慢速静脉滴注时,心肌收缩力增强,心排出量增加,故收缩压升高(C错);因骨骼肌血管的舒张作用抵消或超过皮肤、黏膜和腹腔内脏血管的收缩作用,故舒张压不变或下降,脉压增加,有利于血液对各组织器官的灌注。肾上腺素能增强机体代谢。治疗量可使耗氧量增加20%~30%。通过激动肝脏的α受体和β₂受体促进肝糖原分解(D错)和糖异生,导致血糖升高。"} {"Question":"长期使用麻醉药品,机体对药物的适应性状态属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"身体依赖性"},{"key":"B","value":"药物敏化现象"},{"key":"C","value":"药物滥用"},{"key":"D","value":"药物耐受性"},{"key":"E","value":"抗药性"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物滥用与药物依赖性。长期使用麻醉药品,机体对药物的适应性状态属于身体依赖性(A对)。躯体依赖性是指中枢神经系统对长期使用的药物所产生的一种身体适应状态;一旦停药,将发生一系列生理功能紊乱,称为戒断综合征。可以产生身体依赖性的药物有阿片类(如阿片、吗啡、海洛因等)、镇静催眠药(巴比妥类、苯二氮䓬类)和酒精等。药物敏化现象(B错)是药物使另一药物对其作用部位的亲和力和敏感性增强的现象。药物滥用(C错)是指非医疗目的地使用具有致依赖性潜能的精神活性物质的行为。药物耐受性(D错)是指在连续用药过程中,有的药物的药效会逐渐减弱,需加大剂量才能显效的现象。抗药性(E错)又称耐药性,系指在化学治疗中,病原体或肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性降低的现象。"} {"Question":"属于药物流行病学研究的内容有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应用横断面调查研究方法调查老年患者镇静催眠药滥用情况"},{"key":"B","value":"西立伐他汀与贝丁酸类药物联合使用,导致横纹肌溶解症的病例对照研究"},{"key":"C","value":"高效液相色谱法测定尼尔雌醇片中尼尔雌醇的含量"},{"key":"D","value":"高效液相色谱法测定血浆桉油精的含量"},{"key":"E","value":"奥美拉唑胶囊体内药物动力学研究"}],"Answer":"AB","Explanation":"本题考查药物流行病学。药物流行病学的研究方法主要有描述性研究、分析性研究和实验性研究。应用横断面调查研究方法调查老年患者镇静催眠药滥用情况(A对)属于描述性研究。西立伐他汀与贝丁酸类药物联合使用,导致横纹肌溶解症的病例对照研究(B对)属于分析性研究。高效液相色谱法测定尼尔雌醇片中尼尔雌醇的含量(C错)属于药品质量检验范畴。高效液相色谱法测定血浆桉油精的含量(D错)属于体内药物检测的内容。奥美拉唑胶囊体内药物动力学研究(E错)属于药物动力学研究。"} {"Question":"反映药物安全性的指标是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"效价"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗量"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗指数"},{"key":"D","value":"阈剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"效能"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查治疗指数。反映药物安全性的指标是治疗指数(C对)。药物LD₅₀与ED₅₀的比值表示药物的安全性,称为治疗指数(TI)。效价(A错)用于作用性质相同的药物之间的等效剂量或浓度的比较,指能引起等效反应(一般采用50%效应量)的相对剂量或浓度,值越小则强度越大。药物发挥药理作用要达到最小有效剂量,也称阈剂量(D错)。当药物剂量高于阈剂量时,药效随剂量的增加而加大,增大到一定浓度后效应便不再增加。在一定范围内,增加药物剂量或浓度,其效应随之增加,但效应增至一定程度时,若继续增加剂量或浓度而效应不再继续增强,此药理效应的极限称为最大效应,也称效能。效能(E错)反映药物的内在活性。"} {"Question":"降压药联用硝酸酯类药物引起直立性低血压是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增强作用"},{"key":"B","value":"增敏作用"},{"key":"C","value":"脱敏作用"},{"key":"D","value":"诱导作用"},{"key":"E","value":"拮抗作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。硝酸酯类与降压药联用会增加降压作用,引起直立性低血压,属于药物协同作用中的增强作用(A对);增敏作用(B错)指某药可使组织或受体对另一药的敏感性增强;脱敏作用(C错)指某药可使组织或受体对另一药物的敏感性减弱;酶诱导效应(D错)指某些药能增加肝药酶的活性,使药物代谢加快;拮抗作用(E错)指两种或两种以上药物作用相反,或发生竞争性或生理性拮抗作用。"} {"Question":"因影响细胞内Ca²⁺的稳态而导致各种心律失常不良反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多柔比星"},{"key":"B","value":"索他洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"强心苷"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查强心苷。因影响细胞内Ca²⁺的稳态而导致各种心律失常不良反应的药物是强心苷(E对)。强心苷引起Ca²⁺浓度的增高和K⁺浓度降低是其导致各种心律失常的主要原因;多柔比星(A错)可能通过氧自由基的途径对心脏产生毒性;索他洛尔(B错)能够阻断与复极化过程有关的K⁺通道,抑制K⁺外流,或增加内向电流如Na⁺和Ca²⁺内流,可导致心电图Q-T间期延长,引起尖端扭转型室性心律失常;普鲁卡因胺(C错)对心脏的影响包括降低自律性、减慢传导和延长有效不应期等;肾上腺素(D错)激动心脏β₂受体使冠脉扩张,心肌代谢产物增加,具有诱发心绞痛的潜在毒性。"} {"Question":"氯霉素或抗肿瘤药所致的骨髓抑制,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副作用"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性反应"},{"key":"C","value":"首剂效应"},{"key":"D","value":"药物本身作用"},{"key":"E","value":"变态反应"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查毒性反应。氯霉素或抗肿瘤药所致的骨髓抑制,属于毒性反应(B对)。毒性反应是指在药物剂量过大或体内蓄积过多时发生的危害机体的反应。长期用药时由于药物在体内蓄积而逐渐发生的毒性称为慢性毒性,多损害肝、肾、骨髓、内分泌等功能。副作用(A错)是指在药物按正常用法用量使用时,出现的与治疗目的无关的不适反应。首剂效应(C错)是指一些患者在初服某种药物时,由于机体对药物作用尚未适应而引起不可耐受的强烈反应。例如哌唑嗪等按照常规剂量开始治疗常可致血压骤降。变态反应(E错)是指机体受药物刺激所发生异常的免疫反应,引起机体生理功能障碍或组织损伤。"} {"Question":"多巴胺注射液加入5%碳酸氢钠溶液中逐渐变成粉红色属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药理学的配伍变化"},{"key":"B","value":"给药途径的变化"},{"key":"C","value":"适应证的变化"},{"key":"D","value":"物理学的配伍变化"},{"key":"E","value":"化学的配伍变化"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的配伍变化。多巴胺注射液与碳酸氢钠注射液配伍后会逐渐变成粉红至紫色,属于化学的配伍变化(E对)。化学配伍变化系指药物之间发生了化学反应,产生沉淀、变色、产气、发生爆炸等现象。"} {"Question":"药品不良反应监测的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物不良反应监测是指对上市后的药品实施的监测"},{"key":"B","value":"药物不良反应监测包括药物警戒的所有内容"},{"key":"C","value":"药物不良反应监测主要针对质量合格的药品"},{"key":"D","value":"药物不良反应监测主要包括对药品不良信息的收集,分析和监测"},{"key":"E","value":"药物不良反应监测不包含药物滥用与误用的监测"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品不良反应监测。药物警戒是与发现、评价、理解和预防不良反应或其他任何可能与药物有关问题的科学研究与活动。药物警戒不仅涉及药物的不良反应,还涉及与药物相关的其他问题,如不合格药品、药物治疗错误、缺乏有效性的报告、对没有充分科学根据而不被认可的适应证的用药、急慢性中毒的病例报告、与药物相关的病死率的评价、药物的滥用与错用、药物与化学药物、其他药物和食品的不良相互作用(B错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"下列属于生理性拮抗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酚妥拉明与肾上腺素"},{"key":"B","value":"肾上腺素拮抗组胺治疗过敏性休克"},{"key":"C","value":"鱼精蛋白对抗肝素导致的出血"},{"key":"D","value":"苯巴比妥导致避孕药失效"},{"key":"E","value":"美托洛尔对抗异丙肾上腺素兴奋心脏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生理性拮抗。肾上腺素拮抗组胺治疗过敏性休克(B对)属于生理性拮抗。酚妥拉明拮抗肾上腺素对α受体的作用属于竞争特殊受体产生拮抗作用(A错);鱼精蛋白使肝素的抗凝血作用消失为化学性拮抗(C错);苯巴比妥导致避孕药失效(D错)与美托洛尔拮抗异丙肾上腺素均属于药理性拮抗(E错)。"} {"Question":"与药物剂量和本身药理作用无关、不可预测的药物不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副作用"},{"key":"B","value":"首剂效应"},{"key":"C","value":"后遗效应"},{"key":"D","value":"特异质反应"},{"key":"E","value":"继发反应"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。与药物剂量和本身药理作用无关、不可预测的药物不良反应是特异质反应(D对)。特异质反应是指因先天性遗传异常,少数患者用药后发生与药物本身的药理作用无关的有害反应。副作用(A错)是药物固有的药理作用所产生的,由于药物作用的选择性低,药理效应涉及多个器官,当某一效应用于治疗目的时,其他效应就成为了副作用,所以副作用与本身药理作用有关。首剂效应(B错)是指首剂药物按常量给予引起不适的现象,这种药物需要用量从小剂量开始,逐渐加大到一般剂量。后遗效应(C错)是指在停药后,血药浓度已降至最小有效浓度以下时残存的药理效应。继发反应(E错)是继发于药物治疗作用之后的不良反应,是治疗剂量下治疗作用本身带来的间接结果,继发反应也是与药物本身药理作用有关的。"} {"Question":"药物引起的与遗传异常有关的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副作用"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性反应"},{"key":"C","value":"变态反应"},{"key":"D","value":"后遗效应"},{"key":"E","value":"特异质反应"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。药物引起的与遗传异常有关的不良反应是特异质反应(E对)。特异质反应是指因先天性遗传异常,少数患者用药后发生与药物本身的药理作用无关的有害反应。副作用(A错)是指在药物按正常用法用量使用时,出现的与治疗目的无关的不适反应。毒性反应(B错)是指在药物剂量过大或体内积蓄过多时发生的危害机体的反应。变态反应(C错)是指机体受药物刺激所引起的异常免疫反应,引起机体生理功能障碍或组织损伤。后遗效应(D错)是指在停药后血药浓度已降至最低有效浓度以下时仍残留的药理效应。"} {"Question":"耐受性是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"机体连续多次用药后,其反应性降低,需加大剂量才能维持原有疗效的现象"},{"key":"B","value":"反复使用具有依赖性特征的药物,产生一种适应状态,中断用药后产生的一系列强烈的症状或损害"},{"key":"C","value":"病原微生物对抗菌药的敏感性降低甚至消失的现象"},{"key":"D","value":"连续用药后,可使机体对药物产生生理\/心理的需求"},{"key":"E","value":"长期使用拮抗药造成受体数量或敏感性提高的现象"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查耐受性。耐受性(A对)机体连续多次用药后,其反应性降低,需加大剂量才能维持原有疗效的现象。反复使用具有依赖性特征的药物,产生一种适应状态,中断用药后产生的一系列强烈的症状或损害(B错)的现象为戒断综合征。病原微生物对抗菌药的敏感性降低甚至消失的现象(C错)为耐药性。连续用药后,可使机体对药物产生生理\/心理的需求(D错)的现象为药物依赖性。长期使用拮抗药造成受体数量或敏感性提高的现象(E错)为受体的向上调节。"} {"Question":"患者,女,60岁,因患哮喘服用氨茶碱缓释剂,近日,因胃溃疡服用西咪替丁,三日后出现心律失常、心悸、恶心等症状。将西咪替丁换成法莫替丁后,上述症状消失,引起该患者心律失常及心悸等症状的主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西咪替丁与氨茶碱竞争血浆蛋白"},{"key":"B","value":"西咪替丁抑制肝药酶,减慢了氨茶碱的代谢"},{"key":"C","value":"西咪替丁抑制氨茶碱的肾小管分泌"},{"key":"D","value":"西咪替丁促进氨茶碱的吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"西咪替丁增强组织对氨茶碱的敏感性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查影响药物代谢的作用形式。西咪替丁是酶抑制剂,减少氨茶碱的代谢(B对)。酶的抑制可以减少肝药酶活性,代谢减慢,使受影响的药物作用加强或延长。包括氯霉素,西咪替丁,异烟肼,胺碘酮,红霉素,甲硝唑,咪康唑,哌醋甲酯,磺吡酮,三环类抗抑郁药,吩噻嗪类药物等。"} {"Question":"两性离子表面活性剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵磷脂"},{"key":"B","value":"吐温80"},{"key":"C","value":"司盘80"},{"key":"D","value":"卖泽"},{"key":"E","value":"十二烷基硫酸钠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。卵磷脂(A对)属于两性离子表面活性剂;吐温80(B错)为非离子型表面活性剂;司盘80(C错)为非离子型表面活性剂;卖泽(D错)为非离子型表面活性剂;十二烷基硫酸钠(E错)为阴离子型表面活性剂。"} {"Question":"通式为RNH⁺X⁻的阳离子表面活性剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬脂酸钠"},{"key":"B","value":"苯扎溴铵"},{"key":"C","value":"卵磷脂"},{"key":"D","value":"聚乙烯醇"},{"key":"E","value":"聚山梨酯80"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。苯扎溴铵(B对)属于阳离子表面活性剂;硬脂酸钠(A错)为阴离子表面活性剂;卵磷脂(C错)为两性离子表面活性剂;聚乙烯醇(D错)为高分子表面活性剂;聚山梨脂80(E错)为非离子表面活性剂。"} {"Question":"制备固体分散物的常用方法不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶剂法"},{"key":"B","value":"熔融法"},{"key":"C","value":"复凝聚法"},{"key":"D","value":"溶剂-熔融法"},{"key":"E","value":"溶剂-喷雾(冷冻)干燥法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"清除粪便、降低肠压,使肠道恢复正常功能为目的的液体制剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泻下灌肠剂"},{"key":"B","value":"含药灌肠剂"},{"key":"C","value":"涂剂"},{"key":"D","value":"灌洗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"洗剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"单糖浆可作为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳化剂"},{"key":"B","value":"助悬剂"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查混悬剂。助悬剂(B对)系指能增加分散介质的黏度以降低微粒的沉降速度或增加微粒亲水性的附加剂。常用的助悬剂有:1.低分子助悬剂。如甘油、糖浆剂等,在外用混悬剂中常加入甘油。2.高分子助悬剂。可加入天然的高分子助悬剂,如阿拉伯胶、西黄蓍胶、桃胶、海藻酸钠、琼脂、淀粉浆等;也可加入合成或半合成高分子助悬剂,如甲基纤维素、羧甲纤维素钠、羟丙纤维素、卡波姆、聚维酮、葡聚糖等。乳化剂是指乳剂制备时,除油相与水相外,尚需要加入的能促使分散相乳化并保持稳定的物质。单糖浆不作为乳化剂使用(ACD错)。"} {"Question":"使湿物料在热空气的吹动下上下翻腾的干燥设备称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红外干燥器"},{"key":"B","value":"喷雾干燥机"},{"key":"C","value":"流化床干燥机"},{"key":"D","value":"微波干燥器"},{"key":"E","value":"箱式干燥器"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"淀粉可作为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"B","value":"黏合剂"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均可"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不可"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的常用辅料。淀粉可用作片剂的稀释剂、黏合剂、崩解剂(C对),黏合剂用量在5%~25%,崩解剂用量在3%~15%。"} {"Question":"用于调节缓释制剂中药物释放速度的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β-环糊精"},{"key":"B","value":"液状石蜡"},{"key":"C","value":"羊毛脂"},{"key":"D","value":"七氟丙烷"},{"key":"E","value":"硬脂醇"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查骨架型缓释材料。溶蚀性骨架材料是指疏水性强的脂肪类或蜡类物质,如动物脂肪、蜂蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、氢化植物油、硬脂醇(E对)、单硬脂酸甘油酯、硬脂酸丁酯等,可延滞水溶性药物的溶解、释放过程。β-环糊精(A错)是制备包合物的包合材料。液体石蜡(B错)为液体制剂中常用的非极性溶剂。羊毛脂(C错)是W\/O型乳膏剂常用的乳化剂。七氟丙烷(D错)可作为气雾剂的抛射剂。"} {"Question":"固体分散物的特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可延缓药物的水解和氧化"},{"key":"B","value":"可掩盖药物的不良气味和刺激性"},{"key":"C","value":"可提高药物的生物利用度"},{"key":"D","value":"采用水溶性载体材料可达到缓释作用"},{"key":"E","value":"可使液态药物固体化"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查固体分散物的特点。固体分散物能够利用不同性质的载体使药物在高度分散状态下达到不同要求。采用水溶性载体可达到迅速溶解与吸收作用(D错,为本题正确答案);采用难溶性载体可达到缓释作用,提高药物的生物利用度(C对);固体分散物利用载体的包蔽作用,可延缓药物的水解和氧化(A对);掩盖药物的不良气味和刺激性(B对);使液态药物固体化(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于注射剂质量要求,说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射剂中的降压物质应符合规定"},{"key":"B","value":"溶液型注射液的可见异物应符合规定"},{"key":"C","value":"用量大、供静脉注射的注射剂应具有比血浆低的渗透压"},{"key":"D","value":"注射剂应具有必要的物理、化学及生物学稳定性"},{"key":"E","value":"注射剂的pH应和血液pH相等或相近,一般控制在4~9的范围"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查注射剂的质量要求。注射剂的质量要求:1.注射剂的pH应和血液pH相等或相近(E对);2.对用量大、供静脉注射的注射剂应具有与血浆相同的或略偏高的渗透压;3.注射剂要具有必要的物理稳定性和化学稳定性(D对),以确保产品在贮存期内安全、有效;4.注射剂必须对机体无毒性、无刺激性,降压物质必须符合规定(A对),确保安全;5.溶液型注射液应澄明,不得含有可见的异物或不溶性微粒(B对)。"} {"Question":"吐温类溶血作用由大到小的顺序为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吐温80>吐温40>吐温60>吐温20"},{"key":"B","value":"吐温20>吐温60>吐温40>吐温80"},{"key":"C","value":"吐温80>吐温60>吐温40>吐温20"},{"key":"D","value":"吐温20>吐温40>吐温60>吐温80"},{"key":"E","value":"吐温20>吐温80>吐温40>吐温60"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。溶血作用的顺序:聚氧乙烯烷基醚>聚氧乙烯芳基醚>聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯>吐温20>吐温60>吐温40>吐温80(B对)。"} {"Question":"薄膜包衣片的崩解时限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"5分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"15分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"30分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"60分钟"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的崩解时限。薄膜衣片崩解时间为30min(D对);分散片、可溶片的崩解时限为3min(A错);舌下片、泡腾片的崩解时限为5min(B错);普通片剂为15min(C错);糖衣片应在1小时(E错)内全部崩解。"} {"Question":"下列有关液体制剂特点的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分散度大,吸收慢"},{"key":"B","value":"给药途径广,可内服也可外用"},{"key":"C","value":"易引起药物的化学降解"},{"key":"D","value":"携带运输不方便"},{"key":"E","value":"易霉变常需加入防腐剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查液体制剂的特点。液体制剂的特点:(1)药物以分子或微粒状态分散在介质中,分散程度高,吸收快,作用较迅速(A错,为本题正确答案);(2)给药途径广,可内服也可外用(B对);(3)药物分散程度大,易引起药物的化学降解,从而导致失效(C对);(4)液体制剂体积较大,携带运输不方便(D对);(5)水溶性制剂容易霉变,故常需加入防腐剂(E对)。"} {"Question":"表示表面活性剂分子中亲水和亲油基团对油或水的综合亲合力","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"F值"},{"key":"B","value":"HLB值"},{"key":"C","value":"Krafft点"},{"key":"D","value":"昙点"},{"key":"E","value":"F₀值"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肠溶性包衣材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CAP"},{"key":"B","value":"EC"},{"key":"C","value":"PEG400"},{"key":"D","value":"HPMC"},{"key":"E","value":"CMC-Na"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的包衣。CAP(醋酸纤维素酞酸酯)(A对)在胃中不溶,可在肠液中溶解,为肠溶型包衣材料;EC(乙基纤维素)(B错)为不溶性包衣材料;PEG400(C错)不用作包衣材料;HPMC(D错)为胃溶型包衣材料;CCMC-Na(交联羧甲基纤维素钠)(E错)为崩解剂。"} {"Question":"微粉硅胶可作为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"B","value":"黏合剂"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均可"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不可"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的常用辅料。微粉硅胶为常用的润滑剂(广义),不能用作崩解剂和黏合剂(D对)。常用的崩解剂有干淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠(CMS-Na)、低取代羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC)、交联羧甲基纤维素钠(CCMC-Na)、交联聚维酮(PVPP)、泡腾崩解剂等。常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(常用浓度为8%~15%)、甲基纤维素(MC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、羟丙甲纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、乙基纤维素(EC)等。"} {"Question":"软胶囊剂常用的制备方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"挤出滚圆法"},{"key":"B","value":"压制法"},{"key":"C","value":"复凝聚法"},{"key":"D","value":"液中析晶法"},{"key":"E","value":"融熔法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查软胶囊剂的制备方法。软胶囊剂的制备方法常用滴制法和压制法(B对)。挤出滚圆法(A错)是小丸常用的制备方法。复凝聚法(C错)是微囊的制备方法。液中析晶法(D错)是制粒方法。融熔法(E错)是固体分散体的制备方法。"} {"Question":"通过与物料接触的壁面传递热能,使物料中的水分气化而达到干燥目的的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对流干燥"},{"key":"B","value":"辐射干燥"},{"key":"C","value":"间歇式干燥"},{"key":"D","value":"传导干燥"},{"key":"E","value":"介电加热干燥"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于水溶性高分子增稠材料的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟苯乙酯"},{"key":"B","value":"明胶"},{"key":"C","value":"乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物"},{"key":"D","value":"β-环糊精"},{"key":"E","value":"醋酸纤维素肽酸酯"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查水溶性高分子增稠材料。明胶(B对)是一种增稠剂。增稠剂是指一类水溶性高分子材料,溶于水后,其溶液黏度随浓度的增大而增大,可以减慢药物扩散速度,延缓其吸收,主要用于液体制剂。属于水溶性高分子增稠材料除明胶外还有:PVP、CMC、PVA、右旋糖酐等。羟苯乙酯(A错)是液体制剂中常用的防腐剂。乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(C错)为不溶性骨架材料。β-环糊精(D错)常用于包合物的制作。醋酸纤维素酞酸酯(CAP)(E错)为肠溶性包衣材料。"} {"Question":"属于两性离子型表面活性剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"司盘20"},{"key":"B","value":"十二烷基苯磺酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"苯扎溴铵"},{"key":"D","value":"卵磷脂"},{"key":"E","value":"吐温80"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。卵磷脂(D对)为天然的两性离子表面活性剂;司盘20(A错)即脱水山梨醇月桂酸酯,是非离子表面活性剂;十二烷基苯磺酸钠(B错)是阴离子表面活性剂;苯扎溴铵(C错)是阳离子表面活性剂;吐温80(E错)即聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯,是非离子表面活性剂。"} {"Question":"具有焦耳-汤姆逊冷却效应,适用于热敏性物料的粉碎设备","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球磨机"},{"key":"B","value":"气流式粉碎机"},{"key":"C","value":"V型混合机"},{"key":"D","value":"冲击式粉碎机"},{"key":"E","value":"胶体磨"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"常用于包衣的水不溶性材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚乙烯醇(PVA)"},{"key":"B","value":"聚乙二醇(PEG)"},{"key":"C","value":"交联聚维酮(PVPP)"},{"key":"D","value":"聚乳酸羟乙酸(PLGA)"},{"key":"E","value":"乙基纤维素(EC)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查常用于包衣的水不溶性材料。乙基纤维素(EC)(E对)为水不溶性包衣材料;聚乙烯醇(PVA)(A错)为水溶性包衣材料;交联聚维酮(PVPP)(C错)为崩解剂;聚乙二醇(PEG)(B错)为黏合剂;聚乳酸羟乙酸(PLGA)(D错)为合成高分子囊材。"} {"Question":"用纱布、棉花蘸取后用于皮肤或口、喉黏膜的液体制剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泻下灌肠剂"},{"key":"B","value":"含药灌肠剂"},{"key":"C","value":"涂剂"},{"key":"D","value":"灌洗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"洗剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于水不溶性包衣材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"醋酸纤维素"},{"key":"B","value":"羟丙基甲基纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"丙烯酸Ⅱ号"},{"key":"D","value":"川蜡"},{"key":"E","value":"邻苯二甲酸二丁酯"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的包衣。醋酸纤维素(A对)属于水不溶性包衣材料;羟丙基甲基纤维素(B错)为胃溶型包衣材料;丙烯酸Ⅱ号(C错)为肠溶型薄膜包衣材料;川蜡(D错)为打光剂;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(E错)为增塑剂。"} {"Question":"以PEG6000为滴丸基质时,可用作冷凝液的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"β-环糊精"},{"key":"B","value":"液状石蜡"},{"key":"C","value":"羊毛脂"},{"key":"D","value":"七氟丙烷"},{"key":"E","value":"硬脂醇"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查滴丸剂。液状石蜡(B对)与PEG6000互不作用、不相混溶,可以用作冷凝液。β-环糊精(A错)的空腔结构可与小分子化合物通过非共价键的分子间相互作用形成主-客体包合物;羊毛脂(C错)为优良的软膏基质及油包水型乳剂的乳化剂;七氟丙烷(D错)是一种以化学灭火为主兼有物理灭火作用的洁净气体化学灭火剂;硬脂醇(E错)为生物溶蚀性骨架材料。"} {"Question":"表面活性剂可用作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稀释剂"},{"key":"B","value":"增溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"乳化剂"},{"key":"D","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"E","value":"成膜剂"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。表面活性剂可用作增溶剂(B对)、乳化剂(C对)、润湿剂(D对)、助悬剂、起泡剂和消泡剂、去污剂、消毒剂和杀菌剂。稀释剂(A错)为用来增加片剂的重量或体积的辅料,如淀粉;成膜剂(E错)为能够形成连续薄膜的聚合物。"} {"Question":"可用于软胶囊中的分散介质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二氧化硅"},{"key":"B","value":"二氧化钛"},{"key":"C","value":"二氯甲烷"},{"key":"D","value":"聚乙二醇400"},{"key":"E","value":"聚乙烯吡咯烷酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查胶囊剂。有些软胶囊中的主药不溶于溶剂,多采用聚乙二醇400(D对)作分散介质;二氧化硅(A错)在食品工业是优良的促进剂;二氧化钛(B错)是应用广泛的白色素;二氯甲烷(C错)可作为反应介质;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(E错)为不溶性食品添加剂。"} {"Question":"可作为粉末直接压片“干黏合剂”使用的辅料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"微晶纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"D","value":"糖粉"},{"key":"E","value":"药用碳酸钙"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的常用辅料。微晶纤维素(B对)(MCC)具有良好的结合力与良好的可压性,亦有“干黏合剂”之称,可用作粉末直接压片。淀粉(C错)常与可压性较好的蔗糖粉、糊精等混合使用。糖粉(D错)系指结晶性蔗糖经低温干燥粉碎后而成的白色粉末,其优点是黏合力强、可用来增加片剂的硬度,缺点是吸湿性较强。硫酸钙(A错)与药用碳酸钙(E错)为无机盐类填充剂,不用于粉末直接压片。"} {"Question":"下列辅料中,属于水不溶性包衣材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚乙烯醇"},{"key":"B","value":"醋酸纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"羟丙基纤维素"},{"key":"D","value":"聚乙二醇"},{"key":"E","value":"聚维酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的包衣。醋酸纤维素(B对)属于水不溶性包衣材料;聚乙烯醇(A错)为水溶性包衣材料;羟丙基纤维素(C错)为普通型包衣材料;聚乙二醇(D错)和聚维酮(E错)均为黏合剂。"} {"Question":"胶囊剂不检查的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"装量差异"},{"key":"B","value":"崩解时限"},{"key":"C","value":"硬度"},{"key":"D","value":"水分"},{"key":"E","value":"外观"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查胶囊剂。硬度(C错,为本题正确答案)检查是片剂的质量检查项,胶囊剂不需要检查硬度。胶囊剂的质量检项目主要包括:(1)胶囊剂应外观整洁(E对),不得有黏结、变形、渗漏或囊壳破裂现象,并应无异臭;(2)中药硬胶囊应做水分检查(D对);(3)胶囊剂需要进行装量差异的检查(A对);(4)胶囊剂需要进行崩解时限的检查(B对),按照崩解时限检查法检查,均应符合规定。"} {"Question":"新洁尔灭属于哪类消毒剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表面活性剂"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化剂"},{"key":"C","value":"烷基化合物"},{"key":"D","value":"酚类"},{"key":"E","value":"醇类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查表面活性剂。新洁尔灭即苯扎溴铵的商品名,为阳离子表面活性剂(A对)。氧化剂类(B错)消毒剂有高锰酸钾;烷基化消毒剂(C错)有福尔马林;酚类(D错)消毒剂有苯酚;醇类(E错)消毒剂有乙醇。"} {"Question":"乳剂属热力学不稳定非均相分散体系,其不可逆变化有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分层"},{"key":"B","value":"絮凝"},{"key":"C","value":"转相"},{"key":"D","value":"合并"},{"key":"E","value":"破裂"}],"Answer":"DE","Explanation":"本题考查乳剂。乳剂属热力学不稳定非均相分散体系,其不可逆变化有合并(D对)、破裂(E对)。合并是指乳剂中乳滴周围的乳化膜出现部分破裂导致液滴合并变大的现象。破裂指液滴合并进一步发展,最后使得乳剂形成油相和水相两相的现象。破裂是一个不可逆过程。分层(A错)是乳剂放置后出现分散相粒子上浮或者下沉的现象,分层的乳剂经振摇后仍能恢复成均匀的乳剂。絮凝(B错)是指乳剂中分散相的乳滴发生可逆的聚集现象。转相(C错)是乳剂由于某些条件的变化而改变乳剂的类型,也是可逆的。"} {"Question":"控释制剂的作用原理是影响药物的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"溶解"},{"key":"C","value":"渗透压"},{"key":"D","value":"解离"},{"key":"E","value":"排泄"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":"本题考查缓(控)释制剂。控释制剂的作用原理包括扩散(A对)原理、溶蚀与扩散、溶出结合原理、渗透压(C对)原理。由于药物的释放受溶出速度的限制,溶出速度慢的药物显示出缓释的性质,而非控释(B错)。离子交换系统是由水不溶性交联聚合物组成的树脂,其聚合物链的重复单元上含有成盐基团,药物可结合于树脂上,当带有适当电荷的离子与离子交换基团接触时,通过交换将药物游离释放出来(D错)。排泄是药物及其代谢产物排出体外的过程(E错)。"} {"Question":"制剂处方中不含辅料的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素C泡腾颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"蛇胆川贝散"},{"key":"C","value":"板蓝根颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"元胡止痛滴丸"},{"key":"E","value":"利福昔明干混悬颗粒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查蛇胆川贝散。制剂处方中不含辅料的药品是蛇胆川贝散(B对)。蛇胆川贝散中蛇胆汁和川贝母分别为液体和固体主药成分,制备时将干燥川贝母粉碎为细粉,与蛇胆汁吸附混匀,干燥粉碎过筛。维生素C泡腾颗粒(A错)中维生素C为主药,另加了泡腾崩解剂、着色剂、稀释剂、矫味剂等;板蓝根颗粒(C错)中板蓝根为主药,辅料有糊精、蔗糖;利福昔明干混悬颗粒(E错)辅料有微晶纤维素、果胶、蔗糖等。"} {"Question":"片剂的黏合剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"PVP"},{"key":"B","value":"PEG"},{"key":"C","value":"A和B均用"},{"key":"D","value":"A和B均不用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的常用辅料。黏合剂系指依靠本身所具有的黏性赋予无黏性或黏性不足的物料以适宜黏性的辅料,常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆、甲基纤维素(MC)、羟丙基纤维素(HPC)、羟丙基甲基纤维素 (HPMC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC-Na)、乙基纤维素(EC)、聚维酮(PVP)、明胶、聚乙二醇(PEG)等(C对)。"} {"Question":"下列有关药物稳定性正确的叙述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚稳定型晶型属于热力学不稳定晶型,制剂中应避免使用"},{"key":"B","value":"乳剂的分层是不可逆现象"},{"key":"C","value":"为增加混悬液稳定性,加入的能降低Zeta电位、使粒子絮凝程度增加的电解质称絮凝剂"},{"key":"D","value":"乳剂破裂后,加以振摇,能重新分散、恢复成原来状态的乳剂"},{"key":"E","value":"凡受给出质子或接受质子的物质的催化反应称特殊酸碱催化反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查混悬剂。混悬剂中如果加入适量的电解质,可使ζ-电位降低到一定程度,即微粒间的排斥力稍低于吸引力,此时微粒成疏松的絮状聚集体,经振摇又可恢复成均匀的混悬剂,这个现象叫絮凝,所加入的电解质称为絮凝剂(C对)。药物晶型分为稳定型和亚稳定型,亚稳定型可转变为稳定型,属热力学不稳定晶型。由于其溶解度大于稳定型药物,故常用亚稳定型药物制成多种固体制剂,制剂中不应避免使用(A错)。乳剂的分层是指系指乳剂放置后出现分散相粒子上浮或下沉的现象,又称乳析。分层的乳剂经振摇后仍能恢复成均匀的乳剂(B错)。乳化膜破裂导致乳滴变大称为合并。合并进一步发展使乳剂分为油、水两相称为破裂。破裂是个不可逆过程,故乳剂破裂后不能再重新分散恢复原来的状态(D错)。给出质子或接受质子的催化称为广义的酸碱催化或一般酸碱催化(E错),只有溶剂合氢离子(如H₃O⁺、C₂H₅OH₂⁺、NH₄⁺等)或溶剂的共轭碱(如OH⁻、C₂H₅O⁻、NH₂⁻等)才具有催化作用的反应,称为特殊酸碱催化反应。"} {"Question":"干燥过程中,可溶性成分在颗粒内部迁移时,片剂会出现","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含量不均匀"},{"key":"B","value":"硬度不够"},{"key":"C","value":"色斑"},{"key":"D","value":"裂片"},{"key":"E","value":"崩解迟缓"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的干燥。干燥过程中,颗粒内部的可溶性成分迁移所造成的主要问题是片面上产生色斑(C对)。在干燥过程中,当片剂中含有可溶性色素时,大部分色素迁移到颗粒的外表面(内部的颜色很淡),压成的片剂表面会形成很多“色斑”。"} {"Question":"水不溶性包衣材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CAP"},{"key":"B","value":"EC"},{"key":"C","value":"PEG400"},{"key":"D","value":"HPMC"},{"key":"E","value":"CCMC-Na"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查片剂的包衣。EC(乙基纤维素)(B对)不溶于水,为水不溶性包衣材料;CAP(醋酸纤维素酞酸酯)(A错)为肠溶型包衣材料;HPMC(D错)为胃溶型包衣材料;CCMC-Na(交联羧甲基纤维素钠)(E错)为崩解剂。"} {"Question":"片剂硬度不够产生的原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黏合剂用量不足或黏性不够"},{"key":"B","value":"压片时压力过大"},{"key":"C","value":"A和B均是"},{"key":"D","value":"A和B均不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查片剂制备中的常见问题及原因。片剂硬度不够,稍加触动即散碎的现象称为松片,主要原因是黏性力差(A对),压缩压力不足(BCD错)等。"} {"Question":"用作液体药剂的防腐剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟苯酯类"},{"key":"B","value":"阿拉伯胶"},{"key":"C","value":"阿司帕坦"},{"key":"D","value":"胡萝卜素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯化钠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查液体制剂常用的附加剂。羟苯酯类(A对)为液体制剂中常用的防腐添加剂,有甲、乙、丙、丁四种酯,无毒、无臭,抑菌作用较强;阿拉伯胶(B错)主要作为可以食用的稳定剂、乳化剂、增黏剂和赋形剂;阿司帕坦(C错)是一种非碳水化合物类的人造甜味剂;胡萝卜素(D错)是食用油溶性色素,可作为药物的着色剂;氯化钠(E错)为液体制剂制备中常用的渗透压调节剂。"} {"Question":"膜孔转运的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物由高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"需要能量"},{"key":"C","value":"借助于载体使非脂溶性药物由高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"小于膜孔的药物分子通过膜孔进入细胞膜"},{"key":"E","value":"黏附于细胞膜上的某些药物随着细胞膜向内凹陷进入细胞内"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。膜孔转运时,小于膜孔的分子可以通过膜孔进入细胞膜(D对),不需要能量(B错);药物由高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散(A错)为被动转运;借助于载体使非脂溶性药物由高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散(C错)易化扩散;黏附于细胞膜上的某些药物随着细胞膜向内凹陷进入细胞内(E错)称为胞饮。"} {"Question":"某药物具有非线性消除药动学特征,其药动学参数中,随着给药剂量的增加而减小的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半衰期(t1\/2)"},{"key":"B","value":"表观分布容积(V)"},{"key":"C","value":"药物浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)"},{"key":"D","value":"清除率(Cl)"},{"key":"E","value":"达峰时间(tmax)"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药动学参数。随着给药剂量的增加而减小的是清除率(D对);非线性消除的药物,剂量增加半衰期延长,清除率降低;生物半衰期(A错)指药物在体内的量或血药浓度降低一半所需的时间,以符号t1\/2表示,一级动力学消除时t1\/2为常数,不因给药剂量而改变;非线性消除的药物,其生物半衰期随剂量的增加而增加;表观分布容积(V)(B错)为药物在体内的分布情况;药物浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)(C错)反映药物吸收程度;达峰时间(tmax)(E错)反应药物在体内的吸收速度。"} {"Question":"单室模型静脉注射给药的体内药量随时间变化关系式","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"C=k₀(1-e-kt)\/Vk"},{"key":"B","value":"logC'=(-k\/2.303)t'+log(k₀\/Vk)"},{"key":"C","value":"logC'=(-k\/2.303)t'+log[k₀(1-e-kt)\/Vk]"},{"key":"D","value":"logC=(-k\/2.303)t+logC₀"},{"key":"E","value":"logX=(-k\/2.303)t+lqogX₀"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药代动力学的相关知识。单室模型静脉注射给药的体内药量随时间变化关系式是lgX=(-k\/2.303)t+lgX₀(E对)。C=k₀(1-e-kt)\/Vk(A错)为单室模型静脉滴注给药,体内血药浓度与时间的关系式。BCE为干扰选项。"} {"Question":"通过细胞膜的主动变形将药物摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的过程是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠肝循环"},{"key":"B","value":"反向吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"清除率"},{"key":"D","value":"膜动转运"},{"key":"E","value":"平均滞留时间"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。膜动转运(D对)是通过膜的主动变形来摄取或排出物质;肠肝循环(A错)是药物经过肝脏代谢后,它的代谢物或者是没有被代谢的原型,会经过胆汁排入十二指肠,然后再由十二指肠到小肠,在肠道中重新被吸收进入血液循环的现象;清除率(C错)是反映药物从血浆中被除去的能力;平均滞留时间(E错)是药物分子在体内停留的平均时间。"} {"Question":"单位用“体积\/时间”表示的药动学参数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消除率"},{"key":"B","value":"速率常数"},{"key":"C","value":"生物半衰期"},{"key":"D","value":"绝对生物利用度"},{"key":"E","value":"相对生物利用度"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查清除率。清除率(A对)是单位时间内从体内消除的含药血浆体积,单位用“体积\/时间”表示;速率常数(B错)的单位取决于反应的总级数;t1\/2为生物半衰期(C错),单位为时间;绝对生物利用度(D错)、相对生物利用度(E错)以百分数表示。"} {"Question":"关于药物经皮吸收及其影响因素的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物在皮肤内蓄积作用有利于皮肤疾病的治疗"},{"key":"B","value":"汗液可使角质层水化从而增大角质层渗透性"},{"key":"C","value":"真皮给药只能发挥局部治疗作用"},{"key":"D","value":"真皮上部存在毛细血管系统,药物到达真皮即可很快地被吸收"},{"key":"E","value":"药物经皮肤附属器的吸收不是经皮吸收的主要途径"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物经皮吸收。皮肤给药常用于皮肤疾患的治疗或起保护皮肤的作用,当药物治疗剂量小,经皮渗透速度大时,有可能产生全身治疗作用或副作用(C错,为本题正确答案);药物在皮肤内产生蓄积有利于皮肤疾病的治疗(A对);汗液可使角质层水化,水化的角质层密度降低,渗透性变大(B对);真皮的上部存在毛细血管系统,药物渗透到达真皮会很快地被吸收(D对);药物经皮吸收的主要途径是表皮途径,皮肤附属器仅占皮肤表面积的0.1%,不是药物经皮吸收的主要途径(E对)。"} {"Question":"在肾小管中,弱酸性药物在酸性尿中的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解离多,重吸收少,排泄快"},{"key":"B","value":"解离少,重吸收多,排泄慢"},{"key":"C","value":"解离多,重吸收多,排泄慢"},{"key":"D","value":"解离少,重吸收少,排泄快"},{"key":"E","value":"解离多,重吸收多,排泄快"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的排泄。酸性药物在pH低的,碱性药物在pH高的环境中非解离型药物增加,因此酸化尿液,弱酸性药物清除减少,重吸收多(B对)。"} {"Question":"某药物体内过程符合药物动力学单室模型药物,消除按一级速率过程进行,静脉注射给药后进行血药浓度监测,1h和4h时血药浓度分别为100mg\/L和12.5mg\/L,则该药静脉注射给药后3h时的血药浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"75mg\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"50mg\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"25mg\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"20mg\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"15mg\/L"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查单室模型静脉注射血药浓度与时间的关系。根据公式lgC=(-k\/2.303)t+lgC₀,将t=1,C=100;t=4,C=12.5分别代入公式,可得到斜率b=-0.3,截距a=2.3,则lgC=-0.3t+2.3,题目需要求3h血药浓度,于是将t=3带入lgC=-0.3t+2.3,可得到C=25mg\/L(C对)。"} {"Question":"结构中有手性碳,其R和S异构体药效和药动力学性质存在明显差异的心律失常药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸普鲁卡因胺"},{"key":"B","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"C","value":"多非利特"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸普罗帕酮"},{"key":"E","value":"胺碘酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查普罗帕酮。普罗帕酮(D对)有R异构体和S异构体,在阻断β受体方面,S-型异构体为R-型异构体的100倍;盐酸普鲁卡因胺、奎尼丁是ⅠA类抗心律失常药。盐酸普鲁卡因胺(A错)、多非利特(C错)、胺碘酮(E错)均不含手性碳;奎尼丁(B错)的异构体奎宁为抗疟药。"} {"Question":"适合于药物过敏试验的给药途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"静脉滴注"},{"key":"B","value":"肌内注射"},{"key":"C","value":"皮内注射"},{"key":"D","value":"皮下注射"},{"key":"E","value":"脊椎腔注射"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查注射给药的给药部位和吸收途径。皮内注射(C对)是将药物注射到真皮中,用于诊断与试敏试验;静脉滴注(A错)药物直接进入血液循环,无吸收过程;肌内注射(B错)药物经结缔组织扩散,再由毛细血管和淋巴吸收进入血液循环;皮下注射(D错)的吸收较慢,需延长作用时间的药物可采用皮下注射;脊椎腔注射(E错)是将药物直接注入脊椎腔内;以上四种均不能用于药物的过敏试验。"} {"Question":"葡萄糖的主要转运方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"属于简单扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"属于被动转运"},{"key":"C","value":"属于主动转运"},{"key":"D","value":"属于滤过"},{"key":"E","value":"需要特殊的载体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。葡萄糖可经过主动转运和易化扩散吸收进入人体细胞中,两者都需要特殊的载体(E对);简单扩散(A错)是顺浓度梯度的被动运输方式;被动转运(B错)是物质从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的转运;主动转运(C错)是药物借助载体或酶促系统,逆浓度梯度的转运;滤过(D错)是水溶性的小分子物质依靠膜两侧的流体静压或渗透压通过细胞膜上的膜孔的过程。"} {"Question":"某药物制剂给药后,药物的消除速率常数如图所示。下列可用于评价药物生物利用度的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸收部位剩余药量-时间曲线下面积"},{"key":"B","value":"血药浓度-时间曲线下面积"},{"key":"C","value":"胆汁中累积药量-时间曲线下面积"},{"key":"D","value":"尿液中累积药量-时间曲线下面积"},{"key":"E","value":"胆汁与尿液中累积药量-时间曲线下面积的总和"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生物利用度。生物利用度包括两方面内容:药物吸收速度与药物吸收程度。吸收程度即药物进入血液循环的多少,可用血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AUC(B对)来表示,它与药物吸收总量成正比。"} {"Question":"口服缓控释制剂的特点不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可减少给药次数"},{"key":"B","value":"可提高病人的服药顺应性"},{"key":"C","value":"可避免或减少血药浓度的峰谷现象"},{"key":"D","value":"有利于降低肝首过效应"},{"key":"E","value":"有利于降低药物的毒副作用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查口服缓控释制剂的特点。口服缓控释制剂的特点不包括有利于降低肝脏的首过效应(D错,为本题正确答案)。缓控释制剂的特点:(1)减少给药次数(A对),提高患者的用药顺应性(B对);(2)血药浓度平稳,减少峰谷现象(C对),有利于降低药物的毒副作用(E对);(3)缓释、控释制剂种类多样,其中口服药物仍有首过效应。"} {"Question":"关于主动转运的错误表述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动转运必须借助载体或酶促系统"},{"key":"B","value":"主动转运是药物从膜的低浓度一侧向高浓度一侧转运的过程"},{"key":"C","value":"主动转运需要消耗机体能量"},{"key":"D","value":"主动转运可出现饱和现象、抑制现象"},{"key":"E","value":"主动转运有结构特异性,但没有部位特异性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。主动转运是载体转运的一种方式,主动转运具有结构特异性和部位特异性(E错,为本题正确答案);主动转运逆浓度梯度(B对),需借助载体或酶促系统(A对);需要消耗能量(C对);因为转运需借助载体,会出现饱和现象(D对)。"} {"Question":"栓塞性微球的注射给药途径是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮内注射"},{"key":"B","value":"皮下注射"},{"key":"C","value":"动脉注射"},{"key":"D","value":"静脉注射"},{"key":"E","value":"关节腔注射"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查动脉注射。栓塞性微球的注射给药途径是动脉注射(C对);栓塞性微球注射于癌变部位的动脉血管内,微球可阻滞在瘤体周围的毛细血管内,既可以切断肿瘤的营养供给,也可使载药的微球滞留在病变部位;皮内注射(A错)是将药物注射到真皮中,只用于诊断与过敏试验;皮下注射(B错)的吸收较肌内注射慢,一些需延长作用时间的药物可采用皮下注射;药物不宜口服、皮下或肌内注射,需迅速发生药效时,可采用静脉注射(D错)或静脉输液法;关节腔注射(E错)是关节腔穿刺技术的一种延伸,以膝关节为例,膝关节关节腔积液以后,通常采取膝关节腔穿刺术将里面的积液抽出,同时给予关节腔内注药。"} {"Question":"影响药物排泄,延长药物体内滞留时间的因素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"首过效应"},{"key":"B","value":"肝肠循环"},{"key":"C","value":"血脑屏障"},{"key":"D","value":"胎盘屏障"},{"key":"E","value":"血眼屏障"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查肝肠循环。肠肝循环(B对)是指随胆汁排入十二指肠的药物或其代谢物,在肠道中重新被吸收,经门静脉返回肝脏,重新进入血液循环的现象;首过效应(A错)是指口服药物在尚未吸收进入血循环之前被代谢,使进入血循环的原形药量减少的现象;血脑屏障(C错)是血液与脑组织之间的屏障;胎盘屏障(D错)是由胎盘绒毛与子宫血窦构成的,将母体与胎儿血液隔开的屏障;血眼屏障(E错)是血液与眼部的房水、晶状体和玻璃体等组织之间存在的屏障。"} {"Question":"平均稳态血药浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Cmax"},{"key":"B","value":"t1\/2"},{"key":"C","value":"AUC"},{"key":"D","value":"MRT"},{"key":"E","value":"Css(平均稳态血药浓度)"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药动学参数。稳态血药浓度用Css表示(E对);Cmax(A错)为峰浓度;t1\/2(B错)为生物半衰期;AUC(C错)表示血药浓度-时间曲线下面积;MRT(D错)为药物在体内的平均滞留时间。"} {"Question":"生物利用度最高的给药途径","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经皮给药"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠给药"},{"key":"C","value":"吸入给药"},{"key":"D","value":"口腔黏膜给药"},{"key":"E","value":"静脉给药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的给药方式。静脉给药(E对)药物直接进入血液循环,生物利用度为100%;经皮给药(A错)药物由皮肤吸收;直肠给药(B错)药物由直肠黏膜血管吸收;吸入给药(C错)药物吸收肺部吸收;口腔黏膜给药(D错)有吸收过程。"} {"Question":"药物透皮吸收是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物通过表皮到达深层组织"},{"key":"B","value":"药物主要通过毛囊和皮脂腺到达体内"},{"key":"C","value":"药物通过表皮在用药部位发挥作用"},{"key":"D","value":"药物通过表皮,被毛细血管和淋巴吸收进入体循环的过程"},{"key":"E","value":"药物通过破损的皮肤,进入体内的过程"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的透皮吸收。药物透皮吸收指药物通过角质层和活性表皮进入真皮,被毛细血管吸收进入血液循环的过程(D对)。"} {"Question":"为满足临床需要,许多药物往往存在多种剂型,通常认为它们在胃肠道中的吸收顺序是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"混悬剂>溶液剂>胶囊剂>普通片剂>包衣片"},{"key":"B","value":"溶液剂>混悬剂>胶囊剂>普通片剂>包衣片"},{"key":"C","value":"胶囊剂>混悬剂>溶液剂>普通片剂>包衣片"},{"key":"D","value":"普通片>包衣片>胶囊剂>混悬剂>溶液剂"},{"key":"E","value":"混悬剂>溶液剂>胶囊剂>包衣片>普通片剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查剂型对药物吸收的影响。为满足临床需要,许多药物往往存在多种剂型,通常认为它们在胃肠道中的吸收顺序是溶液剂>混悬剂>胶囊剂>普通片剂>包衣片(B对)。口服溶液剂不存在药物释放问题,吸收最快;混悬剂分散度大,药物释放迅速;胶囊剂外壳崩解后药粉相当于散剂;包衣片相对于片剂要先溶解衣层,故吸收速度慢于片剂。"} {"Question":"头孢呋辛钠是一种半合成广谱抗生素,在水溶液中易降解,化学结构式如下。其药动学特征可用单室模型描述,半衰期约为1.1h,给药24h内,90%以上药物以原形从尿中排出。对肝肾功能正常的患者,临床上治疗肺炎时,每日三次,每次静脉注射剂量为0.5g。某患者的表观分布容积为20L,每次静脉注射0.5g,则多次给药后的平均稳态血药浓度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"75mg\/L"},{"key":"B","value":"4.96mg\/L"},{"key":"C","value":"3.13mg\/L"},{"key":"D","value":"119mg\/L"},{"key":"E","value":"2.5mg\/L"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查平均稳态血药浓度的计算。单室模型药物静脉注射多次给药达稳态时,其平均稳态血药浓度为:Cav=X₀\/(kVτ);在线性动力学中,生物半衰期t1\/2与消除速率常数k之间的定量关系为:t1\/2=0.693\/k;由题干可知,半衰期为1.1小时,可求算K=0.693\/t1\/2=0.693\/1.1=0.63;由题干可知:X₀=0.5g,V=20L,所以:Cav=X₀\/(kVτ)=0.5×1000\/(0.63×20×8)=4.96mg\/L(B对)。"} {"Question":"胃排空速率加快时,药效减弱的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司匹林肠溶片"},{"key":"B","value":"地西泮片"},{"key":"C","value":"硫糖铝胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"红霉素肠溶胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"左旋多巴片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查胃排空速率快对药物吸收产生的影响。胃排空速率加快时,药效减弱的药物是硫糖铝胶囊(C对);阿司匹林(A错)、地西泮(B错)主要在肠道吸收;红霉素(D错)、左旋多巴(E错)在胃内易破坏,胃排空加快药效增强。"} {"Question":"药物借助载体或酶促系统,消耗机体能量,从膜的低浓度向高浓度一侧转运的药物转运方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"B","value":"简单扩散"},{"key":"C","value":"易化扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"膜动转运"},{"key":"E","value":"滤过"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。主动转运(A对)是药物借助载体或酶促系统,从膜的低浓度一侧向高浓度一侧转运,并且需要消耗机体能量;简单扩散(B错)是顺浓度梯度的运输方式;易化扩散(C错)是借助载体运输的被动转运方式;膜动转运(D错)是细胞膜通过主动变形,膜凹陷吞没将某些物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的过程;滤过(E错)是被动转运中的一种,是指水溶性小分子物质依靠膜两侧的流体静压或渗透压通过孔道的过程。"} {"Question":"借助载体或酶系统,物质从低浓度一侧向高浓度一侧的转运方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"被动扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"C","value":"促进扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"吞噬作用"},{"key":"E","value":"胞饮作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。主动转运(B对)是逆浓度梯度,将物质从低浓度一侧转运到高浓度一侧的过程,需要借助载体或酶系统;被动扩散(A错)顺浓度梯度,不耗能;促进扩散(C错)是需要借助载体的被动运输;胞饮(E错)为细胞膜吞入液体的过程;吞噬(D错)指细胞摄取微粒或大分子。"} {"Question":"关于促进扩散的错误表述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"又称中介转运或易化扩散"},{"key":"B","value":"不需要细胞膜载体的帮助"},{"key":"C","value":"有饱和现象"},{"key":"D","value":"存在竞争抑制现象"},{"key":"E","value":"转运速度大大超过被动扩散"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。促进扩散是指借助细胞膜载体(B错,为本题正确答案),由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧扩散或转运的过程;促进扩散又称中介转运或易化扩散(A对);有饱和现象(C对);存在竞争性抑制(D对);促进扩散转运速度快于被动扩散(E对)。"} {"Question":"某药的半衰期为5小时,单次给药后,约97%的药物从体内消除需要的时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10小时"},{"key":"B","value":"25小时"},{"key":"C","value":"48小时"},{"key":"D","value":"120小时"},{"key":"E","value":"240小时"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查单室模型静脉滴注给药。某药的半衰期为5小时,单次给药后,约97%的药物从体内消除需要的时间为25小时(B对)。药物半衰期即药物在体内的量或血药浓度降低一半所需的时间,体内药量w用半衰期个数n表示为w\/(2ⁿ),题中药物消除97%,剩余药量为3%,代入公式得n=5,半衰期个数为5,即25小时。"} {"Question":"反映药物吸收程度的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血药浓度-时间曲线下面积"},{"key":"B","value":"半衰期"},{"key":"C","value":"达峰时间"},{"key":"D","value":"峰浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"表观分布容积"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药动学参数。血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(A对)代表一次用药后的吸收总量,反映药物的吸收程度;半衰期(B错)是指血药浓度下降一半所需的时间;达峰时间(C错)指单次服药以后,血药浓度达到峰值的时间;峰浓度(D错)指给药后达到的最高血药浓度;表观分布容积(E错)是指药物在体内达到动态平衡时,体内药量与血药浓度的比值,是一个比例常数,反映药物体内分布的广泛程度或药物与组织结合的程度。"} {"Question":"某药物在体内按一级动力学消除,如果K=0.0346h⁻¹,该药物的消除半衰期约为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3.46h"},{"key":"B","value":"6.92h"},{"key":"C","value":"12h"},{"key":"D","value":"20h"},{"key":"E","value":"24h"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查半衰期的计算。药物的生物半衰期是指药物在体内的量或血药浓度消除一半所需要的时间,常以t1\/2表示,根据公式:t1\/2=0.693\/k计算,t1\/2=0.693\/k=0.693\/0.0346h⁻¹=20h(D对)。"} {"Question":"某些药物促进自身或其它合用药物代谢的现象属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酶诱导作用"},{"key":"B","value":"膜动转运"},{"key":"C","value":"血脑屏障"},{"key":"D","value":"肠肝循环"},{"key":"E","value":"蓄积作用"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查酶诱导作用。酶诱导作用(A对)是有些化学物质能提高肝药酶活性,增加自身或其它药物的代谢速率;膜动转运(B错)是通过膜主动变形,来吞没液滴或微粒,将某些物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外;血脑屏障(C错)是指血液与脑组织之间存在的屏障;肠肝循环(D错)是指随胆汁排入十二指肠的药物或其代谢物,在肠道中重新被吸收,经门静脉返回肝脏,重新进入血液循环的现象;蓄积作用(E错)指药物对某些组织亲和性不同,有些药物在组织中停留时间长,返回血液循环的速度慢,当连续应用该药物时,组织中的药物浓度逐渐升高。"} {"Question":"扩散速度取决于膜两侧药物的浓度梯度、药物的脂水分配系数及药物在膜内扩散速度的药物转动方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滤过"},{"key":"B","value":"简单扩散"},{"key":"C","value":"易化扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"E","value":"膜动转运"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。简单扩散(B对)是被动转运中的一种,其药物的扩散速度取决于膜两侧药物的浓度梯度、药物的脂水分配系数及药物在膜内的扩散速度;滤过(A错)是水溶性的极性或非极性药物分子借助于流体静压或渗透压随体液通过细胞膜的水性通道而进行的跨膜转运;易化扩散(C错)是需要借助载体的被动运输;主动转运(D错)是借助载体帮助,消耗能量,从膜的低浓度一侧向高浓度一侧转运药物的方式;膜动转运(E错)是指生物膜通过主动变形摄入物质到细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外。"} {"Question":"关于药代动力学参数说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"某药的生物半衰期为0.5小时,表明该药从体内消除的速率较快"},{"key":"B","value":"地高辛在人体的表观分布容积约500L,表明药物广泛分布于组织中"},{"key":"C","value":"表观分布容积不代表真实的生理容积"},{"key":"D","value":"某药物经肝肾两种途径从体内消除,该药物总清除率等于肝清除率与肾清除率之和"},{"key":"E","value":"米氏常数是指血药浓度降低一半时所对应的药物消除速率"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药动学参数。米氏常数Km是指药物消除速度为Vm一半时的血药浓度(E错,为本题正确答案)。"} {"Question":"舌下片剂的给药途径属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"腔道给药"},{"key":"B","value":"黏膜给药"},{"key":"C","value":"注射给药"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤给药"},{"key":"E","value":"呼吸道给药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查舌下片剂的给药途径。舌下片通过口腔黏膜吸收,为黏膜给药(B对);腔道给药(A错)包括鼻腔、阴道给药等;注射给药(C错)包括皮下注射、肌肉注射、腹腔注射等;皮肤给药(D错)有凝胶、乳膏、涂剂和透皮贴片等;呼吸道给药(E错)有吸入用气雾剂及吸入粉雾剂等。"} {"Question":"药物被吸收进入血液循环的速度与程度称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物转化"},{"key":"B","value":"生物利用度"},{"key":"C","value":"生物半衰期"},{"key":"D","value":"肠肝循环"},{"key":"E","value":"表观分布容积"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生物利用度。生物利用度(B对)是指药物被吸收进入血液循环的速度与程度;生物转化(A错)是指外源化学物在机体内经多种酶催化的代谢转化;药物的半衰期(C错)指体内药物的量降低一半所需的时间;肠肝循环(D错)指经胆汁或部分经胆汁排入肠道的药物,在肠道中又重新被吸收,经门静脉又返回肝脏的现象;表观分布容积(E错)是指当药物在体内达动态平衡后,体内药量与血药浓度之比值。"} {"Question":"Cmax是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物消除速率常数"},{"key":"B","value":"药物消除半衰期"},{"key":"C","value":"药物在体内的达峰时间"},{"key":"D","value":"药物在体内的峰浓度"},{"key":"E","value":"药物在体内的平均滞留时间"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药动学参数。单室模型血管外途径给药,血药浓度-时间关系为单峰曲线,峰值为峰浓度(D对)Cmax,达峰时间(C错)为tmax;药物消除速率常数(A错)为k;药物消除半衰期(B错)为t1\/2;药物在体内的平均滞留时间(E错)为MRT。"} {"Question":"阿司匹林(图)是常用的解热镇痛药,分子呈弱酸性,pKₐ=3.49。血浆蛋白结合率低,水解后的水杨酸盐蛋白结合率为65%~90%,血药浓度高时,血浆蛋白结合率相应降低。临床选药与药物剂量有关,小剂量阿司匹林具有抗血小板聚集、抑制血栓形成的作用,较大剂量发挥解热镇痛作用,大剂量则具有抗炎抗风湿作用。不同剂量阿司匹林(0.25g,1.0g和1.5g)的消除曲线如下图:(图)。根据上述信息,阿司匹林在体内代谢的动力学过程表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小剂量给药时表现为一级动力学消除,动力学过程呈现非线性特征"},{"key":"B","value":"小剂量给药时表现为零级动力学消除,增加药量,表现为一级动力学消除"},{"key":"C","value":"小剂量给药表现为一级动力学消除,增加剂量呈现典型酶饱和现象,平均稳态血药浓度与剂量成正比"},{"key":"D","value":"大剂量给药初期表现为零级动力学消除,当体内药量降到一定程度后,又表现为一级动力学消除"},{"key":"E","value":"大剂量、小剂量给药均表现为零级动力学消除,其动力学过程通常用米氏方程来表征"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查阿司匹林在体内代谢的动力学过程。阿司匹林在体内代谢的动力学过程表现为:大剂量给药初期表现为零级动力学消除,当体内药量降到一定程度后,又表现为一级动力学消除(D对)。"} {"Question":"药物扩散速度取决于膜两侧药物的浓度梯度、药物的脂水分配系数及药物在膜内扩散速度的药物转运方式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主动转运"},{"key":"B","value":"简单扩散"},{"key":"C","value":"易化扩散"},{"key":"D","value":"膜动转运"},{"key":"E","value":"滤过"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的转运方式。简单扩散(B对)为被动转运,其药物的扩散速度取决于膜两侧药物的浓度梯度、药物的脂水分配系数及药物在膜内的扩散速度;主动转运(A错)为逆浓度梯度运输的过程;易化扩散(C错)是需要借助载体的被动运输;膜动转运(D错)是细胞膜通过主动变形将某些物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的过程;滤过(E错)是指水溶性小分子物质依靠膜两侧的流体静压或渗透压通过孔道的过程。"} {"Question":"某药物制剂给药后,药物的消除速率常数如图所示。该药物临床还可采用静脉滴注给药,其在体内最低中毒浓度为6㎍\/L,最低起效浓度为2㎍\/L,若需达到稳态血药浓度(Css=k₀\/kV)为4㎍\/L,合适的滴注速率是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7㎍\/min"},{"key":"B","value":"14㎍\/min"},{"key":"C","value":"28㎍\/min"},{"key":"D","value":"23㎍\/min"},{"key":"E","value":"42㎍\/min"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查稳态血药浓度。静脉滴注稳态血药浓度Css=kₒ\/kV,由题干可知Css为4㎍\/L,k为0.35min’,V为20L,代入计算得kₒ=28㎍\/min(C对)。"} {"Question":"某药物的生物半衰期是6.93h,表观分布容积是100L,该药物有较强的首过效应,其体内消除包括肝代谢和肾排泄,其中肾排泄占总消除的20%,静脉注射该药200mg的AUC是20㎍·h\/ml,将其制备成片剂用于口服,给药100mg后的AUC为10㎍·h\/ml。该药物的肌酐清除率","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"2L\/h"},{"key":"B","value":"6.93L\/h"},{"key":"C","value":"8L\/h"},{"key":"D","value":"10L\/h"},{"key":"E","value":"55.4L\/h"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查清除率。清除率公式为Cl=kV,清除率具有加和性,Cl=Clh+Clr,K=0.693\/t1\/2=0.693\/6.93=0.1;代入数值Cl=kV=0.1×100=10L\/h,又有肾排泄占消除率20%,所以肝占80%,10×80%=8L\/h(C对)。"} {"Question":"静脉滴注给药吸收速率较大的药-时曲线是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"曲线②"},{"key":"B","value":"曲线⑤"},{"key":"C","value":"曲线①"},{"key":"D","value":"曲线③"},{"key":"E","value":"曲线④"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查单室模型静脉滴注。单室模型静脉滴注,在药物静脉滴注期间,体内药物的变化速率是药物进入体内的速率和从体内的消除速率这两部分的代数和,血药浓度在滴注期间随着滴注速度的增大而增大;停止滴注后,药物在体内只有一级消除过程,血药浓度随时间(t-T)成指数下降,如图②(A对)。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》中,测定硫酸阿托品含量的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红外分光光度法"},{"key":"B","value":"紫外-可见光分光光度法"},{"key":"C","value":"薄层色谱法"},{"key":"D","value":"非水溶液滴定法"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化还原滴定法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查非水溶液滴定法。《中国药典》记载测定阿托品含量采用非水溶液滴定法(D对)。红外分光光度法(A错)应用最广泛的是对未知毒物的结构分析、纯度鉴定。紫外-可见光分光光度法(B错)用于鉴别、杂质检查和定量测定。薄层色谱(C错)是快速分离和定性分析少量物质的实验技术,属固-液吸附色谱。氧化还原滴定法(E错)是以溶液中氧化剂和还原剂之间的电子转移为基础的一种滴定分析方法"} {"Question":"不属于包合物制备方法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"浓融法"},{"key":"B","value":"饱和水溶液法"},{"key":"C","value":"研磨法"},{"key":"D","value":"冷冻干燥法"},{"key":"E","value":"喷雾干燥法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查包合物的制备方法。不属于包合物制备方法的是浓融法(A错,为本题正确答案)。包合物是指一种药物分子被全部或部分包入另一种物质的分子腔中而形成的独特形式的络合物。其主要制备方法有饱和水溶液法(B对)、研磨法(C对)、冷冻干燥法(D对)和喷雾干燥法(E对)等。"} {"Question":"阿司匹林含量测定的方法为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用氢氧化钠滴定液滴定,用溴甲酚绿作指示剂"},{"key":"B","value":"用氢氧化钠滴定液滴定,用酚酞作指示剂"},{"key":"C","value":"用硫酸滴定液滴定,用甲基红作指示剂"},{"key":"D","value":"用高氯酸滴定液滴定,用结晶紫作指示剂"},{"key":"E","value":"用碘滴定液滴定,用淀粉作指示剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查含量测定法。阿司匹林含量测定的方法为用氢氧化钠滴定液滴定,用酚酞作指示剂(C对)。方法:以中性乙醇(对酚酞指示液显中性)为溶剂溶解供试品,以酚酞为指示剂(酚酞变色范围为6.7~8.4),用氢氧化钠滴定液(0.1mol\/L)滴定,每1ml氢氧化钠滴定液(0.1mol\/L)相当于18.02mg的C₉H₈O₄。用溴甲酚绿作指示剂(A错),溴甲酚绿变色范围为3.8~5.4,生成物质无显色反应。用硫酸滴定液滴定,用甲基红作指示剂(C错)为酸碱滴定法,甲基红的变色范围为4.4~6.2。用高氯酸滴定液滴定,用结晶紫作指示剂(D错)为非水碱量法,主要用于测定有机弱碱及其氢卤酸盐、硫酸盐、磷酸盐等。用碘滴定液滴定,用淀粉作指示剂(E错)为碘量法,属于氧化还原滴定。"} {"Question":"在生物等效性评价中,用于检验两种制剂AUC或Cmax间是否存在显著性差异方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双向单侧t检验与90%置信区间"},{"key":"B","value":"系统适用性试验"},{"key":"C","value":"非参数检验法"},{"key":"D","value":"限量检查法"},{"key":"E","value":"方差分析"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查体内药物检测。在生物等效性评价中,用于检验两种制剂AUC或Cmax间是否存在显著性差异方法是方差分析(E对)。方差分析,又称“变异数分析”或“F检验”,用于两个及两个以上样本均数差别的显著性检验。在生物等效性评价中,用于评价两种制剂AUC或Cmax间是否生物等效的方法是双向单侧t检验与90%置信区间(A错)。色谱分析做系统适用性试验(B错)主要是为了确定分析使用的色谱系统是有效的、适用的。系统适用性通常用四个参数来确定系统的适用性:分离度、柱效、重复性和拖尾因子。在生物等效性评价中,用于评价两种制剂Tmax间是否存在差异的方法是非参数检验法(C错)。限量检查法(D错)系检查药品中的杂质是否超过限量规定。"} {"Question":"在设计的范围内,测试结果与试样中被测物浓度直接呈正比关系的程度称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精密度"},{"key":"B","value":"耐用性"},{"key":"C","value":"准确度"},{"key":"D","value":"线性"},{"key":"E","value":"范围"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"按《中国药典》的规定,红外光谱仪校正的项目有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"波数的准确性和杂散光"},{"key":"B","value":"波数的准确性和分辨率"},{"key":"C","value":"检测灵敏度和杂散光"},{"key":"D","value":"检测灵敏度和分辨率"},{"key":"E","value":"杂散光和分辨率"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"铈量法中所用的指示液是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结晶紫"},{"key":"B","value":"碘化钾-淀粉"},{"key":"C","value":"荧光黄"},{"key":"D","value":"酚酞"},{"key":"E","value":"邻二氮菲"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查铈量法。铈量法中所用的指示剂为邻二氮菲(E对)。铈量法是氧化还原滴定法的一种,以硫酸铈为滴定剂,以邻二氮菲为指示剂。结晶紫(A错)是非水碱量法的指示剂;碘化钾-淀粉(B错)是碘量法的指示剂;荧光黄(C错)是银量法的指示剂。酚酞(D错)是酸碱滴定法的指示剂。"} {"Question":"以下方法所鉴别的药物是,取供试品水溶液,加碘试液后所显棕黄色,在5分钟内消失","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸普鲁卡因"},{"key":"C","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"D","value":"司可巴比妥钠"},{"key":"E","value":"硫喷妥钠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"铈量法使用的指示剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结晶紫"},{"key":"B","value":"酚酞"},{"key":"C","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"D","value":"邻二氮菲"},{"key":"E","value":"甲基红"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查铈量法。邻二氮菲(D对)是铈量法的指示剂。铈量法是氧化还原滴定法的一种,以硫酸铈为滴定剂,以邻二氮菲为指示剂。结晶紫(A错)是非水碱量法的指示剂。酚酞(B错)是酸碱滴定法指示剂的一种。淀粉(C错)是碘量法的指示剂。甲基红(E错)是酸碱滴定法的指示剂。"} {"Question":"在差示扫描量热法的分析过程中","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"样品的质量与参比物质的质量相同"},{"key":"B","value":"样品的温度与参比物质的温度相同"},{"key":"C","value":"样品吸收的热量与参比物质吸收的热量相同"},{"key":"D","value":"样品的熔点与参比物质的熔点相同"},{"key":"E","value":"不需要参比物质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响药物制剂稳定性的处方因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"pH值"},{"key":"B","value":"抗氧剂"},{"key":"C","value":"温度"},{"key":"D","value":"金属离子络合剂"},{"key":"E","value":"光线"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查影响药物制剂稳定性的因素。pH值(A对)、抗氧剂(B对)、金属离子络合剂(D对)属于影响药物制剂稳定性的处方因素。影响药物制剂稳定性的因素包括处方因素和外界因素。其中,处方因素包括pH值、广义酸碱催化反应、溶剂、离子强度、表面活性剂、处方中基质以及赋形剂。抗氧剂属于处方因素中离子强度的影响,通过往制剂处方中加入一些有抗氧化作用的无机盐,可以防止药物的氧化。金属离子络合剂属于注射剂中常用的附加剂,防止制剂过程中所用的原辅料及器具中金属离子的影响。外界因素包括温度(C错)、光线(E错)、空气(氧)、金属离子、湿度和水分、包装材料。温度的影响:一般来说,温度升高,反应速度加快,不同反应增加的倍数可能不同,它是药物稳定性预测的主要理论依据。光线的影响:光是一种辐射能,光线的波长越短,能量越大,光线提供的能量可激发氧化反应,加速药物的降解。"} {"Question":"红外吸收光谱主要特征峰νC=O的波数是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3750~3000cm⁻¹"},{"key":"B","value":"2400~2100cm⁻¹"},{"key":"C","value":"1900~1650cm⁻¹"},{"key":"D","value":"1300~1000cm⁻¹"},{"key":"E","value":"1000~650cm⁻¹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查红外吸收光谱。红外吸收光谱主要特征峰νC=O的波数是1900~1650cm⁻¹(C对)。一个基团常有数种红外震动形式,其中能引起红外吸收的振动形式为活性振动,特定基团的红外活性振动对应一个特征峰。振动形式为νC=O时所对应的红外峰位为1900~1650cm⁻¹。振动形式为νO-H时所对应的红外峰位为3750~3000cm⁻¹(A错)。振动形式为νC≡C、νC≡N时所对应的红外峰位为2400~2100cm⁻¹(B错)。振动形式为νC-O时所对应的红外峰位为1300~1000cm⁻¹(D错)。振动形式为δ=C-H、δAr-H时所对应的红外峰位为1000~650cm⁻¹(E错)。"} {"Question":"N-(4-羟基苯基)乙酰胺","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药品通用名"},{"key":"B","value":"化学名"},{"key":"C","value":"拉丁名"},{"key":"D","value":"商品名"},{"key":"E","value":"俗名"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的命名。N-(4-羟基苯基)乙酰胺是化学名(B对)。N-(4-羟基苯基)乙酰胺是表述化学药物扑热息痛化学结构的化学名称。药品通用名(A错)通常是指有活性的药物物质,而不是最终的药品。拉丁名(C错)是生药在国际上的通用名称。商品名(D错)通常是针对药物的最终产品,即剂量和剂型已确定的含有一种或多种药物活性成分的药物。俗名(E错)是对药品非正式的名称,如“蒙汗药”就是三唑仑的俗称。"} {"Question":"葡萄糖注射液的含量测定方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚硝酸钠滴定法"},{"key":"B","value":"碘量法"},{"key":"C","value":"汞量法"},{"key":"D","value":"高效液相色谱法"},{"key":"E","value":"旋光度法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查旋光度。葡萄糖注射液的含量测定方法是旋光度法(E对)。葡萄糖具有旋光度,首选旋光度测定法。亚硝酸钠滴定法(A错)是亚硝酸钠在盐酸存在条件下与具有芳伯氨基化合物发生重氮化反应,定量生成重氮盐。碘量法(B错)是以碘作为氧化剂,或以碘化钾作为还原剂,进行氧化还原滴定的方法。汞量法(C错)是利用二价汞盐与卤素反应生成络合物的滴定分析方法。高效液相色谱法(D错)高效液相色谱适于分析高沸点不易挥发的、受热不稳定易分解的、相对分子质量大、不同极性的有机化合物;生物活性物质和多种天然产物;合成的和天然的高分子化合物等。"} {"Question":"下列哪些药物可以用高氯酸滴定液进行非水溶液滴定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枸橼酸钾"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"},{"key":"C","value":"重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"咖啡因"},{"key":"E","value":"异戊巴比妥"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查非水溶液滴定法。高氯酸滴定液是非水碱量法常用指示剂,此法可用来测定弱碱性药物及其盐类,例如,枸橼酸钾(A对)、盐酸麻黄碱(B对)、硫酸阿托品、马来酸氯苯那敏、重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素(C对)。"} {"Question":"汞量法测定青霉素钠含量时,以电位法指示终点,在滴定曲线上出现两个指示点,青霉素含量的计算系以第二次滴定终点为依据,此时青霉素与汞的摩尔比为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1:0.5"},{"key":"B","value":"1:1"},{"key":"C","value":"1:2"},{"key":"D","value":"1:3"},{"key":"E","value":"1:4"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在《中国药典》中,使用抗生素微生物检定法作为含量测定方法的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸四环素"},{"key":"B","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"C","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸庆大霉素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查含量测定。在《中国药典》中,使用抗生素微生物检定法作为含量测定方法的药物是硫酸庆大霉素(E对)。硫酸庆大霉素为氨基糖苷类抗生素,可使用抗生素微生物检定法进行含量测定。盐酸四环素(A错)的含量测定采用高效液相色谱法。地西泮(B错)的含量测定采用非水碱量法。硝苯地平(C错)的含量测定采用铈量法。异烟肼(D错)的含量测定采用氧化还原滴定法。"} {"Question":"USP(23)正文部分未收载的内容是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鉴别"},{"key":"B","value":"含量测定"},{"key":"C","value":"杂质检查"},{"key":"D","value":"用法与剂量"},{"key":"E","value":"包装与贮藏"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药典。USP(23)正文部分未收载的内容是用法与剂量(D错,为本题正确答案)。USP为美国药典简称,其基本内容包括凡例、通则和标准正文。正文收载药物的法定名称(英文名称)、结构式、分子式、分子量、化学名、CA登记号、成分和含量限度、鉴别(A对)、含量测定(B对)、检查(C对),以及包装与贮藏(E对)、USP参考标准物质等辅助信息。"} {"Question":"下列用于治疗药物监测的体内样品中,制备过程需使用抗凝剂的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"全血"},{"key":"B","value":"血浆"},{"key":"C","value":"血清"},{"key":"D","value":"尿液"},{"key":"E","value":"唾液"}],"Answer":"AB","Explanation":"本题考查体内药物检测。用于治疗药物监测的体内样品中,制备过程需使用抗凝剂的有全血(A对)、血浆(B对)。全血和血浆中都含有纤维蛋白原和一些凝血因子,采集后为防止凝结需要加入抗凝剂,而血清中不含上述物质,不需要抗凝剂。尿液(D错)和唾液(E错)的采集均不需要抗凝剂。"} {"Question":"测定条件有小的变动时,测定结果不受其影响的承受程度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"准确度"},{"key":"B","value":"精密度"},{"key":"C","value":"检测限"},{"key":"D","value":"线性"},{"key":"E","value":"耐用性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"异烟肼合用香豆素类药物抗凝血作用增强属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药理学的配伍变化"},{"key":"B","value":"给药途径的变化"},{"key":"C","value":"适应证的变化"},{"key":"D","value":"物理学的配伍变化"},{"key":"E","value":"化学的配伍变化"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的配伍变化。异烟肼合用香豆素类药物抗凝血作用增强属于药理学的配伍变化(A对)。药理学的配伍变化:(1)协同作用;(2)拮抗作用;(3)增加毒副作用。此例为协同作用,属于药理学的配伍变化。"} {"Question":"在丙酸睾酮的红外吸收光谱中,1615cm⁻¹是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酮νC=O"},{"key":"B","value":"烯νC=C"},{"key":"C","value":"烷基ν-CH"},{"key":"D","value":"羟基νO-H"},{"key":"E","value":"烯ν=C-H"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查红外吸收光谱。当峰位为1670~1500cm⁻¹时,所对应的振动形式为νC=C(B对),对应到丙酸睾酮,则其1615cm⁻¹处的归属基团或化学键为烯。酮νC=O(A错)所对应的峰位是1900~1650cm⁻¹。烷基ν-CH(C错)所对应的峰位是3000~2700cm⁻¹。羟基νO-H(D错)所对应的峰位是3750~3000cm⁻¹,烯ν=C-H(E错)所对应的峰位是3300~3000cm⁻¹。"} {"Question":"在高效液相色谱法的系统适用性试验中,除另有规定外,用峰高法定量时,对拖尾因子的要求是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.3~0.7"},{"key":"B","value":">1.5"},{"key":"C","value":"≤2.0%"},{"key":"D","value":"≤0.1%"},{"key":"E","value":"0.95~1.05"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"若测得某一级降解的药物在25℃时,K为0.02108\/h,则其有效期为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"50h"},{"key":"B","value":"20h"},{"key":"C","value":"5h"},{"key":"D","value":"2h"},{"key":"E","value":"0.5h"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药品有效期。药品有效期是指该药品被批准使用的期限,表示该药品在规定的贮存条件下能够保证质量的期限。对于药物降解,常用降解10%所需的时间,称为十分之一衰期,记作t₀.₉,通常定义为有效期。其计算公式为:恒温时,t₀.₉=0.1054\/k ,题中k=0.2108 代入公式可得t₀.₉=0.1054\/0.02108;即,t₀.₉=5h(C对)。"} {"Question":"制剂中药物的化学降解途径不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水解"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化"},{"key":"C","value":"异构化"},{"key":"D","value":"结晶"},{"key":"E","value":"脱羧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物降解途径。制剂中药物的化学降解途径不包括结晶(D错,为本题正确答案)。结晶属于物理变化,不属于化学降解途径。药物由于化学结构的不同,外界环境不同,可发生不同类型的降解反应,水解(A对)和氧化(B对)是药物降解的两个主要途径。其他如异构化(C对)、聚合、脱羧(E对)等反应,在某些药物中也有发生。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,药物中有机溶剂苯的残留量不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.002"},{"key":"B","value":"0.0002"},{"key":"C","value":"2.0E-5"},{"key":"D","value":"2.0E-6"},{"key":"E","value":"2.0E-7"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有一种含氮的药物,如用红外光谱判断它是否为腈类物质时,主要依据的谱带范围为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"3300~3000cm⁻¹"},{"key":"B","value":"3000~2700cm⁻¹"},{"key":"C","value":"2400~2100cm⁻¹"},{"key":"D","value":"1900~1650cm⁻¹"},{"key":"E","value":"1500~1300cm⁻¹"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查红外吸收光谱。有一种含氮的药物,如用红外光谱判断它是否为腈类物质时,主要依据的谱带范围为2400~2100cm⁻¹(C对)。腈类物质含有C≡N键,其特征峰为2400~2100cm⁻¹。3300~3000cm⁻¹(A错)为≡C-H、=C-H、Ar-H的特征吸收谱带范围。3000~2700cm⁻¹(B错)为C-H(烷基)、-CHO的特征吸收谱带范围。1900~1650cm⁻¹(D错)为C=O(醛、酮、羧酸及其衍生物)的特征吸收谱带范围。1500~1300cm⁻¹(E错)为饱和聚烃、极性基团取代的聚烃的特征吸收的谱带范围。"} {"Question":"在含量均匀度检查的判断公式中,以下字母的含义为:A","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平均片重"},{"key":"B","value":"每片以标示量为100的相对含量"},{"key":"C","value":"相对含量的标准差"},{"key":"D","value":"标示量(以100计)与相对含量均值之差的绝对值"},{"key":"E","value":"相关系数"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某片剂主药含量应为0.33g,如果测得颗粒中主药含量为66%,那么片重为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1g"},{"key":"B","value":"0.2g"},{"key":"C","value":"0.3g"},{"key":"D","value":"0.4g"},{"key":"E","value":"0.5g"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查片重的计算。主药含量计算片重的公式为:片重=每片含主药量\/干颗粒中主药的百分含量,则此片剂的片重=0.33g\/66%=0.5g(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于药物制剂稳定性的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"运用化学动力学原理可以研究制剂中药物的降解速度"},{"key":"B","value":"药物制剂稳定性影响因素试验包括高温试验、高湿试验和强光照射试验"},{"key":"C","value":"药物制剂稳定性主要研究药物制剂的物理稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"加速试验是在(40±2) ℃、相对湿度(75±5)%的条件下进行稳定"},{"key":"E","value":"长期试验是在(25±2)℃、相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下进行稳定"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物制剂的稳定性。药物制剂稳定性变化一般包括物理、化学和生物学(C错,为本题正确答案)三个方面。运用化学动力学原理可以研究制剂中药物的降解速度,属于研究药物制剂稳定性中的化学稳定性(A对)。药物制剂稳定性影响因素试验包括高温试验、高湿试验和强光照射试验(B对)。加速试验是在(40±2)℃、相对湿度(75±5)%的条件下进行稳定(D对)。长期试验是在(25±2)℃、相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下进行稳定(E对)。"} {"Question":"薄膜衣片的崩解时限是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"20分钟"},{"key":"C","value":"30分钟"},{"key":"D","value":"40分钟"},{"key":"E","value":"60分钟"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查薄膜衣片的崩解时限。薄膜衣片的崩解时限为30分钟(C对)。薄膜衣片应在 30 分钟内全部崩解。糖衣片应在1小时内(E错)全部崩解。"} {"Question":"在《中国药典》中维生素B₁含量的测定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气相色谱法"},{"key":"B","value":"碘量法"},{"key":"C","value":"微生物法"},{"key":"D","value":"紫外分光光度法"},{"key":"E","value":"非水溶液滴定法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查维生素素B₁的含量测定。中国药典用非水溶液滴定法(E对)测定维生素B₁含量。原理:维生素B₁分子中含有2个碱性的已成盐的伯胺和季铵基团,在非水溶液中均可与高氯酸作用,以电位滴定法指示终点,根据消耗高氯酸的量即可计算维生素B₁的含量。"} {"Question":"以下杂质检查方法所用的试剂是:砷盐的检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯化钡试液"},{"key":"B","value":"酸性氯化亚锡试液"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸"},{"key":"D","value":"硫氰酸铵溶液"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸肼溶液"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"盐酸吗啡的鉴别方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加水与0.4%氢氧化钠溶液使溶解,加硫酸铜试液1滴,即生成草绿色沉淀"},{"key":"B","value":"加水1ml溶解后,加硝酸5滴,即显红色,渐变为淡黄色"},{"key":"C","value":"加甲醛-硫酸试液1滴,即显紫堇色"},{"key":"D","value":"加硫酸1滴溶解后,加重铬酸钾的结晶1小粒,周围即显紫色"},{"key":"E","value":"加水5ml溶解后,缓缓滴入微温的碱性酒石酸铜试液中,即生成红色沉淀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查常用的药品鉴别方法。盐酸吗啡的鉴别方法是加甲醛-硫酸试液1滴,即显紫堇色(C对)。 Marquis反应为含酚羟基的异喹啉类生物碱的特征反应。该类药物遇甲醛-硫酸试液可生成具有醌式结构的有色化合物。鉴别方法:取本品约1mg,加甲醛-硫酸试液1滴,即显紫堇色。加水5ml溶解后,缓缓滴入微温的碱性酒石酸铜试液中,即生成红色沉淀(E错)是《中国药典》中规定的葡萄糖等药物的鉴别方法。"} {"Question":"将粒子群混悬于电解质溶液中,根据电阻改变求出粒子粒径的方法属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"显微镜法"},{"key":"B","value":"沉降法"},{"key":"C","value":"库尔特记数法"},{"key":"D","value":"气体吸附法"},{"key":"E","value":"筛分法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查粒子粒径的检测方法。将粒子群混悬于电解质溶液中,根据电阻改变求出粒子粒径的方法属于库尔特计数法(C对)。库尔特计数法是将粒子群混悬于电解质溶液中,根据电阻改变求出粒子粒径的方法,本方法可用于混悬剂、乳剂、脂质体、粉末药物等粒径的测定。沉降法(B错)是根据Stocks方程求出的粒子的粒径的方法,适用于100㎛以下的粒径的测定。"} {"Question":"在丙酸睾酮的红外吸收光谱中,1672cm⁻¹是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酮νC=O"},{"key":"B","value":"烯νC=C"},{"key":"C","value":"烷基ν-CH"},{"key":"D","value":"羟基νO-H"},{"key":"E","value":"烯ν=C-H"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查红外吸收光谱。当峰位为1900~1650cm⁻¹时,所对应的振动形式为νC=O(A对),对应到丙酸睾酮,则其1672cm⁻¹处的归属基团或化学键为酮。烯νC=C(B错)所对应的峰位是1670~1500cm⁻¹。烷基ν-CH(C错)所对应的峰位是3000~2700cm⁻¹。羟基νO-H(D错)所对应的峰位是3750~3000cm⁻¹。烯ν=C-H(E错)所对应的峰位是3300~3000cm⁻¹。"} {"Question":"确定分析方法的检测限是,一般要求信噪比为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1∶1"},{"key":"B","value":"3∶1"},{"key":"C","value":"5∶1"},{"key":"D","value":"10∶1"},{"key":"E","value":"20∶1"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查信噪比。一般以信噪比为3:1(B对)或2:1时相应的浓度或注入仪器的量确定检查线。"} {"Question":"硫酸阿托品原料药的含量测定","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利用药物的阳离子(BH⁺)与溴甲酚绿阴离子(In⁻)结合成离子对进行测定"},{"key":"B","value":"样品加冰醋酸10ml和醋酸汞试液4ml后,用高氯酸滴定液滴定"},{"key":"C","value":"用氯仿提取出药物,加适量醋酐,再用高氯酸滴定液滴定"},{"key":"D","value":"样品加冰醋酸与醋酐各10ml后,用高氯酸滴定液滴定"},{"key":"E","value":"样品加水制成每lml约含l6㎍的溶液,在254nm处测定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查常用的药品鉴别方法。司可巴比妥钠分子中具有不饱和的双键,可与碘发生加成反应,而使碘溶液的棕黄色褪去(A对)。苯巴比妥分子中具有芳环取代基,可与硫酸-亚硝酸钠反应,反应生成橙黄色产物随即变成橙红色(B错)。\n硫喷妥钠中含有硫元素,在氢氧化钠溶液中与铅反应生成白色沉淀,加热后生成硫化铅黑色沉淀(C错)。巴比妥类药物分子中含有丙二酰脲结构,在吡啶溶液中生成烯醇式异构体与铜离子吡啶溶液反应生成紫色配位化合物,含硫化合物显绿色(D错)。含有酚羟基的化合物如阿司匹林与三氯化铁反应呈紫堇色(E错)。"} {"Question":"盐酸氯丙嗪的化学名为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"N,N-二甲基-2-氯-10H-吩噻嗪-10-丙胺盐酸盐"},{"key":"B","value":"N,N-二乙基-2-氯-10H-吩噻嗪-10-丙胺盐酸盐"},{"key":"C","value":"N,N-二异丙基-2-氯-10H-吩噻嗪-10-丙胺盐酸盐"},{"key":"D","value":"N,N-二乙基-3-氯-10H-吩噻嗪-10-丙胺盐酸盐"},{"key":"E","value":"N,N-二甲基-8-氯-10H-吩噻嗪-10-丙胺盐酸盐"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"零级反应有效期计算公式是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1gC=(-k\/2.303)t+lgC₀"},{"key":"B","value":"t₀.₉=C₀\/10k"},{"key":"C","value":"C-C₀=-kt"},{"key":"D","value":"t₀.₉=0.1054/k"},{"key":"E","value":"t1\/2=0.693\/k"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"将以下数字修约为四位有效数字:0.15605","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.560×10³"},{"key":"B","value":"10560×10³"},{"key":"C","value":"1.56"},{"key":"D","value":"0.1561"},{"key":"E","value":"0.156"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"相当于121℃热压灭菌时杀死容器中全部微生物所需要的时间,目前仅用于热压灭菌","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"F值"},{"key":"B","value":"HLB值"},{"key":"C","value":"Krafft点"},{"key":"D","value":"昙点"},{"key":"E","value":"F₀值"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"阿司匹林含量测定应采用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酸碱滴定法"},{"key":"B","value":"非水溶液滴定法"},{"key":"C","value":"氧化还原滴定法"},{"key":"D","value":"气相色谱法"},{"key":"E","value":"高效液相色谱法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查阿司匹林的含量测定方法。阿司匹林分子中具有羧基,原料药可采用酸碱滴定法(A对)测定含量。"} {"Question":"鉴别硫酸奎宁依据的反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芳香第一胺的反应"},{"key":"B","value":"丙二酰脲的反应"},{"key":"C","value":"绿奎宁反应"},{"key":"D","value":"托烷生物碱的反应"},{"key":"E","value":"与二氯靛酚钠的反应"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查硫酸奎宁的鉴别。奎宁为6位含氧喹啉衍生物,可以发生绿奎宁反应(C对),该反应为硫酸奎宁的专属鉴别反应。"} {"Question":"供试品与硝酸共热,得黄色产物,放冷后加醇制氢氧化钾少许,即显深紫色。此反应可鉴别的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"},{"key":"B","value":"硫酸阿托品"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸吗啡"},{"key":"D","value":"硫酸奎宁"},{"key":"E","value":"硝酸士的宁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列溶液中,宜用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定残留量的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯"},{"key":"B","value":"甲苯"},{"key":"C","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"D","value":"三氯甲烷"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酸乙酯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查残留溶剂的测定。残留溶剂的测定通常使用火焰离子化检测器(FID),对含卤素元素的残留溶剂如三氯甲烷(D对)等,采用电子捕获检测器(ECD),易得到高的灵敏度。"} {"Question":"在测定条件有小的变动时,测定结果不受影响的承受程度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"准确度"},{"key":"B","value":"精密度"},{"key":"C","value":"专属性"},{"key":"D","value":"线性"},{"key":"E","value":"耐用性"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可用双缩脲反应鉴别的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"B","value":"黄体酮"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查苯乙胺类拟肾上腺素药物的分析。盐酸麻黄碱(E对)、盐酸伪麻黄碱和盐酸去氧肾上腺素等药物分子结构中,芳环侧链具有氨基醇结构,可显双缩脲特征反应。"} {"Question":"在《中国药典》中,右旋糖酐-40氯化钠注射液的检查项目有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸光度"},{"key":"B","value":"5-羟甲基糖醛"},{"key":"C","value":"半乳糖"},{"key":"D","value":"顺式异构体"},{"key":"E","value":"分子量与分子量分布"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查右旋糖酐-40氯化钠注射液的检查项目。右旋糖酐-40氯化钠注射液的检查项目包括pH值、重金属、异常毒性、细菌内毒素及分子量与分子量分布(E对)。"} {"Question":"关于薄层色谱法操作的一般方法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薄层板使用前应在110℃活化30分钟"},{"key":"B","value":"点样基线距底边2.0cm"},{"key":"C","value":"点样直径为0.5~1.0cm"},{"key":"D","value":"样点间距离以不影响检出为宜,一般为1.0~2.0cm"},{"key":"E","value":"展开时,薄层板浸入展开剂的深度为距底边2.0~3.0cm"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查薄层色谱法的操作。薄层板使用前应在110℃活化30分钟(A对),点样基线距底边2.0cm(B对),点样直径不超过4mm(C错),样点间距离以不影响检出为宜,一般为1.0~2.0cm(D对)。将点好样品的薄层板放入展开室的展开剂中,浸入展开剂的深度为距薄层板底边0.5~1.0cm(E错)。"} {"Question":"用基准邻苯二甲酸氢钾标定氢氧化钠滴定液时,已知邻苯二甲酸氢钾的分子量为204.22,则1ml氢氧化钠滴定液(0.1mol\/l,)相当于邻苯二甲酸氢钾的量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1.021mg"},{"key":"B","value":"2.042mg"},{"key":"C","value":"10.21mg"},{"key":"D","value":"20.42mg"},{"key":"E","value":"204.2mg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"不加Hg(Ac)₂,以结晶紫为指示剂,用HClO₄直接滴定的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫酸奎尼丁"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸士的宁"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸吗啡"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸可待因"},{"key":"E","value":"氢溴酸山莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"AD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用盐酸滴定液滴定氨水时,使用的指示剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲基橙"},{"key":"B","value":"铬黑T"},{"key":"C","value":"酚酞"},{"key":"D","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸铁铵"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查酸碱滴定法。用盐酸滴定液滴定氨水时,使用的指示剂是甲基橙(A对)。盐酸与氨水产物为氯化铵,氯化铵水解呈酸性,故达到滴定终点时溶液偏酸,应采用酸性变色范围的指示剂甲基橙。酚酞(C错)为碱性变色范围指示剂,铬黑T(B错)、淀粉(D错)、硫酸铁铵(E错)不是常用的酸碱指示剂。"} {"Question":"A和B两种药物的CRH分别为71.0%和82.0%,两者等量混合的CRH(%)值是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"11"},{"key":"B","value":"17.4"},{"key":"C","value":"34.8"},{"key":"D","value":"58.2"},{"key":"E","value":"69.6"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查CRH的计算。混合物的CRH约等于各药物CRH的乘积,与各组分的比例无关,故混合后CRH(%)=71.0%×82.0%=58.2(C对)。"} {"Question":"盐酸普鲁卡因注射液检查的杂质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对氨基苯甲酸"},{"key":"B","value":"游离水杨酸"},{"key":"C","value":"莨菪碱"},{"key":"D","value":"对氨基酚"},{"key":"E","value":"5-羟甲基糖醛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查普鲁卡因杂质的检查。盐酸普鲁卡因中的特殊杂质为对氨基苯甲酸(A对)。"} {"Question":"属于物理配伍变化的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"含酚羟基的药物遇铁盐颜色变深"},{"key":"B","value":"高锰酸钾与甘油混合研磨发生爆炸"},{"key":"C","value":"乌洛托品与酸类药物配伍产生甲醛"},{"key":"D","value":"氯霉素注射液与少量葡萄糖输液混合时产生沉淀"},{"key":"E","value":"生物碱盐溶液遇鞣酸产生沉淀"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的配伍变化。属于物理配伍变化的是氯霉素注射液与少量葡萄糖输液混合时产生沉淀(D对)。物理学的配伍变化是指药物配伍时发生了分散状态或其他物理性质的改变,属于外观变化,如果条件改变还可能恢复制剂的原来形式。含酚羟基的药物遇铁盐生成配合物颜色变深(A错)属于化学配伍变化。强氧化剂高锰酸钾与强还原性的甘油混合研磨发生爆炸(B错)属于化学配伍变化。乌洛托品与酸类药物配伍产生甲醛发生了氧化还原反应(C错)属于化学性配伍禁忌。生物碱盐溶液遇鞣酸产生沉淀(E错)属于化学配伍变化。"} {"Question":"高锰酸钾与甘油混合研磨时,易发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"变色"},{"key":"B","value":"沉淀"},{"key":"C","value":"产气"},{"key":"D","value":"结块"},{"key":"E","value":"爆炸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查药物的配伍变化。高锰酸钾与甘油混合研磨时,易发生爆炸(E对)。发生爆炸大多由强氧化剂与强还原剂配伍而引起,如氯化钾与硫,高锰酸钾与甘油,强氧化剂与蔗糖或葡萄糖等。pH改变产生沉淀;由难溶性碱或酸制成的可溶盐。它们因pH的改变而产生沉淀,如水杨酸钠或苯巴比妥钠水溶液因水解遇酸或酸性药物后,会析出水杨酸或巴比妥酸。生物碱可溶性盐遇碱或碱性药物后会析出难溶性(B错)。含酚羟基的药物与铁盐相遇颜色变深(A错)。溴化铵和利尿药配伍,产生氨气(C错)。"} {"Question":"能全部通过八号筛,并含有能通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"最粗粉"},{"key":"B","value":"粗粉"},{"key":"C","value":"中粉"},{"key":"D","value":"最细粉"},{"key":"E","value":"极细粉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查粉末等级。能全部通过八号筛,并含有能通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末是极细粉(E对)。极细粉:指能全部通过八号筛,并含能通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末。《中国药典》现行版本规定了六种粉末等级。最粗粉(A错):指能全部通过一号筛,但混有能通过三号筛不超过20%的粉末;粗粉(B错):指能全部通过二号筛,但混有能通过四号筛不超过40%的粉末;中粉(C错):指能全部通过四号筛,但混有能通过五号筛不超过60%的粉末;细粉:指能全部通过五号筛,并含能通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末;最细粉(D错):指能全部通过六号筛,并含能通过七号筛不少于95%的粉末。"} {"Question":"缩写DSC是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气相色谱法"},{"key":"B","value":"高效液相色谱法"},{"key":"C","value":"十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶"},{"key":"D","value":"红外分光光度法"},{"key":"E","value":"差示扫描量热法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"氯贝丁酯中检查的特殊杂质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吗啡"},{"key":"B","value":"林可霉素B"},{"key":"C","value":"哌啶苯丙酮"},{"key":"D","value":"对氨基酚"},{"key":"E","value":"对氯酚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查特殊杂质。氯贝丁酯中检查的特殊杂质是对氯酚(E对)。吗啡(A错)是磷酸可待因的特殊杂质。林可霉素B(B错)是盐酸林可霉素的特殊杂质。哌啶苯丙酮(C错)是盐酸苯海索的特殊杂质。对氨基酚(D错)是对乙酰氨基酚的特殊杂质。"} {"Question":"以下杂质检查的条件是:铁盐","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"在盐酸酸性条件下检查"},{"key":"B","value":"在硝酸酸性条件下检查"},{"key":"C","value":"在醋酸盐缓冲液(pH3.5)中检查"},{"key":"D","value":"在硫酸酸性条件下检查"},{"key":"E","value":"在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中检查"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"醋酸氢化可的松是药品的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"商品名"},{"key":"B","value":"化学名"},{"key":"C","value":"通用名"},{"key":"D","value":"俗名"},{"key":"E","value":"品牌名"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的名称。醋酸氢化可的松是药品的通用名(C对)。药物的名称包括药物的通用名,化学名和商品名。药品通用名也称为国际非专利药品名称(INN),通常是指有活性的药物物质,而不是最终的药品,因此是药学研究人员和医务人员使用的共同名称。药品的商品名(A错),又称为品牌名(E错),通常是针对药物的最终产品,即剂量和剂型已确定的含有一种或多种药物活性成分的药物。药物的化学名(B错)是根据药品的化学成分确定的化学学术名称。有些药物的名称因常被应用,可称之为该药的别名或俗名(D错),如氟哌酸是诺氟沙星的俗名,先锋4号是头孢氨苄的俗名等。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》的凡例部分","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"起到目录的作用"},{"key":"B","value":"有标准规定,检验方法和限度,标准品、对照品,计量等内容"},{"key":"C","value":"介绍中国药典的改革"},{"key":"D","value":"收载药品质量标准分析方法验证等指导原则"},{"key":"E","value":"收载有制剂通则"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药典。《中国药典》的凡例部分有标准规定,检验方法和限度,标准品、对照品,计量等内容(B对)。凡例是对《中国药典》正文、通则与药品质量检定有关的共性问题的统一规定,在《中国药典》各部中列于正文之前。凡例内容包括:①总则; ②正文; ③通则; ④名称与编排; ⑤项目与要求; ⑥检验方法和限度;⑦标准品与对照品; ⑧计量;⑨精确度;⑩试药、试液、指示剂; ⑪动物试验;⑫说明书、包装和标签。共12类39 条,对各条内容的定义与基本要求作出统一规定。《中国药典》标准体系构成包括:凡例、通则及各部的标准正文三部分(AC错)。收载药品质量标准分析方法验证等指导原则(D错)的为《中国药典》通则部分。收载有制剂通则(E错)的为《中国药典》通则部分。"} {"Question":"毛细管电泳法常用的分离模式有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毛细管区电泳"},{"key":"B","value":"毛细管凝胶电泳"},{"key":"C","value":"薄层色谱"},{"key":"D","value":"纸电泳"},{"key":"E","value":"毛细管气相色谱"}],"Answer":"AB","Explanation":"本题考查毛细电泳法的分离模式。毛细管电泳法的分离模式主要有:毛细管区带电泳(A对)、毛细管等速电泳、毛细管等电聚焦、毛细管电色谱、胶束电动毛细管色谱、毛细管凝胶色谱(B对)。"} {"Question":"药剂学的研究内容主要包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药剂学的基本理论的研究"},{"key":"B","value":"新剂型的研究"},{"key":"C","value":"新辅料的研究"},{"key":"D","value":"制剂新机械的研究"},{"key":"E","value":"医药新技术的研究"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查药剂学的研究内容。药剂学的研究内容主要包括药剂学的基本理论的研究(A对)、新剂型的研究(B对)、新辅料的研究(C对)、制剂新机械的研究(D对)、医药新技术的研究(E对)。药剂学的主要研究内容包括:基本理论的研究、新剂型、新制剂、新技术、新辅料、新设备的研究和开发。"} {"Question":"标定盐酸溶液(0.1mol\/L)的基准物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"NaCl"},{"key":"B","value":"无水碳酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"KI"},{"key":"D","value":"溴酸钾"},{"key":"E","value":"重铬酸钾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查盐酸溶液的标定。标定盐酸溶液的常用基准物质为无水碳酸钠(B对)。"} {"Question":"在药品质量标准中,属于药物安全性检查的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶出度"},{"key":"B","value":"热原"},{"key":"C","value":"重量差异"},{"key":"D","value":"含量均匀度"},{"key":"E","value":"干燥失重"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药品标准检查项下的内容。在药品质量标准中,属于药物安全性检查的项目是热原(B对)。热原属于药品安全性检查的项目,其他药品安全性检查的项目还有“异常毒性”、“无菌”、“细菌内毒素”、“升压物质”、“降压物质”及“过敏反应”等。均一性检查主要是检查制剂的均匀度,如片剂等固体制剂的“重量差异”(C错)、“含量均匀度检查法”(D错)。有效性检查的项目通常为和药物的疗效有关、但不能通过其分析有效控制的项目,如片剂通常需要检查“崩解时限”或测定“溶出度”(A错)等。药物的纯度检查即为药物中的杂质检查,多为限量检查,杂质检查分为一般杂质检查和特殊杂质检查,一般杂质是指在自然界中分布广泛、在多种药品的生产中可能引入的杂质,如氯化物、砷盐,及本标准中的易炭化物、干燥失重(E错)、炽灼残渣、重金属等,特殊杂质为某种药物中特定的杂质,如阿司匹林中游离水杨酸的检查。"} {"Question":"物理量的单位符号为:运动黏度","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"kPa"},{"key":"B","value":"Pa·S"},{"key":"C","value":"mm²\/s"},{"key":"D","value":"cm⁻¹"},{"key":"E","value":"㎛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"适用于贵重药物和空气中易氧化药物干燥失重测定的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"差示热分析法"},{"key":"B","value":"热重分析法"},{"key":"C","value":"差示扫描量热法"},{"key":"D","value":"X射线粉未衍射法"},{"key":"E","value":"电泳法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"溶液颜色检查法是检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不溶性杂质"},{"key":"B","value":"遇硫酸易炭化的杂质"},{"key":"C","value":"水分及其他挥发性物质"},{"key":"D","value":"有色杂质"},{"key":"E","value":"硫酸盐杂质"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"中国药典用银量法测定苯巴比妥的含量,指示终点的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"铬酸钾法"},{"key":"B","value":"铁铵矾指示剂法"},{"key":"C","value":"吸附指示剂法"},{"key":"D","value":"电位法"},{"key":"E","value":"永停法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"以下反应所鉴别的药物是,重氮化一偶合反应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖"},{"key":"B","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸阿托品"},{"key":"D","value":"奥沙西泮"},{"key":"E","value":"丙磺舒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为使所取样品具有代表性,当产品总件数为100时,则取样件数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"100"},{"key":"B","value":"50"},{"key":"C","value":"11"},{"key":"D","value":"10"},{"key":"E","value":"9"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查抽样调查。抽样调查中,若产品总件数为x,则取样件数为√x+1,故当产品件数为100时,取样件数为√100+1=11。"} {"Question":"热原性质不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"具有滤过性"},{"key":"C","value":"具有挥发性"},{"key":"D","value":"具有水溶性"},{"key":"E","value":"具有被氧化性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查热原的性质。热原性质不包括具有挥发性(C错,为本题正确答案)。热原的性质是不挥发性。热源的性质有:1.耐热性(A对);2.滤过性(B对);3.吸附性;4.水溶性(D对);5.不挥发性;6.其他:热原能被强酸、强碱和强氧化剂所破坏(E对)。"} {"Question":"容量瓶校正所需的仪器有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"分析天平"},{"key":"B","value":"称量瓶"},{"key":"C","value":"滴定管"},{"key":"D","value":"温度计"},{"key":"E","value":"比色管"}],"Answer":"AD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用亚硝酸钠滴定法测定药物的含量,以下叙述正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"基于药物结构中的芳伯氨基"},{"key":"B","value":"以冰醋酸为溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"加入溴化钾作为催化剂"},{"key":"D","value":"用永停法指示终点"},{"key":"E","value":"用0.1mol\/L亚硝酸钠滴定液滴定"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":"本题考查亚硝酸钠滴定法。亚硝酸钠滴定法是亚硝酸钠在盐酸存在条件下与具有芳伯氨基化合物(A对)发生重氮化反应,定量生成重氮盐,用0.1mol\/L亚硝酸钠滴定液(E对B错)滴定。加入溴化钾(C对)作为催化剂,可加快重氮化反应速度。亚硝酸钠滴定法指示终点的方法有:电位法、永停滴定法、内指示剂法和外指示剂法,《中国药典》中亚硝酸钠用永停法指示终点(D对)。"} {"Question":"测定某药物的比旋度时,配制药物浓度为10.0mg\/ml的溶液,使用1dm长的测定管,依法测得旋光度为-1.75°,则比旋度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"‘-1.75°"},{"key":"B","value":"‘-17.5°"},{"key":"C","value":"‘-175°"},{"key":"D","value":"‘-1750°"},{"key":"E","value":"‘-17500°"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"称量时的读数为0.0520g,其有效数字的位数为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5位"},{"key":"B","value":"4位"},{"key":"C","value":"3位"},{"key":"D","value":"2位"},{"key":"E","value":"1位"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"TDDS制剂中常用的压敏胶材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚乙烯醇"},{"key":"B","value":"羟丙甲纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"聚乙烯"},{"key":"D","value":"聚异丁烯"},{"key":"E","value":"聚丙烯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查经皮给药制剂的处方材料。聚异丁烯类(D对)在TDDS制剂中作为压敏材料。TDDS中常用的压敏胶有聚异丁烯类、丙烯酸类和硅橡胶三类。"} {"Question":"含有高分子材料的液体制剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"涂剂"},{"key":"C","value":"涂膜剂"},{"key":"D","value":"贴膏剂"},{"key":"E","value":"搽剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查涂膜剂。含有高分子材料的液体制剂是涂膜剂(C对)。涂膜剂系指原料药物溶解或分散于含成膜材料的溶剂中,涂布患处后形成薄膜的外用液体制剂;洗剂(A错)为供清洗或涂抹无破损的皮肤或腔道的外用液体制剂;涂剂(B错)为涂于皮肤或口腔喉部黏膜的液体制剂;贴膏剂(D错)系指药材提取物和(或)化学药物与适宜的基质和基材制成的供皮肤贴敷,可产生局部或全身作用的一类片状外用制剂;搽剂(E错)为供无破损的皮肤揉搽用的制剂。"} {"Question":"膜剂常用的着色遮光剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EVA"},{"key":"B","value":"TiO₂"},{"key":"C","value":"SiO₂"},{"key":"D","value":"山梨醇"},{"key":"E","value":"聚山梨酯80"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查膜剂的附加剂。膜剂常用的着色遮光剂是TiO₂(B对),常用的增塑剂是山梨醇,常用的成膜材料是EVA。"} {"Question":"可用作乳剂型基质防腐剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硬脂酸"},{"key":"B","value":"液体石蜡"},{"key":"C","value":"吐温80"},{"key":"D","value":"羟苯乙酯"},{"key":"E","value":"甘油"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某药物的生物半衰期是6.93h,表观分布容积是100L,该药物有较强的首过效应,其体内消除包括肝代谢和肾排泄,其中肾排泄占总消除的20%,静脉注射该药200mg的AUC是20㎍·h\/ml,将其制备成片剂用于口服,给药100mg后的AUC为10㎍·h\/ml。为避免该药的的首过效应,不考虑其理化性质的情况下,可以考虑将其制成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胶囊剂"},{"key":"B","value":"口服缓释片剂"},{"key":"C","value":"栓剂"},{"key":"D","value":"口服乳剂"},{"key":"E","value":"颗粒剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查栓剂。避免该药的的首过效应,在不考虑其理化性质的情况下,可以考虑将其制成栓剂(C对);栓剂系指药物与适宜基质制成的具有一定形状供腔道给药的固体外用制剂。口服药物经过胃肠道吸收,不能避免首过效应(ABDE错)。"} {"Question":"关于气雾剂特点的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能使药物直达作用部位"},{"key":"B","value":"生产成本较低"},{"key":"C","value":"可避免肝脏的首过效应"},{"key":"D","value":"可提高药物稳定性"},{"key":"E","value":"药物吸收干扰因素少"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查气雾剂的特点。气雾剂能直达药物作用部位,起效快(A对);气雾剂直接吸入,可避免肝脏的首关效应(C对);药物密闭于容器内能保持药物清洁无菌,且能提高药物的稳定性(D对);气雾剂需要特殊生产设备,生产成本高(B错);有多种因素干预或限制药物剂量,药物吸收干扰因素多(E错)。"} {"Question":"专供揉搽皮肤表面的液体制剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"搽剂"},{"key":"C","value":"洗漱剂"},{"key":"D","value":"灌洗剂"},{"key":"E","value":"涂剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查搽剂。搽剂(B对)系指专供揉搽皮肤表面的液体制剂;洗剂(A错)系指专供涂抹、敷于皮肤的外用液体制剂;含漱剂(C错)系指用于咽喉、口腔清洗的液体制剂;灌洗剂(D错)分护理保健类洗液和阴道灌洗清洁液两类;涂剂(E错)是指涂于局部皮肤的外用澄清液体制剂。"} {"Question":"在经皮给药制剂中,可用作贮库层材料的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚苯乙烯"},{"key":"B","value":"微晶纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物"},{"key":"D","value":"硅橡胶"},{"key":"E","value":"低取代羟丙基纤维素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查经皮给药制剂的处方材料。硅橡胶(D对)可用作贮库层材料;聚苯乙烯(A错)为防黏材料;微晶纤维素(B错)为填充剂;乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(C错)为控释膜材料;低取代羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC)(E错)为片剂崩解剂。"} {"Question":"软膏剂质量评价不包括的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粒度"},{"key":"B","value":"装量"},{"key":"C","value":"微生物限度"},{"key":"D","value":"无菌"},{"key":"E","value":"热原"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吸入气雾剂的给药部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝脏"},{"key":"B","value":"肾脏"},{"key":"C","value":"肺"},{"key":"D","value":"胆"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查气雾剂。吸入气雾剂使用时将内容物呈雾状喷出并吸入肺部,给药部位是肺(C对)。"} {"Question":"属于控释制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿奇霉素分散片"},{"key":"B","value":"硫酸沙丁胺醇口崩片"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸特布他林气雾剂"},{"key":"D","value":"复方丹参滴丸"},{"key":"E","value":"硝苯地平渗透泵片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查控释制剂。硝苯地平渗透泵片(E对)为控释制剂。分散片(A错)、口崩片(B错)、气雾剂(C错)、滴丸(D错)均为快速释放制剂。"} {"Question":"在气雾剂的处方中,可作为潜溶剂的辅料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"F12"},{"key":"B","value":"丙二醇"},{"key":"C","value":"吐温80"},{"key":"D","value":"蜂蜡"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素C"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查气雾剂的附加剂。丙二醇(B对)可做气雾剂的潜溶剂,除此之外,乙醇、丙二醇、甘油和聚乙二醇等皆可作潜溶剂;F12(A错)为气雾剂抛射剂;吐温80(C错)可作为O\/W型乳剂的乳化剂;维生素C(E错)可作为抗氧剂;蜂蜡(D错)可作为W\/O型乳化剂。"} {"Question":"膜剂常用的成膜材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EVA"},{"key":"B","value":"TiO₂"},{"key":"C","value":"SiO₂"},{"key":"D","value":"山梨醇"},{"key":"E","value":"聚山梨酯80"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查膜剂的附加剂。膜剂常用的成膜材料是EVA(A对),常用的增塑剂是山梨醇,常用的着色遮光剂是TiO₂。"} {"Question":"在醋酸可的松注射液中作为抑菌剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硫柳汞"},{"key":"B","value":"氯化钠"},{"key":"C","value":"羟甲基纤维素钠"},{"key":"D","value":"聚山梨酯80"},{"key":"E","value":"注射用水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查液体制剂常用的附加剂。硫柳汞(A对)可作药物制剂的抑菌剂;氯化钠(B错)一般为渗透压调节剂;羟甲基纤维素钠(C错)常作为助悬剂;聚山梨酯80(D错)可作乳化剂、增溶剂;注射用水(E错)作为溶剂。"} {"Question":"可作为气雾剂表面活性剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"B","value":"七氟丙烷"},{"key":"C","value":"聚山梨酯"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"E","value":"液状石蜡"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查气雾剂的表面活性剂。气雾剂常加入的表面活性剂包括聚三梨酯类(C对),特别是聚三梨酯-80。"} {"Question":"关于软膏剂一般质量要求的错误表述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性质稳定,无酸败、变质等现象"},{"key":"B","value":"无溶血性"},{"key":"C","value":"无刺激性"},{"key":"D","value":"无过敏性"},{"key":"E","value":"用于创面的软膏应无菌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查软膏剂一般质量要求。软膏剂的一般质量要求不包括无溶血性(B错,为本题正确答案)。性质稳定,无酸败、变质现象(A对)、无刺激性(C对)、无过敏性(D对)、用于创面的软膏应无菌(E对)皆为良好的软膏剂的一般质量要求。"} {"Question":"属于缓控释制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平渗透泵片"},{"key":"B","value":"利培酮口崩片"},{"key":"C","value":"利巴韦林胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"注射用紫杉醇脂质体"},{"key":"E","value":"水杨酸乳膏"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查缓控释制剂。硝苯地平渗透泵片(A对)为控释制剂;口崩片(B错)为快速释放制剂;脂质体(D错)为靶向制剂。"} {"Question":"下述情况可选用的灭菌方法是:无菌室空气","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"干热灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"C","value":"紫外线灭菌法"},{"key":"D","value":"滤过除菌"},{"key":"E","value":"流通蒸汽灭菌法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"注射剂处方中,伯洛沙姆188的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"渗透压调节剂"},{"key":"B","value":"增溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"抑菌剂"},{"key":"D","value":"抗氧剂"},{"key":"E","value":"止痛剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查注射剂常用的附加剂。伯洛沙姆188常用作注射剂中的增溶剂(B对)、润湿剂或乳化剂。其他常用的还有聚山梨酯80、聚维酮等。注射剂中常用的渗透压调节剂(A错)有氯化钠、葡萄糖、甘油等。注射剂中常用的抑菌剂(C错)有硫柳汞、三氯叔丁醇、苯甲醇等。注射剂中常用的抗氧剂(D错)有焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠、硫代硫酸钠等。注射剂中常用的止痛剂(E错)有盐酸普鲁卡因、利多卡因等。"} {"Question":"环糊精包合物常用的制备方法有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"饱和水溶液法"},{"key":"B","value":"研磨法"},{"key":"C","value":"冷冻干燥法"},{"key":"D","value":"喷雾干燥法"},{"key":"E","value":"相溶解度法"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"生产注射剂时常加入适当活性炭,其作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸附热原"},{"key":"B","value":"增加主药的稳定性"},{"key":"C","value":"助滤"},{"key":"D","value":"脱盐"},{"key":"E","value":"提高澄明度"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查注射剂常用的附加剂。活性炭是常用的吸附剂,用量一般为溶液体积的0.1%~0.5%。活性炭的吸附作用强,除了吸附热原(A对)外,还有脱色、助滤(CE对)作用。由于所加活性炭最终被滤除,故不能增加主药的稳定性(B错)。活性炭对盐类的吸附量小,达不到脱盐(D错)的效果。"} {"Question":"引起注射剂配伍变化的原因有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶剂组成改变"},{"key":"B","value":"pH改变"},{"key":"C","value":"缓冲容量改变"},{"key":"D","value":"混合顺序改变"},{"key":"E","value":"离子作用"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查注射剂配伍变化。注射剂配伍变化的主要原因:1.溶剂组成改变(A对);2.pH改变(B对);3.缓冲容量(C对);4.离子作用(E对);5.直接反应;6.盐析作用;7.配合量;8.混合顺序(D对);9.反应时间;10.氧与二氧化碳的影响;11.光敏感性;12.成分的纯度。"} {"Question":"属于静脉注射脂肪乳剂中乳化剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大豆油"},{"key":"B","value":"大豆磷脂"},{"key":"C","value":"甘油"},{"key":"D","value":"羟苯乙酯"},{"key":"E","value":"注射用水"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查注射剂常用附加剂。静脉注射脂肪乳处方分析:精制大豆油(A错)-油相,主药;精制大豆磷脂(B对)-乳化剂,注射用甘油(C错)-等渗调节剂,注射用水-溶剂。此处方中无羟苯乙酯(D错)。"} {"Question":"有关热原的性质的正确表述有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"可滤过性"},{"key":"C","value":"不挥发性"},{"key":"D","value":"水不溶性"},{"key":"E","value":"不耐酸碱性"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查热原的性质。热原的性质:(1)水溶性(D错);(2)不挥发性(C对);(3)耐热性(A对);(4)过滤性(B对);(5)其他性质。热原能被强酸、强碱、强氧化剂如高锰酸钾、过氧化氢以及超声波破坏(E对)。热原在水溶液中带有电荷,也可被某些离子交换树脂所吸附。"} {"Question":"关于热原性质的错误表述是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"滤过性"},{"key":"C","value":"光不稳定性"},{"key":"D","value":"不挥发性"},{"key":"E","value":"水溶性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查热原的性质。光不稳定性(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于热原的性质。热原的性质:(1)水溶性(E对);(2)不挥发性(D对);(3)耐热性(A对);(4)过滤性(B对);(5)其他性质。热原能被强酸、强碱、强氧化剂如高锰酸钾、过氧化氢以及超声波破坏。热原在水溶液中带有电荷,也可被某些离子交换树脂所吸附。"} {"Question":"渗透泵型控释制剂的促渗聚合物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"醋酸纤维素"},{"key":"B","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"C","value":"聚氧化乙烯(PEO)"},{"key":"D","value":"氯化钠"},{"key":"E","value":"1.5%CMC-Na溶液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主要用作注射用无菌粉末的溶剂或注射液的稀释剂的制药用水是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天然水"},{"key":"B","value":"饮用水"},{"key":"C","value":"纯化水"},{"key":"D","value":"注射用水"},{"key":"E","value":"灭菌注射用水"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查灭菌注射用水。灭菌注射用水(E对)主要用于注射用灭菌粉末的溶剂或注射剂的稀释剂。饮用水(B错)为天然水(A错)经净化处理所得的水,可作为药材净制时的漂洗、制药用具的粗洗用水。除另有规定外,也可作为药材的提取溶剂。纯化水(C错)可作为配制普通药物制剂的溶剂或试验用水,口服、外用制剂配制用溶剂或稀释剂。纯化水不得用于注射剂的配制与稀释。注射用水(D错)可作为注射剂、滴眼剂等的溶剂或稀释剂及容器的清洗溶剂。"} {"Question":"肌内注射给药时,药物释放从快到慢的正确排列顺序是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"O\/W乳剂>水溶液>水混悬液>W\/O乳剂"},{"key":"B","value":"水溶液>水混悬液>O\/W乳剂>W\/O乳剂"},{"key":"C","value":"W\/O乳剂>O\/W乳剂>水溶液>水混悬液"},{"key":"D","value":"水溶液>O\/W乳剂>W\/O乳剂>水混悬液"},{"key":"E","value":"O\/W乳剂>水溶液>W\/O乳剂>水混悬液"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在脂质体的质量要求中,表示脂质体化学稳定性的项目是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"载药量"},{"key":"B","value":"渗漏率"},{"key":"C","value":"磷脂氧化指数"},{"key":"D","value":"释放度"},{"key":"E","value":"包封率"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查脂质体。在脂质体的质量要求中,表示脂质体化学稳定性的项目是磷脂氧化指数(C对)。载药量(A错)指脂质体中所包封药物重量的百分率。可以明确制剂中药物的百分含量,对脂质体的工业化生产具有实用价值。脂质体中药物的泄漏率(B错)表示脂质体在贮存期间包封率的变化情况,是衡量脂质体物理稳定性的主要指标。脂质体的质量要求中没有对释放度(D错)的要求。包封率(E错)是指包入脂质体内的药物量与投料量的重量百分比。通常要求脂质体的药物包封率达80%以上。"} {"Question":"下列辅料中属于油性抗氧化剂的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"焦亚硫酸钠"},{"key":"B","value":"生育酚(维生素E)"},{"key":"C","value":"叔丁基对羟基茴香醚"},{"key":"D","value":"二丁甲苯酚"},{"key":"E","value":"硫代硫酸钠"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查抗氧剂。常用的油溶性抗氧剂有维生素E(vitamin E)(B对)、叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(BHA)(C对)、2,6-二叔丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)(二丁甲苯酚)(D对)等。"} {"Question":"下列缓(控)释制剂中,控释效果最好的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水不溶性骨架片"},{"key":"B","value":"亲水凝胶骨架片"},{"key":"C","value":"水不溶性薄膜包衣片"},{"key":"D","value":"渗透泵片"},{"key":"E","value":"生物黏附片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查控释制剂。渗透泵片(D对)利用渗透泵原理制成,能均匀恒速释放药物,其释药速率不受胃肠道可变因素如蠕动、pH、胃排空时间等因素影响,控释效果好。"} {"Question":"关于纯化水的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纯化水可作为配制普通药物制剂的溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"纯化水可作为中药注射剂的提取溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"纯化水可作为中药滴眼剂的提取溶剂"},{"key":"D","value":"纯化水可作为注射用灭菌粉末的溶剂"},{"key":"E","value":"纯化水为饮用水经蒸馏、反渗透或其他适宜方法制得的制药用水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查纯化水。灭菌注射用水主要用于注射用灭菌粉末的溶剂(D错,为本题正确答案)或注射剂的稀释剂。纯化水为饮用水经蒸熘法、离子交换法、反渗透法或其他适宜方法制得的制药用水(E对),不含任何附加剂。纯化水可作为配制普通药物制剂用的溶剂(A对)或试验用水;中药注射剂、滴眼剂等灭菌制剂所用纯化水饮片的提取溶剂(BC对);口服、外用制剂配制用溶剂或稀释剂;非灭菌制剂用器具的精洗用水。也可作非灭菌制剂所用饮片的提取溶剂。"} {"Question":"利用胶态过渡到液晶态,药物释放速度增大的原理制成的脂质体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热敏脂质体"},{"key":"B","value":"前体脂质体"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫脂质体"},{"key":"D","value":"pH敏感脂质体"},{"key":"E","value":"长循环脂质体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查新型靶向脂质体。利用在相变温度时,脂质体的类脂质双分子层膜从胶态过渡到液晶态,脂质膜的通透性增加,药物释放速度增大的原理制成热敏脂质体(A对)。"} {"Question":"微囊常用的制备方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"挤出滚圆法"},{"key":"B","value":"压制法"},{"key":"C","value":"复凝聚法"},{"key":"D","value":"液中析晶法"},{"key":"E","value":"融熔法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查微囊的制备方法。微囊的制备方法:(1)物理化学法:包括单凝聚法、复凝聚法(C对)、溶剂-非溶剂法。(2)物理机械法:包括喷雾干燥法、喷雾凝结法、空气悬浮法、多孔离心法、锅包衣法。(3)化学法:包括界面缩聚法、辐射交联法。挤出滚圆法(A错)是小丸常用的制备方法。压制法(B错)是软胶囊剂常用的制备方法。液中析晶法(D错)是常用制粒方法。融熔法(E错)是固体分散体的制备方法。"} {"Question":"制备环糊精包合物的方法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"重结晶法"},{"key":"B","value":"熔融法"},{"key":"C","value":"注入法"},{"key":"D","value":"复凝聚法"},{"key":"E","value":"热分析法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能够降低药物的溶解度,达到缓释目的的包合材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡糖基-β-CD"},{"key":"B","value":"乙基-β-CD"},{"key":"C","value":"α-CD"},{"key":"D","value":"γ-CD"},{"key":"E","value":"β-CD"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在制剂制备中,常用作注射剂和滴眼剂溶剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射用水"},{"key":"B","value":"矿物质水"},{"key":"C","value":"饮用水"},{"key":"D","value":"灭菌注射用水"},{"key":"E","value":"纯化水"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查制药用水。在制剂制备中,常用作注射剂和滴眼剂溶剂的是注射用水(A对)。注射用水为纯化水经蒸馏所得的水,可作为注射剂、滴眼剂等的溶剂或稀释剂及容器的清洗溶剂。灭菌注射用水(D错)为注射用水按照注射剂生产工艺制备所得,不含任何添加剂。临床应用的灭菌注射用水一般按药品批准文号管理,主要用于注射用灭菌粉末的溶剂或注射剂的稀释剂。纯化水(E错)为饮用水经蒸馏法、离子交换法、反渗透法或其他适宜方法制得的制药用水,不含任何附加剂。可作为配制普通药物制剂的溶剂或试验用水,口服、外用制剂配制用溶剂或稀释剂。纯化水不得用于注射剂的配制与稀释。矿物质水(B错)一般不用做制药用水。饮用水(C错)为天然水经过纯化的得到的,一般不用做制药用水。"} {"Question":"粒径小于3μm的被动靶向微粒,静注后的靶部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"骨髓"},{"key":"B","value":"肝、脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肺"},{"key":"D","value":"脑"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查被动靶向制剂。粒径是影响被动靶向制剂体内分布的首要因素。较大的微粒往往由于机械截留作用分布到相应组织,如粒径>7μm的微粒通常被肺部毛细血管截留,被单核细胞摄取进入肺组织或肺泡(C错);而<7μm的微粒一般被肝、脾(B对)中的巨噬细胞吞噬而富集于这两个组织;100~200mm的微粒很快被巨噬细胞吞噬,最终富集于肝Kupffer细胞溶酶体中,而200~400mm的微粒集中于肝脏后迅速被清除;50~100mm的微粒可进入肝实质细胞中,<50mm的微粒可通过肝内皮细胞或通过淋巴传递到脾和骨髓(A错)中。"} {"Question":"PEG-DSPE是一种PEG化脂质材料,常用于对脂质体进行PEG化,增强与单核巨噬细胞的亲和力。盐酸多柔比星脂质体以PEG-DSPE为膜结合的脂质体属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"前体脂质体"},{"key":"B","value":"pH敏感脂质体"},{"key":"C","value":"免疫脂质体"},{"key":"D","value":"热敏脂质体"},{"key":"E","value":"长循环脂质体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查脂质体。盐酸多柔比星脂质体以PEG⁻DSPE为膜结合的脂质体属于长循环脂质体(E对)。PEG修饰可增加脂质体的柔顺性和亲水性,从而降低与单核巨噬细胞的亲和力,延长循环时间。pH敏感脂质体(B错)指对pH敏感的脂质体;免疫脂质体(C错)是表面连接上抗体或抗原的脂质体;热敏脂质体(D错)是利用在相变温度时,脂质体的类脂质双分子层膜从胶态过渡到液晶态,脂质膜的通透性增加,药物释放速度增大的原理制成的脂质体。"} {"Question":"属于吸入型肾上腺糖皮质激素的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"布地奈德"},{"key":"B","value":"地塞米松"},{"key":"C","value":"氟替卡松"},{"key":"D","value":"倍氯米松"},{"key":"E","value":"泼尼松龙"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查吸入型肾上腺糖皮质激素药物。属于吸入型肾上腺糖皮质激素的药物有布地奈德(A对)、氟替卡松(C对)、倍氯米松(D对)。大多数糖皮质激素制剂可经胃肠道迅速吸收,生物利用度高,不受进食的干扰,且应用方便,故片剂为最常用的剂型。适用于在较短时间内产生疗效或中、长程治疗者。用于口服的糖皮质激素有氢化可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙(E错)、地塞米松(B错)等。氢化可的松琥珀酸钠,泼尼松龙琥珀酸钠、地塞米松注射剂等可供静脉注射或滴注用,可在注射后立即发生效应,适用于病情危重需迅速获得糖皮质激素者。局部外用制剂有软膏、栓剂和气雾剂等。吸入型肾上腺糖皮质激素具有局部抗炎作用强、全身不良反应少的优点,可增加患者的肺功能,降低气道高反应性,减少支气管扩张剂的应用,故而被国内外权威的哮喘诊治指南推荐为治疗哮喘的一线药物。"} {"Question":"属于黏痰溶解剂,具有较强的黏痰溶解作用,也可用于治疗环磷酰胺引起的出血性膀胱炎的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"愈创甘油醚"},{"key":"B","value":"氨溴索"},{"key":"C","value":"乙酰半胱氨酸"},{"key":"D","value":"羧甲司坦"},{"key":"E","value":"糜蛋白酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚的中毒解救。乙酰半胱氨酸(C对)可以用于对乙酰氨基酚中毒的解救。"} {"Question":"糖皮质激素抗休克作用与哪一因素无关","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩张痉挛收缩血管,加强心肌收缩力"},{"key":"B","value":"稳定溶酶体膜,减少心肌抑制因子的释放"},{"key":"C","value":"提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力"},{"key":"D","value":"降低血管对某些缩血管物质的敏感性"},{"key":"E","value":"中和外毒素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为避免继发真菌感染,使用后应立即漱口的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙丁胺醇气雾剂"},{"key":"B","value":"孟鲁司特片"},{"key":"C","value":"布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂"},{"key":"D","value":"羧甲司坦口服液"},{"key":"E","value":"氨茶碱片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂。为避免继发真菌感染,使用后应立即漱口的药物是布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂(C对)。吸入型糖皮质激素长期给药可能引起患者口腔、咽喉部的白假丝酵母菌感染,表现为声音嘶哑、咽部不适,吸药后用水漱口及局部应用抗霉菌药物可降低发生率。沙丁胺醇气雾剂(A错)、孟鲁司特片(B错)、羧甲司坦口服液(D错)、氨茶碱片(E错)使用后均不需要立即漱口。"} {"Question":"阻断节后迷走神经通路,降低迷走神经兴奋性,产生松弛支气管平滑肌作用,并减少痰液分泌的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙托溴铵"},{"key":"B","value":"氟替卡松"},{"key":"C","value":"孟鲁司特"},{"key":"D","value":"沙美特罗"},{"key":"E","value":"茶碱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查异丙托溴铵。阻断节后迷走神经通路,降低迷走神经兴奋性,产生松弛支气管平滑肌作用,并减少痰液分泌的药物是异丙托溴铵(A对)。M胆碱受体阻断剂可阻断节后迷走神经通路,降低迷走神经兴奋性,产生松弛支气管平滑肌作用,并减少痰液分泌,目前用作平喘药的有异丙托溴铵和噻托溴铵。氟替卡松(B错)酯化后具有强大的抗炎作用,与人体内的糖皮质激素受体具有高度的亲和力,约为地塞米松的18倍。孟鲁司特(C错)阻断白三烯受体,起效缓慢,作用较弱,仅适用于轻、中度哮喘和哮喘稳定期控制治疗。沙美特罗(D错)适用于哮喘(包括夜间哮喘和运动性哮喘)的长期维持治疗,以及12岁以上儿童伴有可逆性气道阻塞的支气管痉挛的预防治疗。茶碱(E错)不良反应多,治疗窗窄,个体差异大,与很多药物存在不良相互作用,已降为二线用药的平喘药物。"} {"Question":"关于右美沙芬药理作用及临床评价的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通过阻断肺-胸膜的牵张感受器产生的肺迷走神经反射而起到镇咳作用"},{"key":"B","value":"口服吸收缓慢,主要经肝脏代谢,作用时间长"},{"key":"C","value":"镇咳作用弱于可待因"},{"key":"D","value":"主要用于干咳,但左旋右美沙芬有镇痛作用"},{"key":"E","value":"兼有外周和中枢性镇咳作用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查右美沙芬。右美沙芬主要用于干咳,但左旋右美沙芬有镇痛作用(D对),无镇咳作用。阻断肺-胸膜的牵张感受器产生的肺迷走神经反射(A错)的药物是苯丙哌林。右美沙芬是通过对延髓咳嗽中枢的抑制而发挥中枢性镇咳作用,口服吸收迅速(B错),主要经肝脏代谢。与可待因相比其镇咳强度相等或略强(C错)。右美沙芬主要用于干咳,为中枢性镇咳药(E错)。"} {"Question":"下列何种感染可用糖皮质激素治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"角膜溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"真菌感染"},{"key":"C","value":"抗菌药不能控制的感染"},{"key":"D","value":"重症伤寒"},{"key":"E","value":"二重感染"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于镇咳药作用强度的比较,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喷托维林>苯丙哌林>可待因"},{"key":"B","value":"可待因>苯丙哌林>喷托维林"},{"key":"C","value":"苯丙哌林>喷托维林>可待因"},{"key":"D","value":"苯丙哌林>可待因>喷托维林"},{"key":"E","value":"喷托维林>可待因>苯丙哌林"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查镇咳药的作用强度。镇咳药作用强度的比较是苯丙哌林>可待因>喷托维林(D对)。喷托维林为人工合成的非成瘾性中枢性镇咳药,镇咳作用强度约为可待因的1\/3。苯丙哌林可阻断肺-胸膜的牵张感受器产生的肺迷走神经反射,并具有罂粟样平滑肌解痉作用。镇咳作用较强,为可待因的2~4倍。所以镇咳作用强度苯丙哌林>可待因>喷托维林。"} {"Question":"β₂受体激动剂平喘作用的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心血管系统的不良反应少"},{"key":"B","value":"可激动α受体"},{"key":"C","value":"剂量过大可引起手指震颤"},{"key":"D","value":"均能皮下注射"},{"key":"E","value":"口服无效"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":"本题考查β₂受体激动剂类平喘药的特点。β₂受体激动剂平喘作用的特点是心血管系统的不良反应少(A对)、剂量过大可引起手指震颤(C对)。β₂受体激动剂对心脏β₁受体激动作用较弱,增强心率等心血管系统的不良反应少,但不宜长期、单一使用,当其过量时引起手指震颤等不良反应。β₂受体激动剂不能激动α受体(B错),一般口服(E错)或吸入,不皮下注射(D错)。"} {"Question":"主要用于治疗无痰干咳的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯化铵"},{"key":"B","value":"氨溴索"},{"key":"C","value":"溴己胺"},{"key":"D","value":"右美沙芬"},{"key":"E","value":"氨茶碱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查右美沙芬。主要用于治疗无痰干咳的药物是右美沙芬(D对)。右美沙芬是合成的吗啡类衍生物,为非依赖性中枢性镇咳药。用于各种原因引起的干咳,包括上呼吸道感染(如感冒和咽炎)、支气管炎等呼吸系统疾病用药引起的咳嗽。氯化铵(A错)、氨溴索(B错)、溴己胺(C错)为祛痰药。氨茶碱(E错)为平喘药。"} {"Question":"属于白三烯受体阻断剂的平喘药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孟鲁司特"},{"key":"B","value":"氟替卡松"},{"key":"C","value":"噻托溴铵"},{"key":"D","value":"布地奈德"},{"key":"E","value":"多索茶碱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查平喘药的分类。属于白三烯受体阻断剂的平喘药是孟鲁司特(A对)。按作用机制来分,平喘药分可为六类:①β₂受体激动剂,包括沙丁胺醇、特布他林、沙美特罗等。②M胆碱受体阻断剂,如异丙托溴铵,噻托溴铵(C错)。③黄嘌呤类药物,如茶碱、氨茶碱、多索茶碱(E错)、二羟丙茶碱等。④过敏介质阻释剂,如肥大细胞膜稳定剂色甘酸钠,H₁受体阻断剂酮替芬等。⑤肾上腺皮质激素,如氢化可的松、布地奈德(D错)、氟替卡松(B错)、倍氯米松等,它们还有抗过敏作用。⑥白三烯调节剂,如孟鲁司特、扎鲁司特、普鲁司特等。"} {"Question":"属于抗胆碱药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异丙阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"C","value":"沙丁胺醇"},{"key":"D","value":"异丙肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"克仑特罗"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查抗胆碱药。属于抗胆碱药的是异丙阿托品(A对)。异丙阿托品别名异丙托溴铵,具有强效抗胆碱(M受体)作用,对支气管平滑肌有较高的选择性。麻黄碱(B错)为α、β肾上腺素受体激动剂。沙丁胺醇(C错)、克仑特罗(E错)为选择性β₂受体激动剂。异丙肾上腺素(D错)为β受体激动剂。"} {"Question":"选择性抑制延髓咳嗽中枢,并具有微弱的阿托品样作用,适用于各种原因引起的无痰干咳的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"喷托维林"},{"key":"B","value":"苯丙哌林"},{"key":"C","value":"可待因"},{"key":"D","value":"右美沙芬"},{"key":"E","value":"羧甲司坦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查喷托维林。选择性抑制延髓咳嗽中枢,并具有微弱的阿托品样作用,适用于各种原因引起的无痰干咳的药物是喷托维林(A对)。喷托维林兼有中枢和外周镇咳作用。①可直接抑制咳嗽中枢,镇咳强度为可待因的1\/3;②有局麻作用,可抑制呼吸道感受器,有助于止咳;③有轻度阿托品样作用,有利于缓解支气管平滑肌痉挛。适用于上呼吸道炎症引起的干咳。苯丙哌林(B错)用于治疗急、慢性支气管炎及各种刺激引起的刺激性干咳。可待因(C错)适用于无痰剧烈干咳,对胸膜炎干咳伴胸痛患者尤为适用。右美沙芬(D错)用于各种原因引起的干咳,包括上呼吸道感染(如感冒和咽炎)、支气管炎等引起的咳嗽。羧甲司坦(E错)属于黏痰调节剂类祛痰药。"} {"Question":"对乙酰氨基酚过量的解毒剂","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"亚硝酸氢钠"},{"key":"B","value":"纳洛酮"},{"key":"C","value":"硫代硫酸钠"},{"key":"D","value":"戊乙奎醚"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酰半胱氨酸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查乙酰半胱氨酸。对乙酰氨基酚过量的解毒剂是乙酰半胱氨酸(E对)。对乙酰氨基酚过量中毒造成肝坏死,对于中毒的患者及时使用蛋氨酸(甲硫氨酸)或乙酰半胱氨酸可防止肝损伤。\n纳洛酮(B错)用于阿片类药物中毒的解救。硫代硫酸钠(C错)用于氰化物中毒的解救。戊乙奎醚(D错)用于有机磷毒物(农药)中毒或胆碱酯酶(ChE)老化后维持阿托品化。"} {"Question":"属于高致吐风险的抗肿瘤药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"顺铂"},{"key":"B","value":"吉非替尼"},{"key":"C","value":"奥沙利铂"},{"key":"D","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"E","value":"卡铂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查顺铂。属于高致吐风险的抗肿瘤药物是顺铂(A对)。化疗药致吐性按致吐频率分成四个等级水平:高度、中度、低度和微弱。①高度致吐级别:顺铂、达卡巴肼、卡莫司汀、环磷酰胺(≥1500mg\/m²)、氮芥以及一些联合的化疗方案。②中度致吐级别:卡铂(E错)、环磷酰胺(<1500mg\/m²)、异环磷酰胺、多柔比星、柔红霉素、表柔比星、紫杉醇、阿糖胞苷、奥沙利铂(C错)、伊立替康、拓扑替康、培美曲塞、甲氨蝶呤(≥200mg\/m²)。③低度致吐级别:依托泊苷、甲氨蝶呤(<200mg\/m²)、氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶(D错)、吉西他滨、多西他赛、博来霉素、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、紫杉醇、米托蒽醌、丝裂霉素、苯丁酸氮芥等。吉非替尼(B错)为络氨酸激酶抑制剂,其常见的不良反应为皮肤毒性及腹泻,偶见间质性肺炎,皮肤不良反应包括皮疹、皮肤干燥和指甲异常,皮疹往往为痤疮样。"} {"Question":"有些化疗药物存在心脏毒性,在每个化疗周期前应该进行心电图或超声心动检查,排除心脏病变。下列化疗药物中,具有典型心脏毒性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吉西他滨"},{"key":"B","value":"卡铂"},{"key":"C","value":"表柔比星"},{"key":"D","value":"奥沙利铂"},{"key":"E","value":"环磷酰胺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查蒽环类抗肿瘤抗生素。具有典型心脏毒性的化疗药物是表柔比星(C对)。表柔比星为蒽环类抗肿瘤药,可致氧自由基形成,与其心脏毒性有关,表现为剂量累积性的心肌炎,引起迟发性严重心力衰竭,心电图呈室上性心动过速。吉西他滨(A错)为抗肿瘤药,用于治疗中、晚期非小细胞肺癌。吉西他滨主要副作用为血液系统不良反应,也就是骨髓抑制,可以导致贫血,白细胞降低以及血小板减少,没有典型心脏毒性。卡铂(B错)用于实体瘤如小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌、睾丸肿瘤、头颈部癌及恶性淋巴瘤等均有较好的疗效,也适用于其它肿瘤如子宫颈癌、膀胱癌及非小细胞性肺癌等。卡铂的主要不良反应有骨髓抑制,耳毒性,肾毒性,没有典型心脏毒性。奥沙利铂(D错)与5-氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸(甲酰四氢叶酸)联合应用于转移性结直肠癌、原发肿瘤完全切除后的Ⅲ期结肠癌的治疗。奥沙利铂具有一定的血液毒性,没有典型心脏毒性。环磷酰胺(E错)用于恶性淋巴瘤、急性或慢性淋巴细胞白血病、多发性骨髓瘤,对乳腺癌、睾丸肿瘤、卵巢癌、肺癌、头颈部鳞癌、鼻咽癌、神经母细胞瘤、横纹肌肉瘤及骨肉瘤均有一定的疗效。环磷酰胺常见的不良反应有骨髓抑制,一般是在一到两周可以发生,然后三到五周就可以恢复,没有典型心脏毒性。"} {"Question":"紫杉醇的抗癌作用机制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"影响蛋白质的合成和功能"},{"key":"B","value":"直接破坏DNA结构"},{"key":"C","value":"干扰核酸生物合成"},{"key":"D","value":"干扰生物碱合成"},{"key":"E","value":"影响体内激素平衡"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查紫杉醇的作用机制。紫杉醇的抗癌作用机制是影响蛋白质的合成和功能(A对)。紫杉醇为微管蛋白活性抑制剂,能促进微管聚合,同时抑制微管的解聚,从而使纺锤体失去正常功能,细胞有丝分裂停止。直接破坏DNA结构(B错)的抗肿瘤药有环磷酰胺、塞替派、顺铂、喜树碱等。干扰核酸生物合成(C错)的抗肿瘤药有甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷等。干扰生物碱合成(D错)不能达到抗癌作用。影响体内激素平衡(E错)的抗肿瘤药有肾上腺皮质激素、雌激素、雄激素及其拮抗剂,如他莫昔芬、甲地孕酮等。"} {"Question":"与多柔比星存在交叉耐药性的抗肿瘤药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"右雷佐生"},{"key":"B","value":"柔红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"阿糖胞苷"},{"key":"D","value":"甲氨蝶呤"},{"key":"E","value":"环磷酰胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物相互作用。与多柔比星存在交叉耐药性的抗肿瘤药物是柔红霉素(B对)。多柔比星与柔红霉素、长春新碱和放线菌素D呈现交叉耐药性;与甲氨蝶呤(D错)、氟尿嘧啶、阿糖胞苷(C错)、氮芥、丝裂霉素、博来霉素、环磷酰胺(E错)以及亚硝脲等则不呈现交叉耐药性。右雷佐生(A错)是用于减轻或减少蒽环类抗生素(如多柔比星)化疗引起的心肌毒性的一种抗肿瘤辅助药品。"} {"Question":"环磷酰胺的抗癌作用机制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"影响蛋白质的合成和功能"},{"key":"B","value":"直接破坏DNA结构"},{"key":"C","value":"干扰核酸生物合成"},{"key":"D","value":"干扰生物碱合成"},{"key":"E","value":"影响体内激素平衡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查环磷酰胺的作用机制。环磷酰胺的抗癌作用机制是直接破坏DNA结构(B对)。环磷酰胺为周期非特异性药物。在体外无活性,在体内经肝细胞色素P450氧化、裂环生成中间产物醛磷酰胺,在肿瘤细胞内,分解出磷酰胺氮芥而发挥烷化作用,明显使S期的DNA发生烷化,形成交叉联结,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长繁殖。影响蛋白质的合成和功能(A错)的抗肿瘤药有紫杉醇、多西他赛、长春碱等。干扰核酸生物合成(C错)的抗肿瘤药有甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、巯嘌呤、阿糖胞苷、羟基脲等。干扰生物碱合成(D错)不能达到抗癌作用。影响体内激素平衡(E错)的抗肿瘤药有肾上腺皮质激素、雌激素、雄激素及其拮抗剂,如他莫昔芬、甲地孕酮等。"} {"Question":"环磷酰胺属于哪一类抗肿瘤药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金属络合物"},{"key":"B","value":"生物碱"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素"},{"key":"D","value":"抗代谢物"},{"key":"E","value":"烷化剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查环磷酰胺。环磷酰胺属于烷化剂(E对)。烷化剂:如氮芥、环磷酰胺、塞替派、亚硝基脲类、氮甲(甲酰溶肉瘤素)。金属络合物(A错):如顺铂、奥沙利铂。生物碱(B错):如长春新碱、秋水仙碱、鬼臼毒素。抗肿瘤抗生素(C错):丝裂霉素、博来霉素、放线菌素类等。抗代谢物(D错):叶酸、嘧啶、嘌呤类似物等。"} {"Question":"主要作用于聚合态的微管,抑制微管解聚的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫杉醇"},{"key":"B","value":"顺铂"},{"key":"C","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"三尖杉酯碱"},{"key":"E","value":"放线菌素D"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查紫杉醇。主要作用于聚合态的微管,抑制微管解聚的药物是紫杉醇(A对)。紫杉醇能促进微管聚合,同时抑制微管的解聚,从而使纺锤体失去正常功能,细胞有丝分裂停止。顺铂(B错)可与DNA结合,破坏其结构与功能,使肿瘤细胞DNA复制停止,阻碍细胞分裂,为细胞增殖周期非特异性抑制剂。氟尿嘧啶(C错)在细胞内经酶转变为5-氟尿嘧啶脱氧核苷酸(5F-dUMP)而竞争性抑制脱氧胸苷酸合成酶,阻止脱氧尿苷酸(dUMP)甲基化为脱氧胸苷酸(dTMP),从而影响DNA的合成。三尖杉酯碱(D错)可抑制蛋白质合成的起始阶段,并使核糖体分解,释出新生肽链,但对mRNA或tRNA与核糖体的结合无抑制作用,属细胞周期非特异性药物,对S期细胞作用明显。放线菌素D(E错)能与DNA双螺旋结合产生细胞毒性,嵌入DNA的鸟苷和胞苷的碱基对之间,阻断RNA多聚酶对DNA的转录。"} {"Question":"属于铂类化合物的抗肿瘤药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多柔比星"},{"key":"B","value":"拓扑替康"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氨蝶呤"},{"key":"D","value":"雷帕霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"奥沙利铂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗肿瘤药。属于铂类化合物的抗肿瘤药是奥沙利铂(E对)。破坏DNA的铂类化合物包括:顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂、奈达铂等。多柔比星(A错)属蒽环类抗肿瘤抗生素。拓扑替康(B错)属喜树碱类抗肿瘤药。甲氨蝶呤(C错)属抗代谢物抗肿瘤药。雷帕霉素(D错)属大环内酯类免疫抑制剂。"} {"Question":"可用于治疗绝经期后晚期乳腺癌的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雌二醇"},{"key":"B","value":"他莫昔芬"},{"key":"C","value":"甲地孕酮"},{"key":"D","value":"米非司酮"},{"key":"E","value":"二甲双胍"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查他莫昔芬。他莫昔芬(B对)用于治疗乳腺癌(ER阳性者,绝经前、后均可用)、化疗无效的晚期卵巢癌和晚期子宫内膜癌。雌二醇(A错)用于卵巢功能不全或卵巢激素不足引起的各种症状。甲地孕酮(C错)用于治疗不孕症、先兆性流产及习惯性流产。米非司酮(D错)为紧急避孕药。二甲双胍(E错)首选用于单纯饮食控制及体育锻炼治疗无效的2型糖尿病,特别是肥胖的2型糖尿病。"} {"Question":"须先用地塞米松及组胺H₂和H₂受体阻断药预防过敏反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"放线菌素D"},{"key":"C","value":"环磷酰胺"},{"key":"D","value":"丝裂霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"紫杉醇"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗肿瘤药。紫杉醇(E对)为抑制蛋白质合成与功能药物,治疗前须先用地塞米松及组胺H₂和H₂受体阻断药预防过敏反应。阿霉素(A错)又叫多柔比星,为干扰转录过程和阻止RNA合成的药物,抗瘤谱广。放线菌素D(B错)为细胞周期非特异性药物,与放射治疗合用,提高肿瘤对放射治疗的敏感性。环磷酰胺(C错)为直接影响DNA结构和功能的药物,抗瘤谱广。丝裂霉素(D错)为破坏DNA的抗生素,主要用于治疗胃癌、结肠直肠癌、肺癌、胰腺癌。"} {"Question":"可干扰转录过程和阻止RNA合成的抗肿瘤药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"顺铂"},{"key":"B","value":"塞替派"},{"key":"C","value":"丝裂霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"多柔比星"},{"key":"E","value":"长春瑞滨"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查抗肿瘤药物。可干扰转录过程和阻止RNA合成的抗肿瘤药物是多柔比星(D对)。多柔比星是直接抑制DNA合成的蒽醌药物,作用机制为分子嵌入到DNA的双链中形成稳定的复合物,影响DNA的功能,阻止DNA的复制和RNA的转录。顺铂(A错)的作用机制是破坏两条核苷酸链之间的氢键,扰乱DNA双螺旋结构,使肿瘤细胞DNA复制停止,阻碍细胞分裂。塞替派(B错)是破坏DNA的烷化剂,通过与细胞中DNA发生共价结合,使其丧失活性或使DNA分子发生断裂,导致肿瘤细胞死亡。丝裂霉素(C错)为破坏DNA的抗生素,丝裂霉素在体内酶作用下经过氧化还原反应,生成烷化剂,与DNA的鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶碱基结合,抑制DNA的合成和功能。长春瑞滨(E错)属于长春碱类抗肿瘤药,属于长春碱类干扰有丝分裂的药物。"} {"Question":"可用于治疗蛔虫病、蛲虫病、钩虫病和鞭虫病的广谱驱虫药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲硝唑"},{"key":"B","value":"氯硝柳胺"},{"key":"C","value":"乙胺嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"甲苯咪唑"},{"key":"E","value":"三氯苯达唑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查甲苯咪唑。可用于治疗蛔虫病、蛲虫病、钩虫病和鞭虫病的广谱驱虫药物是甲苯咪唑(D对)。甲苯咪唑抗虫谱广,对多种肠道寄生虫如蛔虫、钩虫、蛲虫、鞭虫、绦虫以及肠道粪类圆线虫感染都具有显著疗效,对成虫和幼虫均有杀灭作用,甚至对丝虫和囊虫也有一定疗效。甲硝唑(A错)可作为阴道滴虫病的首选药。氯硝柳胺(B错)可用于治疗绦虫感染。乙胺嗪(C错)用于治疗班氏丝虫、马来丝虫和罗阿丝虫感染,也用于盘尾丝虫病。对前三者一次或多次治疗后可根治,但对盘尾丝虫病,因本品不能杀死成虫,故不能根治,亦可用于热带嗜酸红细胞增多症患者。对蛔虫感染也有效,但已为其它更安全、有效、新的抗蠕虫药所取代。三氯苯达唑(E错)用于治疗牛、羊肝片吸虫病。"} {"Question":"袢利尿剂中,耳毒性大,临床使用受到限制的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"阿米洛利"},{"key":"C","value":"依他尼酸"},{"key":"D","value":"布美他尼"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查依他尼酸的临床应用。依他尼酸(C对)是一个非磺酰胺衍生物的袢利尿剂,与其他袢利尿剂比较耳毒性更大,因此临床使用受到限制。"} {"Question":"预防急性肾功能衰竭可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"乙酰唑胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"氨苯蝶啶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查利尿药的临床应用。预防急性肾功能衰竭可选用呋塞米(A对)。呋塞米的临床应用:1.消除各种严重水肿;2.治疗急性肺水肿和脑水肿;3.预防急性肾衰竭;4.加速中毒药物排泄。乙酰唑胺(B错)的临床应用:1.治疗青光眼;2.急性高山病;3.碱化尿液;4.纠正代谢性碱中毒;5.其他:可用作癫痫的辅助治疗;伴有低钾血症的周期性麻痹;严重高磷酸盐血症,增加磷酸盐的尿排泄。氢氯噻嗪(C错)的临床应用:1.水肿;2.高血压病;3.尿崩症。螺内酯(D错)的临床应用:1.与醛固酮升高有关的顽固性水肿;2.充血性心力衰竭;3.高血压;4.低钾血症的预防。氨苯蝶啶(E错)在临床上用于治疗各种水肿,常与排钾利尿药合用治疗顽固性水肿。"} {"Question":"属于留钾利尿药,可作为原发性醛固酮多症诊断和治疗的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吲达帕胺"},{"key":"B","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"托拉塞米"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查留钾利尿药。螺内酯(B对)可用于原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断和治疗。"} {"Question":"抑制远曲小管和近曲小管的碳酸酐酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙酰唑胺"},{"key":"B","value":"安体舒通"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"呋喃苯胺酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查利尿药。乙酰唑胺(A对)为碳酸酐酶抑制剂。通过抑制远曲小管和近曲小管的碳酸酐酶,降低细胞内氢离子的产生,使H⁺-Na⁺交换减少,增加水和碳酸盐的排出而产生利尿作用。安体舒通(B错)(螺内酯)结构与醛固酮相似,为醛固酮的竞争性抑制剂。氨苯蝶啶(C错)作用于远曲小管和集合管,直接抑制钠离子选择性通道。氢氯噻嗪(D错)抑制远曲小管上皮细胞对钠离子的重吸收产生中等强度的利尿作用。呋喃苯胺酸(呋塞米)(E错)主要作用于髓袢升支粗段。"} {"Question":"糖尿病患者高渗性昏迷抢救宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素皮下注射"},{"key":"B","value":"胰岛素静脉注射"},{"key":"C","value":"格列齐特口服"},{"key":"D","value":"罗格列酮口服"},{"key":"E","value":"瑞格列奈口服"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查治疗糖尿病药物的适应症。糖尿病患者高渗性昏迷抢救宜选用胰岛素静脉注射(B对)。胰岛素静脉注射可以用于抢救糖尿病酮症酸中毒和高血糖高渗性昏迷。胰岛素皮下注射(A错)用于常规治疗糖尿病。格列齐特口服(C错)用于治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病。罗格列酮口服(D错)用于治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病和胰岛素耐药性。瑞格列奈口服(E错)用于治疗饮食控制、降低体重与运动不能有效控制高血糖的Ⅱ型糖尿病。"} {"Question":"呋塞米的不良反应包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低血钾"},{"key":"B","value":"低血容量"},{"key":"C","value":"低血钠"},{"key":"D","value":"低血镁"},{"key":"E","value":"低血糖"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查呋塞米的不良反应。呋塞米过度利尿可引起水、电解质紊乱,表现为低血容量(低血压)(B对)、低血钾(A对)、低血钠(C对)、低氯性代谢性碱血症,长期应用还可引起低镁血症(D对),尤其是饮食摄入不足者,补充含有镁盐成分的制剂可以纠正。呋塞米可引起高血糖(E错),但很少导致糖尿病。"} {"Question":"拮抗醛固酮","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"乙酰唑胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"氨苯蝶啶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者有轻度液体潴留,半高血压而肾功能正常的心力衰竭患者,应选用的利尿剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡维地洛"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"比索洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"地高辛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查利尿药。氢氯噻嗪(B对)为噻嗪类利尿剂,直接抑制远曲小管初段腔壁上Na⁺-Cl⁻共转运子,减少肾小管上皮细胞对Na⁺、Cl⁻和水的排出,发挥利尿作用,临床也可用于高血压的治疗,仅适用于有轻度液体潴留、伴有高血压而肾功能正常的患者。呋塞米(C错)作为袢利尿剂,作用于髓袢升支粗段,抑制Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻协转运体,使NaCl重吸收减少,影响肾的稀释与浓缩功能,发挥利尿作用。与其它利尿药相比,其利尿作用最强,为明显液体潴留心力衰竭的首选治疗药。比索洛尔(D错)和地高辛(E错)均为抗心力衰竭药。卡维地洛(A错)为α、β受体阻断剂,阻断受体的同时具有舒张血管作用,用于治疗轻度及中度高血压或伴有肾功能不全、糖尿病的高血压患者。"} {"Question":"指出下列药物中,哪些具有利尿作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氯贝丁酯"},{"key":"C","value":"福尔可定"},{"key":"D","value":"依他尼酸"},{"key":"E","value":"马布特罗"}],"Answer":"AD","Explanation":"本题考查利尿药。具有利尿作用的是氢氯噻嗪(A对)、依他尼酸(D对)。依他尼酸使高效利尿药,临床上用于充血性心力衰竭、急性肺水肿、肝硬化腹水、肝癌腹水、血吸虫病腹水、脑水肿以及其他水肿。氢氯噻嗪为中效利尿药,临床上用于各种原因引起的水肿、高血压病、肾性尿崩症及加压素无效的垂体性尿崩症等。氯贝丁酯(B错)为调血脂药。福尔可定(C错)为镇咳药。马布特罗(E错)为平喘药。"} {"Question":"可引起血脂紊乱的降压药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"D","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"氨苯蝶啶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氢氯噻嗪的不良反应。可引起血脂紊乱的降压药是氢氯噻嗪(B对)。噻嗪类利尿药可升高LDL、总胆固醇和三酰甘油水平。呋塞米(A错)为袢利尿剂,常见不良反应有水、电解质紊乱、低钾血症、耳毒性、高尿酸血症等。甘露醇(C错)为渗透性利尿剂,不良反应以水和电解质紊乱最为常见,还可引起寒战、发热,排尿困难,血栓性静脉炎。螺内酯(D错)和氨苯蝶啶(E错)为保钾利尿药,常见不良反应有高钾血症,少见低钠血症,长期服用可致男性乳房发育、阳痿、性功能减退,可致女性乳房胀痛、声音变粗、毛发增多、月经失调、性功能下降。"} {"Question":"下列属于氯噻嗪的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诱发、加重青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"易发生低血糖反应"},{"key":"C","value":"诱发哮喘、加重心衰"},{"key":"D","value":"导致出大汗、发生虚脱"},{"key":"E","value":"导致脱水、低血钾、电解质紊乱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查氯噻嗪的不良反应。下列属于氯噻嗪的不良反应是导致脱水、低血钾、电解质紊乱(E对)。氢氯噻嗪的不良反应:1.电解质紊乱。长期用药可致低血钾、低血钠、低血镁、低氯碱血症等,合用保钾利尿药可防治。2.高尿酸血症及高尿素氮血症。3.高钙血症。4.升高血糖(B错)。5.其他。偶致过敏性皮炎、粒细胞及血小板减少,以及胃肠道反应。"} {"Question":"含有双磺酰胺结构的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桂利嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"依他尼酸"},{"key":"E","value":"螺内酯"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物结构特点。含有双磺酰胺结构的药物是氢氯噻嗪(B对)。氢氯噻嗪属苯并噻嗪类利尿药,为协同转运抑制剂,其结构中引入了两个磺酰胺基,利尿作用加强,类似的还有甲氯噻嗪、苄氟噻嗪等。桂利嗪(A错)为三苯基哌嗪类非选择性的钙离子拮抗剂。呋塞米(C错)属于含磺酰胺结构的利尿药,为Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻协同转运抑制剂,类似的还有布美他尼、托拉塞米等。依他尼酸(D错)为苯氧乙酸类强利尿药,作用强且迅速,但对肝脏有损伤作用。螺内酯(E错)含有甾体结构,是盐皮质激素受体阻断药,具有保钾利尿的作用。"} {"Question":"不能减小前列腺的体积,也不能降低PSA水平,但可松弛前列腺平滑肌,缓解膀胱和下尿道急性症状的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西地那非"},{"key":"B","value":"非那雄胺"},{"key":"C","value":"坦索罗辛"},{"key":"D","value":"他达拉非"},{"key":"E","value":"度他雄胺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查抗前列腺增生症药。不能减小前列腺的体积,也不能降低PSA水平,但可松弛前列腺平滑肌,缓解膀胱和下尿道急性症状的药物是坦索罗辛(C对)。坦索罗辛为α₁受体阻断药,不能减小前列腺增大的体积,也不降低血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平,不能减少急性尿潴留的发生。适于需要尽快改善急性症状的患者。西地那非(A错)、他达拉非(D错)为5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂。非那雄胺(B错)和度他雄胺(E错)属于5α-还原酶抑制剂。"} {"Question":"具有利尿降压作用的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"B","value":"美加明"},{"key":"C","value":"利血平"},{"key":"D","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"E","value":"氢氯噻嗪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查氢氯噻嗪。具有利尿降压作用的药物是氢氯噻嗪(E对)。氢氯噻嗪为中效能利尿药,是一类口服利尿药和降压药,其药理作用包括利尿作用、抗利尿作用和降压作用。可乐定(A错)为中枢性降压药。美加明(B错)为神经节阻断药。利血平(C错)为去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药。卡托普利(D错)为血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制剂。"} {"Question":"可能引起体位性低血压的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲基多巴"},{"key":"B","value":"硝普钠"},{"key":"C","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"D","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"E","value":"哌唑嗪"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":"本题考查可引起体位性低血压的药物。可能引起体位性低血压的药物有甲基多巴(A对)、硝普钠(B对)、哌唑嗪(E对)。常见的能够引起体位性低血压的药物,主要为α受体阻断剂,其常见的药物有酚妥拉明、哌唑嗪、特拉唑嗪等。除此之外,还有一些硝酸酯类的药物,也容易引起体位性低血压,比如硝酸甘油、硝普钠和利血平等。哌唑嗪首次给药可致严重的体位性低血压、晕厥、心悸等,称“首剂现象”,多见于首次用药90分钟内,发生率高达50%。麻黄碱(C错)具有升压作用,布洛芬(D错)为抗炎药,二者均不会引起体位性低血压。"} {"Question":"在体内水解生成坎利酮的利尿药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨茶碱"},{"key":"B","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸阿米洛利"},{"key":"E","value":"呋塞米"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查螺内酯的代谢。在体内水解生成坎利酮的利尿药是螺内酯(B对)。螺内酯口服口起效慢,发挥最大疗效需要2~3日。该药半衰期短,但其代谢产物(坎利酮)具有活性,有较长的作用\n维持时间(约60h)。氨茶碱(A错)属于磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,在体内释放出茶碱,用作平喘药物。氢氯噻嗪(C错)、盐酸阿米洛利(D错)、呋塞米(E错)均不能水解生成坎利酮。"} {"Question":"因作用弱,常与其他利尿药合用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"D","value":"阿米洛利"},{"key":"E","value":"螺内酯"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查螺内酯。螺内酯(E对)及其代谢产物坎利酮结构与醛固酮相似,可结合到胞质中的盐皮质激素受体上,阻止醛固酮-受体复合物的核转位,而产生拮抗醛固酮的作用。常与噻嗪类利尿剂合用可以减少噻嗪类利尿剂引起的钾丢失。甘露醇(A错)为渗透性利尿药。氢氯噻嗪(B错)为噻嗪类利尿药,直接抑制远曲小管初段腔壁上的Na⁺-Cl⁻共转运子的功能,使肾小管上皮细胞对Na⁺、Cl⁻和水的排出减少。呋塞米(C错)为袢利尿剂,主要作用于髓袢升支粗段,降低肾的稀释与浓缩功能,利尿作用快、强、短。阿米洛利(D错)为肾小管上皮细胞钠离子通道抑制剂,为低效的保钾利尿药。"} {"Question":"适用于轻、中度高血压,伴有浮肿者更适宜的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"B","value":"吲达帕胺"},{"key":"C","value":"依那普利"},{"key":"D","value":"甲基多巴"},{"key":"E","value":"米诺地尔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查吲达帕胺。适用于轻、中度高血压,伴有浮肿者更适宜的药物是吲达帕胺(B对)。吲达帕胺在临床上主要用于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期高血压以及多种原因所致的轻、中度水肿。可乐定(A错)和甲基多巴(D错)为中枢性降压药,用于治疗中度高血压。依那普利(C错)为血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药,临床用于各期原发性高血压、肾性高血压、恶性高血压及充血性心力衰竭。米诺地尔(E错)为钾通道开放药,临床用于严重的原发性高血压或肾性高血压。"} {"Question":"利尿作用极弱,具有降低眼内压作用,可用于青光眼治疗的利尿剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呋塞米"},{"key":"B","value":"螺内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"乙酰唑胺"},{"key":"D","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"甘露醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查乙酰唑胺。利尿作用极弱,具有降低眼内压作用,可用于青光眼治疗的利尿剂是乙酰唑胺(C对)。乙酰唑胺为碳酸酐酶抑制剂,由于利尿作用弱,目前很少用于利尿。还可抑制睫状体上皮细胞中的碳酸酐酶,减少房水和脑脊液的产生,使眼压降低。主要用于治疗青光眼和脑水肿。呋塞米(A错)是袢利尿剂,本类药物主要作用部位在髓袢升支粗段,干扰Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻共同转运系统,产生强大的利尿作用。螺内酯(B错)为醛固酮受体阻断剂,主要用于伴有醛固酮升高的顽固性水肿,如充血性心力衰竭、肝硬化腹水及肾病综合征。氢氯噻嗪(D错)为中效利尿剂,临床用于水肿、高血压及尿崩症的治疗。甘露醇(E错)为渗透性利尿药,用于预防急性肾衰竭、脑水肿及青光眼,是治疗脑水肿、降低颅内压的安全而有效的首选药物。"} {"Question":"治疗青光眼宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"托吡卡胺滴眼剂"},{"key":"B","value":"拉坦前列素滴眼剂"},{"key":"C","value":"氯霉素滴眼液"},{"key":"D","value":"碘苷滴眼剂"},{"key":"E","value":"泼尼松龙滴眼剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查眼科疾病用药。治疗青光眼宜选用拉坦前列素(B对)、卡替洛尔等。托吡卡胺(A错)用于眼底散瞳检查。氯霉素(C错)为抗眼部细菌感染药。碘苷(D错)可用于眼部病毒感染。醋酸泼尼松龙滴眼液(E错)适用于短期治疗对类固醇敏感的眼部炎症(排除病毒、真菌和细菌病原体感染)。"} {"Question":"麻黄碱的特点包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"激动α、β受体,促进递质释放"},{"key":"B","value":"明显的中枢抑制作用"},{"key":"C","value":"不易发生继发性血压下降现象"},{"key":"D","value":"作用弱而持久"},{"key":"E","value":"可透过血脑屏障"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":"本题考查麻黄碱的特点。麻黄碱既有激动α和β受体的直接作用(A对),又有促进去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢释放递质的间接作用。(1)心血管系统:心脏兴奋,加强心肌收缩力,增加心排出量。由于血压升高反射性引起迷走神经兴奋,故心率不变或稍缓慢。一般剂量下内脏血流量减少,但冠脉、脑血管和骨骼肌血流量增加。升压作用缓和,持续时间较长,可达3~6小时,无继发性性血压下降(C对)。(2)支气管平滑肌:松弛支气管平滑肌,作用较Adr弱且起效慢,但维持时间长(D对)。(3)中枢神经系统:与Adr不同,麻黄碱具有明显的中枢兴奋作用(B错E对),较大剂量能兴奋大脑皮层和皮层下中枢,可引起不安及失眠等症状。"} {"Question":"属于选择性α₂受体激动剂,可增加房水经葡萄膜巩膜通路外流而降低眼压的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拉坦前列素"},{"key":"B","value":"溴莫尼定"},{"key":"C","value":"托吡卡胺"},{"key":"D","value":"噻吗洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"毛果芸香碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查降眼压药的分类及作用机制。溴莫尼定(B对)属于选择性α₂受体激动剂,可增加房水经葡萄膜巩膜通路外流而降低眼压。拉坦前列素(A错)是一种选择性前列腺素受体激动剂,能通过增加房水流出而降低眼压。托吡卡胺(C错)属于抗胆碱药,能阻滞乙酰胆碱引起的虹膜括约肌及睫状肌兴奋作用,可引起散瞳和睫状肌麻痹。噻吗洛尔(D错)属于β受体阻断剂,可促进房水排出而降低眼压。毛果芸香碱(E错)属于拟M胆碱药,激动M胆碱受体可缩小瞳孔,促使前房角开放而降低眼压。"} {"Question":"毛果芸香碱可作用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α₁受体"},{"key":"B","value":"α₂受体"},{"key":"C","value":"β₁受体"},{"key":"D","value":"β₂受体"},{"key":"E","value":"M受体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查毛果芸香碱。毛果芸香碱能够选择性兴奋M胆碱受体(E对),发挥M样作用。表现为:(1)心血管功能抑制;(2)平滑肌收缩;(3)瞳孔括约肌和睫状肌收缩,瞳孔缩小 ;(4)促进唾液腺、汗腺、泪腺和消化道等腺体的分泌。α₁受体(A错)主要分布在血管平滑肌,激动时引起血管收缩。α₂受体(B错)主要分布在去甲肾上腺素能神经的突触前膜上,受体激动时可使去甲肾上腺素释放减少。β₁受体(C错)主要分布于心脏,可增加心肌收缩性,自律性和传导功能。β₂受体(D错)主要分布在支气管平滑肌,血管平滑肌和心肌。"} {"Question":"属于肾上腺素受体激动剂的降眼压药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毛果芸香碱"},{"key":"B","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"C","value":"乙酰唑胺"},{"key":"D","value":"噻吗洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"地匹福林"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查降低眼压药的分类。属于肾上腺素受体激动剂的降眼压药是地匹福林(E对)。肾上腺素受体激动剂降眼压药:地匹福林、溴莫尼定。毛果芸香碱(A错)为缩瞳药。甘露醇(B错)为高渗脱水剂。乙酰唑胺(C错)为碳酸酐酶抑制剂。噻吗洛尔(D错)为β受体阻断剂。"} {"Question":"用于治疗湿性视网膜黄斑变性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚乙二醇滴眼液"},{"key":"B","value":"硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶"},{"key":"C","value":"雷珠单抗注射液"},{"key":"D","value":"毛果芸香碱滴眼液"},{"key":"E","value":"丙美卡因滴眼液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查雷珠单抗注射液。用于治疗湿性视网膜黄斑变性的药物是雷珠单抗注射液(C对)。雷珠单抗注射液为血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抑制剂,通过竞争性地抑制VEGF与受体的结合,从而抑制内皮细胞增殖和血管新生。用于治疗湿性(新生血管性)年龄相关性黄斑病变。聚乙二醇滴眼液(A错)为干眼症用药,属高分子聚合物,具有亲水性和成膜性,在适宜浓度下,能起人工泪液的作用。用于暂时缓解由于眼睛干涩引起的灼热和刺痛症状。硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶(B错)为散瞳药,用于虹膜睫状体炎、检查眼底前的散瞳、验光配镜屈光度检查前的散瞳。毛果芸香碱滴眼液(D错)选择性直接作用于M胆碱受体。主要用于①治疗原发性青光眼,包括开角型与闭角型青光眼。②用于激光虹膜造孔术前使虹膜伸展便于激光打孔,以及防止激光手术后的反应性眼压升高。③本品滴眼用于眼科手术后或应用扩瞳剂后,以抵消睫状肌麻痹剂或散瞳药的作用。④注射液可用于白内障人工晶状体植入手术中缩瞳。丙美卡因滴眼液(E错)用于眼科局部麻醉。"} {"Question":"雌激素类药物使用的禁忌症有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳腺癌"},{"key":"B","value":"晚期前列腺癌"},{"key":"C","value":"急性血栓性静脉炎"},{"key":"D","value":"萎缩性阴道炎"},{"key":"E","value":"未明确诊断的阴道不规则出血"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查雌激素类药物的禁忌症。雌激素禁用于有乳腺癌(A对)、卵巢癌、急性血栓性静脉炎(C对)及未明确诊断的阴道不规则出血(E对)等患者。晚期前列腺癌(B错)和萎缩性阴道炎(D错)为雌激素的适应证。"} {"Question":"治疗男性阴茎勃起功能障碍宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯米芬"},{"key":"B","value":"苯丙酸诺龙"},{"key":"C","value":"他莫昔芬"},{"key":"D","value":"乙葳酚"},{"key":"E","value":"西地那非"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查西地那非。西地那非(E对)选择性抑制磷酸二酯酶V的活性,用于治疗阴茎勃起功能障碍。氯米芬(A错)具有较强的抗雌激素作用和较弱的雌激素活性。苯丙酸诺龙(B错)具有蛋白同化作用。他莫昔芬(C错)用于治疗晚期乳腺癌和卵巢癌。乙葳酚(D错)用于预防与治疗睾丸炎。"} {"Question":"大剂量具有抗雄激素作用,可用于子宮内膜癌或肾癌的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地屈孕酮"},{"key":"B","value":"屈螺酮"},{"key":"C","value":"甲羟孕酮"},{"key":"D","value":"环丙孕酮"},{"key":"E","value":"左炔诺孕酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查环丙孕酮。大剂量具有抗雄激素作用,可用于子宮内膜癌或肾癌的药物是环丙孕酮(D对)。地屈孕酮(A错)用于治疗内源性孕酮不足引起的疾病,如痛经、子宫内膜异位症、继发性闭经、孕激素缺乏所致先兆性流产或习惯性流产等。屈螺酮(B错)具有抗盐皮质激素和抗雄激素的作用。甲羟孕酮(C错)主要用于治疗肾癌、乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、前列腺癌等病症。左炔诺孕酮(E错)可以抑制排卵并阻止孕卵着床。"} {"Question":"预防先兆流产的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲睾酮"},{"key":"B","value":"甲羟孕酮"},{"key":"C","value":"他莫昔芬"},{"key":"D","value":"麦角生物碱"},{"key":"E","value":"缩宫素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查预防先兆流产的药物。甲羟孕酮(B对)属于孕激素类药,用于功能性子宫出血,痛经和子宫内膜异位症,先兆性流产及习惯性流产,对子宫内膜癌、良性前列腺肥大及前列腺癌等也有一定的治疗作用,避孕。甲睾酮(A错)属于雄激素。他莫昔芬(C错)为抗雌激素药物。麦角生物碱(D错)和缩宫素(E错)都属于子宫平滑肌兴奋药。"} {"Question":"米非司酮的作用机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗受精卵着床"},{"key":"B","value":"引发足够的子宫活性"},{"key":"C","value":"对皮质醇水平影响"},{"key":"D","value":"促子宫内膜壁充血增厚"},{"key":"E","value":"促进子宫内膜脱落"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查米非司酮的作用机制。米非司酮通过竞争孕激素受体,拮抗孕酮,具抗受精卵着床作用(A对)。米非司酮不能引发足够的子宫活性(B错),不能促子宫内膜壁充血增厚(D错)和促进子宫内膜脱落(E错)。在有效剂量下对皮质醇水平无明显影响(C错)。"} {"Question":"酚妥拉明是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α受体激动药"},{"key":"B","value":"α受体阻断药"},{"key":"C","value":"β受体激动药"},{"key":"D","value":"β受体阻断药"},{"key":"E","value":"M受体激动药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于治疗乙型肝炎的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拉米夫定"},{"key":"B","value":"恩替卡韦"},{"key":"C","value":"替比夫定"},{"key":"D","value":"阿德福韦酯"},{"key":"E","value":"替诺福韦酯"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查治疗乙型肝炎的药物。用于乙型肝炎治疗的药物包括:(1)免疫调节剂:干扰素;(2)核苷类药物:如拉米夫定(A对)、替比夫定(C对)、阿德福韦(D对)、恩替卡韦(B对)、替诺福韦(E对)等。核苷(酸)类药物(NAs)是慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者抗病毒治疗的主要选择,具有疗效强、总体安全性和耐受性良好、服用方便等优势。干扰素是目前公认治疗慢性乙型肝炎的重要药物,具有增强清除病毒的免疫功能和直接抑制病毒的作用。"} {"Question":"异维A酸的不良反应不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皮肤感染"},{"key":"B","value":"致畸作用"},{"key":"C","value":"光敏反应"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤干燥、脱皮"},{"key":"E","value":"头痛、关节痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查异维A酸的不良反应。皮肤感染(A错,为本题正确答案)不是异维A酸的不良反应。口服异维A酸后,皮肤或黏膜可出现干燥、脱皮(D对)、鼻出血、头痛、肌肉与关节痛(E对)、偶见过敏反应及光敏反应(C对)。妊娠期妇女服后可致自发性流产及胎儿发育畸形(B对)。"} {"Question":"治疗皮肤浅表性癣菌病首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伏立康唑"},{"key":"B","value":"氟胞嘧啶"},{"key":"C","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"D","value":"灰黄霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"特比萘芬"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查特比萘芬。治疗皮肤浅表性癣菌病首选特比萘芬(E对)。特比萘芬对各种浅部真菌如毛癣菌属、小孢子菌属、表皮癣菌属均有明显的抗菌活性。伏立康唑(A错)属于三唑类抗菌药,是治疗侵袭性曲霉菌病的首选用药。氟胞嘧啶(B错)可与两性霉素B合用于深部真菌感染。氟康唑(C错)属于三唑类抗菌药,是治疗侵袭性念珠菌病的首选用药,适用于近期未用过唑类抗真菌药且临床情况稳定的念珠菌感染。灰黄霉素(D错)可抑制皮肤癣菌,口服用于抗表浅部真菌感染。"} {"Question":"可用于治疗甲癣、足癣、体癣和股癣等浅表性真菌感染的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟胞嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"伏立康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"两性霉素B"},{"key":"D","value":"特比萘芬"},{"key":"E","value":"卡泊芬净"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查特比萘芬。特比萘芬(D对)临床适用于:(1)毛癣菌(红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、断发癣菌、紫色毛癣菌和疣状毛癣菌等)、犬小孢子菌和絮状表皮癣菌等引起的皮肤、头发和甲的感染。(2)各种癣病(体癣、股癣、手足癣和头癣等)以及念珠菌(白色念珠菌等)引起的皮肤酵母菌感染。(3)皮霉菌引起的甲癣(甲真菌感染)。氟胞嘧啶(A错)是抗真菌药,对念珠菌、隐球菌、地丝菌有良好的抑制作用,对部分曲菌,以及引起皮肤真菌病的分支孢子菌、瓶真菌等也有作用。对其它真菌和细菌都无作用。伏立康唑(B错)是一种广谱的三唑类抗真菌药,其适应证如下:治疗侵袭性曲霉病。治疗对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌引起的严重侵袭性感染(包括克柔念珠菌)。治疗由足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属引起的严重感染。两性霉素B(C错)临床上用于治疗严重的深部真菌引起的内脏或全身感染。卡泊芬净(E错)适用于成人患者和儿童患者(三个月及三个月以上):经验性治疗中性粒细胞减少、伴发热病人的可疑真菌感染治疗对其它治疗无效或不能耐受的侵袭性曲霉菌病。"} {"Question":"地西泮的不良反应有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜睡、头昏、乏力"},{"key":"B","value":"大剂量可产生共济失调"},{"key":"C","value":"长期应用可产生耐受性、依赖性"},{"key":"D","value":"帕金森综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"凝血机制障碍"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查地西泮。地西泮不良反应有嗜睡、头昏、乏力等(A对);大剂量可产生共济失调(C对);长期用药可产生耐受性、依赖性(B对);帕金森综合征(D错)可能由神经安定剂(吩噻嗪类和丁酰苯类)导致;凝血机制障碍(E错)由维生素K缺乏症、血友病引发。"} {"Question":"吗啡作用于延髓孤束核阿片受体引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇咳"},{"key":"B","value":"瞳孔缩小"},{"key":"C","value":"欣快感"},{"key":"D","value":"外周血管扩张"},{"key":"E","value":"恶心、呕吐"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查吗啡。吗啡作用于延髓孤束核(咳嗽反射中枢)阿片受体,可镇咳(A对);作用于中脑盖前核阿片受体(δ受体),引起血压下降、缩瞳(B错);作用于边缘系统阿片受体(μ₁受体),可镇痛,引起欣快感(C错);作用于外周血管上的吗啡受体可扩张外周血管(D错);作用于脑干极后区阿片受体(μ₂受体),引起胃肠道抑制反应,产生恶心、呕吐(E错)。"} {"Question":"硫喷妥钠在体内经脱硫代谢生成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"B","value":"异戊巴比妥"},{"key":"C","value":"司可巴比妥"},{"key":"D","value":"巴比妥酸"},{"key":"E","value":"戊巴比妥"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"对癫痫小发作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有效"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无效"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能诱发癫痫的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯丙嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氯氮平"},{"key":"C","value":"氟哌啶醇"},{"key":"D","value":"利培酮"},{"key":"E","value":"珠氯噻醇"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗地高辛中毒引起的快速性心律失常的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛抗体"},{"key":"B","value":"考来烯胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"E","value":"苯妥英钠"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗癫痫药。治疗地高辛中毒引起的快速性心律失常的药物是苯妥英钠(E对)。对强心苷中毒引起的重症快速型心律失常,常用苯妥英钠救治。该药能使强心苷从Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶复合物中解离,恢复酶的活性。它对频发的室性期前收缩、室性心动过速等有明显疗效,并且不减慢房室传导。地高辛抗体(A错)用于危及生命的严重强心苷中毒。考来烯胺(B错)与洋地黄毒苷结合治疗洋地黄中毒。氢氯噻嗪(C错)为噻嗪类利尿药,常用于高血压的治疗。阿托品(D错)用于治疗强心苷中毒时的心动过缓或房室阻滞等缓慢型心律失常。"} {"Question":"苯二氮䓬类药物对离子通道的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加Cl⁻通道开放频率"},{"key":"B","value":"延长Cl⁻通道开放时间"},{"key":"C","value":"延长K⁺通道开放时间"},{"key":"D","value":"延长Na⁺通道开放时间"},{"key":"E","value":"增加K⁺通道开放频率"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查苯二氮䓬类抗癫痫药。苯二氮䓬类药物对离子通道的作用是增加Cl⁻通道开放频率(A对)。BZ与GABAA受体结合后,引发受体蛋白构象变化(易化GABAA受体),促进GABA与GABAA受体结合,使Cl⁻通道开放的频率增加,细胞膜超级化,使GABA能神经的抑制功能增强。"} {"Question":"几乎无锥体外系反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氯丙嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氯氮平"},{"key":"C","value":"氟哌啶醇"},{"key":"D","value":"利培酮"},{"key":"E","value":"珠氯噻醇"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脂溶性较高,起效快,属于巴比妥类的镇静催眠药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿普唑仑"},{"key":"B","value":"异戊巴比妥"},{"key":"C","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"D","value":"佐匹克隆"},{"key":"E","value":"苯巴比妥"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查巴比妥类药物。异戊巴比妥(B对)脂溶性较高,起效快,属于巴比妥类的镇静催眠药;阿普唑仑(A错)为苯二氮䓬类催眠镇静药和抗焦虑药;地西泮(C错)为长效苯二氮䓬类镇静催眠药;佐匹克隆(D错)为环吡咯酮类镇静催眠药;苯巴比妥(E错)脂溶性低,起效慢。"} {"Question":"对快动眼睡眠时相影响小,停药时“反跳”不明显的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水合氯醛"},{"key":"B","value":"硫喷妥钠"},{"key":"C","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"D","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"E","value":"格鲁米特"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列药物中不能改善脑功能的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吡乙酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"奥拉西坦"},{"key":"C","value":"氯噻酮"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸茚氯嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"艾地苯醌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查氯噻酮。下列药物中不能改善脑功能的是氯噻酮(C错,为本题正确答案)。氯噻酮为利尿药,不用于改善脑功能。吡乙酰胺(A对)(吡拉西坦)和奥拉西坦(B对)为酰胺类中枢兴奋药。盐酸茚氯嗪(D对)具有复活大脑皮质自发脑波的作用,因而可改善记忆和脑震荡所致的行动障碍,以及延长缺氧环境下的生存时间。艾地苯醌(E对)为其他脑功能改善及抗记忆障碍药。"} {"Question":"局部麻醉药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氟烷"},{"key":"B","value":"盐酸氯胺酮"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸普鲁卡因"},{"key":"D","value":"地西泮"},{"key":"E","value":"卡马西平"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于加巴喷丁的说法错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加巴喷丁是GABA的环状衍生物,具有较高脂溶性"},{"key":"B","value":"加巴喷丁口服易吸收,在体内不代谢,以原型从尿中排除"},{"key":"C","value":"加巴喷丁对神经性疼痛有效"},{"key":"D","value":"加巴喷丁通过作用GABA受体而发挥作用"},{"key":"E","value":"加巴喷丁可与其他抗癫痫药物联合使用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查加巴喷丁。加巴喷丁是GABA的环状衍生物,具有较高脂溶性,但并非GABA受体的激动剂(D错,为本题正确答案),与脑组织神经元上所结合的受体尚未确定,其作用机制尚未弄清。"} {"Question":"用于各种原因所致的中枢性呼吸抑制的急救药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"咖啡因"},{"key":"B","value":"尼可刹米"},{"key":"C","value":"士的宁"},{"key":"D","value":"哌甲酯"},{"key":"E","value":"匹莫林"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"吗啡不具有下列哪项作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"兴奋平滑肌"},{"key":"B","value":"止咳"},{"key":"C","value":"腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"呼吸抑制"},{"key":"E","value":"催吐和缩瞳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查吗啡。吗啡为阿片受体激动药,通过激动μ₂受体,松弛胃肠道平滑肌,减少其蠕动(A对),从而达到止泻作用(C错,为本题正确答案);吗啡能够镇咳(B对);吗啡的其它不良反应包括呼吸抑制(D对)、支气管痉挛,少见瞳孔缩小等(E对)。"} {"Question":"抗室性心律失常,抗癫痫","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"B","value":"胺碘酮"},{"key":"C","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"D","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"E","value":"普罗帕酮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有吗啡受体部分激动作用的镇痛药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纳洛酮"},{"key":"B","value":"布托啡诺"},{"key":"C","value":"盐酸布桂嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸可待因"},{"key":"E","value":"苯噻啶"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查阿片类镇痛药。布托啡诺(B对)是具有吗啡受体部分激动作用的麻醉性镇痛药;纳洛酮(A错)为阿片受体拮抗剂,可作为阿片类的解毒剂;盐酸布桂嗪(C错)为国家特殊管理的麻醉药品;磷酸可待因(D错)多用于中等程度以上的疼痛;苯噻啶(E错)能够拮抗组胺H₁受体,主要治疗偏头痛。"} {"Question":"选择性、可逆性地抑制儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶,阻止3-O-甲基多巴形成的抗帕金森病药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯海索"},{"key":"B","value":"金刚烷胺"},{"key":"C","value":"卡比多巴"},{"key":"D","value":"恩他卡朋"},{"key":"E","value":"司来吉兰"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查恩他卡朋。选择性、可逆性地抑制儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶,阻止3-O-甲基多巴形成的抗帕金森病药物是恩他卡朋(D对);苯海索(A错)为抗帕金森病药物,可以部分阻滞神经中枢(纹状体)的胆碱受体,抑制乙酰胆碱的兴奋作用;金刚烷胺(B错)能阻断甲型流感病毒脱壳及其核酸释放至呼吸道上皮细胞中,对已经穿入细胞内的病毒亦有影响其初期复制的作用;卡比多巴(C错)为外周脱羧酶抑制剂,不易进入中枢,仅抑制外周左旋多巴转化为多巴胺;司来吉兰(E错)为单胺氧化酶抑制药(MAOI)。"} {"Question":"关于抗抑郁药的使用注意事项,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"选择抗抑郁药物时需考虑患者的症状特点、年龄、药物的耐受性、有无合并症等因素"},{"key":"B","value":"大多数抗抑郁药起效缓慢,需4~6周方能见效"},{"key":"C","value":"在足量足疗程治疗无效的情况下,可考虑更换另一种作用机制不同的抗抑郁药"},{"key":"D","value":"抗抑郁药需从小剂量开始并逐渐增加剂量,且尽可能采用最小有效剂量维持"},{"key":"E","value":"单胺氧化酶抑制剂可与5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂联合治疗抑郁症"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查抗抑郁药的使用。抗抑郁药的应用因人而异,须全面考虑患者症状特点、年龄、躯体状况、药物的耐受性、有无合并症(A对),予以个体化合理用药。使用抗抑郁药时,应从小剂量开始,逐增剂量,尽可能采用最小有效量(D对),使不良反应减至最少,以提高服药依从性。当小剂量疗效不佳时,可根据不良反应和患者对药物的耐受情况,逐渐增至足量。。抗抑郁药起效缓慢,大多数药物起效需要一定的时间,并且需要足够长的疗程,一般4~6周方显效(B对),即便是起效较快的抗抑郁药如米氮平和文拉法辛,也需要1周左右的时间,因此要有足够的耐心,切忌频繁换药。只有在足量、足疗程使用某种抗抑郁药仍无效时,方可考虑换用同类另一种或作用机制不同的另一类药(C对)。单胺氧化酶抑制剂不可与5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂合用(E错),选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂与单胺氧化酶抑制剂合用可引起5-HT综合征,表现为不安、肌阵挛、健反射亢进、多汗、震颤、腹泻、高热、抽搐和精神错乱,严重者可致死。"} {"Question":"安定和苯巴比妥的共同作用有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗焦虑"},{"key":"B","value":"抗惊厥"},{"key":"C","value":"抗癫痫"},{"key":"D","value":"抗休克"},{"key":"E","value":"镇静、催眠"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查镇静催眠药。安定和苯巴比妥的共同作用有抗焦虑(A对)、抗惊厥(B对)、抗癫痫(C对)、镇静、催眠(E对)。镇静催眠药有巴比妥类和苯二氮䓬类,安定(地西泮)为苯二氮䓬代表药,小剂量即可产生抗焦虑作用;苯巴比妥大剂量才产生抗焦虑作用;安定具有较强的抗惊厥和抗癫痫作用,是癫痫持续状态首选药;苯巴比妥对癫痫大发作及其持续状态有较好疗效,在大于催眠剂量时有抗惊厥作用。二者均不用于抗休克治疗。"} {"Question":"过敏性药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"B","value":"苯妥英钠"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有效"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无效"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,女,65岁。诊断为骨质疏松症,给予鲑降钙素注射液治疗,用药期间需注意的事项有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应当注意有无皮下和牙龈出血"},{"key":"B","value":"必须补充足量的钙剂和维生素D"},{"key":"C","value":"对蛋白质过敏者,使用前需做皮肤敏感试验"},{"key":"D","value":"可能出现低血糖反应"},{"key":"E","value":"常出现面部潮红的不良反应"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查鲑降钙素的使用。鲑降钙素在骨质疏松症治疗时,宜同时补充足量的钙剂和维生素D(B对)。鲑降钙素皮下或肌内注射或静脉滴注后可致面部、手部潮红(E对),多见于20%~30%患者。皮下和牙龈出血(A错)属于抗血栓药常见不良反应。低血糖反应(D错)一般见于降血糖药。对降钙素过敏者。应用前应作皮肤敏感试验,对蛋白质过敏者可能对降钙素过敏,应用前宜作皮肤敏感试验(C对)。"} {"Question":"属于二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西格列汀"},{"key":"B","value":"那格列奈"},{"key":"C","value":"格列美脲"},{"key":"D","value":"利拉鲁肽"},{"key":"E","value":"罗格列酮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药的分类。降糖药的分类:①磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌剂:格列本脲、格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列美脲(C错);②非磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌剂:瑞格列奈、那格列奈(B错)、米格列奈;③二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂:西格列汀(A对)、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、维格列汀、利格列汀;④双胍类:二甲双胍;⑤噻唑烷二酮类胰岛素增敏剂:吡格列酮、罗格列酮(E错);⑥α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂:阿卡波糖、伏格列波特、米格列醇;⑦钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白-2抑制剂:达格列净、恩格列净、卡格列净。利拉鲁肽(D错)是胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂。"} {"Question":"主要不良反应为胃肠反应的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"D","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯磺丙脲"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查降糖药的不良反应。阿卡波糖(A对)为α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,可与碳水化合物竞争α-葡萄糖苷酶,抑制碳水化合物水解而滞留在胃肠道,引起肠道细菌酵解,产生气体,引起胀气、腹泻等胃肠道不良反应。服用二甲双胍(B错),少数患者可出现酮尿或乳酸性血症。格列本脲(C错)长期使用可抑制胰高血糖素的释放。胰岛素(D错)常见不良反应为低血糖反应,也可引起过敏性反应。氯磺丙脲(E错)不良反应为肝毒性。"} {"Question":"碳酸钙用于肾衰竭患者降低血磷时,适宜的服药时间是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"餐前即刻"},{"key":"B","value":"清晨或睡前"},{"key":"C","value":"餐后2h"},{"key":"D","value":"餐中"},{"key":"E","value":"餐后即刻"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查碳酸钙的用药教育。碳酸钙用于肾衰竭者降低血磷时,应在餐中(D对)服用,最好是嚼服。"} {"Question":"消糖灵胶囊引起的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜睡乏力"},{"key":"B","value":"低血糖"},{"key":"C","value":"视觉异常"},{"key":"D","value":"出血"},{"key":"E","value":"骨质疏松"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查消糖灵胶囊的不良反应。消糖灵胶囊重复使用可引起低血糖反应、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、食欲缺乏、皮疹。"} {"Question":"适用于肥胖及单用饮食控制无效者的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"格列本脲"},{"key":"D","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯磺丙脲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查二甲双胍。二甲双胍(B对)为双胍类降糖药,主要通过抑制肠道吸收葡萄糖,促进外周组织利用葡萄糖,主要用于单纯饮食控制及体育锻炼治疗无效的2型糖尿病,特别是肥胖的2型糖尿病。阿卡波糖(A错)为α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。格列本脲(C错)为磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌药,主要用于轻、中度2型糖尿病的治疗。胰岛素(D错)可直接增加葡萄糖的利用,降低血糖。氯磺丙脲(E错)为促胰岛素分泌剂,适用于单用饮食控制疗效不满意的轻、中度Ⅱ型糖尿病。"} {"Question":"通过竞争性抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,减慢淀粉等多糖分解为双糖和单糖,延缓单糖的吸收,降低餐后血糖峰值的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吡格列酮"},{"key":"B","value":"伏格列波糖"},{"key":"C","value":"瑞格列奈"},{"key":"D","value":"门冬胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"格列吡嗪"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查伏格列波糖。通过竞争性抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性,减慢淀粉等多糖分解为双糖和单糖,延缓单糖的吸收,降低餐后血糖峰值的药物是伏格列波糖(B对)。吡格列酮(A错)属噻唑烷二酮类口服抗糖尿病药,为高选择性过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体γ(PPARγ)的激动剂,通过提高外周和肝脏的胰岛素敏感性而控制血糖水平。瑞格列奈(C错)能够诱导β细胞分泌胰岛素,通过促进胰腺释放胰岛素来降低血糖水平。门冬胰岛素(D错)的降血糖作用是通过其分子与肌肉和脂肪细胞上的胰岛素受体结合后,促进细胞对葡萄糖吸收利用,同时抑制肝脏葡萄糖的输出实现的。格列吡嗪(E错)与β细胞膜上的磺酰脲受体特异性结合,从而使K⁺通道关闭,引起膜电位改变,Ca²⁺通道开启,胞液内Ca²⁺升高,促使胰岛素分泌。"} {"Question":"可用于中重型糖尿病人探索剂量的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲苯磺丁脲"},{"key":"B","value":"苯乙双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"珠蛋白锌胰岛素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查普通胰岛素。可用于中重型糖尿病人探索剂量的药物是普通胰岛素(C对)。甲苯磺丁脲(A错)对胰岛功能尚存的病人有效,但对1型糖尿病病人以及切除胰腺的动物无效。苯乙双胍(B错)为双胍类口服降糖药,作用机制为促进外周组织摄取葡萄糖,降低葡萄糖在肠的吸收以及糖原异生,抑制胰高血糖素的释放,从而降低血糖。普通胰岛素、精蛋白锌胰岛素(D错)、珠蛋白锌胰岛素(E错)为作用时间不同的胰岛素制剂,其作用机制均为增加葡萄糖的利用,从而使血糖降低。"} {"Question":"影响神经递质释放并直接激动α₁受体的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"间羟胺"},{"key":"B","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"C","value":"氟尿嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"E","value":"异丙肾上腺素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"有免疫抑制作用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氢化可的松"},{"key":"B","value":"苯丙酸诺龙"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查氢化可的松的作用。有免疫抑制作用的药物是氢化可的松(A对)。氢化可的松为糖皮质激素类药物,有抗炎、抗免疫、抗毒素、抗休克作用。苯丙酸诺龙(B错)为临床常用的蛋白同化类激素。主要用于蛋白质吸收和合成不足,或分解亢进、损失过多的慢性衰弱和消耗性疾病患者,如营养不良、贫血、骨折不易愈合等。"} {"Question":"哺乳期服用糖皮质激素,可能导致骨质疏松症以外的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"婴儿生长发育抑制"},{"key":"B","value":"血压升高"},{"key":"C","value":"胎盘功能不全"},{"key":"D","value":"支气管哮喘"},{"key":"E","value":"儿童生长发育抑制"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查糖皮质激素的使用。哺乳期妇女使用糖皮质激素,药物进入乳汁引起婴儿生长发育抑制(A对)。乳母接受药理性大剂量的糖皮质激素,则不应哺乳,因为糖皮质激素可由乳汁中排泄,对婴儿造成不良影响,如生长抑制、肾上腺皮质功能抑制等。血压升高(B错)是老年人使用糖皮质激素的不良反应。胎盘功能不全(C错)是妊娠妇女使用糖皮质激素的不良反应。支气管哮喘(D错)是糖皮质激素的适应证。儿童生长发育抑制(E错)是儿童使用糖皮质激素的不良反应。"} {"Question":"肾病综合征患者长期使用泼尼松时,用法为隔日清晨给药一次,这种给药方法的原理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利用人体糖皮质激素分泌的昼夜节律性原理"},{"key":"B","value":"利用外源性糖皮质激素的生物等效原理"},{"key":"C","value":"利用糖皮质激素的脉冲式分泌原理"},{"key":"D","value":"利用糖皮质激素与盐皮质激素互为补充的原理"},{"key":"E","value":"利用糖皮质激素逐渐减量原理"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查泼尼松的给药原理。肾病综合征患者长期使用泼尼松时,用法为隔日清晨给药一次,这种给药方法的原理是利用人体糖皮质激素分泌的昼夜节律性原理(A对)。泼尼松属于肾上腺糖皮质激素,人体糖皮质激素的分泌具有昼夜节律性,分泌高峰期在上午8时(约450nmol\/L),随后逐渐下降(下午4时约110nmol\/L),午夜12时为低潮,因此临床应用外源性糖皮质激素,应该遵循内源性分泌节律进行,这样对下丘脑、垂体、肾上腺皮质抑制较轻,不良反应较少。"} {"Question":"属于α-葡萄糖酶抑制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"那格列奈"},{"key":"D","value":"艾塞那肽"},{"key":"E","value":"吡格列酮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查α-葡萄糖酶抑制剂。阿卡波糖(A对)属于α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。口服降糖药的分类:(1)磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌药:代表药为格列本脲、格列吡嗪、格列齐特、格列喹酮、格列美脲;(2)非磺酰脲类促胰岛分泌药:代表药为瑞格列奈、那格列奈;(3)双胍类药:二甲双胍;(4)α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂:代表药为阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖;(5)胰岛素增敏剂:代表药为罗格列酮、吡格列酮;(6)胰高糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂:代表药为艾塞那肽、利拉鲁肽;(7)二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂:代表药为西格列汀、阿格列汀。"} {"Question":"妊娠期糖尿病者宜首选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"格列喹酮"},{"key":"C","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"D","value":"普伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"阿卡波糖"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠期糖尿病者首选药。妊娠糖尿病首选胰岛素(A对)进行治疗。格列喹酮(B错)为糖尿病合并肾病的首选。二甲双胍(C错)为2型肥胖型糖尿病的首选。普伐他汀(D错)为调节血脂药。阿卡波糖(E错)可作为单纯餐后血糖高,而空腹和餐前血糖不高的首选。"} {"Question":"仅适用于绝经后妇女的骨质疏松症,不适用于男性骨质疏松症的抗骨质疏松药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雷洛昔芬"},{"key":"B","value":"骨化三醇"},{"key":"C","value":"阿仑膦酸钠"},{"key":"D","value":"鲑降钙素"},{"key":"E","value":"唑来膦酸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查抗骨质疏松药的作用特点。雷洛昔芬(A对)为选择性雌激素受体调节药,临床上主要用于治疗女性绝经后骨质疏松症。"} {"Question":"因可抑制患儿的生长和发育,小儿应避免使用的长效糖皮质激素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地塞米松"},{"key":"B","value":"可的松"},{"key":"C","value":"泼尼松"},{"key":"D","value":"泼尼松龙"},{"key":"E","value":"氢化可的松"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查地塞米松。因可抑制患儿的生长和发育,小儿应避免使用的长效糖皮质激素是地塞米松(A对)。小儿如使用肾上腺皮质激素,须十分慎重,用激素可抑制患儿的生长和发育,如确有必要长期使用时,应使用短效或中效制剂,避免使用长效地塞米松制剂。可的松(B错)和氢化可的松(E错)为短效制剂。泼尼松(C错)和泼尼松龙(D错)为中效制剂。"} {"Question":"长期使用泼尼松的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血小板减少"},{"key":"B","value":"心力衰竭"},{"key":"C","value":"肾功能不全"},{"key":"D","value":"骨质疏松"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查泼尼松的不良反应。长期使用泼尼松的不良反应是骨质疏松(D对)。泼尼松为糖皮质激素类药物,长期大量应用可引起医源性肾上腺皮质功能亢进综合征,表现为肌无力与肌萎缩、皮肤变薄、向心性肥胖、满月脸、水牛背、痤疮、多毛、水肿、高血压、高脂血症、低钾血症、糖尿、骨质疏松等,停药后一般可自行恢复正常。糖皮质激素使红细胞和血红蛋白含量增加,大剂量可使血小板增多(A错)并提高纤维蛋白原浓度,缩短凝血时间。肾功能不全(C错)和再生障碍性贫血(E错)为糖皮质激素的适应证。"} {"Question":"患者,男,45岁,BMI26.5kg\/m²,查体发现空腹血糖11.4mmol\/L,HbAlc8.8%,诊断为“2型糖尿病”,首选的降糖药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"格列美脲"},{"key":"B","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"C","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"D","value":"比格列酮"},{"key":"E","value":"胰岛素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查二甲双胍。二甲双胍(C对)用于单纯饮食控制不满意的Ⅱ型糖尿病病人,尤其是肥胖和伴高胰岛素血症者,用本药不但有降血糖作用,还可能有减轻体重和高胰岛素血症的效果。该患者BMI为26.5kg\/m²,BMI在24~27.9为超重,属于肥胖,可首选二甲双胍。格列美脲(A错)适用于控制饮食、运动疗法及减轻体重均不能满意控制血糖的2型糖尿病。阿卡波糖(B错)配合饮食控制,用于治疗糖尿病,或降低糖耐量低减者的餐后血糖。吡格列酮(D错)用于2型糖尿病的控制与改善。胰岛素(E错)用于糖尿病的治疗,但不适用于低血糖症、胰岛细胞瘤、对胰岛素过敏者。"} {"Question":"格列齐特的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"诱发、加重青光眼"},{"key":"B","value":"易发生低血糖反应"},{"key":"C","value":"诱发哮喘、加重心衰"},{"key":"D","value":"导致出大汗、发生虚脱"},{"key":"E","value":"导致脱水、低血钾、电解质紊乱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查格列齐特的不良反应。格列齐特的不良反应是易发生低血糖反应(B对)。格列齐特属于磺酰脲类第二代口服降糖药,作用时间长,持续12~24小时,易在体内蓄积,发生低血糖。"} {"Question":"属于超长效胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"甘精胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"门冬胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的分类。甘精胰岛素(B对)属于超长效胰岛素。胰岛素及胰岛素类似物根据胰岛素作用时间分类:(1)超短效胰岛素:门冬胰岛素(D错)、赖脯胰岛素。(2)短效胰岛素:速效胰岛素目前主要有动物来源和重组人胰岛素来源两种,又称为“可溶性胰岛素”、“常规胰岛素”、“中性胰岛素”。(3)中效胰岛素:最常见是低精蛋白锌胰岛素(E错)。(4)长效胰岛素:最常见的就是精蛋白锌胰岛素(A错)。(5)超长效胰岛素:甘精胰岛素和地特胰岛素。(6)预混胰岛素:即“双时相胰岛素”,是指含有两种胰岛素的混合物,可同时具有短效和长效胰岛素的作用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,70岁,BMI21kg\/m²,45岁时绝经,10年前开始,经常出现腰背部疼痛,活动后加重,但未就诊,平日外出活动较少,近5年身高降低,驼背明显。10天前患者不慎摔倒,右上肢活动受限、疼痛,就诊后检查结果:血钙1.97mmol\/L,血磷1.39mmol\/L;右上肢X光检查提示:右桡骨远端骨折。骨密度检查结果:T值为-2.9。入院诊断:右桡骨远端骨折,老年性骨质疏松症。为了预防骨质疏松性骨折,给予阿仑膦酸钠70mg每周口服1次,关于阿仑膦酸钠用药指导的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"应于早餐前至少半小时服用"},{"key":"B","value":"服药后至少30分钟内应避免卧床"},{"key":"C","value":"应在每周固定的一天服用"},{"key":"D","value":"有消化不良、吞咽困难、胃肠道功能紊乱、胃炎、十二指肠炎、溃疡病的患者慎用"},{"key":"E","value":"为提高疗效,可用牛奶送服"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查阿仑膦酸钠用药指导。阿仑膦酸钠不宜与牛奶同服(E错,为本题正确答案)。阿仑膦酸钠是第三代氨基二磷酸盐类骨代谢调节剂,其主要不良反应为食管炎、粪便潜血,凡有消化不良、吞咽困难、胃肠道功能紊乱、胃炎、十二指肠炎、溃疡病的患者慎用(D对)。为便于吸收,减少对食管的刺激,阿仑膦酸钠应于早餐前至少半小时服用(A对),并建议足量水送服,保持坐位或立位,服药后至少30分钟内应避免卧床(B对),不宜喝牛奶、咖啡等饮料或与其它药物同服。阿仑膦酸钠应在每周固定的一天服用(C对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,74岁,1型糖尿病30年,空腹血糖波动在2.9~9.1mmol\/L,餐后2小时血糖波动在4.1~10.4mmol\/L之间,该患者可长期应用的治疗药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瑞格列奈加基础胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"基础胰岛素加餐时胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"持续皮下胰岛素泵输注"},{"key":"D","value":"艾塞那肽"},{"key":"E","value":"长效胰岛素"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查1型糖尿病。患者,男,74岁,1型糖尿病30年,空腹血糖波动在2.9~9.1mmol\/L,餐后2小时血糖波动在4.1~10.4mmol\/L之间,该患者可长期应用的治疗药物有基础胰岛素加餐时胰岛素(B对)、持续皮下胰岛素泵输注(C对)、长效胰岛素(E对)。1型糖尿病患者由于自身无法分泌胰岛素,故需终身使用胰岛素治疗,且1型糖尿病患者禁用口服降糖药,故只能使用胰岛素。瑞格列奈(A错)为非磺酰脲类口服降糖药。艾塞那肽(D错)为胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂,用于治疗2型糖尿病,采用注射给药。"} {"Question":"按作用时间分类,属于超长效的胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地特胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"预混胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的分类。地特胰岛素(A对)属于超长效的胰岛素。胰岛素及胰岛素类似物根据胰岛素作用时间分类:(1)超短效胰岛素:门冬胰岛素、赖脯胰岛素。(2)短效胰岛素:速效胰岛素目前主要有动物来源和重组人胰岛素来源两种,又称为“可溶性胰岛素”、“常规胰岛素”、“中性胰岛素”。(3)中效胰岛素:最常见是低精蛋白锌胰岛素。(4)长效胰岛素:最常见的就是精蛋白锌胰岛素。(5)超长效胰岛素:甘精胰岛素和地特胰岛素。(6)预混胰岛素:即“双时相胰岛素”,是指含有两种胰岛素的混合物,可同时具有短效和长效胰岛素的作用。"} {"Question":"治疗糖尿病的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"B","value":"甲巯咪唑"},{"key":"C","value":"氨鲁米特"},{"key":"D","value":"瑞格列奈"},{"key":"E","value":"吡格列酮"}],"Answer":"ADE","Explanation":"本题考查治疗糖尿病的药物。治疗糖尿病的药物有:1.胰岛素;2.口服降糖药:①磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌药:格列本脲、格列吡嗪、格列齐特等。②非磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌药:瑞格列奈(D对)、那格列奈等;③双胍类:二甲双胍;④α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂:阿卡波糖(A对);⑤噻唑烷二酮类胰岛素增敏剂:吡格列酮(E对)。甲巯咪唑(B错)为抗甲状腺药物;氨鲁米特(C错)为皮质激素抑制药。"} {"Question":"属于二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿卡波糖"},{"key":"B","value":"二甲双胍"},{"key":"C","value":"罗格列酮"},{"key":"D","value":"西格列汀"},{"key":"E","value":"格列吡嗪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查西格列汀。西格列汀(D对)为二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂,可高选择性抑制二肽基肽酶-4,减小胰高糖素样肽-1的降解,延长其活性,促使胰岛素的分泌增加。阿卡波糖(A错)为α-葡萄糖甘酶抑制剂。二甲双胍(B错)为双胍类药,可增加基础状态下糖的无氧酵解,抑制肠道内葡萄糖的吸收,减少糖原生成和肝糖输出。罗格列酮(C错)属于胰岛素增敏剂。格列吡嗪(E错)为磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌药。"} {"Question":"可供静脉注射的胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地特胰岛素"},{"key":"B","value":"预混胰岛素"},{"key":"C","value":"普通胰岛素"},{"key":"D","value":"精蛋白锌胰岛素"},{"key":"E","value":"低精蛋白锌胰岛素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查胰岛素\/胰岛素类似物的分类。普通胰岛素(C对)为可供静脉注射的胰岛素。胰岛素及胰岛素类似物根据胰岛素作用时间分类:(1)超短效胰岛素:门冬胰岛素、赖脯胰岛素,皮下注射吸收较人胰岛素快3倍,起效迅速,持续时间短,能更加有效地控制餐后血糖。(2)短效胰岛素,外观为无色透明溶液,可在病情紧急情况下静脉输注。(3)中效胰岛素:最常见是低精蛋白锌胰岛素。(4)长效胰岛素:最常见的就是精蛋白锌胰岛素。(5)超长效胰岛素:甘精胰岛素和地特胰岛素。(6)预混胰岛素:即“双时相胰岛素”,是指含有两种胰岛素的混合物,可同时具有短效和长效胰岛素的作用。"} {"Question":"糖皮质激素的禁忌证包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活动性消化性溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"严重精神病或癫痫"},{"key":"C","value":"严重2型糖尿病"},{"key":"D","value":"未能控制的细菌、病毒或真菌感染"},{"key":"E","value":"系统性红斑狼疮"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查糖皮质激素的禁忌证。糖皮质激素的禁忌证:①严重精神病或癫痫病史者(B对)、活动性消化性溃疡病(A对)或新近胃肠吻合术者、骨折患者、创伤修复期患者、角膜溃疡者、肾上腺皮质功能亢进者、严重高血压、糖尿病患者(C对)。②妊娠早期妇女。③抗菌药物不能控制的水痘、真菌感染者。④未能控制的结核、细菌和病毒感染者(D对)。系统性红斑狼疮(E错)是糖皮质激素的适应证。"} {"Question":"下列关于维生素D叙述正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1日量大于600mg可引起恶心、呕吐、胃痉挛"},{"key":"B","value":"头痛、眼花、烦躁、心律失常、浮肿和神经衰弱"},{"key":"C","value":"全身不适、发热、颅内压增高、毛发干枯、皮肤瘙痒、食欲缺乏"},{"key":"D","value":"低热、烦躁、惊厥、厌食、体重下降、肝脏肿大、肾脏损害、骨骼硬化等"},{"key":"E","value":"400~800mg\/d可引起视力模糊、乳腺肿大、腹泻、头晕、流感样综合症"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查维生素D。维生素D用于预防和治疗维生素D缺乏引起的佝偻病,长期使用引起低热、烦躁哭闹、惊厥、厌食、体重下降、肝脏肿大、肾脏损害、骨硬化等(D对)。维生素C可用于防治坏血病,大量应用(每日用量1g以上)可引起腹泻;每日用量600mg以上时引起恶心、呕吐、胃痉挛(A错)。维生素B₁长期大量使用可出现头痛、眼花、烦躁、心律失常、浮肿和神经衰弱等严重神经感觉异常(B错)。维生素A用于预防夜盲症。长期大量服用可引起慢性中毒;急性中毒可见异常激动、嗜睡、复视、颅内压增高等(C错)。维生素E能促进生殖力,提高生育能力,大量服用维生素E(400-800mg\/d)可引起视物模糊、乳腺肿大、类流感样综合征(E错)。"} {"Question":"同时服用,有利于铁吸收的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素E"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。维生素C(C对)能够促进去铁胺对铁的螯合,使铁的排出加速。维生素A(A错)是骨骼生长和胚胎发育所需要的。维生素B(B错)用于治疗和预防维生素B族缺乏所致的营养不良、厌食、脚气病、糙皮病等。维生素D(D错)能促进小肠对钙的吸收,维持血浆钙、磷正常浓度。维生素E(E错)能够促进性激素分泌。"} {"Question":"长期大剂量服用维生素D可能引起的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血栓性静脉炎"},{"key":"B","value":"高钙血症"},{"key":"C","value":"高胆红素血症"},{"key":"D","value":"颅内压升高"},{"key":"E","value":"乳腺肿大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查维生素D的不良反应。维生素D不良反应为高钙血症(B对)。血栓性静脉炎(A错)、乳腺肿大(E错)是服用维生素E的不良反应。高胆红素血症(C错)是服用维生素K₁的不良反应。"} {"Question":"用于治疗新生儿出血症的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素A醋酸酯"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₁"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素K₃"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素B₂"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素B₆"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查各型维生素的临床作用。用于治疗新生儿出血症的药物是维生素K₃(C对)。维生素K₃属于促凝血药,可以用于治疗维生素K缺乏所引起的出血性疾病。维生素A醋酸酯(A错)可用于治疗维生素A缺乏症,如夜盲。维生素B₁(B错)主要用于维生素B₁缺乏的预防和治疗,如“脚气病”,周围神经炎及消化不良。维生素B₂(D错)可用于治疗维生素B₂缺乏症,症状表现为咽喉炎和口角炎,舌炎、唇炎(红色剥脱苔)、面部脂溢性皮炎。维生素B₆(E错)可用于治疗维生素B₆缺乏症,维生素B₆缺乏表现在皮肤和中枢神经系统,可产生眼、鼻和口部皮肤脂溢样皮肤损害,糙皮病。"} {"Question":"妊娠期妇女服用抗癫痫药卡马西平可导致缺乏的维生素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素E"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素K"},{"key":"C","value":"维生素D"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素C"},{"key":"E","value":"维生素A"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查妊娠期妇女服用抗癫痫药卡马西平可导致维生素K(B对)缺乏,妊娠期妇女在妊娠期最后1个月应补充口服维生素K,以免引起新生儿出血。"} {"Question":"中毒时,有中枢兴奋作用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"B","value":"东莨菪碱"},{"key":"C","value":"山莨菪碱"},{"key":"D","value":"后马托品"},{"key":"E","value":"哌仑西平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查阿托品。阿托品(A对)中毒时可出现中枢兴奋的不良反应,表现为心率加快、烦躁不安、幻觉等,继而由兴奋转为抑制;东莨菪碱(B错)不良反应为中枢抑制;山莨菪碱(C错)不能通过血脑屏障,极少引起中枢兴奋;后马托品(D错)为合成抗胆碱药,一般用作扩瞳药;哌仑西平(E错)为选择性的M抗胆碱能药物,无中枢抑制作用,临床用于消化性溃疡。"} {"Question":"能够产生焦耳-汤姆逊冷却效应的设备是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球磨机"},{"key":"B","value":"冲击式粉碎机"},{"key":"C","value":"滚压式粉碎机"},{"key":"D","value":"胶体磨"},{"key":"E","value":"气流式粉碎机"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查气流粉碎机的特点。气流粉碎机(E对)的粉碎有以下特点:(流能磨) ①可进行粒度要求为3~20pm超微粉碎; ②产生焦耳-汤姆逊冷却效应,适用于热敏性物料和低熔点物料粉碎;③可用于无菌粉末的粉碎。"} {"Question":"氯吡格雷应避免与奥美拉唑联合应用,因为两者竞争共同的肝药酶,该肝药酶是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CYP2B6"},{"key":"B","value":"CYP2C19"},{"key":"C","value":"CYP2D6"},{"key":"D","value":"CYP2E1"},{"key":"E","value":"CYP1A2"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的相互作用。奥美拉唑既是CYP2C19(B对)的底物,又是CYP2C19强抑制剂,氯吡格雷体内经CYP2C19代谢发挥抗血小板作用,两者同服,会降低氯吡格雷的疗效。"} {"Question":"老年患者禁用硫酸阿托品的病症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"青光眼"},{"key":"C","value":"胆绞痛"},{"key":"D","value":"微循环衰竭"},{"key":"E","value":"有机磷中毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查硫酸阿托品的禁忌症。老年青光眼(B对)患者禁用硫酸阿托品。阿托品阻断M胆碱受体,出现扩瞳、眼内压升高,容易引起青光眼急性发作;阿托品可松弛内脏平滑肌,用于胆绞痛(C错);能够解救有机磷酸酯中毒(E错);胃溃疡(A错)和微循环衰竭(D错)患者可以使用阿托品。"} {"Question":"使物料在定子和转子间受剪切、被粉碎的设备是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"球磨机"},{"key":"B","value":"冲击式粉碎机"},{"key":"C","value":"滚压式粉碎机"},{"key":"D","value":"胶体磨"},{"key":"E","value":"气流式粉碎机"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查胶体磨的特点。胶体磨(D对)为湿法粉碎机,典型的胶体磨由定子(stator)和转子(rotor)组成,转子高速旋转,物料在对接在一起的定子和转子间的缝隙中受剪切力的作用而被粉碎成胶体状。"} {"Question":"蒙脱石散用多少水分散","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10ml"},{"key":"B","value":"50ml"},{"key":"C","value":"100ml"},{"key":"D","value":"200ml"},{"key":"E","value":"300ml"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查蒙脱石散的用法用量。一般取3g蒙脱石药,使用50ml(B对)温水,搅匀后服用。"} {"Question":"患者,女,45岁。因持续的烧心和反酸就诊,诊断为胃食管反流病,宜选用的抑酸药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雷尼替丁"},{"key":"B","value":"米索前列醇"},{"key":"C","value":"吉法酯"},{"key":"D","value":"乳酶生"},{"key":"E","value":"匹维溴铵"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查雷尼替丁。宜选用的抑酸药物是雷尼替丁(A对)。雷尼替丁为强效组胺H₂受体阻断剂,能有效抑制由进食、胃泌素、高血糖或迷走神经兴奋等刺激引起的胃酸分泌,尤其能抑制夜间基础胃酸分泌,降低胃酸、胃蛋白酶活性;米索前列醇(B错)是合成前列素E₁类似物,用于预防和治疗由非甾体抗炎药引起的十二指肠损伤;吉法酯(C错)用于胃及十二指肠溃疡、急慢性胃炎、胃酸过多、胃灼热、腹胀、消化不良、空肠溃疡及痉挛;乳酶生(D错)用于治疗消化不良,肠内异常发酵,小儿腹泻及小儿便秘等;匹维溴铵(E错)适用于以腹泻为主要症状的肠易激综合征者。"} {"Question":"西咪替丁的禁忌症是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"急性胰腺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"胃食管反流病"},{"key":"C","value":"卓-艾综合征"},{"key":"D","value":"应激性溃疡"},{"key":"E","value":"上消化道出血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查西咪替丁的禁忌症。西咪替丁的禁忌症是急性胰腺炎(A对)。西咪替丁的适应证:用于胃及十二指肠溃疡、吻合口溃疡、应激性溃疡(D错)、胃食管反流病(B错)、卓-艾综合征(C错)、上消化道出血(E错)。"} {"Question":"属于多巴胺D₂受体拮抗剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"米索前列醇"},{"key":"B","value":"哌仑西平"},{"key":"C","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"D","value":"兰索拉唑"},{"key":"E","value":"多潘立酮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查多巴胺D₂受体拮抗剂。多潘立酮(E对)又名吗丁啉,为外周多巴胺D₂受体阻断剂,可直接阻断胃肠道多巴胺D₂受体,具有较强的促胃运动和止吐作用。前列腺素类似物米索前列醇(A错)具有增强黏膜抗损伤能力和加速溃疡愈合的作用;选择性抗胆碱能药物哌仑西平(B错)对胃壁细胞的毒蕈碱受体有高度亲和力,而对平滑肌,心肌和唾液腺等的毒蕈碱受体的亲和力低;组胺H₂受体阻断剂法莫替丁(C错),可显著抑制胃酸分泌;质子泵抑制剂兰索拉唑(D错)是抑制胃酸分泌和防治消化性溃疡的最有效药物。"} {"Question":"奥美拉唑减少胃酸分泌主要通过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灭活胃壁H⁺泵"},{"key":"B","value":"阻断组胺受体"},{"key":"C","value":"阻断5-HT受体"},{"key":"D","value":"阻断M受体"},{"key":"E","value":"阻断DA受体"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查奥美拉唑的作用机制。奥美拉唑属于质子泵抑制剂类抑酸剂(A对),通过抑制质子泵(H⁺,K⁺-ATP酶)的活性来抑制胃酸分泌;阻断组胺受体(B错)减少胃酸分泌的药物是组胺H₂受体拮抗剂,如西咪替丁;阻断5-HT受体(C错)不能减少胃酸分泌;阻断M受体(D错)可起到解痉作用;DA受体阻断剂(E错)可作为促胃肠动力药,如甲氧氯普胺。"} {"Question":"抑制胃壁细胞的H⁺泵的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"B","value":"西咪替丁"},{"key":"C","value":"奥美拉唑"},{"key":"D","value":"米索前列醇"},{"key":"E","value":"胃蛋白酶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查奥美拉唑。奥美拉唑(C对)是质子泵抑制剂,能够特异性抑制胃黏膜壁细胞上的H⁺,K⁺-ATP酶;碳酸氢钠(A错)是调节酸碱平衡的药,呈碱性,可直接增加人体的碱储备;西咪替丁(B错)是组胺H₂受体阻断剂,可阻断组胺H₂受体,可逆性竞争壁细胞基底膜上的H₂受体,显著抑制胃酸分泌;米索前列醇(D错)可以在抑制胃酸分泌同时保护胃黏膜不受侵害;胃蛋白酶(E错)是助消化药,在弱酸性环境中消化力最强,用于消化不良,食欲减退等。"} {"Question":"用于抗消化道溃疡的抑酸剂包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"质子泵抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"胆碱受体抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"组胺H₂受体抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"胃黏膜保护剂"},{"key":"E","value":"胃泌素抑制剂"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查抑酸剂。用于抗消化道溃疡的抑酸剂包括质子泵抑制剂(A对)、胆碱受体抑制剂(B对)、组胺H₂受体抑制剂(C对)、胃泌素抑制剂(E对)。胃黏膜保护剂(D错)为抗消化性溃疡药,不属于抑酸剂。"} {"Question":"属于神经肽-1受体阻断剂的止吐药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲氧氯普胺"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素B₆"},{"key":"C","value":"托烷司琼"},{"key":"D","value":"阿瑞吡坦"},{"key":"E","value":"西咪替丁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查止吐药的分类。止吐药按作用机制将其分为三类:1.多巴胺受体阻断剂,其代表药为甲氧氯普胺(A错);2.5-HT₃受体阻断剂,其代表药为托烷司琼(C错);3.神经激肽-1受体阻断剂,其代表药为阿瑞吡坦(D对)。维生素B₆(B错)是一种水溶性维生素,临床上应用维生素B₆制剂防治妊娠呕吐和放射病呕吐;西咪替丁(E错)为一种H₂受体拮抗剂,能明显地抑制食物、组胺、五肽胃泌素、咖啡因与胰岛素等刺激引起的胃酸分泌。"} {"Question":"属于渗透性泻药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘油"},{"key":"B","value":"液状石蜡"},{"key":"C","value":"酚酞"},{"key":"D","value":"普芦卡必利"},{"key":"E","value":"乳果糖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查泻药的分类。渗透性泻药包括乳果糖(E对)、聚乙二醇、硫酸镁等;润滑性泻药包括甘油(A错)、液状石蜡(B错)、多库酯钠等;刺激性泻药包括酚酞(C错)、比沙可啶、蒽醌类药物(如大黄、番泻叶及麻仁丸等中药)和蓖麻油等;促动力药包括伊托必利、普芦卡必利(D错)、莫沙必利等。"} {"Question":"患者,女,27岁,孕34周。诊断为轻度便秘,宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蓖麻油"},{"key":"B","value":"乳果糖"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸镁"},{"key":"D","value":"普芦卡必利"},{"key":"E","value":"利那洛肽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乳果糖。诊断为轻度便秘,宜选用的药物是乳果糖(B对)。乳果糖是一种渗透性泻药,可用于妊娠期和哺乳期妇女,安全性好、作用缓和且对胎儿无不良影响;蒽醌类泻药和蓖麻油(A错)可能有致畸或诱发子宫收缩的风险,应避免使用;硫酸镁(C错)溶液适用于功能性便秘患者,肠道出血及孕妇禁用;普芦卡必利(D错)用于治疗成年女性患者中通过轻泻剂难以充分缓解的慢性便秘症状,不建议在妊娠期间,哺乳期使用本品;利那洛肽(E错)用于成人便秘型肠易激综合征(IBS-C),不建议在妊娠期间使用。"} {"Question":"属于促凝血因子合成的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蛇毒血凝酶"},{"key":"B","value":"甲萘氢醌"},{"key":"C","value":"鱼精蛋白"},{"key":"D","value":"卡巴克络"},{"key":"E","value":"氨基己酸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查促凝血药的分类。甲萘氢醌(B对)属于促凝血因子合成药。蛇毒血凝酶(A错)、鱼精蛋白(C错)、卡巴克络(D错)均为影响血管通透性药。氨基己酸(E错)为抗纤维蛋白溶解药。"} {"Question":"治疗慢性失血(如钩虫病)所致的贫血宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"叶酸"},{"key":"B","value":"维生素K"},{"key":"C","value":"硫酸亚铁"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素B₁₂"},{"key":"E","value":"安特诺新"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查硫酸亚铁。硫酸亚铁(C对)为铁剂,用于防治各种原因引起的缺铁性贫血。叶酸(A错)可用于各种原因引起的叶酸缺乏及叶酸缺乏所致的巨幼红细胞贫血。维生素B₁₂(D错)用于巨幼红细胞性贫血、神经炎、口炎性腹泻等一系列疾病。维生素K(B错)为促凝血药,用于维生素K缺乏症和双香豆素类抗凝药过量的解毒。安特诺新(E错)主要用于毛细血管通透性增加所致的出血。"} {"Question":"双嘧达莫的药理作用为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制血小板功能"},{"key":"B","value":"溶解纤维蛋白"},{"key":"C","value":"抑制凝血因子合成"},{"key":"D","value":"激活抗凝血酶"},{"key":"E","value":"加速凝血因子耗竭"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查双嘧达莫。双嘧达莫为磷酸二脂酶抑制剂,能够抑制血小板聚集(A对),对抗血栓形成。纤维蛋白溶解药能够溶解纤维蛋白(B错),发挥抗凝作用。维生素K拮抗剂能够通过抑制凝血因子合成(C错)发挥抗凝作用。激活抗凝血酶(D错)为肝素的抗凝机制。双嘧达莫不可加速凝血因子耗竭(E错)。"} {"Question":"抗血小板药西洛他唑属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"维生素K拮抗剂"},{"key":"B","value":"二磷酸腺苷P2Y12受体阻断剂"},{"key":"C","value":"整合素受体阻断剂"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸二酯酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"直接凝血酶抑制剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查西洛他唑。抗血小板药西洛他唑属于磷酸二脂酶抑制剂(D对),通过抑制磷酸二酯酶活性使血小板内环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)浓度上升,抑制血小板聚集。维生素K拮抗剂(A错)有华法林。二磷酸腺苷(ADP)P2Y12受体阻断剂(B错)分为噻吩并吡啶类和非噻吩并吡啶类。整合素受体阻断剂(C错)代表药物替罗非班。直接凝血酶抑制剂(E错)有达比加群酯。"} {"Question":"属于阿司匹林的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"嗜睡"},{"key":"B","value":"心动过速"},{"key":"C","value":"呼吸抑制"},{"key":"D","value":"凝血障碍"},{"key":"E","value":"戒断症状"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查阿司匹林的不良反应。阿司匹林能够抑制血小板聚集,大剂量或长期使用可能出现凝血障碍(D对)。阿司匹林的不良反应还有消化道黏膜损伤,少见特异质患者出现荨麻疹、黏膜充血、哮喘等过敏反应。"} {"Question":"可用于慢性消耗性疾病的蛋白同化激素是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"戊酸雌二醇"},{"key":"B","value":"他莫昔芬片"},{"key":"C","value":"地屈孕酮"},{"key":"D","value":"依普黄酮"},{"key":"E","value":"司坦唑醇"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查蛋白同化激素。司坦唑醇(E对)临床适用于防治遗传性血管神经性水肿、慢性消耗性疾病、重病及术后体弱消瘦、年老体弱、再生障碍性贫血、高脂血症等。戊酸雌二醇(A错)口服用于缓解绝经后更年期症状、卵巢切除后及非癌症疾病放疗性去势的雌激素缺乏引起的症状。与孕激素类药物合用,可作避孕药。地屈孕酮(C错)用于习惯性流产。天然孕激素黄体酮(孕酮)及其衍生物主要用于不孕症、先兆流产及习惯性流产等。"} {"Question":"对于拟杆菌属等厌氧菌有抗菌活性的头霉素类药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"B","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢呋辛"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢美唑"},{"key":"E","value":"头孢曲松"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查头霉素类抗菌药物。头霉素类药物包括:头孢美唑(D对)、头孢西丁、头孢米诺。"} {"Question":"对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物过敏的患者,Ⅰ类切口围术期预防应用抗菌药物时,可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"B","value":"青霉素G"},{"key":"C","value":"氨曲南"},{"key":"D","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"克林霉素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查围术期合理预防性应用抗菌药物。克林霉素(E对)是对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物过敏的患者,Ⅰ类切口围术期预防应用抗菌药物时,可选用的药物。头孢唑林(A错)可广泛用于耐青霉素类、对头孢唑林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌感染。青霉素G(B错)为治疗敏感的革兰阳性菌、革兰阳性球菌及螺旋体感染(梅毒螺旋体)的首选药。氨曲南(C错)用于革兰阴性杆菌感染。万古霉素(D错)用于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)。"} {"Question":"治疗沙眼宜选","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺嘧啶(SD)+TMP"},{"key":"B","value":"磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)+TMP"},{"key":"C","value":"酞磺胺噻唑(PST)"},{"key":"D","value":"磺胺醋酰钠(SA)"},{"key":"E","value":"磺胺嘧啶(SD)+链霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。磺胺醋酰钠(SA)(D对)属于外用磺胺类,临床主要用于沙眼及眼部其它感染的治疗。治疗流行性脑脊髓膜炎宜选磺胺嘧啶(SD)+TMP(A错)。甲氧苄啶(TMP)为磺胺类药物的抗菌增效剂,磺胺嘧啶(SD)为流行性脑脊髓膜炎的首选药物之一,两者合用用于治疗流行性脑脊髓膜炎。磺胺甲噁唑(B错)(SMZ)+TMP为复方新诺明,用于治疗呼吸道感染、尿路感染等。酞磺胺噻唑(PST)(C错)临床用于肠炎、菌痢及肠道术前准备。治疗鼠疫宜选磺胺嘧啶(SD)+链霉素(E错)。链霉素目前仅用于某些不常见感染,与其它抗菌药物联合用于鼠疫和兔热病。"} {"Question":"有明显耳毒性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"四环素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查链霉素的不良反应。链霉素(B对)主要不良反应为耳毒性和肾毒性。青霉素类(A错)不良反应主要为过敏反应。磺胺嘧啶(C错)不良反应为过敏反应,表现为药疹,新生儿肝功能不全。四环素(D错)类抗菌药物可引起二重感染,可与钙离子结合形成四环素牙,并影响胎儿、新生儿和婴幼儿骨骼的正常发育。氯霉素(E错)可引起严重骨髓抑制、再生障碍性贫血及灰婴综合征。"} {"Question":"耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)高检出率的医疗机构,进行人工瓣膜置换术时,为预防MRSA感染,可选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"B","value":"青霉素G"},{"key":"C","value":"氨曲南"},{"key":"D","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"克林霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查围术期合理预防性应用抗菌药物。万古霉素(D对)是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)高检出率的医疗机构,进行人工瓣膜置换术时,为预防MRSA感染,可选用的药物。克林霉素(E错)可预防葡萄球菌、链球菌感染。氨曲南(C错)预防革兰阴性杆菌感染。头孢唑林(A错)可广泛用于耐青霉素类、对头孢唑林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌感染。青霉素G(B错)为治疗敏感的革兰阳性菌、革兰阳性球菌及螺旋体感染(梅毒螺旋体)的首选药。"} {"Question":"含三氮唑结构临床口服给药的用于治疗深部真菌感染的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酮康唑"},{"key":"B","value":"硝酸咪康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"氟康唑"},{"key":"D","value":"伏立康唑"},{"key":"E","value":"伊曲康唑"}],"Answer":"CDE","Explanation":"本题考查含有三氮唑结构的药物。含三氮唑结构临床口服给药的用于治疗深部真菌感染的药物有氟康唑(C对)、伊利康唑(D对)、伊曲康唑(E对)。唑类抗真菌药是一类化学合成的小分子化合物,根据其五元母环上的氮原子数目,又分为咪唑类和三唑类。咪唑类药物包括联苯苄唑、克霉唑、硝酸咪康唑(B错)、酮康唑(A错),三唑类药物包括氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑等,是一类抑菌剂,部分药在高浓度时也有杀菌作用。"} {"Question":"治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双氯西林"},{"key":"B","value":"替卡西林"},{"key":"C","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素V"},{"key":"E","value":"氨苄西林"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查半合成青霉素。抗铜绿假单胞菌青霉素包括羧苄西林、磺苄西林(耐酸、不耐酶)、替卡西林(B对)。酰脲类青霉素包括哌拉西林、美洛西林、阿洛西林。该类药物的特点为对革兰阴性杆菌尤其是铜绿假单胞菌有较强作用,部分药物可口服。双氯西林(A错)为耐酸耐酶青霉素。阿莫西林(C错)和氨苄西林(E错)为广谱青霉素。青霉素V(D错)为耐酸青霉素。"} {"Question":"口服等量碳酸氢钠,增加其乙酰化代谢物溶解度的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"苯巴比妥"},{"key":"E","value":"水杨酸钠"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。口服等量碳酸氢钠,增加其乙酰化代谢物溶解度的药物是磺胺嘧啶(A对)。磺胺药物在肝中被乙酰化,其乙酰化物溶解度不高,尤其在偏酸性的尿液中,口服等量碳酸氢钠,可增加磺胺药及其乙酰化物的溶解度,加速排泄。"} {"Question":"治疗支原体肺炎宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两性霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"苯唑西林"},{"key":"C","value":"利巴韦林"},{"key":"D","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿莫西林\/克拉维酸钾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查阿奇霉素。阿奇霉素(D对)为大环内酯类抗生素,可治疗支原体肺炎。两性霉素(A错)为抗真菌药。苯唑西林(B错)属于耐酶的β-内酰胺类抗生素。利巴韦林(C错)为抗病毒药。阿莫西林\/克拉维酸钾(E错)用于治疗流感嗜血杆菌引起的肺炎。"} {"Question":"病原微生物耐药性发生的机制","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"形成针对特定抗菌药物的钝化酶或灭活酶"},{"key":"B","value":"细菌细胞壁通透性改变,使抗菌药物无法进入细胞内"},{"key":"C","value":"细菌细胞膜上存在的药物外排系统,使菌体内药物减少"},{"key":"D","value":"细菌靶位组成部位的变化,使抗菌药物不能与原作用靶点结合起效"},{"key":"E","value":"经质粒介导的耐药性在自然界最为多见"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查病原微生物的耐药机制。耐药性的发生机制:①钝化酶或灭活酶(如β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类钝化酶、氯霉素乙酰转移酶)的形成(A对);②细菌细胞壁通透性改变,使抗生素无法进入细胞内(B对),从而难以作用于靶位;③细菌细胞膜上存在的抗感染药物外排系统,使菌体内药物减少(C对)而导致细菌耐药;④靶位组成部位的改变,使抗生素不能与靶位结合(D对)而发生抗菌效能。耐药性质粒广泛存在于革兰阳性菌和阴性菌中,经质粒介导的耐药性在自然界中最为多见(E对)。"} {"Question":"可以引起耳蜗神经、肾损害的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加替沙星"},{"key":"B","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"甲砜霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"多西环素"},{"key":"E","value":"林可霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。可以引起耳蜗神经、肾损害的药物是氨基糖苷类抗菌药物,庆大霉素(B对)属于氨基糖苷类。加替沙星(A错)可以引起跟腱断裂,血糖异常。甲砜霉素(C错)毒性可能比氯霉素小。多西环素(D错)属于四环素,可引起肠道菌群失调、肝毒性、牙齿黄染等。林可霉素(E错)大剂量静脉快速滴注可引起血压下降、心电图变化,甚至心跳、呼吸停止。"} {"Question":"青霉素的特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"高效,低毒"},{"key":"B","value":"对螺旋体感染也有效"},{"key":"C","value":"不耐酸,不能口服"},{"key":"D","value":"不耐酸,不耐酶"},{"key":"E","value":"耐酸,不易水解"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查青霉素的特点。青霉素干扰敏感细菌细胞壁黏肽合成,对于处于繁殖期细菌作用强,对人类毒性小(A对)。青霉素对螺旋体和放线菌也有效(B对)。在酸性或碱性条件下,均可使青霉素的β-内酰胺环发生裂解(C对E错)。不耐青霉素酶(D对)。"} {"Question":"氯霉素可发生的一种与剂量无关的不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二重感染"},{"key":"B","value":"不可逆的再生障碍性贫血"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗性休克"},{"key":"D","value":"可逆性各种血细胞减少"},{"key":"E","value":"灰婴综合征"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氯霉素的不良反应。氯霉素对造血细胞的影响有两种:与剂量大小无关的不可逆的再生障碍性贫血(B对),,剂量相关的可逆性各种血细胞减少(D错),及时停药有望恢复。二重感染(A错)、治疗性休克(C错)、灰婴综合征(E错)均与剂量有关。"} {"Question":"用于抗结核杆菌的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"妥布霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"E","value":"大观霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查链霉素的作用。链霉素(B对)为氨基糖苷类抗菌药物,与其它抗结核药联合用于结核分枝杆菌所致各种结核病的初治病例。庆大霉素(C错)用于敏感革兰阴性杆菌所致的严重感染。妥布霉素(A错)与一种抗绿脓杆菌青霉素、氨曲南或头孢他啶合用,治疗绿脓杆菌引起的各种感染。阿米卡星(D错)广泛用于对庆大霉素及妥布霉素耐药的革兰阴性杆菌感染和大多数需氧革兰阴性杆菌感染,并对结核分枝杆菌有效。大观霉素(E错)用于淋病奈瑟菌所致的尿道炎、前列腺炎、宫颈阴道炎和直肠感染,以及对青霉素、四环素等耐药菌株引起的感染。"} {"Question":"与青霉素相比,阿莫西林","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对G+细菌的抗菌作用强"},{"key":"B","value":"对G+杆菌作用强"},{"key":"C","value":"对β-内酰胺酶稳定"},{"key":"D","value":"对耐药金葡菌有效"},{"key":"E","value":"对绿脓杆菌有效"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"伴有肾功能不全的感染患者可以应用,但需要减少治疗剂量的抗菌药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢他啶"},{"key":"B","value":"妥布霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"琥乙红霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"阿莫西林"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查头孢他啶。应用头孢他啶(A对)时,肾功能不全者的用量需根据肾功能的降低程度而相应地减少。妥布霉素(B错)对肾功能减退者应避免应用。轻、中度肾功能不全者使用青霉素(D错)不需要减量,严重肾功能不全者应延长给药间隔或调整剂量。肾功能不全者使用琥乙红霉素(C错)和阿莫西林(E错)时一般无需减量,但严重肾功能损害者应适当减量。"} {"Question":"青霉素可用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治疗草绿色链球菌、肠球菌所致的心内膜炎"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗钩端螺旋体病"},{"key":"C","value":"治疗真菌感染"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗G⁻杆菌引起的感染"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌所致的扁桃体炎、大叶性肺炎"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"一种广谱抗生素,是控制伤寒、斑疹伤寒、副伤寒的首选药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磺胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"头孢氨苄"},{"key":"C","value":"甲氧苄啶"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素钠"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查氯霉素。氯霉素(E对)为敏感菌株所致伤寒、副伤寒的首选药物。磺胺嘧啶(A错)为二氢叶酸合成酶的竞争性抑制剂,能通过血脑屏障进入脑脊液,曾被用作治疗流行性脑膜炎的首选药。头孢氨苄(B错)为β-内酰胺类抗生素,能抑制细胞壁的合成,产生较强的杀菌效应。甲氧苄啶(C错)为抗菌增效剂。青霉素钠(D错)是天然的抗菌药,适用于革兰阳性球菌所致的感染以及破伤风。"} {"Question":"蛋白结合率为17%~20%的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"伊曲康唑"},{"key":"C","value":"亚胺培南"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢曲松"},{"key":"E","value":"阿莫西林"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗菌药物的蛋白结合率。蛋白结合率为17%~20%的是阿莫西林(E对)。"} {"Question":"对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、厌氧菌等的作用均很强的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第一代头孢菌素"},{"key":"B","value":"第二代头孢菌素"},{"key":"C","value":"第三代头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"第四代头孢菌素"},{"key":"E","value":"碳青霉烯类抗生素"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查碳青霉烯类抗生素。碳青霉烯抗生素(E对)为迄今抗菌谱最广、抗菌活性甚强的一类抗生素,其对多种β-内酰胺酶高度稳定,对头孢菌素耐药菌仍可发挥优良抗菌作用。第一代头孢菌素(A错)对革兰阳性菌包括耐青霉素金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用较第二代略强,显著超过第三代,对革兰阴性杆菌较第二、三代较弱。第二代头孢菌素(B错)对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性较第一代略差或相仿,对革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性较第一代强,较第三代弱。第三代头孢菌素(C错)对革兰阳性菌抗菌活性较第一、二代弱,对革兰阴性菌包括绿脓杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及厌氧菌如脆弱拟杆菌均有较强的抗菌作用。第四代头孢菌素(D错)对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、厌氧菌显示广谱抗菌活性,与第三代相比,增强了抗革兰阳性菌活性。"} {"Question":"青霉素的抗菌谱为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"敏感的革兰阳性和阴性球菌"},{"key":"B","value":"革兰阳性杆菌"},{"key":"C","value":"螺旋体"},{"key":"D","value":"支原体、立克次体"},{"key":"E","value":"革兰阴性杆菌"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查青霉素的抗菌谱。青霉素属于天然的青霉素类抗生素,抗菌作用强,可用于:大多数G⁺球菌、G⁺杆菌(B对)、G⁻球菌(A对)、少数G⁻杆菌如流感杆菌、螺旋体(C对)、放线杆菌等。对大多数G⁻杆菌(E错)支原体作用较弱。对真菌、原虫、立克次体(D错)、病毒无作用。"} {"Question":"肿瘤化疗恶心、呕吐,不宜选择的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲氧氯普胺"},{"key":"B","value":"昂丹司琼"},{"key":"C","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"D","value":"地塞米松"},{"key":"E","value":"帕洛诺司琼"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"SFDA警告不宜与头孢曲松混合的注射液有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"B","value":"乳酸钠林格"},{"key":"C","value":"复方氯化钠"},{"key":"D","value":"10%葡萄糖"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄糖氯化钠"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。葡萄糖酸钙(A对)、乳酸钠林格(B对)、复方氯化钠(C对)结构中具有羧酸钠和酰胺钠等阴离子基团,极易与钙离子形成不溶性沉淀,发生头孢曲松钙白色细微粒浑浊或沉淀,阻塞毛细血管,增加胆、肾、心、肺结石的危险性。10%葡萄糖(D错)、葡萄糖氯化钠(E错)中无钙,不会影响疗效。"} {"Question":"异烟肼的作用特点有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"结核杆菌不易产生抗药性"},{"key":"B","value":"对细胞外的结核杆菌有效"},{"key":"C","value":"对细胞内的结核杆菌无效"},{"key":"D","value":"治疗中易引起维生素B₆缺乏"},{"key":"E","value":"与对氨基水杨酸合用,两者均在肝脏乙酰化,从而提高疗效"}],"Answer":"BDE","Explanation":"本题考查异烟肼的作用特点。异烟肼对结核分枝杆菌具有高度抗菌作用,对繁殖期和静止期细菌均有强大杀灭作用,且不受环境pH的影响,对细胞内外结核菌都能杀灭(B对C错)。结核菌对异烟肼易产生耐药性(A错),与对氨水杨酸等药合用时,可以提高疗效,降低毒性,延缓耐药性的发生(E对)。异烟肼为维生素B₆的拮抗剂,可增加维生素B₆经肾排出量,易致周围神经炎的发生(D对)。同时服用维生素B₆者,需酌情增加用量。"} {"Question":"患者,男,67岁,为葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症患者,如果使用复方磺胺甲噁唑,可能引发的药源性疾病是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肌肉震颤"},{"key":"B","value":"红人综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"抗生素相关性腹泻"},{"key":"D","value":"急性溶血性贫血"},{"key":"E","value":"血小板减少"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查复方磺胺甲噁唑。可能引发的药源性疾病是急性溶血性贫血(D对)。复方磺胺甲噁唑的常见不良反应为过敏反应(表现为药疹,严重者可发生渗出性多形性红斑、剥脱性皮炎和大疱表皮松解萎缩性皮炎等),也表现有光敏反应、药物热、关节痛及肌痛、发热等血清病样反应,可出现中性粒细胞减少或缺乏症、血小板减少症、再生障碍性贫血,缺乏葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶者应用磺胺药后易发生溶血性贫血及血红蛋白尿,在新生儿和儿童中较为多见。肌肉震颤(A错)为中枢神经系统疾病的一个症状,主要由于黑质和黑质纹状体通路病变而引起,常见的疾病有脑炎、颅脑损伤、动脉硬化、基底节肿瘤,某些化学物质中毒,如汞、锰的慢性中毒也可以出现肌肉震颤的毒作用表现。红人综合征(B错)以脸、颈、躯干上部斑丘疹样红斑为特征,还可出现寒战、高热、瘙痒、心动过速、血管性水肿、胸痛、头晕等,不同的患者会有不同的表现,严重时可出现低血压及休克,甚至危及生命,多发生于万古霉素滴注过程中,与输注万古霉素的剂量及速度有关。抗生素相关性腹泻(C错)是指应用抗生素后发生的、与抗生素有关的腹泻。血小板减少(E错)是指血液中血小板计数<100×10⁹\/L,血小板减少见于多种血液性疾病、风湿免疫病、放化疗损伤及药物相关性血小板减少。"} {"Question":"与强利尿药配伍使用,会造成听神经和肾功能的不可逆损害的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氨基糖苷类"},{"key":"B","value":"β-内酰胺类"},{"key":"C","value":"大环内酯类"},{"key":"D","value":"四环素类"},{"key":"E","value":"氟喹诺酮类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查药物的联合应用。氨基糖苷类(A对)本身有耳毒性和肾毒性,强利尿剂也有肾毒性和耳毒性,两者合用,毒性增强。β-内酰胺类(B错)不良反应常见皮疹、荨麻疹、过敏性休克等。大环内酯类(C错)不良反应为呕吐、腹胀、腹泻等。四环素类(D错)不良反应为肠道菌群失调。氟喹诺酮类(E错)可致肌痛、骨关节病损、跟腱炎症等。"} {"Question":"关于利奈唑胺作用特点的说法正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利奈唑胺可用于治疗金黄色葡萄球菌引起的院内获得性肺炎"},{"key":"B","value":"利奈唑胺的作用机制为抑制细菌核酸的合成"},{"key":"C","value":"利奈唑胺可用于耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌引起的感染"},{"key":"D","value":"利奈唑胺是可逆、非选择性单氨氧化酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"利奈唑胺用药时间超过一周,可能会出现血小板减少症,需进行全血细胞计数检查"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查利奈唑胺的作用特点。利奈唑胺作用特点的说法正确的有:利奈唑胺可用于治疗金黄色葡萄球菌引起的院内获得性肺炎(A对)。利奈唑胺可用于耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌引起的感染(C对)。利奈唑胺用药时间超过一周,可能会出现血小板减少症,需进行全血细胞计数检查(E对)。利奈唑胺适用于敏感菌所致的感染:(1)耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌引起的感染,包括并发的菌血症。(2)致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(甲氧西林敏感或耐甲氧西林的菌株)或肺炎链球菌(包括多重耐药菌株)引起的医院获得性肺炎。(3)金黄色葡萄球菌(甲氧西林敏感或耐甲氧西林的菌株)、化脓链球菌或无乳链菌引起的复杂性皮肤或皮肤软组织感染,包括未并发骨髓炎的糖尿病足部感染。(4)金黄色葡萄球菌(仅为甲氧西林敏感的菌株)或化脓链球菌引起的非复杂性皮肤或皮肤软组织感染。(5)由肺炎链球菌(包括对多药耐药的菌株)、由金黄色葡萄球菌(仅为甲氧西林敏感的菌株)所致的社区获得性肺炎及伴发的菌血症。利奈唑胺属噻唑烷酮类(D错),可用于治疗由需氧革兰阳性菌引起的感染,其体外抗菌谱还包括一些革兰阴性菌和厌氧菌。利奈唑胺的作用机制为与细菌50s亚基的23S核糖体核糖核酸上的位点结合,阻止功能性70S始动复合物的形成,从而抑制细菌蛋白质的合成(B错)。"} {"Question":"可以引起牙齿黄染的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加替沙星"},{"key":"B","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"甲砜霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"多西环素"},{"key":"E","value":"林可霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。多西环素(D对)属于四环素类,可与钙离子形成的螯合物沉积于牙齿和骨中,造成牙齿黄染。可以引起跟腱断裂,加替沙星(A错)引起血糖异常。庆大霉素(B错)不良反应是耳毒性,血压下降。甲砜霉素(C错)未见有再生障碍性贫血。林可霉素(E错)大剂量静脉快速滴注可引起血压下降、心电图变化,甚至心跳、呼吸停止。"} {"Question":"治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌有效的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿米卡星"},{"key":"B","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"利福平"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸克林霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"红霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查万古霉素。万古霉素(B对)对革兰阳性菌具有强大的抗菌活性,主要用于耐药金黄色葡萄球菌或对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物过敏的严重感染。阿米卡星(A错)属于氨基糖苷类抗菌药,抗菌谱广,对各种革兰阴性菌具有强大抗菌活性,对革兰阴性球菌作用较差。利福平(C错)对结核杆菌和麻风杆菌作用强。盐酸克林霉素(D错)对需氧革兰阳性球菌和厌氧菌有良好抗菌活性。红霉素(E错)用于耐青霉素的金葡菌引起的轻、中度感染或青霉素过敏者。"} {"Question":"制成脂质体以降低药物肾毒性的抗真菌药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"两性霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"卡泊芬净"},{"key":"C","value":"氟胞嘧啶"},{"key":"D","value":"阿糖胞苷"},{"key":"E","value":"酮康唑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查两性霉素B。制成脂质体以降低药物肾毒性的抗真菌药是两性霉素B(A对)。为减轻两性霉素B的不良反应,已研制出两性霉素B脂质体用于临床。由于脂质体制剂多分布于肺、肝和脾脏等网状内皮组织,减少了药物在肾脏的分布,可减轻其肾毒性。目前有四种两性霉素B制剂用于临床,包括:传统的两性霉素B(C-AMB)、脂质体两性霉素B(L-AMB)、两性霉素B脂质复合体(ABLC)、两性霉素B胶体分散体(ABCD)。卡泊芬净(B错)、氟胞嘧啶(C错)、酮康唑(E错)均无肾毒性的不良反应。阿糖胞苷(D错)是干扰核酸生物合成的抗肿瘤药物,非抗真菌药物。"} {"Question":"大剂量可引起听力损害和肾功能损害的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"替考拉宁"},{"key":"B","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"阿奇霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"利奈唑胺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查万古霉素的不良反应。万古霉素(B对)不良反应主要表现为耳、肾毒性。替考拉宁(A错)不良反应主要为过敏反应。克林霉素(C错)不良反应主要为胃肠道反应。阿奇霉素(D错)主要不良反应为胃肠道反应。利奈唑胺(E错)不良反应主要为消化道反应、头痛、皮疹和血小板减少等。"} {"Question":"β-内酰胺酶抑制剂有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"克拉维酸"},{"key":"B","value":"舒巴坦"},{"key":"C","value":"丙磺舒"},{"key":"D","value":"他唑巴坦"},{"key":"E","value":"氨曲南"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"用于治疗播散性淋病,临用前需用0.9%苯甲醇稀释的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"克拉霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"替考拉宁"},{"key":"C","value":"美罗培南"},{"key":"D","value":"大观霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查药物的使用。大观霉素(D对)在进行深部肌内注射时,临用前,每2g本品加入0.9%苯甲醇注射液3.2ml,振摇,使呈混悬液。克拉霉素(A错)为大环内酯类抗菌药物,可与PPI、铋剂合用治疗幽门螺杆菌引起的胃溃疡。替考拉宁(B错)为多肽类抗菌药物,用于各种革兰阳性菌感染。美罗培南(C错)为β内酰胺类抗菌药物,用于由单一或多种敏感细菌引起的成人及儿童的肺炎(医院获得性肺炎)、尿路感染、腹腔内感染等病。氯霉素(E错)为酰胺醇类抗菌药物,用于治疗某些严重感染,是敏感菌株所致伤寒、副伤寒的选用药物。"} {"Question":"不耐酸,食物或碱性食物可减少其吸收","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"罗红霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"克拉霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"四环素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可用于麻风病的治疗","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"异烟肼"},{"key":"B","value":"利福平"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,男,15岁,因咳嗽、咳痰发热3天入院确诊为社区获得性肺炎,给予静滴青霉素钠,10分钟后出现头昏、面色苍白、呼吸困难、血压下降等症状。对该患者首选的抢救药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多巴胺"},{"key":"B","value":"去甲肾上腺素"},{"key":"C","value":"地塞米松"},{"key":"D","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"E","value":"氢化可的松"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查肾上腺素。出现题干描述症状,对该患者首选的抢救药物是肾上腺素(D对)。该患者的症状是过敏性休克,肾上腺素是过敏性休克的首选药。多巴胺(A错)适用于心肌梗死、创伤、内毒素败血症、心脏手术、肾功能衰竭、充血性心力衰竭等引起的休克综合征。去甲肾上腺素(B错)作为急救时补充血容量的辅助治疗。地塞米松(C错)适用于过敏性与自身免疫性炎症性疾病。氢化可的松(E错)用于肾上腺皮质功能减退症的替代治疗及先天性肾上腺皮质功能增生症的治疗,也可用于类风湿性关节炎、风湿性发热、痛风、支气管哮喘、过敏性疾病,并可用于严重感染和抗休克治疗等。"} {"Question":"对革兰阳性菌作用强,对革兰阴性菌作用弱的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"第一代头孢菌素"},{"key":"B","value":"第二代头孢菌素"},{"key":"C","value":"第三代头孢菌素"},{"key":"D","value":"第四代头孢菌素"},{"key":"E","value":"碳青霉烯类抗生素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查头孢菌素。第一代头孢菌素(A对)对革兰阳性菌作用较第二代强,显著超过第三代,对革兰阴性杆菌较第二、三代弱。第二代头孢菌素(B错)对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性较第一代略差或相仿,对革兰阴性菌的抗菌活性较第一代强,较第三代弱。第三代头孢菌素(C错)对革兰阳性菌较第一、二代弱,对革兰阴性菌较强。第四代头孢菌素(D错)与第三代相比,增强了抗革兰阳性菌活性。碳青霉烯抗生素(E错)对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及厌氧菌都有强大的抗菌活性。"} {"Question":"四环素的不良反应包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"局部刺激"},{"key":"B","value":"二重感染"},{"key":"C","value":"影响牙、骨的生长"},{"key":"D","value":"肝脏毒性"},{"key":"E","value":"再生障碍性贫血"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查四环素的不良反应。四环素可引起局部刺激(A对)。应用四环素后,敏感菌受抑制,容易引起继发二重感染(B对)。四环素能与新形成的骨、牙中所沉积的钙相结合,影响牙、骨的生长(C对)。长期大量应用四环素可引起肝细胞脂肪变性,甚至坏死(D对)。未见四环素引起再生障碍性贫血(E错)报道。"} {"Question":"静脉滴注过快可发生红人综合征的药品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"夫西地酸"},{"key":"B","value":"磷霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"万古霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"莫西沙星"},{"key":"E","value":"氯霉素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查万古霉素的不良反应。万古霉素(C对)滴速过快可致由组胺引起的非免疫性与剂量相关反应(红人综合症)。夫西地酸(A错)静脉滴注可致血栓性静脉炎和静脉痉挛。磷霉素(B错)静滴应缓慢,时间应控制在1~2小时,肝肾功能减退者应慎用。莫西沙星(D错)易引起心脏QT间期延长,静滴时应缓慢,至少1h。氯霉素(E错)典型不良反应是可发生骨髓毒性,大剂量应用于早产儿或新生儿,可引起“灰婴综合征”。"} {"Question":"根据《中华人民共和国药典临床用药须知》中规定,在注射前必须做皮试的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"氨苄西林"},{"key":"C","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"维生素K₁"},{"key":"E","value":"万古霉素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查氨苄西林。在注射前必须做皮试的药物是氨苄西林(B对)。氨苄西林属青霉素类抗菌药物,青霉素类可引起严重的过敏反应。在注射前,可以选用250~500U\/ml浓度的青霉素溶液皮内注射0.05~0.1ml,做所有青霉素类药的皮肤敏感试验,经20min观察皮试结果,呈阳性反应者禁用。红霉素(A错)、克林霉素(C错)少见过敏反应,无需做皮试。注射维生素K₁(D错)用药前应详细询问患者的过敏史,对维生素K₁及注射液所含成分过敏者禁用,过敏体质者慎用。在给药期间应对患者密切观察,一旦出现过敏症状,立即停药并进行救治。万古霉素(E错)应注意滴注速度,滴注速度过快,可产生红斑样或荨麻疹样反应,皮肤发红(称为红人综合征),尤以躯干上部为甚。"} {"Question":"抑制细菌蛋白质合成","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢米诺"},{"key":"B","value":"磺胺甲噁唑甲氧苄啶"},{"key":"C","value":"利福喷丁"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢吡肟"},{"key":"E","value":"依替米星"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查依米替星的作用机制。依替米星(E对)属于氨基糖苷类抗菌药,作用机制主要是抑制细菌蛋白质的合成。磺胺甲噁唑甲氧苄啶(B错)抑制细菌二氢叶酸的合成。头孢米诺(A错)属于其它β-内酰胺类抗菌药物。利福喷丁(C错)可抑制细菌核酸合成。头孢吡肟(D错)通过抑制细菌细胞壁合成抑菌。"} {"Question":"磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)代谢拮抗叶酸的生物合成通路","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"都作用于二氢叶酸还原酶"},{"key":"B","value":"都作用于二氢叶酸合成酶"},{"key":"C","value":"前者作用于二氢叶酸还原酶,后者作用于二氢叶酸合成酶"},{"key":"D","value":"前者作用于二氢叶酸合成酶,后者作用于二氢叶酸还原酶"},{"key":"E","value":"干扰细菌对叶酸的摄取"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查磺胺甲噁唑和甲氧苄啶的作用机理。磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)和甲氧苄啶(TMP)代谢拮抗叶酸的生物合成通路是前者作用于二氢叶酸合成酶,后者作用于二氢叶酸还原酶(D对)。磺胺甲噁唑的作用机理是通过与PABA竞争二氢叶酸合成酶,阻止细菌二氢叶酸的合成,继而使二氢叶酸和四氢叶酸合成减少,从而干扰细菌体内DNA、RNA以及蛋白质的合成达到抑菌作用。甲氧苄啶的作用机制为抑制细菌二氢叶酸还原酶,导致四氢叶酸生成减少,影响辅酶F的形成,从而阻断细菌体内DNA、RNA以及蛋白质的合成达到抑菌作用。故磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)代谢拮抗叶酸的生物合成通路为抑制二氢叶酸合成酶,甲氧苄啶(TMP)代谢拮抗叶酸的生物合成通路为抑制二氢叶酸还原酶。"} {"Question":"磺胺类药物的抗菌机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抑制二氢叶酸合成酶"},{"key":"B","value":"改变细菌细胞膜通透性"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制二氢叶酸还原酶"},{"key":"E","value":"抑制细菌DNA螺旋酶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"急性风湿热合并消化性溃疡患者的首选药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利血平"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化镁"},{"key":"C","value":"碳酸氢钠"},{"key":"D","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"红霉素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查青霉素。急性风湿热合并消化性溃疡患者的首选药是青霉素(D对)。风湿热与A组乙型溶血性链球菌有关,首选药物为青霉素,青霉素采用注射给药,不会对消化性溃疡患者产生不良反应。利血平(A错)适用于高血压及高血压危象。氧化镁(B错)能抑制和缓解胃酸过多,治疗胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡病。碳酸氢钠(C错)中和胃酸作用迅速,但抗酸作用弱、持续时间短。红霉素(E错)不管是口服还是静脉滴注,对胃都有刺激,因此消化性溃疡患者不应服用。"} {"Question":"时间依赖型抗菌药物,药物浓度大于MIC的时间百分比(%T≥MIC)是预测临床疗效的常用PK\/PD参数。头孢菌素类药物%T≥MIC的临床疗效靶值范围是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"≥50%~75%"},{"key":"B","value":"≥45%~100%"},{"key":"C","value":"≥80%"},{"key":"D","value":"≥40%~50%"},{"key":"E","value":"≥60%~70%"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查头孢菌素类药物的PK\/PD参数。头孢菌素类药物%T≥MIC的临床疗效靶值范围是≥45%~100%(B对)。"} {"Question":"治疗滴虫病宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲硝唑"},{"key":"B","value":"甲苯咪唑"},{"key":"C","value":"吡喹酮"},{"key":"D","value":"氯喹"},{"key":"E","value":"恩波维铵"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查甲硝唑。甲硝唑(A对)可作为阴道滴虫病的首选药。甲苯咪唑(B错)是治疗蛔虫病、蛲虫病、钩虫病和鞭虫病的首选药。吡喹酮为(C错)广谱抗蠕虫药。氯喹(D错)为抗疟疾药。恩波维铵(E错)为杀蛲虫药。"} {"Question":"常发生耳毒性和肾毒性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"四环素"},{"key":"C","value":"庆大霉素"},{"key":"D","value":"氯霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"头孢唑林"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查庆大霉素的不良反应。庆大霉素(C对)常见不良反应为耳毒性、肾毒性和过敏反应等。青霉素(A错)不良反应主要是过敏反应。四环素(B错)不良反应有肠道菌群失调、肝毒性、牙齿黄染等。氯霉素(D错)不良反应为对骨髓造血功能的抑制。头孢唑林(E错)不良反应有皮疹、瘙痒、斑丘疹、荨麻疹、过敏性休克甚至死亡。"} {"Question":"药师在急诊药房值班时,接听病房咨询电话,得知一新入院耐甲氧西林金黄葡萄球菌肺部感染的7岁儿童患者,出现高热、肺纹理加重,患儿肾功能正常,静脉滴注万古霉素。关于万古霉素的儿童日剂量,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5mg\/kg"},{"key":"B","value":"15mg\/kg"},{"key":"C","value":"40mg\/kg"},{"key":"D","value":"60mg\/kg"},{"key":"E","value":"80mg\/kg"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查万古霉素的使用。万古霉素用于儿童时:儿童一日总剂量40mg\/kg(C对),分3~4次服用,连服7~10日,一日量不超过2g。"} {"Question":"能够抑制分枝菌酸用于结核病治疗的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利福平"},{"key":"B","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"C","value":"氨苯砜"},{"key":"D","value":"乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"E","value":"异烟肼"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查抗结核药。能够抑制分枝杆菌用于结核病治疗的药物有利福平(A对)、链霉素(B对)、乙胺丁醇(D对)、异烟肼(E对)。利福平为利福霉素的人工半合成衍生物,对结核杆菌和麻风杆菌作用强,对繁殖期和静止期的结核杆菌均有效,低浓度时抑菌,高浓度时杀菌。链霉素跨膜能力差,不易透过细胞膜,故主要对细胞外结核分枝杆菌有效,结核分枝杆菌对本品易产生耐药性,长期应用耳毒性增强。乙胺丁醇对繁殖期结核杆菌和其它分枝杆菌有较强抑制作用,对其它微生物几乎无作用,仅对生长繁殖期细菌有效。异烟肼为前药,可被分枝杆菌过氧化氢酶激活,将异烟肼转化为具有酰化能力的活性物质,在结核分枝杆菌的酶系统发挥作用。异烟肼可选择性作用于结核分枝杆菌,对静止期结核杆菌有抑制作用,对繁殖期结核杆菌有杀灭作用。氨苯砜(C错)为砜类抑菌剂,对麻风杆菌有较强的抑菌作用,大剂量时显示杀菌作用,作用于细菌二氢叶酸合成酶,干扰叶酸合成。"} {"Question":"可引起心脏Q-T间期延长的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"克林霉素"},{"key":"B","value":"磺胺甲噁唑"},{"key":"C","value":"左氧氟沙星"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢呋辛"},{"key":"E","value":"米诺环素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的不良反应。可引起心脏Q-T间期延长的药物是左氧氟沙星(C对)。左氧氟沙星属于氟喹诺酮类药物,氟喹诺酮类药物可引起心脏Q-T间期延长。克林霉素(A错)不良反应有肝功能异常、肾功能异常。磺胺甲噁唑(B错)所致的严重不良反应虽少见,但可致命,如渗出性多形红斑、剥脱性皮炎、大疱表皮松解萎缩性皮炎、暴发性肝坏死、粒细胞缺乏症、再生障碍性贫血等。头孢呋辛(D错)不良反应有消化系统反应、皮肤反应和头痛等。米诺环素(E错)不良反应有休克和过敏反应、自身免疫性肝炎、超敏综合征等。"} {"Question":"长期使用可引起听力减退、肾功能下降的抗结核药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙胺丁醇"},{"key":"B","value":"吡嗪酰胺"},{"key":"C","value":"利福平"},{"key":"D","value":"链霉素"},{"key":"E","value":"异烟肼"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查抗结核药。长期使用可引起听力减退、肾功能下降的抗结核药物是链霉素(D对)。乙胺丁醇(A错)常见视神经损害。吡嗪酰胺(B错)常见关节痛。利福平(C错)可出现烧心、上腹不适、厌食、呕吐、恶心、腹泻、胃肠胀气、黄疸等。异烟肼(E错)发生率较多者有步态不稳或麻木针刺感、烧灼感或手指疼痛(周围神经炎),深色尿、眼或皮肤黄染,食欲不佳、异常乏力或软弱、恶心或呕吐(肝毒性的前驱症状)。"} {"Question":"普通感冒患者,有打喷嚏、流鼻涕的症状,宜选用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"对乙酰氨基酚滴剂"},{"key":"B","value":"右美沙芬片"},{"key":"C","value":"氯苯那敏片"},{"key":"D","value":"茶碱缓释片"},{"key":"E","value":"氟替卡松干粉吸入剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物的适应证。氯苯那敏片(C对)属于抗组胺药,可以使下呼吸道的分泌物干燥和变稠,减少打喷嚏和鼻溢液;普通儿童感冒患者,体温升高(>38.5℃)时宜选用对乙酰氨基酚滴剂(A错);有单纯性咳嗽症状宜选用右美沙芬(B错);茶碱缓释片(D错)属于磷酸二脂酶抑制剂类的平喘药;氟替卡松干粉吸入剂(E错)为吸入性糖皮质激素,用于持续性哮喘的长期治疗,季节性过敏性鼻炎(包括枯草热)和常年性过敏性鼻炎的预防和治疗。"} {"Question":"可致超敏反应综合征(AHS),推荐用药前做HLA-B*5801基因筛查的抗痛风药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苯溴马隆"},{"key":"B","value":"别嘌醇"},{"key":"C","value":"秋水仙碱"},{"key":"D","value":"非布司他"},{"key":"E","value":"丙磺舒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查别嘌醇的不良反应。别嘌醇(B对)可致超敏反应综合征(AHS),推荐应用前做基因(HLA-B*5801)筛查。"} {"Question":"体内半衰期最长的抗菌药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"头孢呋辛"},{"key":"B","value":"阿莫西林"},{"key":"C","value":"头孢唑林"},{"key":"D","value":"头孢他啶"},{"key":"E","value":"头孢曲松"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查头孢曲松的半衰期。大多数头孢的半衰期都比较短,大部分是0.5~2小时,有的会达到3小时。头孢曲松(E对)是第三代头孢,是一种非常特殊的头孢菌素,半衰期极长,可达8小时。"} {"Question":"对乙酰氨基酚具有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇痛作用"},{"key":"B","value":"抗炎作用"},{"key":"C","value":"两者皆有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者皆无"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查对乙酰氨基酚的作用。对乙酰氨基酚为非甾体类抗炎药,其解热作用和镇痛(A对)作用较强,几乎不具有抗炎(B错)和抗风湿作用,临床用于感冒发热、关节痛、头痛、神经痛和肌肉痛等。"} {"Question":"对COX-2的抑制作用选择性较高的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"B","value":"布洛芬"},{"key":"C","value":"尼美舒利"},{"key":"D","value":"吡罗昔康"},{"key":"E","value":"保泰松"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查选择性抑制COX-2的药物。尼美舒利(C对)可选择性抑制COX-2;阿司匹林(A错)、布洛芬(B错)均为非选择性的环氧酶抑制剂;吡罗昔康(D错)对COX-2抑制强于COX-1,但没有尼美舒利选择性强;保泰松(E错)抑制前列腺素的合成和释放,与环氧酶无关。"} {"Question":"属吡唑酮类抗炎抗风湿药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"美洛昔康"},{"key":"B","value":"双氯芬酸"},{"key":"C","value":"保泰松"},{"key":"D","value":"吡罗昔康"},{"key":"E","value":"扑热息痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"推荐剂量下常见胃肠道不良反应的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿司匹林"},{"key":"B","value":"法莫替丁"},{"key":"C","value":"葡萄糖酸钙"},{"key":"D","value":"碱式硝酸铋复方制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"盐酸异丙嗪(非那根)"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查阿司匹林。阿司匹林(A对)为非选择性环氧酶(COX)抑制剂,由于缺乏选择性,抑制了胃壁处的COX-1,引起消化道溃疡、出血等不良反应;法莫替丁(B错)为组胺H₂受体阻滞药,抑制胃酸、胃蛋白酶的分泌,对动物实验性溃疡有一定保护作用;葡萄糖酸钙(C错)主要治疗钙缺乏,口服钙剂一般无不良反应,静脉给药时可能出现全身发热感,静脉速度过快时,可产生心律失常,恶心和呕吐;碱式硝酸铋复方制剂(D错)为胃黏膜保护剂;异丙嗪(E错)用于多种过敏,主要不良反应为锥体外系症状、眩晕、乏力、紧张症、癔症、心动过速或过缓、血压升高或降低等。"} {"Question":"患者,男,60岁。入院诊断为:高胆固醇血症、支原体肺炎。医师拟选用克拉霉素治疗支原体肺炎,同时需进行调血脂治疗,不宜与克拉霉素合用的调血脂药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"依折麦布"},{"key":"B","value":"非诺贝特"},{"key":"C","value":"辛伐他汀"},{"key":"D","value":"氟伐他汀"},{"key":"E","value":"瑞舒伐他汀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查药物相互作用。不宜与克拉霉素合用的调血脂药是辛伐他汀(C对)。辛伐他汀经过CYP3A4酶代谢,而克拉霉素为肝药酶抑制剂,不能与经过CYP3A4酶代谢药物合用,会增加药物不良反应,故不宜与克拉霉素合用的调血脂药是辛伐他汀。依折麦布(A错)无诱导细胞色素P450药物代谢酶的作用。非诺贝特(B错)不是细胞色素(CYP)P450亚型CYP3A4、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、或CYPA2的抑制剂,但在治疗浓度下,它们是CYP2C19和CYP2A6的弱抑制剂,是CYP2C9的弱至中度抑制剂。氟伐他汀(D错)经过CYP2C9酶代谢。瑞舒伐他汀(E错)经过CYP2C9\/CYP2C19代谢。"} {"Question":"阻滞钙通道,降低自律性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"C","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"D","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"胺碘酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查维拉帕米。维拉帕米(B对)为钙通道阻滞剂,能够减慢窦房结的自律性和房室结的传导,有效的终止房室结折返性心动过速。利多卡因(A错)为钠通道阻滞剂,用于室性心律失常。奎尼丁(C错)为钠通道阻滞剂Ⅰa类抗心律失常药。普萘洛尔(D错)为β受体阻断剂,可减轻由β受体介导的心律失常。胺碘酮(E错)为Ⅲ类抗心律失常药,能够延长动作电位时程,主要用于治疗室上性和室性心律失常。"} {"Question":"下列滤器或滤材中,可用于注射剂除菌过滤的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微孔滤膜"},{"key":"B","value":"砂滤棒"},{"key":"C","value":"石棉板"},{"key":"D","value":"板框压滤机"},{"key":"E","value":"压滤器"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查微孔滤膜的应用。微孔滤膜(A对)是利用高分子化学材料,致孔添加剂经特殊处理后涂抹在支撑层上制作而成,被广泛应用于科研、食品检测、化工、纳米技术、能源和环保等众多领域。"} {"Question":"用于室性心动过速的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"B","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"C","value":"两者皆有效"},{"key":"D","value":"两者皆无效"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查用于室性心动过速的药物。奎尼丁(B对)为Ⅰa类钠通道阻滞剂,临床用于心房颤动、心房扑动,室上性及室性心动过速的治疗。地高辛为强心苷类正性肌力药,临床主要用于急、慢性心力衰竭(A错)。"} {"Question":"美加明","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"M受体阻断药"},{"key":"B","value":"N₁受体阻断药"},{"key":"C","value":"N₂受体阻断药"},{"key":"D","value":"α受体阻断药"},{"key":"E","value":"β受体阻断药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可用于治疗心衰的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"β受体阻断剂"},{"key":"C","value":"醛固酮受体阻断剂"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿剂"},{"key":"E","value":"强心苷"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查治疗心衰的药物。目前推荐使用的治疗心衰的主要药物有:血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)(A对):治疗心力衰竭。β受体阻断剂(B对):抑制心肌重构,降低心脏猝死率。醛固酮受体阻断剂(C对):阻断肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的通路,治疗重度心力衰竭。血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂(ARB)。利尿剂(D对):控制心力衰竭患者的液体潴留。强心苷类(E对):减轻症状和改善心功能。"} {"Question":"他汀类药物的临床应用有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"动脉粥样硬化"},{"key":"B","value":"肾病综合征"},{"key":"C","value":"血管成形术后再狭窄"},{"key":"D","value":"预防心脑血管急性事件"},{"key":"E","value":"心律失常"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查他汀类药物的临床应用。他汀类药物的临床应用:1.调血脂。2.肾病综合征(B对)。3.血管成形术后再狭窄(C对)。4.预防心脑血管急性事件(D对):他汀类能通过增加动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性或使斑块 缩小而减少脑卒中或心肌梗死的发生(A对)。5.缓解器官移植后的排斥反应和治疗骨质疏松。"} {"Question":"属于钙通道阻滞剂的抗心律失常药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"B","value":"索他洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"美托洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸甘油"},{"key":"E","value":"维拉帕米"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查抗心律失常药。维拉帕米(E对)属于钙通道阻滞剂的抗心律失常药。利多卡因(A错)为钠通道阻滞剂。美托洛尔(C错)为β受体阻断剂(第Ⅱ类)。索他洛尔(B错)为延长动作电位时程药(第Ⅲ类)。硝酸甘油(D错)为硝酸酯类抗心绞痛药。"} {"Question":"下列药物类型中,那一类没有强心作用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强心苷类"},{"key":"B","value":"拟交感胺类"},{"key":"C","value":"β-受体阻滞剂"},{"key":"D","value":"磷酸二酯酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"钙敏化剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"适用于Ⅱa、Ⅱb型及家族性杂合子的高脂蛋白血症,但有特殊臭味和一定刺激性的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洛伐他汀"},{"key":"B","value":"吉非贝齐"},{"key":"C","value":"考来烯胺"},{"key":"D","value":"烟酸"},{"key":"E","value":"普罗布考"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"患者,女,26岁。因心悸、手颤、易饥饿、烦躁易怒前来就诊,实验室检查游离甲状腺素(FT₃,FT₄)增高、促甲状腺素(TSH)降低,诊断为甲状腺功能亢进症。医师处方给予抗甲状腺药治疗。目前患者心动过速(115次\/min),应考虑联合应用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"特布他林"},{"key":"B","value":"碘化钾"},{"key":"C","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"利多卡因"},{"key":"E","value":"左甲状腺素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查普萘洛尔。应考虑联合应用的药物是普萘洛尔(C对)。普萘洛尔用于控制甲状腺功能亢进症的心率过快,也可用于治疗甲状腺危象。特布他林(A错)为选择性的β₂受体激动剂,临床用于治疗支气管哮喘,喘息性支气管炎,肺气肿等。碘化钾(B错)用于地方性甲状腺肿的预防与治疗,甲状腺功能亢进症手术前准备及甲状腺亢进危象。利多卡因(D错)属于Ⅰb类抗心律失常药,对短动作电位的心房肌无效,因此仅用于室性心律失常。左甲状腺素(E错)主要用于治疗甲减、单纯性甲状腺肿及甲状腺癌手术后甲减的辅助治疗,亦可用于诊断甲状腺功能亢进的抑制试验。"} {"Question":"属于非选择性β受体阻断剂的抗高血压药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拉贝洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"阿罗洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"卡维地洛"},{"key":"D","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"比索洛尔"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查抗高血压药。属于非选择性β受体阻断剂的抗高血压药物是普萘洛尔(D对)。拉贝洛尔(A错)、阿罗洛尔(B错)、卡维地洛(C错)属于α₁和β受体阻断剂。比索洛尔(E错)属于选择性β₁受体阻断剂。"} {"Question":"具有减慢心率和加强心肌收缩力的药物有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洋地黄毒苷"},{"key":"B","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"C","value":"毒毛花苷K"},{"key":"D","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"E","value":"普鲁卡因胺"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":null} {"Question":"直接舒张小动脉平滑肌的降压药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利舍平"},{"key":"B","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"D","value":"肼屈嗪"},{"key":"E","value":"可乐定"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"制备包合物常用的包合材料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"明胶"},{"key":"B","value":"乙基纤维素"},{"key":"C","value":"磷脂"},{"key":"D","value":"聚乙二醇"},{"key":"E","value":"β-环糊精"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查包合材料。制备包合物常用的包合材料是环糊精(E对)及其衍生物。"} {"Question":"易产生耐受性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"B","value":"维拉帕米"},{"key":"C","value":"地尔硫䓬"},{"key":"D","value":"双嘧达莫"},{"key":"E","value":"硝酸甘油"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查硝酸甘油。硝酸甘油(E对)属于硝酸酯类药,任何剂型使用不正确都有可能发生耐药性,且不同类的硝酸酯类存在交叉耐受。普萘洛尔(A错)、维拉帕米(B错)和地尔硫䓬(C错)不易产生耐药性;双嘧达莫(D错)不具有耐药性。"} {"Question":"血管紧张素转化酶抑制药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"B","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"C","value":"哌唑嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"氯沙坦"},{"key":"E","value":"硝苯地平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查血管紧张素转化酶抑制药。卡托普利(A对)为非肽类血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂,主要作用于肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS),临床用于高血压、心力衰竭。普萘洛尔(B错)是β肾上腺素受体拮抗药,临床用于高血压、心绞痛、室上性快速心律失常、室性心律失常的等。哌唑嗪(C错)为选择性突触后α₁受体阻滞药,通过阻滞血管平滑肌突触后膜α₁受体,降低外周血管阻力,降低血压。氯沙坦(D错)是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂,抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ与AT₁结合,减少醛固酮分泌,减少水钠潴留,降低血压。硝苯地平(E错)为钙通道阻滞剂,临床用于高血压、冠心病、心绞痛。"} {"Question":"普萘洛尔可引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血压升高"},{"key":"B","value":"瞳孔扩大"},{"key":"C","value":"骨骼肌松弛"},{"key":"D","value":"腺体分泌增加"},{"key":"E","value":"心脏兴奋性下降"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查普萘洛尔。普萘洛尔为β受体阻断剂,可阻断心脏β₁受体,使心脏兴奋性下降(E对),降低血压(A错)。普萘洛尔无扩瞳、肌松、促进腺体分泌作用。"} {"Question":"变异型心绞痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"卡维地洛"},{"key":"C","value":"普萘洛尔"},{"key":"D","value":"双嘧达莫"},{"key":"E","value":"曲美他嗪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查硝苯地平。变异型心绞痛的药物是硝苯地平(A对)。硝苯地平是第一代二氢吡啶类的短效钙通道阻滞药,本品口服、舌下含服吸收迅速、完全,起效较快、作用维持6~7小时,对冠脉的痉挛作用显著,故对变异型心绞痛最有效,伴高血压或窦性心动过缓的患者尤为适用;亦可用于慢性稳定型心绞痛和不稳定型心绞痛的防治。卡维地洛(B错)是去甲肾上腺素能神经受体阻断药,可阻断α和β受体,降低心肌耗氧量,改善心肌缺血区供血。用于治疗心绞痛,特别是治疗左心室功能不全的心绞痛。普萘洛尔(C错)可治疗稳定型及不稳定型心绞痛,可减少发作次数,对兼患高血压或心律失常者更为适用。双嘧达莫(D错)主要用于抗血小板聚集,预防血栓形成,可作为心绞痛辅助用药。曲美他嗪(E错)用于心绞痛发作的预防性治疗,眩晕和耳鸣的辅助性对症治疗。"} {"Question":"关于单硝酸异山梨酯性质的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"受热或受撞击不易爆炸"},{"key":"B","value":"比硝酸异山梨酯的半衰期短"},{"key":"C","value":"比硝酸异山梨酯的活性强"},{"key":"D","value":"是硝酸异山梨酯的体内活性代谢产物"},{"key":"E","value":"比硝酸异山梨酯更易进入中枢系统"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查单硝酸异山梨酯。硝酸异山梨酯在肝脏内代谢生成单硝酸异山梨酯(D对),临床主要用于预防缺血发生。单硝酸异山梨酯不稳定,受热或受到撞击易发生爆炸(A错)。硝酸山梨酯与单硝酸异山梨酯的半衰期都在5h左右(B错)。硝酸异山梨酯与单硝酸异山梨酯均具有强的药理活性(C错)。硝酸异山梨酯比单硝酸异山梨酯脂溶性强,更易进入中枢系统(E错)。"} {"Question":"关于洛伐他汀性质和结构的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洛伐他汀是通过微生物发酵制得的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"洛伐他汀结构中含有内酯环"},{"key":"C","value":"洛伐他汀在体内水解后,生成的3,5-二羟基羧酸结构是药物活性必需结构"},{"key":"D","value":"洛伐他汀在临床上通常以钙盐的形式制成注射剂使用"},{"key":"E","value":"洛伐他汀具有多个手性中心"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查洛伐他汀。关于洛伐他汀性质和结构的说法,错误的是洛伐他汀在临床上通常以钙盐的形式制成注射剂使用(D错,为本题正确答案)。洛伐他汀是从红曲霉中提取的真菌代谢物,是第一个应用于临床的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂(A对)。洛伐他汀是前药,结构中含有内酯环(B对),需进入体内后分子中的羟基内酯结构水解为3,5-二羟基戊酸才表现出活性(C对)。其分子内含有8个手性中心(E对)。"} {"Question":"抑制血管紧张素转化酶而治疗高血压是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"硝苯地平"},{"key":"B","value":"卡托普利"},{"key":"C","value":"氯沙坦"},{"key":"D","value":"可乐定"},{"key":"E","value":"米诺地尔"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查卡托普利。卡托普利(B对)是血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,抑制血管紧张素Ⅰ转化为血管紧张素Ⅱ,同时还作用于缓激肽系统,抑制缓激肽降解,从而扩张血管、降低血压,发挥治疗高血压的作用。硝苯地平(A错)是钙通道阻滞剂。氯沙坦(C错)是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断剂。可乐定(D错)为中枢α₂受体激动剂。米诺地尔(E错)是钾离子通道激动剂。"} {"Question":"可以做强心药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂"},{"key":"B","value":"磷酸二脂酶抑制剂"},{"key":"C","value":"碳酸酐酶抑制剂"},{"key":"D","value":"血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂"},{"key":"E","value":"环氧合酶抑制剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查强心药。磷酸二脂酶抑制剂(B对)可以做强心药,通过抑制磷酸二酯酶Ⅲ的活性,升高细胞内cAMP水平,从而产生心收缩力加强和扩张血管作用。HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂(A错)是调节血脂药。碳酸酐酶抑制剂(C错)目前多用于治疗青光眼。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(D错)主要用于降压。环氧合酶抑制剂(E错)为解热镇痛抗炎药。"} {"Question":"下列属于哌唑嗪作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有利尿作用"},{"key":"B","value":"有降压作用"},{"key":"C","value":"两者皆有"},{"key":"D","value":"两者皆无"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查哌唑嗪。下列属于哌唑嗪作用的是有降压作用(B对)。哌唑嗪为α₁受体阻断剂,舒张小动脉和静脉,对立位和卧位血压均有降低作用。适用于各型高血压,单用治疗轻、中度高血压,重度高血压合用利尿药和β受体阻断药可增强降压效果。可阻断膀胱颈、前列腺包膜和腺体、尿道等处α₁受体,改善前列腺肥大患者排尿困难症状,因此适宜用于高血压合并前列腺肥大者。"} {"Question":"用于防治心绞痛的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"B","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"C","value":"两者皆有效"},{"key":"D","value":"两者皆无效"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查用于防治心绞痛的药物。地高辛为强心苷类正性肌力药,用于急、慢性心力衰竭,控制心房颤动,心房扑动引起的快速心室率,室上性心动过速,不用于心绞痛的防治。奎尼丁为钠通道阻滞剂,为广谱抗心律失常药,不用于心绞痛的防治(D对)。"} {"Question":"患者,男,62岁。高血压病史10年,既往有骨关节炎和血脂异常,轻度心功能不全。近期体检发现血压162\/80mmHg,心率72次\/分。该患者目前服用的药物除抗高血压药外有辛伐他汀、双氯芬酸、氨基葡萄糖、甲钴胺及碳酸钙D。该患者首选的降压联合用药方案是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"特拉唑嗪+氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"B","value":"氨氯地平+氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"C","value":"利血平+氨苯蝶啶"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸甘油+美托洛尔"},{"key":"E","value":"美托洛尔+呋塞米"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查联合用药。该患者首选的降压联合用药方案是氨氯地平+氢氯噻嗪(B对)。材料中患者62岁,近期体检发现血压162\/80mmHg,为单纯收缩期高血压。CCB+利尿剂联合用药,为一线降压方案。"} {"Question":"用于慢性心功能不全的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛"},{"key":"B","value":"奎尼丁"},{"key":"C","value":"两者皆有效"},{"key":"D","value":"两者皆无效"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查用于慢性心功能不全的药物。地高辛(A对)用于慢性心功能不全。慢性心功能不全也称充血性心力衰竭,地高辛通过抑制衰竭心肌细胞膜上Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶,使细胞内Na⁺水平升高,促进Na⁺-Ca²⁺交换,提高细胞内Na⁺水平,发挥正性肌力作用。奎尼丁为钠通道阻滞剂,为广谱抗心律失常药,无治疗慢性心功能不全作用(BCD错)。"} {"Question":"化学结构如下图的药物属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗高血压药"},{"key":"B","value":"抗心绞痛药"},{"key":"C","value":"抗心力衰竭药"},{"key":"D","value":"抗心律失常药"},{"key":"E","value":"抗动脉粥样硬化药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查抗心绞痛药的化学结构。图片药物为单硝酸异山梨酯,是硝酸异山梨酯在体内的活性代谢产物,临床上用于预防和治疗心绞痛(B对)。"} {"Question":"不属于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)类药物作用特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"禁用于双侧肾动脉狭窄者"},{"key":"B","value":"对肾脏有保护作用"},{"key":"C","value":"可引起反射性心率加快"},{"key":"D","value":"可防治高血压患者心肌细胞肥大"},{"key":"E","value":"能降低循环组织中的血管紧张素Ⅱ水平"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)类药物作用特点。可引起反射性心率加快(C错,为本题正确答案)不属于血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)类药物作用特点,引起反射性心率加快的一般是硝酸甘油类药物。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)药理作用包括:抑制血管紧张素转换酶的活性,降低循环组织中的血管紧张素Ⅱ水平(E对);改善左心室功能,可防治高血压患者心肌细胞肥大(D对)。扩张动静脉,缓解肾动脉闭塞引起的高血压。调节血脂和清除氧自由基。保护肾功能(B对)。双侧肾动脉狭窄禁用ACEI类药物(A对)。"} {"Question":"属于贝丁酸类药物,会增加脂蛋白酶活性,加速脂蛋白酶分解的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿托伐他汀"},{"key":"B","value":"依折麦布"},{"key":"C","value":"普罗布考"},{"key":"D","value":"考来烯胺"},{"key":"E","value":"非诺贝特"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查非诺贝特的药理作用。非诺贝特(E对)能够增加脂蛋白酶的活性,加速脂蛋白分解。"} {"Question":"有致畸作用,孕妇禁用的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙胺嘧啶"},{"key":"B","value":"奎宁"},{"key":"C","value":"伯氨喹"},{"key":"D","value":"青蒿素"},{"key":"E","value":"氯喹"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可增强心肌收缩力的药物","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"辛伐他汀"},{"key":"B","value":"多巴酚丁胺"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"治疗地高辛中毒引起的窦性心动过缓和传导阻滞的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地高辛抗体"},{"key":"B","value":"考来烯胺"},{"key":"C","value":"氢氯噻嗪"},{"key":"D","value":"阿托品"},{"key":"E","value":"苯妥英钠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查强心苷中毒解救药。阿托品(D对)为M胆碱受体阻断剂,可阻断心肌M胆碱受体,抑制传出神经对心脏的抑制作用。可用于治疗强心苷引起的房室传导阻滞、窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏等。地高辛抗体(A错)用于地高辛中毒解救。考来烯胺(B错)可治疗洋地黄中毒。氢氯噻嗪(C错)为常用的利尿剂。苯妥英钠(E错)可用于强心苷引起的室性心律失常。"} {"Question":"属于射线灭菌法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"流通蒸汽灭菌法"},{"key":"C","value":"火焰灭菌法"},{"key":"D","value":"微波灭菌法"},{"key":"E","value":"气体灭菌法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查射线灭菌法。射线灭菌法包括辐射灭菌法、紫外线灭菌法、微波灭菌法(D对)。"} {"Question":"黄芪中含有的黄芪甲苷,其结构类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"醌类"},{"key":"B","value":"三萜类"},{"key":"C","value":"甾体类"},{"key":"D","value":"香豆素类"},{"key":"E","value":"黄酮类"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄芪甲苷的结构类型。黄芪中含有的黄芪甲苷,其结构类型是三萜类(B对)。黄芪的化学成分众多,主要含皂苷类、黄酮类、多糖类及氨基酸类等。黄芪皂苷具有多种生物活性,其中黄芪甲苷是黄芪中主要生理活性成分。《中国药典》以黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷为指标成分进行药材和饮片的含量测定,要求药材含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.080%,饮片含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.060%;要求药材和饮片含毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷不得少于0.020%。醌类(A错)在许多常用中药中,如大黄、虎杖、丹参、紫草等存在此类化合物,其中许多有明显的生物活性。甾体类(C错):甾体类化合物是广泛存在于自然界中的一类天然化学成分,包括植物甾醇、胆汁酸、C₂₁甾类、昆虫变态激素、强心苷、甾体皂苷、甾体生物碱、蟾毒配基等。香豆素类(D错):香豆素是邻羟基桂皮酸的内酯,广泛分布于高等植物中,尤其以芸香科和伞形科为多见,少数发现于动物和微生物中。在植物体内,它们往往以游离状态或与糖结合成苷的形式存在。黄酮类(E错):黄酮类化合物广泛存在于自然界中,多存在于高等植物及羊齿类植物中。苔类中含有的黄酮类化合物为数不多,而藻类、霉菌、细菌中没有发现黄酮类化合物。含黄酮类化合物的中药有黄芩、葛根、银杏叶、槐花、陈皮、满山红等。"} {"Question":"风湿马钱片具有祛风除湿、活血祛瘀、通络止痛的作用,用于风湿闭阻、瘀血阻络所致的痹病。处方组成:马钱子粉125g、炒僵蚕19g、乳香(炒)19g、没药(炒)19g、全蝎19g、牛膝19g、苍术19g、麻黄19g、甘草19g。制法:以上九味全蝎、乳香、没药和炒僵蚕粉碎成细粉:麻黄、苍术分别用70%乙醇作溶剂进行渗漉,收集漉液约180ml回收乙醇浓缩成稠膏;甘草和牛膝加水煎煮三次煎液滤过滤液合并浓缩成稠膏,与上述稠膏合并,加入马钱子粉及全蝎等四味药的细粉,混匀制成颗粒,干燥压制成1000片包糖衣即得。方中主要含有蜕皮激素类化合物的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苍术"},{"key":"B","value":"乳香(炒)"},{"key":"C","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"D","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"E","value":"甘草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是牛膝的化学成分。方中主要含有蜕皮激素类化合物的中药是牛膝(C对)。牛膝含有甾体化合物,包括蜕皮激素和植物甾醇等,蜕皮激素主要为羟基促蜕皮甾酮和牛膝甾酮。《中国药典》以β-蜕皮甾酮为指标成分进行含量测定,要求其含量不得少于0.030%。苍术(A错)主含挥发油,其中主要成分为苍术酮、苍术素、茅术醇及β-桉油醇等。乳香(炒)(B错)为油胶树脂类,主成分为树脂、挥发油和树胶。麻黄(D错)中含有多种生物碱,以麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为主,前者占总生物碱的40%~90%,《中国药典》以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求药材和饮片含盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的总量不得少于0.80%。此外麻黄还含少量的甲基麻黄碱、甲基伪麻黄碱和去甲基麻黄碱、去甲基伪麻黄碱。甘草(E错)所含的三萜皂苷以甘草皂苷含量最高。甘草皂苷又称甘草酸,为甘草中的甜味成分。《中国药典》以甘草苷和甘草酸为指标成分,控制甘草和炙甘草的质量,其中甘草苷为黄酮苷,并要求甘草和炙甘草的甘草苷含量均不得少于0.50%,甘草中甘草酸的含量不得少于2.0%,炙甘草中甘草酸的含量不得少于1.0%。"} {"Question":"川木通的主要化学成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皂苷类化合物"},{"key":"B","value":"蒽醌类化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"黄酮类化合物"},{"key":"D","value":"生物碱类化合物"},{"key":"E","value":"内酯类化合物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"能用碘化铋钾检识的生物碱有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乌头碱"},{"key":"B","value":"吗啡"},{"key":"C","value":"次乌头碱"},{"key":"D","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"E","value":"莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"大量的原料药物固体粉末(一般是25%以上)均匀地分散在适宜的基质中所组成的半固体外用制剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凝胶贴膏"},{"key":"B","value":"糊剂"},{"key":"C","value":"涂剂"},{"key":"D","value":"凝胶剂"},{"key":"E","value":"涂膜剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查糊剂的概念。糊剂(B对)系指大量的原料药物固体粉末(一般25%以上)均匀地分散在适宜的基质中所组成的半固体外用制剂。可分水溶性糊剂和脂溶性糊剂。凝胶贴膏(A错)系指原料药物与适宜的亲水性基质混匀后涂布于背衬材料上制成的贴膏剂。涂剂(C错)系指含原料药物的水性或油性溶液、乳状液、混悬液,供临用前用消毒纱布或棉球等柔软物料蘸取涂于皮肤或口腔与喉部黏膜的液体制剂。也可为临用前用无菌溶剂制成溶液的无菌冻干制剂,供创伤面涂抹治疗用。凝胶剂(D错)系指原料药物与能形成凝胶的辅料制成的具凝胶特性的稠厚液体或半固体制剂。除另有规定外,凝胶剂限局部用于皮肤及体腔,如鼻腔、阴道和直肠。涂膜剂(E错)系指原料药物溶解或分散于含成膜材料的溶剂中,涂搽患处后形成薄膜的外用液体制剂。"} {"Question":"祛风湿药雷公藤的主要药理作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗病原体"},{"key":"B","value":"抑制免疫功能"},{"key":"C","value":"调节肠胃功能"},{"key":"D","value":"调节神经功能"},{"key":"E","value":"改善血液流变学特性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是雷公藤的药理活性。祛风湿药雷公藤的主要药理作用是抑制免疫功能(B对)。雷公藤的药理作用:雷公藤生物碱类化合物中雷公藤次碱、雷公藤春碱、雷公藤新碱、异雷公藤春碱等具有明显的免疫抑制作用。雷公藤红素具有抗炎和抗肿瘤作用。抗病原体(A错)为黄连的药理作用。黄连的主要功效是清热燥湿、泻火解毒,除抗病原体、抗毒素、解热、抗炎、抗肿瘤作用与功效密切相关外,其他药理作用如抗心律失常、降血压、抑制血小板聚集、抗心肌缺血等是现代对黄连作用的新认识。调节胃肠运动(C错)为枳壳的药理作用。枳壳主含挥发油(主要为柠檬烯)、黄酮类成分(主要为柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷等)及生物碱成分(主要为辛弗林和N-甲基酪胺等)。枳壳和麸炒枳壳水煎液对兔离体肠管、兔离体子宫及小白鼠胃肠运动均有影响,但麸炒品水煎液作用强度低于生品,从而减缓了枳壳对肠道平滑肌的刺激。改善血液流变学(E错)为丹参的药理作用。丹参的药理作用:(1)抗心肌缺血性,抗脑缺血;(2)改善微循环;(3)改善血液流变性、抗血栓;(4)降血脂,抗动脉粥样硬化。药理作用为调节神经功能(D错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"按《中国药典》规定,作为桃仁含量测定指标成分的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄素"},{"key":"B","value":"苦杏仁苷"},{"key":"C","value":"杜鹃素"},{"key":"D","value":"盐酸麻黄碱"},{"key":"E","value":"东茛蓉碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是桃仁的主要化学成分。按《中国药典》规定,作为桃仁含量测定指标成分的是苦杏仁苷(B对)。桃仁中的主要化学成分为脂溶性物质、蛋白质、甾醇及其糖苷类、黄酮类、酚酸类等,其中脂溶性成分占桃仁干质量的50%,蛋白质占25%;桃仁含有氰苷化合物,其中苦杏仁苷的量为1.5%~3.0%,《中国药典》以苦杏仁苷为指标成分对桃仁进行含量测定,规定苦杏仁苷含量不得少于于2.0%。大黄素(A错)为虎杖的质量控制成分之一。虎杖主要含有蒽醌类化合物:蒽醌类成分包括大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸等。此外,还含有非蒽醌类的化合物如虎杖苷等。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定虎杖药材中大黄素和虎杖苷的含量,大黄素不得少于0.60%,虎杖苷不得少于0.15%。杜鹃素(C错)为满山红的质量控制成分。满山红叶中含有杜鹃素、8-去甲基杜鹃素、山柰酚、槲皮素、杨梅素、金丝桃苷、异金丝桃苷以及莨菪亭、伞形酮、木毒素、牻牛儿酮、薄荷醇、杜松脑和α-桉叶醇、β-桉叶醇、γ-桉叶醇等。其中杜鹃素为祛痰成分,临床用于治疗慢性支气管炎。《中国药典》以杜鹃素为对照品对满山红进行含量测定。要求杜鹃素含量不少于0.08%。盐酸麻黄碱(D错)为麻黄的质量控制成分。麻黄中含有多种生物碱,以麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为主,前者占总生物碱的40%~90%,《中国药典》以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求药材和饮片含盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的总量不得少于0.80%。此外麻黄还含少量的甲基麻黄碱、甲基伪麻黄碱和去甲基麻黄碱、去甲基伪麻黄碱。东茛蓉碱(E错)为洋金花的质量控制成分。洋金花主要化学成分为莨菪烷类生物碱,由莨菪醇类和芳香族有机酸结合生成的一元酯类化合物。主要有莨菪碱(阿托品)、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、樟柳碱和N-去甲莨菪碱。《中国药典》以东莨菪碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求东莨菪碱不得少于0.15%。"} {"Question":"主要含强心苷的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麦冬"},{"key":"B","value":"甘草"},{"key":"C","value":"商陆"},{"key":"D","value":"罗布麻叶"},{"key":"E","value":"合欢皮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是罗布麻叶的化学成分。主要含强心苷的中药是罗布麻叶(D对)。罗布麻叶中主要强心苷及其化学结构:罗布麻叶中所含强心苷主要是甲型强心苷。罗布麻叶中主要强心苷及其化学结构:罗布麻叶中所含强心苷主要是甲型强心苷。麦冬(A错)含有甾体皂苷,《中国药典》以鲁斯可皂苷元为对照品,测定麦冬总皂苷的含量,要求含量不得少于0.12%。甘草(B错)所含的三萜皂苷以甘草皂苷含量最高。甘草皂苷又称甘草酸,为甘草中的甜味成分。《中国药典》以甘草苷和甘草酸为指标成分,控制甘草和炙甘草的质量,其中甘草苷为黄酮苷,并要求甘草和炙甘草的甘草苷含量均不得少于0.50%,甘草中甘草酸的含量不得少于2.0%,炙甘草中甘草酸的含量不得少于1.0%。商陆(C错)的化学成分主要包括三萜及其皂苷类,其中包括商陆皂苷等。《中国药典》以商陆皂苷甲(商陆皂苷A)为指标成分进行含量测定,含量不得少于0.15%。合欢皮(E错)极性部分的主要成分是三萜皂苷。《中国药典》以(-)-丁香树脂酚-4-O-β-D-呋喃芹糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷为指标成分进行含量测定。"} {"Question":"硫基与糖端基羟基脱水形成的苷是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氧苷"},{"key":"B","value":"硫苷"},{"key":"C","value":"氮苷"},{"key":"D","value":"三糖苷"},{"key":"E","value":"二糖苷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是苷的分类。硫基与糖端基羟基脱水形成的苷是硫苷(B对)。硫苷:糖端基羟基与苷元上巯基缩合而成的苷称为硫苷。如萝卜苷、芥子苷。醇苷(A错):是通过醇羟基与糖端基羟基脱水而成的苷,如红景天苷、毛茛苷、獐牙菜苷。氮苷(C错):通过氮原子与糖的端基碳相连的苷称为N-苷。如巴豆苷。二糖苷(E错)、三糖苷(D错)属于根据连接单糖基的个数而进行的分类。根据连接单糖基的个数分为单糖苷、二糖苷等。"} {"Question":"甾体母核A\/B环为反式的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胆酸"},{"key":"B","value":"别胆酸"},{"key":"C","value":"牛磺酸"},{"key":"D","value":"甘氨酸"},{"key":"E","value":"麝香酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是胆汁酸类化学成分的结构特点。甾体母核A\/B环为反式的是别胆酸(B对)。甾体母核A\/B环为顺式稠合时称为正系,若为反式稠合则为别系,如胆酸(A错)为正系,别胆酸则为别系。天然胆汁酸是胆烷酸的衍生物,在动物的胆汁中通常与甘氨酸(D错)或牛磺酸(C错)的氨基以酰胺键结合成甘氨胆汁酸或牛磺胆汁酸,并以钠盐形式存在。麝香对中枢神经系统的作用也表现双向性,对处于抑制状态的中枢有明显的兴奋作用,对处于兴奋状态的中枢则起抑制作用,麝香酮(E错)是其活性成分。"} {"Question":"含有马兜铃酸的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细辛"},{"key":"B","value":"关木通"},{"key":"C","value":"洋金花"},{"key":"D","value":"天仙藤"},{"key":"E","value":"青木香"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是含马兜铃酸的中药。含有马兜铃酸的中药是细辛(A对)、关木通(B对)、天仙藤(D对)与青木香(E对)。马兜铃酸有较强的肾毒性,易导致肾功能衰竭。含有马兜铃酸的中药有马兜铃、关木通、广防己、细辛、天仙藤、青木香、寻骨风等。洋金花(C错)主要化学成分为莨菪烷类生物碱。食用过量或误食易致中毒。"} {"Question":"化合物结构类型为黄酮的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"槲皮素"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芩素"},{"key":"C","value":"丹参素"},{"key":"D","value":"葛根素"},{"key":"E","value":"花青素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄酮类化合物的结构与分类。化合物结构类型为黄酮的是黄芩素(B对)。黄芩中主要成分及其化学结构:从黄芩中分离出来的黄酮类化合物有黄芩苷(含4.0%~5.2%)、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素等20种成分。槲皮素(A错)为银杏叶的化学成分之一。银杏叶中的黄酮类化合物有黄酮、黄酮醇及其苷类、双黄酮和儿茶素类等。《中国药典》以总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯为指标成分进行含量测定。要求总黄酮醇苷不少于0.4%,对照品采用槲皮素、山柰素和异鼠李素;要求萜类内酯不少于0.25%,对照品采用银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C和白果内酯。到目前为止,已从银杏叶中分离出20多个黄酮类化合物,其结构大体可分为山柰酚类、槲皮素类、木犀草素、二粒小麦黄酮、儿茶素类和双黄酮类。丹参素(C错)为丹参的主要化学成分。丹参中的化学成分主要分为两类:脂溶性的二萜醌类化合物和水溶性的酚酸类成分。二萜醌类化合物大部分为丹参酮型的二萜醌类化合物,包括邻醌型的丹参酮类二萜和对醌型的罗列酮类二萜及其他类型。酚酸类成分主要是丹参素、丹酚酸A、丹酚酸B、丹酚酸C、迷迭香酸、原儿茶酸、紫草酸单甲酯,其中丹酚酸B是丹参中酚性酸的主要成分。葛根素(D错)为葛根的主要化学成分。葛根含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。"} {"Question":"苷类又称配糖体,是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单糖与二糖的结合体"},{"key":"B","value":"单糖与三糖的结合体"},{"key":"C","value":"糖与非糖的结合体"},{"key":"D","value":"糖与糖衍生物的结合体"},{"key":"E","value":"糖与糖醛酸的结合体"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是苷的定义。苷类又称配糖体,是糖与非糖的结合体(C对)。苷类,即配糖体,是糖(AB错)或糖的衍生物(DE错)如氨基糖、糖醛酸等与另一非糖物质通过糖的端基碳原子连接而成的化合物。"} {"Question":"人参三醇属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四环三萜"},{"key":"B","value":"五环三萜"},{"key":"C","value":"四环四萜"},{"key":"D","value":"五环四萜"},{"key":"E","value":"六环三萜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参皂苷的分类。人参三醇属于四环三萜(A对)。人参含有皂苷、多糖和挥发油等多种化学成分,人参皂苷为人参的主要有效成分之一。《中国药典》以人参皂苷为指标成分对人参、红参和人参叶进行含量测定。其中,人参和红参的质量控制成分为人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb₁。例如,要求人参中人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Re的总量不得少于0.30%,人参皂苷Rb₁不得少于0.20%。人参皂苷可以分为三类,分别是人参皂苷二醇型(A型)、人参皂苷三醇型(B型)和齐墩果烷型(C型)。(1)人参皂苷二醇型:人参皂苷二醇型包括人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rc和人参皂苷Rd等。(2)人参皂苷三醇型:人参皂苷三醇型包括人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rf和人参皂苷Rg₁等。(3)齐墩果烷型:齐墩果烷型包括人参皂苷Ro等。A型、B型的皂苷元属于四环三萜,C型皂苷元则属于五环三萜(B错)。A型和B型皂苷元属达玛烷型,为达玛烯二醇的衍生物。"} {"Question":"川乌中的生物有很强的毒性,其中毒性最大的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单酯型生物碱"},{"key":"B","value":"季铵型生物碱"},{"key":"C","value":"双酯型生物碱"},{"key":"D","value":"酰胺型生物碱"},{"key":"E","value":"醇胺型生物碱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是川乌中主要毒性生物碱及其化学结构。川乌中的生物有很强的毒性,其中毒性最大的是双酯型生物碱(C对)。川乌中主要毒性生物碱及其化学结构:乌头和附子主要含二萜类生物碱,属于四环或五环二萜类衍生物。乌头生物碱的结构复杂、结构类型多。其重要和含量较高的有乌头碱、次乌头碱和新乌头碱。《中国药典》以三者为指标成分进行含量测定,要求三者总量应为0.050~0.17%。由于C₁₄和C₈的羟基常和乙酸、苯甲酸结合成酯,故称它们为二萜双酯型生物碱。川乌中主要毒性生物碱在炮制过程中的变化:乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱等为双酯型生物碱,具麻辣味,毒性极强,是乌头的主要毒性成分。若将双酯型生物碱在碱水中加热,或将乌头直接浸泡于水中加热,或不加热仅在水中长时间浸泡,都可水解酯基,生成单酯型生物碱(A错)或无酯键的醇胺型生物碱(E错)。如乌头碱水解后生成的单酯型生物碱为乌头次碱,无酯键的醇胺型生物碱为乌头原碱。单酯型生物碱的毒性小于双酯型生物碱,而醇胺型生物碱几乎无毒性,但它们均不减低原双酯型生物碱的疗效。这就是乌头及附子经水浸、加热等炮制后毒性变小的化学原理。季铵型生物碱(B错)常见的有小檗碱,主要存在于黄连、黄柏、三棵针等中药中。酰胺型生物碱(D错)常见的有胡椒碱、秋水仙碱、咖啡碱等。"} {"Question":"按照有机化合物的分类,单糖是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"多元醇"},{"key":"B","value":"羧酸"},{"key":"C","value":"多羟基醛或酮"},{"key":"D","value":"酯"},{"key":"E","value":"醚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,以杜鹃素为指标成分的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"满山红"},{"key":"B","value":"葛根"},{"key":"C","value":"银杏叶"},{"key":"D","value":"槐花"},{"key":"E","value":"黄芩"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是满山红的化学成分。《中国药典》规定,以杜鹃素为指标成分的药材是满山红(A对)。《中国药典》以杜鹃素为对照品对满山红进行含量测定。要求杜鹃素含量不少于0.08%。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分对葛根(B错)进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得小于2.4%。《中国药典》以总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯为指标成分对银杏叶(C错)进行含量测定。要求总黄酮醇苷不少于0.4%,对照品采用槲皮素、山柰素和异鼠李素;要求萜类内酯不少于0.25%,对照品采用银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C和白果内酯。《中国药典》以总黄酮和芦丁为指标成分对槐米或槐花(D错)进行含量测定。要求槐花总黄酮不少于8.0%,槐米总黄酮不少于20.0%,对照品采用芦丁;要求芦丁含量,槐花不得少于6.0%,槐米不得少于15.0%。《中国药典》以黄芩苷为指标成分对黄芩(E错)进行含量测定,要求药材含量不得少于9.0%,饮片含量不得少于8.0%。"} {"Question":"有效成分为芦丁的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"槐花"},{"key":"B","value":"银杏叶"},{"key":"C","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"E","value":"葛根"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是槐花的化学成分。有效成分为芦丁的中药是槐花(A对)。槐花中主要成分及其化学结构:槐米含有芦丁,槲皮素,皂苷等。其中,芦丁是有效成分。槐米中芦丁的含量高达23.5%,槐花开放后降至13.0%。《中国药典》以总黄酮和芦丁为指标成分对槐米或槐花进行含量测定。要求槐花总黄酮(以芦丁计)不少于8.0%,槐米总黄酮不少于20.0%,对照品采用芦丁;要求芦丁含量,槐花不得少于6.0%,槐米不得少于15.0%。银杏叶(B错)中的黄酮类化合物有黄酮、黄酮醇及其苷类、双黄酮和儿茶素类等。《中国药典》以总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯为指标成分进行含量测定。要求总黄酮醇苷不少于0.4%,对照品采用槲皮素、山柰素和异鼠李素;要求萜类内酯不少于0.25%,对照品采用银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C和白果内酯。黄芪(C错)的化学成分众多,主要含皂苷类、黄酮类、多糖类及氨基酸类等。黄芪皂苷具有多种生物活性,其中黄芪甲苷是黄芪中主要生理活性成分。《中国药典》以黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷为指标成分进行药材和饮片的含量测定,要求药材含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.080%,含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.060%;要求药材和饮片含毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷不得少于0.020%。黄芩(D错)中主要成分及其化学结构:从黄芩中分离出来的黄酮类化合物有黄芩苷(含4.0%~5.2%)、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素等20种成分。其中黄芩苷是主要有效成分,具有抗菌、消炎作用。《中国药典》以黄芩苷为指标成分进行含量测定要求药材含量不得少于9.0%,饮片含量不得少于8.0%。葛根(E错):含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。"} {"Question":"口服给药后,血药浓度的药时曲线具有典型肝肠循环药代动力学特征的化合物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麦芽糖"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芩苷"},{"key":"C","value":"马兜铃酸B"},{"key":"D","value":"苦参碱"},{"key":"E","value":"麝香酮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄芩苷的代谢动力学。口服给药后,血药浓度的药时曲线具有典型肝肠循环药代动力学特征的化合物是黄芩苷(B对)。黄芩苷的代谢动力学:黄芩苷的结构有两个特点,一是黄芩苷是苷元与葡萄糖醛酸形成的苷,这与其他葡萄糖苷等苷类化合物不同,该化合物具有弱酸性,酸性条件下稳定;二是黄芩苷水解后的产物黄芩素A环上有三个相邻的羟基,该化合物在肝脏代谢酶的作用下,三个羟基可以发生葡萄糖醛酸化、硫酸化或甲基化的Ⅱ相代谢途径。黄芩素在小肠上皮细胞受到葡萄糖醛酸转移酶催化,可重新转化为葡萄糖醛酸的苷形式,既又可重新生成黄芩苷,这是黄芩苷肝肠循环的主要原因。"} {"Question":"蟾蜍中主要吲哚类生物碱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石胆酸"},{"key":"B","value":"强心苷元"},{"key":"C","value":"5-羟色胺"},{"key":"D","value":"L-3-甲基十五环酮"},{"key":"E","value":"牛磺熊去氧胆酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是蟾酥的主要化学成分。蟾蜍中主要吲哚类生物碱是5-羟色胺(C对)。蟾酥的化学成分复杂,主要成分有蟾蜍甾二烯类、强心甾烯蟾毒类、吲哚碱类、甾醇类以及肾上腺素、多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸和有机酸等,前两类成分具有强心作用。《中国药典》以蟾毒灵、华蟾酥毒基和脂蟾毒配基为指标成分进行含量测定,要求总量不得少于7.0%。华蟾酥毒基和脂蟾毒配基蟾酥中所含的吲哚类成分有5-羟色胺和5-羟色胺衍生物。蟾酥中游离和结合型的蟾蜍甾二烯类、强心甾烯蟾毒类成分都具有强心苷元(B错)的母核结构。石胆酸(A错)为牛黄的主要化学成分。牛黄约含8%胆汁酸,主要成分为胆酸、去氧胆酸和石胆酸。此外,还含有7%SMC及胆红素,胆固醇,麦角固醇,多种氨基酸(如丙氨酸、甘氨酸、牛磺酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸等)和无机盐等。《中国药典》以胆酸和胆红素为牛黄的质量控制成分,要求胆酸含量不少于4.0%,胆红素含量不得少于25.0%。L-3-甲基十五环酮(D错)为麝香的主要化学成分。麝香的化学成分较为复杂,其中的麝香酮(L-3-甲基十五环酮)是天然麝香的有效成分之一。《中国药典》以麝香酮为指标成分进行含量测定,要求麝香酮含量不得少于2.0%。牛磺熊去氧胆酸(E错)为熊胆的主要化学成分。熊胆的化学成分为胆汁酸类的碱金属盐及胆甾醇和胆红素。从生物活性方面讲,其主要有效成分为牛磺熊去氧胆酸,此外还有鹅去氧胆酸、胆酸和去氧胆酸。"} {"Question":"黄芪中的皂苷是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"强心苷"},{"key":"B","value":"腺苷"},{"key":"C","value":"吲哚苷"},{"key":"D","value":"鸟苷"},{"key":"E","value":"三萜皂苷"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄芪的化学成分。黄芪中的皂苷是三萜皂苷(E对)。黄芪的化学成分众多,主要含皂苷类、黄酮类、多糖类及氨基酸类等。黄芪皂苷具有多种生物活性,其中黄芪甲苷是黄芪中主要生理活性成分。在黄芪及其同属近缘植物中共分离出40余种三萜皂苷。《中国药典》以黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷为指标成分进行药材和饮片的含量测定,要求药材含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.080%,饮片含黄芪甲苷不得少于0.060%;要求药材和饮片含毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷不得少于0.020%。强心苷(A错)是存在于生物界中的一类对心脏有显著生理活性的甾体苷类。主要分布于夹竹桃科、玄参科、百合科、萝藦科、十字花科、毛茛科和桑科等。动物中至今尚未发现强心苷成分,中药蟾酥是一类具有强心作用的甾体化合物,但不属于苷类,属于蟾毒配基的脂肪酸酯类。腺苷(B错)与鸟苷(D错)均属于氮苷。吲哚苷(C错):如靛苷,其苷元吲哚醇无色,易氧化成蓝色的靛蓝。"} {"Question":"能溶于水的生物碱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莨菪碱"},{"key":"B","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"C","value":"长春新碱"},{"key":"D","value":"长春碱"},{"key":"E","value":"长春地辛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是亲水性生物碱。能溶于水的生物碱是小檗碱(B对)。小檗碱属于季胺型生物碱。亲水性生物碱:①季铵型生物碱:这类生物碱为离子型化合物,易溶于水和酸水,可溶于甲醇、乙醇及正丁醇等极性较大的有机溶剂,难溶于亲脂性有机溶剂。②含N-氧化物结构的生物碱:这类生物碱具配位键结构,可溶于水,如氧化苦参碱。③小分子生物碱:少数分子较小而碱性较强的生物碱,既可溶于水,也可溶于三氯甲烷,如麻黄碱、烟碱等。④酰胺类生物碱:由于酰胺在水中可形成氢键,所以在水中有一定的溶解度,如秋水仙碱、咖啡碱。"} {"Question":"可用水蒸气蒸馏分离的生物碱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"秋水仙碱"},{"key":"B","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"C","value":"氧化苦参碱"},{"key":"D","value":"吗啡"},{"key":"E","value":"麻黄碱"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是生物碱的性质。可用水蒸气蒸馏分离的生物碱是麻黄碱(E对)。水蒸气蒸馏法用于提取能随水蒸气蒸馏而不被破坏的难溶于水的成分。这类成分有挥发性,可随水蒸气逸出,冷凝后可用油水分离器或有机溶剂萃取法将该类成分自馏出液中分离。中药挥发油及某些具挥发性的小分子生物碱、小分子酚性物质等均可应用本法提取。少数液体生物碱及小分子固体生物碱如麻黄碱、烟碱等具挥发性。酰胺类生物碱:由于酰胺在水中可形成氢键,所以在水中有一定的溶解度,如秋水仙碱、咖啡碱。秋水仙碱(A错)碱性较弱,不能溶于2%醋酸。提取氧化苦参碱(C错)可将醋酸水溶液用NaOH碱化至pH为9,氯仿萃取,溶于氯仿;NaOH碱水加HCl调至pH为2-3,加饱和NaCl溶液放置,沉淀的是小檗碱(B错)。"} {"Question":"人参中化学成分主要结构为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参皂苷二醇型"},{"key":"B","value":"齐墩果酸型"},{"key":"C","value":"苄基异喹啉类"},{"key":"D","value":"人参皂苷三醇型"},{"key":"E","value":"原小檗碱型"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参化学成分的结构与分类。人参中化学成分主要结构为人参皂苷二醇型(A对)、人参皂苷三醇型(B对)和齐墩果烷型(D对)。人参含有皂苷、多糖和挥发油等多种化学成分,人参皂苷为人参的主要有效成分之一。《中国药典》以人参皂苷为指标成分对人参、红参和人参叶进行含量测定。其中,人参和红参的质量控制成分为人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb₁。例如,要求人参中人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Re的总量不得少于0.30%,人参皂苷Rb₁不得少于0.20%。人参皂苷可以分为三类,分别是人参皂苷二醇型(A型)、人参皂苷三醇型(B型)和齐墩果烷型(C型)。苄基异喹啉类(C错)分为1-苄基异喹啉类和双苄基异喹啉类。①1-苄基异喹啉类:为异喹啉母核1位连有苄基的一类生物碱。如罂粟中具解痉作用的罂粟碱,乌头中的强心成分去甲乌药碱,厚朴中的厚朴碱等。②双苄基异喹啉类:为两个苄基异喹啉通过1~3个醚键相连接的一类生物碱。如存在于防己科北豆根中的主要酚性生物碱蝙蝠葛碱,汉防己中的汉防己甲素和汉防己乙素,十大功劳中的异汉防己甲素。原小檗碱型(E错)生物碱可以看成由两个异喹啉环稠合而成。依据两者结构母核中D环氧化程度不同,又分为小檗碱类和原小檗碱类。前者多为季胺碱,如黄连、黄柏、三颗针中的小檗碱;后者多为叔胺碱,如延胡索中的延胡索乙素。"} {"Question":"确定糖连接顺序的方法有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缓和水解法"},{"key":"B","value":"FAB-MS法"},{"key":"C","value":"2D-NMR法"},{"key":"D","value":"冷处理法"},{"key":"E","value":"热处理法"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是确定糖连接顺序的方法。确定糖连接顺序的方法有缓和水解法(A对)、FAB-MS法(B对)、2D-NMR法(C对)。缓和水解法:即用稀酸(包括有机酸)水解、酶解、乙酰解、碱水解等方法,将苷的糖链水解成较小的片段(各种低聚糖),然后分析这些低聚糖的连接顺序,从低聚糖的结构推测整个糖链的结构。2D-NMR和NOE差谱技术:可判断糖与苷元及单糖之间的连接顺序。FD-MS和FAB-MS均适于强心苷分子量和糖连接顺序的测定,是目前在对强心苷进行MS测定时常用的技术。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,含量测定成分属于三萜皂苷的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葛根"},{"key":"B","value":"柴胡"},{"key":"C","value":"艾叶"},{"key":"D","value":"知母"},{"key":"E","value":"前胡"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是柴胡的化学成分。《中国药典》规定,含量测定成分属于三萜皂苷的中药是柴胡(B对)。柴胡中含有的总皂苷为1.6%~3.8%。柴胡中所含皂苷均为三萜皂苷,柴胡皂苷是柴胡的主要有效成分。《中国药典》以柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d为指标成分对柴胡药材进行含量测定。要求两者的总含量不少于0.30%。葛根(A错)含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。艾叶(C错)的化学成分主要有挥发油、黄酮和三萜类成分。其中艾叶含挥发油0.45%~1.00%,《中国药典》以桉油精(桉叶素)和龙脑为指标成分,采用气相色谱法进行含量测定,要求桉油精不得少于0.050%,含龙脑不得少于0.020%。知母(D错)中的化学成分主要为甾体皂苷和芒果苷,还含有木脂素、甾醇、鞣质、胆碱等成分。《中国药典》上将知母皂苷BⅡ和芒果苷定为知母药材的质量控制成分,要求知母皂苷BⅡ含量不得少于3.0%,芒果苷的含量不得少于0.7%。前胡(E错)主要化学成分为多种类型的香豆素及其糖苷、三萜糖苷及甾体糖苷、挥发油等。一般以香豆素类成分作为前胡定量质量控制的指标。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素含量,其中白花前胡甲素含量不少于0.90%,白花前胡乙素不少于0.24%。"} {"Question":"按《中国药典》规定,质量控制成分的结构类型为异喹啉类生物碱的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"川乌"},{"key":"B","value":"天仙子"},{"key":"C","value":"防己"},{"key":"D","value":"马钱子"},{"key":"E","value":"千里光"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是防己的化学成分。按《中国药典》规定,质量控制成分的结构类型为异喹啉类生物碱的药材是防己(C对)。防己的有效成分为生物碱,总生物碱含量可达2.3%~5%,其中汉防己甲素(粉防己碱)约为1%,汉防己乙素(防己诺林碱)约为0.5%。汉防己甲素与汉防己乙素为异喹啉类生物碱。《中国药典》以粉防己碱和防己诺林碱为指标成分进行含量测定,对药材要求两者总量不得少于1.6%;对饮片要求两者总量不得少于1.4%。汉防己甲素和汉防己乙素属于双苄基异喹啉类生物碱。川乌(A错)的含量测定成分为二萜类生物碱。乌头和附子主要含二萜类生物碱,属于四环或五环二萜类衍生物。乌头生物碱的结构复杂、结构类型多。其重要和含量较高的有乌头碱、次乌头碱和新乌头碱。《中国药典》以三者为指标成分进行含量测定,要求三者总量应为0.050~0.17%。天仙子(B错)的含量测定成分为莨菪烷类生物碱。天仙子主要的生物碱有莨菪碱和东莨菪碱等。《中国药典》以东莨菪碱和莨菪碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求两者总量不得少于0.080%。马钱子(D错)的含量测定成分为单萜吲哚类生物碱。马钱子成熟种子中生物碱含量为1.5%~5%,主要生物碱是士的宁(又称番木鳖碱)、马钱子碱及其氮氧化物,还含少量的10余种其他吲哚类生物碱,其中以士的宁含量居首,占总碱量的35%~50%,其次是马钱子碱,占总碱量的30%~40%。《中国药典》以士的宁和马钱子碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求士的宁的含量应为1.20%~2.20%,马钱子碱的含量不得少于0.80%。千里光(E错)的含量测定成分为吡咯里西啶类生物碱。千里光中所含有的生物碱主要为吡咯里西啶类生物碱,主要化学成分有千里光宁碱、千里光菲宁碱及痕量的阿多尼弗林碱等;同时含有黄酮苷等成分。《中国药典》以阿多尼弗林碱为指标成分进行限量测定,其中阿多尼弗林碱的含量不得过0.004%。"} {"Question":"25-D甾体皂苷的IR特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"899~894cm-1的吸收强度与920~915cm-1的吸收强度相等"},{"key":"B","value":"899~894cm-1的吸收强度是920~915cm-1的吸收强度的2倍"},{"key":"C","value":"899~894cm-1的吸收强度是920~915cm-1的吸收强度的1\/2"},{"key":"D","value":"899~894cm-1的吸收强度是920~915cm-1的吸收强度的3倍"},{"key":"E","value":"899~894cm-1的吸收强度是920~915cm-1的吸收强度的1\/3"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"含有吡咯里西啶类生物碱的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"B","value":"延胡索"},{"key":"C","value":"洋金花"},{"key":"D","value":"千里光"},{"key":"E","value":"雷公藤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药千里光的主要化学成分。含有吡咯里西啶类生物碱的中药是千里光(D对)。千里光中所含有的生物碱主要为吡咯里西啶类生物碱,主要化学成分有千里光宁碱、千里光菲宁碱及痕量的阿多尼弗林碱等;同时含有黄酮苷等成分。《中国药典》以阿多尼弗林碱为指标成分进行限量测定,其中阿多尼弗林碱的含量不得过0.004%。麻黄(A错)中含有多种生物碱,以麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为主,前者占总生物碱的40%~90%,《中国药典》以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求药材和饮片含盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的总量不得少于0.80%。此外麻黄还含少量的甲基麻黄碱、甲基伪麻黄碱和去甲基麻黄碱、去甲基伪麻黄碱。延胡索(B错)含有多种苄基异喹啉类生物碱,包括延胡索甲素、延胡索乙素(dl-四氢巴马汀)和去氢延胡索甲素等,这些生物碱的类型为原小檗碱型、原托品碱型、阿朴菲型等六种异喹啉型生物碱,其中多数属原小檗碱型。《中国药典》以延胡索乙素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含量不得少于0.050%。洋金花(C错)主要化学成分为莨菪烷类生物碱,由莨菪醇类和芳香族有机酸结合生成的一元酯类化合物。主要有莨菪碱(阿托品)、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、樟柳碱和N-去甲莨菪碱。《中国药典》以东莨菪碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求东莨菪碱不得少于0.15%。雷公藤(E错)中主要化学成分为雷公藤甲素、雷公藤乙素和雷公藤红素等。其中,雷公藤甲素为二萜类化合物,不是生物碱。"} {"Question":"可溶于水的生物碱","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薄荷油"},{"key":"B","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"C","value":"莪术油"},{"key":"D","value":"穿心莲内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"东莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查生物碱的溶解性。可溶于水的生物碱小檗碱(B对)。生物碱的溶解性与生物碱分子结构中氮原子的存在状态、分子大小、分子中极性基团的种类和数目以及溶剂的种类有关。大多数生物碱的溶解性符合一般规律,也有一些生物碱的溶解性较特殊。亲水性生物碱:①季铵型生物碱②含N-氧化物结构的生物碱③小分子生物碱④酰胺类生物碱,小檗碱属于季铵碱。薄荷油(A错)中的主要成分薄荷醇的化学结构属于单环单萜类。莪术油(C错)中主要含有多种倍半萜类物质。穿心莲叶中含有多种二萜内酯及二萜内酯苷类成分,如穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯(D错)等。东莨菪碱(E错)为莨菪烷型生物碱,常存在于茄科植物中。莨菪碱(或阿托品)亲脂性较强,易溶于乙醇、三氯甲烷,可溶于四氯化碳、苯,难溶于水。"} {"Question":"其共轭酸的分子内氢键稳定的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"C","value":"伪麻黄碱"},{"key":"D","value":"东莨菪碱"},{"key":"E","value":"山莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是伪麻黄碱的碱性。其共轭酸的分子内氢键稳定的是伪麻黄碱(C对)。麻黄碱(B错)和伪麻黄碱为有机仲胺衍生物,碱性较强。由于伪麻黄碱的共轭酸与C₂-OH形成分子内氢键,稳定性大于麻黄碱。所以伪麻黄碱的碱性稍强于麻黄碱。小檗碱(A错)属季铵型生物碱,可离子化而呈强碱性。东莨菪碱(D错)由于6、7位氧环立体效应和诱导效应的影响,碱性较弱。山莨菪碱(E错)分子中6位羟基的立体效应影响较东莨菪碱小,故其碱性介于莨菪碱和东莨菪碱之间。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》(一部)规定,应测定浸出物的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒲公英"},{"key":"B","value":"石斛"},{"key":"C","value":"降香"},{"key":"D","value":"大蓟"},{"key":"E","value":"麻黄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是浸出物测定。《中国药典》(一部)规定,应测定浸出物的药材是降香(C对)。浸出物测定,对某些暂时无法建立含量测定项的中药,或已有含量测定项的中药,为了更全面地控制中药的质量,一般可根据该中药已知化学成分的类别,结合用药习惯、中药质地等,选用适宜溶剂为溶媒,测定中药中可溶性物质的含量,用以控制中药的质量。通常选用水、一定浓度的乙醇(或甲醇)、乙醚作溶剂,用冷浸法或热浸法做中药的浸出物测定。测定用的供试品须粉碎,使能通过二号筛,并混合均匀,按《中国药典》规定的方法进行测定。测定时根据《中国药典》规定的溶剂,或根据已知成分的溶解性质选用溶剂。如《中国药典》规定降香的乙醇浸出物不得少于8.0%;黄芪的水溶性浸出物不得少于17.0%。"} {"Question":"强烈酸水解法水解强心苷,其主要产物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真正苷元"},{"key":"B","value":"脱水苷元"},{"key":"C","value":"次级苷"},{"key":"D","value":"二糖"},{"key":"E","value":"三糖"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是强心苷的酸水解反应。强烈酸水解法水解强心苷,其主要产物是脱水苷元(B对)。强心苷的酸水解:①温和酸水解:用稀酸如0.02~0.05mol\/L的盐酸或硫酸,在含水醇中经短时间加热回流,可使Ⅰ型强心苷水解为苷元(A错)和糖。因为苷元和α-去氧糖之间、α-去氧糖与α-去氧糖之间的糖苷键极易被酸水解,在此条件下即可断裂。而α-去氧糖与α-羟基糖、α-羟基糖与α-羟基糖之间的苷键在此条件下不易断裂,常常得到二糖(D错)或三糖(E错)。由于此水解条件温和,对苷元的影响较小,不致引起脱水反应,对不稳定的α-去氧糖亦不致分解。此法不宜用于16位有甲酰基的洋地黄强心苷类的水解,因16位甲酰基即使在这种温和的条件下也能被水解。②强烈酸水解:Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型强心苷中苷元直接相连的均为α-羟基糖,由于糖的α-羟基阻碍了苷键原子的质子化,使水解较为困难,用温和酸水解无法使其水解,必须增高酸的浓度(3%~5%),延长作用时间或同时加压,才能使α-羟基糖定量地水解下来。但常引起苷元结构的改变,失去一分子或数分子水形成脱水苷元,而得不到原生苷元。③氯化氢-丙酮法(Mannich和Siewert法):将强心苷置于含1%氯化氢的丙酮溶液中,20℃放置2周。因糖分子中C-2羟基和C-3羟基与丙酮反应,生成丙酮化物,进而水解,可得到原生苷元和糖衍生物。例如铃兰毒苷的水解。本法适合于多数Ⅱ型强心苷的水解。但是,多糖苷因极性太大,难溶于丙酮中,则水解反应不易进行或不能进行。此外,也并非所有能溶于丙酮的强心苷都可用此法进行酸水解,例如黄夹次苷乙用此法水解只能得到缩水苷元。强心苷水解生成次级苷(C错)的反应为酶水解反应。强心苷的酶水解:酶水解有一定的专属性。不同性质的酶,作用于不同性质的苷键。在含强心苷的植物中,有水解葡萄糖的酶,但无水解α-去氧糖的酶,所以能水解除去分子中的葡萄糖,而得到保留α-去氧糖的次级苷。"} {"Question":"某男,60岁。患慢性支气管炎近10年。近日因感风寒病情加重。症见恶寒发热,无汗,咳喘痰稀。医师诊为咳喘,证属风寒水饮,处以功能解表化饮、止咳平喘的小青龙胶囊。该胶囊的处方组成有麻黄、桂枝、干姜、细辛、五味子、白芍、法半夏、炙甘草。药后诸症缓解。方中含有毒成分为下图的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桂枝"},{"key":"B","value":"细辛"},{"key":"C","value":"白芍"},{"key":"D","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"E","value":"法半夏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是细辛的有毒化学成分。方中含有毒成分为马兜铃酸Ⅰ的中药是细辛(B对)。细辛含有痕量的马兜铃酸Ⅰ,有肝肾毒性。《中国药典》对马兜铃酸Ⅰ进行限量检查,要求其含量不得过0.001%。"} {"Question":"银杏叶中含有的主要化学成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"槲皮素"},{"key":"B","value":"山柰素"},{"key":"C","value":"银杏叶内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"葛根素"},{"key":"E","value":"汉黄芩素"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是银杏叶的主要化学成分。银杏叶中含有的主要化学成分是槲皮素(A对)、山柰素(B对)与银杏叶内酯(C对)。银杏叶中的黄酮类化合物有黄酮、黄酮醇及其苷类、双黄酮和儿茶素类等。《中国药典》以总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯为指标成分进行含量测定。要求总黄酮醇苷不少于0.4%,对照品采用槲皮素、山柰素和异鼠李素;要求萜类内酯不少于0.25%,对照品采用银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C和白果内酯。葛根素(D错)为葛根的主要化学成分。葛根含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。汉黄芩素(E错)为黄芩的主要化学成分。从黄芩中分离出来的黄酮类化合物有黄芩苷(含4.0%~5.2%)、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素等20种成分。其中黄芩苷是主要有效成分,具有抗菌、消炎作用。《中国药典》以黄芩苷为指标成分进行含量测定要求药材含量不得少于9.0%,饮片含量不得少于8.0%。"} {"Question":"主要含有黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯成分的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫草"},{"key":"B","value":"银杏叶"},{"key":"C","value":"葛根"},{"key":"D","value":"满山红"},{"key":"E","value":"陈皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是含黄酮类的常用中药。主要含有黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯成分的中药是银杏叶(B对)。银杏叶中的黄酮类化合物有黄酮、黄酮醇及其苷类、双黄酮和儿茶素类等。《中国药典》以总黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯为指标成分进行含量测定。要求总黄酮醇苷不少于0.4%,对照品采用槲皮素、山柰素和异鼠李素;要求萜类内酯不少于0.25%,对照品采用银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C和白果内酯。紫草(A错)的主要化学成分为萘醌类化合物,包括乙酰紫草素、欧紫草素、紫草素、β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素、β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰欧紫草素、去氧紫根素等。《中国药典》采用紫外分光光度法测定药材中羟基萘醌总含量,以左旋紫草素计,不得少于0.80%,采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁(β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰欧紫草素)的含量,不得少于0.30%。葛根(C错)含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。满山红(D错)叶中含有杜鹃素、8-去甲基杜鹃素、山柰酚、槲皮素、杨梅素、金丝桃苷、异金丝桃苷以及莨菪亭、伞形酮、木毒素、牻牛儿酮、薄荷醇、杜松脑和α-桉叶醇、β-桉叶醇、γ-桉叶醇等。其中杜鹃素为祛痰成分,临床用于治疗慢性支气管炎。《中国药典》以杜鹃素为对照品对满山红进行含量测定。要求杜鹃素含量不少于0.08%。陈皮(E错)中除含挥发油外,还含有多种黄酮类化合物,其中橙皮苷多制成甲基橙皮苷供药用,是治疗冠心病药物“脉通”的重要原料之一。《中国药典》以橙皮苷为指标成分对陈皮进行含量测定。要求陈皮中橙皮苷含量不得少于3.5%;广陈皮中橙皮苷含量不得少于2.0%,对广陈皮,另外要求测定川陈皮素和橘皮素的总量,总量不得少于0.42%。"} {"Question":"加入AlCl3/HCl后,某黄酮的峰带Ⅰ(300-400nm)红移60nm,这表明结构中含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5-OH"},{"key":"B","value":"7-OH"},{"key":"C","value":"3’-0H"},{"key":"D","value":"3-0H"},{"key":"E","value":"4’-0H"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"根据苷原子分类,属于C-苷的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"山慈菇苷"},{"key":"B","value":"黑芥子苷"},{"key":"C","value":"巴豆苷"},{"key":"D","value":"芦荟苷"},{"key":"E","value":"毛茛苷"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是苷类化合物按苷键原子的分类。根据苷原子分类,属于C-苷的是芦荟苷(D对)。依据苷键原子的不同可将苷分为O-苷、S-苷、N-苷和C-苷。1.氧苷(O-苷):以苷元不同,又可分为醇苷、酚苷、氰苷、酯苷和吲哚苷。(1)醇苷:如红景天苷、毛茛苷(E错)、獐牙菜苷。(2)酚苷:如天麻苷、水杨苷。(3)氰苷:如苦杏仁苷。(4)酯苷:如山慈菇苷(A错)A等。(5)吲哚苷:如靛苷。2.硫苷(S-苷):如萝卜苷、芥子苷(B错)。3.氮苷(N-苷):如核苷类物质腺苷、鸟苷、胞苷和尿苷,中药巴豆中的巴豆苷(C错)。4.碳苷(C-苷):如牡荆素、芦荟苷。"} {"Question":"胆酸显紫色,鹅去氧胆酸不显色的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"GregoryPascoe反应"},{"key":"B","value":"Hammarsten反应"},{"key":"C","value":"Gibb's反应"},{"key":"D","value":"Emerson反应"},{"key":"E","value":"Feigl反应"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是胆汁酸类化合物的鉴别方法。胆酸显紫色,鹅去氧胆酸不显色的是Hammarsten反应(B对)。Hammarsten反应:用20%的铬酸溶液(将20g CrO₃置于少量水中,加乙酸至100ml)溶解少量样品,温热,胆酸显紫色,鹅去氧胆酸不显色。改良的Hammarsten反应是取少量样品用乙酸溶解,温热,加3~5滴浓盐酸,水浴加热至溶液浑浊并变黄色后,室温放置1~2小时,观察颜色变化,胆酸显紫色。去氧胆酸和鹅去氧胆酸无上述颜色变化。Gregory-Pascoe反应(A错)可用于胆酸的含量测定。Gregory-Pascoe反应:取1ml胆汁加6ml 45%硫酸及1ml 0.3%糠醛,密塞振摇后在65%水浴中放置30分钟,溶液显蓝色。该反应可用于胆酸的含量测定。Gibb's反应(C错)与Emerson反应(D错)为香豆素类的显色反应。Gibb's反应:Gibb's试剂是2,6-二氯(溴)苯醌氯亚胺,它在弱碱性条件下可与酚羟基对位的活泼氢缩合成蓝色化合物。Emerson反应:Emerson试剂是氨基安替比林和铁氰化钾,它可与酚羟基对位的活泼氢生成红色缩合物。Feigl反应(E错)为醌类化合物的显色反应。Feigl反应:醌类衍生物在碱性条件下加热与醛类、邻二硝基苯反应,生成紫色化合物。"} {"Question":"毛花洋地黄苷A与紫花洋地黄苷A结构上差异是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羟基位置异构"},{"key":"B","value":"糖上有乙酰基取代"},{"key":"C","value":"苷键构型不同"},{"key":"D","value":"C₁₇内酯环不同"},{"key":"E","value":"C14-OH构型不同"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是强心苷的酶水解。毛花洋地黄苷A与紫花洋地黄苷A结构上差异是糖上有乙酰基取代(B对)。强心苷的酶水解:酶水解有一定的专属性。不同性质的酶,作用于不同性质的苷键。在含强心苷的植物中,有水解葡萄糖的酶,但无水解α-去氧糖的酶,所以能水解除去分子中的葡萄糖,而得到保留α-去氧糖的次级苷。强心苷的苷元类型不同,被酶解难易程度也不同。毛花洋地黄苷和紫花洋地黄毒苷用紫花苷酶酶解,前者糖基上有乙酰基,对酶作用阻力大,故水解慢,后者水解快。一般来说,乙型强心苷较甲型强心苷易被酶水解。"} {"Question":"桃仁是常用的活血药,其药理作用有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抗炎"},{"key":"B","value":"镇痛"},{"key":"C","value":"镇咳"},{"key":"D","value":"抗凝血"},{"key":"E","value":"兴奋子宫"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是桃仁的药理作用。桃仁是常用的活血药,其药理作用有抗炎(A对)、镇痛(B对)、镇咳(C的)、抗凝血(D对)、兴奋子宫(E对)。桃仁药理作用:1.对心血管系统的作用(1)对血管、血压、血流量的影响:桃仁有扩张血管、减少血管阻力、增加血流量、降低心肌耗氧量、改善微循环的作用。(2)抗血栓作用:抑制血小板聚集。2.镇痛、镇静作用3.抗炎作用4.兴奋子宫作用。"} {"Question":"木脂素的基本结构为联苯环辛烯型的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五味子"},{"key":"B","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"C","value":"二者皆是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者皆不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味子的化学成分。木脂素的基本结构为联苯环辛烯型的是五味子(A对)。五味子中含木脂素较多,约为5%,近年来从其果实中分得了一系列联苯环辛烯型木质素。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中五味子醇甲的含量,要求不得少于0.40%。厚朴(B错)中主要化学成分为木脂素类化合物,包括厚朴酚以及和厚朴酚等,《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量,两者总含量不得少于2.0%。"} {"Question":"属于二萜类的化合物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"原白头翁素"},{"key":"B","value":"桂皮醛"},{"key":"C","value":"青蒿素"},{"key":"D","value":"新穿心莲内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"α-细辛醚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是穿心莲的主要化学成分。属于二萜类的化合物是新穿心莲内酯(D对)。穿心莲叶中含有多种二萜内酯及二萜内酯苷类成分,如穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯等。其中穿心莲内酯含量最高,为其主要活性成分。《中国药典》以穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯为指标成分进行含量测定,要求其总量不得少于1.5%。原白头翁素(A错)为毛茛苷水解后的产物。桂皮醛(B错)为小分子的苯丙素类衍生物。青蒿素(C错)为倍半萜类化合物。α-细辛醚(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"含不同羟基的黄酮类化合物的酸性强弱顺序是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7,4'-二羟基>7-羟基>5-羟基>一般酚羟基"},{"key":"B","value":"7,4'-二羟基>一般酚羟基>5-羟基>7-羟基"},{"key":"C","value":"7,4'-二羟基>4'-羟基>一般酚羟基>5-羟基"},{"key":"D","value":"7,4'-二羟基>5-羟基>7-羟基>一般酚羟基"},{"key":"E","value":"一般酚羟基>7-羟基>5-羟基>7,4'-二羟基"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄酮类化合物的酸性。含不同羟基的黄酮类化合物的酸性强弱顺序是7,4'-二羟基>4'-羟基>一般酚羟基>5-羟基(C对)。黄酮类化合物的酸性:多数黄酮类化合物因分子中具有酚羟基,故显酸性,可溶于碱性水溶液、吡啶、甲酰胺及二甲基甲酰胺等有机溶剂中。由于酚羟基数目及位置不同,酸性强弱也不同。以黄酮为例,其酚羟基酸性强弱顺序依次为:7,4'-二羟基>7-二羟基或4'-羟基>一般酚羟基>5-羟基。"} {"Question":"与磷钼酸试剂反应呈棕褐色的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二氢黄酮"},{"key":"B","value":"黄酮醇"},{"key":"C","value":"黄烷"},{"key":"D","value":"5-羟基黄烷"},{"key":"E","value":"4-羟基黄烷"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄酮类化合物的鉴别反应。与磷钼酸试剂反应呈棕褐色的是二氢黄酮(A对)。近来报道二氢黄酮可与磷钼酸试剂反应而呈棕褐色,也可作为二氢黄酮类化合物的特征鉴别反应。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》中,葛根质量控制成分的结构类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三萜皂苷"},{"key":"B","value":"黄酮苷"},{"key":"C","value":"木脂素"},{"key":"D","value":"甾体皂苷"},{"key":"E","value":"二萜皂苷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查葛根的化学成分。《中国药典》中,葛根质量控制成分的结构类型是黄酮苷(B对)。含黄酮苷类化合物葛根:葛根含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4’-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分对葛根进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得小于2.4%。柴胡中含有的总皂苷为1.6%~3.8%。柴胡中所含皂苷均为三萜皂苷(A错),柴胡皂苷是柴胡的主要有效成分。《中国药典》以柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d为指标成分对柴胡药材进行含量测定,要求两者的总含量不得少于0.30%。含木脂素(C错)类化合物五味子:含木脂素较多,约为5%,近年来从其果实中分得了一系列联苯环辛烯型木脂素,包括五味子醇和五味子素。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定五味子药材中五味子醇甲的含量,要求不得少于0.40%。含甾体皂苷(D错)类化合物麦冬:主要包括麦冬皂苷A、麦冬皂苷B等。《中国药典》以鲁斯可皂苷元为对照品,测定麦冬中麦冬总皂苷含量,要求含量不得少于0.12%。穿心莲叶中含有多种二萜内酯(E错)及二萜内酯苷类成分,如穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯等。其中穿心莲内酯含量最高,为其主要活性成分。《中国药典》以穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯,14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯为指标成分对穿心莲进行含量测定。"} {"Question":"对于具有△12的三萜皂苷,其质谱容易发生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"α-裂解"},{"key":"B","value":"γ-裂解"},{"key":"C","value":"RDA裂解"},{"key":"D","value":"苄基裂解"},{"key":"E","value":"麦氏重排"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"影响生物碱碱性强弱的因素有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"氮原子的杂化方式"},{"key":"B","value":"诱导效应"},{"key":"C","value":"共轭效应"},{"key":"D","value":"空间效应"},{"key":"E","value":"氢键效应"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是生物碱碱性影响因素。氮原子的杂化方式(A对)、诱导效应(B对)、共轭效应(C对)、空间效应(D对)与氢键效应(E对)。生物碱碱性强弱与分子结构的关系:(1)氮原子的杂化方式。(2)电性效应:①诱导效应;②共轭效应:苯胺型、酰胺型。(3)空间效应。(4)氢键效应。"} {"Question":"附子中去甲乌药碱强心作用的机制是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"兴奋α受体"},{"key":"B","value":"促进Ca²⁺"},{"key":"C","value":"阻M"},{"key":"D","value":"抑ATP"},{"key":"E","value":"兴奋β受体"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是去甲乌药碱强心作用的机制。附子中去甲乌药碱强心作用的机制是兴奋β受体(E对)。附子中的消旋去甲乌药碱是强心成分,是β受体部分激动剂。"} {"Question":"属于萘醌类化合物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"汉黄芩素"},{"key":"B","value":"紫草素"},{"key":"C","value":"葛根素"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芩苷"},{"key":"E","value":"大黄素"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是醌类化合物的分类。属于萘醌类化合物的是紫草素(B对)。紫草素为紫草的主要化学成分。紫草的主要化学成分为萘醌类化合物,包括乙酰紫草素、欧紫草素、紫草素、β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰紫草素、β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰欧紫草素、去氧紫根素等。《中国药典》采用紫外分光光度法测定药材中羟基萘醌总含量,以左旋紫草素计,不得少于0.80%,采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁(β,β'-二甲基丙烯酰欧紫草素)的含量,不得少于0.30%。汉黄芩素(A错)与黄芩苷(D错)为黄芩的主要化学成分,属于黄酮类化合物。黄芩中主要成分及其化学结构:从黄芩中分离出来的黄酮类化合物有黄芩苷(含4.0%~5.2%)、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素等20种成分。其中黄芩苷是主要有效成分。《中国药典》以黄芩苷为指标成分进行含量测定要求药材含量不得少于9.0%,饮片含量不得少于8.0%。葛根素(C错)为葛根的主要化学成分,属于异黄酮类化合物。葛根含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。大黄素(E错)为大黄的主要化学成分,属于蒽醌类化合物。从大黄中分离得到蒽醌、二蒽酮、芪、苯丁酮、单宁、萘色酮等不同种类的80多种化合物,大体上可分为蒽醌类、多糖类与鞣质类。其中蒽醌类及其衍生物含量为3%~5%,分为游离型与结合型。《中国药典》以总蒽醌和游离蒽醌为指标成分,采用高效液相色谱法测定药材和饮片中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚等总蒽醌的含量,要求药材总蒽醌不得少于1.5%,游离蒽醌不得少于0.20%。"} {"Question":"可用ph梯度萃取法分离的化合物类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"萜类"},{"key":"B","value":"多聚糖类"},{"key":"C","value":"单糖类"},{"key":"D","value":"单聚糖类"},{"key":"E","value":"生物碱类"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查生物碱的分离方法。可用pH梯度萃取法分离的化合物类型是生物碱类(E对)。基于生物碱碱性差异的分离方法:总生物碱中各单体生物碱的碱性往往不同,可用pH梯度萃取法进行分离。萜类(A错)化合物的分离方法:(1)利用特殊官能团分离(2)结晶法分离(3)柱色谱法分离。单糖(C错)及低聚糖(D错)的分离方法:如提取物中单糖或二糖含量很高,可用结晶方法分出。多糖化合物(B错)的分离方法:采用上述提取方法获得的多糖提取液,都含有许多杂质,主要是无机盐、单糖、寡糖、小分子极性物质、大分子水溶性杂质(如蛋白质、木质素)及一些色素,需要对其进行纯化。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,含量测定的指标成分属于香豆素类化合物的中药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"B","value":"陈皮"},{"key":"C","value":"前胡"},{"key":"D","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"E","value":"五味子"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是含量测定的指标成分属于香豆素类化合物的中药。《中国药典》规定,含量测定的指标成分属于香豆素类化合物的中药有秦皮(A对)、前胡(C对)和补骨脂(D对)。香豆素是邻羟基桂皮酸的内酯,广泛分布于高等植物中,尤其以芸香科和伞形科为多,少数发现于动物和微生物中。在植物体内,它们往往以游离状态或与糖结合成苷的形式存在。含香豆素类化合物的常用中药有秦皮、前胡、肿节风、补骨脂等。秦皮中主要含七叶内酯(秦皮乙素)和七叶苷(秦皮甲素),《中国药典》则采用高效液相色谱法并规定本品按干燥品计,含秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素的总量不得少于1.0%。前胡的主要化学成分为香豆素化合物,《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素含量,其中白花前胡甲素含量不少于0.90%,白花前胡乙素不少于0.24%。补骨脂含有多种香豆素类成分,包括补骨脂内酯(补骨脂素)、异补骨脂内酯(异补骨脂素)和补骨脂次素等。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素含量,两者总量不得少于0.70%。陈皮(B错)的含量测定的指标成分为黄酮类化合物。陈皮中除含挥发油外,还含有多种黄酮类化合物,其中橙皮苷多制成甲基橙皮苷供药用,是治疗冠心病药物“脉通”的重要原料之一。《中国药典》以橙皮苷为指标成分对陈皮进行含量测定。要求陈皮中橙皮苷含量不得少于3.5%;广陈皮中橙皮苷含量不得少于2.0%,对广陈皮,另外要求测定川陈皮素和橘皮素的总量,总量不得少于0.42%。五味子(E错)的含量测定的指标成分为木脂素。五味子中含木脂素较多,约为5%。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中五味子醇甲的含量,要求不得少于0.40%。"} {"Question":"下列糖类中属于多糖的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼠李糖"},{"key":"B","value":"乳糖"},{"key":"C","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"D","value":"木糖"},{"key":"E","value":"菊糖"}],"Answer":"CE","Explanation":"本题考查的是多糖。下列糖类中属于多糖的有淀粉(C对)与菊糖(E对)。由10个以上单糖通过苷键连接而成的糖称为多聚糖或多糖。多糖通常是由D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、L-阿拉伯糖、L-鼠李糖、D-半乳糖醛酸和D-葡萄糖醛酸等聚合而成的高分子化合物(几十至近千个单糖形成的高聚物),因此,多糖经酸水解后能生成多分子单糖。中药中常见的多糖为淀粉、菊糖、黏液质、果胶、树胶、纤维素和甲壳质等。鼠李糖(A错)与木糖(D错)属于单糖。单糖是多羟基醛或酮,是组成糖类及其衍生物的基本单元。常与苷元连接的单糖有:1.五碳醛糖:木糖、阿拉伯糖、核糖。2.六碳醛糖:葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖。3.甲基五碳醛糖:鸡纳糖、鼠李糖、夫糖。4.六碳酮糖:果糖。5.糖醛酸:葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸。乳糖(B错)为二糖,属于低聚糖。"} {"Question":"虎杖中含有的蒽醌类化合物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"B","value":"七叶内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"大黄酸"},{"key":"D","value":"苦参碱"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄糖醛酸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查虎杖的主要化学成分。虎杖中含有的蒽醌类化合物是大黄酸(C对)。虎杖主要含有蒽醌类化合物,此外还含有二苯乙烯类、黄酮类、水溶性多糖和鞣质等成分。蒽醌类成分包括大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸等。秦皮的原植物主要有两种,即木犀科植物大叶白蜡树及白蜡树,大叶白蜡树皮中主要含七叶内酯(B错)(秦皮乙素)和七叶苷(秦皮甲素),而白蜡树皮中主要含白蜡素和七叶内酯以及白蜡树苷。苦参所含主要生物碱是苦参碱(D错)和氧化苦参碱,《中国药典》以其为指标成分对苦参进行鉴别和含量测定,含量测定要求苦参碱和氧化苦参碱总量不得少于1.2%。黄芩经过蒸制或沸水煮既可杀酶保苷,防止将黄芩中的黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷酶分解成葡萄糖醛酸(E错)和黄芩素与汉黄芩素。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,含量测定成分属于香豆素的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葛根"},{"key":"B","value":"柴胡"},{"key":"C","value":"艾叶"},{"key":"D","value":"知母"},{"key":"E","value":"前胡"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是前胡的化学成分。《中国药典》规定,含量测定成分属于香豆素的中药是前胡(E对)。前胡主要化学成分为多种类型的香豆素及其糖苷、三萜糖苷及甾体糖苷、挥发油等。一般以香豆素类成分作为前胡定量质量控制的指标。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素含量,其中白花前胡甲素含量不少于0.90%,白花前胡乙素不少于0.24%。葛根(A错)含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素、大豆苷、大豆素-7,4'-二葡萄糖苷及葛根素、葛根素-7-木糖苷。《中国药典》以葛根素为指标成分进行含量测定,要求含葛根素不得少于2.4%。柴胡(B错)中含有的总皂苷为1.6%~3.8%。柴胡中所含皂苷均为三萜皂苷,柴胡皂苷是柴胡的主要有效成分。《中国药典》以柴胡皂苷a和柴胡皂苷d为指标成分对柴胡药材进行含量测定。要求两者的总含量不少于0.30%。艾叶(C错)的化学成分主要有挥发油、黄酮和三萜类成分。其中艾叶含挥发油0.45%~1.00%,《中国药典》以桉油精(桉叶素)和龙脑为指标成分,采用气相色谱法进行含量测定,要求桉油精不得少于0.050%,含龙脑不得少于0.020%。知母(D错)中的化学成分主要为甾体皂苷和芒果苷,还含有木脂素、甾醇、鞣质、胆碱等成分。《中国药典》上将知母皂苷BⅡ和芒果苷定为知母药材的质量控制成分,要求知母皂苷BⅡ含量不得少于3.0%,芒果苷的含量不得少于0.7%。"} {"Question":"具有强心作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"斑蝥素"},{"key":"B","value":"蜂毒"},{"key":"C","value":"乌贼墨"},{"key":"D","value":"蟾毒配基类"},{"key":"E","value":"水蛭素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是蟾毒配基类的药理作用。具有强心作用的是蟾毒配基类(D对)。蟾毒配基类为蟾酥的主要化学成分,属于甾体化合物,具有强心作用。斑蝥素(A错)为斑蝥是主要化学成分。斑蝥素具有抗肿瘤作用,包括抗肺癌作用、抗肝癌作用、抗卵巢癌作用、抗胰腺癌作用、抗宫颈癌作用等。水蛭素(E错)为水蛭的主要化学成分。水蛭素是水蛭的主要有效药用成分。水蛭的药理作用:水蛭具有抗凝血、抗血栓形成、改善血液流变性、脑保护、抗脑缺血、抗炎、保护肾脏、抗组织纤维化等作用。蜂毒(B错)与乌贼墨(C错)的药理作用,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"鱼肝油乳剂中,西黄蓍胶用作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"稳定剂"},{"key":"D","value":"乳化剂"},{"key":"E","value":"抑菌剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查鱼肝油乳剂的处方分析。鱼肝油乳剂中,西黄蓍胶用作稳定剂(C对)。鱼肝油乳剂【注解】处方中鱼肝油为药物,兼作油相;阿拉伯胶为乳化剂(D错);西黄蓍胶为稳定剂;糖精钠和杏仁油为矫味剂;羟苯乙酯为防腐剂。增溶是指难溶性药物在表面活性剂形成的胶团作用下,在溶剂中溶解度增加并形成溶液的过程。具有增溶作用的表面活性剂称为增溶剂。增溶剂(A错)的最适宜亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)为15~18,常用的增溶剂为聚山梨酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯类等。炉甘石洗剂【注解】炉甘石、氧化锌为药物,甘油为润湿剂(B错),羧甲基纤维素钠为助悬剂。制备时将炉甘石和氧化锌粉末先加甘油研成细糊,与羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液混合,使粉末周围形成水的保护膜,阻碍颗粒的聚集,振摇时易摇匀。抑菌剂(E错)多剂量眼用制剂,应加适当抑菌剂。常用的抑菌剂有三氯叔丁醇、硝酸苯汞、苯乙醇、羟苯乙酯等。"} {"Question":"蒽醌类化合物的质谱特征是依次脱去","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"CO"},{"key":"B","value":"CHO"},{"key":"C","value":"C00H"},{"key":"D","value":"OH"},{"key":"E","value":"CH2=CH2"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"组成挥发油的成分主要有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单萜"},{"key":"B","value":"三萜"},{"key":"C","value":"倍半萜"},{"key":"D","value":"含氧倍半萜"},{"key":"E","value":"二倍半萜"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是挥发油的组成成分。组成挥发油的成分主要有单萜(A对)、倍半萜(C对)与含氧倍半萜(D对)。挥发油的组成成分主要有四类。1.萜类化合物:萜类在挥发油的组成成分中所占比例最大,主要是单萜、倍半萜及其含氧衍生物。2.芳香族化合物:挥发油中的芳香族化合物多为小分子的苯丙素类衍生物,在挥发油中所占比例次于萜类,具有C₆-C₃骨架,且多为酚性化合物或其酯类。还有些是萜源化合物;有些是具有C₆-C₂或C₆-C₁骨架的化合物。3.脂肪族化合物:挥发油中的脂肪族化合物多为一些小分子化合物,包括醇、醛、酮、羧酸类等,其含量和作用一般不如萜类和芳香族化合物。4.其他类化合物:除以上三类化合物外,有些中药经过水蒸气蒸馏能分解出挥发性成分,也常称之为“挥发油”。三萜(B错)多以皂苷、树脂、植物乳汁等形式存在。二倍半萜(E错)多以海绵、植物病菌、昆虫代谢物等形式存在。"} {"Question":"马钱子含的生物碱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"樟柳碱"},{"key":"B","value":"巴马汀"},{"key":"C","value":"乌头碱"},{"key":"D","value":"秋水仙碱"},{"key":"E","value":"士的宁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是马钱子的化学成分。马钱子含的生物碱是士的宁(E对)。马钱子成熟种子中生物碱含量为1.5%~5%,主要生物碱是士的宁(又称番木鳖碱)、马钱子碱及其氮氧化物,还含少量的10余种其他吲哚类生物碱,其中以士的宁含量居首,占总碱量的35%~50%,其次是马钱子碱,占总碱量的30%~40%。《中国药典》以士的宁和马钱子碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求士的宁的含量应为1.20%~2.20%,马钱子碱的含量不得少于0.80%。樟柳碱(A错)为洋金花中所含主要生物碱。洋金花主要化学成分为莨菪烷类生物碱,由莨菪醇类和芳香族有机酸结合生成的一元酯类化合物。主要有莨菪碱(阿托品)、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、樟柳碱和N-去甲莨菪碱。《中国药典》以东莨菪碱为指标成分进行含量测定,要求东莨菪碱不得少于0.15%。巴马汀(B错)为黄连中所含的主要生物碱。黄连的有效成分主要是生物碱,已经分离出来的生物碱有小檗碱(含量最高)、巴马汀、黄连碱、甲基黄连碱、药根碱和木兰碱(属于阿朴啡型)等;大多属苄基异喹啉类衍生物,季铵型生物碱。《中国药典》以小檗碱为指标成分进行含量测定。以盐酸小檗碱计,要求味连含小檗碱不得少于5.5%,表小檗碱不得少于0.80%,黄连碱不得少于1.6%,巴马汀不得少于1.5%;要求雅连含小檗碱不得少于4.5%;要求云连含小檗碱不得少于7.0%。乌头碱(C错)为川乌中的主要毒性成分。乌头和附子主要含二萜类生物碱,属于四环或五环二萜类衍生物。乌头生物碱的结构复杂、结构类型多。其重要和含量较高的有乌头碱、次乌头碱和新乌头碱,《中国药典》以三者为指标成分进行含量测定,要求三者总量应为0.050~0.17%。秋水仙碱(D错)为有机胺类生物碱,主要存在于秋水仙中。"} {"Question":"其盐酸盐加入氢氧化钠后,滴加丙酮,生成黄色结晶的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小檗碱"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"C","value":"伪麻黄碱"},{"key":"D","value":"东莨菪碱"},{"key":"E","value":"山莨菪碱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是小檗碱的鉴别反应。其盐酸盐加入氢氧化钠后,滴加丙酮,生成黄色结晶的是盐酸小檗碱(A对)。小檗碱的鉴别反应:小檗碱除了能与一般生物碱沉淀试剂产生沉淀反应外,还具有以下特征性鉴别反应。(1)丙酮加成反应:在盐酸小檗碱水溶液中,加入氢氧化钠使呈强碱性,然后滴加丙酮数滴,即生成黄色结晶性小檗碱丙酮加成物,有一定熔点,可供鉴别。(2)漂白粉显色反应:在小檗碱的酸性水溶液中加入适量的漂白粉(或通入氯气),小檗碱水溶液即由黄色转变为樱红色。麻黄碱(B错)与伪麻黄碱(C错)的鉴别反应:麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱不与一般生物碱沉淀试剂发生沉淀反应,但下列两种特征反应可用于鉴别麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱。(1)二硫化碳-硫酸铜反应:在麻黄碱或伪麻黄碱的醇溶液中加入二硫化碳、硫酸铜试剂和氢氧化钠各2滴,即产生棕色沉淀。(2)铜络盐反应:在麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的水溶液中加硫酸铜试剂,随即加氢氧化钠试剂呈碱性,溶液呈蓝紫色,再加乙醚振摇分层,乙醚层为紫红色,水层为蓝色。东莨菪碱(D错)、山莨菪碱(E错)为莨菪烷类生物碱。莨菪烷类生物碱的鉴别反应:莨菪烷类生物碱具有一般生物碱的通性,能与多种生物碱沉淀试剂产生沉淀反应。除此之外,还可以用以下鉴别方法进行检识。(1)氯化汞沉淀反应:莨菪碱(或阿托品)在氯化汞的乙醇溶液中发生反应生成黄色沉淀,加热后沉淀变为红色。在同样条件下,东莨菪碱则生成白色沉淀。这是因为莨菪碱的碱性较强,加热时能使氯化汞转变成氧化汞(砖红色),而东莨菪碱的碱性较弱,与氯化汞反应只能生成白色的分子复盐沉淀。(2)Vitali反应:莨菪碱(或阿托品)、东莨菪碱等莨菪烷类生物碱分子结构中具有莨菪酸部分者,当用发烟硝酸处理时,产生硝基化反应,生成三硝基衍生物,此物再与苛性碱醇溶液反应,分子内双键重排,生成醌样结构的衍生物而呈深紫色,渐转暗红色,最后颜色消失。(3)过碘酸氧化乙酰丙酮缩合反应:樟柳碱分子的羟基莨菪酸具有邻二羟基结构,可被过碘酸氧化生成甲醛,然后甲醛与乙酰丙酮在乙酰胺溶液中加热,缩合成二乙酰基二甲基二氢吡啶(DDL)而显黄色,故又称DDL反应。"} {"Question":"下列化合物的IR光谱中出现三个羰基吸收峰的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄素"},{"key":"B","value":"大黄酸"},{"key":"C","value":"大黄素甲醚"},{"key":"D","value":"芦荟大黄素"},{"key":"E","value":"大黄酚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"鱼肝油乳剂中,阿拉伯胶用作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"稳定剂"},{"key":"D","value":"乳化剂"},{"key":"E","value":"抑菌剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查鱼肝油乳剂的处方分析。鱼肝油乳剂中,阿拉伯胶用作乳化剂(D对)。鱼肝油乳剂【注解】处方中鱼肝油为药物,兼作油相;阿拉伯胶为乳化剂;西黄蓍胶为稳定剂(C错);糖精钠和杏仁油为矫味剂;羟苯乙酯为防腐剂。增溶是指难溶性药物在表面活性剂形成的胶团作用下,在溶剂中溶解度增加并形成溶液的过程。具有增溶作用的表面活性剂称为增溶剂。增溶剂(A错)的最适宜亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)为15~18,常用的增溶剂为聚山梨酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯类等。炉甘石洗剂【注解】炉甘石、氧化锌为药物,甘油为润湿剂(B错),羧甲基纤维素钠为助悬剂。制备时将炉甘石和氧化锌粉末先加甘油研成细糊,与羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液混合,使粉末周围形成水的保护膜,阻碍颗粒的聚集,振摇时易摇匀。抑菌剂(E错)多剂量眼用制剂,应加适当抑菌剂。常用的抑菌剂有三氯叔丁醇、硝酸苯汞、苯乙醇、羟苯乙酯等。"} {"Question":"人参中化学成分的结构类型主要有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参二醇型"},{"key":"B","value":"人参三醇型"},{"key":"C","value":"莨菪烷型"},{"key":"D","value":"黄烷型"},{"key":"E","value":"齐墩果酸型"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参的化学成分。人参中化学成分的结构类型主要有人参皂苷二醇型(A对)、人参皂苷三醇型(B对)、齐墩果烷型(E对)。人参含有皂苷、多糖和挥发油等多种化学成分,人参皂苷为人参的主要有效成分之一。《中国药典》以人参皂苷为指标成分对人参、红参和人参叶进行含量测定。其中,人参和红参的质量控制成分为人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rb₁。例如,要求人参中人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Re的总量不得少于0.30%,人参皂苷Rb₁不得少于0.20%。人参皂苷可以分为三类,分别是人参皂苷二醇型(A型)、人参皂苷三醇型(B型)和齐墩果烷型(C型)。"} {"Question":"甘草中具有镇痉、抗溃疡作用的成分主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄酮类"},{"key":"B","value":"三萜皂苷类"},{"key":"C","value":"香豆素类"},{"key":"D","value":"生物碱类"},{"key":"E","value":"挥发性成分"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是甘草的主要成分。甘草中具有镇痉、抗溃疡作用的成分主要是黄酮类(A对)。甘草的药理作用(1)抗溃疡甘草粉、甘草浸膏、甘草次酸、甘草素、甘草苷、异甘草苷对多种实验性溃疡模型均有抑制作用,能促进溃疡愈合。(2)镇咳、祛痰甘草能促进咽喉和支气管黏膜的分泌,呈现祛痰镇咳的作用。甘草流浸膏、甘草次酸、甘草黄酮均有镇咳、祛痰作用。三七中的主要化学成分是三萜皂苷类(B错),含量高达12%。三七的药理作用(1)止血三七具有较强的止血作用。三七粉、三七注射液、三七氨酸可缩短出血时间、凝血时间和凝血酶原时间,增加血小板数量和功能,增加凝血酶含量,促进纤维蛋白形成,收缩局部血管。(2)抗血栓三七、三七总皂苷可抑制血小板聚集,激活尿激酶,促进纤维蛋白溶解。肿节风主要含有酚类、鞣质、黄酮苷、香豆素和内酯类化合物。其中香豆素类(C错)主要包括异嗪皮啶、东莨菪内酯等。药理实验已经证明这些化学成分(或有效部位)本身具有一定的抗菌、抗炎、镇痛和抗肿瘤活性。苦参所含主要生物碱(D错)是苦参碱和氧化苦参碱。苦参总生物碱具有抗肿瘤、抗病原微生物、抗心律失常、解热、抗炎、抗变态反应和调节免疫等作用。肉桂皮含挥发油(E错)1%~2%。肉桂具有抗消化性溃疡、止泻、利胆作用,也有降血糖、降血脂等作用。肉桂中原花青素成分具有抗糖尿病的药理作用。"} {"Question":"对水和有机溶剂均难溶的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芦荟苷"},{"key":"B","value":"番泻苷A"},{"key":"C","value":"紫草素"},{"key":"D","value":"二氢丹参醌Ⅰ"},{"key":"E","value":"丹参素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是碳苷的溶解度。对水和有机溶剂均难溶的是芦荟苷(A对)。碳苷(C-苷):是一类糖基直接以C原子与苷元的C原子相连的苷类,由苷元酚基所活化的邻或对位氢与糖的端基羟基脱水缩合而成。如牡荆素、芦荟苷。碳苷类具有溶解度小,难于水解的共同特点。番泻苷A(B错)属于蒽醌苷,紫草素(C错)、二氢丹参醌Ⅰ(D错)属于游离醌类。游离醌类多溶于乙醇、乙醚、苯、三氯甲烷等有机溶剂,微溶或不溶于水。而醌类成苷后,极性增大,易溶于甲醇、乙醇、热水,几乎不溶于苯、乙醚等非极性溶剂。丹参素(E错)为酚酸类化合物,为水溶性成分。"} {"Question":"化合物中酸性最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"5-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"B","value":"6-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"C","value":"7-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"D","value":"4'-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"E","value":"7,4'-二羟基黄酮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄酮的酸性。化合物中酸性最强的是7,4'-二羟基黄酮(E对)。黄酮的酸性:多数黄酮类化合物因分子中具有酚羟基,故显酸性,可溶于碱性水溶液、吡啶、甲酰胺及二甲基甲酰胺等有机溶剂中。由于酚羟基数目及位置不同,酸性强弱也不同。以黄酮为例,其酚羟基酸性强弱顺序依次为:7,4'-二羟基>7-二羟基或4'-羟基(CD错)>一般酚羟基(B错)>5-羟基(A错)。"} {"Question":"穿心莲中主要化学成分的结构类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大环内酯"},{"key":"B","value":"甲型强心苷内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"乙型强心苷内酯"},{"key":"D","value":"二萜内酯"},{"key":"E","value":"香豆素内酯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是穿心莲的主要化学成分及其结构。穿心莲中主要化学成分的结构类型是二萜内酯(D对)。穿心莲叶中含有多种二萜内酯及二萜内酯苷类成分,如穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯等。其中穿心莲内酯含量最高,为其主要活性成分。《中国药典》以穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、14-去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯为指标成分进行含量测定,要求其总量不得少于1.5%。"} {"Question":"含有雄甾烷类衍生物的动物药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地龙"},{"key":"B","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"C","value":"熊胆"},{"key":"D","value":"麝香"},{"key":"E","value":"蟾酥"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是麝香的化学成分。含有雄甾烷类衍生物的动物药是麝香(D对)。麝香的化学成分较为复杂,其中麝香酮(L-3-甲基十五环酮)是天然麝香的有效成分之一。《中国药典》以麝香酮为指标成分进行含量测定,要求麝香酮含量不得少于2.0%。地龙(A错)止咳平喘的活性成分为丁二酸,属于有机酸。牛黄(B错)约含8%胆汁酸,主要成分为胆酸、去氧胆酸和石胆酸。此外,还含有7%SMC及胆红素,胆固醇,麦角固醇,多种氨基酸(如丙氨酸、甘氨酸、牛磺酸、精氨酸、天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸等)和无机盐等。《中国药典》以胆酸和胆红素为牛黄的质量控制成分,要求胆酸含量不少于4.0%,胆红素含量不得少于25.0%。熊胆(C错)的化学成分为胆汁酸类的碱金属盐及胆甾醇和胆红素。从生物活性方面讲,其主要有效成分为牛磺熊去氧胆酸,此外还有鹅去氧胆酸、胆酸和去氧胆酸。蟾酥(E错)的化学成分复杂,主要成分有蟾蜍甾二烯类、强心甾烯蟾毒类、吲哚碱类、甾醇类以及肾上腺素、多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸和有机酸等,前两类成分具有强心作用。《中国药典》以蟾毒灵、华蟾酥毒基和脂蟾毒配基为指标成分进行含量测定,要求总量不得少于7.0%。"} {"Question":"乌头碱具有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水溶性"},{"key":"B","value":"很强的毒性"},{"key":"C","value":"明显的治疗艾滋病作用"},{"key":"D","value":"解痉镇痛作用"},{"key":"E","value":"镇咳作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是川乌生物碱在临床应用中应注意的问题。乌头碱具有很强的毒性(B对)。川乌生物碱在临床应用中应注意的问题:由于乌头碱类化合物有剧毒,用之不当易致中毒,且毒性较强,0.2mg即可中毒,2~4mg即可致人死亡。其药物引起的不良反应主要涉及神经系统及心血管系统,临床应用时需注意。此外,乌头不宜与半夏、瓜蒌、贝母、白蔹、白及等同用,临床配伍时应注意。具有水溶性(A错)的为亲水性生物碱。主要有氧化苦参碱、麻黄碱、烟碱、秋水仙碱、咖啡碱等。具有解痉镇痛作用(D错)的是莨菪碱。莨菪碱及其外消旋体阿托品有解痉镇痛、解有机磷中毒和散瞳作用。具有镇咳作用(E错)的是麻黄碱。麻黄水煎液、麻黄醇提取物、麻黄生物碱、麻黄碱均具有平喘、镇咳作用。具有明显的治疗艾滋病作用(C错)的生物碱,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"番泻叶粉末遇碱液显","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"棕褐色"},{"key":"B","value":"红色"},{"key":"C","value":"污绿色"},{"key":"D","value":"橙黄色"},{"key":"E","value":"黄棕色"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是醌类化合物的显色反应。番泻叶粉末遇碱液显红色(B对)。番泻叶中致泻的主要成分番泻苷A、B、C、D等皆为二蒽酮类衍生物,可发生Bornträger's反应。Bornträger's反应:在碱性溶液中,羟基醌类颜色改变并加深,多呈橙、红、紫红及蓝色。如羟基蒽醌类化合物遇碱显红至紫红色,称为Borntäger's反应。蒽酚、蒽酮、二蒽酮类化合物需氧化形成羟基蒽醌后才能显色,其机制是形成了共轭体系。棕褐色(A错)为二氢黄酮与磷钼酸试剂的颜色特征。近年来报道二氢黄酮可与磷钼酸试剂反应而呈棕褐色,可作为二氢黄酮类化合物的特征鉴别反应。污绿色(C错)为强心苷与Liebermann-Burchard反应的颜色特征。Liebermann-Burchard反应(醋酐-浓硫酸反应):将样品溶于三氯甲烷,加醋酐-浓硫酸(20:1),产生红色→紫色→蓝色→绿色→污绿色等颜色变化,最后褪色。也可将样品溶于冰醋酸,加试剂产生同样的反应。橙黄色(D错)为士的宁与浓硫酸\/重铬酸钾反应的颜色特征。士的宁加浓硫酸1ml,加少许重铬酸钾晶体,最初显蓝紫色,渐变为紫堇色、紫红色,最后为橙黄色。黄棕色(E错)为乌头碱与Frohde试剂反应的颜色特征。Frohde试剂(1%钼酸钠或钼酸铵的浓硫酸溶液):吗啡显紫色渐转棕色,小檗碱显棕绿色,利血平显黄色渐转蓝色,乌头碱显黄棕色。"} {"Question":"能与碘化铋钾试剂反应生成沉淀的化合物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"7-羟基黄酮"},{"key":"B","value":"七叶内酯"},{"key":"C","value":"大黄酸"},{"key":"D","value":"苦参碱"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄糖醛酸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查中药化学成分的络合反应。能与碘化铋钾试剂反应生成沉淀的化合物是苦参碱(D对)。碘化铋钾试剂为生物碱类沉淀试剂,反应特征为黄色至橘红色无定形沉淀。苦参碱为吡啶类生物碱。根据苷元的结构可分为氰苷、香豆素苷、木脂素苷、蒽醌苷、黄酮苷、吲哚苷等。如苦杏仁苷、七叶内酯苷(B错)、靛苷。苷元的结构多种多样。糖的显色反应中最重要的是Molish反应。Bornträger's反应:在碱性溶液中,羟基醌类颜色改变并加深,多呈橙、红、紫红及蓝色。如羟基蒽醌类化合物遇碱显红至紫红色,称为Bornträger's反应。大黄酸蒽酮(C错)为二蒽酮类化合物。黄芩经过蒸制或沸水煮既可杀酶保苷,防止将黄芩中的黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷酶分解成葡萄糖醛酸(E错)和黄芩素与汉黄芩素。"} {"Question":"取药材数粒,加水共研,产生苯甲醛特殊香气的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"决明子"},{"key":"B","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"C","value":"苦杏仁"},{"key":"D","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"E","value":"酸枣仁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是苦杏仁的化学成分。取药材数粒,加水共研,产生苯甲醛特殊香气为苦杏仁(C对)。苦杏仁主要含有苦杏仁苷,《中国药典》以苦杏仁苷为指标成分进行含量测定,规定含量不得少于3.0%。苦杏仁苷是一种氰苷,易被酸和酶所催化水解。水解所得到的苷元α-羟基苯乙腈很不稳定,易分解生成苯甲醛和氢氰酸。其中苯甲醛具有特殊的香味。通常将此作为鉴别苦杏仁苷的方法。其具体操作为:取本品数粒,加水共研,发生苯甲醛的特殊香气。决明子(A错)中含有蒽醌类、萘并吡咯酮类、脂肪酸类等化学成分。其中,蒽醌类化合物为其主要成分,含量约1%,主要为大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、决明素、橙黄决明素、黄决明素、美决明素、葡萄糖美决明素、葡萄糖橙黄决明素。《中国药典》以大黄酚、橙黄决明素为指标成分进行含量测定,含量分别不得少于0.20%和0.80%。补骨脂(C错)含有多种香豆素类成分,包括补骨脂内酯(补骨脂素)、异补骨脂内酯(异补骨脂素)和补骨脂次素等。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素含量,两者总含量不得少于0.70%。酸枣仁(E错)含白桦醇和白桦酸,属于五环三萜。金樱子(B错)的化学成分,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"与氢氧化钠溶液反应产生红色的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄素"},{"key":"B","value":"大黄素-β-葡萄糖苷"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均有此性质"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均无此性质"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是蒽醌类化合物的显色反应。与氢氧化钠溶液反应产生红色的是大黄素与大黄素-β-葡萄糖苷(C对)。Bornträger's反应:在碱性溶液中,羟基醌类颜色改变并加深,多呈橙、红、紫红及蓝色。如羟基蒽醌类化合物遇碱显红至紫红色,称为Bornträger's反应。蒽酚、蒽酮、二蒽酮类化合物需氧化形成羟基蒽醌后才能显色,其机制是形成了共轭体系。大黄素(A错)与大黄素-β-葡萄糖苷(B错)均属于羟基酮类,故可发生Bornträger's反应。"} {"Question":"银杏内酯是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环烯醚萜类化合物"},{"key":"B","value":"二萜类化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"肽类化合物"},{"key":"D","value":"有机酸类化合物"},{"key":"E","value":"倍半萜类化合物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是萜类化合物的分类。银杏内酯是二萜(B对)。二萜类化合物:是指骨架由4个异戊二烯单位构成,含20个碳原子的一类萜类衍生物。绝大多数不能随水蒸气蒸馏。二萜多以树脂、内酯或苷等形式广泛存在于自然界。不少二萜含氧衍生物具有很好的生物活性,如穿心莲内酯、芫花酯、雷公藤内酯、银杏内酯、紫杉醇等。环烯醚萜苷类化合物(A错):环烯醚萜类为臭蚁二醛的缩醛衍生物,属单萜类化合物。环烯醚萜类化合物在中药中分布较广,特别是在玄参科、茜草科、唇形科及龙胆科中较为常见。环烯醚萜类化合物具有广泛的生物活性,如具有保肝、利胆、降血糖、降血脂、抗炎等作用。环烯醚萜类化合物有栀子中的栀子苷、京尼平苷、京尼平苷酸;鸡屎藤中的鸡屎藤苷;地黄中的梓醇、梓苷;龙胆中的龙胆苦苷;獐牙菜中的獐牙菜苷及獐牙菜苦苷等。肽类化合物(C错)有牛黄中的SMC、水蛭中的水蛭素等。有机酸类化合物(D错)是一类含羧基的化合物(不包括氨基酸),广泛分布在植物界中,存在于植物的花、叶、茎、果、根等部位,多数与钾、钠、钙等金属离子或生物碱结合成盐的形式存在,也有结合成酯存在的。含有机酸的中药有金银花、当归、丹参、马兜铃等。倍半萜类化合物(E错):倍半萜类是由3个异戊二烯单位构成的天然萜类化合物。倍半萜及其含氧化合物多与单萜类共存于植物挥发油中,是挥发油高沸程(250℃~280℃)的主要组分,也有低沸点的固体。在植物界中多以醇、酮、内酯或苷的形式存在。如香茅草、橙花、玫瑰等中金合欢醇(法尼醇);青蒿(黄花蒿)中的青蒿素;马桑毒素;羟基马桑毒素;莪术中的莪术醇等。"} {"Question":"川乌的化学成分主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"挥发油"},{"key":"B","value":"黄酮类"},{"key":"C","value":"香豆素类"},{"key":"D","value":"蒽醌类"},{"key":"E","value":"生物碱类"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是川乌中的主要化学成分。川乌的化学成分主要是生物碱(E对)。川乌中主要毒性生物碱及其化学结构:乌头和附子主要含二萜类生物碱,属于四环或五环二萜类衍生物。乌头生物碱的结构复杂、结构类型多。其重要和含量较高的有乌头碱、次乌头碱和新乌头碱,《中国药典》以三者为指标成分进行含量测定,要求三者总量应为0.050~0.17%。挥发油(A错)也称精油,是存在于植物体内的一类可随水蒸气蒸馏、与水不相混溶的挥发性油状液体。挥发油大多具有芳香气味,并具有多方面较强的生物活性,为中药所含有的一类重要化学成分。挥发油在植物来源的中药中分布非常广泛,特别是菊科、芸香科、伞形科、唇形科、樟科、木兰科、马兜铃科、败酱科、姜科、胡椒科、桃金娘科、马鞭草科等植物中都富含挥发油。此外,松科、柏科、杜鹃花科、木犀科、瑞香科、檀香科、蔷薇科等的某些植物中也含丰富的挥发油。黄酮类(B错)化合物广泛存在于自然界中,多存在于高等植物及羊齿类植物中。苔类中含有的黄酮类化合物为数不多,而藻类、霉菌、细菌中没有发现黄酮类化合物。香豆素类(C错):香豆素是邻羟基桂皮酸的内酯,广泛分布于高等植物中,尤其以芸香科和伞形科为多见,少数发现于动物和微生物中。在植物体内,它们往往以游离状态或与糖结合成苷的形式存在。蒽醌类(D错)成分包括蒽酮及其不同还原程度的产物。按母核可分为单蒽核及双蒽核,按氧化程度又可分为氧化蒽酚、蒽酮、蒽酚及蒽酮的二聚物。含蒽醌类化合物的常用中药有大黄、虎杖、何首乌、芦荟、决明子等。"} {"Question":"某女,42岁。患白带增多、阴部瘙痒半年,医生诊为湿热下注,处以内服中药并外用妇必舒阴道泡腾片,妇必舒阴道泡腾片的处方组成为苦参、蛇床子、大黄、百部、乌梅、硼砂、冰片、白矾、甘草,据文献报道该阴道泡腾片有抗菌消炎作用。妇必舒阴道泡腾片处方中具有抗病原体作用的双稠哌啶类化合物的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦参"},{"key":"B","value":"乌梅"},{"key":"C","value":"大黄"},{"key":"D","value":"百部"},{"key":"E","value":"蛇床子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是苦参化学成分的结构类型。妇必舒阴道泡腾片处方中具有抗病原体作用的双稠哌啶类化合物的饮片是苦参(A对)。苦参中的主要生物碱苦参碱和氧化苦参碱等都属于双稠哌啶类生物碱。苦参总生物碱具有抗肿瘤、抗病原微生物、抗心律失常、解热、抗炎、抗变态反应和调节免疫等作用。"} {"Question":"能被碱水解的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦杏仁苷"},{"key":"B","value":"野樱苷"},{"key":"C","value":"二者皆可"},{"key":"D","value":"二者皆不可"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是苷类化合物的分类。苦杏仁苷与野樱苷(D对)不能被碱水解。苦杏仁苷(A错)与野樱苷(B错)属于氰苷,野樱苷由苦杏仁苷失去一分子葡萄糖而成。氰苷:主要是指一类具有α-羟腈的苷,分布十分广泛。其特点是多数为水溶性,不易结晶,容易水解,尤其有酸和酶催化时水解更快。生成的苷元α-羟腈很不稳定,立即分解为醛(酮)和氢氰酸。而在碱性条件下苷元容易发生异构化。"} {"Question":"齐墩果酸结构类型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"螺旋甾烷醇型"},{"key":"B","value":"β-香树脂醇型"},{"key":"C","value":"α-香树脂醇型"},{"key":"D","value":"羽扇豆醇型"},{"key":"E","value":"达玛烷型"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是三萜的分类。齐墩果酸结构类型是β-香树脂醇型(B对)。三萜:基本骨架由6个异戊二烯单位组成。三萜的种类很多,但以皂苷形式存在的三萜类型并不多,较为常见的有羊毛甾烷型、达玛烷型、齐墩果烷型、乌苏烷型和羽扇豆烷型,其中前两种属于四环三萜,后三种则属于五环三萜。1.四环三萜:结构与甾醇很类似。主要有以下类型。(1)羊毛甾烷型,如猪苓酸A。(2)达玛烷型(E错),如20(S)-原人参二醇。2.五环三萜:主要有以下类型。(1)齐墩果烷型:又称β-香树脂烷型,此类以齐墩果酸最为多见。(2)乌苏烷型:又称α-香树脂烷型(C错)或熊果烷型,此类大多是乌苏酸的衍生物。(3)羽扇豆烷型(D错):如羽扇豆种子中存在的羽扇豆醇,酸枣仁中分得的白桦醇和白桦酸等。螺旋甾烷醇(A错)属于甾体皂苷。甾体皂苷与三萜皂苷相似,均由甾体皂苷元与糖组成,这是天然广泛存在的一类化学成分。甾体皂苷分类主要有螺旋甾烷醇类、异螺旋甾烷醇类、呋甾烷醇类和变形螺旋甾烷醇类。1.螺旋甾烷醇和异螺旋甾烷醇类:螺旋甾烷有菝葜皂苷元和剑麻皂苷元等;异螺旋甾烷有薯蓣皂苷元和沿阶草皂苷D苷元等。2.呋甾烷醇类:有原蜘蛛抱蛋皂苷等。3.变形螺旋甾烷醇类:有燕麦皂苷B等。"} {"Question":"秦皮中的成分主要是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"简单香豆素"},{"key":"B","value":"呋喃香豆素"},{"key":"C","value":"新木脂素"},{"key":"D","value":"联苯环辛烯型木脂素"},{"key":"E","value":"简单木脂素型木脂素"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是秦皮的化学成分。秦皮中的成分主要是简单香豆素(A对)。秦皮的原植物主要有两种,即木犀科植物大叶白蜡树及白蜡树,大叶白蜡树皮中主要含七叶内酯(秦皮乙素)和七叶苷(秦皮甲素),而白蜡树皮中主要含白蜡素和七叶内酯以及白蜡树苷。七叶内酯、七叶苷与白蜡素等化学成分仅在苯环有取代基,属于简单香豆素类。呋喃香豆素(B错)类:呋喃香豆素结构中的呋喃环往往是由香豆素母核上所存在的异戊烯基与其邻位的酚羟基环合而成的,成环后有时伴随着失去3个碳原子(丙酮)的变化。1.6,7-呋喃骈香豆素型(线型):此型以补骨脂内酯为代表,又称补骨脂内酯型。例如香柑内酯、花椒毒内酯、欧前胡内酯、紫花前胡内酯等。2.7,8-呋喃骈香豆素型(角型):此型以白芷内酯为代表。白芷内酯又名异补骨脂内酯,故又称异补骨脂内酯型。如异香柑内酯、茴芹内酯。联苯环辛烯型木脂素(D错)为五味子中的主要成分。五味子中含木脂素较多,约为5%,近年来从其果实中分得了一系列联苯环辛烯型木脂素。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中五味子醇甲的含量,要求不得少于0.40%。新木脂素(C错)与简单木脂素(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"盐酸-镁粉还原反应用于检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄酮醇类"},{"key":"B","value":"皂苷类"},{"key":"C","value":"香豆素类"},{"key":"D","value":"醌类"},{"key":"E","value":"生物碱类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是盐酸-镁粉(或锌粉)反应。盐酸-镁粉还原反应用于检查黄酮醇类(A对)。黄酮的盐酸-镁粉(或锌粉)反应:是鉴定黄酮类化合物最常用的颜色反应。多数黄酮、黄酮醇、二氢黄酮及二氢黄酮醇类化合物显橙红色至紫红色,少数显紫色至蓝色。但查尔酮、橙酮、儿茶素则无该显色反应。异黄酮类化合物除少数例外,也不显色。皂苷类(B错)的显色反应:皂苷通常应用的显色反应有Liebermann反应、醋酐-浓硫酸反应、三氯乙酸反应、五氯化锑反应及芳香醛-硫酸或高氯酸反应。香豆素类(C错)的显色反应:(1)异羟肟酸铁反应;(2)三氯化铁反应;(3)Gibb's反应;(4)Emerson反应。醌类(D错)的显色反应:1.Feigl反应;2.无色亚甲蓝显色试验;3.Bornträger's反应;4.Kesting-Craven反应;5.与金属离子的反应。生物碱类(E错)的显色反应:某些生物碱能与一些试剂反应生成不同颜色的产物,这些试剂称为生物碱显色剂。生物碱显色试剂较多,常用的显色剂有Mandelin试剂(1%钒酸铵的浓硫酸溶液)、Macquis试剂(含少量甲醛的浓硫酸)、Frohde试剂(1%钼酸钠或钼酸铵的浓硫酸溶液)。"} {"Question":"对蒽醌类衍生物酸性影响最大的基团是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"羰基"},{"key":"B","value":"蒽环"},{"key":"C","value":"β-羟基"},{"key":"D","value":"羧基"},{"key":"E","value":"a-羟基"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是蒽醌类衍生物的酸碱性。对蒽醌类衍生物酸性影响最大的基团是羧基(D对)。蒽醌类衍生物的酸性的强弱排列顺序为:含-COOH>含两个以上β-OH(C错)>含一个β-OH>含两个以上α-OH(E错)>含一个α-OH。"} {"Question":"大血藤的主要化学成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"皂苷类化合物"},{"key":"B","value":"蒽醌类化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"黄酮类化合物"},{"key":"D","value":"生物碱类化合物"},{"key":"E","value":"内酯类化合物"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有中枢兴奋作用的有机胺类生物碱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莨菪碱"},{"key":"B","value":"苦参碱"},{"key":"C","value":"麻黄碱"},{"key":"D","value":"去甲乌药碱"},{"key":"E","value":"汉防己甲素"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是麻黄碱的生物活性。具有中枢兴奋作用的有机胺类生物碱是麻黄碱(C对)。麻黄碱为麻黄的主要成分,属于有机胺类生物碱。麻黄生物碱具兴奋中枢神经系统及强心、升高血压的作用。莨菪碱(A错)为洋金花的主要成分,属于莨菪烷类生物碱。现代药理研究表明,莨菪碱及其外消旋体阿托品具有解痉镇痛、解有机磷中毒和散瞳等作用。苦参碱(B错)为苦参的主要成分,属于双稠哌啶类生物碱。苦参总生物碱具有抗肿瘤、抗病原微生物、抗心律失常、解热、抗炎、抗变态反应和调节免疫等作用。去甲乌药碱(D错)为乌头的主要成分,属于苄基异喹啉类生物碱。具有强心作用。汉防己甲素(E错)为防己的主要化学成分,属于双苄基异喹啉类生物碱。防己生物碱具有抗炎、镇痛、抗肿瘤的作用等,同时具有调节免疫力和耐缺氧的作用等。"} {"Question":"加硝酸汞试液显砖红色的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淀粉粒"},{"key":"B","value":"糊粉粒"},{"key":"C","value":"黏液"},{"key":"D","value":"菊糖"},{"key":"E","value":"挥发油"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是细胞内含物鉴定。加硝酸汞试液显砖红色的是糊粉粒(B对)。细胞内含物鉴定:淀粉粒(A错):加碘试液,显蓝色或紫色;用醋酸甘油试液装片,置偏光显微镜观察,未糊化淀粉粒有偏光现象;已糊化的无偏光现象。糊粉粒:加碘试液,显棕色或黄棕色;加硝酸汞试液显砖红色。脂肪油、挥发油(E错)或树脂:加苏丹Ⅲ试液呈橘红色、红色或紫红色;加90%乙醇,脂肪油不溶解,挥发油则溶解。菊糖(D错):加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,呈紫红色并很快溶解。黏液(C错):加钌红试液,显红色。"} {"Question":"柴胡皂苷b3是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Ⅰ型柴胡皂苷"},{"key":"B","value":"Ⅲ型柴胡皂苷"},{"key":"C","value":"Ⅲ型柴胡皂苷"},{"key":"D","value":"Ⅳ型柴胡皂苷"},{"key":"E","value":"V型柴胡皂苷"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"强心苷的甾体母核特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"A\/B环多为反式稠合、B\/C环为顺式稠合、C\/D环多为顺式稠合"},{"key":"B","value":"A\/B环多为顺式稠合、B\/C环为反式稠合、C\/D环多为反式稠合"},{"key":"C","value":"A\/B环多为顺式稠合、B\/C环为顺式稠合、C\/D环多为反式稠合"},{"key":"D","value":"A\/B环多为反式稠合、B\/C环为反式稠合、C\/D环多为反式稠合"},{"key":"E","value":"A\/B环多为顺式稠合、B\/C环为反式稠合、C\/D环多为顺式稠合"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是强心苷的结构特点。强心苷的甾体母核特点是A\/B环多为顺式稠合、B\/C环为反式稠合、C\/D环多为顺式稠合(E对)。强心苷元部分的结构特征:强心苷由强心苷元与糖缩合而成。天然存在的强心苷元是C₁₇侧链为不饱和内酯环的甾体化合物。其结构特点如下。甾体母核A、B、C、D四个环的稠合方式为A\/B环有顺、反两种形式,但多为顺式;B\/C环均为反式;C\/D环多为顺式。"} {"Question":"确定化合物分子量常采用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"NMR"},{"key":"B","value":"IR"},{"key":"C","value":"UV"},{"key":"D","value":"MS"},{"key":"E","value":"DEPT"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是化合物结构鉴定方法。确定化合物分子量常采用的方法是MS(D对)。MS即质谱,质谱可用于确定分子量及求算分子式和提供其他结构信息。¹³C-NMR(A错)属于核磁共振谱。核磁共振谱:分为核磁共振氢谱(¹H-NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(¹³C-NMR)主要用于测定分子中质子和碳原子的类型、数目、相邻的原子或原子团。IR(B错)为红外光谱,红外光谱主要用于鉴别分子中的特征官能团,某些情况下,IR光谱可用于区别芳环的取代方式、构型及构象等。UV-Vis(C错)为紫外-可见吸收光谱,紫外-可见吸收光谱对于分子中含有共轭双键、α,β-不饱和羰基(醛、酮、酸、酯)结构的化合物以及芳香化合物的结构鉴定来说是一种重要的手段,通常主要用于推断化合物的骨架类型,还可用于测定化合物的精细结构。DEPT谱(E错)可以认为是¹³C-NMR核磁共振碳谱的一种,是对一般¹³C-NMR核磁共振碳谱的优化,其功能与¹³C-NMR核磁共振碳谱相同。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,应检查二氧化硫残留量且含量不得过400mg\/kg的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"B","value":"天麻"},{"key":"C","value":"薏苡仁"},{"key":"D","value":"槟榔"},{"key":"E","value":"酸枣仁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是二氧化硫的残留量检查。《中国药典》规定,应检查二氧化硫残留量且含量不得过400mg\/kg的药材是天麻(B对)。二氧化硫的残留量检查:有的中药材在加工或储藏中常使用硫黄熏蒸以达到杀菌防腐、漂白药材的目的。《中国药典》用酸碱滴定法、气相色谱法、离子色谱法分别作为第一法、第二法、第三法测定经硫黄熏蒸处理过的药材或饮片中二氧化硫的残留量。规定二氧化硫残留量不得过400mg\/kg的药材和饮片有毛山药、光山药、天冬、天花粉、天麻、牛膝、白及、白术、白芍、党参、粉葛等。山药片不得过10mg\/kg。薏苡仁(C错)、槟榔(D错)与酸枣仁(E错)需检查黄曲霉毒素。黄曲霉毒素为黄曲霉等的代谢产物,是强烈的致癌物质。各国对食品和药品中黄曲霉毒素的限量都做了严格的规定,但目前还没有公认的植物药中黄曲霉毒素的限量标准。《中国药典》规定用高效液相色谱法测定药材、饮片及制剂中的黄曲霉毒素(以黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁和G₂总量计)的限量,第一法为高效液相色谱-柱后衍生化法,第二法为高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,并规定当测定结果超出限度时,采用第二法进行确认。需进行黄曲霉毒素限量检查的药材和饮片有:大枣、水蛭、地龙、肉豆蔻、全蝎、决明子、麦芽、陈皮、使君子、柏子仁、胖大海、莲子、桃仁、蜈蚣、槟榔、酸枣仁、僵蚕、薏苡仁等,并规定每1000g样品中含黄曲霉素B₁不得过5μg,黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁和G₂的总量不得过10μg。"} {"Question":"连续回流提取法与回流提取法比较,其优越性是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"节省时间且效率高"},{"key":"B","value":"节省溶剂且效率高"},{"key":"C","value":"受热时间短"},{"key":"D","value":"提取装置简单"},{"key":"E","value":"提取量较大"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药化学成分的提取方式的特点。连续回流提取法与回流提取法比较,其优越性是节省溶剂且效率高(B对)。连续回流提取法:本法弥补了回流提取法中溶剂消耗量大,操作麻烦的不足,实验室常用索氏提取器来完成本法操作、但此法耗时较长(AD错)。回流提取法:是用易挥发的有机溶剂加热回流提取中药成分的方法。但对热不稳定的成分不宜用此法,且溶剂消耗量大,操作麻烦。"} {"Question":"按中医治疗学分类对应病证的疗效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"排脓"},{"key":"C","value":"清热"},{"key":"D","value":"蚀疣"},{"key":"E","value":"涩精"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是对病证功效。按中医治疗学分类对应病证的疗效是蚀疣(D对)。按中医治疗学分类:①对因功效:是指某些中药能针对病因起治疗作用。具体包含祛邪、扶正、调理脏腑功效、消除病理产物等。其中,属于祛邪功效的有祛风、散寒、除湿、清热(C错)、泻下、涌吐、解毒、杀虫等;属于扶正功效的有补气、助阳、滋阴、养血等;属于调理脏腑或气血功效的有疏肝、柔肝、宣肺、和中、理气、活血、安神、开窍、潜阳、息风等;属于消除病理产物功效的有消食、利水、祛痰、化瘀、排石、排脓(B错)等。②对症功效:是指某些中药能缓解或消除疾病过程中出现的某些或某种症状,有助于减轻患者痛苦,防止病情恶化,如止痛(A错)、止血、止呕、止咳、平喘、止汗、涩肠止泻、涩精(E错)止遗等。③对病证功效:是指某些中药对疟疾、赘疣、痹证、鼻渊、黄疸、肺痈、绦虫证等病证,具有明显优于它药的疗效,如截疟、蚀疣、祛风湿、通鼻窍、利胆退黄、消痈排脓、驱杀绦虫等。④对现代病症功效:是指某些中药对现代医学所描述的高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、肿瘤等病症有明显的疗效,而使用传统功效术语又难于表达清楚,故借现代药理学术语来表达,如夏枯草降血压,决明子降血脂,天花粉降血糖,半枝莲抗肿瘤等。"} {"Question":"中药中的有害物质通常是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"残留农药"},{"key":"B","value":"重金属"},{"key":"C","value":"砷盐"},{"key":"D","value":"杂质"},{"key":"E","value":"霉菌毒素"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药的安全性检查。中药中的有害物质通常是指残留农药(A对)、重金属(B对)、砷盐(C对)、霉菌毒素(E对)。中药的安全性检查包括内源性有毒、有害物质及检测与外源性有害物质及检测。1.内源性有毒、有害物质及检测:中药中主要的内源性有毒、有害特质是指中药本身所含的具有毒副作用的化学成分。这些化学成分大多为生物的次生代谢产物,如肾毒性成分的马兜铃酸、肝毒性成分的吡咯里西啶生物碱及具有双重作用的成分等。2.外源性有害物质及检测:包括重金属及有害元素、农药残留量、黄曲霉毒素与二氧化硫残留量等。杂质(D错)检查属于纯度检测。纯度检查:中药的纯度与中药质量密切相关,常影响中药质量的优劣程度和临床用药剂量的准确性。《中国药典》中与纯度相关的检查主要包括杂质检查、水分测定、干燥失重、灰分测定、色度检查、酸败度测定等,并已成为中药质量评价中的常规检查项。"} {"Question":"目前中药定性使用最多的色谱是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"柱色谱"},{"key":"B","value":"薄层色谱法"},{"key":"C","value":"气相色谱法"},{"key":"D","value":"高效液相色谱法"},{"key":"E","value":"纸色谱"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是薄层色谱法的概念。目前中药定性使用最多的色谱是薄层色谱法(B对)。薄层色谱法系将供试品溶液点于薄层板上,在展开容器内用展开剂展开,使供试品所含成分分离,所得色谱图与适宜的对照物(对照品或对照药材)按同法所得的色谱图对比,并可用薄层扫描仪进行扫描,用于鉴别、检查或含量测定。薄层色谱法因其快速、简便和灵敏,是目前中药鉴定中用于定性鉴别使用最多的色谱法之一。柱色谱(A错)可分为分配柱色谱和吸附柱色谱两种原理。将两相溶剂中的一相涂覆在硅胶等多孔载体上,作为固定相,填充在色谱管中,然后加入与固定相不相混溶的另一相溶剂(流动相)冲洗色谱柱。气相色谱法(C错)也是判断物质纯度的一种重要方法,但只适用于在高真空和一定加热条件下能够气化而不被分解的物质。高效液相色谱法(D错)系采用高压输液泵将规定的流动相泵入装有填充剂的色谱柱进行分离测定的色谱方法。纸色谱(E错)法实质上也是液液萃取法的原理,只是两相中其中一相以固态为基质,与某种液相形成饱和状态,进而达到分离的目的。"} {"Question":"《药典》规定,不含或少含挥发性成分的中药水分测定方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"烘干法"},{"key":"B","value":"甲苯法"},{"key":"C","value":"薄层色谱法"},{"key":"D","value":"减压干燥法"},{"key":"E","value":"高效液相色谱法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是水分测定法。《药典》规定,不含或少含挥发性成分的中药水分测定方法是烘干法(A对)。《中国药典》规定水分测定法有五种:第一法(费休氏法)包括容量滴定法和库仑滴定法。第二法(烘干法)适用于不含和少含挥发性成分的药品,如三七、广枣等。第三法(减压干燥法(D错))适用于含挥发性成分的贵重药品,如厚朴花、蜂胶等。第四法(甲苯法(B错))适用于含挥发性成分的药品,如肉桂、肉豆蔻、砂仁等。第五法(气相色谱法),如辛夷。薄层色谱法(C错)可用于分离、定性及定量测定。高效液相色谱法(E错)是目前中药含量测定中最常用的方法。"} {"Question":"表示药物能渗湿利水的味是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"辛味"},{"key":"B","value":"淡味"},{"key":"C","value":"酸味"},{"key":"D","value":"涩味"},{"key":"E","value":"甘味"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查五味的所示效用及临床应用。表示药物能渗湿利水的味是淡味(B对)。淡味:能渗、能利,有渗湿利水作用,如治水肿、小便不利的猪苓、茯苓,均具淡味。常将淡附于甘。淡味药过用,亦能伤津液,阴虚津亏者慎用。辛味(A错):能散、能行,有发散、行气、活血作用。如治表证的荆芥、薄荷,治气滞的香附,治血瘀的川芎等,都具有辛味。辛味药大多能耗气伤阴,气虚阴亏者慎用。酸味(C错):能收、能涩,有收敛固涩作用。如治自汗盗汗、遗精滑精的五味子,治久泻久痢的五倍子,治久咳的乌梅,治大汗虚脱、崩漏经多的山茱萸等,均具酸味。另外,酸能生津、安蛔,如木瓜、乌梅等。酸味药大多能收敛邪气,凡邪未尽之证均当慎用。涩味(D错):能收、能敛,同酸味一样有收敛固涩作用,如治滑脱诸证的龙骨,治久痢脱肛的赤石脂,治崩漏带下的乌贼骨等,均具涩味。习惯将涩附于酸。涩味药大多能敛邪,邪气未尽者慎用。甘味(E错):能补、能缓、能和,有补虚、和中、缓急、调和药性等作用。如治虚证的黄芪、熟地、核桃仁、枸杞子,治挛急作痛、调和药性的饴糖、甘草等,均具甘味。某些甘味药还能解药、食毒,如甘草、蜂蜜等。此外,甘味药多质润而善于滋燥。甘味药大多能腻膈碍胃,令人中满,凡湿阻、食积、中满气滞者慎用。"} {"Question":"用质谱法测定苷类化合物分子量一般采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"EI"},{"key":"B","value":"FAB"},{"key":"C","value":"ESI"},{"key":"D","value":"CI"},{"key":"E","value":"FD"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"臣药的含义之一是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"治疗主证的药"},{"key":"B","value":"治疗主病的药"},{"key":"C","value":"助君药治兼证的药"},{"key":"D","value":"引药直达病所的药"},{"key":"E","value":"消除君药毒性的药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查方剂的组方原则。臣药的含义之一是助君药治兼证的药(C对)。臣药意义有二:一是辅助君药加强治疗主病和主证的药物;二是针对兼病或兼证起治疗作用的药物。它的药力小于君药。君药意义:即对处方的主证(A错)或主病(B错)起主要治疗作用的药物。它体现了处方的主攻方向,其药力居方中之首,是方剂组成中不可缺少的药物。其用量也较臣、佐药大。使药意义有二:一是引经药,即引方中诸药直达病所的药物(D错);二是调和药,即调和诸药的作用,使其合力驱邪。使药的药力小于臣药,用量亦轻。佐药意义有三:一为佐助药,即协助君、臣药加强治疗作用,或直接治疗次要兼证的药物;二为佐制药,即用以消除或减缓君、臣药的毒性或烈性的药物(E错);三为反佐药,即根据病情需要,使用与君药药性相反而又能在治疗中起相成作用的药物。佐药的药力小于臣药,一般用量较轻。"} {"Question":"薄层色谱分离鉴定黄酮苷混合物,常用的显色剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"n-BuOH-HOAc-H₂O(4:1:5 上层,BAW)"},{"key":"B","value":"石油醚"},{"key":"C","value":"2%三氯化铝甲醇溶液"},{"key":"D","value":"不同浓度的乙醇-水混合溶液"},{"key":"E","value":"四氢硼钠"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是薄层色谱的常用显色剂。薄层色谱分离鉴定黄酮苷混合物,常用的显色剂是2%三氯化铝甲醇溶液(C对)。黄酮类化合物大多具有颜色,且在紫外光下显示不同颜色的荧光,可直接用于斑点定位,也可以色谱展开后喷2%三氯化铝甲醇液试剂后,置于紫外灯下观察荧光斑点。苷类化合物多属极性较大的物质,其纸色谱一般用水饱和的有机溶剂为展开剂,如正丁醇-冰乙酸-水(4:1:5,上层)(A错)、正丁醇-乙醇-水(4:2:1)和水饱和的苯酚等。硅胶薄层为常用方法,依据检识成分的极性确定展开剂,展开剂多为石油醚(B错)、环己烷,分别加入不同比例的乙酸乙酯或乙醚,极性大的萜醇或萜酸类可加入三氯甲烷或甲酸、乙酸展开分离。大孔树脂用于中药化学成分的分离时,通常将中药提取物的水溶液吸附于大孔树脂后,一般依次用水、含水甲醇、乙醇或丙酮10%、20%、30%(体积分数)洗脱(D错),最后用浓醇或丙酮洗脱,获得若干组分。四氢硼钠(E错)是对二氢黄酮类化合物专属性较高的一种还原剂,二氢黄酮类化合物可被四氢硼钠还原产生红~紫红色。其他黄酮类化合物均不显色,可与之区别。"} {"Question":"贵重药材、毒剧药材及高浓度制剂药材的提取应采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"煎煮法"},{"key":"B","value":"浸渍法"},{"key":"C","value":"渗漉法"},{"key":"D","value":"水蒸气蒸馏法"},{"key":"E","value":"超临界流体提取法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主要根据吸附性差异进行特质分离的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚酰胺色谱法"},{"key":"B","value":"凝胶过滤法"},{"key":"C","value":"离子交换法"},{"key":"D","value":"硅胶柱色谱法"},{"key":"E","value":"纸色谱法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药化学成分分离的原理。主要根据吸附性差异进行特质分离的方法是硅胶柱色谱法(D对)。硅胶柱色谱法:是根据物质的吸附性差别进行分离的方法。硅胶为分离载体,即吸附剂。聚酰胺色谱法(A错):聚酰胺吸附属于氢键吸附,力量较弱,介于物理吸附与化学吸附之间,也称半化学吸附。聚酰胺对黄酮类、醌类等化合物之间的氢键吸附效果较好,特别适合分离酚类、醌类、黄酮类化合物。凝胶过滤法(B错):凝胶色谱法也称凝胶过滤法、凝胶渗透色谱法、分子筛过滤或排阻色谱,是根据物质分子大小差别进行分离。离子交换法(C错):即离子色谱法。离子色谱法是根据物质解离程度不同进行分离。纸色谱法(E错):纸色谱法实质上也是液液萃取法的原理,只是两相中其中一相以固态为基质,与某种液相形成饱和状态,进而达到分离的目的。"} {"Question":"制剂中药物有效成分具有酚羟基结构者易被","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水解"},{"key":"B","value":"氧化"},{"key":"C","value":"聚合"},{"key":"D","value":"变旋"},{"key":"E","value":"晶型转换"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药药物制剂的化学不稳定性。制剂中药物有效成分具有酚羟基结构者易被氧化(B对)。药物制剂的化学不稳定性:化学不稳定性是指由于药物水解、氧化、还原、光解、异构化、聚合(C错)、脱羧等,以及药物相互作用产生的化学反应,使制剂中药物含量或效价发生变化。其中水解、氧化是主要化学降解途径。(1)易水解(A错)的药物类型:①酯类药物:具有酯键结构的药物较易水解,相对分子量小的脂肪族酯类极易水解,几乎无法制成稳定的液体制剂。酯类药物制成水溶液时要特别注意pH的调节。一般而言,溶液碱性愈强,水解愈快,如穿心莲内酯在pH7时内酯环水解极其缓慢,而在偏碱性溶液中则水解加快。②酰胺类药物:一般较酯类药物难水解,如青霉素等。③苷类药物:在酶或酸碱的作用下产生水解反应,水解的难易程度与构成苷类药物的糖、苷元的种类以及苷元和糖的连接方式有关。如强心苷易水解,故常以较高浓度的乙醇为溶剂,其注射剂多采用水与乙醇、丙二醇或甘油等混合溶剂。如洋地黄酊多采用70%乙醇浸出。(2)易氧化的药物类型:药物因接触空气中的氧,在常温下可发生氧化反应。易氧化的药物主要有:①具有酚羟基或潜在酚羟基的有效成分,如黄芩苷等;②含有不饱和碳链的油脂、挥发油等,在光线、氧气、水分、金属离子以及微生物等影响下,都能产生氧化反应。变旋(D错)为生物碱的理化性质。生物碱的旋光性受手性碳的构型、测定溶剂、pH、温度及浓度等的影响。如麻黄碱在水中呈右旋性,在三氯甲烷中则呈左旋性;烟碱在中性条件下呈左旋性,在酸性条件下则呈右旋性;北美黄连碱在95%以上乙醇中呈左旋性,在稀乙醇中呈右旋性,在中性条件下呈左旋性,在酸性条件下呈右旋性。混悬液受温度影响可发生晶型转换(E错)。温度影响药物微粒的溶解与结晶过程,可能导致结晶长大、晶型转变。因此混悬液一般应贮藏于阴凉处。"} {"Question":"检查糊粉粒加","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碘试液"},{"key":"B","value":"苏丹Ⅲ试液"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均可"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均不可"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是细胞内含物的鉴定。检查糊粉粒加碘试液(A对)。细胞内含物的鉴定:①淀粉粒:加碘试液,显蓝色或紫色;用醋酸甘油试液装片,置偏光显微镜观察,未糊化淀粉粒有偏光现象;已糊化的无偏光现象。②糊粉粒:加碘试液,显棕色或黄棕色;加硝酸汞试液显砖红色。③脂肪油、挥发油或树脂:加苏丹Ⅲ试液(B错)呈橘红色、红色或紫红色;加90%乙醇,脂肪油不溶解,挥发油则溶解。④菊糖:加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,呈紫红色并很快溶解。⑤黏液:加钌红试液,显红色。⑥草酸钙结晶:加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡产生;加硫酸溶液(1→2),逐渐溶解,片刻后析出针状硫酸钙结晶。⑦碳酸钙结晶(钟乳体):加稀盐酸溶解,同时有气泡产生。⑧硅质:加硫酸不溶解。"} {"Question":"某男,42岁。5年前诊断为糖尿病,经中西药治疗,病情得以控制。近日血糖有所升高,遂求中医诊治。刻下多食善饥,每日需进食十余餐,餐后2小时左右便出现饥饿感,伴口渴多饮、乏力、小便频数而多、口苦咽干、舌质红、苔黄燥、脉细数。医生诊断为消渴病,证属阴虚火旺、津液被伤。处方:生石膏(先煎)30g,熟地黄10g,麦冬10g,知母10g,牛膝10g,柴胡5g,葛根10g,生甘草3g。方中生石膏与知母配伍属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相使"},{"key":"B","value":"相畏"},{"key":"C","value":"相杀"},{"key":"D","value":"相须"},{"key":"E","value":"相恶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是七情配伍。生石膏与知母配伍属于相须(D对)。“七情配伍”,又称配伍七情、药物七情。即指单味中药配伍同用的七种情形。除“单行”外,皆从双元配伍用药角度,论述单味中药通过简单配伍后的性效变化规律。(1)单行:即应用单味药就能发挥预期治疗效果,不需其他药的辅助。如独参汤,单用人参一味补气固脱等。(2)相须:即性能相类似的药物合用,可增强原有疗效。如石膏配知母可增强清热泻火效果等。(3)相使(A错):即性能功效有某种共性的两药同用,一药为主,一药为辅,辅药能增强主药的疗效。如以补气利水的黄芪为主,配以利水健脾的茯苓为辅,茯苓能增强黄芪的补气利水效果等。(4)相畏(B错):即一种药物的毒烈之性,能被另一种药物减轻或消除。如生半夏的毒性能被生姜减轻或消除,故云半夏畏生姜。(5)相杀(C错):即一种药物能减轻或消除另一种药物的毒烈之性。如生姜能减轻或消除生半夏的毒性,故习云生姜杀半夏。(6)相恶(E错):即两药合用,一种药物能使另一种药物原有功效降低,甚至丧失。如人参恶莱菔子,因莱菔子能削弱人参的补气作用。(7)相反:即两种药物合用,能产生或增强毒害反应。如乌头反半夏、甘草反甘遂等。"} {"Question":"植物类药材显微鉴定时,加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,显紫红色并溶解的后含物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糊粉粒"},{"key":"B","value":"草酸钙结晶"},{"key":"C","value":"碳酸钙结晶"},{"key":"D","value":"菊糖"},{"key":"E","value":"硅质块"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是细胞内含物的鉴定方法。植物类药材显微鉴定时,加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,显紫红色并溶解的后含物是菊糖(D对)。细胞内含物的鉴定:①淀粉粒:加碘试液,显蓝色或紫色;用醋酸甘油试液装片,置偏光显微镜观察,未糊化淀粉粒有偏光现象;已糊化的无偏光现象。②糊粉粒(A错):加碘试液,显棕色或黄棕色;加硝酸汞试液显砖红色。③脂肪油、挥发油或树脂:加苏丹Ⅲ试液呈橘红色、红色或紫红色;加90%乙醇,脂肪油不溶解,挥发油则溶解。④菊糖:加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,呈紫红色并很快溶解。⑤黏液:加钌红试液,显红色。⑥草酸钙结晶(B错):加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡产生;加硫酸溶液(1→2),逐渐溶解,片刻后析出针状硫酸钙结晶。⑦碳酸钙结晶(C错)(钟乳体):加稀盐酸溶解,同时有气泡产生。⑧硅质(E错):加硫酸不溶解。"} {"Question":"基于分子振动原理鉴定分子中特征官能团的谱学技术是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红外光谱"},{"key":"B","value":"高效液相色谱"},{"key":"C","value":"质谱"},{"key":"D","value":"核磁共振谱"},{"key":"E","value":"紫外-可见吸收光谱"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是红外光谱。基于分子振动原理鉴定分子中特征官能团的谱学技术是红外光谱(A对)。红外光谱:分子中价键的伸缩及弯曲振动将在光的红外区域,即4000~400cm⁻¹处引起吸收。测得的吸收图谱叫红外光谱(IR)。红外光谱主要用于鉴别分子中的特征官能团,某些情况下,IR光谱可用于区别芳环的取代方式、构型及构象等。高效液相色谱(B错)(HPLC):是判断有效成分纯度的一种重要方法,具有样品用量小、操作时间快、灵敏度高和准确等优点。该方法发展迅速,同时具有分离和分析鉴定的用途,已成为中药化学的常规分析方法。质谱(C错)(MS):可用于确定分子量及求算分子式和提供其他结构信息。质谱的电离技术发展较快,软电离成为当今质谱仪器的标配,例如,电喷雾电离(简称ESI)、大气压化学电离(APCI)、化学电离(简称CI)、场致电离(简称FI)、场解析电离(简称FD)、快速原子轰击电离(简称FAB)等,极大地拓宽了质谱的检测范围,对热不稳定的化合物的研究提供了新的技术。核磁共振谱(D错):①氢核磁共振(¹H-NMR):¹H-NMR测定中通过化学位移(δ)、谱线的积分面积以及裂分情况(重峰数及偶合常数J)可以提供分子中质子的类型、数目及相邻原子或原子团的信息,对中药化学成分的结构测定具有十分重要的意义。②碳核磁共振(¹³C-NMR):与¹H-NMR一样,¹³C的信号化学位移也取决于周围的化学环境及电子密度,并可据此判断¹³C的类型。显然,改变某个¹³C核周围的化学环境或电子密度,如引入某个取代基,则该¹³C信号即可能发生位移(取代基位移)。位移的方向(高场或低场)及幅度已经累积了一定经验规律。常见的有苯的取代基位移、羟基的苷化位移和酰化位移等,在结构研究中均具有重要的作用。紫外-可见吸收光谱(E错):对于分子中含有共轭双键、α,β-不饱和羰基(醛、酮、酸、酯)结构的化合物以及芳香化合物的结构鉴定来说是一种重要的手段,通常主要用于推断化合物的骨架类型,还可用于测定化合物的精细结构。"} {"Question":"表面和空气的灭菌宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫外线灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"滤过除菌法"},{"key":"C","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"D","value":"辐射灭菌法"},{"key":"E","value":"干热空气灭菌法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查灭菌方法。表面和空气的灭菌宜选用紫外线灭菌法(A对)。紫外线灭菌法:紫外线灭菌法是指用紫外线照射杀灭微生物的方法。本法适用于物品表面的灭菌、无菌室空气及蒸馏水的灭菌;不适用于药液和固体物质深部的灭菌;普通玻璃容器可吸收紫外线,因此装于其中的药物不能用此法灭菌。滤过除菌法(B错):系利用细菌不能通过致密具孔滤材的原理以除去气体或液体中微生物的方法,是一种机械除菌的方法,这种机械叫除菌过滤器。常用于气体、热不稳定药品溶液或原料的除菌。热压灭菌法(C错):是采用高压饱和水蒸气加热杀灭微生物的方法。此法具有很强的灭菌效果,灭菌可靠,能杀灭所有细菌繁殖体和芽胞,是在制剂生产中应用最广泛的一种灭菌方法。凡能耐高压蒸汽的药物制剂、玻璃容器、金属容器、瓷器、橡胶塞、膜过滤器等均能采用此法。辐射灭菌法(D错):以放射性同位素(⁶⁰Co或¹³⁷Cs)放射的γ射线杀菌的方法。辐射灭菌的特点是不升高灭菌产品的温度,穿透性强,适合于不耐热药物的灭菌。医疗器械、容器、生产辅助用品、不受辐射破坏的原料药及成品等均可用本法灭菌。包装材料也可用本法灭菌,从而大大减少了污染的机会。干热灭菌法:干热灭菌法是指在干热环境中灭菌的方法,包括火焰灭菌法和干热空气灭菌法(E错)。此法适用于耐高温但不宜用湿热灭菌法灭菌的物品灭菌,如玻璃器具、金属制容器、纤维制品、固体试药、液状石蜡等均可采用本法灭菌。缺点是穿透力弱,温度不易均匀,而且灭菌温度较高,灭菌时间较长,不适于橡胶、塑料及大部分药品的灭菌。"} {"Question":"极性最大的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"B","value":"石油醚"},{"key":"C","value":"苯"},{"key":"D","value":"氯仿"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酸乙酯"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用溶剂的极性大小。极性最大的是乙醇(A对)。常用溶剂极性大小由弱到强依次为己烷<苯(C错)<乙醚(无水)<三氯甲烷(D错)<乙酸乙酯(E错)<乙醇<甲醇<水。石油醚(B错)属于极性较小的溶剂。"} {"Question":"最常用的超临界流体是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水"},{"key":"B","value":"甲醇"},{"key":"C","value":"二氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"三氧化二铝"},{"key":"E","value":"二氧化硅"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药成分提取中的超临界流体萃取法。最常用的超临界流体是二氧化碳(C对)。超临界流体萃取法:是采用超临界流体为溶剂对中药材进行萃取的方法。已知可作为超临界流体的物质很多,如二氧化碳、一氧化二氮、六氟化硫、乙烷、庚烷、氨、二氯二氟甲烷等,其中以二氧化碳最为常用。"} {"Question":"质量要求制定指纹图谱的中药剂型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丸剂"},{"key":"B","value":"散剂"},{"key":"C","value":"颗粒剂"},{"key":"D","value":"注射剂"},{"key":"E","value":"胶囊剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查质量要求制定指纹图谱的中药剂型。质量要求制定指纹图谱的中药剂型是注射剂(D对)。中药指纹图谱鉴定技术中药指纹图谱系指中药原料药材、饮片、半成品、成品等经适当处理后,采用一定的分析手段,得到的能够标示其特征的共有峰的图谱,能客观地揭示和反映中药内在质量的整体性和特征性,用以评价中药的真实性、有效性、稳定性和一致性。国家药品监督管理部门在2000年颁布了《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求》(暂行),2002年又颁布了《中药注射剂指纹图谱试验操作规程指南》,并先后发布了2004版和2012版《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》,详细规定了原料药材、半成品、成品的供试品收集与制备及制定指纹图谱的各项技术要求和方法。"} {"Question":"下列溶剂中,极性最强的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甲醇"},{"key":"B","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"C","value":"氯仿"},{"key":"D","value":"水"},{"key":"E","value":"乙酸乙酯"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用溶剂的极性。下列溶剂中,极性最强的是水(D对)。常用溶剂的极性大小的排列顺序由强到弱为:水、甲醇(A错)、乙醇(B错)、乙酸乙酯(E错)、氯仿(三氯甲烷)(C错)、乙醚(无水)、苯、己烷。"} {"Question":"空气环境灭菌宜采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"环氧乙烷灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"过氧醋酸熏蒸法"},{"key":"C","value":"干热灭菌法"},{"key":"D","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"E","value":"流通蒸汽灭菌法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于中药提取,固-液分离方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水蒸气蒸馏法"},{"key":"B","value":"沉降分离法"},{"key":"C","value":"离心分离法"},{"key":"D","value":"大孔树脂吸附法"},{"key":"E","value":"滤过分离法"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查中药的分离方法。关于中药提取,固-液分离方法是沉降分离法(B对)、离心分离法(C对)、滤过分离法(E对)。将固体-液体非均相体系用适当方法分开的过程称为固-液分离。中药提取液的精制、药物重结晶等均要进行分离操作;注射剂的除菌也用到分离技术。分离方法一般有三类:沉降分离法、离心分离法和滤过分离法。中药浸提方法的选择应根据处方药料特性、溶剂性质、剂型要求和生产实际等因素综合考虑。常用的浸提方法主要有煎煮法、浸渍法、渗漉法、回流法、水蒸气蒸馏法(A错)等。精制系采用适当的方法和设备除去中药提取液中杂质的操作。常用的精制方法有:水提醇沉淀法、醇提水沉淀法、大孔树脂吸附法(D错)、超滤法、盐析法、酸碱法、澄清剂法、透析法、萃取法等,其中以水提醇沉法应用尤为广泛。"} {"Question":"五味理论认为,大多能伤津、伐胃,津液大伤及脾胃虚弱者不宜大量使用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘味药"},{"key":"B","value":"苦味药"},{"key":"C","value":"咸味药"},{"key":"D","value":"涩味药"},{"key":"E","value":"淡味药"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是苦味药的效用及临床应用。五味理论认为,大多能伤津、伐胃,津液大伤及脾胃虚弱者不宜大量使用的是苦味药(B对)。苦味药大多能伤津、伐胃,津液大伤及脾胃虚弱者不宜大量用。甘味药(A错)大多能腻膈碍胃,令人中满,凡湿阻、食积、中满气滞者慎用。咸味药(C错)不宜多食,高血压动脉硬化者尤当如此。有的咸味药如芒硝,能泻下通肠,脾虚便溏者慎用。涩味药(D错)大多能敛邪,邪气未尽者慎用。淡味药(E错)过用,亦能伤津液,阴虚津亏者慎用。"} {"Question":"不适合分离酸性物质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳离子交换树脂"},{"key":"B","value":"透析膜"},{"key":"C","value":"活性炭"},{"key":"D","value":"硅胶"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化铝"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是硅胶吸附色谱法和氧化铝吸附色谱法添加溶剂的选择。不适合分离酸性物质的是氧化铝(E对)。添加溶剂的选择:为避免发生化学吸附,酸性物质宜用硅胶(D错),碱性物质则宜用氧化铝进行分离。当然,硅胶、氧化铝用适当方法处理成中性时,情况会有所缓解。通常在分离酸性(或碱性)物质时,洗脱溶剂中分别加入适量乙酸(或氨、吡啶、二乙胺),常可达到防止拖尾、促进分离的效果。阳离子交换树脂(A错)为离子色谱法的固定相。离子色谱法是根据物质解离程度不同进行分离。离子色谱法也称离子交换法,该法系以离子交换树脂作为固定相,以水或含水溶剂作为流动相。中药化学成分中,具有酸性、碱性及两性基团的分子,在水中多呈解离状态,据此可用离子交换法或电泳技术进行分离。透析膜(B错)应用于膜分离法中。膜分离法是一种用天然或人工合成的膜,以外界能量或化学位差为推动力,对双组分或多组分的溶质和溶剂进行分离、分级、提纯或富集的方法。对于生物大分子,一般可以通过透析法对其进行浓缩和精制。活性炭(C错)为活性炭色谱吸附法的吸附剂。活性炭是非极性吸附剂,与硅胶、氧化铝相反,对非极性物质具有较强的亲和能力,在水中对溶质表现出强的吸附能力。溶剂极性降低,则活性炭对溶质的吸附能力也随之降低。故从活性炭上洗脱被吸附物质时,洗脱溶剂的洗脱能力将随溶剂极性的降低而增强。"} {"Question":"五味子具有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中枢兴奋作用"},{"key":"B","value":"中枢抑制作用"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均不是"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味子的药理作用。五味子具有保肝作用(D对)。五味子的保肝作用,与其功效之间存在差异性。中枢兴奋作用(A错)与中枢抑制作用(B错)为人参的药理作用。人参具有兴奋和抑制中枢作用,其所含的皂苷就有Ra₁、Rb₁、Rc、Rd、Rg₁、Re、Rf、Rh₁、Ro等20多种,其中Rg类有中枢兴奋作用,而Rb类则有中枢抑制作用。人参还具有调节血糖的作用,对糖尿病动物的高血糖有降低作用,而对注射胰岛素诱发的血糖降低则有回升作用,主要成分与人参皂苷、人参多糖、人参多肽有关。"} {"Question":"植物类药材显微鉴定时,加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡发生的后含物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碳酸钙结晶"},{"key":"B","value":"硅质块"},{"key":"C","value":"草酸钙结晶"},{"key":"D","value":"糊粉粒"},{"key":"E","value":"淀粉粒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是细胞内含物的鉴定。植物类药材显微鉴定时,加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡发生的后含物是草酸钙结晶(C对)。细胞内含物的鉴定:①淀粉粒(E错):加碘试液,显蓝色或紫色;用醋酸甘油试液装片,置偏光显微镜观察,未糊化淀粉粒有偏光现象;已糊化的无偏光现象。②糊粉粒(D错):加碘试液,显棕色或黄棕色;加硝酸汞试液显砖红色。③脂肪油、挥发油或树脂:加苏丹Ⅲ试液呈橘红色、红色或紫红色;加90%乙醇,脂肪油不溶解,挥发油则溶解。④菊糖:加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,呈紫红色并很快溶解。⑤黏液:加钌红试液,显红色。⑥草酸钙结晶:加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡产生;加硫酸溶液(1→2),逐渐溶解,片刻后析出针状硫酸钙结晶。⑦碳酸钙结晶(A错)(钟乳体):加稀盐酸溶解,同时有气泡产生。⑧硅质(B错):加硫酸不溶解。"} {"Question":"检查石膏中重金属含量所用的测定方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气相色谱法"},{"key":"B","value":"原子吸收分光光度法"},{"key":"C","value":"高效液相色谱法"},{"key":"D","value":"红外分光光度法"},{"key":"E","value":"薄层色谱法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是原子吸收分光光度法。检查石膏中重金属含量所用的测定方法是原子吸收分光光度法(B对)。重金属的检查:重金属是指在实验条件下能与硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠作用显色的金属杂质,如铅、镉、汞、铜等。测定重金属总量用硫代乙酰胺或硫化钠显色反应比色法,测定铅、镉、汞、铜重金属元素采用原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法。《中国药典》一部规定,矿物药如石膏、芒硝含重金属不得过10mg\/kg,玄明粉不得过20mg\/kg;动物药如地龙含重金属不得过30mg\/kg等。《中国药典》采用气相色谱法(A错)测定中药中部分有机氯类农药残留量、有机磷类农药残留量和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量,质谱法测定农药多残留量。黄曲霉毒素的检查:黄曲霉毒素为黄曲霉等的代谢产物,是强烈的致癌物质。各国对食品和药品中黄曲霉毒素的限量都作了严格的规定,但目前还没有公认的植物药中黄曲霉毒素的限量标准。《中国药典》采用高效液相色谱法(C错),结合柱后衍生法和高效液相-串联质谱法测定药材、饮片及制剂中的黄曲霉毒素。红外分光光度法(D错)是鉴别化合物和确定物质结构的常用手段之一。在药物分析中,以红外光谱具有的“指纹”特性作为药物鉴定的依据,是各国药典共同采用的方法,但通常仅限于西药等单组分、单纯化合物的鉴定。薄层色谱法(E错)系将供试品溶液点于薄层板上,在展开容器内用展开剂展开,使供试品所含成分分离,所得色谱图与适宜的对照物(对照品或对照药材)按同法所得的色谱图对比,并可用薄层扫描仪进行扫描,用于鉴别、检查或含量测定。薄层色谱法因其快速、简便和灵敏,是目前中药鉴定中用于定性鉴别使用最多的色谱法之一。"} {"Question":"用显微鉴别法鉴别黏液选用的试剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"碘试液"},{"key":"B","value":"苏丹Ⅲ试液"},{"key":"C","value":"钌红试液"},{"key":"D","value":"硝酸汞试液"},{"key":"E","value":"氯化锌碘试液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是细胞内含物的鉴定。用显微鉴别法鉴别黏液选用的试剂是钌红试液(C对)。细胞内含物的鉴定:①淀粉粒:加碘试液(A错),显蓝色或紫色;用醋酸甘油试液装片,置偏光显微镜观察,未糊化淀粉粒有偏光现象;已糊化的无偏光现象。②糊粉粒:加碘试液,显棕色或黄棕色;加硝酸汞试液(D错)显砖红色。③脂肪油、挥发油或树脂:加苏丹Ⅲ试液(B错)呈橘红色、红色或紫红色;加90%乙醇,脂肪油不溶解,挥发油则溶解。④菊糖:加10%α-萘酚乙醇溶液,再加硫酸,呈紫红色并很快溶解。⑤黏液:加钌红试液,显红色。⑥草酸钙结晶:加稀醋酸不溶解,加稀盐酸溶解而无气泡产生;加硫酸溶液(1→2),逐渐溶解,片刻后析出针状硫酸钙结晶。⑦碳酸钙结晶(钟乳体):加稀盐酸溶解,同时有气泡产生。⑧硅质:加硫酸不溶解。氯化锌碘试液(E错)为鉴定纤维素细胞壁的试剂。纤维素细胞壁:加氯化锌碘试液,或先加碘试液润湿后,稍放置,再加硫酸溶液(33→50)显蓝色或紫色。"} {"Question":"中药的纯度检查包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杂质检查"},{"key":"B","value":"总灰分测定"},{"key":"C","value":"酸不溶性灰分测定"},{"key":"D","value":"浸出物测定"},{"key":"E","value":"膨胀度测定"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药材的纯度检查方法。中药的纯度检查包括杂质检查(A对)、总灰分测定(B对)与酸不溶性灰分测定(C对)。中药的纯度检查:中药的纯度与中药质量密切相关,常影响中药质量的优劣程度和临床用药剂量的准确性。《中国药典》中与纯度相关的检查主要包括杂质检查、水分测定、干燥失重、灰分测定、色度检查、酸败度测定等,并已成为中药质量评价中的常规检查项。浸出物测定(D错)属于中药的有效性评价。中药的有效性评价包括全草类中药含叶量的检查、浸出物测定与含量测定等。膨胀度测定(E错)属于中药鉴定中的一般理化鉴别。膨胀度测定:膨胀度是药品膨胀性质的指标,是指每1g药品在水或其他规定的溶剂中,在一定的时间与温度条件下膨胀后所占有的体积(ml)。主要用于含黏液质、胶质和半纤维素类的天然药品。"} {"Question":"主要根据分子大小进行物质分离的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚酰胺色谱法"},{"key":"B","value":"凝胶过滤法"},{"key":"C","value":"离子交换法"},{"key":"D","value":"硅胶柱色谱法"},{"key":"E","value":"纸色谱法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药化学成分分离的原理。主要根据分子大小进行物质分离的方法是凝胶过滤法(B对)。凝胶过滤法:凝胶色谱法也称凝胶过滤法、凝胶渗透色谱、分子筛过滤或排阻色谱,是根据物质分子大小差别进行分离。聚酰胺色谱法(A错):聚酰胺吸附属于氢键吸附,力量较弱,介于物理吸附与化学吸附之间,也称半化学吸附。聚酰胺对黄酮类、醌类等化合物之间的氢键吸附效果较好,特别适合分离酚类、醌类、黄酮类化合物。离子交换法(C错):即离子色谱法。离子色谱法是根据物质解离程度不同进行分离。硅胶柱色谱法(D错):是根据物质的吸附性差别进行分离的方法。硅胶为分离载体,即吸附剂。纸色谱法(E错):纸色谱法实质上也是液液萃取法的原理,只是两相中其中一相以固态为基质,与某种液相形成饱和状态,进而达到分离的目的。"} {"Question":"超临界流体物质有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石油醚"},{"key":"B","value":"乙醇"},{"key":"C","value":"液态二氧化碳"},{"key":"D","value":"氧气"},{"key":"E","value":"丙酮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是超临界流体萃取法。超临界流体物质有二氧化碳(C对)。超临界流体萃取法:是采用超临界流体为溶剂对中药材进行萃取的方法。已知可作为超临界流体的物质很多,如二氧化碳、一氧化二氮、六氟化硫、乙烷、庚烷、氨、二氯二氟甲烷等,其中以二氧化碳最为常用。乙醇(B错)、丙酮(E错)可作超临界流体萃取法的夹带剂。夹带剂作为亚临界组分,挥发度介于超临界流体与被萃取溶质之间,以液体形式和相对小的量加入超临界流体中。其作用在于:①改善或维持选择性。②提高难挥发溶质的溶解度。一般,具有很好溶解性能的溶剂,也往往是很好的夹带剂,如甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和乙腈等。石油醚(A错)为有机溶剂。氧气(D错)为氧化剂。"} {"Question":"在1个大气压下进行,适用于对热较稳定的药液的浓缩方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减压浓缩"},{"key":"B","value":"多效浓缩"},{"key":"C","value":"常压浓缩"},{"key":"D","value":"降膜式薄膜浓缩"},{"key":"E","value":"离心式薄膜浓缩"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查浓缩方法与设备。在1个大气压下进行,适用于对热较稳定的药液的浓缩方法是常压浓缩(C对)。常压蒸发:系指料液在一个大气压下进行蒸发的方法,又称常压浓缩。若待浓缩料液中的有效成分是耐热的,而溶剂又无燃烧性,无毒害者可用此法进行浓缩。减压蒸发:系指在密闭的容器内,抽真空降低内部压力,使料液的沸点降低而进行蒸发的方法,又称减压浓缩(A错)。多效蒸发(B错):系将两个或多个减压蒸发器并联形成的浓缩设备。薄膜蒸发:系指使料液在蒸发时形成薄膜,增加汽化表面积进行蒸发的方法,又称薄膜浓缩(D错)。薄膜蒸发的特点是蒸发速度快,受热时间短;不受料液静压和过热影响,成分不易被破坏;可在常压或减压下连续操作;能将溶剂回收重复利用。薄膜浓缩常用的设备有升膜式蒸发器、降膜式蒸发器、刮板式薄膜蒸发器、离心式薄膜蒸发器(E错)等。"} {"Question":"苦味的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能散"},{"key":"B","value":"能涩"},{"key":"C","value":"能坚"},{"key":"D","value":"能软"},{"key":"E","value":"能和"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味对人体的效果。苦味的作用是能坚(C对)。五味对人体的效果:(1)辛:能散(A错)、能行,有发散、行气、活血作用。(2)甘:能补、能缓、能和(E错),有补虚、和中、缓急、调和药性等作用。(3)酸:能收、能涩(B错),有收敛固涩作用。(4)苦:能泄、能燥、能坚。(5)咸:能软(D错)、能下,有软坚散结、泻下通便作用。(6)涩:能收、能敛,同酸味一样有收敛固涩作用。(7)淡:能渗、能利,有渗湿利水作用。此外,还有芳香味,其能散、能行、能开,有化湿、辟秽、开窍、醒脾等作用。"} {"Question":"能腻膈碍胃,令人中满湿阻、食积者应慎用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘味药"},{"key":"B","value":"辛味药"},{"key":"C","value":"苦味药"},{"key":"D","value":"咸味药"},{"key":"E","value":"酸味药"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味对人体的效果。能腻膈碍胃,令人中满湿阻、食积者应慎用的是甘味药(A对)。五味对人体的效果:(1)辛:辛味药(B错)大多能耗气伤阴,气虚阴亏者慎用。(2)甘:甘味药大多能腻膈碍胃,令人中满,凡湿阻、食积、中满气滞者慎用。(3)酸:酸味药(E错)大多能收敛邪气,凡邪未尽之证均当慎用。(4)苦:苦味药(C错)大多能伤津、伐胃,津液大伤及脾胃虚弱者不宜大量用。(5)咸:食盐类咸味药(D错)不宜多食,高血压动脉硬化者尤当如此。有的咸味药如芒硝,能泻下通肠,脾虚便溏者慎用。(6)涩:涩味药大多能敛邪,邪气未尽者慎用。(7)淡:淡味药过用,亦能伤津液,阴虚津亏者慎用。此外,还有芳香味。芳香味与辛味一样,亦能耗气伤津,气虚津亏者慎用。"} {"Question":"在水中可膨胀的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳离子交换树脂"},{"key":"B","value":"透析膜"},{"key":"C","value":"活性炭"},{"key":"D","value":"硅胶"},{"key":"E","value":"氧化铝"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是离子交换树脂的结构及性质。在水中可膨胀的是阳离子交换树脂(A对)。阳离子交换树脂为离子色谱法的固定相。离子交换树脂的结构及性质:离子交换树脂外观均为球形颗粒,不溶于水,但可在水中膨胀。透析膜(B错)为一种半透膜,活性炭(C错)、硅胶(D错)与氧化铝(E错)均为固体吸附剂,无法在水中膨胀。"} {"Question":"创古本草增收新药数目之冠的本草著作是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新修本草"},{"key":"B","value":"神农本草经"},{"key":"C","value":"本草经集注"},{"key":"D","value":"本草纲目拾遗"},{"key":"E","value":"经史证类备急本草"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查历代本草代表作。创古本草增收新药数目之冠的本草著作是《本草纲目拾遗(D对)》。《本草纲目拾遗》:简称《纲目拾遗》,为清代本草代表作。作者赵学敏在广泛收集民间用药和注意研究外来药的基础上撰成此书。全书共10卷,载药921种,其中新增716种,创古本草增收新药之冠,极大地丰富了本草学。同时,对《本草纲目》略而不详的加以补充,错误的加以订正,不但总结了16~18世纪本草学发展的新成就,而且还保存了大量今已散佚的方药书籍的部分内容,具有很高的实用价值和文献价值。《新修本草(A错)》:又称《唐本草》,为隋唐时期唐代的本草代表作。该书是在普查全国药材基础上,由长孙无忌、李勣、苏敬等22人共同编撰而成。本书的完成依靠了国家的行政力量和充足的人力物力,是我国历史上第一部官修药典性本草,并被今人誉为世界上第一部药典,比公元1546年问世的欧洲纽伦堡药典《科德药方书》早887年。该书无论在内容和编写形式上都有新的突破,全面总结了唐以前的药物学成就,并很快流传于海内外,对后世医药学的发展影响极大。《神农本草经》(B错):简称《本经》,为汉代本草代表作。该书虽假托传说中的神农而作,但并非出于一时一人之手,而是经历了较长时间的补充和完善。该书系统总结了汉代以前我国药学发展的成就,是现存最早的药学专著,为本草学的发展奠定了基础。《本草经集注(C错)》:为魏晋南北朝本草代表作。作者为陶弘景,书成于公元500年左右(南北朝梁代)。该书第一次全面系统地整理、补充了《本经》,反映了魏晋南北朝时期的本草学成就,初步确立了综合性本草著作的编写模式。《经史证类备急本草(E错)》:简称《证类本草》,为宋金元时期宋代的本草代表作。作者唐慎微,以掌禹锡的《嘉祐本草》和苏颂的《图经本草》为基础,并收集转录了大量宋以前各代名医对本草的真知灼见、经史传记和佛书道藏中有关本草的论述,以及民间防治疾病的经验和单方,撰成此书。该书图文对照,方药并收,医药结合,资料翔实,集宋以前本草之大成,使大量古代文献得以保存,具有极高的学术价值和文献价值。"} {"Question":"寒凉性表示药物具有的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凉血"},{"key":"B","value":"利湿"},{"key":"C","value":"理气"},{"key":"D","value":"温里"},{"key":"E","value":"安蛔"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物四气的所示效用。寒凉性表示药物具有的作用是凉血(A对)。四气,从本质而言只有寒热二性。凡寒凉性药物,即表示其具有清热、泻火、凉血、解热毒等作用;凡温热性药物,即表示其具有温里(D错)散寒、补火助阳、温经通络、回阳救逆等作用。四气对人体的作用也有两面性,倘若应用不当,即可对人体产生不良作用。此时,寒凉性有伤阳助寒之弊,而温热性则有伤阴助火之害。"} {"Question":"水浸液在日光下即可显碧蓝色荧光的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"B","value":"香加皮"},{"key":"C","value":"合欢皮"},{"key":"D","value":"桑白皮"},{"key":"E","value":"地骨皮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是秦皮的性状鉴别。水浸液在日光下即可显碧蓝色荧光的药材是秦皮(A对)。秦皮【性状鉴别】饮片呈长短不一的丝条状。外表面灰白色、灰棕色或黑棕色。内表面黄白色或棕色,平滑。切面纤维性。质硬。气微,味苦。本品热水浸出液呈黄绿色,日光下显碧蓝色荧光。香加皮(B错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则的厚片。外表面灰棕色或黄棕色,栓皮常呈鳞片状。内表面淡黄色或淡黄棕色,有细纵纹。切断面黄白色。有特异香气,味苦。合欢皮(C错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈弯曲的丝或块片状。外表面灰棕色至灰褐色,稍有纵皱纹,密生明显的椭圆形横向皮孔,棕色或棕红色。内表面淡黄棕色或黄白色,平滑,具细密纵纹。切面呈纤维性片状,淡黄棕色或黄白色。气微香,味淡、微涩、稍刺舌,而后喉头有不适感。桑白皮(D错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈丝条状,外表面白色或淡黄白色,有的残留橙黄色或棕黄色鳞片状粗皮;内表面黄白色或灰黄色,有细纵纹。体轻,质韧,纤维性强。气微,味微甘。地骨皮(E错)【性状鉴别】药材呈筒状或槽状。外表面灰黄色至棕黄色,粗糙,有不规则纵裂纹,易成鳞片状剥落。内表面黄白色至灰黄色,较平坦,有细纵纹。体轻,质脆,易折断,断面不平坦,外层黄棕色,内层灰白色。气微,味微甘而后苦。以块大、肉厚、无木心者为佳。"} {"Question":"按照中医治疗学分类,中药功效可分为对因功效、对症功效、对病证功效和对现代病症功效等。下列不属于对病证功效的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"截疟"},{"key":"B","value":"止咳平喘"},{"key":"C","value":"利胆退黄"},{"key":"D","value":"通鼻窍"},{"key":"E","value":"消痈排脓"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药功效的分类。止咳平喘属于对症功效(B错,为本题正确答案)。中药功效按中医治疗学分类:①对因功效:是指某些中药能针对病因起治疗作用。具体包含祛邪、扶正、调理脏腑功效、消除病理产物等。其中,属于祛邪功效的有祛风、散寒、除湿、清热、泻下、涌吐、解毒、杀虫等;属于扶正功效的有补气、助阳、滋阴、养血等;属于调理脏腑或气血功效的有疏肝、柔肝、宣肺、和中、理气、活血、安神、开窍、潜阳、息风等;属于消除病理产物功效的有消食、利水、祛痰、化瘀、排石、排脓等。②对症功效:是指某些中药能缓解或消除疾病过程中出现的某些或某种症状,有助于减轻患者痛苦,防止病情恶化,如止痛、止血、止呕、止咳、平喘、止汗、涩肠止泻、涩精止遗等。③对病证功效:是指某些中药对疟疾、赘疣、痹证、鼻渊、黄疸、肺痈、绦虫证等病证,具有明显优于它药的疗效,如截疟(A对)、蚀疣、祛风湿、通鼻窍(D对)、利胆退黄(C对)、消痈排脓(E对)、驱杀绦虫等。④对现代病症功效:是指某些中药对现代医学所描述的高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、肿瘤等病症有明显的疗效,而使用传统功效术语又难于表达清楚,故借现代药理学术语来表达,如夏枯草降血压,决明子降血脂,天花粉降血糖,半枝莲抗肿瘤等。"} {"Question":"酸味的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能散"},{"key":"B","value":"能涩"},{"key":"C","value":"能坚"},{"key":"D","value":"能软"},{"key":"E","value":"能和"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味对人体的效果。酸味的作用是能涩(B对)。五味对人体的效果:(1)辛:能散(A错)、能行,有发散、行气、活血作用。(2)甘:能补、能缓、能和(E错),有补虚、和中、缓急、调和药性等作用。(3)酸:能收、能涩,有收敛固涩作用。(4)苦:能泄、能燥、能坚(C错)。(5)咸:能软(D错)、能下,有软坚散结、泻下通便作用。(6)涩:能收、能敛,同酸味一样有收敛固涩作用。(7)淡:能渗、能利,有渗湿利水作用。此外,还有芳香味,其能散、能行、能开,有化湿、辟秽、开窍、醒脾等作用。"} {"Question":"同时具有吸附性能和分子筛性能的吸附剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚酰胺"},{"key":"B","value":"离子交换树脂"},{"key":"C","value":"硅胶"},{"key":"D","value":"大孔吸附树脂"},{"key":"E","value":"膜"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是大孔树脂吸附法。同时具有吸附性能和分子筛性能的吸附剂是大孔吸附树脂(D对)。大孔吸附树脂为大孔树脂吸附法的吸附剂,通常分为非极性和极性两大类。大孔吸附树脂的吸附原理:大孔吸附树脂具有选择性吸附和分子筛的性能。它的吸附性是由于范德华引力或产生氢键的结果,分子筛的性能是由其本身的多孔性网状结构决定的。聚酰胺(A错)为聚酰胺吸附色谱法的吸附剂。聚酰胺吸附色谱法:聚酰胺吸附属于氢键吸附,力量较弱,介于物理吸附与化学吸附之间,也称半化学吸附。离子交换树脂(B错)为离子色谱法的固定相。离子色谱法是根据物质解离程度不同进行分离。离子色谱法也称离子交换法,该法系以离子交换树脂作为固定相,以水或含水溶剂作为流动相。当流动相流过交换柱时,溶液中的中性分子及具有与离子交换树脂交换基团不能发生交换的离子将通过柱子从柱底流出,而具有可交换的离子则与树脂上的交换基因进行离子交换并被吸附到柱上,随后改变条件,并用适当溶剂从柱上洗脱下来,即可实现物质分离。硅胶(C错)为硅胶吸附色谱法的吸附剂。硅胶吸附色谱法:是根据物质的吸附性差别进行分离的方法。属于物理吸附。膜(E错)应用于膜分离法中。膜分离法是一种用天然或人工合成的膜,以外界能量或化学位差为推动力,对双组分或多组分的溶质和溶剂进行分离、分级、提纯或富集的方法。目前,膜过滤技术主要包括渗透、反渗透、超滤、电渗析和液膜技术等。"} {"Question":"蒸发汽化表面大,适用于浓度较高、黏度较大的药液浓缩方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"减压浓缩"},{"key":"B","value":"多效浓缩"},{"key":"C","value":"常压浓缩"},{"key":"D","value":"降膜式薄膜浓缩"},{"key":"E","value":"离心式薄膜浓缩"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查浓缩方法与设备。蒸发汽化表面大,适用于浓度较高、黏度较大的药液浓缩方法是降膜式薄膜浓缩(D对)。薄膜蒸发:系指使料液在蒸发时形成薄膜,增加汽化表面积进行蒸发的方法,又称薄膜浓缩。薄膜蒸发的特点是蒸发速度快,受热时间短;不受料液静压和过热影响,成分不易被破坏;可在常压或减压下连续操作;能将溶剂回收重复利用。薄膜浓缩常用的设备有升膜式蒸发器、降膜式蒸发器、刮板式薄膜蒸发器、离心式薄膜蒸发器(E错)等。减压蒸发:系指在密闭的容器内,抽真空降低内部压力,使料液的沸点降低而进行蒸发的方法,又称减压浓缩(A错)。多效蒸发(B错):系将两个或多个减压蒸发器并联形成的浓缩设备。常压蒸发:系指料液在一个大气压下进行蒸发的方法,又称常压浓缩(C错)。若待浓缩料液中的有效成分是耐热的,而溶剂又无燃烧性,无毒害者可用此法进行浓缩。"} {"Question":"不属于沉降性的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泻下"},{"key":"B","value":"清热"},{"key":"C","value":"解表"},{"key":"D","value":"止呕"},{"key":"E","value":"平喘"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是升降沉浮的所示效用。解表多为升浮类药物的功效(C错,为本题正确答案)。升和浮、沉和降,都是相对的。升是上升,降是下降,浮表示发散向外,沉表示收敛固藏和泻利等。一般说,升浮类药能上行向外,分别具有升阳发表、祛风散寒、涌吐、开窍等作用;沉降类药能下行向内,分别具有泻下(A对)、清热(B对)、利水渗湿、重镇安神、潜阳息风、消积导滞、降逆止呕(D对)、收敛固涩、止咳平喘(E对)等作用。"} {"Question":"关于中药提取液分离的相关叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药提取液常用的固液分离方法有沉降分离法、离心分离法和滤过分离法"},{"key":"B","value":"沉降分离法系指固体微粒因其本身重力在液体介质中自然下沉使之与液体分离的方法"},{"key":"C","value":"分离因数(仪)是物料所受离心力与重力之比值,其值越大,表明该离心机分离能力越强"},{"key":"D","value":"滤过分离时,滤速与压力差成反比"},{"key":"E","value":"在黏性料液中加助滤剂有利于滤过分离"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查中药分离的主要内容。关于中药提取液分离的相关叙述,错误的是滤过分离时,滤速与压力差成反比(D错,为本题正确答案)。滤过分离法:滤过机理主要有过筛作用和深层滤过作用。影响滤过速度的因素有:①滤渣层两侧的压力差:压力差越大,则滤速越快,故常用加压或减压滤过。②滤器面积:在滤过初期,滤过速度与滤器面积成正比。③过滤介质或滤饼毛细管半径:滤饼半径越大,滤过速度越快,但在加压或减压时应注意避免滤渣层或滤材因受压而过于致密。常在料液中加入助滤剂以减小滤饼阻力。④过滤介质或滤饼毛细管长度:滤饼毛细管长度愈长,则滤速愈慢。常采用预滤、减小滤渣层厚度、动态滤过等加以克服,同时操作时应先滤清液后滤稠液。⑤料液黏度:黏稠性愈大,滤速愈慢。因此,常采用趁热滤过或保温滤过。另外,添加助滤剂亦可降低黏度(E对)。将固体-液体非均相体系用适当方法分开的过程称为固-液分离。中药提取液的精制、药物重结晶等均要进行分离操作;注射剂的除菌也用到分离技术。分离方法一般有三类:沉降分离法、离心分离法和滤过分离法(A对)。沉降分离法:系指固体物与液体介质密度相差悬殊,固体物靠自身重量自然下沉(B对),用虹吸法吸取上层澄清液,使固体与液体分离的一种方法。离心分离法:离心分离法与沉降分离法皆是利用混合液密度差进行分离的方法。不同之处在于离心分离的力为离心力,而沉降分离的力为重力。分离因数(仪)是物料所受离心力与重力之比值,其值越大,表明该离心机分离能力越强(C对)。"} {"Question":"含挥发油类中药宜采用的干燥方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"烘干法"},{"key":"B","value":"阴干法"},{"key":"C","value":"炒干法"},{"key":"D","value":"曝干法"},{"key":"E","value":"晒干法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是炮制对各类药物的影响。含挥发油类中药宜采用的干燥方法是阴干(B对)。含挥发油的药材应及时加工处理,干燥宜阴干,加水处理宜‘抢水洗’,以免挥发油损失,对加热处理尤须注意温度的控制。"} {"Question":"延胡索的产地加工是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"除去杂质晒干"},{"key":"B","value":"发汗后晒干"},{"key":"C","value":"煮后晒干"},{"key":"D","value":"置沸水中烫或煮至透心,刮去外皮晒干"},{"key":"E","value":"切片后晒干"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是延胡索的采收加工。延胡索的产地加工是煮后晒干(C对)。延胡索:【采收加工】夏初茎叶枯萎时采挖,除去须根,洗净,置沸水中煮至恰无白心时,取出,晒干。除去杂质晒干(A错)的药材为大青叶。大青叶:【采收加工】夏、秋两季分2~3次采收,除去杂质,晒干。第1次在6月中旬,采后及时施肥,第2次在7月下旬,9~10月份可采收第3次。北方地区一般在夏、秋(霜降前后)分2次采收。发汗后晒干(B错)的药材是玄参。玄参:【采收加工】冬季茎叶枯萎时采挖根。除去根茎、幼芽(供留种栽培用)、须根及泥沙,晒或烘至半干,堆放3~6天“发汗”,反复数次至干燥。刮去外皮晒干(D错)的药材有白芍。白芍:【采收加工】夏、秋二季采挖,洗净,除去头尾及细根,置沸水中煮后除去外皮或去皮后再煮,晒干。切片后晒干(E错)的药材为鸡血藤。鸡血藤:【采收加工】秋、冬二季采收,除去枝叶,切片,晒干。"} {"Question":"种子呈扁圆纽扣状,密生自中央向四周辐射状排列的绢状毛的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙苑子"},{"key":"B","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"C","value":"蛇床子"},{"key":"D","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"E","value":"马钱子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是马钱子药材的性状鉴别。种子呈扁圆纽扣状,密生自中央向四周辐射状排列的绢状毛的药材是马钱子(E对)。马钱子:【性状鉴别】药材呈纽扣状圆板形,常一面隆起,一面稍凹下。表面密被灰棕色或灰绿色绢状茸毛,自中间向四周呈辐射状排列,有丝样光泽。边缘稍隆起,较厚,有突起的珠孔,底面中心有突起的圆点状种脐。质坚硬,平行剖面可见淡黄白色胚乳,角质状,子叶心形。气微,味极苦。沙苑子(A错):【性状鉴别】药材略呈圆肾形而稍扁。表面绿褐色至灰褐色,光滑,边缘一侧微凹处具圆形种脐。质坚硬,不易破碎。除去种皮,有淡黄色子叶2片,胚根弯曲。气微,味淡,嚼之有豆腥味。酸枣仁(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆形或扁椭圆形。表面紫红色或紫褐色,平滑有光泽,有的有裂纹。有的两面均呈圆隆状突起;有的一面较平坦,中间有1条隆起的纵线纹,另一面微隆起,边缘略薄。一端凹陷,可见线形种脐,另一端有细小突起的合点。种皮较脆,胚乳白色,子叶2,浅黄色,富油性。气微,味淡。蛇床子(C错):【性状鉴别】药材为双悬果,呈椭圆形。表面灰黄色或灰褐色,顶端有2枚向外弯曲的柱基,基部偶有细梗。分果的背面有薄而突起的纵棱5条,接合面平坦,有2条棕色略突起的纵棱线。果皮松脆,揉搓易脱落,种子细小,灰棕色,显油性。气香,味辛凉,有麻舌感。牛蒡子(D错):【性状鉴别】呈长倒卵形,略扁,微弯曲。表面灰褐色,带紫黑色斑点,有数条纵棱,通常中间1~2条较明显。顶端钝圆,稍宽,顶面有圆环,中间具点状花柱残迹;基部略窄,着生面色较淡。果皮较硬,子叶2,淡黄白色,富油性。气微,味苦后微辛而稍麻舌。"} {"Question":"肉苁蓉饮片切面可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淡棕色或棕黄色点状维管束,排列成波状环纹"},{"key":"B","value":"棕色与白色组织相间,排列成大理石样花纹"},{"key":"C","value":"黄白色维管束小点,排列成环状"},{"key":"D","value":"棕色形成层环,近方形或近圆形"},{"key":"E","value":"黄白色维管束,排列成双卷状"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是肉苁蓉饮片的鉴别。肉苁蓉饮片切面可见淡棕色或棕黄色点状维管束,排列成波状环纹(A对)。肉苁蓉:【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则形的厚片。表面棕褐色或灰棕色,有的可见肉质鳞叶。切面有淡棕色或棕黄色点状维管束,排列成波状环纹。气微,味甜、微苦。棕色与白色组织相间,排列成大理石样花纹(B错)为槟榔饮片切面的鉴别特点。槟榔:【性状鉴别】饮片呈类圆形的薄片。切面可见棕色种皮与白色胚乳相间的大理石样花纹。气微,味微涩、微苦。黄白色维管束小点,排列成环状(C错)为绵马贯众饮片切面的鉴别特点。绵马贯众:【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则厚片或碎块,根茎外表面黄棕色至黑褐色,多被有叶柄残基,有的可见棕色鳞片,切面淡棕色至红棕色,有黄白色维管束小点,环状排列。气特异,味初淡而微涩,后渐苦、辛。棕色形成层环,近方形或近圆形(D错)为白芷饮片切面的鉴别特点。白芷:【性状鉴别】饮片为类圆形的厚片。外表皮灰棕色或黄棕色。切面白色或灰白色,显粉性,形成层环棕色,近方形或近圆形,皮部散有多数棕色油点。气芳香,味辛、微苦。黄白色维管束,排列成双卷状(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"细辛属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蓼科"},{"key":"B","value":"木兰科"},{"key":"C","value":"芸香科"},{"key":"D","value":"茄科"},{"key":"E","value":"马兜铃科"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是细辛的来源。细辛属于马兜铃科(E对)。细辛:【来源】为马兜铃科植物北细辛、汉城细辛或华细辛的干燥根和根茎。来源于蓼科(A错)的中药有大黄、虎杖、何首乌、蓼大青叶等。来源于木兰科(B错)的中药有厚朴、辛夷、五味子、南五味子等。来源于芸香科(C错)的中药有黄柏、关黄柏、白鲜皮、枳壳、吴茱萸等。来源于茄科(D错)的中药有地骨皮、洋金花、枸杞子、天仙子等。"} {"Question":"薄壁组织细胞间隙中有间隙腺毛的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"B","value":"广藿香"},{"key":"C","value":"槲寄生"},{"key":"D","value":"薄荷"},{"key":"E","value":"穿心莲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是广藿香的显微鉴别。薄壁组织细胞间隙中有间隙腺毛的药材是广藿香(B对)。广藿香【显微鉴别】叶片粉末:淡棕色。①非腺毛1~6细胞,平直或先端弯曲,长约至590㎛,壁具刺状突起,有的胞腔含黄棕色物质。②叶表皮细胞不规则形,气孔直轴式,副卫细胞清晰可见。③腺鳞头部扁球形,由8个细胞组成,直径37~70㎛,柄单细胞,极短。④小腺毛头部2细胞,柄1~3细胞,甚短。⑤草酸钙针晶细小,散在于叶肉细胞中,长约至27㎛。⑥间隙腺毛存在于栅栏组织或薄壁组织的细胞间隙中,头部单细胞,呈不规则囊状,直径13~50㎛,长约至113㎛,柄短,单细胞。麻黄(A错)【显微鉴别】粉末麻黄、蜜麻黄:气孔特异,内陷,保卫细胞侧面观呈哑铃状。纤维多而壁厚,附有小晶体(砂晶和方晶)。角质层极厚,呈脊状突起。槲寄生(C错)【显微鉴别】茎粉末:淡黄色。①表皮细胞类方形,可见气孔。②纤维成束,壁较厚,略成波状,微木化。③异形细胞形状不规则,壁较厚,微木化,胞腔大。④石细胞类方形、类多角形或形状不规则。薄荷(D错)【显微鉴别】叶横切面:①上表皮细胞呈方形,下表皮细胞细小扁平,均被角质层,有气孔;上下表皮凹陷处有腺鳞。②栅栏组织通常为1列细胞。③海绵组织为4~5列细胞。主脉上下表皮内方有厚角组织及薄壁组织。④主脉维管束外韧型,木质部导管常2~6个排列成行,韧皮部细胞细小。⑤表皮细胞、叶肉细胞、薄壁细胞及导管中有时含有橙皮苷结晶。穿心莲(E错)【显微鉴别】粉末上下表皮均有增大的晶细胞,内含大型螺状钟乳体,较大端有脐样点痕,层纹波状。下表皮气孔直轴式,副卫细胞大小悬殊,少数为不定式。另有腺鳞和非腺毛。"} {"Question":"粉末加硝酸立即产生气泡,并显棕红色或黄棕色的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"没药"},{"key":"B","value":"五倍子"},{"key":"C","value":"青黛"},{"key":"D","value":"儿茶"},{"key":"E","value":"血竭"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是青黛的理化鉴别。粉末加硝酸立即产生气泡,并显棕红色或黄棕色的药材是青黛(C对)。青黛【理化鉴别】①取本品少量,用微火灼烧,有紫红色烟雾产生。②取本品少量,滴加硝酸,产生气泡,并显棕红色或黄棕色。没药(A错)【理化鉴别】取本品与水共研形成黄棕色乳状液。粉末遇硝酸呈紫色。五倍子(B错)【理化鉴别】取粉末0.5g,加甲醇5mL,超声处理15分钟,滤过,滤液作为供试品溶液。另取五倍子对照药材0.5g,同法制备对照药材溶液。再取没食子酸对照品,加甲醇制成每1mL含1mg的溶液,作为对照品溶液。吸取上述三种溶液各2μL,分别点于同一硅胶GF₂₅₄薄层板上,以三氯甲烷-甲酸乙酯-甲酸(5∶5∶1)为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干。置紫外光灯(254nm)下观察。供试品色谱中,在与对照药材和对照品色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的斑点。儿茶(D错)【理化鉴别】取火柴杆浸于本品水浸液中,使轻微着色,待干燥后,再浸入盐酸中立即取出,置火焰附近烘烤,杆上即显深红色。血竭(E错)【理化鉴别】取本品粉末置白纸上,用火隔纸烘烤即熔化,应无扩散的油迹,对光照视呈鲜艳的血红色。以火燃烧则产生呛鼻烟气。"} {"Question":"表面白色、灰白色或淡黄色,纵断面具绢丝样光泽,主含含水硫酸钙的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"B","value":"自然铜"},{"key":"C","value":"炉甘石"},{"key":"D","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"E","value":"石膏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查石膏的性状鉴别。石膏(E对)【性状鉴别】药材为纤维状的集合体。呈长块状、板块状或不规则块状。白色、灰白色或淡黄色,有的半透明。体重,质软,纵断面具绢丝样光泽。气微,味淡。朱砂(A错)【性状鉴别】药材为粒状或块状集合体,呈颗粒状或块片状。鲜红色或暗红色,条痕红色至褐红色,具光泽。体重,质脆,片状者易破碎,粉末状者有闪烁的光泽。气微,味淡。自然铜(B错)【性状鉴别】药材晶型多为立方体,集合体呈致密块状。表面亮淡黄色,有金属光泽;有的黄棕色或棕褐色,无金属光泽。具条纹,条痕绿黑色或棕红色。体重,质坚硬或稍脆,易砸碎,断面黄白色,有金属光泽;或断面棕褐色,可见银白色亮星。炉甘石(C错)【性状鉴别】药材为块状集合体,呈不规则块状。灰白色或淡红色,表面粉性,无光泽,凹凸不平,多孔,似蜂窝状。体轻,易碎。气微,味微涩。雄黄(D错)【性状鉴别】药材为块状或粒状集合体,呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色,条痕淡橘红色,晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆,易碎,断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异臭气,味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体,质松脆,手捏即成粉,橙黄色,无光泽。"} {"Question":"药用部位为干燥茎髓,纵剖面薄膜呈梯状排列的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石斛"},{"key":"B","value":"灯心草"},{"key":"C","value":"通草"},{"key":"D","value":"木通"},{"key":"E","value":"肉苁蓉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是通草药材的来源与性状鉴别。药用部位为干燥茎髓,纵剖面薄膜呈梯状排列的药材是通草(C对)。通草:【来源】为五加科植物通脱木的干燥茎髓。【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形。表面白色或淡黄色,有浅纵沟纹。体轻,质松软,稍有弹性,易折断。断面平坦,显银白色光泽,中部有直径0.3~1.5cm的空心或半透明圆形的薄膜,纵剖面薄膜呈梯状排列,实心者少见。气微,味淡。石斛(A错):【来源】为兰科植物金钗石斛、霍山石斛、鼓槌石斛或流苏石斛的栽培品及其同属植物近似种的新鲜或干燥茎。【性状鉴别】药材鲜石斛:呈圆柱形或扁圆柱形。表面黄绿色,光滑或有纵纹,节明显,色较深,节上有膜质叶鞘。肉质多汁,易折断。气微,味微苦而回甜,嚼之有黏性。灯心草(B错):【来源】为灯心草科植物灯心草的干燥茎髓。木通(D错):【来源】为木通科植物木通、三叶木通或白木通的干燥藤茎。【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形,常稍扭曲。表面灰棕色至灰褐色,外皮粗糙而有许多不规则的裂纹或纵沟纹,具突起的皮孔。节部膨大或不明显,具侧枝断痕。体轻,质坚实,不易折断,断面不整齐,皮部较厚,黄棕色,可见淡黄色颗粒状小点,木部黄白色,射线呈放射状排列,髓小或有时中空,黄白色或黄棕色。气微,味微苦而涩。肉苁蓉(E错):【来源】为列当科植物肉苁蓉或管花肉苁蓉的干燥带鳞叶的肉质茎。【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆柱形,稍弯曲。表面棕褐色或灰棕色,密被覆瓦状排列的肉质鳞叶,通常鳞叶先端已断。体重,质硬,微有柔性,不易折断,断面棕褐色,有淡棕色点状维管束排列成波状环纹。气微,味甜、微苦。"} {"Question":"下列中药中呈槽状、外层黄棕色、内层灰白色的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"B","value":"地骨皮"},{"key":"C","value":"杜仲"},{"key":"D","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"E","value":"桑白皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是地骨皮药材的性状鉴别。下列中药中呈槽状、外层黄棕色、内层灰白色的药材是地骨皮(B对)。地骨皮:【性状鉴别】药材呈筒状或槽状,外表面灰黄色至棕黄色,粗糙,有不规则纵裂纹,易成鳞片状剥落。内表面黄白色至灰黄色,较平坦,有细纵纹。体轻,质脆,易折断,断面不平坦。外层黄棕色,内层灰白色。气微,味微甘而后苦。牡丹皮(A错):【性状鉴别】药材连丹皮(原丹皮)呈筒状或半筒状,有纵剖开的裂缝,略向内卷曲或张开。外表面灰褐色或黄褐色,有多数横长皮孔样突起及细根痕,栓皮脱落处粉红色;内表面淡灰黄色或浅棕色,有明显的细纵纹,常见发亮的结晶。质硬而脆,易折断,断面较平坦,淡粉红色,粉性。气芳香,味微苦而涩。杜仲(C错):【性状鉴别】药材呈板片状或两边稍向内卷,大小不一。外表面淡灰棕色或灰褐色,有明显的皱纹或纵裂槽纹,有的树皮较薄,未去粗皮,可见明显的斜方形皮孔,内表面暗紫色或紫褐色,光滑。质脆,易折断。断面有细密、银白色、富弹性的橡胶丝相连。气微,味稍苦。秦皮(D错):【性状鉴别】药材枝皮呈卷筒状或槽状。外表面灰白色、灰棕色至黑棕色或相间呈斑状,平坦或稍粗糙,并有灰白色圆点状皮孔及细斜皱纹,有的具分枝痕。内表面黄白色或棕色,平滑。质硬而脆,断面纤维性,黄白色。气微,味苦。桑白皮(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扭曲的卷筒状、槽状或板片状,长短宽窄不一。外表面白色或淡黄白色,较平坦,有的残留橙黄色或棕黄色鳞片状粗皮;内表面黄白色或淡黄色,有细纵纹。体轻,质韧,纤维性强,难折断,易纵向撕裂,撕裂时有粉尘飞扬。气微,味微甘。"} {"Question":"结构类型为异黄酮类的化合物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杨梅素"},{"key":"B","value":"杜鹃素"},{"key":"C","value":"汉黄芩素"},{"key":"D","value":"大豆素"},{"key":"E","value":"槲皮素"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查含黄酮类化合物的主要成分。黄芩中的主要成分及其化学结构从黄芩中分离出来的黄酮类化合物有黄芩苷(含4.0%~5.2%)、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素(C对)等。从满山红叶中已分离出杜鹃素(B错)、8-去甲基杜鹃素、山柰酚、槲皮素、杨梅素(A错)、金丝桃苷、异金丝桃苷以及莨菪亭、伞形酮、木毒素等。葛根含异黄酮类化合物,主要成分有大豆素(D错)、大豆苷等。槐米含有芦丁、槲皮素(E错)、皂苷、白桦脂醇、槐二醇、槐米甲素、槐米乙素、槐米丙素和黏液质等。"} {"Question":"猪苓的主产地之一是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"陕西"},{"key":"B","value":"山西"},{"key":"C","value":"安徽"},{"key":"D","value":"四川"},{"key":"E","value":"贵州"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是猪苓的产地。猪苓的主产地之一是陕西(A对)。猪苓:【产地】主产于陕西和云南省。已有人工栽培。主产于山西(B错)的药材有苦参、远志、党参、香加皮、蒲公英、连翘、硫黄等。主产于安徽(C错)的药材有南沙参、桑白皮、牡丹皮、菊花、木瓜、决明子、大蓟、茯苓等。主产于四川(D错)的药材为川药。川药:主产地四川、西藏等。如川贝母、川芎、黄连、川乌、附子、麦冬、丹参、干姜、白芷、天麻、川牛膝、川楝子、川楝皮、川续断、花椒、黄柏、厚朴、金钱草、五倍子、冬虫夏草、麝香等。主产于贵州(E错)的药材为贵药。贵药:主产地贵州。如天冬、天麻、黄精、杜仲、吴茱萸、五倍子、朱砂等。"} {"Question":"石榴树皮的形状多为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"板片状"},{"key":"B","value":"单卷状"},{"key":"C","value":"筒状"},{"key":"D","value":"双卷筒状"},{"key":"E","value":"反曲状"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有“翘鼻头”“方胜纹”“连珠斑”“佛指甲”性状特征的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金钱白花蛇"},{"key":"B","value":"蛤蚧"},{"key":"C","value":"蕲蛇"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"E","value":"鳖甲"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是蕲蛇药材的性状鉴别。具有“翘鼻头”“方胜纹”“连珠斑”“佛指甲”性状特征的药材是蕲蛇(C对)。蕲蛇:【性状鉴别】药材卷呈圆盘状。头在中间稍向上,呈三角形而扁平,吻端向上,习称“翘鼻头”。上腭有管状毒牙,中空尖锐。背部两侧各有黑褐色与浅棕色组成的“V”形斑纹17~25个,其“V”形的两上端在背中线上相接,习称“方胜纹”,有的左右不相接,呈交错排列。腹部撑开或不撑开,灰白色,鳞片较大,有黑色类圆形的斑点,习称“连珠斑”;腹内壁黄白色,脊椎骨棘突较高,呈刀片状上突,前后椎体下突基本同形,多为弯刀状,向后倾斜,尖端明显超过椎体后隆面。尾部骤细,末端有三角形深灰色的角质鳞片1枚。气腥,味微咸。金钱白花蛇(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆盘状。头盘在中间,尾细,常纳口中,口腔内上颌骨前端有毒沟牙1对,鼻间鳞2片,无颊鳞,上下唇鳞通常各为7片。背部黑色或灰黑色,有白色环纹45~58个,黑白相间,白环纹在背部宽1~2行鳞片,向腹面渐增宽,黑环纹宽3~5行鳞片,背正中明显突起一条脊棱,脊鳞扩大呈六角形,背鳞细密,通身15行,尾下鳞单行。气微腥,味微咸。蛤蚧(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扁片状。头略呈扁三角形,两眼多凹陷成窟窿,口内角质细齿,生于颚的边缘,无异型大齿。吻部半圆形,吻鳞不切鼻孔,与鼻鳞相连。腹背部呈椭圆形,腹薄。背部灰黑色或银灰色,有黄白色或灰绿色斑点或橙红色斑点散在或密集成不显著的斑纹,脊椎骨和两侧肋骨突起。四足均有5趾;趾间仅具蹼迹,足趾底面具吸盘。尾细而坚实,微现骨节,与背部颜色相同,有6~7个银灰色环带,有的再生尾较原生尾短,且银灰色环带不明显。全身密被圆形或多角形微有光泽的细鳞。气腥,味微咸。牛黄(D错):【性状鉴别】药材多呈卵形、类球形、三方形或四角形,大小不一,少数呈管状或碎片。表面黄红色至棕黄色,有的表面挂有一层黑色光亮的薄膜,习称“乌金衣”,有的粗糙,具疣状突起,有的具龟裂纹。体轻,质酥脆,易分层剥落,断面金黄色,可见细密的同心层纹,有的夹有白心。气清香,味先苦而后甘,有清凉感,嚼之易碎,不粘牙。鳖甲(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈椭圆形或卵圆形,背面隆起。外表面黑褐色或墨绿色,略有光泽,具细网状皱纹和灰黄色或灰白色斑点,中间有一条纵棱,两侧各有左右对称的横凹纹8条,外皮脱落后,可见锯齿状嵌接缝。内表面类白色,中部有突起的脊椎骨,颈骨向内卷曲,两侧有对称的肋骨各8条,伸出边缘。质坚硬。气微腥,味淡。"} {"Question":"来源于双子叶植物根的药材,横切面特征有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自中心向外的放射状结构"},{"key":"B","value":"形成层环多明显"},{"key":"C","value":"皮部占横切面的绝大部分"},{"key":"D","value":"中心常无髓"},{"key":"E","value":"最外层常为表皮"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查的是根类中药的性状鉴定。来源于双子叶植物根的药材,横切面特征有自中心向外的放射状结构(A对)、形成层环多明显(B对)与中心常无髓(D对)。观察根的横断面或横切面特征,首先应注意区分双子叶植物的根和单子叶植物的根:一般双子叶植物的根有自中心向外的放射状结构,木部尤为明显;形成层环大多明显,环内的木部较环外的皮部大(C错);中心常无髓;外表常有栓皮(E错)。单子叶植物的根横断面自中心向外无放射状结构;内皮层环较明显;中央有髓;外表无木栓层,有的具较薄的栓化组织。其次,应注意根的断面组织中有无分泌组织散布,如伞形科植物当归、白芷均有黄棕色油点。还应注意少数双子叶植物根的异常构造,如何首乌皮部异形维管束形成的“云锦状花纹”,商陆的异形维管束形成数个突起的同心环,习称“罗盘纹”等。"} {"Question":"以水湿润,手搓成团,揉即散,不粘手、染手、顶指或结块,有特异香气的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蟾酥"},{"key":"B","value":"麝香"},{"key":"C","value":"熊胆粉"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"E","value":"马宝"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是动物类中药的性状鉴别要点。以水湿润,手搓成团,揉即散,不粘手、染手、顶指或结块,有特异香气的药材是麝香(B对)。一些传统经验鉴别方法仍是鉴别动物类中药有效而重要的手段:手试法,如毛壳麝香手捏有弹性;麝香仁以水润湿,手搓能成团,轻揉即散,不应粘手、染手、顶指或结块。水试法,熊胆仁(C错)投于水杯中,即在水面旋转并呈现黄线下降而不扩散;牛黄(D错)水液可使指甲染黄,习称“挂甲”;火试法,如麝香仁撒于炽热坩埚中灼烧,初则迸裂,随即熔化膨胀起泡,浓香四溢,灰化后呈白色灰烬,无毛、肉焦臭,无火焰或火星;马宝(E错)粉末置于锡箔纸上加热,其粉末聚集,并发出马尿臭等。蟾酥:【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆形团块状或片状。棕褐色或红棕色。团块状者质坚,不易折断,断面棕褐色,角质状,微有光泽;片状者质脆,易碎,断面红棕色,半透明。气微腥,味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感,粉末嗅之作嚏。"} {"Question":"切面白色或灰白色,具粉性,皮肤散有多数棕色油点;气芳香,味辛,微苦的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"赤芍"},{"key":"B","value":"山豆根"},{"key":"C","value":"白芷"},{"key":"D","value":"板蓝根"},{"key":"E","value":"细辛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是白芷饮片的性状鉴别。切面白色或灰白色,具粉性,皮肤散有多数棕色油点;气芳香,味辛,微苦的饮片是白芷(C对)。白芷:【性状鉴别】饮片为类圆形的厚片。外表皮灰棕色或黄棕色。切面白色或灰白色,显粉性,形成层环棕色,近方形或近圆形,皮部散有多数棕色油点。气芳香,味辛、微苦。赤芍(A错):【性状鉴别】饮片为类圆形切片。外表皮棕褐色。切面粉白色或粉红色,皮部窄,木部放射状纹理明显,有的具裂隙。山豆根(B错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则的类圆形或斜切厚片,外表皮灰棕色至棕褐色,切面皮部浅棕色,木部淡黄色。有豆腥气,味极苦。板蓝根(D错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈圆形厚片。外表皮淡灰黄色至淡棕黄色,有纵皱纹。切面皮部黄白色,木部黄色。气微,味微甜后苦涩。细辛(E错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则的段。根茎呈不规则圆柱形,外表皮灰棕色,有时可见环形的节。根细,外表面灰黄色,平滑或具纵皱纹,可见须根及须根痕。切面黄白色或白色。质脆。气辛香,味辛辣、麻舌。"} {"Question":"具有“怀中抱月”性状特征的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大贝"},{"key":"B","value":"珠贝"},{"key":"C","value":"青贝"},{"key":"D","value":"松贝"},{"key":"E","value":"炉贝"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查川贝母的性状鉴别。具有“怀中抱月”性状特征的药材是松贝(D对)。松贝【性状鉴别】呈类圆锥形或近球形,高0.3~0.8cm,直径0.3~0.9cm。表面类白色。外层鳞叶2瓣,大小悬殊,大瓣紧抱小瓣,未抱部分呈新月形,习称“怀中抱月”;顶部闭合,内有类圆柱形、顶端稍尖的心芽和小鳞叶1~2枚;先端钝圆或稍尖,底部平,微凹入,中心有1灰褐色的鳞茎盘,偶有残存的须根。质硬而脆,断面白色,富粉性。气微,味微苦。以色白,外形呈“怀中抱月”,质硬而脆,断面白色,富粉性,气微,味微苦者为佳。大贝(A错)【性状鉴别】为鳞茎外层的单瓣鳞叶,略呈新月形,高1~2cm,直径2~3.5cm。外表面类白色至淡黄色,内表面白色或淡棕色,被有白色粉末。质硬而脆,易折断,断面白色至黄白色,富粉性。气微,味微苦。珠贝(B错)【性状鉴别】为完整的鳞茎,呈扁圆形,高1~1.5cm,直径1~2.5cm。表面黄棕色至黄褐色,有不规则的皱纹;或表面类白色至淡黄色,较光滑或被有白色粉末。质硬,不易折断,断面淡黄色或类白色,略带角质状或粉性;外层鳞叶2瓣,肥厚,略呈肾形,互相抱合,内有小鳞叶2~3枚及干缩的残茎。以色白,质脆,易折断,断面粉白色,富粉性为佳。青贝(C错)【性状鉴别】呈类扁球形,高0.4~1.4cm,直径0.4~1.6cm。外层鳞叶2瓣,大小相近,相对抱合,顶端开裂,内有心芽和小鳞叶2~3枚及细圆柱形的残茎。炉贝(E错)【性状鉴别】呈长圆锥形,高0.7~2.5cm,直径0.5~2.5cm。表面类白色或浅棕黄色,有的具棕色斑点。外层鳞叶2瓣,大小相近,相对抱合,顶端开裂而略尖,基部稍尖或较钝。"} {"Question":"朱砂的主成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"Na₂SO₄·10H₂O"},{"key":"B","value":"CaSO₄·2H₂O"},{"key":"C","value":"ZnCO₃"},{"key":"D","value":"HgS"},{"key":"E","value":"FeS₃"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是朱砂的来源。朱砂的主成分是HgS(D对)。朱砂:【来源】为硫化物类矿物辰砂族辰砂。主含硫化汞(HgS)。含Na₂SO₄·10H₂O(A错)的中药为芒硝。芒硝:【来源】为硫酸盐类矿物芒硝族芒硝,经加工精制而成的结晶体。主含含水硫酸钠(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)。含CaSO₄·2H₂O(B错)的中药为石膏。石膏:【来源】为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。主含含水硫酸钙(CaSO₄·2H₂O)。含ZnCO₃(C错)的中药为炉甘石。炉甘石:【来源】为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族菱锌矿。主含碳酸锌(ZnCO₃)。含FeS₃(E错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"纵断面具纤维纹理,显绢丝样光泽的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石膏"},{"key":"B","value":"自然铜"},{"key":"C","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"D","value":"赭石"},{"key":"E","value":"炉甘石"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是石膏的性状鉴别。纵断面具纤维纹理,显绢丝样光泽的药材是石膏(A对)。石膏【性状鉴别】为纤维状的集合体,呈长块状或不规则块状,大小不一。类白色、灰白色或淡黄色,有的半透明;常有夹层,内藏有青灰色或灰黄色片状杂质。体重,质软,易纵向断裂;纵断面具纤维状纹理,并显绢丝样光泽。自然铜(B错)【性状鉴别】多呈方块形,直径0.2~2.5cm。表面亮淡黄色,有金属光泽,有的表面显黄棕色或棕褐色(系氧化物,即氧化铁所致),无金属光泽,具棕黑色或墨绿色细条纹及砂眼。立方体相邻晶面上条纹相互垂直,是其重要特征。条痕绿黑色或棕红色。体重,质坚硬或稍脆,易砸碎,断面黄白色,有金属光泽;或断面棕褐色,可见银白色亮星。朱砂(C错)【性状鉴别】为粒状或块状集合体,呈大小不一的块片状、颗粒状或粉末状。鲜红色或暗红色,有光泽。体重,质脆,条痕红色至褐红色。赭石(D错)【性状鉴别】多呈不规则扁平块状,大小不一。全体暗棕红色或灰黑色,条痕樱红色或红棕色,有的具金属光泽。一面有圆形突起,习称“钉头”,另一面与突起的相对应处有同样大小的凹窝。体重,质硬,砸碎后断面显层叠状,且每层均依“钉头”而呈波浪状弯曲,用手抚摸,则有红棕色粉末黏手,在石头上摩擦呈樱桃红色。炉甘石(E错)【性状鉴别】为块状集合体,呈不规则块状,表面灰白色,淡红色,凹凸不平,多孔,似蜂窝状,显粉状,无光泽。体轻,质松,易碎。断面灰白色或淡棕色,颗粒状,并有细小孔。有吸湿性。"} {"Question":"断面沾水即呈乳白色隆起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龟甲"},{"key":"B","value":"地龙"},{"key":"C","value":"水蛭"},{"key":"D","value":"僵蚕"},{"key":"E","value":"蟾酥"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是蟾酥的性状鉴别。断面沾水即呈乳白色隆起蟾酥(E对)。蟾酥【性状鉴别】药材断面沾水,即呈乳白色隆起;粉末少许,于锡箔纸上加热即熔成油状。龟甲(A错)【性状鉴别】药材背甲及腹甲由甲桥相连,背甲稍长于腹甲,与腹甲常分离。外表面淡黄棕色至棕黑色,盾片12块,每块常具紫褐色放射状纹理,腹盾、胸盾和股盾中缝均长,喉盾、肛盾次之,肱盾中缝最短;内表面黄白色至灰白色,有的略带血迹或残肉,除净后可见骨板9块,呈锯齿状嵌接;前端钝圆或平截,后端具三角形缺刻,两侧残存呈翼状向斜上方弯曲的甲桥。质坚硬。气微腥,味微咸。以略带血迹、身干、个大、无残肉、洁净者为佳。地龙(B错)【性状鉴别】药材广地龙:呈长条状薄片,弯曲,边缘略卷,长15~20cm,宽1~2cm。体前端稍尖,尾端钝圆,刚毛圈粗糙而硬,色稍浅。雄生殖孔在第18环节腹侧刚毛圈一小孔突上,外缘有数个环绕的浅皮褶,内侧刚毛圈隆起,前面两边有横排(一排或二排)小乳突,每边10~20个不等。体轻,略呈革质,不易折断。气腥,味微咸。水蛭(C错)【性状鉴别】药材蚂蟥:为扁平纺锤形,有多数环节,体长4~10cm,宽0.5~2cm。背部黑褐色或黑棕色,稍隆起,用水浸后,可见黑色斑点排成5条纵纹;腹面平坦,棕黄色;两侧棕黄色。前端略尖,后端钝圆。两端各具一吸盘,前吸盘不显著,后吸盘较大。质脆,易折断,断面胶质状。气微腥。僵蚕(D错)【性状鉴别】药材略呈圆柱形,多弯曲皱缩。长2~5cm,直径0.5~0.7cm。表面灰黄色,被有白色粉霜状的气生菌丝和分生孢子。头部较圆,足8对,体节明显,尾部略呈二分歧状。质硬而脆,易折断,断面平坦,外层白色,中间有亮棕色或亮黑色的丝腺环4个。气微腥,味微咸。以条粗、质硬、色白、断面光亮者为佳。"} {"Question":"外表面灰黑色至黑色,凹凸不平;切面类白色或黄白色,略呈颗粒状的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小叶海棠"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓皮"},{"key":"C","value":"茯苓片"},{"key":"D","value":"灵芝片"},{"key":"E","value":"猪苓片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是猪苓饮片的性状鉴别。外表面灰黑色至黑色,凹凸不平;切面类白色或黄白色,略呈颗粒状的饮片是猪苓片(E对)。猪苓:【性状鉴别】饮片为类圆形或不规则形的厚片。外表皮黑色、灰黑色或棕黑色,皱缩。切面类白色或黄白色,略呈颗粒状。气微,味淡。茯苓皮(B错):【性状鉴别】呈长条形或不规则块片,大小不一。外表面棕褐色至黑褐色,有疣状突起;内面淡棕色并常伴有白色或淡红色的皮下部分。质较松软,略具弹性。气微,味淡,嚼之粘牙。茯苓片(C错):【性状鉴别】为去皮后切制的茯苓,呈不规则厚片,厚薄不一。白色、淡红色或淡棕色。小叶海棠(A错)与灵芝片(D错)的性状鉴别,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"切面有银白色光泽,髓部中空或有半透明的薄膜,体轻,质松软,有弹性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沉香饮片"},{"key":"B","value":"大血藤饮片"},{"key":"C","value":"降香饮片"},{"key":"D","value":"苏木饮片"},{"key":"E","value":"通草饮片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是通草饮片的性状鉴别。切面有银白色光泽,髓部中空或有半透明的薄膜,体轻,质松软,有弹性的是通草饮片(E对)。通草:【性状鉴别】饮片呈圆形的厚片或小段,表面有银白色光泽。髓部中空或有半透明的薄膜,体轻,质松软,有弹性。气微,味淡。沉香(A错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则片状、长条形或类方形小碎块状。表面凹凸不平,有的有刀削痕,偶有孔洞,可见黑褐色树脂与黄白色木部相间的斑纹。质较坚实,刀削面平整,折断面刺状。气芳香,味苦。大血藤(B错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈类椭圆形的厚片。外表皮灰棕色、粗糙。切面皮部红棕色,有数处向内嵌入木部,木部黄白色,有多数导管孔,射线呈放射状排列。气微,味微涩。降香(C错):【性状鉴别】饮片为不规则的薄片、小碎块或细粉。表面紫红色或红褐色,切面有致密的纹理。质硬,有油性。气微香,味微苦。苏木(D错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈细条状、不规则片状,或为粗粉。片、条表面黄红色至棕红色,常见纵向纹理。质坚硬。有的可见暗棕色、质松、带亮星的髓部。气微,味微涩。"} {"Question":"大青叶原植物所属的科是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小檗科"},{"key":"B","value":"蓼科"},{"key":"C","value":"十字花科"},{"key":"D","value":"蔷薇科"},{"key":"E","value":"水龙骨科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是大青叶的来源。大青叶原植物所属的科是十字花科(C对)。大青叶:【来源】为十字花科植物菘蓝的干燥叶。来源于小檗科(A错)的中药有淫羊藿等。来源于蓼科(B错)的中药有大黄、何首乌、虎杖、蓼大青叶等。来源于蔷薇科(D错)的中药有地榆、枇杷叶、木瓜、山楂、苦杏仁、桃仁、乌梅、金樱子等。来源于水龙骨科(E错)的中药有骨碎补等。"} {"Question":"蜂蜜久贮或遇冷析出的白色颗粒状结晶,其成分是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蔗糖"},{"key":"B","value":"果糖"},{"key":"C","value":"菊糖"},{"key":"D","value":"鼠李糖"},{"key":"E","value":"葡萄糖"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是蜂蜜的成分。蜂蜜久贮或遇冷析出的白色颗粒状结晶,其成分是葡萄糖(E对)。蜂蜜【成分】主含葡萄糖及果糖约70%,两者含量相近,“油性大”、质量好的蜂蜜果糖含量较高。蜂蜜【性状鉴别】药材为半透明、带光泽、浓稠的液体,白色至淡黄色或橘黄色至黄褐色,放久或遇冷渐有白色颗粒状结晶析出。"} {"Question":"下列中药中药用部位干燥柱头的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红花"},{"key":"B","value":"西红花"},{"key":"C","value":"槐花"},{"key":"D","value":"蒲黄"},{"key":"E","value":"款冬花"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是花类中药的药用部位。下列中药中药用部位干燥柱头的药材是西红花(B对)。药用部位为完整的花、花序或花的某一部分,这类中药称花类中药。完整的花有的是已开放的,如洋金花、红花(A错);有的是尚未开放的花蕾,如丁香、金银花。药用花序亦有的是采收未开放的,如款冬花(E错);有的要采收已开放的,如菊花、旋覆花。而夏枯草实际上采收的是带花的果穗。药用仅为花的某一部分,如西红花系柱头,莲须系雄蕊,玉米须系花柱,松花粉、蒲黄(D错)等则为花粉粒等。槐花(C错)为豆科植物槐的干燥花及花蕾。"} {"Question":"断面可见大理石样花纹的饮片有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄"},{"key":"B","value":"鸡血藤"},{"key":"C","value":"肉豆蔻"},{"key":"D","value":"大血藤"},{"key":"E","value":"槟榔"}],"Answer":"CE","Explanation":"本题考查的是肉豆蔻、槟榔的性状鉴别。断面可见大理石样花纹的饮片有肉豆蔻(C对)、槟榔(E对)。肉豆蔻:【性状鉴别】药材呈卵圆形或椭圆形。表面灰棕色或灰黄色,有时外被由粉(石灰粉末)。全体有浅色纵行沟纹和不规则网状沟纹。种脐位于宽端,呈浅色圆形突起,合点呈暗凹陷。种脊呈纵沟状,连接两端。质坚,断面显棕黄色相杂的大理石样花纹,宽端可见干燥皱缩的胚,富油性。气香浓烈,味辛。槟榔:【性状鉴别】药材呈扁球形或圆锥形。表面淡黄棕色或淡红棕色,具稍凹下的网状沟纹,底部中心有圆形凹陷的珠孔,其旁有一明显疤痕状种脐。质坚硬,不易破碎,断面可见棕色种皮与白色胚乳相间的大理石样花纹。气微,味涩、微苦。大黄(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈类圆柱形、圆锥形、卵圆形或不规则块片状。除尽外皮者表面黄棕色至红棕色,有的可见类白色网状纹理及“星点”(异型维管束)散在,残留的外皮棕褐色,多具绳孔及粗皱纹。质坚实,有的中心稍松软,断面淡红棕色或黄棕色,显颗粒性;根茎髓部宽广,有“星点”环列或散在;根木部发达,具放射状纹理,形成层环明显,无“星点”。气清香,味苦而微涩,嚼之粘牙,有沙粒感。鸡血藤(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈椭圆形、长矩圆形或不规则的斜切片。栓皮灰棕色,有的可见灰白色斑块,栓皮脱落处显红棕色。质坚硬。切面木部红棕色或棕色,导管孔多数;韧皮部有树脂状分泌物呈红棕色至黑棕色,与木部相间排列呈数个同心性椭圆形环或偏心性半圆形环;髓部偏向一侧。气微,味涩。大血藤(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形,略弯曲。表面灰棕色,粗糙,外皮常呈鳞片状剥落,剥落处显暗红棕色,有的可见膨大的节及略凹陷的枝痕或叶痕。质硬,断面皮部红棕色,有数处向内嵌入木部,木部黄白色,有多数细孔状导管,射线呈放射状排列。气微,味微涩。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》2010年版一部收藏的石斛品种有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鼓槌石斛"},{"key":"B","value":"细叶石仙桃"},{"key":"C","value":"流苏金石斛"},{"key":"D","value":"流苏石斛"},{"key":"E","value":"金钗石斛"}],"Answer":"ADE","Explanation":"本题考查的是石斛的来源。《中国药典》2010年版一部收藏的石斛品种有鼓槌石斛(A对)、流苏石斛(D对)、金钗石斛(E对)。石斛:【来源】为兰科植物金钗石斛、霍山石斛、鼓槌石斛或流苏石斛的栽培品及其同属植物近似种的新鲜或干燥茎。"} {"Question":"饮片切面棕黄色至金黄色,角质样,有蜡样光泽,有明显内皮层环纹及散在的点状维管束;气特异,味苦而辛的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"百部"},{"key":"B","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"C","value":"知母"},{"key":"D","value":"莪术"},{"key":"E","value":"姜黄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是姜黄饮片的性状鉴别。饮片切面棕黄色至金黄色,角质样,有蜡样光泽,有明显内皮层环纹及散在的点状维管束;气特异,味苦而辛的是姜黄(E对)。姜黄:【性状鉴别】饮片呈类圆形或不规则形厚片。外表皮深黄色,有时可见环节,切面棕黄色或金黄色,角质样,内皮层环纹明显,维管束点状散在。气香特异,味苦、辛。百部(A错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则厚片或不规则的条形斜片。表面灰白色、棕黄色,有深纵皱纹。切面灰白色、淡黄棕色或黄白色,角质样;皮部较厚,中柱扁缩。质韧软。气微,味甘、苦。石菖蒲(B错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈扁圆形或长条形厚片。外表皮棕褐色或灰棕色,有的可见环节及根痕,切面纤维性,类白色或微红色,有明显环纹及油点。气芳香,味苦、微辛。知母(C错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则类圆形的厚片。外表皮黄棕色或棕色,可见少量残存的黄棕色叶基纤维或凹陷或突起的点状根痕。切面黄白色至黄色。气微,味微甜、略苦,嚼之带黏性。莪术(D错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈类圆形或椭圆形厚片。外表皮灰黄色或灰棕色,有时可见环节或须根痕,切面黄绿色、黄棕色或棕褐色,内皮层环纹明显,散在“筋脉”小点。气微香,味微苦而辛。"} {"Question":"鸡血藤的原植物属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"木犀科"},{"key":"B","value":"茜草科"},{"key":"C","value":"豆科"},{"key":"D","value":"五加科"},{"key":"E","value":"瑞香科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是鸡血藤的来源。鸡血藤的原植物属于鸡血藤(C对)。鸡血藤:【来源】为豆科植物密花豆的干燥藤茎。来源于木犀科(A错)的中药有秦皮、连翘、女贞子等。来源于茜草科(B错)的中药有巴戟天、茜草、钩藤、栀子、白花蛇舌草等。来源于五加科(D错)中药有人参、红参、三七、通草等。来源于瑞香科(E错)的中药有沉香等。"} {"Question":"穿心莲粉末显微特征中可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"草酸钙针晶"},{"key":"B","value":"草酸钙砂晶"},{"key":"C","value":"橙皮苷结晶"},{"key":"D","value":"碳酸钙钟乳体"},{"key":"E","value":"草酸钙簇晶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是穿心莲的显微鉴别。穿心莲粉末显微特征中可见碳酸钙钟乳体(D对)。穿心莲【显微鉴别】叶粉末:鲜绿色。上下表皮均有增大的晶细胞,内含大型螺状钟乳体,直径约至32㎛,长约至180㎛,较大端有脐样点痕,层纹波状。下表皮气孔直轴式,副卫细胞大小悬殊,少数为不定式。腺鳞头部扁球形,4、6或8细胞,直径27~33㎛,柄仅3㎛。广藿香【显微鉴别】叶片粉末:淡棕色。非腺毛1~6细胞,平直或先端弯曲,长约至590㎛,壁具刺状突起,有的胞腔含黄棕色物质。叶表皮细胞不规则形,气孔直轴式,副卫细胞清晰可见。腺鳞头部扁球形,由8个细胞组成,直径37~70㎛,柄单细胞,极短。小腺毛头部2细胞,柄1~3细胞,甚短。草酸钙针晶(A错)细小,散在于叶肉细胞中,长约至27㎛。牛膝【显微鉴别】粉末:土黄色。木纤维较长,壁微木化,胞腔大,具斜形单纹孔。导管网纹、单纹孔或具缘纹孔。薄壁细胞含草酸钙砂晶(B错)。薄荷【显微鉴别】叶横切面:上表皮细胞呈方形,下表皮细胞细小扁平,均被角质层,有气孔;上下表皮凹陷处有腺鳞。栅栏组织通常为1列细胞。海绵组织为4~5列细胞。主脉上下表皮内方有厚角组织及薄壁组织。表皮细胞、叶肉细胞、薄壁细胞及导管中有时含有橙皮苷结晶(C错)。槲寄生【显微鉴别】茎粉末:淡黄色。表皮细胞类方形,可见气孔。纤维成束,直径10~34㎛,壁较厚,略成波状,微木化。异形细胞形状不规则,壁较厚,微木化,胞腔大。草酸钙簇晶(E错)直径17~45㎛。"} {"Question":"外皮层细胞表面观呈类纺锤形,每一细胞由横壁分隔成数个扁方形小细胞的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"徐长卿"},{"key":"B","value":"白术"},{"key":"C","value":"龙胆"},{"key":"D","value":"天麻"},{"key":"E","value":"地黄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是龙胆的显微鉴别。外皮层细胞表面观呈类纺锤形,每一细胞由横壁分隔成数个扁方形小细胞的药材是龙胆(C对)。龙胆【显微鉴别】粉末:淡黄棕色。①外皮层细胞表面观类纺锤形,每一细胞由横隔壁分隔成2~20个扁方形子细胞,有的子细胞又被纵隔壁分隔成2个小细胞。②内皮层细胞表面观类长方形,甚大,平周壁显纤细的横向纹理,每个细胞被纵隔壁分隔成2~18个栅状子细胞,子细胞又常被横隔壁分隔成2~5个小细胞。③薄壁细胞含草酸钙小针晶,有的呈细梭状或颗粒状。④石细胞稀少(根茎),类圆形或类长方形。⑤导管多为网纹及梯纹,直径约至45㎛。徐长卿(A错)【显微鉴别】茎横切面:表皮外被角质层。皮层最外1列外皮层细胞壁切向增厚。中柱鞘纤维断续成环。维管束双韧型。髓部有大空腔。白术(B错)【显微鉴别】粉末白术、麸炒白术:草酸钙针晶细小,长10~32㎛,不规则地充塞于薄壁细胞中。纤维长梭形,大多成束,壁甚厚,木化,孔沟明显。石细胞淡黄色,类圆形、多角形、长方形或少数纺锤形。薄壁细胞含菊糖,表面显放射状纹理。天麻(D错)【显微鉴别】粉末:黄白色至黄棕色。①厚壁细胞椭圆形或类多角形,直径70~180㎛,壁厚3~8㎛,木化,纹孔明显。②草酸钙针晶成束或散在,长25~75㎛。③薄壁细胞近无色,细胞壁薄,纹孔较明显。④用醋酸甘油装片含糊化多糖类物的薄壁细胞无色,有的细胞可见长卵形、长椭圆形或类圆形颗粒状物质,遇碘液显棕色或淡棕紫色。⑤导管螺纹、网纹及环纹,直径8~30㎛。地黄(E错)【显微鉴别】粉末生地黄、熟地黄:薄壁组织灰棕色至黑棕色,细胞多皱缩,内含棕色核状物。分泌细胞形状与一般薄壁细胞相似,内含橙黄色或橙红色油滴状物。具缘纹孔导管和网纹导管,直径约至92㎛。"} {"Question":"软紫草的主产地是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"四川"},{"key":"B","value":"浙江"},{"key":"C","value":"安徽"},{"key":"D","value":"新疆"},{"key":"E","value":"河北"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是紫草的来源与产地。软紫草的主产地是新疆(D对)。紫草:【来源】为紫草科植物新疆紫草或内蒙紫草的干燥根。药材分别习称“软紫草”“内蒙紫草”。【产地】新疆紫草主产于新疆;内蒙紫草主产于内蒙古、甘肃等省区。主产四川(A错)的药材为川药。川药:主产地四川、西藏等。如川贝母、川芎、黄连、川乌、附子、麦冬、丹参、干姜、白芷、天麻、川牛膝、川楝子、川楝皮、川续断、花椒、黄柏、厚朴、金钱草、五倍子、冬虫夏草、麝香等。主产浙江(B错)的药材为浙药。浙药:主产地浙江。如传统的“浙八味”——浙贝母、白术、延胡索、温郁金、玄参、杭白芍、杭菊花、杭麦冬;以及山茱萸、莪术、杭白芷、栀子、乌梅、乌梢蛇等。主产安徽(C错)的药材有:南沙参、百部、菊花、木瓜、决明子、大蓟等。主产河北(E错)的药材有:板蓝根、北柴胡、黄芩、黄精、槲寄生、大青叶、蓼大青叶、酸枣仁等。"} {"Question":"药材呈扁圆柱形,肉质,稍弯曲的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益母草"},{"key":"B","value":"淫羊藿"},{"key":"C","value":"茵陈蒿"},{"key":"D","value":"肉苁蓉"},{"key":"E","value":"广金钱草"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"水浸后种皮呈龟裂状,并有黏液的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"女贞子"},{"key":"B","value":"桃仁"},{"key":"C","value":"天仙子"},{"key":"D","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"E","value":"牵牛子"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是牵牛子药材的性状鉴别。水浸后种皮呈龟裂状,并有黏液的药材是牵牛子(E对)。牵牛子:【性状鉴别】药材似橘瓣状。表面灰黑色或淡黄白色,背面有1条浅纵沟,腹面棱线的下端有一点状种脐,微凹。质硬,横切面可见淡黄色或黄绿色皱缩折叠的子叶,微显油性。气微,味辛、苦,有麻感。加水浸泡后种皮呈龟裂状,手捻有明显的黏滑感。女贞子(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈卵形、椭圆形或肾形。表面黑紫色或灰黑色,皱缩不平。基部有果梗痕或具宿萼及短梗。体轻。外果皮薄,中果皮较松软,易剥离,内果皮木质,黄棕色,具纵棱,破开后种子通常为1粒,肾形,紫黑色,油性。气微,味甘、微苦涩。桃仁(B错):【性状鉴别】药材桃仁呈扁长卵形。表面黄棕色至红棕色,密布颗粒状突起。一端尖,中部膨大,另端钝圆稍偏斜,边缘较薄。尖端一侧有短线形种脐,圆端有颜色略深不甚明显的合点,自合点处散出多数纵向维管束。种皮薄,子叶2,类白色,富油性。气微,味微苦。酸枣仁(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆形或扁椭圆形。表面紫红色或紫褐色,平滑有光泽,有的有裂纹。有的两面均呈圆隆状突起;有的一面较平坦,中间有1条隆起的纵线纹,另一面微隆起,边缘略薄。一端凹陷,可见线形种脐,另一端有细小突起的合点。种皮较脆,胚乳白色,子叶2,浅黄色,富油性。气微,味淡。天仙子(C错)药材的性状鉴别,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"杜仲的性状鉴别特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"内表面红棕色,划之显油痕,断面中间有1条黄棕色线纹,气香浓烈,味甜辣"},{"key":"B","value":"内表面淡灰黄色或浅棕色,常见发亮的结晶,断面较平坦,气芳香,味微苦而涩"},{"key":"C","value":"内表面暗紫色或紫褐色,断面有细密、银白色富弹性的橡胶丝相连,气微味稍苦"},{"key":"D","value":"内表面黄色或黄棕色,断面纤维性,有的呈裂片状分层,气微、味极苦,嚼之有黏性"},{"key":"E","value":"内表面紫棕色或深紫褐色划之显油痕,断面有的可见多数小亮星,气香,味辛辣、微苦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是杜仲药材的性状鉴别。杜仲的性状鉴别特征是内表面暗紫色或紫褐色,断面有细密、银白色富弹性的橡胶丝相连,气微味稍苦(C对)。杜仲:【性状鉴别】药材呈板片状或两边稍向内卷,大小不一。外表面淡灰棕色或灰褐色,有明显的皱纹或纵裂槽纹,有的树皮较薄,未去粗皮,可见明显的斜方形皮孔,内表面暗紫色或紫褐色,光滑。质脆,易折断。断面有细密、银白色、富弹性的橡胶丝相连。气微,味稍苦。内表面红棕色,划之显油痕,断面中间有1条黄棕色线纹,气香浓烈,味甜辣(A错)为肉桂药材的鉴别特征。肉桂:【性状鉴别】药材饮片呈槽状或卷筒状。外表面灰棕色,稍粗糙,有不规则的细皱纹及横向突起的皮孔,有的可见灰白色的斑纹;内表面红棕色,较平坦,有细纵纹,划之显油痕。质硬而脆,易折断,断面不平坦,外层棕色而较粗糙,内层红棕色而油润,两层中间有1条黄棕色的线纹。气香浓烈,味甜、辣。内表面淡灰黄色或浅棕色,常见发亮的结晶,断面较平坦,气芳香,味微苦而涩(B错)为牡丹皮药材的鉴别特征。牡丹皮:【性状鉴别】药材连丹皮(原丹皮)呈筒状或半筒状,有纵剖开的裂缝,略向内卷曲或张开。外表面灰褐色或黄褐色,有多数横长皮孔样突起及细根痕,栓皮脱落处粉红色;内表面淡灰黄色或浅棕色,有明显的细纵纹,常见发亮的结晶。质硬而脆,易折断,断面较平坦,淡粉红色,粉性。气芳香,味微苦而涩。内表面黄色或黄棕色,断面纤维性,有的呈裂片状分层,气微、味极苦,嚼之有黏性(D错)为黄柏药材的鉴别特征。黄柏:【性状鉴别】药材呈板片状或浅槽状,长宽不一。外表面黄棕色或黄褐色,平坦或具纵沟纹,有的可见皮孔痕及残存的灰褐色粗皮;内表面暗黄色或淡棕色,具细密的纵棱纹。体轻,质较硬,断面纤维性,呈裂片状分层,深黄色。气微,味极苦,嚼之有黏性。内表面紫棕色或深紫褐色划之显油痕,断面有的可见多数小亮星,气香,味辛辣、微苦(E错)为厚朴药材的鉴别特征。厚朴:【性状鉴别】药材干皮呈卷筒状或双卷筒状,习称“筒朴”;近根部干皮一端展开如喇叭口,习称“靴筒朴”。外表面灰棕色或灰褐色,粗糙,有时呈鳞片状,较易剥落,有明显的椭圆形皮孔和纵皱纹;刮去粗皮者显黄棕色。内表面紫棕色或深紫褐色,较平滑,具细密纵纹,划之显油痕。质坚硬,不易折断,断面颗粒性,外层灰棕色,内层紫褐色或棕色,有油性,有的可见多数小亮星。气香,味辛辣、味苦。"} {"Question":"呈扁片状,全身密被细鳞,背部有黄白色或灰绿色斑点,足趾底面具吸盘的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金钱白花蛇"},{"key":"B","value":"蛤蚧"},{"key":"C","value":"蕲蛇"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"E","value":"鳖甲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是蛤蚧药材的性状鉴别。呈扁片状,全身密被细鳞,背部有黄白色或灰绿色斑点,足趾底面具吸盘的药材是蛤蚧(B对)。蛤蚧:【性状鉴别】药材呈扁片状。头略呈扁三角形,两眼多凹陷成窟窿,口内角质细齿,生于颚的边缘,无异型大齿。吻部半圆形,吻鳞不切鼻孔,与鼻鳞相连。腹背部呈椭圆形,腹薄。背部灰黑色或银灰色,有黄白色或灰绿色斑点或橙红色斑点散在或密集成不显著的斑纹,脊椎骨和两侧肋骨突起。四足均有5趾;趾间仅具蹼迹,足趾底面具吸盘。尾细而坚实,微现骨节,与背部颜色相同,有6~7个银灰色环带,有的再生尾较原生尾短,且银灰色环带不明显。全身密被圆形或多角形微有光泽的细鳞。气腥,味微咸。金钱白花蛇(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆盘状。头盘在中间,尾细,常纳口中,口腔内上颌骨前端有毒沟牙1对,鼻间鳞2片,无颊鳞,上下唇鳞通常各为7片。背部黑色或灰黑色,有白色环纹45~58个,黑白相间,白环纹在背部宽1~2行鳞片,向腹面渐增宽,黑环纹宽3~5行鳞片,背正中明显突起一条脊棱,脊鳞扩大呈六角形,背鳞细密,通身15行,尾下鳞单行。气微腥,味微咸。蕲蛇(C错):【性状鉴别】药材卷呈圆盘状。头在中间稍向上,呈三角形而扁平,吻端向上,习称“翘鼻头”。上腭有管状毒牙,中空尖锐。背部两侧各有黑褐色与浅棕色组成的“V”形斑纹17~25个,其“V”形的两上端在背中线上相接,习称“方胜纹”,有的左右不相接,呈交错排列。腹部撑开或不撑开,灰白色,鳞片较大,有黑色类圆形的斑点,习称“连珠斑”;腹内壁黄白色,脊椎骨棘突较高,呈刀片状上突,前后椎体下突基本同形,多为弯刀状,向后倾斜,尖端明显超过椎体后隆面。尾部骤细,末端有三角形深灰色的角质鳞片1枚。气腥,味微咸。牛黄(D错):【性状鉴别】药材多呈卵形、类球形、三方形或四角形,大小不一,少数呈管状或碎片。表面黄红色至棕黄色,有的表面挂有一层黑色光亮的薄膜,习称“乌金衣”,有的粗糙,具疣状突起,有的具龟裂纹。体轻,质酥脆,易分层剥落,断面金黄色,可见细密的同心层纹,有的夹有白心。气清香,味先苦而后甘,有清凉感,嚼之易碎,不粘牙。鳖甲(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈椭圆形或卵圆形,背面隆起。外表面黑褐色或墨绿色,略有光泽,具细网状皱纹和灰黄色或灰白色斑点,中间有一条纵棱,两侧各有左右对称的横凹纹8条,外皮脱落后,可见锯齿状嵌接缝。内表面类白色,中部有突起的脊椎骨,颈骨向内卷曲,两侧有对称的肋骨各8条,伸出边缘。质坚硬。气微腥,味淡。"} {"Question":"来源于百合科植物块根的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香附"},{"key":"B","value":"玉竹"},{"key":"C","value":"浙贝母"},{"key":"D","value":"射干"},{"key":"E","value":"天冬"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是天冬的来源。来源于百合科植物块根的药材是天冬(E对)。天冬:【来源】为百合科植物天冬的干燥块根。香附(A错):【来源】为莎草科植物莎草的干燥根茎。玉竹(B错):【来源】为百合科植物玉竹的干燥根茎。浙贝母(C错):【来源】为百合科植物浙贝母的干燥鳞茎。射干(D错):【来源】为鸢尾科植物射干的干燥根茎。"} {"Question":"呈扁圆形团块状或片状;气味腥,味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感,粉末嗅之作嚏的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蟾酥"},{"key":"B","value":"麝香"},{"key":"C","value":"熊胆粉"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"E","value":"马宝"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是蟾酥药材的性状鉴别。呈扁圆形团块状或片状;气味腥,味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感,粉末嗅之作嚏的药材是蟾酥(A对)。蟾酥:【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆形团块状或片状。棕褐色或红棕色。团块状者质坚,不易折断,断面棕褐色,角质状,微有光泽;片状者质脆,易碎,断面红棕色,半透明。气微腥,味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感,粉末嗅之作嚏。一些传统经验鉴别方法仍是鉴别动物类中药有效而重要的手段:手试法,如毛壳麝香手捏有弹性;麝香仁(B错)以水润湿,手搓能成团,轻揉即散,不应粘手、染手、顶指或结块。水试法,熊胆仁(C错)投于水杯中,即在水面旋转并呈现黄线下降而不扩散;牛黄(D错)水液可使指甲染黄,习称“挂甲”;火试法,如麝香仁撒于炽热坩埚中灼烧,初则迸裂,随即熔化膨胀起泡,浓香四溢,灰化后呈白色灰烬,无毛、肉焦臭,无火焰或火星;马宝(E错)粉末置于锡箔纸上加热,其粉末聚集,并发出马尿臭等。"} {"Question":"泽泻说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药用部位是块茎"},{"key":"B","value":"含蒽醌类化合物"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均不是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是泽泻的来源与化学成分。泽泻的药用部位是块茎(A对)。泽泻:【来源】为泽泻科植物泽泻的干燥块茎。含蒽醌类化合物(B错)的常用中药有大黄、虎杖、何首乌、芦荟、决明子等。"} {"Question":"冬虫夏草的性状鉴别特征有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虫体似蚕"},{"key":"B","value":"表面深黄色至黄棕色,有 20~30条环纹"},{"key":"C","value":"全身有足 10对,以中部 6对明显"},{"key":"D","value":"子座细长,表面深棕色至棕褐色,质柔韧"},{"key":"E","value":"气微,味微甘"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"药用部位为种子的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"B","value":"决明子"},{"key":"C","value":"肉豆蔻"},{"key":"D","value":"山茱萸"},{"key":"E","value":"龙眼肉"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是果实及种子类中药的药用部位。药用部位为种子的药材是决明子(B对)。决明子:【来源】为豆科植物决明或小决明的干燥成熟种子。果实及种子在植物体中是两种不同的器官,但在商品药材中常未严格区分。果实大多包含着种子,与种子一起入药,如马兜铃、栀子等;亦有只用种子,如决明子、沙苑子等;有的以果实贮存、销售,临用时再剥去果皮取出种子入药,如巴豆、砂仁等。果实类中药的药用部位通常是采用完全成熟的果实,如五味子、山楂;近成熟或未成熟的果实,如吴茱萸、木瓜、枳壳;少数为幼果,如枳实、青皮。多数采用完整的果实,如枸杞子、五味子等;有的采用果实的一部分,如陈皮、大腹皮为果皮,甜瓜蒂为带有部分果皮的果柄,柿蒂为果实上的宿萼,橘络、丝瓜络为中果皮部分的维管束组织。有的采用整个果穗,如桑椹等。种子类中药的药用部位大多是完整的成熟种子,包括种皮和种仁两部分;种仁又包括胚乳和胚。也有少数用种子的一部分,如绿豆衣为种皮,肉豆蔻衣、龙眼肉(E错)为假种皮,肉豆蔻(C错)为除去种皮的种仁,莲子心为幼叶及胚根。极少数为成熟种子的加工品,如大豆黄卷为发芽种子(经发芽干燥的加工品),淡豆豉为发酵加工品。牛蒡子(A错):【来源】为菊科植物牛蒡的干燥成熟果实。山茱萸(D错):【来源】为山茱萸科植物山茱萸的干燥成熟果肉。"} {"Question":"茎方柱形,节稍膨大,叶柄短,叶片皱缩,整理展平后呈披针或卵状披针形,上表面绿色,下表面灰绿色,二面光滑,味极苦的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"B","value":"穿心莲"},{"key":"C","value":"半枝莲"},{"key":"D","value":"广藿香"},{"key":"E","value":"绵茵陈"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是穿心莲药材的鉴别。茎方柱形,节稍膨大,叶柄短,叶片皱缩,整理展平后呈披针或卵状披针形,上表面绿色,下表面灰绿色,二面光滑,味极苦的药材是穿心莲(B对)。穿心莲:【性状鉴别】药材茎呈方柱形,多分枝,节稍膨大;质脆,易折断。单叶对生,叶柄短或近无柄;叶片皱缩、易碎,完整者展开后呈披针形或卵状披针形,先端渐尖,基部楔形下延,全缘或波状;上表面绿色,下表面灰绿色,两面光滑。气微,味极苦。青蒿(A错):【性状鉴别】茎呈圆柱形,上部多分枝;表面黄绿色或棕黄色,具纵棱线;质略硬,易折断,断面中部有髓。叶互生,暗绿色或棕绿色,卷缩易碎,完整者展平后为三回羽状深裂,裂片及小裂片矩圆形或长椭圆形,两面被短毛。气香特异,味微苦。半枝莲(C错):【性状鉴别】药材无毛或花轴上疏被毛。根纤细。茎丛生,较细,方柱形;表面暗紫色或棕绿色;叶对生,有短柄;叶片多皱缩,展平后呈三角状卵形或披针形;先端钝,基部宽楔形,全缘或有少数不明显的钝齿;上表面暗绿色,下表面灰绿色。花单生于茎枝上部叶腋,花萼裂片钝或较圆;花冠二唇形,棕黄色或浅蓝紫色,被毛。果实扁球形,浅棕色。气微,味微苦。广藿香(D错):【性状鉴别】药材茎略呈方柱形,多分枝,枝条稍曲折;表面被柔毛;质脆,易折断,断面中部有髓;老茎类圆柱形,被灰褐色栓皮。叶对生,皱缩成团,展平后叶片呈卵形或椭圆形;两面均被灰白色绒毛;先端短尖或钝圆,基部楔形或钝圆,边缘具大小不规则的钝齿;叶柄细,被柔毛。气香特异,味微苦。茵陈:【性状鉴别】药材绵茵陈(E错)多弯曲成团状,灰白色或灰绿色,全体密被白色茸毛,绵软如绒。茎细小,除去表面白色茸毛后可见明显纵纹;质脆,易折断。叶具柄;展平后叶片呈一至三回羽状分裂;小裂片卵形或稍呈倒披针形、条形,先端尖锐。气清香,味微苦。"} {"Question":"外表面有栓皮,断面形成层明显,自中心向外呈放射状,中心无髓的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"双子叶植物的根"},{"key":"B","value":"双子叶植物的根茎"},{"key":"C","value":"单子叶植物的根"},{"key":"D","value":"单子叶植物的根茎"},{"key":"E","value":"蕨类植物的根茎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是双子叶植物的根的特点。外表面有栓皮,断面形成层明显,自中心向外呈放射状,中心无髓的是双子叶植物的根(A对)。观察根的横断面或横切面特征,首先应注意区分双子叶植物的根和单子叶植物的根:一般双子叶植物的根有自中心向外的放射状结构,木部尤为明显;形成层环大多明显,环内的木部较环外的皮部大;中心常无髓;外表常有栓皮。单子叶植物的根(C错)横断面自中心向外无放射状结构;内皮层环较明显;中央有髓;外表无木栓层,有的具较薄的栓化组织。其次,应注意根的断面组织中有无分泌组织散布,如伞形科植物当归、白芷均有黄棕色油点。还应注意少数双子叶植物根的异常构造,如何首乌皮部异形维管束形成的“云锦状花纹”,商陆的异形维管束形成数个突起的同心环,习称“罗盘纹”等。观察根茎的横断面,首先应注意区分双子叶植物根茎和单子叶植物根茎。一般来说,双子叶植物根茎(B错)外表常有木栓层;横切面有放射状结构,木部尤为明显;中央有明显的髓部;形成层环明显。单子叶植物根茎(D错)外表无木栓层或仅具较薄的栓化组织;横切面不呈放射状结构,皮层及中柱均有维管束小点散布;无髓部;通常可见内皮层环纹。其次,应注意根茎断面组织中有无分泌组织散布,如伞形科的川芎、白芷、羌活等,菊科的白术、苍术、木香等均有油点等。还应注意少数双子叶植物根茎的异常构造,如大黄的“星点”等。蕨类植物的根茎(E错)表面常有鳞片或鳞毛,有的根茎上密布叶柄残基。"} {"Question":"横断面皮部有云锦状花纹的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"B","value":"商陆"},{"key":"C","value":"当归"},{"key":"D","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"E","value":"何首乌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是何首乌药材的性状鉴别。横断面皮部有云锦状花纹的药材是何首乌(E对)。何首乌:【性状鉴别】药材呈团块状或不规则纺锤形。表面红棕色或红褐色,皱缩不平,有浅沟,并有横长皮孔样突起及细根痕。体重,质坚实,不易折断,切断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色,显粉性,皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列,形成云锦状花纹,中央木部较大,有的呈木心。气微,味微苦而甘涩。牛膝(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈细长圆柱形,挺直或稍弯曲。表面灰黄色或淡棕色,有微扭曲的细纵皱纹、排列稀疏的侧根痕和横长皮孔样突起。质硬脆,易折断,受潮后变软,断面平坦,淡棕色,略呈角质样而油润,中心维管束木质部较大,黄白色,其外周散有多数黄白色点状异型维管束,习称“筋脉点”,断续排列成2~4轮。气微,味微甜而稍苦涩。商陆(B错):【性状鉴别】药材为横切或纵切的不规则块片,厚薄不等。外皮灰黄色或灰棕色。横切片弯曲不平,边缘皱缩;切面浅黄棕色或黄白色,异型维管束隆起,其木部明显,形成数个突起的同心性环轮,习称“罗盘纹”。纵切片弯曲或卷曲,异型维管束木部呈平行条状突起。质硬。气微,味稍甜,久嚼麻舌。当归(C错):【性状鉴别】药材略呈圆柱形,下部有支根。表面浅棕色至棕褐色,具纵皱纹及横长皮孔样突起。根头(归头)具环纹,上端圆钝,或具数个明显突出的根茎痕,有紫色或黄绿色的茎及叶鞘的残基;主根(归身)表面凹凸不平;支根(归尾)上粗下细,多扭曲,有少数须根痕。质柔韧,断面黄白色或淡棕黄色,皮部厚,有裂隙及多数棕色点状分泌腔,木部色较淡,形成层环黄棕色。有浓郁的香气,味甘、辛、微苦。桔梗(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形或略呈纺锤形,下部渐细,有的有分支,略扭曲。表面淡黄色至黄色,不去外皮的表面黄棕色至灰棕色,具纵扭皱沟,并有横长的皮孔样斑痕及支根痕,上部有横纹。有的顶端有较短的根茎或不明显,其上有数个半月形茎痕。质脆,断面不平坦,横切面可见放射状裂隙,皮部黄白色,形成层环棕色,木部淡黄色。气微,味微甜后苦。"} {"Question":"在植物器官中,只有种子含有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脂肪油"},{"key":"B","value":"挥发油"},{"key":"C","value":"淀粉粒"},{"key":"D","value":"菊糖"},{"key":"E","value":"糊粉粒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"产地加工时,待水分稍蒸发后变软时,捆成小把,上棚,以烟火慢慢熏干的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"B","value":"当归"},{"key":"C","value":"续断"},{"key":"D","value":"香附"},{"key":"E","value":"射干"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是当归的采收加工。产地加工时,待水分稍蒸发后变软时,捆成小把,上棚,以烟火慢慢熏干的是当归(B对)。当归:【采收加工】一般栽培至第2年秋末采挖,除去茎叶、须根及泥土,放置,待水分稍蒸发后根变软时,捆成小把,上棚,以烟火慢慢熏干。黄芩(A错):【采收加工】春、秋二季采挖,除去须根及泥沙,晒至半干,撞去粗皮,晒干。续断(C错):【采收加工】秋季采挖,除去根头和须根,用微火烘至半干,堆置“发汗”至内部变绿色时,再烘干。香附(D错):【采收加工】秋季采挖,燎去毛须,置沸水中略煮或蒸透后晒干,或燎后直接晒干。射干(E错):【采收加工】春初刚发芽或秋末茎叶枯萎时采挖,除去须根和泥沙,干燥。"} {"Question":"饮片呈短段状,茎略呈方柱形,节略膨大,其上有对生叶痕,’气微,味极苦的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薄荷"},{"key":"B","value":"广藿香"},{"key":"C","value":"荆芥"},{"key":"D","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"E","value":"穿心莲"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"为不规则厚片,切面半透明,周边较皱缩,偶见盘状茎痕,有黏性,味甜的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白蔹饮片"},{"key":"B","value":"秦艽饮片"},{"key":"C","value":"黄精饮片"},{"key":"D","value":"射干饮片"},{"key":"E","value":"天冬饮片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列药物药用部位为动物的生理产物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蟾酥"},{"key":"B","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"C","value":"蝉蜕"},{"key":"D","value":"蚕砂"},{"key":"E","value":"马宝"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是动物类中药的药用部位。下列药物药用部位为动物的生理产物的是蟾酥(A对)、蝉蜕(C对)与蚕砂(D对)。常用动物类中药的药用部位有:1.动物的干燥整体。如水蛭、全蝎、蜈蚣、斑蝥、土鳖虫、虻虫、九香虫等。2.除去内脏的动物体。如地龙、蛤蚧、乌梢蛇、蕲蛇、金钱白花蛇等。3.动物体的某一部分。角类:如鹿茸、鹿角、羚羊角、水牛角等;鳞、甲类:如龟甲、鳖甲等;骨类:如豹骨、狗骨、猴骨等;贝壳类:如石决明、牡蛎、珍珠母、海螵蛸、蛤壳、瓦楞子等;脏器类:如哈蟆油、鸡内金、鹿鞭、海狗肾、水獭肝、刺猬皮等。4.动物的生理产物。分泌物:如麝香、蟾酥、熊胆粉、虫白蜡、蜂蜡等;排泄物:如五灵脂、蚕砂、夜明砂等;其他生理产物:如蝉蜕、蛇蜕、蜂蜜、蜂房等。5.动物的病理产物。如珍珠、僵蚕、牛黄(B错)、马宝(E错)、猴枣、狗宝等。6.动物体某一部分的加工品。如阿胶、鹿角胶、鹿角霜、龟甲胶、血余炭、水牛角浓粉等。"} {"Question":"横切面韧皮部有红棕色或黑棕色分泌物,与木部相间排列呈3----8个偏心性半圆形环,髓部偏向一侧的中药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大血藤"},{"key":"B","value":"鸡血藤"},{"key":"C","value":"川木通"},{"key":"D","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"E","value":"降香"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"似橘瓣状,表面灰黑色或淡黄白色,背面有一条浅纵沟,腹面棱线下端有一点状种脐的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"沙苑子"},{"key":"B","value":"牵牛子"},{"key":"C","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"D","value":"女贞子"},{"key":"E","value":"菟丝子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是牵牛子药材的性状鉴别。似橘瓣状,表面灰黑色或淡黄白色,背面有一条浅纵沟,腹面棱线下端有一点状种脐的饮片是牵牛子(B对)。牵牛子:【性状鉴别】药材似橘瓣状。表面灰黑色或淡黄白色,背面有1条浅纵沟,腹面棱线的下端有一点状种脐,微凹。质硬,横切面可见淡黄色或黄绿色皱缩折叠的子叶,微显油性。气微,味辛、苦,有麻感。加水浸泡后种皮呈龟裂状,手捻有明显的黏滑感。沙苑子(A错):【性状鉴别】药材略呈圆肾形而稍扁。表面绿褐色至灰褐色,光滑,边缘一侧微凹处具圆形种脐。质坚硬,不易破碎。除去种皮,有淡黄色子叶2片,胚根弯曲。气微,味淡,嚼之有豆腥味。补骨脂(C错):【性状鉴别】药材呈肾形,略扁。表面黑色、黑褐色或灰褐色,具细微网状皱纹。顶端圆钝,有一小突起,凹侧有果梗痕。质硬。果皮薄,与种子不易分离;种子1枚,子叶2,黄白色,有油性。气香,味辛、微苦。女贞子(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈卵形、椭圆形或肾形。表面黑紫色或灰黑色,皱缩不平。基部有果梗痕或具宿萼及短梗。体轻。外果皮薄,中果皮较松软,易剥离,内果皮木质,黄棕色,具纵棱,破开后种子通常为1粒,肾形,紫黑色,油性。气微,味甘、微苦涩。菟丝子(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈类球形。表面灰棕色或黄棕色,粗糙,种脐线形或扁圆形。质坚实,不易以指甲压碎。气微,味淡。"} {"Question":"对侧柏叶的说法正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外表面灰棕色或黄棕色"},{"key":"B","value":"有香气"},{"key":"C","value":"两者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者均不是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是侧柏叶药材的性状鉴别。对侧柏叶的说法正确的是有香气(B对)。侧柏叶:【性状鉴别】药材多分枝,小枝扁平。叶细小鳞片状,交互对生,贴伏于枝上,深绿色或黄绿色(A错)。质脆,易折断。气清香,味苦涩、微辛。"} {"Question":"来源于茄科,表面红色或暗红色的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五味子"},{"key":"B","value":"小茴香"},{"key":"C","value":"女贞子"},{"key":"D","value":"枸杞子"},{"key":"E","value":"栀子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是枸杞子的来源及性状鉴别。来源于茄科,表面红色或暗红色的药材是枸杞子(D对)。枸杞子:【来源】为茄科植物宁夏枸杞的干燥成熟果实。【性状鉴别】药材呈类纺锤形或椭圆形,表面红色或暗红色。顶端有小突起状的花柱痕,基部有白色的果梗痕。果皮柔韧,皱缩;果肉肉质,柔润。种子20~50粒,类肾形,扁而翘,表面浅黄色或棕黄色。气微,味甜。五味子(A错):【来源】为木兰科植物五味子的干燥成熟果实,习称“北五味子”。【性状鉴别】药材呈不规则的球形或扁球形。表面红色、紫红色或暗红色,皱缩,显油润;有的表面呈黑红色或出现“白霜”。果肉柔软,种子1~2粒,肾形,表面棕黄色,有光泽,种皮薄而脆。果肉气微,味酸;种子破碎后,有香气,味辛、微苦。小茴香(B错):【来源】为伞形科植物茴香的干燥成熟果实。【性状鉴别】药材为双悬果,呈圆柱形,有的稍弯曲。表面黄绿色或淡黄色,两端略尖,顶端残留有黄棕色突起的柱基,基部有时有细小的果梗。分果呈长椭圆形,背面有纵棱5条,接合面平坦而较宽。横切面略呈五边形,背面的四边约等长。有特异香气,味微甜、辛。女贞子(C错):【来源】为木犀科植物女贞的干燥成熟果实。【性状鉴别】药材呈卵形、椭圆形或肾形。表面黑紫色或灰黑色,皱缩不平。基部有果梗痕或具宿萼及短梗。体轻。外果皮薄,中果皮较松软,易剥离,内果皮木质,黄棕色,具纵棱,破开后种子通常为1粒,肾形,紫黑色,油性。气微,味甘、微苦涩。栀子(E错):【来源】为茜草科植物栀子的干燥成熟果实。【性状鉴别】药材呈长卵圆形或椭圆形。表面红黄色或棕红色,具6条翅状纵棱,棱间常有1条明显的纵脉纹,并有分枝。顶端残存萼片,基部稍尖,有残留果梗。果皮薄而脆,略有光泽;内表面色较浅,有光泽,具2~3条隆起的假隔膜。种子多数,扁卵圆形,集结成团,深红色或红黄色,表面密具细小疣状突起。气微,味微酸而苦。"} {"Question":"属于动物除内脏干燥体的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"B","value":"水蛭"},{"key":"C","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"D","value":"蛤蚧"},{"key":"E","value":"麝香"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用动物类中药的药用部位。属于动物除内脏干燥体的药材是蛤蚧(D对)。常用动物类中药的药用部位有:1.动物的干燥整体。如水蛭(B错)、全蝎、蜈蚣、斑蝥、土鳖虫、虻虫、九香虫等。2.除去内脏的动物体。如地龙、蛤蚧、乌梢蛇、蕲蛇、金钱白花蛇等。3.动物体的某一部分。角类:如鹿茸、鹿角、羚羊角、水牛角等;鳞、甲类:如龟甲、鳖甲等;骨类:如豹骨、狗骨、猴骨等;贝壳类:如石决明、牡蛎、珍珠母、海螵蛸、蛤壳、瓦楞子等;脏器类:如哈蟆油、鸡内金(C错)、鹿鞭、海狗肾、水獭肝、刺猬皮等。4.动物的生理产物。分泌物:如麝香(E错)、蟾酥、熊胆粉、虫白蜡、蜂蜡等;排泄物:如五灵脂、蚕砂、夜明砂等;其他生理产物:如蝉蜕、蛇蜕、蜂蜜、蜂房等。5.动物的病理产物。如珍珠、僵蚕、牛黄(A错)、马宝、猴枣、狗宝等。6.动物体某一部分的加工品。如阿胶、鹿角胶、鹿角霜、龟甲胶、血余炭、水牛角浓粉等。"} {"Question":"为纤维状集合体,体重,质软,纵断面具绢丝样光泽的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"B","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"C","value":"石膏"},{"key":"D","value":"硫黄"},{"key":"E","value":"赭石"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是矿物药的性状鉴别。为纤维状集合体,体重,质软,纵断面具绢丝样光泽的药材是石膏(C对)。石膏:【性状鉴别】药材为纤维状的集合体。呈长块状、板块状或不规则块状。白色、灰白色或淡黄色,有的半透明。体重,质软,纵断面具绢丝样光泽。气微,味淡。朱砂(A错):【性状鉴别】药材为粒状或块状集合体,呈颗粒状或块片状。鲜红色或暗红色,条痕红色至褐红色,具光泽。体重,质脆,片状者易破碎,粉末状者有闪烁的光泽。气微,味淡。雄黄(B错):【性状鉴别】药材为块状或粒状集合体,呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色,条痕淡橘红色,晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆,易碎,断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异臭气,味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体,质松脆,手捏即成粉,橙黄色,无光泽。硫黄(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈不规则块状。黄色或略呈绿黄色。表面不平坦,呈脂肪光泽,常有多数小孔。用手握紧置于耳旁,可闻轻微的爆裂声。体轻,质松,易碎,断面常呈针状结晶形。有特异的臭气,味淡。赭石(E错):【性状鉴别】药材为鲕状、豆状、肾状集合体。多呈不规则的扁平块状。暗棕红色或灰黑色,条痕樱红色或红棕色,有的有金属光泽。一面多有圆形的突起,习称“钉头”;另一面与突起相对应处有同样大小的凹窝。体重,质硬,砸碎后断面显层叠状。气微,味淡。"} {"Question":"根头略膨大,可见暗绿色或暗棕色轮状排列的叶柄残基和密集的疣状突起的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西洋参"},{"key":"B","value":"北豆根"},{"key":"C","value":"三七"},{"key":"D","value":"板蓝根"},{"key":"E","value":"三棱"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是板蓝根的性状鉴别。根头略膨大,可见暗绿色或暗棕色轮状排列的叶柄残基和密集的疣状突起的药材是板蓝根(D对)。板蓝根【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形,稍扭曲,长10~20cm,直径0.5~1cm。表面淡灰黄色或淡棕黄色,有纵皱纹、横长皮孔样突起及支根痕。根头略膨大,可见暗绿色或暗棕色轮状排列的叶柄残基和密集的疣状突起。西洋参(A错)【性状鉴别】药材呈纺锤形、圆柱形或圆锥形,长3~12cm,直径0.8~2cm。表面浅黄褐色或黄白色,可见横向环纹及线形皮孔状突起,并有细密浅纵皱纹及须根痕。北豆根(B错)【性状鉴别】药材呈细长圆柱形,弯曲,有分枝,长可达50cm,直径0.3~0.8cm。表面黄棕色至暗棕色,多有弯曲的细根,并可见突起的根痕和纵皱纹,外皮易剥落。质韧,不易折断,断面不整齐,纤维细,木部淡黄色,呈放射状排列,中心有髓。三七(C错)【性状鉴别】药材主根呈类圆锥形或圆柱形,长1~6cm,直径1~4cm。表面灰褐色或灰黄色,有断续的纵皱纹和支根痕。顶端有茎痕,周围有瘤状突起。三棱(E错)【性状鉴别】药材呈圆锥形,略扁,长2~6cm,直径2~4cm。表面黄白色或灰黄色,有刀削痕,须根痕小点状,略呈横向环状排列。"} {"Question":"主成分为含水硫酸钠(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石膏"},{"key":"B","value":"磁石"},{"key":"C","value":"芒硝"},{"key":"D","value":"滑石"},{"key":"E","value":"信石"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是芒硝的来源。主成分为含水硫酸钠(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)的药材是芒硝(C对)。芒硝:【来源】为硫酸盐类矿物芒硝族芒硝,经加工精制而成的结晶体。主含含水硫酸钠(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)。石膏(A错):【来源】为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。主含含水硫酸钙(CaSO₄·2H₂O)。磁石(B错)为含铁氧化物。滑石(D错):【来源】为硅酸盐类矿物滑石族滑石。主要含含水硅酸镁[Mg₃(Si₄O₁₀)(OH)₂]。信石(E错)为含砷氧化物。"} {"Question":"番泻叶的伪品耳叶番泻叶不同于正品的性状特征有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呈卵形或倒卵圆形"},{"key":"B","value":"先端钝圆或微凹下"},{"key":"C","value":"小叶基部不对称"},{"key":"D","value":"红棕色"},{"key":"E","value":"表面密被灰白色长茸毛"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"切面类白色至淡红棕色,粉性,可见点状维管束及多数小亮点的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粉葛"},{"key":"B","value":"泽泻"},{"key":"C","value":"山药"},{"key":"D","value":"土茯苓"},{"key":"E","value":"天花粉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是土茯苓饮片的性状鉴别。切面类白色至淡红棕色,粉性,可见点状维管束及多数小亮点的饮片是土茯苓(D对)。土茯苓:【性状鉴别】饮片呈长圆形或不规则薄片,边缘不整齐。切面黄白色或红棕色,粉性,可见点状维管束及多数小亮点;以水湿润后有黏滑感。气微,味微甘、涩。粉葛(A错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则的厚片或立方块状。外表面黄白色或淡棕色。切面黄白色,横切面有时可见由纤维形成的浅棕色同心性环纹,纵切面可见由纤维形成的数条纵纹。体重,质硬,富粉性。气微,味微甜。泽泻(B错):【性状鉴别】饮片为圆形或椭圆形厚片。外表皮淡黄色至淡黄棕色,可见细小突起的须根痕。切面黄白色至淡黄色,粉性,有多数细孔。气微,味微苦。山药(C错):【性状鉴别】饮片山药片为类圆形、椭圆形或不规则形的厚片,表面类白色或淡黄白色。质脆,易折断,切面类白色,富粉性。气微,味淡、微酸,嚼之发黏。天花粉(E错):【性状鉴别】饮片为类圆形、半圆形或不规则形厚片。外表皮黄白色或淡棕黄色。切面可见黄色木质部小孔,略呈放射状排列。气微,味微苦。"} {"Question":"花鹿茸侧枝二个者习称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莲花"},{"key":"B","value":"二杠"},{"key":"C","value":"门庄"},{"key":"D","value":"单门"},{"key":"E","value":"三岔"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是鹿茸药材的性状鉴别。花鹿茸侧枝二个者习称三岔(E对)。花鹿茸::【性状鉴别】呈圆柱状分枝,具1个分枝者习称“二杠(B错)”,主枝习称“大挺”,离锯口约1cm处分出侧枝,习称“门庄(C错)”。具两个分枝者,习称“三岔”。莲花(A错)与单门(D错)为马鹿茸的鉴别术语。马鹿茸::【性状鉴别】较花鹿茸粗大,分枝较多,侧枝1个者习称“单门”,2个者习称“莲花”,3个者习称“三岔”,4个者习称“四岔”或更多。"} {"Question":"徐长卿来源于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"五加科"},{"key":"B","value":"毛茛科"},{"key":"C","value":"萝藦科"},{"key":"D","value":"唇形科"},{"key":"E","value":"菊科"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是徐长卿的来源。徐长卿来源于萝藦科(C对)。徐长卿:【来源】为萝藦科植物徐长卿的干燥根和根茎。来源于五加科(A错)的中药有人参、红参、三七、通草等。来源于毛茛科(B错)的中药有威灵仙、川乌、附子、白芍、赤芍、升麻等。来源于唇形科(D错)的中药有丹参、黄芩、紫苏叶、广藿香、荆芥、益母草、薄荷、半枝莲、香薷等。来源于菊科(E错)的中药有木香、川木香、白术、苍术、紫菀、艾叶、款冬花、菊花、红花、牛蒡子、茵陈、青蒿、大蓟、蒲公英等。"} {"Question":"川芎的分泌组织是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"树脂道"},{"key":"B","value":"油管"},{"key":"C","value":"油室"},{"key":"D","value":"油细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"乳汁管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"图中所示药材的道地药材的产地是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新疆"},{"key":"B","value":"江西"},{"key":"C","value":"广西"},{"key":"D","value":"河北"},{"key":"E","value":"辽宁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是枳壳药材的产地与性状鉴别。图中所示药材的道地药材的产地是江西(B对)。图中所示药材为枳壳,枳壳:【产地】主产于江西、四川、湖北、贵州等省。多系栽培。以江西清江、新干所产最为闻名,商品习称“江枳壳”,量大质优。【性状鉴别】药材呈半球形。外果皮棕褐色至褐色,有颗粒状突起,突起的顶端有凹点状油室;有明显的花柱残迹或果梗痕。切面中果皮黄白色,光滑而稍隆起,边缘散有1~2列油室,瓤囊7~12瓣,少数至15瓣,汁囊干缩呈棕色至棕褐色,内藏种子。质坚硬,不易折断。气清香,味苦、微酸。"} {"Question":"原动物属于鲍科的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地龙"},{"key":"B","value":"蛤蚧"},{"key":"C","value":"全蝎"},{"key":"D","value":"石决明"},{"key":"E","value":"蜈蚣"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是石决明的来源。原动物属于鲍科的药材是石决明(D对)。石决明:【来源】为软体动物门鲍科动物杂色鲍(九孔鲍)、皱纹盘鲍、羊鲍、澳洲鲍、耳鲍或白鲍的贝壳。地龙(A错):【来源】为环节动物门钜蚓科动物参环毛蚓、通俗环毛蚓、威廉环毛蚓或栉盲环毛蚓的干燥体,前一种习称“广地龙”,后三种习称“沪地龙”。蛤蚧(B错):【来源】为脊索动物门爬行纲壁虎科动物蛤蚧除去内脏的干燥体。全蝎(C错):【来源】为节肢动物门蛛形纲钳蝎科动物东亚钳蝎的干燥体。蜈蚣(E错):【来源】为节肢动物门多足纲蜈蚣科动物少棘巨蜈蚣的干燥体。"} {"Question":"没药粉末遇硝酸应呈","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白色"},{"key":"B","value":"黄棕色"},{"key":"C","value":"紫色"},{"key":"D","value":"深绿色"},{"key":"E","value":"蓝色"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是没药的理化鉴别。没药粉末遇硝酸应呈紫色(C对)。没药【理化鉴别】取本品与水共研形成黄棕色乳状液。粉末遇硝酸呈紫色。本品粉末乙醚滤液置蒸发皿中挥尽后,残留的黄色液体滴加硝酸,显褐紫色。本品粉末加香草醛试液数滴,天然没药立即显红色,继而变为红紫色;胶质没药立即显紫红色,继而变为蓝紫色。"} {"Question":"羽状复叶互生,小叶圆形或矩圆形,上表面无毛,下表面具灰白色紧贴绒毛的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金钱草"},{"key":"B","value":"广金钱草"},{"key":"C","value":"广藿香"},{"key":"D","value":"穿心莲"},{"key":"E","value":"香薷"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是广金钱草药材的性状鉴别。羽状复叶互生,小叶圆形或矩圆形,上表面无毛,下表面具灰白色紧贴绒毛的药材是广金钱草(B对)。广金钱草:【性状鉴别】药材茎呈圆柱形,长可达1m;密被黄色伸展的短柔毛;质稍脆,断面中部有髓。叶互生,小叶1或3,圆形或矩圆形;先端微凹,基部心形或钝圆,全缘;上表面黄绿色或灰绿色,无毛,下表面具灰白色紧贴的绒毛,侧脉羽状;叶柄长1~2cm;托叶1对,披针形,长约0.8cm。气微香,味微甘。金钱草(A错):【性状鉴别】药材常缠结成团,无毛或被疏柔毛。茎扭曲,表面棕色或暗棕红色,有纵纹,下部茎节上有时具须根,断面实心。叶对生,多皱缩,展平后呈宽卵形或心形,基部微凹,全缘;上表面灰绿色或棕褐色,下表面色较浅,主脉明显突起,用水浸后,对光透视可见黑色或褐色条纹。有的带花,花黄色,单生叶腋,具长梗。蒴果球形。气微,味淡。广藿香(C错):【性状鉴别】药材茎略呈方柱形,多分枝,枝条稍曲折;表面被柔毛;质脆,易折断,断面中部有髓;老茎类圆柱形,被灰褐色栓皮。叶对生,皱缩成团,展平后叶片呈卵形或椭圆形;两面均被灰白色绒毛;先端短尖或钝圆,基部楔形或钝圆,边缘具大小不规则的钝齿;叶柄细,被柔毛。气香特异,味微苦。穿心莲(D错):【性状鉴别】药材茎呈方柱形,多分枝,节稍膨大;质脆,易折断。单叶对生,叶柄短或近无柄;叶片皱缩、易碎,完整者展开后呈披针形或卵状披针形,先端渐尖,基部楔形下延,全缘或波状;上表面绿色,下表面灰绿色,两面光滑。气微,味极苦。香薷(E错):【性状鉴别】药材青香薷,基部紫红色,上部黄绿色或淡黄色,全体密被白色茸毛。茎方柱形,基部类圆形,节明显;质脆,易折断。叶对生,多皱缩或脱落,叶片展平后呈长卵形或披针形,暗绿色或黄绿色,边缘有3~5疏浅锯齿。穗状花序顶生及腋生,苞片圆卵形或圆倒卵形,脱落或残存;花萼宿存,钟状,淡紫红色或灰绿色,先端5裂,密被茸毛。小坚果4,近圆球形,具网纹。气清香而浓,味微辛而凉。"} {"Question":"呈不规则的厚片,外表面灰白色或淡灰黄色,内表面类白色,有羊膻气,味微苦的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"B","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"C","value":"白鲜皮"},{"key":"D","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"E","value":"地骨皮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是白鲜皮饮片的性状鉴别。呈不规则的厚片,外表面灰白色或淡灰黄色,内表面类白色,有羊膻气,味微苦的饮片是白鲜皮(C对)。白鲜皮:【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则的厚片,外表面灰白色或淡灰黄色,具细纵皱纹及细根痕,常有突起的颗粒状小点;内表面类白色,有细纵纹。切面类白色,略呈层片状。有羊膻气,味微苦。黄柏(A错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈丝条状,外表黄褐色或黄棕色,内表面暗黄色或淡棕色,具纵棱纹。切面纤维性,呈裂片状分层,深黄色。味极苦。牡丹皮(B错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈圆形或卷曲形的薄片。连丹皮外表面灰褐色或黄褐色,栓皮脱落处粉红色;刮丹皮表面红棕色或淡灰黄色。内表面有时可见发亮的结晶,切面淡粉红色,粉性。气芳香,味微苦而涩。肉桂(D错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈槽状或卷筒状。外表面灰棕色,稍粗糙,有不规则的细皱纹及横向突起的皮孔,有的可见灰白色的斑纹;内表面红棕色,较平坦,有细纵纹,划之显油痕。质硬而脆,易折断,断面不平坦,外层棕色而较粗糙,内层红棕色而油润,两层中间有1条黄棕色的线纹。气香浓烈,味甜、辣。地骨皮(E错):【性状鉴别】饮片呈筒状或槽状,长短不一。外表面灰黄色至棕黄色,粗糙,有不规则纵裂纹,易成鳞片状剥落。内表面黄白色至灰黄色,较平坦,有细纵纹。体轻,质脆,易折断,断面不平坦。外层黄棕色,内层灰白色。气微,味微甘而后苦。"} {"Question":"浙贝母粉末置紫外光灯(365nm)下观察,荧光颜色是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蓝紫色"},{"key":"B","value":"橙红色"},{"key":"C","value":"黄棕色"},{"key":"D","value":"亮淡绿色"},{"key":"E","value":"亮黄色"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"呈纽扣状圆板形,表面密被灰棕色或灰绿色绢状茸毛,自中间向四周呈辐射状排列的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"马钱子"},{"key":"B","value":"栀子"},{"key":"C","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"D","value":"沙苑子"},{"key":"E","value":"金樱子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是马钱子药材的性状鉴别。呈纽扣状圆板形,表面密被灰棕色或灰绿色绢状茸毛,自中间向四周呈辐射状排列的药材是马钱子(A对)。马钱子:【性状鉴别】药材呈纽扣状圆板形,常一面隆起,一面稍凹下。表面密被灰棕色或灰绿色绢状茸毛,自中间向四周呈辐射状排列,有丝样光泽。边缘稍隆起,较厚,有突起的珠孔,底面中心有突起的圆点状种脐。质坚硬,平行剖面可见淡黄白色胚乳,角质状,子叶心形。气微,味极苦。栀子(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈长卵圆形或椭圆形。表面红黄色或棕红色,具6条翅状纵棱,棱间常有1条明显的纵脉纹,并有分枝。顶端残存萼片,基部稍尖,有残留果梗。果皮薄而脆,略有光泽;内表面色较浅,有光泽,具2~3条隆起的假隔膜。种子多数,扁卵圆形,集结成团,深红色或红黄色,表面密具细小疣状突起。气微,味微酸而苦。牛蒡子(C错):【性状鉴别】呈长倒卵形,略扁,微弯曲。表面灰褐色,带紫黑色斑点,有数条纵棱,通常中间1~2条较明显。顶端钝圆,稍宽,顶面有圆环,中间具点状花柱残迹;基部略窄,着生面色较淡。果皮较硬,子叶2,淡黄白色,富油性。气微,味苦后微辛而稍麻舌。沙苑子(D错):【性状鉴别】药材略呈圆肾形而稍扁。表面绿褐色至灰褐色,光滑,边缘一侧微凹处具圆形种脐。质坚硬,不易破碎。除去种皮,有淡黄色子叶2片,胚根弯曲。气微,味淡,嚼之有豆腥味。金樱子(E错):【性状鉴别】药材为花托发育而成的假果,呈倒卵形。表面红黄色或红棕色。有突起的棕色小点,系毛刺脱落后的残基。顶端有盘状花萼残基,中央有黄色柱基,下部渐尖。质硬。切开后,内有多数坚硬的小瘦果,内壁及瘦果均有淡黄色绒毛。气微,味甘、微涩。"} {"Question":"粉末中草酸钙簇晶甚多,含晶细胞连接,簇晶排列成行的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"B","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"C","value":"杜仲"},{"key":"D","value":"合欢皮"},{"key":"E","value":"白鲜皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是牡丹皮药材的显微鉴别。粉末中草酸钙簇晶甚多,含晶细胞连接,簇晶排列成行的药材是牡丹皮(B对)。牡丹皮【显微鉴别】粉末:淡红棕色。①淀粉粒众多,单粒呈类球形或多角形,直径3~16㎛,脐点点状、裂缝状或飞鸟状;复粒由2~6粒复合而成。②草酸钙簇晶甚多,直径9~45㎛,有时含晶薄壁细胞排列成行;也有一个薄壁细胞中含有数个簇晶,或簇晶充塞于细胞间隙中者。③连丹皮可见木栓细胞长方形,壁稍厚,浅红色。厚朴(A错):【性状鉴别】药材干皮呈卷筒状或双卷筒状,习称“筒朴”;近根部干皮一端展开如喇叭口,习称“靴筒朴”。外表面灰棕色或灰褐色,粗糙,有时呈鳞片状,较易剥落,有明显的椭圆形皮孔和纵皱纹;刮去粗皮者显黄棕色。内表面紫棕色或深紫褐色,较平滑,具细密纵纹,划之显油痕。质坚硬,不易折断,断面颗粒性,外层灰棕色,内层紫褐色或棕色,有油性,有的可见多数小亮星。气香,味辛辣、味苦。杜仲(C错):【性状鉴别】药材呈板片状或两边稍向内卷,大小不一。外表面淡灰棕色或灰褐色,有明显的皱纹或纵裂槽纹,有的树皮较薄,未去粗皮,可见明显的斜方形皮孔,内表面暗紫色或紫褐色,光滑。质脆,易折断。断面有细密、银白色、富弹性的橡胶丝相连。气微,味稍苦。合欢皮(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈卷曲筒状或半筒状。外表面灰棕色至灰褐色,稍有纵皱纹,有的成浅裂纹,密生明显的椭圆形横向皮孔,棕色或棕红色,偶有突起的横棱或较大的圆形枝痕,常附有地衣斑;内表面淡黄棕色或黄白色,平滑,有细密纵纹。质硬而脆,易折断,断面呈纤维性片状,淡黄棕色或黄白色。气微香,味淡、微涩、稍刺舌,而后喉头有不适感。白鲜皮(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈卷筒状。外表面灰白色或淡灰黄色,具细纵皱纹及细根痕,常有突起的颗粒状小点;内表面类白色,有细纵纹。质脆,折断时有粉尘飞扬,断面不平坦,略呈层片状,剥去外层,迎光可见有闪烁的小亮点。有羊膻气,味微苦。"} {"Question":"表面黄棕色至黑褐色,密被排列整齐叶柄残基及鳞片的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"B","value":"绵马贯众"},{"key":"C","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"D","value":"骨碎补"},{"key":"E","value":"天南星"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是绵马贯众药材的性状鉴别。表面黄棕色至黑褐色,密被排列整齐叶柄残基及鳞片的药材是绵马贯众(B对)。绵马贯众:【性状鉴别】药材呈长倒卵形,略弯曲,上端钝圆或截形,下端较尖,有的纵剖为两半。表面黄棕色至黑褐色,密被排列整齐的叶柄残基及鳞片,并有弯曲的须根。叶柄残基呈扁圆形;表面有纵棱线,质硬而脆,断面略平坦,棕色,有黄白色维管束5~13个,环列;每个叶柄残基的外侧常有3条须根,鳞片条状披针形,全缘,常脱落。质坚硬,断面略平坦,深绿色至棕色,有黄白色维管束5~13个,环列,其外散有较多的叶迹维管束。气特异,味初淡而微涩,后渐苦、辛。何首乌(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈团块状或不规则纺锤形。表面红棕色或红褐色,皱缩不平,有浅沟,并有横长皮孔样突起及细根痕。体重,质坚实,不易折断,切断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色,显粉性,皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列,形成云锦状花纹,中央木部较大,有的呈木心。气微,味微苦而甘涩。石菖蒲(C错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扁圆柱形,多弯曲,常有分枝。表面棕褐色或灰棕色,粗糙,有疏密不匀的环节,具细纵纹,一面残留须根或圆点状根痕;叶痕呈三角形,左右交互排列,有的其上有鳞毛状的叶基残余。质硬,断面纤维性,类白色或微红色,内皮层环纹明显,并可见多数维管束小点及棕色油点。气芳香,味苦、微辛。天南星(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈扁球形。表面类白色或淡棕色,较光滑,顶端有凹陷的茎痕,周围有麻点状根痕,有的块茎周边具小扁球状侧芽。质坚硬,不易破碎,断面不平坦,色白,粉性。气微辛,味麻辣。骨碎补(D错)药材的性状鉴别,2022年考试指南未明确说明。骨碎补:【性状鉴别】药材呈扁平长条状,多弯曲,有分枝。表面密被深棕色至暗棕色小鳞片,柔软如毛,经火燎者呈棕褐色或暗褐色,两侧及上表面均具凸起或凹下的圆形叶痕,少数有叶柄残基及须根残留。体轻,质脆,易折断,断面红棕色,维管束呈黄色点状,排列成环。无臭,味淡,微涩。"} {"Question":"表面亮淡黄色,条痕绿黑色或棕红色,有金属光泽主含二硫化铁的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"B","value":"自然铜"},{"key":"C","value":"炉甘石"},{"key":"D","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"E","value":"石膏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查自然铜的性状鉴别。自然铜(B对)【性状鉴别】药材晶型多为立方体,集合体呈致密块状。表面亮淡黄色,有金属光泽;有的黄棕色或棕褐色,无金属光泽。具条纹,条痕绿黑色或棕红色。体重,质坚硬或稍脆,易砸碎,断面黄白色,有金属光泽;或断面棕褐色,可见银白色亮星。朱砂(A错)【性状鉴别】药材为粒状或块状集合体,呈颗粒状或块片状。鲜红色或暗红色,条痕红色至褐红色,具光泽。体重,质脆,片状者易破碎,粉末状者有闪烁的光泽。气微,味淡。炉甘石(C错)【性状鉴别】药材为块状集合体,呈不规则块状。灰白色或淡红色,表面粉性,无光泽,凹凸不平,多孔,似蜂窝状。体轻,易碎。气微,味微涩。雄黄(D错)【性状鉴别】药材为块状或粒状集合体,呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色,条痕淡橘红色,晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆,易碎,断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异臭气,味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体,质松脆,手捏即成粉,橙黄色,无光泽。石膏(E错)【性状鉴别】药材为纤维状的集合体。呈长块状、板块状或不规则块状。白色、灰白色或淡黄色,有的半透明。体重,质软,纵断面具绢丝样光泽。气微,味淡。"} {"Question":"石菖蒲的组织结构中有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"油细胞"},{"key":"B","value":"油室"},{"key":"C","value":"油管"},{"key":"D","value":"树脂道"},{"key":"E","value":"乳汁管"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"白术的分泌组织是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"树脂道"},{"key":"B","value":"油管"},{"key":"C","value":"油室"},{"key":"D","value":"油细胞"},{"key":"E","value":"乳汁管"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"朱砂属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"矿物类"},{"key":"B","value":"真菌类"},{"key":"C","value":"被子植物"},{"key":"D","value":"动物类"},{"key":"E","value":"裸子植物"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是矿物类中药。朱砂属于矿物类(A对)。矿物类中药是指以天然矿物(朱砂、石膏、炉甘石、赭石)、矿物的加工品(轻粉、红粉、秋石)、动物或动物骨骼的化石(龙骨、石燕)入药的一类中药。动物类(B错)中药是指用动物的整体或动物体的某一部分、动物体的生理或病理产物、动物体的加工品等供药用的一类中药。真菌类植物(C错)即菌类中药。菌类中药:药用部位主要为真菌的菌核(茯苓、猪苓、雷丸)、子实体(灵芝、马勃)或子座与幼虫尸体的复合体(冬虫夏草)的中药,称为菌类中药。裸子植物(D错)与被子植物(E错)属于植物类中药。植物类中药是指植物的地上和地下部分的全体或某一部分供药用的一类中药。按入药部位可分为根及根茎类、茎木类、皮类、叶类、花类、果实种子类、全草类、藻菌地衣类、树脂类和其他类中药。"} {"Question":"下列中药中叶片上表面暗灰绿,基部渐狭下延至叶柄,成翼状的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"罗布麻叶"},{"key":"B","value":"艾叶"},{"key":"C","value":"蓼大青叶"},{"key":"D","value":"枇杷叶"},{"key":"E","value":"大青叶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是大青叶药材的性状鉴别。下列中药中叶片上表面暗灰绿,基部渐狭下延至叶柄,成翼状的药材是大青叶(E对)。大青叶:【性状鉴别】药材多皱缩卷曲,有的破碎。完整的叶片展平后呈长椭圆形至长圆状倒披针形;上表面暗灰绿色,有的可见色较深稍突起的小点;先端钝,全缘或微波状,基部狭窄下延至叶柄呈翼状;叶柄淡棕黄色。质脆。气微,味微酸、苦、涩。罗布麻叶(A错):【性状鉴别】药材多皱缩卷曲,有的破碎,完整叶片展平后呈椭圆状披针形或卵圆状披针形,淡绿色或灰绿色,先端钝,有小芒尖,基部钝圆或楔形,边缘具细齿,常反卷,两面无毛,叶脉于下表面突起;叶柄细。质脆,气微,味淡。艾叶(B错):【性状鉴别】药材多皱缩、破碎,有短柄。完整叶片展平后呈卵状椭圆形,羽状深裂,裂片椭圆状披针形,边缘有不规则的粗锯齿;上表面灰绿色或深黄绿色,有稀疏的柔毛和腺点;下表面密生灰白色绒毛。质柔软。气清香,味苦。蓼大青叶(C错):【性状鉴别】药材叶多皱缩、破碎。完整者展平后呈椭圆形,蓝绿或蓝黑色,先端钝,基部渐狭,全缘。叶脉浅黄棕色,于下表面略突起。叶柄扁平,偶带膜质托叶鞘。质脆。气微,味微涩而稍苦。枇杷叶(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈长椭圆形或倒卵形。先端尖,基部楔形,边缘上部有疏锯齿,近基部全缘。上表面灰绿色、黄棕色或红棕色,较光滑;下表面密被黄色绒毛,主脉于下表面显著突起,侧脉羽状;叶柄极短,被棕黄色绒毛。革质而脆、易折断。气微、味微苦。"} {"Question":"原植物属于菊科的药材有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"车前草"},{"key":"B","value":"茵陈"},{"key":"C","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"D","value":"蒲公英"},{"key":"E","value":"石斛"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是茵陈、青蒿与蒲公英的来源。原植物属于菊科的药材有茵陈(B对)、青蒿(C对)与蒲公英(D对)。茵陈:【来源】为菊科植物滨蒿或茵陈蒿的干燥地上部分。青蒿:【来源】为菊科植物黄花蒿的干燥地上部分。蒲公英:【来源】为菊科植物蒲公英、碱地蒲公英或同属数种植物的干燥全草。车前草(A错):【来源】为车前科植物车前或平车前的干燥全草。石斛(E错):【来源】为兰科植物金钗石斛、霍山石斛、鼓槌石斛或流苏石斛的栽培品及其同属植物近似种的新鲜或干燥茎。"} {"Question":"饮片表面可见黑色与黄白色交错的纹理,有特殊香气,味苦的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"降香"},{"key":"B","value":"沉香"},{"key":"C","value":"木通"},{"key":"D","value":"苏木"},{"key":"E","value":"大血藤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是沉香的性状鉴别。饮片表面可见黑色与黄白色交错的纹理,有特殊香气,味苦的是沉香(B对)。沉香【性状鉴别】饮片呈不规则片状、长条形或类方形小碎块状,长0.3~7.0cm,宽0.2~5.5cm。表面凹凸不平,有的有刀削痕,偶有孔洞,可见黑褐色树脂与黄白色木部相间的斑纹。质较坚实,刀削面平整,折断面刺状。气芳香,味苦。降香(A错)【性状鉴别】饮片为不规则的薄片、小碎块或细粉。表面紫红色或红褐色,切面有致密的纹理。质硬,有油性。气微香,味微苦。木通(C错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈圆形、椭圆形或不规则形片。外表皮灰棕色或灰褐色。切面射线呈放射状排列,髓小或有时中空。气微,味微苦而涩。苏木(D错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈细条状、不规则片状,或为粗粉。片、条表面黄红色至棕红色,常见纵向纹理。质坚硬。有的可见暗棕色、质松、带亮星的髓部。气微,味微涩。大血藤(E错)【性状鉴别】饮片呈类椭圆形的厚片。外表皮灰棕色、粗糙。切面皮部红棕色,有数处向内嵌入木部,木部黄白色,有多数导管孔,射线呈放射状排列。气微,味微涩。"} {"Question":"表面类白色,基部内有“骨塞”,上半段内有”通天眼”的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蕲蛇"},{"key":"B","value":"乌梢蛇"},{"key":"C","value":"鹿茸"},{"key":"D","value":"羚羊角"},{"key":"E","value":"金钱白花蛇"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是羚羊角药材的性状鉴别。表面类白色,基部内有“骨塞”,上半段内有”通天眼”的药材是羚羊角(D对)。羚羊角:【性状鉴别】药材呈长圆锥形,略呈弓形弯曲。类白色或黄白色,基部稍呈青灰色。嫩枝对光透视有“血丝”或紫黑色斑纹,光润如玉,无裂纹,老枝有细纵裂纹。除顶端部分外,有10~16个隆起环脊,用手握之,四指正好嵌入凹处。角基部横截面类圆形,内有坚硬质重的角柱,习称“骨塞”。除去“骨塞”后,角的下半部呈空洞,全角呈半透明,对光透视,上半段中央有一条隐约可辨的细孔道直通角头,习称“通天眼”。质坚硬,气微,味淡。蕲蛇(A错):【性状鉴别】药材卷呈圆盘状。头在中间稍向上,呈三角形而扁平,吻端向上,习称“翘鼻头”。上腭有管状毒牙,中空尖锐。背部两侧各有黑褐色与浅棕色组成的“V”形斑纹17~25个,其“V”形的两上端在背中线上相接,习称“方胜纹”,有的左右不相接,呈交错排列。腹部撑开或不撑开,灰白色,鳞片较大,有黑色类圆形的斑点,习称“连珠斑”;腹内壁黄白色,脊椎骨棘突较高,呈刀片状上突,前后椎体下突基本同形,多为弯刀状,向后倾斜,尖端明显超过椎体后隆面。尾部骤细,末端有三角形深灰色的角质鳞片1枚。气腥,味微咸。乌梢蛇(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆盘状。表面黑褐色或绿黑色,密被菱形鳞片;背鳞行数成双,背中央2~4行鳞片强烈起棱,形成两条纵贯全体的黑线。头盘在中间,扁圆形,眼大而下凹陷,有光泽。脊部高耸成屋脊状。腹部剖开边缘向内卷曲,脊肌肉厚,黄白色或淡棕色,可见排列整齐的肋骨。尾部渐细而长,尾下鳞双行。剥皮者仅留头尾之皮,中段较光滑。气腥,味淡。鹿茸(C错):【性状鉴别】药材花鹿茸呈圆柱状分枝,具1个分枝者习称“二杠”,主枝习称“大挺”,离锯口约1cm处分出侧枝,习称“门庄”,直径较大挺略细。外皮红棕色或棕色,多光润,表面密生红黄色或棕黄色细茸毛,上端毛密,下端较疏,分岔间具1条灰黑色筋脉,皮茸紧贴。锯口面黄白色,外围无骨质,中部密布细孔。具两个分枝者,习称“三岔”,大挺直径较二杠细,略呈弓形,微扁,枝端略尖,下部有纵棱筋及突起小疙瘩;皮红黄色,茸毛较稀且粗。体轻。气微腥,味微咸。金钱白花蛇(E错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆盘状。头盘在中间,尾细,常纳口中,口腔内上颌骨前端有毒沟牙1对,鼻间鳞2片,无颊鳞,上下唇鳞通常各为7片。背部黑色或灰黑色,有白色环纹45~58个,黑白相间,白环纹在背部宽1~2行鳞片,向腹面渐增宽,黑环纹宽3~5行鳞片,背正中明显突起一条脊棱,脊鳞扩大呈六角形,背鳞细密,通身15行,尾下鳞单行。气微腥,味微咸。"} {"Question":"乳香的化学成分分类属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单树脂"},{"key":"B","value":"胶树脂"},{"key":"C","value":"油胶树脂"},{"key":"D","value":"油树脂"},{"key":"E","value":"香树脂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是树脂的分类和组成。乳香的化学成分分类属于油胶树脂(C对)。树脂主要由树脂酸、树脂醇、树脂酯、树脂烃等多种成分组成。在树脂中常混有挥发油、树胶及游离芳香酸等成分。药用树脂的分类通常根据其中所含的主要化学成分而分成以下几类。(1)单树脂(A错)类:树脂中一般不含或很少含挥发油、树胶及游离芳香酸,通常又分为:①酸树脂:主成分为树脂酸,如松香。②酯树脂:主成分为树脂酯,如枫香脂、血竭。③混合树脂:无明显的主成分,如洋乳香。(2)胶树脂(B错)类:主成分为树脂和树胶,如藤黄。(3)油胶树脂类:主成分为树脂、挥发油和树胶,如乳香、没药、阿魏。(4)油树脂(D错)类:主成分为树脂与挥发油,如松油脂、加拿大油树脂。(5)香树脂(E错)类:主成分为树脂、游离芳香酸(香脂酸)、挥发油,如苏合香、安息香等。"} {"Question":"川芎药材的断面特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"富粉性有排列较稀疏的放射状纹理"},{"key":"B","value":"外周散有多数黄白色点状维管束断续排列成2~4轮"},{"key":"C","value":"可见波状环纹及错综纹理散有黄棕色小油点"},{"key":"D","value":"皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列形成云锦状花纹"},{"key":"E","value":"角质样有蜡样光泽内皮层环纹明显维管束呈点状散在"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是川芎药材的性状鉴别。川芎药材的断面特征是可见波状环纹及错综纹理散有黄棕色小油点(C对)。川芎:【性状鉴别】药材呈不规则结节状拳形团块。表面黄褐色或褐色,粗糙皱缩,有多数平行隆起的轮节,顶端有凹陷的类圆形茎痕,下侧及轮节上有多数小瘤状根痕。质坚实,不易折断,断面黄白色或灰黄色,可见波状环纹(形成层)及错综纹理,散有黄棕色小油点(油室)。气浓香,味苦、辛,稍有麻舌感、微回甜。富粉性有排列较稀疏的放射状纹理(A错)为防己药材的断面特征。防己:【性状鉴别】药材呈不规则圆柱形、半圆柱形或块状,多弯曲。表面淡灰黄色,在弯曲处常有深陷横沟而成结节状的瘤块样。体重,质坚实,断面平坦,灰白色,富粉性,有排列较稀疏的放射状纹理。气微,味苦。外周散有多数黄白色点状维管束断续排列成2~4轮(B错)为牛膝药材的断面特征。牛膝:【性状鉴别】药材呈细长圆柱形,挺直或稍弯曲。表面灰黄色或淡棕色,有微扭曲的细纵皱纹、排列稀疏的侧根痕和横长皮孔样突起。质硬脆,易折断,受潮后变软,断面平坦,淡棕色,略呈角质样而油润,中心维管束木质部较大,黄白色,其外周散有多数黄白色点状异型维管束,习称“筋脉点”,断续排列成2~4轮。气微,味微甜而稍苦涩。皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列形成云锦状花纹(D错)为何首乌药材的断面特征。何首乌:【性状鉴别】药材呈团块状或不规则纺锤形。表面红棕色或红褐色,皱缩不平,有浅沟,并有横长皮孔样突起及细根痕。体重,质坚实,不易折断,切断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色,显粉性,皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列,形成云锦状花纹,中央木部较大,有的呈木心。气微,味微苦而甘涩。角质样有蜡样光泽内皮层环纹明显维管束呈点状散在(E错)为姜黄药材的断面特征。姜黄:【性状鉴别】药材呈不规则卵圆形、圆柱形或纺锤形,常弯曲,有的具短叉状分枝。表面深黄色,粗糙,有皱缩纹理和明显环节,并有圆形分枝痕及须根痕。质坚实,不易折断,断面棕黄色至金黄色,角质样,有蜡样光泽,内皮层环纹明显,维管束呈点状散在。气香特异,味苦、辛。"} {"Question":"西红花的药用部位是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"花丝"},{"key":"B","value":"柱头"},{"key":"C","value":"花柱"},{"key":"D","value":"花瓣"},{"key":"E","value":"花蕾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是花类中药的药用部位。西红花的药用部位是柱头(B对)。药用部位为完整的花、花序或花的某一部分,这类中药称花类中药。完整的花有的是已开放的,如洋金花、红花;有的是尚未开放的花蕾(E错),如丁香、金银花。药用花序亦有的是采收未开放的,如款冬花;有的要采收已开放的,如菊花、旋覆花。而夏枯草实际上采收的是带花的果穗。药用仅为花的某一部分,如西红花系柱头,莲须系雄蕊,玉米须系花柱(C错),松花粉、蒲黄等则为花粉粒等。"} {"Question":"燃烧时易熔融成红紫色液体,火焰为蓝色,产生黄白色烟,并伴有强烈蒜臭气的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"自然铜"},{"key":"B","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"C","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"D","value":"赭石"},{"key":"E","value":"血竭"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是雄黄的性状鉴别。燃烧时易熔融成红紫色液体,火焰为蓝色,产生黄白色烟,并伴有强烈蒜臭气的药材是雄黄(B对)。雄黄【性状鉴别】呈块状或粒状集合体。全体呈深红色或橙红色。块状者表面常覆有橙黄色粉末,以手触之易被染成橙黄色。晶面具金刚光泽,质脆,易碎,断面具树脂光泽。条痕橙黄色。微有特异臭气,味淡,燃之易熔融成红紫色液体,并产生黄白色烟,有强烈蒜臭气。自然铜(A错)【性状鉴别】多呈方块形,直径0.2~2.5cm。表面亮淡黄色,有金属光泽,有的表面显黄棕色或棕褐色(系氧化物,即氧化铁所致),无金属光泽,具棕黑色或墨绿色细条纹及砂眼。立方体相邻晶面上条纹相互垂直,是其重要特征。条痕绿黑色或棕红色。朱砂(C错)【性状鉴别】为粒状或块状集合体,呈大小不一的块片状、颗粒状或粉末状。鲜红色或暗红色,有光泽。体重,质脆,条痕红色至褐红色。气微,味淡。其中呈细小颗粒或粉末状,色红明亮,触之不染手者,习称“朱宝砂”;呈不规则板片状、斜方形或长条形,大小厚薄不一,边缘不整齐,色红而鲜艳,光亮如镜面微透明,质较脆者,习称“镜面砂”;呈粒状,方圆形或多角形,色暗红或呈灰褐色,质坚,不易碎者,习称“豆瓣砂”。赭石(D错)【性状鉴别】多呈不规则扁平块状,大小不一。全体暗棕红色或灰黑色,条痕樱红色或红棕色,有的具金属光泽。一面有圆形突起,习称“钉头”,另一面与突起的相对应处有同样大小的凹窝。体重,质硬,砸碎后断面显层叠状,且每层均依“钉头”而呈波浪状弯曲,用手抚摸,则有红棕色粉末黏手,在石头上摩擦呈樱桃红色。气微,味淡。血竭(E错)【性状鉴别】呈四方形或不定形块状,大小不等,表面铁黑色或红色,常附有因摩擦而成的红粉。断面有光泽或粗糙而无光泽,黑红色,研成粉末血红色。"} {"Question":"横切面有多个凸起的同心环轮,习称“罗盘纹”的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"板蓝根"},{"key":"B","value":"绵马贯众"},{"key":"C","value":"商陆"},{"key":"D","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"E","value":"虎杖"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是商陆药材的性状鉴别。横切面有多个凸起的同心环轮,习称“罗盘纹”的药材是商陆(C对)。商陆:【性状鉴别】药材为横切或纵切的不规则块片,厚薄不等。外皮灰黄色或灰棕色。横切片弯曲不平,边缘皱缩;切面浅黄棕色或黄白色,异型维管束隆起,其木部明显,形成数个突起的同心性环轮,习称“罗盘纹”。纵切片弯曲或卷曲,异型维管束木部呈平行条状突起。质硬。气微,味稍甜,久嚼麻舌。板蓝根(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形,稍扭曲。表面淡灰黄色或淡棕黄色,有纵皱纹、横长皮孔样突起及支根痕。根头略膨大,可见暗绿色或暗棕色轮状排列的叶柄残基和密集的疣状突起。体实,质略软,断面皮部黄白色,木部黄色。气微,味微甜后苦涩。绵马贯众(B错):【性状鉴别】药材呈长倒卵形,略弯曲,上端钝圆或截形,下端较尖,有的纵剖为两半。表面黄棕色至黑褐色,密被排列整齐的叶柄残基及鳞片,并有弯曲的须根。叶柄残基呈扁圆形;表面有纵棱线,质硬而脆,断面略平坦,棕色,有黄白色维管束5~13个,环列;每个叶柄残基的外侧常有3条须根,鳞片条状披针形,全缘,常脱落。质坚硬,断面略平坦,深绿色至棕色,有黄白色维管束5~13个,环列,其外散有较多的叶迹维管束。气特异,味初淡而微涩,后渐苦、辛。何首乌(D错):【性状鉴别】药材呈团块状或不规则纺锤形。表面红棕色或红褐色,皱缩不平,有浅沟,并有横长皮孔样突起及细根痕。体重,质坚实,不易折断,切断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色,显粉性,皮部有4~11个类圆形异型维管束环列,形成云锦状花纹,中央木部较大,有的呈木心。气微,味微苦而甘涩。虎杖(E错):【性状鉴别】药材多为圆柱形短段或不规则厚片。外皮棕褐色,有纵皱纹及须根痕,切面皮部较薄,木部宽广,棕黄色,射线呈放射状,皮部与木部较易分离。根茎髓中有隔或呈空洞状。质坚硬。气微,味微苦、涩。"} {"Question":"人参根茎上的凹窝状茎痕习称","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芦头"},{"key":"B","value":"芦碗"},{"key":"C","value":"艼"},{"key":"D","value":"珍珠疙瘩"},{"key":"E","value":"铁线纹"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参药材的性状鉴别。人参根茎上的凹窝状茎痕习称芦碗(B对)。人参:【性状鉴别】药材主根呈纺锤形或圆柱形。表面灰黄色,上部或全体有疏浅断续的粗横纹及明显纵皱纹,下部有支根2~3条,并着生多数细长的须根,须根上常有不明显的细小疣状突起。根茎(芦头(A错))多拘挛而弯曲,具不定根(艼(C错))和稀疏的凹窝状茎痕(芦碗)。质较硬,断面淡黄白色,显粉性,形成层环纹棕黄色,皮部有黄棕色的点状树脂道及放射状裂隙。香气特异,味微苦、甘。珍珠疙瘩(D错)与铁线纹(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"药用部位为带叶茎枝的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鱼腥草"},{"key":"B","value":"荆芥"},{"key":"C","value":"槲寄生"},{"key":"D","value":"蒲公英"},{"key":"E","value":"半枝莲"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是槲寄生的药用部位。药用部位为带叶茎枝的药材有槲寄生(C对)。槲寄生:【来源】为桑寄生科植物槲寄生的干燥带叶茎枝。鱼腥草(A错):【来源】为三白草科植物蕺莱的新鲜全草或干燥地上部分。荆芥(B错):【来源】为唇形科植物荆芥的干燥地上部分。蒲公英(D错):【来源】为菊科植物蒲公英、碱地蒲公英或同属数种植物的干燥全草。半枝莲(E错):【来源】为唇形科植物半枝莲的干燥全草。"} {"Question":"表面黄白色或淡棕黄色,质松泡,气微,味微甘的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"玉竹"},{"key":"B","value":"山药"},{"key":"C","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"D","value":"地黄"},{"key":"E","value":"南沙参"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是南沙参药材的鉴别。表面黄白色或淡棕黄色,质松泡,气微,味微甘的药材是南沙参(E对)。南沙参:【性状鉴别】药材呈圆锥形或圆柱形,略弯曲。表面黄白色或淡棕黄色,凹陷处常有残留粗皮,上部多有深陷横纹,呈断续的环纹,下部有纵纹及纵沟。顶端具1或2个根茎。体轻,质松泡,易折断,断面不平坦,黄白色,多裂隙。气微,味微甘。玉竹(A错):【性状鉴别】药材呈长圆柱形,略扁,少有分枝。表面黄白色或淡黄棕色,半透明,具纵皱纹和微隆起的环节,有白色圆点状须根痕和圆盘状茎痕。质硬而脆或稍软,易折断,断面角质样或显颗粒性。气微,味甘,嚼之发黏。山药(B错):【性状鉴别】药材毛山药略呈圆柱形,弯曲而稍扁。表面黄白色或淡黄色,有纵沟、纵皱纹及须根痕,偶有浅棕色的外皮残留。体重,质坚实,不易折断,断面白色,粉性。气微,味淡,微酸,嚼之发黏。桔梗(C错):【性状鉴别】药材呈圆柱形或略呈纺锤形,下部渐细,有的有分支,略扭曲。表面淡黄色至黄色,不去外皮的表面黄棕色至灰棕色,具纵扭皱沟,并有横长的皮孔样斑痕及支根痕,上部有横纹。有的顶端有较短的根茎或不明显,其上有数个半月形茎痕。质脆,断面不平坦,横切面可见放射状裂隙,皮部黄白色,形成层环棕色,木部淡黄色。气微,味微甜后苦。地黄(D错):【性状鉴别】药材鲜地黄呈纺锤形或条状。外皮薄,表面浅红黄色,具弯曲的纵皱纹、芽痕、横长皮孔样突起以及不规则疤痕。肉质、易断,断面皮部淡黄白色,可见橘红色油点,木部黄白色,导管呈放射状排列。气微,味微甜、微苦。"} {"Question":"粉末显微特征中,石细胞类方形、椭圆形或不规则分枝状;油细胞椭圆形或类圆形的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"合欢皮"},{"key":"B","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"C","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"D","value":"杜仲"},{"key":"E","value":"厚朴"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是厚朴的显微鉴别。粉末显微特征中,石细胞类方形、椭圆形或不规则分枝状;油细胞椭圆形或类圆形的药材是厚朴(E对)。厚朴【显微鉴别】粉末厚朴、姜厚朴:石细胞类方形、椭圆形或不规则分枝状,直径11~65μm,壁厚,有的可见层纹。油细胞椭圆形或类圆形,含黄棕色油状物。纤维甚多,壁甚厚,有的呈波浪形或一边呈锯齿状,木化,孔沟不明显。肉桂(C错)【显微鉴别】粉末:纤维大多单个散在,长梭形,直径约至50μm,壁厚,木化,纹孔不明显。石细胞类圆形或类方形,壁厚,有的一面菲薄,直径32~88μm。油细胞类圆形或长圆形。"} {"Question":"可降低天南星毒性的常用炮制方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"炒法"},{"key":"B","value":"炙法"},{"key":"C","value":"燀法"},{"key":"D","value":"提净法"},{"key":"E","value":"复制法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是饮片炮制方法。可降低天南星毒性的常用炮制方法是复制法(E对)。复制法是将净选后的药物加入一种或数种辅料,按规定操作程序,反复炮制的方法。复制的主要目的:①降低或消除药物的毒性或刺激性,如半夏等。②改变药性,如天南星等。③增强疗效,如白附子等。④矫臭矫味,如紫河车等。炒法(A错)是将净制或切制过的药物,筛去灰屑,大小分档,置炒制容器内,加辅料或不加辅料,用不同火力加热,并不断翻动或转动使之达到一定程度的炮制方法。炒法目的是增强药效,缓和或改变药性,降低毒性或减少刺激,矫臭矫味,利于贮藏和制剂。炙法(B错)是将净选或切制后的药物,加入定量的液体辅料拌炒,使辅料逐渐渗入药物组织内部的炮制方法。药物吸入辅料经加热炒制后在性味、功效、作用趋向、归经和理化性质方面均能发生某些变化,起到降低毒性、抑制偏性、增强疗效、矫臭矫味、使有效成分易于溶出等作用,从而达到最大限度地发挥疗效的目的。燀法(C错)是将药物置沸水中浸煮短暂时间,取出,分离种皮的方法。燀制的主要目的:①在保存有效成分的前提下,除去非药用部分,如苦杏仁等。②分离不同药用部位,如白扁豆等。提净法(D错):指某些矿物药,特别是一些可溶性无机盐类药物,经过溶解,过滤,除净杂质后,再进行重结晶,以进一步纯净药物的方法。提净的目的:①使药物纯净,提高疗效。②缓和药性。③降低毒性。"} {"Question":"制何首乌应选用的辅料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"米醋"},{"key":"B","value":"蜂蜜"},{"key":"C","value":"盐水"},{"key":"D","value":"甘草水"},{"key":"E","value":"黑豆汁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查何首乌的炮制方法。制何首乌应选用的辅料是黑豆汁(E对)。何首乌【炮制方法】处方用名有何首乌、首乌、生首乌、制首乌。①何首乌:取原药材,除去杂质,洗净,稍浸,闷润,润透,切厚片或块,干燥。②制何首乌:取何首乌片或块,用黑豆汗拌匀,润透,置非铁质蒸制容器内,密闭,炖至汁液吸尽,药物呈棕褐色,或用清蒸法,或黑豆汁拌匀后,蒸至药物内外均成棕褐色,取出,干燥,或晒至半干,切片,干燥。每100kg何首乌片(块),用黑豆10kg。醋及其作用:醋古称酢、醯、苦酒,习称米醋(A错)。醋多用作炙、蒸、煮等辅料,常用醋制的药物有延胡索、甘遂、商陆、大戟、芫花、三棱、莪术、香附、柴胡、郁金等。蜂蜜(B错)及其作用:蜂蜜为蜜蜂科中华蜜蜂等采集花粉酿制而成,品种比较复杂,以枣花蜜、山白蜜、荔枝蜜等质量为佳,荞麦蜜色深有异臭,质差。常用蜂蜜炮制的药物有甘草、麻黄、紫菀、百部、马兜铃、白前、枇杷叶、款冬花、百合、桂枝等。盐水(C错)及其作用:炮制所用盐水为食盐水。常以盐水炮制的药物有知母、黄柏、杜仲、巴载天、小茴香、橘核、车前子、砂仁、菟丝子、补骨脂、益智仁、泽泻、沙苑子等。中药炮制中还有用到其他液体辅料的,主要有吴茱萸汁、白萝卜汁、羊脂油、鳖血、山羊血、石灰水、甘草汁(D错)、黑豆汁及其他药汁等。可根据中医临床的用药要求而选用。"} {"Question":"苍术应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麸炒"},{"key":"B","value":"砂炒"},{"key":"C","value":"米炒"},{"key":"D","value":"蛤粉炒"},{"key":"E","value":"滑石粉炒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是苍术的炮制方法。苍术应麸炒(A对)。麸炒是将净制或切制后的药物用麦麸熏炒的方法。麸炒的目的:①增强疗效,如山药、白术、芡实等。②缓和药性,如苍术、枳实、薏苡仁等。③矫臭矫味,如僵蚕等。砂炒(B错),亦称砂烫法,是将净选或切制后的药物与热砂共同拌炒的方法。砂炒的目的:①增强疗效,便于调剂和制剂,如狗脊、穿山甲等。②降低毒性,如马钱子等。③便于去毛,如骨碎补等。④矫臭矫味,如鸡内金、脐带等。米炒(C错)是将净制或切制后的药物与米同炒的方法。米炒的目的:①增强药物的健脾止泻作用,如党参。②降低药物的毒性,如红娘子、斑蝥。③矫正不良气味,如昆虫类药物。蛤粉炒(D错),又称蛤粉烫,是将净制或切制后的药物与蛤粉共同拌炒的方法。蛤粉炒的目的:①使药物质地酥脆,便于制剂和调剂。②降低药物的滋腻之性,矫正不良气味。如阿胶、鹿角胶等。滑石粉炒(E错),又称滑石粉烫,是将净制或切制后的药物与滑石粉共同拌炒的方法。滑石粉炒的目的:①使药物质地酥脆,便于粉碎和煎煮,如黄狗肾等。②降低毒性及矫正不良气味,如刺猬皮、水蛭等。"} {"Question":"处方中含有大量黄精、熟地黄,粉碎宜采用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"加液研磨法"},{"key":"B","value":"水飞粉碎法"},{"key":"C","value":"串料粉碎法"},{"key":"D","value":"串油粉碎法"},{"key":"E","value":"超微粉碎法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查中药粉碎的方法。处方中含有大量黄精、熟地黄,粉碎宜采用串料粉碎法(C对)。串料粉碎:先将处方中其他中药粉碎成粗粉,再将含有大量糖分、树脂、树胶、黏液质的中药陆续掺入,逐步粉碎成所需粒度。需要串料粉碎的中药有乳香、没药、黄精、玉竹、熟地、山萸肉、枸杞、麦冬、天冬等。湿法粉碎:1.加液研磨法(A错),系将药料先放入研钵中,加入少量液体后进行研磨,直至药料被研细为止。研樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑等药时,常加人少量乙醇;研麝香时,则加入极少量水。常采用“轻研冰片,重研麝香”的原则。2.水飞法(B错),水飞法系将非水溶性药料先打成碎块,置于研钵中,加入适量水,以杵棒用力研磨,直至药料被研细,如朱砂、炉甘石、珍珠、滑石粉等。当有部分研成的细粉混悬于水中时,及时将混悬液倾出,余下的稍粗大药料再加水研磨,再将细粉混悬液倾出,如此进行,直至全部药料被研成细粉为止。将混悬液合并,静置沉降,倾出上部清水,将底部细粉取出干燥,即得极细粉。很多矿物、贝壳类药物可用水飞法制得极细粉。但水溶性的矿物药如硼砂、芒硝等则不能采用水飞法。干法粉碎:1.单独粉碎。2.混合粉碎分为串料粉碎、串油粉碎、蒸罐粉碎。串油粉碎(D错):先将处方中其他中药粉碎成粗粉,再将含有大量油脂性成分的中药陆续掺人,逐步粉碎成所需粒度,或将油脂类中药研成糊状再与其他药物粗粉混合粉碎成所需粒度。需串油粉碎的中药主要是种子类药物,如桃仁、苦杏仁、苏子、酸枣仁、火麻仁、核桃仁、柏子仁等。超微粉碎(E错)又称超细粉碎,是指将粉粒物料磨碎到粒径为微米级以下的操作。"} {"Question":"提出“雷公炮炙十七法”的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雷斅"},{"key":"B","value":"张仲岩"},{"key":"C","value":"李时珍"},{"key":"D","value":"缪希雍"},{"key":"E","value":"陈嘉谟"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是“雷公炮炙十七法”。提出“雷公炮炙十七法”的是缪希雍(D对)。明代缪希雍在《炮制大法》卷首将当时的炮制方法归纳为“雷公炮炙十七法”。"} {"Question":"醋鳖甲每100kg用醋量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"12.5kg"},{"key":"B","value":"15kg"},{"key":"C","value":"17.5kg"},{"key":"D","value":"20kg"},{"key":"E","value":"25kg"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在产地加工过程中,应“发汗”处理的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"川芎"},{"key":"B","value":"灵芝"},{"key":"C","value":"苍术"},{"key":"D","value":"茯苓"},{"key":"E","value":"白芍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用的产地加工方法。在产地加工过程中,应“发汗”处理的药材是茯苓(D对)。常用的产地加工方法:1.拣、洗:将采收的新鲜药材除去泥沙杂质和非药用部分。但具芳香气味的药材一般不用水洗,如薄荷、细辛、木香等。鲜用药材洗后晾干,进行保鲜处理。2.切片:较大的根及根茎类、坚硬的藤木类和肉质的果实类药材有的趁鲜切成块、片,以利干燥。如大黄、鸡血藤、木瓜。但对具挥发性成分和有效成分易氧化的则不宜切成薄片干燥,如当归、川芎(A错)等。3.蒸、煮、烫:含浆汁、淀粉或糖分多的药材,用一般方法不易干燥,需先经蒸、煮或烫的处理,则易干燥,同时使一些药材中的酶失去活力,不致分解药材的有效成分。但加热时间的长短不等,视药材的性质而定,如天麻、红参蒸至透心,白芍(E错)煮至透心,太子参置沸水中略烫。有些动物药,如桑螵蛸、五倍子蒸至杀死虫卵或蚜虫。4.搓揉:有些药材在干燥过程中皮、肉易分离而使药材质地松泡,在干燥过程中要时时搓揉,使皮、肉紧贴,达到油润、饱满、柔软或半透明等目的。如玉竹等。5.发汗:有些药材在加工过程中为了促使变色,增强气味或减小刺激性,有利于干燥,常将药材堆积放置,使其发热、“回潮”,内部水分向外挥散,这种方法称为“发汗”,如厚朴、杜仲、玄参、续断、茯苓等。6.干燥:除少数药材,如石斛、鱼腥草、地黄、益母草等,有时要求鲜用外,大多数药材经加工后均应及时干燥。干燥的目的是除去新鲜药材中的大量水分,避免发霉、变色、虫蛀以及有效成分的分解和破坏,保证药材质量,利于贮藏。灵芝(B错):【采收加工】全年采收,除去杂质,剪除附有朽木、泥沙或培养基质的下端菌柄,阴干或在40℃~50℃烘干。苍术(C错):【采收加工】春、秋二季挖取根茎,除去泥沙,晒干,撞去须根。"} {"Question":"山药的主产地是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"西藏"},{"key":"B","value":"河南"},{"key":"C","value":"云南"},{"key":"D","value":"河北"},{"key":"E","value":"浙江"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是道地药材。山药的主产地是河南(B对)。怀药:主产地河南。如著名的“四大怀药”——地黄、牛膝、山药、菊花;以及天花粉、瓜蒌、白芷、辛夷、红花、金银花、山茱萸等。藏药:主产地青藏高原地区(A错)。著名的藏药如冬虫夏草、雪莲花、炉贝母、红景天,以及甘松、胡黄连、藏木香、藏菖蒲、余甘子、毛诃子、麝香等。云药:主产地云南(C错)。如三七、木香、重楼、茯苓、萝芙木、诃子、草果、马钱子、儿茶等。北药:主产地河北(D错)、山东、山西以及内蒙古中部。如党参、酸枣仁、柴胡、白芷、北沙参、板蓝根、大青叶、青黛、黄芩、香附、知母、山楂、金银花、连翘、桃仁、苦杏仁、薏苡仁、小茴香、大枣、香加皮、阿胶、全蝎、土鳖虫、滑石、赭石等。浙药:主产地浙江(E错)。如传统的“浙八味”——浙贝母、白术、延胡索、温郁金、玄参、杭白芍、杭菊花、杭麦冬;以及山茱萸、莪术、杭白芷、栀子、乌梅、乌梢蛇等。"} {"Question":"酒蒸后,即可消除刺激性,又能增强补脾润肺益肾作用的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地黄"},{"key":"B","value":"女贞子"},{"key":"C","value":"黄精"},{"key":"D","value":"五味子"},{"key":"E","value":"肉苁蓉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄精的炮制作用。酒蒸后,即可消除刺激性,又能增强补脾润肺益肾作用的饮片是黄精(C对)。黄精:【炮制作用】黄精味甘,平。归脾、肺、肾经。具有补气养阴、健脾、润肺、益肾的功能。生黄精具麻味,刺激咽喉。蒸后补脾润肺益肾功能增强,并可除去麻味,以免刺激咽喉。用于肺虚燥咳,脾胃虚弱,肾虚精亏。酒黄精能助其药势,使之滋而不腻,更好地发挥补益作用。地黄(A错):【炮制作用】鲜地黄味甘、苦,性寒。归心、肝、肾经。具有清热生津、凉血、止血的功能。用于热病伤阴,舌绛烦渴,温毒发斑,吐血衄血,咽喉肿痛等症。①生地黄性味甘,寒。归心、肝、肾经。为清热凉血之品,具有清热凉血、养阴生津的功能。用于热入营血,温毒发斑,吐血衄血,热病伤阴,舌绛烦渴,津伤便秘,阴虚发热,骨蒸劳热,内热消渴。②熟地黄药性由寒转温,味由苦转甜,功能由清转补,熟地黄质厚味醇,滋腻碍脾,酒制主补阴血,且可借酒力行散,起到行药势、通血脉的作用。熟地黄性味甘,微温。归肝、肾经。具有补血滋阴,益精填髓的功能。用于血虚萎黄,心悸怔忡,月经不调,崩漏下血,肝肾阴虚,腰膝酸软,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精,内热消渴,眩晕,耳鸣,须发早白。③生地炭入血分凉血止血,用于吐血,衄血,尿血,便血,崩漏等。④熟地炭以补血止血为主,用于虚损性出血。酒蒸女贞子(B错)、五味子(D错)、肉苁蓉(E错)可增强疗效,缓和药性。"} {"Question":"炮制黄芩应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒸法"},{"key":"B","value":"煮法"},{"key":"C","value":"水飞法"},{"key":"D","value":"蝉法"},{"key":"E","value":"煅法"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有行气、消食、回乳的功效,临床常用于产后回乳的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"炒六神曲"},{"key":"B","value":"麦芽"},{"key":"C","value":"炒麦芽"},{"key":"D","value":"麸炒六神曲"},{"key":"E","value":"焦六神曲"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是麦芽的炮制作用。具有行气、消食、回乳的功效,临床常用于产后回乳的饮片是炒麦芽(C对)。麦芽:【炮制作用】麦芽(B错)味甘,性平。归脾、胃经。具有消食和胃、疏肝通乳的功能。用于消化不良,乳汁淤积,乳癖。①炒麦芽偏温而气香,具有行气、消食、回乳之功。②焦麦芽性偏温而味微甘、微涩,增强了消食化滞、止泻的作用。炒六神曲(A错)、麸炒六神曲(D错)与焦六神曲(E错)为六神曲的炮制品。六神曲:【炮制作用】六神曲味甘、辛,性温。入脾、胃经。①生六神曲健脾开胃,并有发散作用。②炒神曲健脾悦胃功能增强,发散作用减少。③麸炒六神曲具有甘香气,以醒脾和胃为主。用于食积不化,脘腹胀满,不思饮食,肠鸣泄泻。④焦六神曲消食化积力强,以治食积泄泻为主。"} {"Question":"为增强补脾、润肺、益肾功能,并除去麻味,宜选用蒸法炮制的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄精"},{"key":"B","value":"人参"},{"key":"C","value":"天麻"},{"key":"D","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"E","value":"何首乌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是黄精的炮制作用。为增强补脾、润肺、益肾功能,并除去麻味,宜选用蒸法炮制的中药是黄精(A对)。黄精:【炮制作用】黄精味甘,平。归脾、肺、肾经。具有补气养阴、健脾、润肺、益肾的功能。生黄精具麻味,刺激咽喉。蒸后补脾润肺益肾功能增强,并可除去麻味,以免刺激咽喉。用于肺虚燥咳,脾胃虚弱,肾虚精亏。酒黄精能助其药势,使之滋而不腻,更好地发挥补益作用。人参(B错):【炮制作用】人参性味甘、微苦,微温。归脾、肺、心、肾经。具有大补元气、复脉固脱、补脾益肺、生津养血、安神益智的功能。①生晒参偏于补气生津,复脉固脱,补脾益肺,用于体虚欲脱,肢冷脉微,脾虚食少,肺虚喘咳,津伤口渴,内热消渴,气血亏虚,久病虚羸,惊悸失眠,阳痿宫冷。②红参性味甘、微苦,温。归脾、肺、心、肾经。具有大补元气、复脉固脱、益气摄血的功能。用于体虚欲脱,肢冷脉微,气不摄血,崩漏下血。天麻(C错):【炮制作用】天麻味甘,性平。归肝经。具有息风止痉,平抑肝阳,祛风通络的功能。用于小儿惊风,癫痫抽搐,破伤风,头痛眩晕,手足不遂,肢体麻木,风湿痹痛。蒸天麻主要是为了便于软化切片,同时可破坏酶,保存苷类成分。黄芩(D错):【炮制作用】黄芩性味苦寒。归肺、胆、脾、胃、大肠、小肠经。具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒、止血、安胎的功能。黄芩蒸或沸水煮的目的是灭活酶,防止苷类成分分解,以保存药效,又能使药物软化,便于切片。①生黄芩清热泻火解毒力强,用于热病,湿温,黄疸,泻痢、乳痈发背。②酒黄芩入血分,并可借黄酒升腾之力,用于上焦肺热及四肢肌表之湿热;同时,因酒性大热,可缓和黄芩的苦寒之性,以免伤害脾阳,导致腹泻。③黄芩炭以清热止血为主,用于崩漏下血,吐血衄血。何首乌(E错):【炮制作用】何首乌味苦、甘、涩,性温。归肝、心、肾经。①生何首乌苦泄性平兼发散,具有解毒消肿、润肠通便、截疟的功能。用于瘰疬疮痈,风疹瘙痒,肠燥便秘,久疟不止,高脂血症。②制何首乌味转甘厚而性转温,增强了补肝肾、益精血、乌须发、强筋骨的作用,用于血虚萎黄,眩晕耳鸣,须发早白,腰膝酸软,肢体麻木,崩漏带下,久疟体虚,高脂血症。同时消除了生何首乌滑肠致泻的副作用,使慢性病患者长期服用而不造成腹泻。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,含量测定指标成分相同的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄与黄连"},{"key":"B","value":"苦参与山豆根"},{"key":"C","value":"延胡索与防己"},{"key":"D","value":"大黄与芦荟"},{"key":"E","value":"虎杖与何首乌"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查苦参与山豆根的生物碱类型。双稠哌啶类:由两个哌啶环共用一个氮原子稠合而成的杂环,具喹诺里西啶的基本母核。主要分布于豆科、石松科和千屈菜科。如苦参中的苦参碱、氧化苦参碱,野决明中的金雀花碱等。山豆根中的主要生物碱及其化学结构 生物碱是山豆根的主要活性成分,其生物碱大多属于喹诺里西啶类。其中以苦参碱和氧化苦参碱为主(B对)。麻黄中含有多种生物碱,以麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为主。黄连的有效成分主要是生物碱,已经分离出来的生物碱有小檗碱、巴马汀、黄连碱、甲基黄连碱、药根碱和木兰碱等(A错)。延胡索含有多种苄基异喹啉类生物碱,包括延胡索甲素、延胡索乙素和去氢延胡索甲素等。防己的有效成分为生物碱,其中包括汉防己甲素和汉防己乙素(C错)。大黄中含游离型和结合型蒽醌类衍生物,还含鞣质类、二苯乙烯苷类、苯酚苷类和苯丁酮类成分等。芦荟中主要活性成分是羟基蒽醌类衍生物,包括芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚等。《中国药典》以芦荟苷为指标成分进行含量测定(D错)。虎杖主要含有蒽醌类化合物,此外还含有二苯乙烯类、黄酮类、水溶性多糖和鞣质等成分。何首乌的主要成分为蒽醌类成分,以大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、大黄酸、芦荟大黄素等为主,《中国药典》以二苯乙烯苷和结合蒽醌为指标成分对何首乌进行含量测定(E错)。"} {"Question":"白芍在产地加工时应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"煮至透心"},{"key":"B","value":"蒸至透心"},{"key":"C","value":"发汗"},{"key":"D","value":"阴干"},{"key":"E","value":"曝晒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用的产地加工方法。白芍在产地加工时应煮至透心(A对)。常用的产地加工方法:1.拣、洗:将采收的新鲜药材除去泥沙杂质和非药用部分。但具芳香气味的药材一般不用水洗,如薄荷、细辛、木香等。鲜用药材洗后晾干,进行保鲜处理。2.切片:较大的根及根茎类、坚硬的藤木类和肉质的果实类药材有的趁鲜切成块、片,以利干燥。如大黄、鸡血藤、木瓜。但对具挥发性成分和有效成分易氧化的则不宜切成薄片干燥,如当归、川芎等。3.蒸、煮、烫:含浆汁、淀粉或糖分多的药材,用一般方法不易干燥,需先经蒸、煮或烫的处理,则易干燥,同时使一些药材中的酶失去活力,不致分解药材的有效成分。但加热时间的长短不等,视药材的性质而定,如天麻、红参蒸至透心(B错),白芍煮至透心,太子参置沸水中略烫。有些动物药,如桑螵蛸、五倍子蒸至杀死虫卵或蚜虫。4.搓揉:有些药材在干燥过程中皮、肉易分离而使药材质地松泡,在干燥过程中要时时搓揉,使皮、肉紧贴,达到油润、饱满、柔软或半透明等目的。如玉竹等。5.发汗(C错):有些药材在加工过程中为了促使变色,增强气味或减小刺激性,有利于干燥,常将药材堆积放置,使其发热、“回潮”,内部水分向外挥散,这种方法称为“发汗”,如厚朴、杜仲、玄参、续断、茯苓等。6.干燥:除少数药材,如石斛、鱼腥草、地黄、益母草等,有时要求鲜用外,大多数药材经加工后均应及时干燥。干燥的目的是除去新鲜药材中的大量水分,避免发霉、变色、虫蛀以及有效成分的分解和破坏,保证药材质量,利于贮藏。《中国药典》规定药材产地加工的干燥方法如下。(1)烘干、晒干、阴干均可的,用“干燥”表示。(2)不宜用较高温度烘干的,则用“晒干”或“低温干燥”(一般不超过60℃)表示。(3)烘干、晒干均不适宜的,用“阴干(D错)”或“晾干”表示。(4)少数药材需要短时间干燥,则用“曝晒(E错)”或“及时干燥”表示。近年来常使用的还有远红外加热干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥等新方法干燥药材。"} {"Question":"炒苍耳子宜用的火候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大火"},{"key":"B","value":"小火"},{"key":"C","value":"中火"},{"key":"D","value":"武火"},{"key":"E","value":"文火"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是炒法的火力。炒苍耳子宜用的火候是中火(C对)。苍耳子:【炮制方法】处方用名有苍耳子、炒苍耳子。①苍耳子:取原药材,除去杂质,用时捣碎。②炒苍耳子:取净苍耳子,置炒制容器内,用中火加热,炒至黄褐色,刺焦时即可,碾去刺,筛净。用时捣碎。火力是指药物炮制过程中所用热源释放出的热量大小、火的强弱或温度的高低。火力可分为文火、中火、武火。文火(E错)即小火(B错),武火(D错)即大火(A错)或强火,介于文火和武火之间的是中火。先文火后武火,或文火和武火交替使用的为文武火。文火一般用于炒黄,中火一般用于炒黄、炒焦,武火一般用于炒焦、炒炭。"} {"Question":"在采收加工时需要“发汗”的药材有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"B","value":"杜仲"},{"key":"C","value":"续断"},{"key":"D","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"E","value":"茯苓"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药材的采收加工。在采收加工时需要“发汗”的药材有厚朴(A对)、杜仲(B对)、续断(C对)与茯苓(E对)。发汗:有些药材在加工过程中为了促使变色,增强气味或减小刺激性,有利于干燥,常将药材堆积放置,使其发热、“回潮”,内部水分向外挥散,这种方法称为“发汗”,如厚朴、杜仲、玄参、续断、茯苓等。青蒿(D错):【采收加工】秋季花盛开时采割,除去老茎,阴干。"} {"Question":"山药用治脾虚久泻,宜选用的炮制方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"炒黄"},{"key":"B","value":"砂炒"},{"key":"C","value":"土炒"},{"key":"D","value":"炒炭"},{"key":"E","value":"炒焦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是山药的炮制方法及作用。山药用治脾虚久泻,宜选用的炮制方法是土炒(C对)。山药:【炮制作用】山药味甘,性平,归脾、胃、肾经。具有补脾益胃,生津益肺,补肾涩精的功能。①山药以补肾生精,益肺阴为主。用于肾虚遗精、尿频,肺虚喘咳,阴虚消渴。②土炒山药以补脾止泻为主,用于脾虚久泻。③麸炒山药以补脾健胃为主。用于脾虚食少,泄泻便溏,白带过多。土炒是将净选或切制后的药物与灶心土(伏龙肝)拌抄的方法。土炒的目的:灶心土味辛性温,能温中燥湿,止呕,止泻。常用来炮制补脾止泻的药物。如白术、山药等。炒黄(A错)是将净制或切制过的药物,置炒制容器内,用文火或中火加热,并不断翻动或转动,使药物表面呈黄色或颜色加深,或发泡鼓起,或爆裂,并逸出固有气味的方法。砂炒(B错)法,亦称砂烫法,是将净选或切制后的药物与热砂共同拌炒的方法。砂炒的目的:①增强疗效,便于调剂和制剂,如狗脊、穿山甲等。②降低毒性,如马钱子等。③便于去毛,如骨碎补等。④矫臭矫味,如鸡内金、脐带等。炒炭(D错)是将净选或切制后的药物,置炒制容器内,用武火或中火加热,炒至药物表面焦黑色或焦褐色,内部呈棕褐色或棕黄色。炒炭的目的:经炒炭炮制后可使药物增强或产生止血、止泻作用。炒焦(E错)是将净选或切制后的药物,置炒制容器内,用中火或武火加热,炒至药物表面呈焦黄或焦褐色,内部颜色加深,并具有焦香气味。炒焦的目的:主要是增强药物消食健脾的功效或减少药物的刺激性,如山楂、栀子等。"} {"Question":"产地加工需蒸制杀死蚜虫的药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天麻"},{"key":"B","value":"红参"},{"key":"C","value":"五倍子"},{"key":"D","value":"连翘"},{"key":"E","value":"女贞子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查五倍子的采收加工。五倍子(C对)【采收加工】秋季五倍子由青转成黄褐色,成熟爆裂前采摘,置沸水中略煮或蒸至外表面变成灰色,杀死蚜虫。取出,干燥。天麻(A错)【采收加工】立冬后至次年清明前采挖,除去地上苗茎,立即洗净,蒸至透心,敞开低温干燥。红参(B错)【采收加工】秋季采挖,洗净,蒸制后,干燥。连翘(D错)【采收加工】秋季果实初熟尚带绿色时采收,除去杂质,蒸熟,晒干,习称“青翘”;果实熟透时采收,晒干,除去杂质,习称“老翘”。女贞子(E错)【采收加工】冬季果实成熟时采收,除去枝叶,稍蒸或置沸水中略烫后,干燥;或直接干燥。"} {"Question":"丹皮酚软膏的组成有丹皮酚50g、丁香油7ml、硬脂酸110g、单硬脂酸甘油酯25g、碳酸钾9g、三乙醇胺3ml、甘油100g、蒸馏水720ml。该制剂的基质属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"油脂类基质"},{"key":"B","value":"O\/W型基质"},{"key":"C","value":"类脂类基质"},{"key":"D","value":"W\/O型基质"},{"key":"E","value":"水溶性基质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查丹皮酚软膏的注解。丹皮酚软膏【注解】硬脂酸与碳酸钾生成硬脂酸钾,三乙醇胺与部分硬脂酸形成有机铵皂(三乙醇胺皂),为O\/W型乳化剂(B对)。单硬脂酸甘油酯增加油相的吸水能力,并作为稳定剂。甘油为保湿剂。油脂性基质(A错)特点油脂性基质包括油脂类、类脂类、烃类等。主要特点是润滑、无刺激性,能封闭皮肤表面,促进皮肤的水合作用,对皮肤的保护及软化比其他基质强。能与多种药物配伍,但油腻性及疏水性较大,药物释放较差,不易与水性液体混合,也不易用水洗除,不宜用于急性炎性渗出较多的创面。类脂类基质(C错)系高级脂肪酸与高级脂肪醇形成的酯类,其物理性质与油脂类相似。②油包水(W\/O)型乳剂基质(D错):能吸收部分水分,但不能与多量水混合,透皮良好,涂展性佳。油包水型乳化剂有钙皂、羊毛脂、单甘酯、脂肪醇等。水溶性基质(E错)的特点水溶性基质是由天然或合成的高分子水溶性物质组成。该类基质释药较快,无油腻性和刺激性,能吸收组织渗出液,可用于糜烂创面及腔道黏膜,但润滑作用较差,易失水、发霉,故需加保湿剂与防腐剂。"} {"Question":"续断在产地加工时应","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"煮至透心"},{"key":"B","value":"蒸至透心"},{"key":"C","value":"发汗"},{"key":"D","value":"阴干"},{"key":"E","value":"曝晒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用的产地加工方法。续断在产地加工时应发汗(C对)。常用的产地加工方法:1.拣、洗:将采收的新鲜药材除去泥沙杂质和非药用部分。但具芳香气味的药材一般不用水洗,如薄荷、细辛、木香等。鲜用药材洗后晾干,进行保鲜处理。2.切片:较大的根及根茎类、坚硬的藤木类和肉质的果实类药材有的趁鲜切成块、片,以利干燥。如大黄、鸡血藤、木瓜。但对具挥发性成分和有效成分易氧化的则不宜切成薄片干燥,如当归、川芎等。3.蒸、煮、烫:含浆汁、淀粉或糖分多的药材,用一般方法不易干燥,需先经蒸、煮或烫的处理,则易干燥,同时使一些药材中的酶失去活力,不致分解药材的有效成分。但加热时间的长短不等,视药材的性质而定,如天麻、红参蒸至透心(B错),白芍煮至透心(A错),太子参置沸水中略烫。有些动物药,如桑螵蛸、五倍子蒸至杀死虫卵或蚜虫。4.搓揉:有些药材在干燥过程中皮、肉易分离而使药材质地松泡,在干燥过程中要时时搓揉,使皮、肉紧贴,达到油润、饱满、柔软或半透明等目的。如玉竹等。5.发汗:有些药材在加工过程中为了促使变色,增强气味或减小刺激性,有利于干燥,常将药材堆积放置,使其发热、“回潮”,内部水分向外挥散,这种方法称为“发汗”,如厚朴、杜仲、玄参、续断、茯苓等。6.干燥:除少数药材,如石斛、鱼腥草、地黄、益母草等,有时要求鲜用外,大多数药材经加工后均应及时干燥。干燥的目的是除去新鲜药材中的大量水分,避免发霉、变色、虫蛀以及有效成分的分解和破坏,保证药材质量,利于贮藏。《中国药典》规定药材产地加工的干燥方法如下。(1)烘干、晒干、阴干均可的,用“干燥”表示。(2)不宜用较高温度烘干的,则用“晒干”或“低温干燥”(一般不超过60℃)表示。(3)烘干、晒干均不适宜的,用“阴干(D错)”或“晾干”表示。(4)少数药材需要短时间干燥,则用“曝晒(E错)”或“及时干燥”表示。近年来常使用的还有远红外加热干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥等新方法干燥药材。"} {"Question":"对一些坚硬的藤木、较大的根及根茎或肉质果实类药材采用的产地加工方法主要为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒸煮或烫"},{"key":"B","value":"发汗"},{"key":"C","value":"切片"},{"key":"D","value":"揉搓"},{"key":"E","value":"熏硫"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是药材的产地加工方法。对一些坚硬的藤木、较大的根及根茎或肉质果实类药材采用的产地加工方法主要为切片(C对)。常用的产地加工方法:1.拣、洗:将采收的新鲜药材除去泥沙杂质和非药用部分。但具芳香气味的药材一般不用水洗,如薄荷、细辛、木香等。鲜用药材洗后晾干,进行保鲜处理。2.切片:较大的根及根茎类、坚硬的藤木类和肉质的果实类药材有的趁鲜切成块、片,以利干燥。如大黄、鸡血藤、木瓜。但对具挥发性成分和有效成分易氧化的则不宜切成薄片干燥,如当归、川芎等。3.蒸、煮、烫(A错):含浆汁、淀粉或糖分多的药材,用一般方法不易干燥,需先经蒸、煮或烫的处理,则易干燥,同时使一些药材中的酶失去活力,不致分解药材的有效成分。但加热时间的长短不等,视药材的性质而定,如天麻、红参蒸至透心,白芍煮至透心,太子参置沸水中略烫。有些动物药,如桑螵蛸、五倍子蒸至杀死虫卵或蚜虫。4.搓揉(D错):有些药材在干燥过程中皮、肉易分离而使药材质地松泡,在干燥过程中要时时搓揉,使皮、肉紧贴,达到油润、饱满、柔软或半透明等目的。如玉竹等。5.发汗(B错):有些药材在加工过程中为了促使变色,增强气味或减小刺激性,有利于干燥,常将药材堆积放置,使其发热、“回潮”,内部水分向外挥散,这种方法称为“发汗”,如厚朴、杜仲、玄参、续断、茯苓等。6.干燥:除少数药材,如石斛、鱼腥草、地黄、益母草等,有时要求鲜用外,大多数药材经加工后均应及时干燥。干燥的目的是除去新鲜药材中的大量水分,避免发霉、变色、虫蛀以及有效成分的分解和破坏,保证药材质量,利于贮藏。熏硫(E错):有的中药材在加工或储藏中常使用硫黄熏蒸以达到杀菌防腐、漂白药材的目的。"} {"Question":"用扣锅煅法炮制的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"煅石膏"},{"key":"B","value":"煅牡蛎"},{"key":"C","value":"煅炉甘石"},{"key":"D","value":"煅石决明"},{"key":"E","value":"血余炭"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是煅法。用扣锅煅法炮制的饮片是血余炭(E对)。煅法是将药物直接放于无烟炉火中或适当的耐火容器内煅烧的一种方法。依据操作方法和要求的不同,煅法分为明煅法、煅淬法、扣锅煅法(闷煅)。1.明煅:药物煅制时,不隔绝空气的方法称明煅法,又称直火煅法。该法主要适用于矿物类、贝壳类及化石类药物。明煅的主要目的:①使药物质地酥脆,如花蕊石等。②除去结晶水,如白矾、硼砂等。③使药物有效成分易于煎出,如钟乳石、花蕊石等。常用明煅法炮制的中药有白矾、牡蛎(B错)、石决明(D错)、石膏(A错)等。2.煅淬:将药物在高温有氧条件下煅烧至红透后,立即投入规定的液体辅料中骤然冷却的方法称为煅淬。煅后的操作程序称为淬,所用的液体辅料称为淬液。常用的淬液有醋、酒、药汁等,按临床需要而选用。煅淬法适用于质地坚硬,经过高温仍不能疏松的矿物药以及临床上因特殊需要而必须煅淬的药物。煅淬的主要目的:①使药物质地酥脆,易于粉碎,利于有效成分煎出,如赭石、磁石。②改变药物的理化性质,减少副作用,增强疗效,如自然铜。③清除药物中夹杂的杂质,洁净药物,如炉甘石(C错)。3.扣锅煅:药物在高温缺氧条件下煅烧成炭的方法称扣锅煅法,又称密闭煅、闷煅、暗煅。适用于煅制质地疏松、炒炭易灰化或有特殊需要及某些中成药在制备过程中需要综合制炭的药物。煅炭的主要目的:①改变药物性能,产生或增强止血作用,如血余炭等。②降低毒性,如干漆等。"} {"Question":"酒炙的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"车前子"},{"key":"C","value":"淫羊藿"},{"key":"D","value":"厚朴"},{"key":"E","value":"川乌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"主产于河南的药材有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"B","value":"地黄"},{"key":"C","value":"玄参"},{"key":"D","value":"山药"},{"key":"E","value":"菊花"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是道地药材。主产于河南的药材有牛膝(A对)、地黄(B对)、山药(D对)与菊花(E对)。道地药材(又称地道药材)是指药材质优效佳。目前常用的道地药材包括:1.川药:主产地四川、西藏等。如川贝母、川芎、黄连、川乌、附子、麦冬、丹参、干姜、白芷、天麻、川牛膝、川楝子、川楝皮、川续断、花椒、黄柏、厚朴、金钱草、五倍子、冬虫夏草、麝香等。2.广药:又称“南药”,主产地广东、广西、海南及台湾。如阳春砂、广藿香、广金钱草、益智仁、广陈皮、广豆根、蛤蚧、肉桂、桂莪术、苏木、巴戟天、高良姜、八角茴香、化橘红、樟脑、桂枝、槟榔等。3.云药:主产地云南。如三七、木香、重楼、茯苓、萝芙木、诃子、草果、马钱子、儿茶等。4.贵药:主产地贵州。如天冬、天麻、黄精、杜仲、吴茱萸、五倍子、朱砂等。5.怀药:主产地河南。如著名的“四大怀药”——地黄、牛膝、山药、菊花;以及天花粉、瓜蒌、白芷、辛夷、红花、金银花、山茱萸等。6.浙药:主产地浙江。如传统的“浙八味”——浙贝母、白术、延胡索、温郁金、玄参(C错)、杭白芍、杭菊花、杭麦冬;以及山茱萸、莪术、杭白芷、栀子、乌梅、乌梢蛇等。7.关药:主产地山海关以北、东北三省及内蒙古东部。如人参、鹿茸、细辛、辽五味子、防风、关黄柏、龙胆、平贝母、刺五加、升麻、桔梗、哈蟆油、甘草、麻黄、黄芪、赤芍、苍术等。8.北药:主产地河北、山东、山西以及内蒙古中部。如党参、酸枣仁、柴胡、白芷、北沙参、板蓝根、大青叶、青黛、黄芩、香附、知母、山楂、金银花、连翘、桃仁、苦杏仁、薏苡仁、小茴香、大枣、香加皮、阿胶、全蝎、土鳖虫、滑石、赭石等。9.华南药:主产地长江以南,南岭以北(湘、鄂、苏、赣、皖、闽等)。如茅苍术、南沙参、太子参、明党参、枳实、枳壳、牡丹皮、木瓜、乌梅、艾叶、薄荷、龟甲、鳖甲、蟾酥、蜈蚣、蕲蛇、石膏、泽泻、莲子、玉竹等。10.西北药:主产地“丝绸之路”的起点西安以西的广大地区(陕、甘、宁、青、新及内蒙古西部)。如大黄、当归、秦艽、秦皮、羌活、枸杞子、银柴胡、党参、紫草、阿魏等。11.藏药:主产地青藏高原地区。著名的藏药如冬虫夏草、雪莲花、炉贝母、红景天,以及甘松、胡黄连、藏木香、藏菖蒲、余甘子、毛诃子、麝香等。"} {"Question":"产于四川的道地药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"附子"},{"key":"B","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"C","value":"龙胆"},{"key":"D","value":"当归"},{"key":"E","value":"南沙参"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是常用的道地药材。产于四川的道地药材是附子(A对)。道地药材(又称地道药材)是指药材质优效佳。目前常用的道地药材包括:1.川药:主产地四川、西藏等。如川贝母、川芎、黄连、川乌、附子、麦冬、丹参、干姜、白芷、天麻、川牛膝、川楝子、川楝皮、川续断、花椒、黄柏、厚朴、金钱草、五倍子、冬虫夏草、麝香等。2.广药:又称“南药”,主产地广东、广西、海南及台湾。如阳春砂(B错)、广藿香、广金钱草、益智仁、广陈皮、广豆根、蛤蚧、肉桂、桂莪术、苏木、巴戟天、高良姜、八角茴香、化橘红、樟脑、桂枝、槟榔等。3.云药:主产地云南。如三七、木香、重楼、茯苓、萝芙木、诃子、草果、马钱子、儿茶等。4.贵药:主产地贵州。如天冬、天麻、黄精、杜仲、吴茱萸、五倍子、朱砂等。5.怀药:主产地河南。如著名的“四大怀药”——地黄、牛膝、山药、菊花;以及天花粉、瓜蒌、白芷、辛夷、红花、金银花、山茱萸等。6.浙药:主产地浙江。如传统的“浙八味”——浙贝母、白术、延胡索、温郁金、玄参、杭白芍、杭菊花、杭麦冬;以及山茱萸、莪术、杭白芷、栀子、乌梅、乌梢蛇等。7.关药:主产地山海关以北、东北三省及内蒙古东部。如人参、鹿茸、细辛、辽五味子、防风、关黄柏、龙胆(C错)、平贝母、刺五加、升麻、桔梗、哈蟆油、甘草、麻黄、黄芪、赤芍、苍术等。8.北药:主产地河北、山东、山西以及内蒙古中部。如党参、酸枣仁、柴胡、白芷、北沙参、板蓝根、大青叶、青黛、黄芩、香附、知母、山楂、金银花、连翘、桃仁、苦杏仁、薏苡仁、小茴香、大枣、香加皮、阿胶、全蝎、土鳖虫、滑石、赭石等。9.华南药:主产地长江以南,南岭以北(湘、鄂、苏、赣、皖、闽等)。如茅苍术、南沙参(E错)、太子参、明党参、枳实、枳壳、牡丹皮、木瓜、乌梅、艾叶、薄荷、龟甲、鳖甲、蟾酥、蜈蚣、蕲蛇、石膏、泽泻、莲子、玉竹等。10.西北药:主产地“丝绸之路”的起点西安以西的广大地区(陕、甘、宁、青、新及内蒙古西部)。如大黄、当归(D错)、秦艽、秦皮、羌活、枸杞子、银柴胡、党参、紫草、阿魏等。11.藏药:主产地青藏高原地区。著名的藏药如冬虫夏草、雪莲花、炉贝母、红景天,以及甘松、胡黄连、藏木香、藏菖蒲、余甘子、毛诃子、麝香等。"} {"Question":"可考虑制成缓释制剂的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物半衰期小于1小时的药物"},{"key":"B","value":"生物半衰期大于24小时的药物"},{"key":"C","value":"单服剂量小于1g的药物"},{"key":"D","value":"药效剧烈、溶解度小的药物"},{"key":"E","value":"吸收无规律或吸收差的药物"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是不宜制成缓释制剂的药物。可考虑制成缓释制剂的药物是单服剂量小于1g的药物(C对)。不宜制成缓释、控释制剂的药物:(1)生物半衰期(t1\/2)很短(小于1小时)或很长(大于24小时)的药物(AB错)。(2)单服剂量很大(大于1g)的药物。(3)药效剧烈、溶解度小、吸收无规律、吸收差或吸收易受影响的药物(DE错)。(4)需在肠道中特定部位主动吸收的药物。"} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,橡胶贴膏应检查","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"软化点"},{"key":"C","value":"赋形性"},{"key":"D","value":"粒度"},{"key":"E","value":"溶出度"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是橡胶贴膏的质量要求。《中国药典》规定,橡胶贴膏应检查耐热性(A对)。耐热性:除另有规定外,橡胶贴膏取供试品2片,除去盖衬,在60℃加热2小时,放冷后,背衬应无渗油现象;膏面应有光泽,用手指触试应仍有黏性。膏药的软化点(B错)须符合《中国药典》规定。赋形性(C错):取凝胶贴膏供试品1片,置37℃、相对湿度64%的恒温恒湿箱中30分钟,取出,用夹子将供试品固定在一平整钢板上,钢板与水平面的倾斜角为60°,放置24小时,膏面应无流淌现象。粒度(D错):除另有规定外,混悬型软膏剂、含饮片细粉的软膏剂按照《中国药典》粒度和粒度分布测定法测定,均不得检出大于180μm的粒子。溶出度(E错):除另有规定外,胶囊剂、混悬颗粒剂、分散片及以难溶性原料药物制成的口崩片需要进行溶出度检查。"} {"Question":"既可内服又可外用的剂型有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"锭剂"},{"key":"B","value":"钉剂"},{"key":"C","value":"散剂"},{"key":"D","value":"膜剂"},{"key":"E","value":"棒剂"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是制剂类型。既可内服又可外用的剂型有锭剂(A对)、散剂(C对)、膜剂(D对)。锭剂供内服,可吞服或研细以水或黄酒化服,外用多是研细用醋或酒调敷,也可作嗅入或外搽药用。散剂按医疗用途可分为内服散剂和外用散剂。膜剂供口服或黏膜用。钉剂(B错)一般供外科插入,用于治疗痔、瘘管及溃疡等。棒剂(E错)可直接用于皮肤或黏膜,起腐蚀、收敛等作用,多用于眼科。"} {"Question":"按药物性质分类,属于含液体成分散剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银翘散"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎茶调散"},{"key":"C","value":"避瘟散"},{"key":"D","value":"九分散"},{"key":"E","value":"蛇胆川贝散"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是散剂的分类。按药物性质分类,属于含液体成分散剂的是蛇胆川贝散(E对)。散剂按药物性质分类:可分为普通散剂和特殊散剂。特殊散剂又分为含毒性药散剂,如九分散(D错)等;含低共熔成分散剂,如含有樟脑和薄荷脑的痱子粉、含有薄荷脑和冰片的避瘟散(C错)等;含液体成分散剂,如蛇胆川贝散等。银翘散(A错)属于复方散剂。复方散剂是由两种或两种以上的药物组成,如参苓白术散、银翘散等。川芎茶调散(B错)属于内服散剂。内服散剂,有川芎茶调散等。"} {"Question":"除另有规定外,流浸膏剂每100ml相当于原饮片","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"10g"},{"key":"B","value":"20g"},{"key":"C","value":"50g"},{"key":"D","value":"100g"},{"key":"E","value":"200g~500g"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是流浸膏剂的特点。除另有规定外,流浸膏剂每100ml相当于原饮片100g(D对)。流浸膏剂、浸膏剂系指饮片用适宜的溶剂提取,蒸去部分或全部溶剂,调整至规定浓度而制成的制剂。除另有规定外,流浸膏剂要求每1ml相当于饮片1g。浸膏剂分为稠膏和干膏两种,每1g相当于饮片2~5g。酊剂:系指原料药物用规定浓度的乙醇提取或溶解而制成的澄清液体制剂,也可用流浸膏稀释制成。除另有规定外,普通中药酊剂每100ml相当于原饮片20g(B错)。含有毒性药品的中药酊剂,每100ml应相当于原饮片10g(A错)。"} {"Question":"除另有规定外按照《中国药典》规定的崩解时限检查法检查崩解时限,应在3分钟内全部崩解并溶化的片剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"可溶片"},{"key":"B","value":"口含片"},{"key":"C","value":"咀嚼片"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下片"},{"key":"E","value":"口崩片"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的崩解时限。除另有规定外按照《中国药典》规定的崩解时限检查法检查崩解时限,应在3分钟内全部崩解并溶化的片剂是可溶片(A对)。片剂的崩解时限:除另有规定外,药材原粉片6片均应在30分钟内全部崩解;浸膏(半浸膏)片、糖衣片各片均应在1小时内全部崩解。薄膜衣片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查,化药片应在30分钟内全部崩解;中药片应在1小时内全部崩解。含片(B错)的溶化性照崩解时限检查法检查,各片均不应在10分钟内全部崩解或溶化。舌下片(D错)各片均应在5分钟内全部崩解并溶化。可溶片各片均应在3分钟内全部崩解并溶化。口崩片(E错)应在60秒内全部崩解并通过筛孔内径为710μm的筛网。肠溶片先在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查2小时,每片均不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,再在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中进行检查,1小时内应全部崩解。结肠定位肠溶片照各品种项下规定检查,各片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)及pH6.8以下的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中均应不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,在pH7.5~8.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中1小时内应完全崩解。泡腾片置盛有200ml水(水温为20℃±5℃)的烧杯中,有许多气泡放出,当片剂或碎片周围的气体停止逸出时,片剂应溶解或分散在水中,无聚集的颗粒剩留,除另有规定外,各片均应在5分钟内崩解。咀嚼片(C错)、以冷冻干燥法制备的口崩片以及规定检查溶出度、释放度的片剂,一般不再进行崩解时限检查。"} {"Question":"除另有规定外,散剂的含水量不得超过","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.08"},{"key":"B","value":"0.09"},{"key":"C","value":"0.1"},{"key":"D","value":"0.11"},{"key":"E","value":"0.12"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查散剂的质量要求。除另有规定外,散剂的含水量不得超过9.0%(B对)。散剂水分:散剂应做水分检查,照《中国药典》四部通则水分测定法测定,水分不得超过9.0%。颗粒剂水分:照《中国药典》四部水分测定法测定,除另有规定外,不得过8.0%(A错)。茶剂水分:不含糖块状茶剂、袋装茶剂与煎煮茶剂,取供试品(不含糖块状茶剂应研碎),照《中国药典》四部通则水分测定法测定,除另有规定外,不得过12.0%(E错)。"} {"Question":"龟鹿补肾丸具有补肾壮阳、益气血、壮筋骨的功能。处方组成:盐菟丝子51g、淫羊藿(蒸)43g、续断(盐蒸)43g、锁阳(蒸)51g、狗脊(盐蒸)64g、酸枣仁(炒)43g、制何首乌64g、炙甘草21g、陈皮(蒸)21g、鹿角胶(炒)9g、熟地黄64g、龟甲胶(炒)13g、金樱子(蒸)51g、炙黄芪43g、山药(炒)43g、覆盆子(蒸)85g。以上十六味,粉碎成细粉,过筛,混匀,每100g粉末加炼蜜40g,加适量水泛丸,干燥,制成水蜜丸;或加炼蜜100~110g制成大蜜丸,即得。龟鹿补肾丸可制备为水蜜丸和大蜜丸,关于水蜜丸和大蜜丸特点和质量要求的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"龟鹿补肾丸若制备成大蜜丸,可以嚼碎后咽下,不检查溶散时限"},{"key":"B","value":"大蜜丸富含蜂蜜,具有作用缓和持久的特点"},{"key":"C","value":"龟鹿补肾丸若制成12g的大蜜丸,须进行装量检查"},{"key":"D","value":"除另有规定外,大蜜丸中所含水分不得过15.0%"},{"key":"E","value":"除另有规定外,水蜜丸中所含水分不得过12.0%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查丸剂的质量要求和特点。龟鹿补肾丸可制备为水蜜丸和大蜜丸,下列关于水蜜丸和大蜜丸特点和质量要求的说法,错误的是龟鹿补肾丸若制成12g的大蜜丸,须进行装量检查(C错,为本题正确答案)。丸剂的质量要求:(1)装量,以重量标示的多剂量包装丸剂,照《中国药典》规定的最低装量检查法检查,应符合规定。以丸数标示的多剂量包装丸剂不检查装量。(2)溶散时限,除另有规定外,小蜜丸、水蜜丸和水丸应在1小时内全部溶散;浓缩丸和糊丸应在2小时内全部溶散;滴丸应在30分钟内全部溶散,包衣滴丸应在1小时内全部溶散。蜡丸照崩解时限检查法片剂项下的肠溶衣片检查法检查,在盐酸溶液中(9→1000)检查2小时,不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,再在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中检查,1小时内应全部崩解。除另有规定外,大蜜丸及研碎、嚼碎后或用开水、黄酒等分散后服用的丸剂不检查溶散时限(A对)。(3)除另有规定外,蜜丸和浓缩蜜丸中所含水分不得过15.0%(D对);水蜜丸和浓缩水蜜丸不得过12.0%(E对);水丸、糊丸、浓缩水丸不得过9.0%。蜡丸不检查水分。蜜丸的特点:①性质柔润,作用缓和持久(B对)。②有补益和矫味作用,由于蜂蜜含有大量的糖、有机酸及维生素等丰富的营养成分,具有滋补作用;味甜能矫味;同时蜂蜜具有镇咳、缓下、润燥、解毒的作用。"} {"Question":"用于去除含热敏性成分中药注射液中热原的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"高温法"},{"key":"C","value":"酸碱法"},{"key":"D","value":"针用活性炭吸附法"},{"key":"E","value":"0.45μm微孔滤膜滤过法"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列属于非离子型表面活性剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥皂"},{"key":"B","value":"聚山梨酯80"},{"key":"C","value":"卵磷脂"},{"key":"D","value":"十二烷基苯磺酸钠"},{"key":"E","value":"苯扎溴铵"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是表面活性剂的分类。下列属于非离子型表面活性剂的是聚山梨酯80(B对)。表面活性剂按其解离情况不同分为离子型和非离子型两大类,其中离子型表面活性剂又分为阴离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型表面活性剂三类。(1)阴离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂起表面活性作用的是阴离子。主要包括高级脂肪酸盐、硫酸化物以及磺酸化物。①高级脂肪酸盐:又称肥皂类(A错)。②硫酸化物:为硫酸化油和高级脂肪醇的硫酸酯类。常用的有:a.硫酸化蓖麻油,俗称土耳其红油;b.高级脂肪醇硫酸酯类,如有十二烷基硫酸钠(又称月桂醇硫酸钠)。③磺酸化物:主要有脂肪族磺酸化物、烷基芳基磺酸化物、烷基萘磺酸化物等。常用的有:a.脂肪族磺酸化物,如二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠(商品名“阿洛索-OT”)等;b.烷基芳基磺酸化物,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠(D错)。(2)阳离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂分子结构中起表面活性作用的是阳离子,即分子结构中含有一个五价的氮原子,又称季铵化物。常用的有苯扎氯铵(洁尔灭)、苯扎溴铵(E错)(新洁尔灭)等。(3)两性离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的分子结构中同时含有阴阳离子基团,在不同pH介质中可表现出阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂的性质。①天然的两性离子表面活性剂:主要有豆磷脂和卵磷脂(C错)。②合成的两性离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的阴离子部分主要是羧酸盐,阳离子部分主要是胺盐或季铵盐。(4)非离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂在水中不解离,其分子结构中亲水基团多为甘油、聚乙二醇和山梨醇等多元醇,亲油基团多为长链脂肪酸或长链脂肪醇以及烷基或芳基等,以酯键或醚键相结合。①脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由山梨醇与不同的脂肪酸组成的酯类化合物,商品名为司盘类。根据所结合的脂肪酸种类和数量的不同,本类表面活性剂有以下常用品种:脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯(司盘20)、脱水山梨醇单棕榈酸酯(司盘40)、脱水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(司盘60)、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯(司盘80)、脱水山梨醇三油酸酯(司盘85)等。②聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:又称为聚山梨酯,本类表面活性剂是在司盘类表面活性剂分子结构的剩余羟基上,结合聚氧乙烯基而成的醚类化合物,商品为吐温类。根据所结合的脂肪酸种类和数量的不同,本类表面活性剂常用的有聚山梨酯20(吐温20)、聚山梨酯40(吐温40)、聚山梨酯60(吐温60)、聚山梨酯80(吐温80)、聚山梨酯85(吐温85)等。③聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由聚乙二醇与长链脂肪酸缩合而成,商品有卖泽。常用的有聚氧乙烯40硬脂酸酯。④聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚:本类表面活性剂是由聚乙二醇与脂肪醇缩合而成的醚类,商品有苄泽。因聚氧乙烯聚合度和脂肪醇的不同而有不同的品种,常用的有西土马哥、平平加O及埃莫尔弗等。⑤聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物:本类表面活性剂是由聚氧乙烯和聚氧丙烯聚合而成。常用的有普朗尼克类,如普朗尼克F-68。"} {"Question":"膜剂的成膜材料","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"聚山梨酯"},{"key":"B","value":"PVA聚乙烯醇"},{"key":"C","value":"甘露醇"},{"key":"D","value":"羟丙基甲基纤维素"},{"key":"E","value":"淀粉浆"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查膜剂的成膜材料。膜剂的成膜材料是PVA聚乙烯醇(B对)。膜剂成膜材料:常用的成膜材料有聚乙烯醇、丙烯酸树脂类、纤维素类及其他天然高分子材料。有天然(淀粉、纤维素、明胶、白及胶等)及合成(纤维素衍生物、聚乙烯醇等)两大类。最常用的是聚乙烯醇(PVA),其性质主要由聚合度和醇解度来决定。聚合度越大,水溶性越差。聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:又称为聚山梨酯(A错),本类表面活性剂是在司盘类表面活性剂分子结构的剩余羟基上,结合聚氧乙烯基而成的醚类化合物,商品为吐温类。由于分子中含有大量亲水性的聚氧乙烯基,故其亲水性显著增强,成为水溶性表面活性剂,主要用作增溶剂、O\/W型乳化剂、润湿剂和助分散剂。甘露醇(C错):为白色结晶性粉末,清凉味甜,易溶于水;无引湿性,可压性好,是口含片的主要稀释剂和矫味剂,亦可作为咀嚼片的填充剂和黏合剂。羟丙基甲基纤维素(D错)(HPMC):是广泛应用的薄膜包衣材料。本品能溶解于任何pH值的胃肠液内,以及70%以下的乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇或异丙醇和二氯甲烷的混合溶剂(1:1)中,不溶于热水及60%以上的糖浆;具有极优良的成膜性能,膜透明坚韧,包衣时无黏结现象。淀粉浆(E错)(糊):为最常用的黏合剂。系由淀粉加水在70℃左右糊化制成的稠厚胶体,放冷后呈胶胨状。一般浓度为8%~15%,以10%最为常用,实际使用浓度应根据原料、辅料的性质及颗粒的松紧要求而定。本品适用于对湿热稳定,而且药物本身不太松散的品种,尤适用于可溶性药物较多的处方。"} {"Question":"关于滴丸的叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"用滴制法制成的球状固体制剂称为滴丸"},{"key":"B","value":"药物在水溶性滴丸基质中分散度大,溶出速度快,故其生物利用度高"},{"key":"C","value":"聚乙二醇6000或聚乙醇4000为滴丸常用的水溶性基质"},{"key":"D","value":"水溶性基质的滴丸制备时,常选用甲基硅油、液体石蜡等作为冷却剂"},{"key":"E","value":"液滴与冷却剂的密度差是影响滴丸圆整度的因素之一"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"妇科十味片具有养血舒肝、调经止痛的功能。处方组成:醋香附500g、川芎20g、当归180g、醋延胡索40g、白术29g、甘草14g、大枣100g、白芍15g、赤芍15g、熟地黄60g、碳酸钙65g。以上十一味,当归126g、醋香附、醋延胡索、白芍、赤芍、碳酸钙粉碎成细粉,甘草、大枣加水煎煮三次,合并煎液,滤过;剩余当归与白术、熟地黄、川芎用70%乙醇加热回流二次,滤过,合并二次滤液,回收乙醇。将以上两种滤液合并,减压浓缩为稠膏,加入上述醋香附等六味细粉,混匀,干燥,粉碎成细粉,用糖浆与淀粉糊制成颗粒,干燥压制成3000片,包薄膜衣,即得。处方中当归的鉴别特征是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"草酸钙针晶细不规则地充塞于薄壁细胞中"},{"key":"B","value":"纤维成束,周围薄壁细胞含草酸钙方晶,形成晶纤维"},{"key":"C","value":"韧皮薄壁细胞纺锤形,壁略厚,表面有极微细的斜向交错纹理"},{"key":"D","value":"薄壁组织灰棕色至黑棕色,细胞多皱缩,内含棕色核状物"},{"key":"E","value":"草酸钙簇晶存在于薄壁细胞中,常排列成行或一个细胞中含数个簇晶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查当归的显微鉴别。当归的显微鉴别特征是韧皮薄壁细胞纺锤形,壁略厚,表面有极微细的斜向交错纹理(C对)。当归【显微鉴别】粉末当归、酒当归:韧皮薄壁细胞纺锤形,壁略厚,表面有极微细的斜向交错纹理。有时可见菲薄的横隔。梯纹导管和网纹导管多见。有时可见油室碎片。白术【显微鉴别】粉末白术、麸炒白术:草酸钙针晶细小,长10~32㎛,不规则地充塞于薄壁细胞中(A错)。纤维长梭形,大多成束,壁甚厚,木化,孔沟明显。石细胞淡黄色,类圆形、多角形、长方形或少数纺锤形。薄壁细胞含菊糖,表面显放射状纹理。甘草【显微鉴别】粉末甘草、甘草片、炙甘草:纤维成束,直径8~14㎛,壁厚,微木化,周围薄壁细胞含草酸钙方晶(B错),形成晶纤维。草酸钙方晶多见。木栓细胞红棕色,多角形,微木化。具缘纹孔导管较大。地黄【显微鉴别】粉末生地黄、熟地黄:薄壁组织灰棕色至黑棕色,细胞多皱缩,内含棕色核状物(D错)。分泌细胞形状与一般薄壁细胞相似,内含橙黄色或橙红色油滴状物。具缘纹孔导管和网纹导管,直径约至92㎛。白芍【显微鉴别】粉末白芍、炒白芍、酒白芍:糊化淀粉粒团块甚多。草酸钙簇晶直径11~35㎛,存在于薄壁细胞中,常排列成行或一个细胞中含数个簇晶(E错)。纤维长梭形,直径15~40㎛,壁厚,微木化,具大的圆形纹孔。"} {"Question":"脂肪性基质栓剂的融变时限为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"120min"},{"key":"B","value":"90min"},{"key":"C","value":"60min"},{"key":"D","value":"45min"},{"key":"E","value":"30min"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查栓剂的质量要求。脂肪性基质栓剂的融变时限为30min(E对)。栓剂质量要求:融变时限,除另有规定外,脂肪性基质的栓剂应在30分钟内全部融化、软化或触压时无硬芯,水溶性基质的栓剂应在60分钟(C错)内全部溶解。重量差异应符合规定,凡规定检查含量均匀度的栓剂,可不进行重量差异检查。栓剂的微生物限度照《中国药典》规定的检查方法检查,应符合规定。"} {"Question":"有关表面活性剂的叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值又称为HLB值"},{"key":"B","value":"表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值越高,其亲水性越强"},{"key":"C","value":"表面活性剂的临界胶团浓度与其结构和组成有关"},{"key":"D","value":"起昙是表面活性剂的通性"},{"key":"E","value":"因非离子型表面活性剂毒性较小,故广泛应用于静脉给药制剂"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"亚硫酸氢钠常用作偏酸性中药注射液的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"潜溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"抛射剂"},{"key":"C","value":"渗透压调节剂"},{"key":"D","value":"助悬剂"},{"key":"E","value":"抗氧剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是注射液的附加剂。亚硫酸氢钠常用作偏酸性中药注射液的抗氧剂(E对)。注射剂的抗氧剂:抗氧剂是一类易被氧化的还原剂。常用的抗氧剂有亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠等,一般浓度为0.1%~0.2%。其中亚硫酸钠常用于偏碱性药液,亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠常用于偏酸性药液。潜溶剂(A错)为气雾剂的附加剂。气雾剂的潜溶剂有乙醇、丙二醇等。抛射剂(B错)为气雾剂的组成部分。气雾剂的抛射剂:为适宜的低沸点液化气体。抛射剂是喷射药物的动力,有时兼作药物的溶剂和稀释剂。根据气雾剂所需压力,可将两种成几种抛射剂以适宜比例混合使用。①氢氟烷烃类。②二甲醚。③碳氢化合物。④惰性气体。注射剂的渗透压调节剂(C错):常用的调节渗透压的附加剂有氯化钠、葡萄糖等。注射剂的助悬剂(D错):为了制备混悬液型注射液的需要,在保证安全有效的前提下,可考虑加入适量的助悬剂。甘油可用作助悬剂。"} {"Question":"有关药液浓缩知识的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒸发浓缩是药液浓缩最常用的方法"},{"key":"B","value":"减压浓缩使药液在低于1个大气压下蒸发,增大了传热温度差,提高了蒸发效率"},{"key":"C","value":"薄膜浓缩是使药液在蒸发时形成薄膜和泡沫增加气化表面的蒸发浓缩方法"},{"key":"D","value":"提高总传热系数K值是提高蒸发效率的主要因素"},{"key":"E","value":"三效浓缩器的蒸发温度从一效至三效依次升高"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在规定溶剂中,药物从固体制剂中溶出的速度和程度,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生物利用度"},{"key":"B","value":"绝对生物利用度"},{"key":"C","value":"相对生物利用度"},{"key":"D","value":"溶出度"},{"key":"E","value":"生物半衰期"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"在体温下能软化并可缓慢溶解于分泌液中的栓剂基质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半合成山苍子油酯"},{"key":"B","value":"甘油明胶"},{"key":"C","value":"半合成椰子油酯"},{"key":"D","value":"可可豆脂"},{"key":"E","value":"半合成棕榈油酯"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是栓剂的基质。在体温下能软化并可缓慢溶解于分泌液中的栓剂基质是甘油明胶(B对)。栓剂的基质主要分为油脂性和水溶性基质。1.油脂性基质:(1)可可豆脂(D错):常温下为黄白色固体,可塑性好,无刺激性,能与多种药物配伍使用。熔点为31℃~34℃,加热至25℃开始软化,在体温即能迅速融化,10℃~20℃时易粉碎成粉末。(2)半合成脂肪酸甘油酯类:本类基质不易酸败,贮藏中也比较稳定,为目前应用较多的油脂性栓剂基质,其中有半合成椰子油酯(C错)、半合成山苍子油酯(A错)、半合成棕榈油酯(E错)等。2.水溶性基质:(1)甘油明胶:系用明胶、甘油与水制成,一般明胶与甘油等量,水应控制在10%以下。具有弹性,不易折断,在体温下能软化并缓慢溶于分泌液中。(2)聚乙二醇类:聚乙二醇1000、4000、6000的熔点分别为38℃~40℃、53℃~56℃、55℃~63℃,以两种或两种以上的聚乙二醇加热熔融可制得理想硬度和释药速度的栓剂基质。本类基质在体温条件下不熔化,能缓缓溶于直肠液中,但对黏膜有一定刺激性。"} {"Question":"某女,56岁。近日出现气短心悸、失眠多梦、头昏头晕、肢倦乏力、食欲不振、崩漏便血等症。遂就医,医师诊断为心脾两虚,处以归脾丸。处方组成:党参80g、炒白术160g、炙黄芪80g、炙甘草40g、茯苓160g、制远志160g、炒酸枣仁80g、龙眼肉160g、当归160g、木香40g、大枣(去核)40g。以上十一味,党参、当归、炙甘草、木香粉碎成细粉,其余炒白术等七味,加水煎煮两次,合并煎液,滤过,浓缩得稠膏,与上述粉末混匀,制成浓缩水丸。为缓解苦燥之性,同时消除刺喉麻感,处方中制远志宜采用煮法炮制,使用的辅料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑豆汁"},{"key":"B","value":"黄酒"},{"key":"C","value":"姜汁"},{"key":"D","value":"米醋"},{"key":"E","value":"甘草汁"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查远志的炮制作用。为了缓和苦燥之性,同时消除刺喉麻感,处方中制远志宜采用煮法炮制,使用的辅料是甘草汁(E对)。远志【炮制作用】远志味苦、辛,性温。归心、肾、肺经。具有安神益智,交通心肾,祛痰,消肿的功效。①生品“戟人咽喉”,多外用。用于痈疽肿毒,乳房肿痛。②制远志,以甘草汤制远志,既缓其苦燥之性,又能消除刺喉麻感,以安神益智为主。用于心悸,失眠,健忘,精神不安。③蜜炙后增强润肺化痰止咳的作用,用于寒痰咳逆,咳嗽痰多,咳吐不爽等。蒸制:利用水蒸气加热药物(或药物与辅料)的方法。不加辅料蒸制的时间较短,其目的是软化药材,便于切制或使药物便于保存,如清蒸木瓜、天麻、桑螵蛸、黄芩、人参等。加辅料蒸制的时间相对较长,主要目的在于改变药物性味,产生新的功能,扩大临床适用范围,如酒蒸地黄、大黄,黑豆汁(A错)蒸何首乌;亦可增强疗效,如酒蒸肉苁蓉、黄精、山茱萸、女贞子、五味子等。酒炙:将净选或切制后的药物,加入定量黄酒拌炒的方法称为酒炙法。黄酒(B错)味甘、辛,性大热。气味芳香,能升能散,宣行药势,具有活血通络、祛风散寒、矫臭去腥的作用。故酒炙法多用于活血散瘀药、祛风通络药及动物类中药。姜汁(C错)及其作用:姜汁为姜科植物鲜姜的根茎,经捣碎取的汁;或用干姜,加适量水共煎去渣而得的黄白色液体。姜汁有香气,其主要成分为挥发油、姜辣素(姜烯酮、姜酮、姜萜酮混合物),另外,尚含有多种氨基酸、淀粉及树脂状物。常以姜汁制的药物有厚朴、竹茹、草果、半夏、黄连、天麻、栀子等。醋及其作用:醋古称酢、醯、苦酒,习称米醋。古代传统的酒多为甜酒、浊酒,由于含醇浓度低,易酸败成醋,具有苦味,故醋又称苦酒。醋有米醋(D错)、麦醋、曲醋、化学醋等多种。《本草纲目》指出,制药用醋“惟米醋二三年者入药”。炮制用醋为食用醋(米醋或其他发酵醋),化学合成品(醋精)不应使用。醋长时间存放者,称为“陈醋”,陈醋用于药物炮制佳。醋多用作炙、蒸、煮等辅料,常用醋制的药物有延胡索、甘遂、商陆、大戟、芫花、三棱、莪术、香附、柴胡、郁金等。"} {"Question":"有关水丸起模的叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水丸起模宜选用黏性适中的药粉"},{"key":"B","value":"水丸起模常以水作为润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"水丸起模有粉末直接起模、湿制颗粒起模和包衣造粒机起模等方法"},{"key":"D","value":"水丸起模用粉量应根据药粉的性质和丸粒的规格决定"},{"key":"E","value":"传统法起模丸模成型率高且较均匀,改进法起模制得的丸模较紧密且圆整"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查水丸的制备。有关水丸起模的叙述,正确的有水丸起模宜选用黏性适中的药粉(A对);水丸起模常以水作为润湿剂(B对);水丸起模有粉末直接起模、湿制颗粒起模和包衣造粒机起模等方法(C对);水丸起模用粉量应根据药粉的性质和丸粒的规格决定(D对)。水丸注意事项:起模是泛制法制备丸剂的关键操作。因为丸模的形状直接影响成品的圆整度,其粒径和数量影响成品丸粒的规格及药物含量均匀度。起模成功的关键在于选择黏性适宜的药粉起模,如黏性过大,加水后易黏成团块;黏性过小或无黏性,药粉松散不易黏结成丸模。起模用粉量的计算生产中起模用药粉量可根据经验公式计算。水丸起模常用纯化水或冷沸水作为润湿剂。水丸起模有①粉末直接起模;②湿颗粒起模等。水丸传统采用泛制法,现代工业化生产中主要采用塑制法(又称机制法)。泛制法制丸常见问题:1.外观色泽不匀,粗糙;2.丸粒不圆整、均匀度差(E错);3.皱缩;4.溶散超时限;5.微生物限度超标。"} {"Question":"除另有规定外,以多成分半成品制备中药注射剂,其总固体中结构明确成分的含量应不低于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1"},{"key":"B","value":"0.2"},{"key":"C","value":"0.45"},{"key":"D","value":"0.8"},{"key":"E","value":"0.9"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药注射用原料。除另有规定外,以多成分半成品制备中药注射剂,其总固体中结构明确成分的含量应不低于0.8(D对)。按照《中药、天然药物注射剂基本技术要求》的规定,有效成分制成的中药注射剂,主药成分含量应不少于90%(E错);多成分制成的中药注射剂,所测成分应大于总固体量的80%。0.1(A错)为含有毒性药品的中药酊剂的浓度。含有毒性药品的中药酊剂,每100ml应相当于原饮片10g。不高于0.2(B错)为合剂的含糖量。合剂若加蔗糖,除另有规定外,含糖量一般不高于20%(g\/ml)。不低于0.45(C错)的为糖浆剂含糖量。糖浆剂含蔗糖量应不低于45%(g\/ml)。"} {"Question":"葡萄糖输液灭菌宜采用的方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"火焰灭菌法"},{"key":"B","value":"干热空气灭菌法"},{"key":"C","value":"热压灭菌法"},{"key":"D","value":"流通蒸汽灭菌法"},{"key":"E","value":"低温间歇灭菌法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"除另有规定外,儿科用散剂应为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中粉"},{"key":"B","value":"细粉"},{"key":"C","value":"最细粉"},{"key":"D","value":"极细粉"},{"key":"E","value":"超细粉"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查散剂的质量要求。除另有规定外,儿科用散剂应为最细粉(C对)。散剂质量要求:供制备散剂的原料药均应粉碎。除另有规定外,内服散剂应为细粉(B错);儿科及局部用散剂应为最细粉;眼用散剂应为极细粉(D错),且应无菌。按照《中国药典》要求,细粉系指能全部通过五号筛,并含能够通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末;最细粉系指能全部通过六号筛,并含能够通过七号筛不少于95%的粉末;极细粉系指能全部通过八号筛,并含能够通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末。中粉(A错):能全部通过四号筛,但混有能通过五号筛不超过60%的粉末。超微粉碎:超微粉碎技术是20世纪70年代后发展起来的一种物料加工高新技术,也是古老粉碎技术的新应用和新发展。超微粉碎又称超细粉碎,是指将粉粒物料磨碎到粒径为微米级以下的操作。超微粉体又称超细粉(E错)体,通常分为微米级、亚微米级以及纳米级粉体。粉体粒径为1~100nm的称为纳米粉体;粒径为0.1~1㎛的称为亚微米粉体;粒径大于1㎛的称为微米粉体。"} {"Question":"宜在夏季采收的根及根茎类药材有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"明党参"},{"key":"B","value":"浙贝母"},{"key":"C","value":"延胡索"},{"key":"D","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"E","value":"太子参"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查植物药、动物药、矿物药的采收原则。下列中药,宜夏季采收的药材是浙贝母(B对)、延胡索(C对)、太子参(E对)。植物药类:药用部位不同,采收时间也不同。(1)根及根茎类:一般在秋、冬两季植物地上部分将枯萎时及春初发芽前或刚露苗时采收,此时根或根茎中贮藏的营养物质最为丰富,通常所含有效成分也比较高,如牛膝、党参、黄连、大黄、防风等。但也有例外,有些中药由于植株枯萎时间较早,即在夏季及时采收,如浙贝母、延胡索、半夏、太子参等;而明党参(A错)则在春季采收较好。石菖蒲(D错)【采收加工】秋、冬二季挖取,除去须根及泥沙,晒干。"} {"Question":"宜用朱砂拌衣炮制增强安神作用的中药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"茯神"},{"key":"B","value":"人参"},{"key":"C","value":"远志"},{"key":"D","value":"灯心草"},{"key":"E","value":"竹茹"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查拌衣的目的。朱砂拌衣后增强安神作用的是茯神(A对)、远志(C对)、灯心草(D对)。拌衣法:将净制或切制后的药物,表面用水湿润,加入定量的辅料使之粘于药物上,晾干的炮制方法,称为拌衣法。拌衣的目的:增强疗效或起到一定的治疗作用。如朱砂拌茯神、茯苓、远志等,增强宁心安神的作用;青黛拌灯心草,有清热凉血的作用。灯心草【炮制作用】灯心草味甘、淡,性微寒。归心、肺、小肠经。具有清心火、利小便的功效。①灯心草生品长于利水通淋。用于心烦失眠,尿少涩痛,口舌生疮。②朱砂拌灯心以降火安神力强。多用于心烦失眠,小儿夜啼。不宜入煎剂。③青黛拌灯心偏于清热凉血。多用于尿血。④灯心炭凉血止血,清热敛疮。外用治咽痹,乳蛾,阴疳。灯心草炭能缩短出血和凝血时间。蒸制:利用水蒸气加热药物(或药物与辅料)的方法。不加辅料蒸制的时间较短,其目的是软化药材,便于切制或使药物便于保存,如清蒸木瓜、天麻、桑螵蛸、黄芩、人参(B错)等。加辅料蒸制的时间相对较长,主要目的在于改变药物性味,产生新的功能,扩大临床适用范围,如酒蒸地黄、大黄,黑豆)蒸何首乌;亦可增强疗效,如酒蒸肉苁蓉、黄精、山茱萸、女贞子、五味子等。姜炙的目的:①制其寒性,增强和胃止呕作用。如黄连、竹茹(E错)等。②缓和副作用,增强疗效。如厚朴等。"} {"Question":"主入胃经,以和中止呕为主的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"煨姜"},{"key":"B","value":"炮姜"},{"key":"C","value":"姜炭"},{"key":"D","value":"生姜"},{"key":"E","value":"干姜"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查炮制对归经的影响。药物炮制前后归经有所改变。同一药物经不同方法炮制,归经亦发生改变,所谓生熟异用。如煨姜(A对)主入胃经,以和中止呕为主;生姜(D错)主归肺、胃经,以发散风寒,和中止呕为主;干姜(E错)主归脾、胃经,则以暖脾胃,回阳救逆为主;姜炭(C错)主入血分,以温经止血为主。"} {"Question":"将药物和高分子成膜材料溶解于有机溶剂中制成的外用制剂,称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黑膏药"},{"key":"B","value":"糊剂"},{"key":"C","value":"巴布剂"},{"key":"D","value":"涂膜剂"},{"key":"E","value":"橡胶膏剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列关于酒剂的特点叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"酒辛甘大热,可促使药物吸收,提高药物疗效"},{"key":"B","value":"组方灵活,制备简便,不可加入矫味剂"},{"key":"C","value":"能活血通络,但不适宜于心脏病患者服用"},{"key":"D","value":"临床上以祛风活血、止痛散瘀效果尤佳"},{"key":"E","value":"含乙醇量高,久贮不易变质"}],"Answer":"ACDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是酒剂。下列关于酒剂的特点叙述,正确的有、酒辛甘大热,可促使药物吸收,提高药物疗效(A对)、能活血通络,但不适宜于心脏病患者服用(C对)、临床上以祛风活血、止痛散瘀效果尤佳(D对)与含乙醇量高,久贮不易变质(E对)。酒剂:(一)特点与分类:1.特点:酒剂系指中药饮片用蒸馏酒提取制成的澄清液体制剂。酒剂是我国应用最早的中药剂型之一。酒辛甘大热,能散寒、行血通络,作为提取溶剂有利于有效成分浸出,且具有易于分散、助长药效之特性。故祛风散寒、活血通络、散瘀止痛等方剂常制成酒剂。酒剂制备简便,剂量较小,服用方便,且不易霉变,易于保存。2.分类:按照给药途径,酒剂可分为内服酒剂与外用酒剂,其中酒剂多供内服。(二)质量要求:生产酒剂所用的饮片一般应适当粉碎。内服酒剂应以谷类酒为溶剂,可用浸渍法、渗漉法或其他适宜方法制备。酒剂中可加入适量的糖或蜂蜜调味(B错)。配制后的酒剂需静置澄清,滤过后分装于洁净的容器中,在贮存期间允许有少量摇之易散的沉淀。应检查乙醇含量和甲醇含量。除另有规定外,酒剂应密封,置阴凉处贮存。按照《中国药典》规定的方法检查,总固体、乙醇量、甲醇量、装量及微生物限度等均应符合有关规定。(三)临床应用注意事项:酒剂为澄清液体,允许有少量轻摇易散的沉淀,但沉淀较多者不宜使用。酒剂内服应注意用量,儿童、孕妇、心脏病及高血压患者不宜服用。"} {"Question":"淀粉浆在片剂处方中常用作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"B","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收剂"},{"key":"D","value":"润滑剂"},{"key":"E","value":"黏合剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的黏合剂。淀粉浆在片剂处方中常用作黏合剂(E对)。黏合剂:本身具有黏性,能增加药粉间的黏合作用,以利于制粒和压片的辅料。适用于没有黏性或黏性不足的药粒制粒压片常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(糊)、糖浆、胶浆类、微晶纤维素、纤维素衍生物等。润湿剂(A错):本身无黏性,但能润湿并诱发药粉黏性的液体。适用于具有一定黏性的药料制粒压片。常用的湿润剂有水、乙醇等。崩解剂(B错):系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。崩解剂的主要作用是消除因黏合剂和高度压缩而产生的结合力。除口含片、舌下片、缓释片、咀嚼片等,一般片剂均需加用崩解剂。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。吸收剂(C错):适用于原料药(含中间体)中含有较多挥发油、脂肪油或其他液体,而需制片者。常用的吸收剂有淀粉、硫酸钙二水物、磷酸氢钙等。磷酸钙是中药浸出物、油类及含油浸膏的良好吸收剂,可减轻药物引湿性作用。润滑剂(D错):压片前必须加入的,能增加颗粒(或粉末)流动性,减少颗粒(或粉末)与冲模内摩擦力,具有润滑作用的物料称为润滑剂。常用的润滑剂有硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、聚乙二醇、月桂醇硫酸镁(钠)、微粉硅胶。"} {"Question":"片剂包肠溶衣常用的包衣物料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖浆"},{"key":"B","value":"糖浆和滑石粉"},{"key":"C","value":"胶浆和滑石粉"},{"key":"D","value":"羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)"},{"key":"E","value":"丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号混合液"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"下列有关片剂辅料应用的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中药浸膏粉制粒常用乙醇作黏合剂"},{"key":"B","value":"若主药剂量小于1g则制片时需加稀释剂"},{"key":"C","value":"颗粒(或粉末)压片前必须加入润滑剂"},{"key":"D","value":"含中药浸膏量较多且黏性较大而制片困难者应加用吸收剂"},{"key":"E","value":"中药片剂均需加用崩解剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"《中国药典》规定,可用注射剂容器清洗的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常水"},{"key":"B","value":"纯化水"},{"key":"C","value":"饮用水"},{"key":"D","value":"注射用水"},{"key":"E","value":"灭菌注射用水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是制药用水的种类及应用。《中国药典》规定,可用注射剂容器清洗的是注射用水(D对)。制药用水因其使用的范围不同而分为饮用水、纯化水、注射用水及灭菌注射用水。一般应根据各生产工序或使用目的与要求选用适宜的制药用水。①饮用水(C错):饮用水为天然水经净化处理所得的水,其质量必须符合现行中华人民共和国国家标准《生活饮用水卫生标准》。饮用水可用于药材净制时的漂洗、制药用具的粗洗用水。除另有规定外,也可作为饮片的提取溶剂。②纯化水(B错):纯化水为饮用水经蒸馏法、离子交换法、反渗透法或其他适宜的方法制备的制药用水,不含任何附加剂。其质量应符合《中国药典》纯化水项下的规定。纯化水可作为配制普通药物制剂用的溶剂或试验用水;可作为中药注射剂、滴眼剂等灭菌制剂所用饮片的提取溶剂;口服、外用制剂配制用溶剂或稀释剂;非灭菌制剂用器具的精洗用水。也用作非灭菌制剂所用饮片的提取溶剂。纯化水不得用于注射剂的配制与稀释。③注射用水:注射用水为纯化水经蒸馏所得到的水,应符合细菌内毒素试验要求。注射用水必须在防止细菌内毒素产生的设计条件下生产、贮藏及分装。其质量应符合《中国药典》注射用水项下的规定。注射用水可作为配制注射剂、滴眼剂等的溶剂或稀释剂及容器的精洗。④灭菌注射用水(E错):灭菌注射用水为注射用水按照注射剂生产工艺制备所得,不含任何添加剂。主要用于注射用灭菌粉末的溶剂或注射剂的稀释剂。其质量应符合《中国药典》灭菌注射用水项下的规定。灭菌注射用水灌装规格应适应临床需要,避免大规格、多次使用造成的污染。常水(A错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。常水,指纯净的天然水。"} {"Question":"有关空胶囊的叙述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"空胶囊的制备过程大致分为溶胶、蘸胶、干燥、拔壳、截割、整理等工序"},{"key":"B","value":"制备空胶囊时环境温度应控制在10℃~25℃"},{"key":"C","value":"制备空胶囊时环境的相对湿度应控制在35%-45%"},{"key":"D","value":"制备空胶囊时环境空气的洁净度应为10006级"},{"key":"E","value":"0号空胶囊的容积小于1号空胶囊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"与200目筛呈对应关系的《中国药典》药筛的筛","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一号筛"},{"key":"B","value":"五号筛"},{"key":"C","value":"六号筛"},{"key":"D","value":"七号筛"},{"key":"E","value":"九号筛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是药筛的规格。与200目筛呈对应关系的《中国药典》药筛的筛九号筛(E对)。一号筛(A错)对应10目筛,五号筛(B错)对应80目筛,六号筛(C错)对应100目筛,七号筛(D错)对应120目筛,九号筛对应200目筛。"} {"Question":"羧甲淀粉钠常用作片剂的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收剂"},{"key":"D","value":"黏合剂"},{"key":"E","value":"润滑剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的辅料。羧甲淀粉钠常用作片剂的崩解剂(A对)。崩解剂:系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。润湿剂(B错):本身无黏性,但能润湿并诱发药粉黏性的液体。适用于具有一定黏性的药料制粒压片。常用的湿润剂有水、乙醇等。吸收剂(C错):适用于原料药(含中间体)中含有较多挥发油、脂肪油或其他液体,而需制片者。常用的吸收剂有淀粉、硫酸钙二水物、磷酸氢钙等。黏合剂(D错):本身具有黏性,能增加药粉间的黏合作用,以利于制粒和压片的辅料。常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(糊)、糖浆、胶浆类、微晶纤维素、纤维素衍生物等。淀粉浆(糊):为最常用的黏合剂。适用于对湿热稳定,而且药物水身不太松散的品种,尤适用于可溶性药物较多的处方。润滑剂(E错):压片前必须加入的,能增加颗粒(或粉末)流动性,减少颗粒(或粉末)与冲模内摩擦力,具有润滑作用的物料称为润滑剂。常用的润滑剂有硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、聚乙二醇、月桂醇硫酸镁(钠)、微粉硅胶等。"} {"Question":"具有同质多晶型,过热可使其熔点下降而不易成型的栓剂基质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘油明胶"},{"key":"B","value":"聚乙二醇"},{"key":"C","value":"可可豆脂"},{"key":"D","value":"半合成山苍子油酯"},{"key":"E","value":"香果脂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是栓剂的基质。具有同质多晶型,过热可使其熔点下降而不易成型的栓剂基质是可可豆脂(C对)。栓剂的基质主要分为油脂性和水溶性基质。1.油脂性基质:(1)可可豆脂:常温下为黄白色固体,可塑性好,无刺激性,能与多种药物配伍使用。熔点为31℃~34℃,加热至25℃开始软化,在体温即能迅速融化,10℃~20℃时易粉碎成粉末。可可豆脂具有同质多晶性,有α、β、γ三种晶型。其中通α、γ晶型不稳定,熔点较低,β晶型较稳定,熔点34℃。当加热超过其熔点时,则形成大量的α、γ晶型而使熔点仅为24℃,以致难以成型。(2)半合成脂肪酸甘油酯类:本类基质不易酸败,贮藏中也比较稳定,为目前应用较多的油脂性栓剂基质,其中有半合成椰子油酯、半合成山苍子油酯(D错)、半合成棕榈油酯等。2.水溶性基质:(1)甘油明胶(A错):系用明胶、甘油与水制成,一般明胶与甘油等量,水应控制在10%以下。具有弹性,不易折断,在体温下能软化并缓慢溶于分泌液中。基质中甘油与水的比例越高则越易溶解,而成品也越软。常用作阴道栓剂基质,但不适用于鞣酸等与蛋白质有配伍禁忌的药物。(2)聚乙二醇(B错)类:聚乙二醇1000、4000、6000的熔点分别为38℃~40℃、53℃~56℃、55℃~63℃,以两种或两种以上的聚乙二醇加热熔融可制得理想硬度和释药速度的栓剂基质。本类基质在体温条件下不熔化,能缓缓溶于直肠液中,但对黏膜有一定刺激性。香果脂(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"硬脂酸镁在片剂处方中常用作","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"B","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收剂"},{"key":"D","value":"润滑剂"},{"key":"E","value":"黏合剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的润滑剂。硬脂酸镁在片剂处方中常用作润滑剂(D对)。润滑剂:压片前必须加入的,能增加颗粒(或粉末)流动性,减少颗粒(或粉末)与冲模内摩擦力,具有润滑作用的物料称为润滑剂。常用的润滑剂有硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、聚乙二醇、月桂醇硫酸镁(钠)、微粉硅胶。润湿剂(A错):本身无黏性,但能润湿并诱发药粉黏性的液体。适用于具有一定黏性的药料制粒压片。常用的湿润剂有水、乙醇等。崩解剂(B错):系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。崩解剂的主要作用是消除因黏合剂和高度压缩而产生的结合力。除口含片、舌下片、缓释片、咀嚼片等,一般片剂均需加用崩解剂。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。吸收剂(C错):适用于原料药(含中间体)中含有较多挥发油、脂肪油或其他液体,而需制片者。常用的吸收剂有淀粉、硫酸钙二水物、磷酸氢钙等。磷酸钙是中药浸出物、油类及含油浸膏的良好吸收剂,可减轻药物引湿性作用。黏合剂(E错):本身具有黏性,能增加药粉间的黏合作用,以利于制粒和压片的辅料。适用于没有黏性或黏性不足的药粒制粒压片常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(糊)、糖浆、胶浆类、微晶纤维素、纤维素衍生物等。"} {"Question":"某女,56岁。近日出现气短心悸、失眠多梦、头昏头晕、肢倦乏力、食欲不振、崩漏便血等症。遂就医,医师诊断为心脾两虚,处以归脾丸。处方组成:党参80g、炒白术160g、炙黄芪80g、炙甘草40g、茯苓160g、制远志160g、炒酸枣仁80g、龙眼肉160g、当归160g、木香40g、大枣(去核)40g。以上十一味,党参、当归、炙甘草、木香粉碎成细粉,其余炒白术等七味,加水煎煮两次,合并煎液,滤过,浓缩得稠膏,与上述粉末混匀,制成浓缩水丸。关于该制剂水分、溶散时限正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水分不得过5.0%,在15分钟内全部溶散"},{"key":"B","value":"水分不得过9.0%,在2小时内全部溶散"},{"key":"C","value":"水分不得过12.0%,在1小时内全部溶散"},{"key":"D","value":"水分不得过15.0%,在1.5小时内全部溶散"},{"key":"E","value":"水分不得过8.0%,在30分钟内全部溶散"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查丸剂的质量要求。结合题目剂型为浓缩水丸,下列关于该制剂的水分和溶散时限正确的是水分不得过9.0%,在2小时内全部溶散(B对)。丸剂的质量要求:(1)除另有规定外,蜜丸和浓缩蜜丸中所含水分不得过15.0%;水蜜丸和浓缩水蜜丸不得过12.0%;水丸、糊丸、浓缩水丸不得过9.0%。蜡丸不检查水分。(2)溶散时限,除另有规定外,小蜜丸、水蜜丸和水丸应在1小时内全部溶散;浓缩丸和糊丸应在2小时内全部溶散;滴丸应在30分钟内全部溶散,包衣滴丸应在1小时内全部溶散。蜡丸照崩解时限检查法片剂项下的肠溶衣片检查法检查,在盐酸溶液中(9→1000)检查2小时,不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,再在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中检查,1小时内应全部崩解。除另有规定外,大蜜丸及研碎、嚼碎后或用开水、黄酒等分散后服用的丸剂不检查溶散时限。"} {"Question":"既可内服又可眼用的剂型为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"锭剂"},{"key":"B","value":"钉剂"},{"key":"C","value":"条剂"},{"key":"D","value":"灸剂"},{"key":"E","value":"膜剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查锭剂的概念。既可内服又可眼用的剂型为膜剂(E对)。膜剂:1.特点:膜剂系指原料药物与适宜的成膜材料经加工制成的膜状制剂。供口服或黏膜用。2.分类:膜剂按结构类型可分为单层、多层及夹心型。按给药途径可分为内服膜剂、口腔用膜剂、眼用膜剂、皮肤及黏膜用膜剂等。锭剂(A错):锭剂系指饮片细粉加适宜黏合剂(或利用饮片细粉本身的黏性)制成不同形状的固体制剂。有长方形、纺锤形、圆柱形、圆锥形等。供内服,可吞服或研细以水或黄酒化服,外用多是研细用醋或酒调敷,也可作嗅入或外搽药用。钉剂(B错):钉剂系指饮片细粉加糯米混匀后加水加热制成软材,分剂量,搓成细长而两端尖锐(或锥形)的外用固体制剂。钉剂多含有毒性药物或腐蚀性药物,其赋形剂的选择类似于糊丸,具缓释作用。一般供外科插入,用于治疗痔、瘘管及溃疡等。条剂(C错):条剂系指用桑皮纸粘药膏后搓捻成细条,或用桑皮纸搓捻成条,粘一层面糊,再粘药粉而制成的外用制剂,又称纸捻。条剂有韧性可用于弯曲分岔的瘘管,制备简单,使用方便。所用药物多有毒性或腐蚀性,主要用于中医外科插入疮口或瘘管,以引流脓液,拔毒去腐,生肌敛口。灸剂(D错):灸剂系指将艾叶捣、碾成绒状,或另加其他药料捻制成卷烟状或其他形状,供熏灼穴位或其他患部的外用制剂。灸剂按形状可分为:艾头、艾柱、艾条3种;按加药与否分为艾条与含药艾。借助燃烧产生的温热性刺激及药物的局部透皮吸收,达到预防或治疗疾病的目的。"} {"Question":"具有同质多晶性的栓剂油脂性基质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"单硬脂酸酯"},{"key":"B","value":"甘油明胶"},{"key":"C","value":"聚乙二醇"},{"key":"D","value":"可可豆脂"},{"key":"E","value":"泊洛沙姆"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是栓剂的基质。具有同质多晶性的栓剂油脂性基质是可可豆脂(D对)。油脂性基质,可可豆脂常温下为黄白色固体,可塑性好,无刺激性,能与多种药物配伍使用。可可豆脂具有同质多晶性,有α、β、γ三种晶型。水溶性基质(1)甘油明胶(B错)系用明胶、甘油与水制成,一般明胶与甘油等量,水应控制在10%以下。(2)聚乙二醇(C错)类聚乙二醇1000、聚乙二醇4000、聚乙二醇6000,以两种或两种以上的聚乙二醇加热熔融可制得理想硬度和释药速度的栓剂基质,如聚乙二醇1000:聚乙二醇4000为96:4时释药较快,若比例改为75:25时则释药缓慢。该类基质尚有聚氧乙烯(40)单硬脂酸酯(A错)、聚山梨酯61、泊洛沙姆(E错)等。"} {"Question":"主产地为广东,属于“广药”的道地药材是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地黄"},{"key":"B","value":"龙胆"},{"key":"C","value":"天麻"},{"key":"D","value":"白术"},{"key":"E","value":"巴戟天"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查常用的道地药材。主产地为广东,属于“广药”的道地药材是巴戟天(E对)。广药:又称“南药”,主产地广东、广西、海南及台湾。如阳春砂、广藿香、广金钱草、益智仁、广陈皮、广豆根、蛤蚧、肉桂、桂莪术、苏木、巴戟天、高良姜、八角茴香、化橘红、樟脑、桂枝、槟榔等。怀药:主产地河南。如著名的“四大怀药”—地黄(A错)、牛膝、山药、菊花;以及天花粉、瓜蒌、白芷、辛夷、红花、金银花、山茱萸等。关药:主产地山海关以北、东北三省及内蒙古东部。如人参、鹿茸、细辛、辽五味子、防风、关黄柏、龙胆(B错)、平贝母、刺五加、升麻、桔梗、哈蟆油、甘草、麻黄、黄芪、赤芍、苍术等。贵药:主产地贵州。如天冬、天麻(C错)、黄精、杜仲、吴茱萸、五倍子、朱砂等。浙药:主产地浙江。如传统的“浙八味”—浙贝母、白术(D错)、延胡索、温郁金、玄参、杭白芍、杭菊花、杭麦冬,以及山茱萸、莪术、杭白芷、栀子、乌梅、乌梢蛇等。"} {"Question":"适用于呼吸道给药的速效剂型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"注射剂"},{"key":"B","value":"舌下片"},{"key":"C","value":"滴丸(水溶性基质)"},{"key":"D","value":"涂膜剂"},{"key":"E","value":"气雾剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查剂型按给药途径和给药方法分类。适用于呼吸道给药的速效剂型是气雾剂(E对)。呼吸道给药的剂型:如气雾剂、吸入剂等。经注射给药的剂型如静脉、肌内、皮下、皮内及穴位注射剂(A错)。经黏膜给药的剂型:如滴眼剂、滴鼻剂、口腔膜剂、舌下片(B错)剂、含漱剂等。经口服给药的剂型:如汤剂、合剂、糖浆剂、颗粒剂、丸剂(C错)、片剂等。经皮肤给药的剂型:如洗剂、搽剂、涂膜剂(D错)、糊剂、软膏剂、硬膏剂、贴剂、贴膏剂等。"} {"Question":"片剂包糖衣中的隔离层所用的包衣物料是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"糖浆"},{"key":"B","value":"糖浆和滑石粉"},{"key":"C","value":"胶浆和滑石粉"},{"key":"D","value":"羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)"},{"key":"E","value":"丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号混合液"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"除另有规定外,儿科用散剂的粉末细度为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"粗粉"},{"key":"B","value":"中粉"},{"key":"C","value":"细粉"},{"key":"D","value":"最细粉"},{"key":"E","value":"极细粉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是散剂的质量要求。除另有规定外,儿科用散剂的粉末细度为最细粉(D对)。供制散剂的原料药均应粉碎。除另有规定外,内服散剂应为细粉(C错);儿科用及局部用散剂应为最细粉;眼用散剂应为极细粉(E错),且应无菌。按照《中国药典》要求,细粉系指能全部通过五号筛,并含能够通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末;最细粉系指能全部通过六号筛,并含能够通过七号筛不少于95%的粉末;极细粉系指能全部通过八号筛,并含能够通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末。粗粉(A错)为不含糖块状茶剂的粉末细度要求。不含糖块状茶剂系指饮片粗粉、碎片与茶叶或适宜的黏合剂压制成块状的茶剂。粉末细度要求为中粉(B错)的剂型,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"适用于含毒性药物和贵重药物散剂的分剂量方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"目测法"},{"key":"B","value":"等量递增法"},{"key":"C","value":"重量法"},{"key":"D","value":"估分法"},{"key":"E","value":"容量法"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是散剂的分剂量方法。适用于含毒性药物和贵重药物散剂的分剂量方法是重量法(C对)。重量法系指用戥秤或天平逐包称量。该法剂量准确,但操作麻烦,效率低,难以机械化。适用于含毒性药物、贵重细料药物的散剂。等量递增法(B错)亦称“配研法”,遵循药物粉末等比、等量容易混合均匀的原则,将量小的组分与等量的其他组分混合,均匀后再加入与混合物等量的组分混合,如此倍量增加,始终保持等量,直至将其他组分完全混入为止。该法混合效果好,省时,适用于含毒性药物、贵重药、剂量小药物的散剂。容量法(E错)系指用容量代替重量,用容量药匙或分量器等进行分剂量。该法效率高,可机械化生产,适用于大多数散剂。"} {"Question":"胶剂制备时,应用明矾的目的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加胶剂的硬度"},{"key":"B","value":"降低胶剂的黏度"},{"key":"C","value":"沉淀溶液中的泥沙"},{"key":"D","value":"收胶时利于气泡的逸散"},{"key":"E","value":"收胶时起消泡作用"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是胶剂辅料的种类与作用。胶剂制备时,应用明矾的目的是沉淀溶液中的泥沙(C对)。胶剂辅料的种类与作用:①冰糖:色白、洁净无杂质者为佳。冰糖可增加胶剂的透明度和硬度(A错),并有矫味作用。也可用白糖代替。②油类:可用花生油、豆油、麻油,纯净无杂质的新制油为佳,酸败者禁用。油可降低胶块的黏度(B错),便于切胶,且在浓缩收胶时,油可促进锅内气泡的逸散,起消泡的作用(E错)。③酒类:多用绍兴黄酒,也可用白酒代替。酒起矫味矫臭作用,收胶时有利于气泡逸散(D错)。④明矾:色白洁净者为佳。可沉淀胶液中的泥沙杂质,增加胶剂的透明度。"} {"Question":"细粉是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能全部通过二号筛,但混有能通过四号筛不超过40%的粉末"},{"key":"B","value":"能全部通过四号筛,但混有能通过五号筛不超过60%的粉末"},{"key":"C","value":"能全部通过五号筛,并能通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末"},{"key":"D","value":"能全部通过六号筛,并能通过七号筛不少于95%的粉末"},{"key":"E","value":"能全部通过八号筛,并能通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是散剂的质量要求。细粉是指能全部通过五号筛,并能通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末(C对)。按照《中国药典》要求,最粗粉指能全部通过一号筛,但混有能通过三号筛不超过20%的粉末;粗粉指能全部通过二号筛,但混有能通过四号筛不超过40%的粉末(A错);中粉指能全部通过四号筛,但混有能通过五号筛不超过60%的粉末(B错);细粉指能全部通过五号筛,并含能通过六号筛不少于95%的粉末;最细粉指能全部通过六号筛,并含能通过七号筛不少于95%的粉末(D错);极细粉指能全部通过八号筛,并含能通过九号筛不少于95%的粉末(E错)。"} {"Question":"不同浓度的乙醇为中药浸膏片制颗粒常用的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收剂"},{"key":"D","value":"黏合剂"},{"key":"E","value":"润滑剂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的常用辅料。不同浓度的乙醇为中药浸膏片制颗粒常用的润湿剂(B对)。凡药物具有黏性,但遇水后黏性过强而不易制粒;或遇水受热易变质;或药物易溶于水难以制粒;或干燥后颗粒过硬,影响片剂质量者,均可选用不同浓度的乙醇作为润湿剂。润湿剂:本身无黏性,但能润湿并诱发药粉黏性的液体。适用于具有一定黏性的药料制粒压片。常用的湿润剂有水、乙醇等。崩解剂(A错):系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。吸收剂(C错):适用于原料药(含中间体)中含有较多挥发油、脂肪油或其他液体,而需制片者。常用的吸收剂有淀粉、硫酸钙二水物、磷酸氢钙等。黏合剂(D错):本身具有黏性,能增加药粉间的黏合作用,以利于制粒和压片的辅料。常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(糊)、糖浆、胶浆类、微晶纤维素、纤维素衍生物等。淀粉浆(糊):为最常用的黏合剂。适用于对湿热稳定,而且药物水身不太松散的品种,尤适用于可溶性药物较多的处方。润滑剂(E错):压片前必须加入的,能增加颗粒(或粉末)流动性,减少颗粒(或粉末)与冲模内摩擦力,具有润滑作用的物料称为润滑剂。常用的润滑剂有硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、聚乙二醇、月桂醇硫酸镁(钠)、微粉硅胶等。"} {"Question":"泡腾片的质量检查项目包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶散时限"},{"key":"B","value":"软化点"},{"key":"C","value":"崩解时限"},{"key":"D","value":"相对密度"},{"key":"E","value":"融变时限"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的质量要求。泡腾片的质量检查项目包括崩解时限(C对)。片剂的崩解时限:除另有规定外,药材原粉片6片均应在30分钟内全部崩解;浸膏(半浸膏)片、糖衣片各片均应在1小时内全部崩解。薄膜衣片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查,化药片应在30分钟内全部崩解;中药片应在1小时内全部崩解。含片的溶化性照崩解时限检查法检查,各片均不应在10分钟内全部崩解或溶化。舌下片各片均应在5分钟内全部崩解并溶化。可溶片各片均应在3分钟内全部崩解并溶化。口崩片应在60秒内全部崩解并通过筛孔内径为710μm的筛网。肠溶片先在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查2小时,每片均不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,再在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中进行检查,1小时内应全部崩解。结肠定位肠溶片照各品种项下规定检查,各片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)及pH6.8以下的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中均应不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,在pH7.5~8.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中1小时内应完全崩解。泡腾片置盛有200ml水(水温为20℃±5℃)的烧杯中,有许多气泡放出,当片剂或碎片周围的气体停止逸出时,片剂应溶解或分散在水中,无聚集的颗粒剩留,除另有规定外,各片均应在5分钟内崩解。咀嚼片、以冷冻干燥法制备的口崩片以及规定检查溶出度、释放度的片剂,一般不再进行崩解时限检查。溶散时限(A错)为丸剂的质量检测项目。软化点(B错)为膏药的质量检测项目。相对密度(D错)为合剂与煎膏剂的质量检测项目。融变时限(E错)为栓剂与阴道片的质量检测项目。"} {"Question":"不属于胶剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"新阿胶"},{"key":"B","value":"阿胶"},{"key":"C","value":"龟甲胶"},{"key":"D","value":"鹿角胶"},{"key":"E","value":"阿拉伯胶"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"可用作油脂性栓剂基质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卵磷脂"},{"key":"B","value":"半合成(山苍子油脂)"},{"key":"C","value":"甘油明胶"},{"key":"D","value":"乙基纤维素"},{"key":"E","value":"十二烷基苯磺酸钠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是栓剂的基质类型。可用作油脂性栓剂基质的是半合成(山苍子油脂)(B对)。栓剂的基质主要分为油脂性和水溶性基质。1.油脂性基质:(1)可可豆脂:常温下为黄白色固体,可塑性好,无刺激性,能与多种药物配伍使用。熔点为31℃~34℃,加热至25℃开始软化,在体温即能迅速融化,10℃~20℃时易粉碎成粉末。(2)半合成脂肪酸甘油酯类:本类基质不易酸败,贮藏中也比较稳定,为目前应用较多的油脂性栓剂基质,其中有半合成椰子油酯、半合成山苍子油酯、半合成棕榈油酯等。2.水溶性基质:(1)甘油明胶(C错):系用明胶、甘油与水制成,一般明胶与甘油等量,水应控制在10%以下。具有弹性,不易折断,在体温下能软化并缓慢溶于分泌液中。(2)聚乙二醇类:聚乙二醇1000、4000、6000的熔点分别为38℃~40℃、53℃~56℃、55℃~63℃,以两种或两种以上的聚乙二醇加热熔融可制得理想硬度和释药速度的栓剂基质。本类基质在体温条件下不熔化,能缓缓溶于直肠液中,但对黏膜有一定刺激性。卵磷脂(A错)为两性离子表面活性剂。两性离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的分子结构中同时含有阴阳离子基团,在不同pH介质中可表现出阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂的性质。①天然的两性离子表面活性剂:主要有豆磷脂和卵磷脂。②合成的两性离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的阴离子部分主要是羧酸盐,阳离子部分主要是胺盐或季铵盐。乙基纤维素(D错)为涂膜剂的成膜材料。涂膜剂常用的成膜材料有聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙基纤维素和聚乙烯醇缩甲乙醛等;增塑剂有甘油、丙二醇、三乙酸甘油酯等;溶剂为乙醇等。必要时可加其他附加剂,所加附加剂对皮肤或黏膜应无刺激性。十二烷苯基磺酸钠(E错)为阴离子表面活性剂。阴离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂起表面活性作用的是阴离子。主要包括高级脂肪酸盐、硫酸化物以及磺酸化物。①高级脂肪酸盐:又称肥皂类。②硫酸化物:为硫酸化油和高级脂肪醇的硫酸酯类。常用的有:a.硫酸化蓖麻油,俗称土耳其红油;b.高级脂肪醇硫酸酯类,如有十二烷基硫酸钠(又称月桂醇硫酸钠)。③磺酸化物:主要有脂肪族磺酸化物、烷基芳基磺酸化物、烷基萘磺酸化物等。常用的有:a.脂肪族磺酸化物,如二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠(商品名“阿洛索-OT”)等;b.烷基芳基磺酸化物,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠。"} {"Question":"制备时需加崩解剂的片剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"缓释片"},{"key":"B","value":"口含片"},{"key":"C","value":"舌下片"},{"key":"D","value":"浸膏片"},{"key":"E","value":"咀嚼片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的崩解剂。制备时需加崩解剂的片剂是咀嚼片(D对)。崩解剂:系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。崩解剂的主要作用是消除因黏合剂和高度压缩而产生的结合力。除口含片(B错)、舌下片(C错)、缓释片(A错)、咀嚼片(E错)等,一般片剂均需加用崩解剂。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。"} {"Question":"因加入量不同,可引起混悬剂中混悬微粒发生絮凝作用或反絮凝作用的物质是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘油"},{"key":"B","value":"糖浆"},{"key":"C","value":"阿拉伯胶"},{"key":"D","value":"酒石酸钠"},{"key":"E","value":"聚维酮"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是混悬剂的附加剂。因加入量不同,可引起混悬剂中混悬微粒发生絮凝作用或反絮凝作用的物质是酒石酸钠(D对)。为了增加混悬剂的物理稳定性,在制备时需加入能使混悬剂稳定的附加剂,包括润湿剂、助悬剂、絮凝剂和反絮凝剂等。(1)润湿剂:系指疏水性药物制备混悬剂时,常加入以利于分散的附加剂。常用的润湿剂有吐温类、司盘类表面活性剂等。(2)助悬剂:能增加分散介质的黏度、降低微粒的沉降速度,同时能被药物微粒表面吸附形成机械性或电性保护膜,防止微粒间互相聚集或产生晶型转变,或使混悬液具有触变性,从而增加其稳定性的附加剂。常用助悬剂:①低分子助悬剂,如甘油(A错)、糖浆剂(B错)等。②高分子助悬剂,主要分为天然和合成高分子助悬剂。常用的天然高分子助悬剂及其用量分别为阿拉伯胶(C错)5%~15%、西黄蓍胶0.5%~1%、琼脂0.3%~0.5%,此外尚有海藻酸钠、白及胶、果胶等。常用的合成高分子助悬剂有甲基纤维素、羧甲纤维素钠、羟乙纤维素、聚维酮(E错)、聚乙烯醇等,一般用量为0.1%~1.0%,此类助悬剂性质稳定,受pH影响小,但与某些药物有配伍变化。③硅酸类,如胶体二氧化硅、硅酸铝、硅皂土等。(3)絮凝剂与反絮凝剂:加入适量的电解质可使混悬剂中微粒周围双电层形成的ζ电位降低到一定程度,使得微粒间吸引力稍大于排斥力,形成疏松的絮状聚集体,经振摇又可恢复成分散均匀混悬液的现象叫絮凝,所加入的电解质称为絮凝剂。加入电解质后使ζ电位升高,阻碍微粒之间碰撞聚集的现象称为反絮凝,能起反絮凝作用的电解质称为反絮凝剂,加入适宜的反絮凝剂也能提高混悬剂的稳定性。同一电解质可因用量不同起絮凝作用或反絮凝作用,如枸橼酸盐、枸橼酸氢盐、酒石酸盐、酒石酸氢盐、磷酸盐及一些氯化物等。"} {"Question":"片剂辅料中,既可用作填充剂,又可用作崩解剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"磷酸氢钙"},{"key":"B","value":"山梨醇"},{"key":"C","value":"硬脂酸镁"},{"key":"D","value":"淀粉"},{"key":"E","value":"糊精"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"属于两性离子型表面活性剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二烷基苯磺酸钠"},{"key":"B","value":"十二烷基硫酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"聚氧乙烯脱水山梨弹单油酸酯"},{"key":"D","value":"豆磷脂"},{"key":"E","value":"洁尔灭"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是表面活性剂的分类。属于两性离子型表面活性剂的是豆磷脂(D对)。表面活性剂按其解离情况不同分为离子型和非离子型两大类,其中离子型表面活性剂又分为阴离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型表面活性剂三类。(1)阴离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂起表面活性作用的是阴离子。主要包括高级脂肪酸盐、硫酸化物以及磺酸化物。①高级脂肪酸盐:又称肥皂类。②硫酸化物:为硫酸化油和高级脂肪醇的硫酸酯类。常用的有:a.硫酸化蓖麻油,俗称土耳其红油;b.高级脂肪醇硫酸酯类,如有十二烷基硫酸钠(B错)(又称月桂醇硫酸钠)。③磺酸化物:主要有脂肪族磺酸化物、烷基芳基磺酸化物、烷基萘磺酸化物等。常用的有:a.脂肪族磺酸化物,如二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠(商品名“阿洛索-OT”)等;b.烷基芳基磺酸化物,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠(A错)。(2)阳离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂分子结构中起表面活性作用的是阳离子,即分子结构中含有一个五价的氮原子,又称季铵化物。常用的有苯扎氯铵(洁尔灭(E错))、苯扎溴铵(新洁尔灭)等。(3)两性离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的分子结构中同时含有阴阳离子基团,在不同pH介质中可表现出阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂的性质。①天然的两性离子表面活性剂:主要有豆磷脂和卵磷脂。②合成的两性离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的阴离子部分主要是羧酸盐,阳离子部分主要是胺盐或季铵盐。(4)非离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂在水中不解离,其分子结构中亲水基团多为甘油、聚乙二醇和山梨醇等多元醇,亲油基团多为长链脂肪酸或长链脂肪醇以及烷基或芳基等,以酯键或醚键相结合。①脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由山梨醇与不同的脂肪酸组成的酯类化合物,商品名为司盘类。②聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(C错):又称为聚山梨酯,本类表面活性剂是在司盘类表面活性剂分子结构的剩余羟基上,结合聚氧乙烯基而成的醚类化合物,商品为吐温类。③聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由聚乙二醇与长链脂肪酸缩合而成,商品有卖泽。④聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚:本类表面活性剂是由聚乙二醇与脂肪醇缩合而成的醚类,商品有苄泽。⑤聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物:本类表面活性剂是由聚氧乙烯和聚氧丙烯聚合而成。常用的有普朗尼克类,如普朗尼克F-68。"} {"Question":"关于气雾剂、喷雾剂质量检査项目的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"定量气雾剂应检查每揿主药含量"},{"key":"B","value":"非定量气雾剂应检查每瓶总喷次"},{"key":"C","value":"定量喷雾剂应检查每喷主药含量"},{"key":"D","value":"非定量气雾剂应检查每瓶的喷射速率"},{"key":"E","value":"定量气雾剂应检查递送剂量均一性"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是气雾剂、喷雾剂的质量检查项目与要求。关于气雾剂、喷雾剂质量检査项目的说法,正确的有定量气雾剂应检查每揿主药含量(A对)、非定量气雾剂应检查每瓶总喷次(B对)、定量喷雾剂应检查每喷主药含量(C对)、非定量气雾剂应检查每瓶的喷射速率(D对)与定量气雾剂应检查递送剂量均一性(E对)。气雾剂、喷雾剂的质量检查项目与要求有以下几点。1.每瓶总揿次:定量气雾剂每瓶总揿数应不少于标示总揿数。2.每瓶总喷次:多剂量定量喷雾剂每瓶总喷次均不得少于其标示总喷次。3.递送剂量均一性:定量气雾剂照吸入制剂相关项下方法检查,递送剂量均一性应符合规定;定量吸入喷雾剂、混悬型和乳液型定量鼻用喷雾剂照吸入制剂或鼻用制剂相关项下方法检查应符合规定。4.递送速率和递送总量:供雾化器用的吸入喷雾剂应检查活性物质递送速率和递送总量,照吸入制剂相关项下方法检查,应符合规定。5.每揿主药含量:定量气雾剂每揿主药含量应为每揿主药含量标示量的80%~120%。6.每喷主药含量:定量喷雾剂每喷主药含量应为标示含量的80%~120%。7.微细粒子剂量:除另有规定外,吸入气雾剂微细药物粒子百分比应不少于每吸主药含量标示量的15%。供雾化器用的吸入喷雾剂应照各品种项下规定的方法测定细微粒子剂量,应符合规定。8.喷射速率:非定量气雾剂每瓶的平均喷射速率(g\/s),均应符合各品种项下的规定。9.喷出总量:非定量气雾剂每瓶喷出量均不得少于标示装量的85%。10.每揿喷量:定量气雾剂每瓶10个喷量的平均值。除另有规定外,应为标示喷量的80%~120%。凡进行每揿递送剂量均一性检查的气雾剂,不再进行每揿喷量检查。11.每喷喷量:除另有规定外,定量喷雾剂每瓶10次喷量的平均值均应为标示喷量的80%~120%。凡规定测定每喷主药含量或递送剂量均一性的喷雾剂,不再进行每喷喷量的测定。12.粒度:除另有规定外,中药吸入用混悬型气雾剂若不进行微细粒子剂量测定,应进行粒度检查。将载玻片置距喷嘴垂直方向5cm处喷射一次,将适当处理后,400倍显微镜下检视25个视野,计数,平均原料药物粒径应在5µm以下,粒径大于10µm的粒子不得过10粒。13.装量差异:除另有规定外,单剂量喷雾剂每个的装量与平均装量相比较,超出装量差异限度的不得多于2个,并不得有1个超出限度1倍。凡规定检查递送剂量均一性的单剂量喷雾剂,一般不再进行装量差异的检查。14.装量:非定量气雾剂和非定量喷雾剂照最低装量检查法检查应符合规定。15.无菌:用于烧伤[除程度较轻的烧伤(Ⅰ度或浅Ⅱ度)外]、严重创伤或临床必需无菌的气雾剂和喷雾剂,以及供雾化器用的吸入喷雾剂、定量吸入喷雾剂照无菌检查法应符合规定。16.微生物限度:除另有规定外,气雾剂和喷雾剂照《中国药典》规定的相关检查法检查应符合规定。"} {"Question":"将处方部分药材细粉与其余药料制得的稠膏经加工制成的中药片剂称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"提纯片"},{"key":"B","value":"全粉末片"},{"key":"C","value":"分散片"},{"key":"D","value":"全浸膏片"},{"key":"E","value":"半浸膏片"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药片剂的类型。将处方部分药材细粉与其余药料制得的稠膏经加工制成的中药片剂称为半浸膏片(E对)。中药片剂的类型:中药片剂按照片剂原料及制法特征,可分为以下三种类型。(1)全浸膏片(D错):系指将处方全部饮片提取制得的浸膏制成的片剂。(2)半浸膏片:系指将处方部分饮片细粉与其余药料制得的稠膏混合制成的片剂。(3)全粉末片(B错):系指将处方中全部饮片粉碎成细粉,加适宜辅料制成的片剂。分散片(C错):系指在水中能迅速崩解并均匀分散的片剂。分散片中的原料药物应是难溶性的,另加高效崩解剂及亲水性高黏度溶胀辅料制成。分散片可加水分散后口服,也可将分散片含于口中吮服或吞服。提纯片(A错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"炉甘石洗剂制备时,处方中的羧甲基纤维素钠是作为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"潜溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"助溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"增溶剂"},{"key":"D","value":"助悬剂"},{"key":"E","value":"保湿剂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查混悬剂的附加剂。炉甘石洗剂制备时,处方中的羧甲基纤维素钠是作为助悬剂(D对)。为了增加混悬剂的物理稳定性,在制备时需加入能使混悬剂稳定的附加剂,包括润湿剂、助悬剂、絮凝剂和反絮凝剂等。混悬剂常用的助悬剂:①低分子助悬剂,如甘油、糖浆剂等。②高分子助悬剂,主要分为天然和合成高分子助悬剂。常用的天然高分子助悬剂及其用量分别为阿拉伯胶5%~15%、西黄蓍胶0.5%~1%、琼脂0.3%~0.5%,此外尚有海藻酸钠、白及胶、果胶等。常用的合成高分子助悬剂有甲基纤维素、羧甲纤维素钠、羟乙纤维素、聚维酮、聚乙烯醇等,一般用量为0.1%~1.0%,此类助悬剂性质稳定,受pH影响小,但与某些药物有配伍变化。③硅酸类,如胶体二氧化硅、硅酸铝、硅皂土等。液体制剂的潜溶剂(A错):系指能形成氢键以增加难溶性药物溶解度的混合溶剂。能与水形成潜溶剂的有乙醇、丙二醇、甘油、聚乙二醇等。液体制剂的助溶剂(B错):难溶性药物与加人的第三种物质在溶剂中形成可溶性分子间络合物、缔合物或复盐等,以增加药物在溶剂中的溶解度。这第三种物质称为助溶剂。液体制剂的增溶剂(C错):增溶是指难溶性药物在表面活性剂形成的胶团作用下,在溶剂中溶解度增加并形成溶液的过程。具有增溶作用的表面活性剂称为增溶剂。软膏剂、乳膏剂根据需要可加人保湿剂(E错)、抑菌剂、增稠剂、稀释剂、抗氧剂及透皮促进剂。"} {"Question":"下列关于气雾剂的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"由药物、附加剂、抛射剂、耐压容器、阀门组成"},{"key":"B","value":"抛射剂提供动力,还可作为溶剂,稀释剂"},{"key":"C","value":"乳浊液型混悬液型气雾剂为三相气雾剂"},{"key":"D","value":"肺泡为主要吸收部位"},{"key":"E","value":"吸入药物吸收速度与脂溶性、分子大小成反比"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是气雾剂。下列关于气雾剂的说法,正确的有由药物、附加剂、抛射剂、耐压容器、阀门组成(A对)、抛射剂提供动力,还可作为溶剂,稀释剂(B对)、乳浊液型混悬液型气雾剂为三相气雾剂(C对)与肺泡为主要吸收部位(D对)。气雾剂系指原料药物或原料药物和附加剂与适宜的抛射剂共同装封于具有特制阀门系统的耐压容器中,使用时借助抛射剂的压力将内容物呈雾状物喷出,用于肺部吸入或直接喷至腔道黏膜、皮肤的制剂。气雾剂内容物喷出后呈泡沫状或半固体状,则称之为泡沫剂或凝胶剂\/乳膏剂。气雾剂的分类:①按用药途径,气雾剂可分为吸入气雾剂、非吸入气雾剂。②按处方组成,气雾剂可分为二相气雾剂(气相和液相)和三相气雾剂(气相、液相、固相或液相)。溶液型气雾剂属于二相气雾剂,乳浊液和混悬液型气雾剂属于三相气雾剂。③按给药定量与否,气雾剂可分为定量气雾剂和非定量气雾剂。吸入气雾剂和吸入喷雾剂的吸收与影响因素:吸入气雾剂和吸入喷雾剂给药时,药物以雾状吸入可直接作用于支气管平滑肌,适宜粒径的雾滴在肺泡部位有较好的分布和沉积,肺泡为药物的主要吸收部位。影响吸入气雾剂和吸入喷雾剂药物吸收的主要因素有:①药物的脂溶性及分子大小,吸入给药的吸收速度与药物的脂溶性成正比,与药物的分子大小成反比(E错)。②雾滴(粒)粒径大小,雾滴(粒)的大小影响其在呼吸道沉积的部位,吸入气雾剂雾滴(粒)的粒径应在10μm以下,其中大多数应在5μm以下。雾滴过粗,药物易沉着在口腔、咽部及呼吸器官的各部位;粒子过小,雾滴(粒)易到达肺泡部位,但沉积减少,多被呼出,吸收较少。气雾剂的构成:气雾剂由药物与附加剂、抛射剂、耐压容器和阀门系统构成。气雾剂的抛射剂:为适宜的低沸点液化气体。抛射剂是喷射药物的动力,有时兼作药物的溶剂和稀释剂。"} {"Question":"有关气雾剂的叙述中,错误的为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"拋射剂在耐压的容器中产生压力"},{"key":"B","value":"抛射剂是气雾剂中药物的溶剂"},{"key":"C","value":"拋射剂是气雾剂中药物的稀释剂"},{"key":"D","value":"拋射剂是一类高沸点物质"},{"key":"E","value":"拋射剂在常温下蒸气压大于大气压"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是气雾剂中抛射剂的特点。气雾剂的抛射剂为低沸点液化气体(D错,为本题正确答案)。气雾剂的抛射剂:为适宜的低沸点液化气体,常温下蒸气压大于1个大气压(E对),当阀门打开时,抛射剂急剧气化产生压力(A对),克服了液体分子间的引力,将药物分散成雾状微粒或泡沫状、干粉状喷出。因此,抛射剂是喷射药物的动力,有时兼作药物的溶剂(B对)和稀释剂(C对)。根据气雾剂所需压力,可将两种成几种抛射剂以适宜比例混合使用"} {"Question":"硬脂酸镁为中药片剂常用的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"崩解剂"},{"key":"B","value":"润湿剂"},{"key":"C","value":"吸收剂"},{"key":"D","value":"黏合剂"},{"key":"E","value":"润滑剂"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的辅料。硬脂酸镁为中药片剂常用的润滑剂(E对)。硬脂酸镁:为白色细腻粉末。润滑性强,附着性好,但助流性差;具疏水性,用量大会影响片剂崩解,或产生裂片。润滑剂:压片前必须加入的,能增加颗粒(或粉末)流动性,减少颗粒(或粉末)与冲模内摩擦力,具有润滑作用的物料称为润滑剂。常用的润滑剂有硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、聚乙二醇、月桂醇硫酸镁(钠)、微粉硅胶等。崩解剂(A错):系指能促使片剂在胃肠液中迅速崩解成小粒子而更利于药物溶出的辅料。常用的崩解剂有干燥淀粉、羧甲淀粉钠、低取代羟丙纤维素、泡腾崩解剂、崩解辅助剂等。润湿剂(B错):本身无黏性,但能润湿并诱发药粉黏性的液体。适用于具有一定黏性的药料制粒压片。常用的湿润剂有水、乙醇等。吸收剂(C错):适用于原料药(含中间体)中含有较多挥发油、脂肪油或其他液体,而需制片者。常用的吸收剂有淀粉、硫酸钙二水物、磷酸氢钙等。黏合剂(D错):本身具有黏性,能增加药粉间的黏合作用,以利于制粒和压片的辅料。常用的黏合剂有淀粉浆(糊)、糖浆、胶浆类、微晶纤维素、纤维素衍生物等。淀粉浆(糊):为最常用的黏合剂。适用于对湿热稳定,而且药物水身不太松散的品种,尤适用于可溶性药物较多的处方。"} {"Question":"除另有规定外,应检查崩解时限的片剂有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肠溶片"},{"key":"B","value":"可溶片"},{"key":"C","value":"缓释片"},{"key":"D","value":"舌下片"},{"key":"E","value":"咀嚼片"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查的是片剂的质量要求。除另有规定外,应检查崩解时限的片剂有肠溶片(A对)、可溶片(B对)与舌下片(D对)。片剂的崩解时限:除另有规定外,药材原粉片6片均应在30分钟内全部崩解;浸膏(半浸膏)片、糖衣片各片均应在1小时内全部崩解。薄膜衣片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查,化药片应在30分钟内全部崩解;中药片应在1小时内全部崩解。含片的溶化性照崩解时限检查法检查,各片均不应在10分钟内全部崩解或溶化。舌下片各片均应在5分钟内全部崩解并溶化。可溶片各片均应在3分钟内全部崩解并溶化。口崩片应在60秒内全部崩解并通过筛孔内径为710µm的筛网。肠溶片先在盐酸溶液(9→1000)中检查2小时,每片均不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,再在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中进行检查,1小时内应全部崩解。结肠定位肠溶片照各品种项下规定检查,各片在盐酸溶液(9→1000)及pH6.8以下的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中均应不得有裂缝、崩解或软化现象,在pH7.5~8.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中1小时内应完全崩解。泡腾片置盛有200ml水(水温为20℃±5℃)的烧杯中,有许多气泡放出,当片剂或碎片周围的气体停止逸出时,片剂应溶解或分散在水中,无聚集的颗粒剩留,除另有规定外,各片均应在5分钟内崩解。咀嚼片(E错)、以冷冻干燥法制备的口崩片以及规定检查溶出度、释放度的片剂,一般不再进行崩解时限检查。缓释片(C错)应进行释放度检查,故不再进行崩解时限检查。"} {"Question":"关于吸入气雾剂中药物吸收的叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"吸入气雾剂具有速效作用"},{"key":"B","value":"吸入气雾剂可直接作用于支气管平滑肌"},{"key":"C","value":"口腔是吸入气雾剂的主要吸收部位"},{"key":"D","value":"药物的吸收速度与其脂溶性成正比"},{"key":"E","value":"药物的吸收速度与其分子大小成反比"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查吸入气雾剂与喷雾剂的主要内容。关于吸入气雾剂中药物吸收的叙述,正确的有吸入气雾剂具有速效作用(A对)、吸入气雾剂可直接作用于支气管平滑肌(B对)、药物的吸收速度与其脂溶性成正比(D对)、药物的吸收速度与其分子大小成反比(E对)。气雾剂与喷雾剂特点:(1)具有速效和定位作用药物呈细小雾滴能够直达作用部位,局部浓度高,药物分布均匀,吸收快,奏效迅速。(2)制剂稳定性高药物装在密闭不透明的容器中,不易被微生物污染,且能避免与空气、水分和光线接触,提高了稳定性。(3)给药剂量准确副作用较小。(4)局部用药的刺激性小。吸入气雾剂和吸入喷雾剂给药时,药物以雾状吸入可直接作用于支气管平滑肌,适宜粒径的雾滴在肺泡部位有较好的分布和沉积,肺泡为药物的主要吸收部位。影响吸入气雾剂和吸入喷雾剂药物吸收的主要因素有:①药物的脂溶性及分子大小,吸入给药的吸收速度与药物的脂溶性成正比,与药物的分子大小成反比。②雾滴(粒)粒径大小,雾滴(粒)的大小影响其在呼吸道沉积的部位,吸入气雾剂雾滴(粒)的粒径应在10㎛以下,其中大多数应在5㎛以下。雾滴过粗,药物易沉着在口腔、咽部及呼吸器官的各部位;粒子过小,雾滴(粒)易到达肺泡部位,但沉积减少,多被呼出,吸收较少。"} {"Question":"热原的基本性质包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"不挥发性"},{"key":"C","value":"水溶性"},{"key":"D","value":"滤过性"},{"key":"E","value":"被吸附性"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"关于热原基本性质的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耐热性"},{"key":"B","value":"滤过性"},{"key":"C","value":"挥发性"},{"key":"D","value":"被吸附性"},{"key":"E","value":"水溶性"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是热原的基本性质。关于热原基本性质的说法,正确的有耐热性(A对)、滤过性(B对)、被吸附性(D对)与水溶性(E对)。热原的基本性质:(1)耐热性:通常灭菌条件下,热原往往不能被破坏。采用180℃加热3~4小时,250℃加热30~45分钟或650℃加热1分钟可使热原彻底破坏。(2)水溶性:热原能溶于水,其浓缩水溶液往往带有乳光。(3)不挥发性(C错):热原本身不挥发,但因溶于水,在蒸馏时可随水蒸气雾滴进入蒸馏水中,因此蒸馏水器应有完好的隔膜装置,以防热原污染。(4)滤过性:热原体积小,约在1~5nm之间,一般滤器均不能将热原除去,即使微孔滤膜也不能将其截留,然而孔径小于1nm的超滤膜可除去绝大部分甚至全部热原。(5)被吸附性:热原可以被活性炭、纸浆滤饼等吸附。热原在水溶液中带有电荷,也可被某些离子交换树脂吸附。(6)其他性质:热原能被强酸、强碱破坏,也能被强氧化剂如高锰酸钾或过氧化氢等破坏,超声波及某些表面活性剂也能使之失活。"} {"Question":"膜剂的制备技术","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"溶剂-溶融法"},{"key":"B","value":"复凝聚法"},{"key":"C","value":"饱和水溶液"},{"key":"D","value":"塑制法"},{"key":"E","value":"涂膜法"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查膜剂的制备方法。膜剂的制备技术为涂膜法(E对)。膜剂的制备:膜剂的制备方法国内主要采用涂膜法。固体分散体的制备方法:熔融法、溶剂法(共沉淀法或共蒸发法)、溶剂-熔融法(A错)及其他方法。微囊的制备:微囊的制备方法可分为物理化学法、物理机械法和化学法三大类。可根据药物和囊材的性质、微囊所需的粒径、释放及靶向要求,选择不同的制备方法。物理化学法:根据形成新相方法的不同,相分离法又分为单凝聚法、复凝聚法(B错)、溶剂一非溶剂法、改变温度法和液中干燥法。环糊精包合技术包合物的制备:包合物的制备常采用饱和水溶液(C错)法和研磨法。浓缩丸的制备:浓缩丸的制备方法主要有泛制法和塑制法(D错),比较常用的是塑制法。用于制备小丸(粒径0.5~3.5mm)的方法,目前发展有挤出-滚圆法、离心造丸法、流化床喷涂法等。"} {"Question":"属于非离子型表面活性剂的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十二烷基苯磺酸钠"},{"key":"B","value":"十二烷基硫酸钠"},{"key":"C","value":"聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯"},{"key":"D","value":"豆磷脂"},{"key":"E","value":"洁尔灭"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是表面活性剂的分类。属于非离子型表面活性剂的是聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯(C对)。表面活性剂按其解离情况不同分为离子型和非离子型两大类,其中离子型表面活性剂又分为阴离子型、阳离子型和两性离子型表面活性剂三类。(1)阴离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂起表面活性作用的是阴离子。主要包括高级脂肪酸盐、硫酸化物以及磺酸化物。①高级脂肪酸盐:又称肥皂类。②硫酸化物:为硫酸化油和高级脂肪醇的硫酸酯类。常用的有:a.硫酸化蓖麻油,俗称土耳其红油;b.高级脂肪醇硫酸酯类,如有十二烷基硫酸钠(B错)(又称月桂醇硫酸钠)。③磺酸化物:主要有脂肪族磺酸化物、烷基芳基磺酸化物、烷基萘磺酸化物等。常用的有:a.脂肪族磺酸化物,如二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠(商品名“阿洛索-OT”)等;b.烷基芳基磺酸化物,如十二烷基苯磺酸钠(A错)。(2)阳离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂分子结构中起表面活性作用的是阳离子,即分子结构中含有一个五价的氮原子,又称季铵化物。常用的有苯扎氯铵(洁尔灭(E错))、苯扎溴铵(新洁尔灭)等。(3)两性离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的分子结构中同时含有阴阳离子基团,在不同pH介质中可表现出阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂的性质。①天然的两性离子表面活性剂:主要有豆磷脂(D错)和卵磷脂。②合成的两性离子表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂的阴离子部分主要是羧酸盐,阳离子部分主要是胺盐或季铵盐。(4)非离子型表面活性剂:本类表面活性剂在水中不解离,其分子结构中亲水基团多为甘油、聚乙二醇和山梨醇等多元醇,亲油基团多为长链脂肪酸或长链脂肪醇以及烷基或芳基等,以酯键或醚键相结合。①脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由山梨醇与不同的脂肪酸组成的酯类化合物,商品名为司盘类。②聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯:又称为聚山梨酯,本类表面活性剂是在司盘类表面活性剂分子结构的剩余羟基上,结合聚氧乙烯基而成的醚类化合物,商品为吐温类。③聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯:本类表面活性剂系由聚乙二醇与长链脂肪酸缩合而成,商品有卖泽。④聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚:本类表面活性剂是由聚乙二醇与脂肪醇缩合而成的醚类,商品有苄泽。⑤聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯共聚物:本类表面活性剂是由聚氧乙烯和聚氧丙烯聚合而成。常用的有普朗尼克类,如普朗尼克F-68。"} {"Question":"以聚乙二醇(4000,6000)为基质的滴丸制备时,冷凝液宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肥皂醑"},{"key":"B","value":"甘油"},{"key":"C","value":"植物油"},{"key":"D","value":"稀硫酸"},{"key":"E","value":"不同浓度的乙醇"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是丸剂的冷凝液。以聚乙二醇(4000,6000)为基质的滴丸制备时,冷凝液宜选用植物油(C对)。滴丸水溶性冷凝液:水及不同浓度乙醇、稀酸溶液等,适于非水溶性基质滴丸;非水溶性冷凝液:液状石蜡、二甲基硅油、植物油或其混合物等,适于水溶性基质滴丸。滴丸制备的基质为聚乙二醇(4000,6000)是水溶性基质,应选择植物油为冷凝液。增塑剂:能使制得的膜柔软并具有一定的抗拉强度。常用的有甘油(B错)、乙二醇、山梨醇等。流浸膏剂与浸膏剂有以水为溶剂制备而成和以乙醇为溶剂制备而成之分,其中大多以不同浓度的乙醇为溶剂,以水为溶剂者较少。以水为溶剂的流浸膏剂中可酌加20%~25%的乙醇(E错)为防腐剂。"} {"Question":"已知空白基质栓重2.0g,鞣酸置换价为1.6。若制备每粒含鞣酸0.2g的栓剂100粒,则所需基质为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"40.0g"},{"key":"B","value":"160.0g"},{"key":"C","value":"168.0g"},{"key":"D","value":"180.0g"},{"key":"E","value":"187.5g"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查置换价的计算公式。已知空白基质栓重2.0g,鞣酸置换价为1.6。若制备每粒含鞣酸0.2g的栓剂100粒,则所需基质为187.5g(E对)。置换价(DV)系指药物的重量与同体积基质的重量之比值。栓剂模型的容积是固定的,通常的1g或2g栓剂是指纯基质(常为可可豆脂)栓的重量,由于药物与基质相对密度不同,加入药物所占体积不一定是等重量基质体积,为使栓剂含药量准确,必须测定置换价,从而准确计算基质用量。测定方法如下:制纯基质栓,称其平均重量为G,另制药物含量为X%的含药栓,得平均重量为M,每粒平均含药量为W=M*X%,则可计算某药物对某基质的置换价(f)。置换价在栓剂生产中对保证投料的准确性有重要意义。置换价(f)的计算公式为:f=W\/G-(M-W)。式中,G为纯基质栓每粒平均重,M为含药栓每粒平均重,M-W为含药栓中基质的重量,G-(M-W)为两种栓中基质的重量之差,即与药物同容积的基质的重量。"} {"Question":"关于气雾剂中抛射剂的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"抛射剂有时可兼作药物的溶剂"},{"key":"B","value":"抛射剂有时可兼作药物的稀释剂"},{"key":"C","value":"抛射剂常温下蒸汽压小于大气压"},{"key":"D","value":"抛射剂是喷射药物的动力"},{"key":"E","value":"压缩惰性气体可作为抛射剂"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是抛射剂。抛射剂常温下蒸汽压大于大气压(C错,为本题正确答案)。气雾剂的抛射剂:为适宜的低沸点液化气体,常温下蒸气压大于1个大气压,当阀门打开时,抛射剂急剧气化产生压力,克服了液体分子间的引力,将药物分散成雾状微粒或泡沫状、干粉状喷出。因此,抛射剂是喷射药物的动力(D对),有时兼作药物的溶剂(A对)和稀释剂(B对)。根据气雾剂所需压力,可将两种成几种抛射剂以适宜比例混合使用。①氢氟烷烃类:氟氯烷烃类,又称氟利昂,曾为气雾剂常用的抛射剂,现已禁用。目前氢氟烷烃被认为是最合适的氟利昂代用品,不含氯,不破坏大气臭氧层。目前作为气雾剂抛射剂的主要有四氟乙烷(HFA-134a)、七氟丙烷(HFA-227ea)及二氟乙烷(HFA-152a)等。②二甲醚:为一种无色气体,沸点-24.9℃,室温下的饱和蒸气压约为0.5MPa,对极性和非极性药物有高度的溶解性,并易压缩、易液化或气化,与不燃性物质混合可用作腔道和黏膜气雾剂的抛射剂。但因其可燃性问题,至今尚未批准用于吸入气雾剂。③碳氢化合物:如丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷,虽然稳定、毒性小、密度与沸点低,但易燃、易爆,不宜单独使用。常与其他抛射剂合用。④惰性气体(E对):压缩惰性气体(N₂、CO₂等),性质稳定,不与药物发生反应,不燃烧。但液化后沸点较低,常温下蒸气压过高,对容器耐压性能要求高(需小钢球包装)。"} {"Question":"关于颗粒剂粒度要求的叙述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"不能通过一号筛和能通过四号筛的颗粒和粉末总和,不得超过15%"},{"key":"B","value":"不能通过一号筛和能通过四号筛的颗粒和粉末总和,不得超过10%"},{"key":"C","value":"不能通过一号筛和能通过五号筛的颗粒和粉末总和,不得超过15%"},{"key":"D","value":"不能通过一号筛和能通过六号筛的颗粒和粉末总和,不得超过10%"},{"key":"E","value":"不能通过一号筛与能通过五号筛的总和不得过10%"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查颗粒剂的质量要求。关于颗粒剂粒度要求的叙述,正确的是不能通过一号筛和能通过五号筛的颗粒和粉末总和,不得超过15%(C对)。颗粒剂粒度:不能通过一号筛与能通过五号筛的总和不得过15%。"} {"Question":"通过滑石粉炒达到降低毒性目的的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鳖甲"},{"key":"B","value":"五灵脂"},{"key":"C","value":"蕲蛇"},{"key":"D","value":"水蛭"},{"key":"E","value":"蛤蚧"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查滑石粉炒的目的。滑石粉炒的目的①使药物质地酥脆,便于粉碎和煎煮,如黄狗肾等。②降低毒性及矫正不良气味,如刺猬皮、水蛭(D对)等。醋鳖甲(A错):取砂置炒制容器内,用武火加热至滑利状态,容易翻动时,投入大小分档的净鳖甲,炒至外表淡黄色,质酥脆时,取出,筛去砂,趁热投入醋液中稍浸,捞出,干燥,捣碎。醋炙的主要目的①降低毒性,缓和药性。如甘遂、京大戟、芫花、商陆等。②引药入肝,增强活血止痛作用。如乳香、没药、三棱、莪术等。③矫臭矫味。如乳香、没药、五灵脂(B错)等。蕲蛇(C错)味甘、咸,性温,有毒。除去头、鳞,可除去毒性。①生品气腥,不利于服用和粉碎,临床较少应用。②酒炙蕲蛇能增强祛风、通络、止痉的作用,并可矫味,减少腥气,便于粉碎和制剂,临床多用酒制品。蛤蚧(E错)味咸,性平。归肺、肾经。具有补肺益肾,纳气定喘,助阳益精的功能。①蛤蚧生品和酥炙品功用相同,酥制后易粉碎,腥气减少。其功效以补肺益精,纳气定喘见长,常用于肺虚咳嗽或肾虚作喘。②酒蛤蚧质脆易碎,矫臭矫味,可增强补肾壮阳作用,多用于肾阳不足,精血亏损的阳痿。"} {"Question":"关于外用膏剂中药物透皮吸收影响因素的叙述,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"具有适宜油、水分配系数的药物有利透皮吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"当基质的pH小于弱酸性药物的pKa或大于弱碱性药物的pKa时,有利药物吸收"},{"key":"C","value":"基质中添加适量表面活性剂、皮渗促进剂能增加药物的穿透性,有利于吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"基质与皮肤的水合作用能降低药物的渗透性"},{"key":"E","value":"除药物性质、皮肤条件、基质组成与性质外,药物浓度、应用面积以及年龄和性别等对外用膏剂中药物的透皮吸收均有一定影响"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"字母S表示","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化学药品"},{"key":"B","value":"中药"},{"key":"C","value":"生物制品"},{"key":"D","value":"进口药品"},{"key":"E","value":"药用辅料"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"脾胃虚寒者需慎用的中成药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"伤风感冒颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"风热感冒颗粒"},{"key":"C","value":"桑菊感冒颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"银翘解毒颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"三金感冒片"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,25岁。妊娠7周,近日脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,不欲饮食,舌苔薄白,脉滑。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清宁丸"},{"key":"B","value":"开胸顺气丸"},{"key":"C","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"D","value":"槟榔四消丸"},{"key":"E","value":"山楂化滞丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是胃痛的辨证论治。妊娠7周,近日脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,不欲饮食,舌苔薄白,脉滑。宜选用的中成药是保和丸(C对)。胃痛饮食伤胃证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,胀满拒按,嗳腐恶食,或吐不消化食物,吐后或矢气后痛减,大便不爽。舌淡红,苔厚腻,脉滑。【中成药应用】常用中成药有槟榔四消丸(大蜜丸)、开胸顺气丸、沉香化滞丸、加味保和丸。清宁丸(A错)、开胸顺气丸(B对)、槟榔四消丸(D对)与山楂化滞丸(E错)均为妊娠禁用、忌用中成药,故不宜选用。《中国药典》收载的妊娠禁用、忌用的主要品种有:二十七味定坤丸、十一味能消丸、十二味翼首散、十香返生丸、十滴水(软胶囊)、七厘胶囊(散)、人参再造丸、九气拈痛丸、九分散、九味肝泰胶囊、九制大黄丸、三七片、三七伤药片(胶囊、颗粒)、三七血伤宁胶囊、三两半药酒、大七厘散、大川芎口服液、大黄清胃丸、大黄䗪虫丸、山楂化滞丸、小金丸(片、胶囊)、小活络丸、马钱子散、开胸顺气丸(胶囊)、天菊脑安胶囊、天麻祛风补片、天舒胶囊、云南白药(胶囊)、云香祛风止痛酊、木瓜丸、木香槟榔丸、五味麝香丸、比拜克胶囊、止咳宝片、止痛化癥胶囊(片)、止痛紫金丸、少腹逐瘀丸、中华跌打丸、牛黄至宝丸、牛黄消炎片、牛黄清宫丸、牛黄解毒丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、片仔癀(胶囊)、化癥回生片、丹桂香颗粒、丹蒌片、风湿马钱片、风湿定片、风湿骨痛胶囊、风寒双离拐片、乌梅丸、六味安消散(胶囊)、六味香连胶囊、心宁片、心脑康胶囊、心脑宁胶囊、心脑静片、心通口服液、心舒胶囊、玉泉胶囊(颗粒)、玉真散、龙泽熊胆胶囊、平消片(胶囊)、白蚀丸、瓜霜退热灵胶囊、冯了性风湿跌打药酒(禁内服、忌擦腹部)、地榆槐角丸、再造丸、西黄丸、当归龙荟丸、伤痛宁片、华佗再造丸、血府逐瘀胶囊(丸、口服液)、血美安胶囊、血栓心脉宁胶囊(片)、壮骨关节丸、壮骨伸筋胶囊、庆余辟瘟丹、关节止痛膏、安宫止血颗粒、如意定喘片、妇炎康片、妇科千金胶囊、妇科通经丸、红灵散、坎离砂、花红胶囊、芪冬颐心颗粒(口服液)、芪蛭降糖胶囊、克咳片、克痢痧胶囊、苏合香丸、医痫丸、尪痹颗粒(片)、抗宫炎胶囊、抗栓再造丸、利胆排石片(颗粒)、利膈丸、伸筋丹胶囊、伸筋活络丸、肛泰软膏、龟龄集、沈阳红药胶囊、补肾益脑丸、灵宝护心丹、尿塞通片、阿魏化痞膏、附桂骨痛片(胶囊、颗粒)、纯阳正气丸、肾炎康复片、肾衰宁胶囊、国公酒、季德胜蛇药片、金佛止痛丸、金黄利胆胶囊、金蒲胶囊、乳块消片(胶囊、颗粒)、乳疾灵颗粒、乳癖散结胶囊、周氏回生丸、治伤胶囊、治咳川贝枇杷滴丸、参附强心丸、茵芪肝复颗粒、荡石胶囊、按摩软膏、胃肠复元膏、骨友灵搽剂、骨折挫伤胶囊、骨刺丸、骨刺宁胶囊、复方牛黄消炎胶囊、复方牛黄清胃丸、复方珍珠散、复方夏天无片、复方益肝丸、保妇康栓、追风透骨丸、独圣活血片、养血荣筋丸、活血止痛散、宫瘤清胶囊、冠心苏合丸、祛风止痛片、祛伤消肿酊、神香苏合丸、桂枝茯苓胶囊(丸、片)、根痛平颗粒、脑立清丸(胶囊)、狼疮丸、益心丸、益母丸、益母草口服液(颗粒、膏)、消肿止痛酊、消络痛片(胶囊)、消渴灵片、消糜栓、调经止痛片、通天口服液、通心络胶囊、通幽润燥丸、通窍镇痛散、通痹片、桑葛降脂丸、梅花点舌丸、控涎丸、银屑灵膏、得生丸、麻仁润肠丸、痔康片、清宁丸、清泻丸、清眩治瘫丸、清脑降压片(胶囊、颗粒)、清淋颗粒、颈复康颗粒、紫金锭、紫雪散、暑症片、跌打丸、跌打活血散、舒筋丸、舒筋活血定痛散、痧药、痛经丸、疏风定痛丸、暖脐膏、腰痛丸(片)、腰痛宁胶囊、腰痹通胶囊、瘀血痹胶囊(颗粒)、槟榔四消丸(大蜜丸、水丸)、鲜益母草胶囊、熊胆救心丸(熊胆救心丹)、醒脑再造胶囊、礞石滚痰丸、麝香风湿胶囊、麝香抗栓胶囊、麝香保心丸、麝香舒活搽剂(麝香舒活精)、麝香镇痛膏、蠲哮片。"} {"Question":"大便秘结,胸肋痞满,多见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热结肠胃"},{"key":"B","value":"肝脾气郁"},{"key":"C","value":"津亏血燥"},{"key":"D","value":"阳虚寒凝"},{"key":"E","value":"气阴两虚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是便秘的辨证论治。大便秘结,胸肋痞满,多见于肝脾气郁(B对)。便秘是指粪便在肠内滞留过久,秘结不通,排便周期延长,或周期不长,但粪质干结,排出艰难,或粪质不硬,虽有便意,但排而不畅的疾病。西医学的功能性便秘、肠易激综合征、直肠肛门疾患引起的便秘、药物性便秘等,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)热秘(A错)【症状】大便干结,腹胀腹痛,口干口臭,面红心烦,或有身热,小便短赤。舌红,苔黄燥,脉滑数。(二)气秘【症状】大便干结,或不甚干结,欲便不得出,或便出不爽,胸胁痞满,肠鸣矢气,腹中胀痛,嗳气频作,纳食减少。舌苔薄腻,脉弦。(三)冷秘(D错)【症状】大便艰涩,腹痛拘急,胀满拒按,胁下偏痛,手足不温,呃逆呕吐。舌苔白腻,脉弦紧。(四)虚秘(E错)【症状】大便并不干硬,虽有便意,但排便困难,用力努挣则汗出短气,便后乏力,面白神疲,肢倦懒言。舌淡苔白,脉弱。"} {"Question":"某女,45岁。近日常因子女学习问题气恼,头胀痛,恼怒加重,伴面色潮红,烦躁易怒,失眠多梦。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芎菊上清丸"},{"key":"B","value":"通天口服液"},{"key":"C","value":"清眩丸"},{"key":"D","value":"脑立清丸"},{"key":"E","value":"川芎茶调颗粒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是头痛的辨证论治。近日常因子女学习问题气恼,头胀痛,恼怒加重,伴面色潮红,烦躁易怒,失眠多梦。宜选用的中成药是脑立清丸(D对)。头痛是临床常见的自觉症状,可单独出现,亦见于多种疾病的过程中。本节所讨论的头痛,是指因外感六淫或疠气、内伤杂病而引起的,以头痛为主要表现的疾病。西医学中的血管性头痛、神经性头痛、三叉神经痛、外伤后头痛、五官科疾病的头痛以及部分颅内疾病引起的头痛等,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风寒头痛:【症状】头痛时作,痛连项背,常有拘急收紧感,伴恶风畏寒,受风尤剧,口不渴。舌苔薄白,脉浮紧。【中成药应用】常用中成药有川芎茶调颗粒(E错)、天麻头痛片、都梁软胶囊。(二)风热头痛:【症状】头痛而胀,甚则头痛如裂,发热或恶风,口渴欲饮,面红目赤,或便秘溲黄。舌尖红,苔黄,脉浮数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有清眩片(C错)、芎菊上清丸(A错)。(三)肝阳头痛:【症状】头昏胀痛,两侧为重,心烦易怒,夜寐不宁,口苦面红,或兼胁痛。舌红苔黄,脉弦数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有天麻钩藤颗粒、天麻首乌片、清脑降压片、脑立清丸。(四)血虚头痛:【症状】头痛隐隐,时时昏晕,心悸失眠,面色少华,神疲乏力,遇劳加重。舌质淡,苔薄白,脉细弱。【中成药应用】常用中成药有益血生胶囊、养血清脑颗粒、天麻头痛片。(五)瘀血头痛:【症状】头痛经久不愈,痛处固定不移,痛如锥刺,或有头部外伤史。舌紫暗,或有瘀斑,瘀点,苔薄白,脉细或细涩。【中成药应用】常用中成药有血府逐瘀口服液、通天口服液(B错)、逐瘀通脉胶囊、丹七片。"} {"Question":"某男,58岁。患类风湿性关节炎,筋骨关节疼痛,肿胀麻木重着,屈伸不利,遇寒加重。诊断为痹证,证属着痹(寒湿痹阻),宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"九味羌活丸"},{"key":"B","value":"痹痛宁胶囊"},{"key":"C","value":"天麻丸"},{"key":"D","value":"独活寄生合剂"},{"key":"E","value":"四妙丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查痹症之着痹的中成药应用。结合患者症状为痹症之着痹,宜选用中成药为痹痛宁胶囊(B对)。痹症之着痹【症状】肢体关节、肌肉酸楚、重着、疼痛,肿胀散漫,关节活动不利,肌肤麻木不仁。舌质淡,舌苔白腻,脉濡缓。风湿痹康胶囊、痹痛宁胶囊、湿热痹颗粒。痹证之行痹【症状】肢体关节、肌肉疼痛酸楚,关节屈伸不利,可涉及肢体多个关节,疼痛呈游走性,初起可见恶风、发热等表证。舌苔薄白,脉浮或浮缓。【中成药应用】常用药为九味羌活丸(A错)。痹症尪痹【症状】痹证日久不愈,肢体、关节疼痛,屈伸不利,关节肿大僵硬、变形,甚则肌肉萎缩,筋脉拘急,肘膝不伸,或以尻代踵,以背代头,伴腰膝酸软、骨蒸潮热、自汗、盗汗。舌红或淡,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用药为天麻丸(C错)、独活寄生合剂(D错)、尪痹颗粒、益肾蠲痹丸。腰痛之湿热腰痛【症状】腰部疼痛,重着而热,暑湿阴雨天气症状加重,活动后或可减轻,身体困重,小便短赤。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉濡数或弦数。【中成药应用】常用中成药三妙丸、四妙丸(E错)、湿热痹颗粒、 豨莶丸、风湿圣药胶囊。"} {"Question":"某男,40岁。小便浑浊如米泔水,尿时热涩疼痛,口干;舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数。宜选用的基础方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石韦散"},{"key":"B","value":"小蓟饮子"},{"key":"C","value":"八正散"},{"key":"D","value":"程氏萆薢分清饮"},{"key":"E","value":"沉香散"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是淋证的辨证论治。某男,40岁。小便浑浊如米泔水,尿时热涩疼痛,口干;舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数。宜选用的基础方剂是程氏萆薢分清饮(D对)。淋证是指以小便频数短涩,淋沥刺痛,小腹拘急引痛为主症的疾病。西医学的泌尿系感染、尿路结石、前列腺炎、尿道综合征等病,具有淋证表现特征者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)热淋:【症状】小便频数短涩,灼热刺痛,尿色黄赤,少腹拘急胀痛,或有寒热,口苦,呕恶,或腰痛拒按,或大便秘结。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为八正散(车前子、瞿麦、萹蓄、滑石、山栀子仁、甘草、木通、大黄、灯心草)加减(C错)。(二)石淋:【症状】尿中夹有砂石,排尿涩痛,或排尿时突然中断,尿道窘迫疼痛,少腹拘急,往往突发一侧腰腹绞痛难忍,甚则牵及外阴,尿中带血。舌质红,苔薄黄,脉弦或弦数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为石韦散(石韦、瞿麦、滑石、车前子、冬葵子)加减(A错)。(三)血淋:【症状】小便热涩刺痛,尿色深红,或夹有血块,疼痛满急加剧,或见心烦。舌尖红,舌苔黄,脉滑数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为小蓟饮子(小蓟、生地黄、滑石、木通、蒲黄、藕节、淡竹叶、当归、山栀子、甘草)加减(B错)。(四)气淋:【症状】郁怒之后,小便涩滞,淋沥不宣,少腹胀满疼痛。舌苔薄白,脉弦。【方剂应用】基础方剂为沉香散(沉香、石韦、滑石、当归、橘皮、白芍、冬葵子、甘草、王不留行)加减(E错)。(五)膏淋:【症状】小便浑浊,乳白或如米泔水,上有浮油,置之沉淀,或伴有絮状凝块物,或混有血液、血块,尿时热涩疼痛,口干。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉濡数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为程氏萆薢分清饮(萆薢、黄柏、石菖蒲、茯苓、白术、莲子心、丹参、车前子)加减。(六)劳淋:【症状】小便不甚赤涩,溺痛不甚,但淋沥不已,时作时止,遇劳即发,腰膝酸软,神疲乏力,病程缠绵。舌质淡,脉细弱。【方剂应用】基础方剂为无比山药丸(山药、肉苁蓉、熟地黄、山茱萸、茯神、菟丝子、五味子、赤石脂、巴戟天、泽泻、杜仲、牛膝)加减。"} {"Question":"某女,25岁。小便频数短涩,灼热刺痛,尿色黄赤,少腹拘急胀痛,时作寒热,口苦,呕恶,腰痛拒按,大便秘结;舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。辨析其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热淋"},{"key":"B","value":"血淋"},{"key":"C","value":"气淋"},{"key":"D","value":"膏淋"},{"key":"E","value":"劳淋"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查淋证之热淋的症状。辨析其证候是淋证之热淋(A对)。淋证之热淋【症状】小便频数短涩,灼热刺痛,尿色黄赤,少腹拘急胀痛,或有寒热,口苦,呕恶,或腰痛拒按,或大便秘结。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。淋证之血淋(B错)【症状】小便热涩刺痛,尿色深红,或夹有血块,疼痛满急加剧,或见心烦。舌尖红,舌苔黄,脉滑数。淋证之气淋(C错)【症状】郁怒之后,小便涩滞,淋沥不宣,少腹胀满疼痛。舌苔薄白,脉弦。淋证之膏淋(D错)【症状】小便浑浊,乳白或如米泔水,上有浮油,置之沉淀,或伴有絮状凝块物,或混有血液、血块,尿时热涩疼痛,口干。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉濡数。淋证之劳淋(E错)【症状】小便不甚赤涩,溺痛不甚,但淋沥不已,时作时止,遇劳即发,腰膝酸软,神疲乏力,病程缠绵。舌质淡,脉细弱。"} {"Question":"某男,25岁,因腹泻就诊。症见腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,伴有未消化食物,泻后痛喊,喛腐吞酸,不思饮食,舌苔厚腻,脉滑,治宜选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"B","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"C","value":"四神丸"},{"key":"D","value":"葛根芩连汤"},{"key":"E","value":"藿香正气散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是泄泻的辨证论治。症见腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,伴有未消化食物,泻后痛喊,喛腐吞酸,不思饮食,舌苔厚腻,脉滑,治宜选用的方剂是保和丸(A对)。泄泻食滞肠胃证【症状】腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,泻后痛减,泻下伴有不消化食物,脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,不思饮食。舌淡红,苔垢浊或厚腻,脉滑实。【方剂应用】基础方剂保和丸(神曲、山楂、茯苓、半夏、莱菔子、陈皮、连翘、麦芽)加减。消渴脾胃气虚证【症状】口渴引饮,能食与便溏并见,或饮食减少,精神不振,四肢乏力。舌淡,苔薄白而干,脉细弱无力。【方剂应用】基础方剂参苓白术散(B错)(莲子肉、薏苡仁、砂仁、桔梗、白扁豆、白茯苓、人参、甘草、白术、山药)加减。泄泻肾阳虚衰证【症状】黎明前脐腹作痛,肠鸣即泻,泻后则安,完谷不化,腹部喜暖,形寒肢冷,腰膝酸软。舌淡苔白,脉沉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂四神丸(C错)(补骨脂、五味子、肉豆蔻、吴茱萸)加减。泄泻湿热伤中证【症状】泄泻腹痛,泻下急迫,势如水注,或泻而不爽,粪色黄褐,气味臭秽,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短黄。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数或濡数。【方剂应用】基础方剂葛根芩连汤(D错)(葛根、黄芩、黄连、甘草)加减。泄泻寒湿内盛证【症状】泄泻清稀,甚则如水样,脘闷食少,腹痛肠鸣,或兼见外感风寒,恶寒,发热,头痛,肢体酸痛。舌苔白或白腻,脉濡缓。【方剂应用】基础方剂藿香正气散(E错)(藿香、厚朴、紫苏、陈皮、大腹皮、白芷、茯苓、白术、半夏曲、桔梗、甘草、生姜、大枣)加减。"} {"Question":"某男,34岁。因工作压力大,平素喜欢吸烟、饮酒,经常熬夜。刻下腹痛,泻下急迫,粪色黄褐而臭,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短黄;舌红苔黄腻,脉濡数。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连蒲双清片"},{"key":"B","value":"四神丸"},{"key":"C","value":"加味保和丸"},{"key":"D","value":"人参健脾丸"},{"key":"E","value":"槟榔四消丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是泄泻的辨证论治。因工作压力大,平素喜欢吸烟、饮酒,经常熬夜。刻下腹痛,泻下急迫,粪色黄褐而臭,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短黄;舌红苔黄腻,脉濡数。宜选用的中成药是连蒲双清片(A对)。泄泻是以排便次数增多,粪质稀溏或完谷不化,甚至泻出如水样为主症的疾病。西医学的急性肠炎、肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病等有上述表现者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)寒湿内盛证:【症状】泄泻清稀,甚则如水样,脘闷食少,腹痛肠鸣,或兼见外感风寒,恶寒,发热,头痛,肢体酸痛。舌苔白或白腻,脉濡缓。【中成药应用】常用中成药有藿香正气水、五苓散。(二)湿热伤中证:【症状】泄泻腹痛,泻下急迫,势如水注,或泻而不爽,粪色黄褐,气味臭秽,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短黄。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数或濡数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有肠康片、香连片、痢必灵片(糖衣片)、泻痢消胶囊、连蒲双清片、白蒲黄片。(三)食滞肠胃证:【症状】腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,泻后痛减,泻下伴有不消化食物,脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,不思饮食。舌淡红,苔垢浊或厚腻,脉滑实。【中成药应用】常用中成药有加味保和丸(C错)、枳实导滞丸、和中理脾丸。(四)肝气乘脾证:【症状】腹痛而泻,腹中雷鸣,攻窜作痛,矢气频作,每因抑郁恼怒或情绪紧张之时而泻,素有胸胁胀闷,嗳气食少。舌质淡,脉弦。【中成药应用】常用中成药有痛泻宁颗粒、养胃颗粒。(五)脾胃虚弱证:【症状】大便时溏时泻,迁延反复,食少,食后脘闷不舒,稍进油腻食物,则大便次数增多,面色萎黄,神疲倦怠。舌质淡,苔白,脉细弱。【中成药应用】常用中成药有人参健脾丸(D错)(大蜜丸)、补中益气丸(水丸)、参苓健脾胃颗粒。(六)肾阳虚衰证:【症状】黎明前脐腹作痛,肠鸣即泻,泻后则安,完谷不化,腹部喜暖,形寒肢冷,腰膝酸软。舌淡苔白,脉沉细。【中成药应用】常用中成药有四神丸(B错)、桂附理中丸、固本益肠片、肠胃宁片。槟榔四消丸(E错)为胃痛饮食伤胃证的中成药应用。胃痛饮食伤胃证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,胀满拒按,嗳腐恶食,或吐不消化食物,吐后或矢气后痛减,大便不爽。舌淡红,苔厚腻,脉滑。【中成药应用】常用中成药有槟榔四消丸(大蜜丸)、开胸顺气丸、沉香化滞丸、加味保和丸。"} {"Question":"干咳无痰,或痰少而黏。不易咳出,或痰中带血,证属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝火犯肺"},{"key":"B","value":"肺肾阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"痰湿阻肺"},{"key":"D","value":"燥邪伤肺"},{"key":"E","value":"风热袭肺"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是咳嗽的辨证论治。干咳无痰,或痰少而黏。不易咳出,或痰中带血,证属燥邪伤肺(D对)。咳嗽是指肺失宣降,肺气上逆作声,或伴咳吐痰液,为肺系疾病的主要表现之一。西医学中急慢性支气管炎、部分支气管扩张症、慢性咽炎、咳嗽变异性哮喘等以咳嗽为主要表现时,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风寒袭肺证:【症状】咳嗽声重,气急,咽痒,咳痰稀薄色白,常伴鼻塞,流清涕,头痛,肢体酸楚,或见恶寒、发热、无汗等风寒表证。舌苔薄白,脉浮或浮紧。(二)风热犯肺(E错)证:【症状】咳嗽频剧,气粗,或咳声嗄哑,咳痰不爽,痰黏稠或稠黄,喉燥咽痛,口渴,鼻流黄涕,头痛,肢楚,恶风身热。舌边尖红,苔薄黄,脉浮数。(三)风燥伤肺证:【症状】干咳,连声作呛,咽痒,咽喉干痛,唇鼻干燥,口干,无痰或痰少而黏,不易咳出,或痰中带血丝,初起或伴鼻塞、头痛、微寒、身热。舌质红而少津,苔薄白或薄黄,脉浮数。(四)痰湿蕴肺(C错)证:【症状】咳嗽反复发作,咳声重浊,痰黏腻,或稠厚成块,痰多易咳,早晨或食后咳甚痰多,进甘甜油腻物加重,胸闷脘痞,呕恶,食少,体倦,大便时溏。舌苔白腻,脉滑。(五)痰热郁肺证:【症状】咳嗽,气息粗促,或喉中有痰声,痰多,质黏稠色黄,或有腥味,难咳,胸胁胀满,或咳时引痛,面赤,或有身热,口干而黏,欲饮水。舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。(六)肺阴亏耗(B错)证:【症状】咳嗽日久,干咳少痰,或痰中带血,午后咳甚,或伴五心烦热,颧红,耳鸣,消瘦,神疲。舌质红,苔少,脉细数。肝火犯肺(A错)证的临床表现,常见胸胁窜痛,咳嗽阵作,甚则咯吐鲜血,性急善怒,烦热口苦,头眩目赤,舌质红,舌苔薄,脉弦数。这些症状,均由肝郁气滞、气郁化火、肝火上逆犯肺所引起。"} {"Question":"某女,43岁,入睡困难,且多梦易醒,心悸健忘,精疲食少,四肢倦怠,腹胀便溏,面色少华,舌质淡,苔薄白,脉细无力,中医诊断为不寐。治疗宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"朱砂安神丸"},{"key":"B","value":"养血安神丸"},{"key":"C","value":"泻肝安神丸"},{"key":"D","value":"天王补心丸"},{"key":"E","value":"养心宁神丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是不寐的辨证论治。入睡困难,且多梦易醒,心悸健忘,精疲食少,四肢倦怠,腹胀便溏,面色少华,舌质淡,苔薄白,脉细无力,中医诊断为不寐。治疗宜选用的中成药是养心宁神丸(E对)。不寐心脾两虚证:【症状】不易入睡,多梦易醒,心悸健忘,神疲食少,伴头晕目眩,四肢倦怠,腹胀便溏,面色少华。舌淡苔薄,脉细无力。【中成药应用】常用中成药有北芪五加片、眠安宁口服液、脑力静糖浆。朱砂安神丸(A错)与天王补心丸(D错)为心悸阴虚火旺证的中成药应用。心悸阴虚火旺证:【症状】心悸易惊,心烦失眠,五心烦热,口干,盗汗,思虑劳心则症状加重,伴耳鸣腰酸,头晕目眩,急躁易怒。舌红少津,苔少或无,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有天王补心丸(水蜜丸)、朱砂安神片、宁神补心片、安神补心丸。泻肝安神丸(C错)为不寐肝火扰心证的中成药应用。不寐肝火扰心证:【症状】不寐多梦,甚则彻夜不眠,急躁易怒,伴头晕头胀,目赤耳鸣,口干而苦,不思饮食,便秘溲赤。舌红苔黄,脉弦而数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有泻肝安神丸、复方罗布麻颗粒。中成药应用为养血安神丸(B错)的病证,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,32岁。泄泻腹痛,泻下急迫,粪色黄褐,气味臭秽,肛门灼热,小便短黄烦热口渴,舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数。中医辨证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"湿热内蕴"},{"key":"B","value":"脾肾阳虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肝气乘脾"},{"key":"D","value":"食伤肠胃"},{"key":"E","value":"脾胃气虚"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是泄泻的辨证论治。泄泻腹痛,泻下急迫,粪色黄褐,气味臭秽,肛门灼热,小便短黄烦热口渴,舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数。中医辨证是湿热内蕴(A对)。泄泻是以排便次数增多,粪质稀溏或完谷不化,甚至泻出如水样为主症的疾病。西医学的急性肠炎、肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病等有上述表现者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)寒湿内盛证:【症状】泄泻清稀,甚则如水样,脘闷食少,腹痛肠鸣,或兼见外感风寒,恶寒,发热,头痛,肢体酸痛。舌苔白或白腻,脉濡缓。(二)湿热伤中证:【症状】泄泻腹痛,泻下急迫,势如水注,或泻而不爽,粪色黄褐,气味臭秽,肛门灼热,烦热口渴,小便短黄。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数或濡数。(三)食滞肠胃证(D错):【症状】腹痛肠鸣,泻下粪便臭如败卵,泻后痛减,泻下伴有不消化食物,脘腹胀满,嗳腐吞酸,不思饮食。舌淡红,苔垢浊或厚腻,脉滑实。(四)肝气乘脾证(C错):【症状】腹痛而泻,腹中雷鸣,攻窜作痛,矢气频作,每因抑郁恼怒或情绪紧张之时而泻,素有胸胁胀闷,嗳气食少。舌质淡,脉弦。(五)脾胃虚弱证(E错):【症状】大便时溏时泻,迁延反复,食少,食后脘闷不舒,稍进油腻食物,则大便次数增多,面色萎黄,神疲倦怠。舌质淡,苔白,脉细弱。(六)肾阳虚衰证(B错):【症状】黎明前脐腹作痛,肠鸣即泻,泻后则安,完谷不化,腹部喜暖,形寒肢冷,腰膝酸软。舌淡苔白,脉沉细。"} {"Question":"某男,70岁。冠心病史7年。常感胸痛隐隐,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗,舌淡暗苔白,脉弱。根据应采取的治法,不宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麝香保心丸"},{"key":"B","value":"通心络胶囊"},{"key":"C","value":"芪参胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"舒心口服液"},{"key":"E","value":"参芍片"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是胸痹的辨证论治。冠心病史7年。常感胸痛隐隐,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗,舌淡暗苔白,脉弱。根据应采取的治法,应选用的中成药芪参益气滴丸、参桂胶囊、心力丸、活心丸(ABCDE错,为本题正确答案)。胸痹气虚血瘀证:【症状】胸痛隐隐,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。舌胖有齿痕,色淡暗,苔薄白,脉弱而涩,或结、代。【中成药应用】常用中成药有芪参益气滴丸、参桂胶囊、心力丸、活心丸。"} {"Question":"某男,78岁。喘促日久,呼多吸少,气不得续,动则喘甚,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,舌淡,苔薄,脉沉。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小青龙合剂"},{"key":"B","value":"养阴清肺丸"},{"key":"C","value":"清肺化痰丸"},{"key":"D","value":"补金片"},{"key":"E","value":"百合固金丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是喘证的辨证论治。喘促日久,呼多吸少,气不得续,动则喘甚,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,舌淡,苔薄,脉沉。宜选用的中成药是补金片(D对)。喘即气喘、喘息。喘证是以呼吸困难,甚至张口抬肩、鼻翼扇动、不能平卧为特征的疾病。西医学的肺炎、支气管炎、肺气肿、肺源性心脏病、心源性哮喘以及癔病等发生呼吸困难时,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风寒闭肺证:【症状】喘咳气逆,呼吸急促,胸部胀闷,痰多色白稀薄而带泡沫,兼头痛鼻塞、无汗、恶寒、发热,舌苔薄白而滑,脉浮紧。【中成药应用】常用中成药有小青龙胶囊(A错)、风寒咳嗽颗粒、苓桂咳喘宁胶囊、桂龙咳喘宁胶囊。(二)痰热壅肺证:【症状】喘咳气涌,胸部胀痛,痰稠黏色黄,或夹血痰,伴胸中烦闷、身热、有汗、口渴喜冷饮、咽干、面红、尿赤、便秘。舌质红,苔薄黄腻,脉滑数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有清肺消炎丸、葶贝胶囊。(三)痰浊阻肺证:【症状】喘而胸满闷塞,甚则胸盈仰息,咳嗽,痰多黏腻色白,咳吐不利,兼有呕恶,食少,口黏不渴。舌苔白腻,脉滑或濡。【中成药应用】常用中成药有橘红痰咳颗粒、祛痰止咳颗粒。(四)肾不纳气证:【症状】喘促日久,动则喘甚,呼多吸少,气不得续,小便常因咳甚而失禁,或尿后余沥,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,面唇青紫,或有跗肿,舌淡苔薄,脉沉弱;或见喘咳,面红烦躁,口咽干燥,足冷,汗出如油。舌红少津,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有补金片。养阴清肺丸(B错)与百合固金丸(E错)为咳嗽肺阴亏耗证的中成药应用。咳嗽肺阴亏耗证:【症状】咳嗽日久,干咳少痰,或痰中带血,午后咳甚,或伴五心烦热,颧红,耳鸣,消瘦,神疲。舌质红,苔少,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有养阴清肺膏、百合固金丸、二冬膏。清肺化痰丸(C错)为咳嗽痰热郁肺证的中成药应用。咳嗽痰热郁肺证:【症状】咳嗽,气息粗促,或喉中有痰声,痰多,质黏稠色黄,或有腥味,难咳,胸胁胀满,或咳时引痛,面赤,或有身热,口干而黏,欲饮水。舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有清肺化痰丸、清肺抑火丸、复方鲜竹沥液。"} {"Question":"某男,81岁。患消渴病20年,小便频数,甚则饮一溲一,咽干舌燥,面容憔悴,耳轮干枯,腰膝酸软,畏寒肢冷;舌白少津,脉沉细无力。服药1个月上述症状缓解,停药后,近日又见溺痛,不甚赤涩,但淋沥不已,时作时止,遇劳即发,腰膝酸软下力;舌淡,脉细弱。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"萆薢分清丸"},{"key":"B","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"肾炎灵胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"分清五淋丸"},{"key":"E","value":"前列回春胶囊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是淋证的辨证论治。某男,81岁。患消渴病20年,小便频数,甚则饮一溲一,咽干舌燥,面容憔悴,耳轮干枯,腰膝酸软,畏寒肢冷;舌白少津,脉沉细无力。服药1个月上述症状缓解,停药后,近日又见溺痛,不甚赤涩,但淋沥不已,时作时止,遇劳即发,腰膝酸软下力;舌淡,脉细弱。宜选用的中成药是前列回春胶囊(E对)。淋证是指以小便频数短涩,淋沥刺痛,小腹拘急引痛为主症的疾病。西医学的泌尿系感染、尿路结石、前列腺炎、尿道综合征等病,具有淋证表现特征者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)热淋:【症状】小便频数短涩,灼热刺痛,尿色黄赤,少腹拘急胀痛,或有寒热,口苦,呕恶,或腰痛拒按,或大便秘结。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有八正胶囊、复肾宁片、分清五淋丸(D错)。(二)石淋:【症状】尿中夹有砂石,排尿涩痛,或排尿时突然中断,尿道窘迫疼痛,少腹拘急,往往突发一侧腰腹绞痛难忍,甚则牵及外阴,尿中带血。舌质红,苔薄黄,脉弦或弦数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有复方金钱草颗粒、净石灵胶囊、五淋化石丸。(三)血淋:【症状】小便热涩刺痛,尿色深红,或夹有血块,疼痛满急加剧,或见心烦。舌尖红,舌苔黄,脉滑数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有肾炎灵胶囊(C错)、五淋丸。(四)气淋:【症状】郁怒之后,小便涩滞,淋沥不宣,少腹胀满疼痛。舌苔薄白,脉弦。【中成药应用】常用中成药有为柴胡舒肝丸。(五)膏淋:【症状】小便浑浊,乳白或如米泔水,上有浮油,置之沉淀,或伴有絮状凝块物,或混有血液、血块,尿时热涩疼痛,口干。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉濡数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有为萆薢分清丸(A错)、前列泰片。(六)劳淋:【症状】小便不甚赤涩,溺痛不甚,但淋沥不已,时作时止,遇劳即发,腰膝酸软,神疲乏力,病程缠绵。舌质淡,脉细弱。【中成药应用】常用中成药有为前列回春胶囊、男康片。消渴肾阴亏虚证:【症状】尿频量多,浊如膏脂,腰酸膝软,头晕耳鸣,多梦遗精,乏力,皮肤干燥。舌红少苔,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有六味地黄丸(水蜜丸)(B错)、麦味地黄丸(水蜜丸)。"} {"Question":"某男,34岁。胃痛隐隐,绵绵不休,喜温喜按,劳累,受凉或空腹时疼痛明显,进食后疼痛缓解,时呕清水,神疲纳少,四肢倦怠,手足不温,大便溏薄,舌淡苔白,脉虚弱。医师诊断为胃痛,证属脾胃虚寒,处方如下:炙黄芪9g,桂枝9g,白芍18g,生姜6g,炙甘草9g;大枣6g,饴糖10g,7剂水煎服每日1剂早、午、晚分服。患者欲改服中成药巩固治疗,根据辨证结果,不宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"黄芪健胃膏"},{"key":"B","value":"胃疡灵颗粒"},{"key":"C","value":"胃乐新颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"虚寒胃痛胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"温胃舒胶囊"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是胃痛的辨证论治。胃痛隐隐,绵绵不休,喜温喜按,劳累,受凉或空腹时疼痛明显,进食后疼痛缓解,时呕清水,神疲纳少,四肢倦怠,手足不温,大便溏薄,舌淡苔白,脉虚弱。医师诊断为胃痛,证属脾胃虚寒,处方如下:炙黄芪9g,桂枝9g,白芍18g,生姜6g,炙甘草9g;大枣6g,饴糖10g,7剂水煎服每日1剂早、午、晚分服。患者欲改服中成药巩固治疗,根据辨证结果,不宜选用的中成药是胃乐新颗粒(C错,为本题正确答案)。胃痛脾胃虚寒证:【症状】胃痛隐隐,绵绵不休,喜温喜按,空腹痛甚,得食痛缓,劳累或受凉后发作或加重,时呕清水,神疲纳少,四肢倦怠,手足不温,大便溏薄。舌淡苔白,脉虚弱或迟缓。【中成药应用】常用中成药有黄芪健胃膏(A对)、温胃舒胶囊(E对)、胃疡灵颗粒(B对)、虚寒胃痛胶囊(D对)。胃乐新颗粒为胃痛胃阴亏耗证的中成药应用。胃痛胃阴亏耗证:【症状】胃脘隐隐灼痛,似饥而不欲食,口干咽燥,口渴思饮,五心烦热,消瘦乏力,大便干结。舌红少津,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有胃尔康片、胃乐新颗粒、胃安胶囊、阴虚胃痛颗粒。"} {"Question":"属体虚感冒者,宜选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"参苏饮"},{"key":"B","value":"清瘟败毒饮"},{"key":"C","value":"百合固金汤"},{"key":"D","value":"荆防败毒散"},{"key":"E","value":"银翘散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是感冒的辨证论治。属体虚感冒者,宜选用的方剂是参苏饮(A对)。感冒是感受风邪或时行病毒,卫表失和而导致的常见外感疾病,临床表现以鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏、头痛、恶寒、发热、全身不适、脉浮等为特征。(一)风寒感冒:【方剂应用】基础方剂为荆防败毒散(D错)(荆芥、防风、前胡、柴胡、羌活、独活、川芎、茯苓、枳壳、桔梗、甘草)加减。(二)风热感冒:【方剂应用】基础方剂为银翘散(E错)(金银花、连翘、竹叶、荆芥、牛蒡子、薄荷、桔梗、淡豆豉、甘草)加减。(三)时行感冒:【方剂应用】基础方剂为清瘟败毒饮(B错)(石膏、生地、犀角、栀子、丹皮、黄连、桔梗、黄芩、知母、赤芍、玄参、连翘、竹叶、甘草)加减。(四)气虚感冒:【方剂应用】基础方剂为参苏饮(人参、苏叶、甘草、茯苓、葛根、前胡、半夏、枳壳、桔梗、陈皮、木香)加减。百合固金汤(C错)为咳嗽肺肾阴虚的中成药应用。咳嗽肺阴亏耗证:【方剂应用】基础方剂为沙参麦冬汤(沙参、玉竹、生甘草、冬桑叶、麦冬、生扁豆、天花粉)加减。【中成药应用】常用中成药有养阴清肺膏、百合固金丸、二冬膏。"} {"Question":"某男,64岁。喘促日久,动则喘甚,呼多吸少,气不得续,小便常因咳甚而失禁,尿有余沥,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,面唇青紫;舌淡苔薄,脉沉弱。宜选用的基础方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桑白皮汤"},{"key":"B","value":"三子养亲汤"},{"key":"C","value":"越婢加半夏汤"},{"key":"D","value":"肾气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"苏子降气汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是喘证的辨证论治。喘促日久,动则喘甚,呼多吸少,气不得续,小便常因咳甚而失禁,尿有余沥,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,面唇青紫;舌淡苔薄,脉沉弱。宜选用的基础方剂是肾气丸(D对)。喘即气喘、喘息。喘证是以呼吸困难,甚至张口抬肩、鼻翼扇动、不能平卧为特征的疾病。西医学的肺炎、支气管炎、肺气肿、肺源性心脏病、心源性哮喘以及癔病等发生呼吸困难时,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风寒闭肺证:【症状】喘咳气逆,呼吸急促,胸部胀闷,痰多色白稀薄而带泡沫,兼头痛鼻塞、无汗、恶寒、发热,舌苔薄白而滑,脉浮紧。【方剂应用】基础方剂为麻黄汤(麻黄、杏仁、桂枝、炙甘草)合华盖散(麻黄、杏仁、桑白皮、紫苏子、茯苓、陈皮)加减。(二)痰热壅肺证:【症状】喘咳气涌,胸部胀痛,痰稠黏色黄,或夹血痰,伴胸中烦闷、身热、有汗、口渴喜冷饮、咽干、面红、尿赤、便秘。舌质红,苔薄黄腻,脉滑数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为桑白皮汤(A错)(桑白皮、半夏、苏子、苦杏仁、贝母、黄芩、黄连、栀子)加减。(三)痰浊阻肺证:【症状】喘而胸满闷塞,甚则胸盈仰息,咳嗽,痰多黏腻色白,咳吐不利,兼有呕恶,食少,口黏不渴。舌苔白腻,脉滑或濡。【方剂应用】基础方剂为二陈汤(陈皮、半夏、茯苓、甘草、生姜、乌梅)合三子养亲汤(B错)(紫苏子、白芥子、莱菔子)加减。(四)肾不纳气证:【症状】喘促日久,动则喘甚,呼多吸少,气不得续,小便常因咳甚而失禁,或尿后余沥,形瘦神疲,汗出肢冷,面唇青紫,或有跗肿,舌淡苔薄,脉沉弱;或见喘咳,面红烦躁,口咽干燥,足冷,汗出如油。舌红少津,脉细数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为肾气丸(桂枝、附子、熟地、山萸肉、山药、茯苓、丹皮、泽泻)合参蛤散(人参、蛤蚧)加减。越婢加半夏汤(C错)为肺胀痰热郁肺证的方剂应用。肺胀痰热郁肺证:【症状】咳逆,喘息气粗,胸满,目胀睛突,痰黄或白,黏稠难咳,烦躁,口渴欲饮,尿赤,大便干。舌边尖红,苔黄或黄腻,脉数或滑数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为越婢加半夏汤(麻黄、石膏、生姜、大枣、甘草、半夏)或桑白皮汤(桑白皮、半夏、苏子、杏仁、贝母、黄芩、黄连、山栀)加减。苏子降气汤(E错)为肺胀痰浊阻肺证的方剂应用。肺胀痰浊阻肺证:【症状】胸膺满闷,短气喘息,稍劳即著,咳嗽痰多,色白黏腻或呈泡沫,畏风易汗,脘痞纳少,倦怠乏力。舌暗,苔薄腻或浊腻,脉小滑。【方剂应用】基础方剂为苏子降气汤(紫苏子、半夏、前胡、厚朴、陈皮、甘草、当归、生姜、大枣、肉桂)合三子养亲汤(紫苏子、白芥子、莱菔子)加减。"} {"Question":"治寒热往来、胸胁苦满的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小柴胡颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"柴胡口服液"},{"key":"C","value":"午时茶颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"香石双解袋泡剂"},{"key":"E","value":"银翘解毒颗粒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"三九胃泰颗粒除消炎止痛外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补脾益气"},{"key":"B","value":"行气化湿"},{"key":"C","value":"疏肝解郁"},{"key":"D","value":"补气生津"},{"key":"E","value":"理气健胃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是三九胃泰颗粒的功效。三九胃泰颗粒除消炎止痛外,又能理气健胃(E对)。三九胃泰颗粒功效:清热燥湿,行气活血,柔肝止痛,消炎止痛,理气健胃。六君子丸【功能】补脾益气(A错),燥湿化痰。木香顺气丸【功能】行气化湿(B错),健脾和胃。解郁安神颗粒【功能】疏肝解郁(C错),安神定志。清暑益气丸【功能】祛暑利湿,补气生津(D错)。"} {"Question":"主治肺肾阴虚,干咳少痰的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"川贝止咳露"},{"key":"B","value":"百合固金丸"},{"key":"C","value":"通宣理肺丸"},{"key":"D","value":"苏子降气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"复方四季青片"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是百合固金丸的主治。主治肺肾阴虚,干咳少痰的中成药是百合固金丸(B对)。百合固金丸:【主治】肺肾阴虚,燥咳少痰,痰中带血,咽干喉痛。川贝止咳露(A错):【主治】风热咳嗽,痰多上气或燥咳。通宣理肺丸(C错):【主治】风寒束表、肺气不宣所致的感冒咳嗽,症见发热、恶寒、咳嗽、鼻塞流涕、头痛、无汗、肢体酸痛。苏子降气丸(D错):【主治】上盛下虚、气逆痰壅所致的咳嗽喘息、胸膈满闷。复方四季青片(E错)的主治,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。平素喜饮浓茶,嗜好烟酒,经常熬夜。现入睡困难,且多梦易醒心悸健忘,虚烦不安,时有盗汗,舌淡,苔薄,脉细。医师诊断为不寐。中医辨证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心火炽盛"},{"key":"B","value":"肝气郁结"},{"key":"C","value":"心脾两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"阴血亏虚"},{"key":"E","value":"心肾不交"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是不寐的辨证论治。平素喜饮浓茶,嗜好烟酒,经常熬夜。现入睡困难,且多梦易醒,心悸健忘,虚烦不安,时有盗汗,舌淡,苔薄,脉细。医师诊断为不寐。中医辨证是心肾不交(E对)。不寐是以经常不能获得正常睡眠为特征的疾病,主要表现为睡眠时间、深度的不足,轻者入睡困难,或寐而不酣,时寐时醒,或早醒,或醒后不能再寐,重则彻夜不寐。西医学中神经症,以及多种心脑血管疾病、贫血、肝病等疾病以失眠为主要表现者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)肝火扰心证:【症状】不寐多梦,甚则彻夜不眠,急躁易怒,伴头晕头胀,目赤耳鸣,口干而苦,不思饮食,便秘溲赤。舌红苔黄,脉弦而数。(二)痰热扰心证:【症状】心烦不寐,胸闷脘痞,泛恶嗳气,伴口苦,头重,目眩。舌质偏红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。(三)心脾两虚证(C错):【症状】不易入睡,多梦易醒,心悸健忘,神疲食少,伴头晕目眩,四肢倦怠,腹胀便溏,面色少华。舌淡苔薄,脉细无力。(四)心肾不交证:【症状】心烦不寐,入睡困难,心悸多梦,伴头晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,潮热盗汗,五心烦热,咽干少津,男子遗精,女子月经不调。舌红少苔,脉细数。(五)心胆气虚证:【症状】虚烦不眠,触事易惊,终日惕惕,胆怯心悸,伴气短自汗,倦怠乏力。舌淡,脉弦细。心火炽盛(A错)可至心烦不寐。肝气郁结(B错)为郁证的辨证。郁证肝气郁结证:【症状】精神抑郁,情绪不宁,胸部满闷,胁肋胀痛,痛无定处,胸闷嗳气,喜太息,不思饮食,大便不调,或秘或溏泄。舌苔薄或腻,脉弦。阴血亏虚(D错)可见瘦薄舌。"} {"Question":"某男,40岁。平素性情急躁易怒,胃痛半月余。辨证为肝胃不和,其临床特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃痛暴作,喜温恶寒"},{"key":"B","value":"胃痛胀满,嗳腐恶食"},{"key":"C","value":"胃痛隐隐,饥不欲食"},{"key":"D","value":"胃脘胀痛,连及胁肋"},{"key":"E","value":"胃脘灼痛,痛势急迫"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是胃痛的辨证论治。辨证为肝胃不和,其临床特点是胃脘胀痛,连及胁肋(D对)。胃痛又称胃脘痛,是以上腹胃脘部近心窝处疼痛为主要表现的疾病。西医学的胃炎、消化性溃疡、功能性消化不良等疾病以上腹部疼痛为主要表现者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)寒邪客胃证:【症状】胃痛暴作,喜温恶寒(A错),得温痛减,口和不渴,或喜热饮。舌淡,苔薄白,脉弦紧。(二)饮食伤胃证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,胀满拒按,嗳腐恶食(B错),或吐不消化食物,吐后或矢气后痛减,大便不爽。舌淡红,苔厚腻,脉滑。(三)肝气犯胃证:【症状】胃脘胀痛,痛连两胁,遇烦恼则痛作或痛甚,嗳气、矢气则舒,脘闷嗳气,善太息,大便不畅。舌淡红,苔薄白,脉弦。(四)湿热中阻证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,痛势急迫(E错),脘闷灼热,口干口苦,口渴不欲饮,纳呆恶心,小便色黄,大便不畅。舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。(五)胃阴亏耗证:【症状】胃脘隐隐灼痛,似饥而不欲食(C错),口干咽燥,口渴思饮,五心烦热,消瘦乏力,大便干结。舌红少津,脉细数。(六)脾胃虚寒证:【症状】胃痛隐隐,绵绵不休,喜温喜按,空腹痛甚,得食痛缓,劳累或受凉后发作或加重,时呕清水,神疲纳少,四肢倦怠,手足不温,大便溏薄。舌淡苔白,脉虚弱或迟缓。"} {"Question":"某男,56岁。咳嗽反复发作,咳声重浊,痰黏色白,胸闷脘痞,食少体倦,大便时溏。诊断为咳嗽,辨析其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痰湿蕴肺"},{"key":"B","value":"风寒袭肺"},{"key":"C","value":"风燥伤肺"},{"key":"D","value":"风热犯肺"},{"key":"E","value":"痰热郁肺"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是咳嗽的辨证论治。某男,56岁。咳嗽反复发作,咳声重浊,痰黏色白,胸闷脘痞,食少体倦,大便时溏。诊断为咳嗽,辨析其证候是痰湿蕴肺(A对)。咳嗽是指肺失宣降,肺气上逆作声,或伴咳吐痰液,为肺系疾病的主要表现之一。西医学中急慢性支气管炎、部分支气管扩张症、慢性咽炎、咳嗽变异性哮喘等以咳嗽为主要表现时,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风寒袭肺证(B错):【症状】咳嗽声重,气急,咽痒,咳痰稀薄色白,常伴鼻塞,流清涕,头痛,肢体酸楚,或见恶寒、发热、无汗等风寒表证。舌苔薄白,脉浮或浮紧。(二)风热犯肺证(D错):【症状】咳嗽频剧,气粗,或咳声嗄哑,咳痰不爽,痰黏稠或稠黄,喉燥咽痛,口渴,鼻流黄涕,头痛,肢楚,恶风身热。舌边尖红,苔薄黄,脉浮数。(三)风燥伤肺证(C错):【症状】干咳,连声作呛,咽痒,咽喉干痛,唇鼻干燥,口干,无痰或痰少而黏,不易咳出,或痰中带血丝,初起或伴鼻塞、头痛、微寒、身热。舌质红而少津,苔薄白或薄黄,脉浮数。(四)痰湿蕴肺证:【症状】咳嗽反复发作,咳声重浊,痰黏腻,或稠厚成块,痰多易咳,早晨或食后咳甚痰多,进甘甜油腻物加重,胸闷脘痞,呕恶,食少,体倦,大便时溏。舌苔白腻,脉滑。(五)痰热郁肺证(E错):【症状】咳嗽,气息粗促,或喉中有痰声,痰多,质黏稠色黄,或有腥味,难咳,胸胁胀满,或咳时引痛,面赤,或有身热,口干而黏,欲饮水。舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。(六)肺阴亏耗证:【症状】咳嗽日久,干咳少痰,或痰中带血,午后咳甚,或伴五心烦热,颧红,耳鸣,消瘦,神疲。舌质红,苔少,脉细数。"} {"Question":"治疗眩晕时,属肝肾阴虚者,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杞菊地黄丸"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏天麻丸"},{"key":"C","value":"通天口服液"},{"key":"D","value":"当归龙荟丸"},{"key":"E","value":"十全大补丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是眩晕的辨证论治。治疗眩晕时,属肝肾阴虚者,宜选用的中成药是杞菊地黄丸(A对)。眩晕之肾精不足证【症状】眩晕日久不愈,精神萎靡,两目干涩,视力减退,腰膝酸软,或遗精滑泄,耳鸣齿摇,颧红咽干,五心烦热。舌红少苔,脉细数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有左归丸、古汉养生精、杞菊地黄丸。眩晕之痰湿中阻证【症状】眩晕,头重昏蒙,或伴视物旋转,胸闷恶心,呕吐痰涎,食少多寐。舌苔白腻,脉濡。【中成药应用】常用中成药有半夏天麻丸(B错)、眩晕宁颗粒、晕复静片。通天口服液(C错)为瘀血头痛的中成药应用。头痛之瘀血头痛【症状】头痛经久不愈,痛处固定不移,痛如锥刺,或有头部外伤史。舌紫暗,或有瘀斑,瘀点,苔薄白,脉细或细涩。【中成药应用】常用中成药有血府逐瘀口服液、通天口服液、逐瘀通脉胶囊、丹七片。眩晕之肝阳上亢证【症状】眩晕,耳鸣,头目胀痛,口苦,失眠多梦,遇烦劳郁怒而加重,颜面潮红,急躁易怒。舌红苔黄,脉弦或数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有当归龙荟丸(D错)、天麻钩藤颗粒、松龄血脉康胶囊、复方罗布麻颗粒。十全大补丸(E错)为月经过多气虚证的中成药应用。月经过多之气虚证【症状】经行最多,色淡红,质清稀;神疲肢倦,气短懒言,小腹空坠,面色㿠白。舌淡,苔薄,脉细弱。【中成药应用】常用中成药有当归丸、益气养元颗粒、八珍颗粒、十全大补丸。"} {"Question":"加味左金丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝和胃"},{"key":"B","value":"温胃理气"},{"key":"C","value":"清热止痢"},{"key":"D","value":"解表,祛湿,和中"},{"key":"E","value":"养阴益胃,行气止痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是加味左金丸的功能。加味左金丸的功能是疏肝和胃(A对)。加味左金丸:【功能】疏肝和胃。良附丸:【功能】温胃理气(B错)。白头翁:【功效】清热解毒,凉血止痢(C错)。保济丸:【功能】解表,祛湿,和中(D错)。功能为养阴益胃,行气止痛(E错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,19岁。暴饮暴食而致胃痛。辨证为饮食停滞,其临床特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃痛暴作,喜温恶寒"},{"key":"B","value":"胃痛胀满,嗳腐恶食"},{"key":"C","value":"胃痛隐隐,饥不欲食"},{"key":"D","value":"胃脘胀痛,连及胁肋"},{"key":"E","value":"胃脘灼痛,痛势急迫"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是胃痛的辨证论治。辨证为饮食停滞,其临床特点是胃痛胀满,嗳腐恶食(B对)。胃痛又称胃脘痛,是以上腹胃脘部近心窝处疼痛为主要表现的疾病。西医学的胃炎、消化性溃疡、功能性消化不良等疾病以上腹部疼痛为主要表现者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)寒邪客胃证:【症状】胃痛暴作,喜温恶寒(A错),得温痛减,口和不渴,或喜热饮。舌淡,苔薄白,脉弦紧。(二)饮食伤胃证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,胀满拒按,嗳腐恶食,或吐不消化食物,吐后或矢气后痛减,大便不爽。舌淡红,苔厚腻,脉滑。(三)肝气犯胃证:【症状】胃脘胀痛,痛连两胁(D错),遇烦恼则痛作或痛甚,嗳气、矢气则舒,脘闷嗳气,善太息,大便不畅。舌淡红,苔薄白,脉弦。(四)湿热中阻证:【症状】胃脘疼痛,痛势急迫(E错),脘闷灼热,口干口苦,口渴不欲饮,纳呆恶心,小便色黄,大便不畅。舌红,苔黄腻,脉滑数。(五)胃阴亏耗证:【症状】胃脘隐隐灼痛,似饥而不欲食(C错),口干咽燥,口渴思饮,五心烦热,消瘦乏力,大便干结。舌红少津,脉细数。(六)脾胃虚寒证:【症状】胃痛隐隐,绵绵不休,喜温喜按,空腹痛甚,得食痛缓,劳累或受凉后发作或加重,时呕清水,神疲纳少,四肢倦怠,手足不温,大便溏薄。舌淡苔白,脉虚弱或迟缓。"} {"Question":"胃脘胀满疼痛,嗳气酸腐,不欲食,证属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃寒"},{"key":"B","value":"气滞"},{"key":"C","value":"食积"},{"key":"D","value":"胃气虚"},{"key":"E","value":"血瘀"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某男,62岁。患胸痹5年,胸痛胸闷,唇舌紫暗,脉涩。其证当属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒凝心脉"},{"key":"B","value":"痰瘀痹阻"},{"key":"C","value":"气虚血瘀"},{"key":"D","value":"心肾阳虚"},{"key":"E","value":"气滞血瘀"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是胸痹的辨证论治。患胸痹5年,胸痛胸闷,唇舌紫暗,脉涩。其证当属于寒凝心脉(A对)。胸痹是指以胸部闷痛,甚则胸痛彻背,短气、喘息不得卧为主症的疾病,轻者仅感胸闷如窒,呼吸欠畅,重者则有胸痛,严重者心痛彻背,背痛彻心。西医学的冠心病(心绞痛或心肌梗死)、其他原因引起的心绞痛(如主动脉瓣狭窄、梗阻性肥厚型心肌病)、心包炎以及肺源性心脏病等以上述表现为主者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)气虚血瘀(C错)证:【症状】胸痛隐隐,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。舌胖有齿痕,色淡暗,苔薄白,脉弱而涩,或结、代。(二)气滞血瘀(E错)证:【症状】心胸疼痛,如刺如绞,痛有定处,入夜为甚,重者心痛彻背,背痛彻心,或痛引肩背,伴有胸闷,日久不愈,可因暴怒、劳累而加重。舌质紫暗,有瘀斑,苔薄,脉弦细。(三)痰浊痹阻(B错)证:【症状】胸闷重而心痛微,痰多气短,肢体沉重,形体肥胖,遇阴雨天而易发作或加重,伴有倦怠乏力,纳呆便溏,咳吐痰涎。舌体胖大且边有齿痕,苔浊腻或白滑,脉滑。(四)寒凝心脉证:【症状】猝然心痛如绞,心痛彻背,喘不得卧,多因气候骤冷或骤感风寒而发病或加重,伴形寒,甚则手足不温,冷汗自出,胸闷气短,心悸,面色苍白。舌质紫暗,或有瘀斑瘀点,苔薄,脉沉紧或沉细。(五)气阴两虚证:【症状】胸闷隐痛,时作时止,心悸气短,动则益甚,伴倦怠懒言,易汗出,头晕,失眠多梦。舌红或淡红,舌体胖且边有齿痕,苔薄白或少,脉细缓或结代。辨证为心肾阳虚(D错)的疾病,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"以病证类药,创设“诸病通用药”专项的本草典籍是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"《神农本草经》"},{"key":"B","value":"《本草经集注》"},{"key":"C","value":"《本草纲目》"},{"key":"D","value":"《新修本草》"},{"key":"E","value":"《重修政和本草》"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查《本草经集注》的主要成就。以病证类药,创设“诸病通用药”专项的本草典籍是《本草经集注》(B对)。《本草经集注》该书的主要成就包括:①全书7卷,是《本经》之后对我国中药学进行的又一次总结,系统整理了南北朝以前的药物学资料。②创立了新的编写体例:药物分类按自然属性进行区分,改进了《本经》三品分类法;所载药物内容采用朱墨、大小字体分书法,保持了引录文献的原有面貌。③创设了“诸病通用药”专项,以病证类药,如治风项有防风、防己、独活等,治小便淋沥有滑石、冬葵子等,治瘿瘤有海藻、昆布等,利于临证遣药参考。④记载了对药物性能的认识,书中记载药性有寒、微寒、大寒、平、淡、微温、大温、大热等八种,体现对药性寒温程度有了进一步认识。对前人所述的药物功能则根据临床观察提出疑问,如丹参条称“时人服多赤眼,故应性热,今云微寒,恐为谬矣”;天名精条称“味至苦而云甘,恐或是非”等。⑤记载了药物产地、形态与鉴别经验。书中对当时各种药物的产地做了介绍,强调产地不同,药性有异。在形态方面描述也甚详。⑥重视药物的炮制与配制前的加工。书中介绍了各种药物炮制法,如称麦门冬要抽去心,“不尔令人烦”;半夏要用?“汤洗十许过令滑净,不尔戟人咽喉”,强调了通过炮制能减轻药物的毒副反应。在配制丸、散时,指出巴豆、杏仁、胡麻等药要先熬黄,则“丸经久不坏”等,都有指导意义。《神农本草经》(A错)该书是最早的本草学专著,具有重要的科学价值和历史影响,为我国医药学四大经典著作之一。《本草纲目》(C错)此书可谓中药学巨著,内容广博,收罗繁富。全书引据历代本草凡84家,古今医书目277种,另从经史子集各部著作中引录了大量有关的文献资料,参考文献共计800余种。书中共收载药物1892种,方剂11096首,附有药物图谱1109幅。《新修本草》(D错)又称《唐本草》。为隋唐年间长孙无忌、李勣领衔,苏敬等人在《本草经集注》一书的基础上重修而得。由于《新修本草》的完成依靠了国家的行政力量和人力物力,故称该书为中国历史上第一部官修本草。全书共54卷,载药850种。书中除本草正文外,增加了图谱,并附以文字说明,开创了图文对照编纂药学专著的先例,是我国历史上第一部药典性本草,也被誉为世界上第一部药典。《重修政和经史证类备用本草》简称《重修政和本草》(E错)。全书共30卷,载药大约为1746种。该书为现存最早的完整的古本草合刊本,人民卫生出版社1957年影印,广为流传。"} {"Question":"肾功能不全者忌用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘草"},{"key":"B","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"C","value":"黄药子"},{"key":"D","value":"马兜铃"},{"key":"E","value":"麦芽"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是证候禁忌。肾功能不全者忌用马兜铃(D对)。证候禁忌:是指某类或某种中药不适用于某类或某种证候,在使用时应予以避忌的,又名病证禁忌。凡药不对证,即药物的性能功效与所疗疾病的病证相悖,有可能导致病情加重、恶化者,原则上都属于禁忌范围。如体虚多汗者,忌用发汗药,以免加重出汗而伤阴津。阳虚里寒者,忌用寒凉药,以免再伤阳生寒。阴虚内热者,慎用苦寒清热药,以免苦燥伤阴。脾胃虚寒、大便稀溏者,忌用苦寒或泻下药,以免再伤脾胃。阴虚津亏者,忌用淡渗利湿药,以免加重津液的耗伤。火热内炽和阴虚火旺者,忌用温热药,以免助热伤阴。妇女月经过多及崩漏者,忌用破血逐瘀之品,以免加重出血。脱证神昏者,忌用香窜的开窍药,以免耗气伤正。邪实而正不虚者,忌用补虚药;湿热泻痢者,忌用涩肠止泻药,以免闭门留邪。表邪未解者,忌用固表止汗药,以免表邪入里化热。又如体虚多汗者忌用发汗力较强的麻黄(B错);虚喘、高血压及失眠患者,慎用麻黄;湿盛胀满、水肿患者,忌用甘草(A错);麻疹已透及阴虚火旺者,忌用升麻;有肝功能障碍者,忌用黄药子(C错);肾病患者忌用马兜铃;授乳期妇女不宜大量使用麦芽(E错)等。"} {"Question":"药物经济学成本效果分析的特点有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"能够进行不同疾病间的比较"},{"key":"B","value":"比较健康效果差别和成本差别"},{"key":"C","value":"能够进行不同治疗方案间的比较"},{"key":"D","value":"结果以单位健康效果增加所需成本值表示"},{"key":"E","value":"治疗结果采用临床效果指标表示,而不采用货币单位"}],"Answer":"BDE","Explanation":null} {"Question":"具有药品集性质的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"中国药典"},{"key":"B","value":"美国药典"},{"key":"C","value":"英国药典"},{"key":"D","value":"马丁代尔特殊药典"},{"key":"E","value":"日本药局方"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是日本药局方。具有药品集性质的是日本药局方(E对)。《中华人民共和国药典》简称《中国药典》(A错)《药典》,由一部、二部、三部、四部组成。药典一部收载药材及饮片、植物油脂和提取物、成方制剂和单味制剂等;药典二部收载化学药品、抗生素、生化药品、放射性药品等;药典三部收载生物制品;药典四部为通则和药用辅料。《美国药典》(B错)是由美国药典委员会编写的。美国药典是美国政府对药品质量标准和检定方法作出的技术规定,也是药品生产、使用、管理、检验的法律依据。英国药典(C错)是英国药品委员会正式出版的英国官方医学标准集,是英国制药标准的重要出处,也是药品质量控制、药品生产许可证管理的重要依据。马丁代尔特殊药典(D错)由英国大不列颠药物学会的药物科学部所属的药典出版社编辑出版的一部非法定药典。全书分为三个部分,第一部分为医院制剂,按药物作用类别分类;第二部分为辅助药物部分,按字顺排序;第三部分为专利药物部分。"} {"Question":"介绍新药,编写《医院药讯》等必须使药物信息","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紧密结合临床"},{"key":"B","value":"内容广泛多样"},{"key":"C","value":"更新传递快速"},{"key":"D","value":"做到去伪存真"},{"key":"E","value":"提高药学水平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"药物经济学研究的主要范围是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药物的治疗方案"},{"key":"B","value":"药物的生产成本"},{"key":"C","value":"药物的零售价格"},{"key":"D","value":"药物的治疗成本和效果"},{"key":"E","value":"药物的给药方式"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物经济学研究的目的。药物经济学研究的主要范围是药物的治疗成本和效果(D对)。药物经济学研究的目的:从全社会角度、运用药物经济学的基本理论和方法、利用药物流行病学的“人群”概念,通过对成本和相应效益两方面进行鉴别、测量和比较,决定出最佳的医疗服务方案,以最大限度地合理利用现有药物资源。"} {"Question":"加味逍遥丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暖宫调经"},{"key":"B","value":"补虚止带,和血调经"},{"key":"C","value":"解郁调经"},{"key":"D","value":"舒肝清热,健脾养血"},{"key":"E","value":"补气,养血,调经"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,36岁。经血非时而下,量时多时少,时出时止,淋沥不断。经色暗,有血块;舌紫暗,边有瘀点,脉弦细。诊断为崩漏,证属瘀血阻络,治以将军斩关汤加减,方用大黄、巴戟天、仙鹤草、茯神、蒲黄、阿胶、黄芪、当归、白术、生地黄、熟地黄、谷芽。方中大黄宜选用的炮制品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生大黄"},{"key":"B","value":"熟大黄"},{"key":"C","value":"大黄炭"},{"key":"D","value":"酒大黄"},{"key":"E","value":"醋大黄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查崩漏之瘀血阻络证的方剂应用。方中大黄宜选用的炮制品是大黄炭(C对)。崩漏之瘀血阻络证【症状】经血非时而下,量时多时少,时出时止,或淋沥不断,或停闭数月又突然崩中,继之漏下,经色暗有血块;舌质紫暗或尖边有瘀点,脉弦细或涩。【治法】活血化瘀,固冲止血。【方剂应用】1.基础方剂逐瘀止血汤(生地黄、大黄、赤芍、丹皮、当归尾、枳壳、龟甲、桃仁)或将军斩关汤(熟军炭、巴戟天、仙鹤草、茯神、蒲黄、炒阿胶、黄芪、炒当归、白术、生地、熟地、焦谷芽)加减。2.合理用药与用药指导(1)饮片选择:逐瘀止血汤出自清代《傅青主女科》。选用大黄炭,长于凉血化瘀止血;选用当归尾,取其擅长活血破血之功;选用醋龟甲,长于补肾健骨、滋阴止血;选用蒲黄炒阿胶,长于止血安络。生大黄、酒大黄、熟大黄与大黄炭:四种均为大黄的不同炮制品种,由于炮制方法不同,作用亦各有偏重。生大黄(A错)泻下力强,故欲攻下者宜生用,汤剂应后下,或用开水泡服;久煎则泻下力减弱。酒大黄(D错)泻下力较弱,善清上焦血分热毒,宜用于目赤咽肿,齿龈肿痛。熟大黄(B错)泻下力缓,能减轻泻下的腹痛,增强活血化瘀作用,适用于体虚而有瘀血者。大黄炭凉血化瘀止血,多用于血热有瘀出血证。"} {"Question":"妇科得生丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暖宫调经"},{"key":"B","value":"补虚止带,和血调经"},{"key":"C","value":"解郁调经"},{"key":"D","value":"舒肝清热,健脾养血"},{"key":"E","value":"补气,养血,调经"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"十全大补丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温肾敛肺"},{"key":"B","value":"温肾益精"},{"key":"C","value":"温肾纳气"},{"key":"D","value":"滋阴清热"},{"key":"E","value":"温补气血"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,32岁。月经周期延后,量少,色淡红,质黏稠,头晕,心悸气短,脘闷恶心,口腻多痰,带下量多黏腻;舌淡胖苔白腻,脉滑。宜选用的基础方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芎归二陈汤"},{"key":"B","value":"归肾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"乌药汤"},{"key":"D","value":"归脾汤"},{"key":"E","value":"大补元煎"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是月经后期的辨证论治。某女,32岁。月经周期延后,量少,色淡红,质黏稠,头晕,心悸气短,脘闷恶心,口腻多痰,带下量多黏腻;舌淡胖苔白腻,脉滑。宜选用的基础方剂是芎归二陈汤(A对)。月经后期:月经周期延后7天以上,甚至3~5个月一行者,称为“月经后期”。既往亦有称“经行后期”“月经延后”“月经错后”“经迟”等。一般认为要连续出现两个周期以上,若每次仅延后三五天,或偶然延后一次,下次仍如期来潮者,均不作月经后期论。此外,如在月经初潮后1年内,或月经将绝之时,周期时有延后,且无其他症状者,亦不作病论。西医学的月经稀发表现为上述症状者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)肾虚证:【症状】月经周期延后,经量少,色暗淡,质清稀,或带下清稀;腰膝酸软,头晕耳鸣,面色晦暗,或面部暗斑。舌淡,苔薄白,脉沉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂为归肾丸(菟丝子、茯苓、山药、熟地、杜仲、当归、山茱萸、枸杞子)加减(B错)。(二)血虚证:【症状】月经周期延后,经量少,色淡红,质清稀,或小腹绵绵作痛;或头晕眼花,心悸少寐,皮肤不润,面色苍白或萎黄。舌质淡红,苔薄白,脉细弱。【方剂应用】基础方剂为大补元煎(人参、山药、熟地、杜仲、当归、山茱萸、枸杞子、炙甘草)加减(E错)。(三)气滞证:【症状】月经周期延后,量少或正常,色暗红或有血块,小腹胀痛;或精神抑郁,胸胁乳房胀痛。舌质正常或红,苔薄白或微黄,脉弦或弦数。【方剂应用】基础方剂为乌药汤(乌药、香附、木香、当归、甘草)加减(C错)。(四)痰湿证:【症状】月经周期延后,量少,色淡红,质黏稠;头晕体胖,心悸气短,脘闷恶心,口腻多痰,或带下量多黏腻。舌淡胖,苔白腻,脉滑。【方剂应用】基础方剂为芎归二陈汤(陈皮、半夏、茯苓、甘草、川芎、当归)加减。月经先期脾气虚证:【症状】月经周期提前,经量多,色淡红,质清稀;神疲乏力,气短懒言,小腹空坠,纳少便溏。舌淡红,苔薄白,脉细弱。【方剂应用】基础方剂为补中益气汤(黄芪、炙甘草、人参、当归、橘皮、升麻、柴胡、白术)或归脾汤(D错)(人参、黄芪、白术、当归、茯神、龙眼肉、酸枣仁、木香、远志、甘草、生姜、大枣)加减。"} {"Question":"属于脾不统血者,宜选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"固冲汤"},{"key":"B","value":"圣愈汤"},{"key":"C","value":"固阴煎"},{"key":"D","value":"调肝汤"},{"key":"E","value":"四物汤"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查崩漏之脾不统血证的方剂应用。属于脾不统血者,宜选用的方剂是固冲汤(A对)。崩漏之脾不统血证【症状】出血量多,日久而止,气短神疲,面色㿠白,或面浮肢肿,手足不温,或饮食不佳,大便溏。舌质淡,苔薄白,脉弱或沉弱。【方剂应用】基础方剂固冲汤。痛经之气血虚弱证【症状】经期或经后小腹隐痛喜按,或小腹空坠不适,月经量少,色淡,质清稀;面色无华,头晕心悸,神疲乏力。舌淡,脉细无力。【方剂应用】基础方剂圣愈汤(B错)。月经先期之肾气虚证【症状】月经周期提前,经量或多或少,色淡暗,质清稀;腰膝酸软,头晕耳鸣,面色晦暗或面有暗斑。舌淡暗,苔白,脉沉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂固阴煎(C错)。痛经之肝肾亏虚证【症状】经期或经后小腹绵绵作痛,经行量少,色暗淡,质稀薄;腰膝酸软,头晕耳鸣;舌淡红,苔薄,脉沉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂调肝汤(D错)。虚劳之血虚证【症状】头晕眼花,心悸多梦,手足发麻,面色淡黄或淡白无华,口唇、爪甲色淡,妇女月经量少。舌质淡,脉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂四物汤(E错)加减。"} {"Question":"主含士的宁的有毒中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"川乌"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏"},{"key":"C","value":"雷公藤"},{"key":"D","value":"马钱子"},{"key":"E","value":"黄药子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是马钱子及含马钱子中成药的中毒机制。主含士的宁的有毒中药是马钱子(D对)。马钱子及含马钱子中成药的中毒机制:马钱子含番木鳖碱即士的宁,毒性大。成人服用5~10mg即可中毒,一次服用30mg即可致死。番木鳖碱首先兴奋中枢神经系统,引起脊髓强直性痉挛,继而兴奋呼吸中枢及血管运动中枢。川乌(A错)的中毒机制:乌头类中药的主要有毒成分为乌头碱,一般中毒量为0.2mg,致死量为2~4mg。其毒性主要作用于神经系统,尤其是迷走神经等,使其先兴奋后抑制,并可直接作用于心脏,产生异常兴奋,可致心律失常,甚至引起室颤而死亡。半夏(B错)有毒,内服一般炮制后使用,3~9g。外用适量,磨汁涂或研末以酒调敷患处。不宜与川乌、制川乌、草乌、制草乌、附子同用;生品内服宜慎。雷公藤(C错)的主要毒性物质为雷公藤甲素与雷公藤醋酸乙酯。黄药子(E错)毒性与薯蓣皂苷、薯蓣毒皂苷、二萜内酯类成分如黄独乙素、黄酮类和皂苷类等有关。"} {"Question":"与用药剂量无关的药物不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"副作用"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性作用"},{"key":"C","value":"继发反应"},{"key":"D","value":"后遗作用"},{"key":"E","value":"过敏反应"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是药物不良反应分类。与用药剂量无关的药物不良反应是过敏反应(E对)。中药药物不良反应的病因学分类:(1)与药物剂量有关的中药不良反应:该类型由药物本身或其代谢物所引起,使固有药理作用持续和增强。由于不同个体在药物吸收、分布、代谢及排泄等方面的差异,导致单位时间内药物浓度异常升高,引起有关组织器官的不良反应。其不良反应包括药物的副作用(A错)、毒性作用(B错),以及继发反应(C错)、首剂效应、后遗作用(D错)等。该类型具有剂量依赖性和可预测性,个体易感性差异大,并受年龄、性别、病理状态等因素影响,一旦发生,后果十分严重,甚至可导致死亡。(2)与药物剂量无关的中药不良反应:该类型与药物固有的正常药理作用无关,而与药物变性(如药物有效成分降解产生有害物质)和人体特异体质(指患者的特殊遗传素质)有关。该类型与用药剂量无关,难以预测,经常规的毒理学筛选也很难发现,发生率虽较低,但危险性大,病死率较高。此类伤害又可分为两种。①特异质反应:指由于遗传因素机体产生的不良反应。为患者先天性代谢紊乱表现的特殊形式,即只有在接触某种药物后才表现出来的先天性代谢异常。②变态反应:亦称药物过敏反应。本质上是一类病理性免疫反应,由抗原抗体的相互作用引起,与药物的药理作用无关。过敏反应对机体的危害程度轻重不一,轻者停药后可恢复,重者甚可致死亡。从接触抗原至出现症状,时间差异很大,反应持续时间也不相同。"} {"Question":"某女,56岁。因患类风湿关节炎,服用壮骨关节丸,每日服2次,每次6g。服药月余后,出现纳差,乏力,尿黄如浓茶色,皮肤黄染瘙痒,大便呈灰白色。遂收入院治疗。入院后进行各项检查,化验检查:ALT316U\/L,AST119U\/L,ALP276U\/L,GGT231U\/L,TBiL171μmol\/L,各项肝炎病毒学标志物检测均呈阴性。医师综合分析病情,考虑系药物不良反应,给予系统治疗。上述案例提示,为避免或减少壮骨关节丸不良反应的发生,在患者用药前,药师应进行用药指导,重点强调服药疗程、间隔时间及相关检查。关于该药服用方法的描述,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疗程30天,间隔5天"},{"key":"B","value":"疗程30天,间隔7天"},{"key":"C","value":"疗程30天,间隔15天"},{"key":"D","value":"疗程60天,间隔7天"},{"key":"E","value":"疗程60天,间隔15天"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药的不良反应。关于壮骨关节丸服用方法的描述,正确的是疗程30天,间隔15天(C对)。壮骨关节丸的用药指导:①建议患者应严格遵医嘱用药,避免大剂量、长期连续用药;一旦出现纳差、尿黄、皮肤黄染等症状应及时停药就医。②肝功能不全、孕妇及哺乳期妇女禁用。定期检査肝功能。③30天为一疗程,长期服用者每疗程之间间隔10~20天。"} {"Question":"长期大剂量服用黄药子引起中毒的机理是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"使心脏停止于收缩期"},{"key":"B","value":"毒性成分可透过血脑屏障,产生中毒症状"},{"key":"C","value":"损害肝细胞而发生黄疸"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制呼吸中枢及周围神经系统"},{"key":"E","value":"兴奋中枢神经系统及血管运动中枢"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片的不良反应。长期大剂量服用黄药子引起中毒的机理是损害肝细胞而发生黄疸(C对)。黄药子的不良反应表现:目前临床报道的与黄药子及其制剂相关的安全性问题主要是肝毒性,且有死亡病例发生。其肝损害的临床表现,以混合性损伤为主,兼有肝细胞损伤和胆汁淤积的症状,且损伤程度和剂量与给药时间有关。实验室检查血ALT、AST、STB等显著升高。一般常见症状为乏力、纳差、尿黄、头晕、厌油腻,有的伴有巩膜、皮肤黄染,瘙痒,大便灰白等,严重者表现为急性肝炎等,有的患者伴有胆囊炎。大剂量服用可引起恶心、呕吐、脱发等症状。文献报道黄药子亦可引起肾损害和甲状腺损害,临床应用过程中应注意加强监测。可能的机制:研究提示其毒性与薯蓣皂苷、薯蓣毒皂苷、二萜内酯类成分如黄独乙素、黄酮类和皂苷类等有关。使心脏停止于收缩期(A错)为蟾酥及含蟾酥的中成药的中毒机制。蟾酥及含蟾酥的中成药的中毒机制:主要毒性成分是强心苷(蟾酥毒素),还含有儿茶酚胺类化合物、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素等。蟾蜍毒素有洋地黄样作用,小剂量能使心肌收缩力增强,大剂量则使心脏停止于收缩期。毒性成分可透过血脑屏障,产生中毒症状(B错)为含朱砂、轻粉、红粉的中成药的中毒机制。含朱砂、轻粉、红粉的中成药的中毒机制:此类药物含汞,属汞中毒。机体吸收后迅速弥散到各个器官和组织,并可通过血-脑屏障进入脑组织,产生各种中毒症状。抑制呼吸中枢及周围神经系统(D错)为罂粟壳的中毒机制。罂粟壳的不良反应表现:罂粟壳中含有的主要成分是吗啡、可待因、罂粟碱等,罂粟壳中毒与其所含的主要成分吗啡有关。其临床表现为昏睡或昏迷,抽搐,呼吸浅表而不规则,恶心、呕吐、腹泻,面色苍白,发绀、瞳孔极度缩小呈针尖样,血压下降等。目前文献报道的病例报告中,罂粟碱中毒均体现在婴幼儿中,可能因为婴儿中枢神经系统、肝、肾、酶系统等发育未成熟,对中药较敏感,易引起中毒。可能的机制:吗啡对大脑皮质感觉区、延髓呼吸及咳嗽中枢均有抑制作用,严重者可因呼吸抑制而死亡。少数合并抽搐,抽搐可能与呼吸抑制引起脑细胞缺氧、水肿有关。兴奋中枢神经系统及血管运动中枢(E错)为马钱子及含马钱子的中成药的中毒机制。马钱子及含马钱子的中成药的中毒机制:马钱子含番木鳖碱即士的宁,毒性大。成人服用5~10mg即可中毒,一次服用30mg即可致死。番木鳖碱首先兴奋中枢神经系统,引起脊髓强直性痉挛,继而兴奋呼吸中枢及血管运动中枢。"} {"Question":"过量服用含马钱子的中成药会引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"面部肌肉紧张,痉挛,角弓反张,惊厥"},{"key":"B","value":"四肢抽搐,牙关紧闭,心律失常"},{"key":"C","value":"大汗,头昏目眩,口唇黏膜糜烂,脱发"},{"key":"D","value":"吐血,咯血,便血,尿血,黄疸"},{"key":"E","value":"口腔黏膜充血,牙齿肿胀溃疡,少尿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是马钱子及含马钱子的中成药的中毒表现。过量服用含马钱子的中成药会引起面部肌肉紧张,痉挛,角弓反张,惊厥(A对)。马钱子及含马钱子的中成药的中毒表现:初期出现头晕、头痛、烦躁不安、面部肌肉紧张、吞咽困难;进而伸肌与屈肌同时做极度收缩,发生典型的士的宁惊厥、痉挛,甚至角弓反张,可因呼吸肌痉挛窒息或心力衰竭而死亡。四肢抽搐,牙关紧闭,心律失常(B错)为乌头类药物的中毒表现。乌头类药物的中毒表现:1.神经系统:表现为口舌、四肢及全身麻木,头痛,头晕,精神恍惚,语言不清或小便失禁,继而四肢抽搐、牙关紧闭、呼吸衰竭等。2.循环系统:表现为心悸气短、心律失常、血压下降、面色苍白、口唇发绀、四肢厥冷等。3.消化系统:表现为流涎、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、肠鸣音亢进。吐血,咯血,便血,尿血,黄疸(D错)为雄黄及含雄黄的中成药的中毒表现。雄黄及含雄黄的中成药的中毒表现:1.消化系统表现为口腔咽喉干痛、烧灼感,口中有金属味,流涎,剧烈恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻,严重时类似霍乱。2.各种出血症状,如吐血、咯血、眼结膜充血、鼻衄、便血、尿血等。3.肝肾功能损害而引起转氨酶升高、黄疸、血尿、蛋白尿等。4.严重者因心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭而死亡。5.长期接触可引起皮肤过敏,出现丘疹、疱疹、痤疮样皮疹等。口腔黏膜充血,牙齿肿胀溃疡,少尿(E错)为含朱砂、轻粉、红粉的中成药的中毒表现。含朱砂、轻粉、红粉的中成药的中毒表现:1.消化系统表现为恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻、口中有金属味、流涎、口腔黏膜充血、牙龈肿胀溃烂等。2.泌尿系统表现为少尿、蛋白尿,严重者可发生急性肾功能衰竭。3.神经系统及精神方面症状。中毒表现为大汗,头昏目眩,口唇黏膜糜烂,脱发(C错)为的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"国家药品不良反应监测中心病例报告显示,莲必治注射液不良反应表现为急性肾功能损害、皮疹、头晕、胃肠道反应、过敏样反应等,并在药品不良反应信息通报中进行了相关报告。关于莲必治注射液相关用药指导的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有肾脏疾患的患者应避免使用该药"},{"key":"B","value":"老年人、儿童、哺乳期妇女禁用"},{"key":"C","value":"应避免与氨基糖苷类等有肾毒性药物联合使用"},{"key":"D","value":"严格掌握适应证,加强对用药患者肾功能的监测"},{"key":"E","value":"如患者用药后出现腰痛、腰酸等,应立即到医院就诊,检查肾功能情况"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是莲必治注射液的用药指导。对于老年人、儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女以及有肾脏疾患的患者应避免使用莲必治注射液(B错,为本题正确答案)。莲必治注射液的用药指导:①临床医生严格掌握适应证,加强对用药患者肾功能的监测(D对)。②避免与氨基糖苷类等有肾毒性药物联合使用(C对)。③对于老年人、儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女以及有肾脏疾患的患者应避免使用(A对)。④患者用药后出现腰痛、腰酸等症状,应立即到医院就诊,检查肾功能情况(E对)。"} {"Question":"某女,35岁。因银屑病口服复方青黛丸,每日3次,每次6g,服药23天后,出现乏力、恶心、腹胀、纳差。检查结果显示患者肝功能异常,临床诊断为药物性肝损伤。排除了其他因素后,停用复方青黛丸,肝功能逐步恢复正常。查阅患者病历,患者2年前服用该药20天,也曾出现相同症状。该患者肝功能异常的不良反应与复方青黛丸之间的因果关系应评价为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"很可能"},{"key":"B","value":"可能"},{"key":"C","value":"可能无关"},{"key":"D","value":"肯定"},{"key":"E","value":"无法评价"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是药品不良反应\/事件报告表。因银屑病口服复方青黛丸,每日3次,每次6g,服药23天后,出现乏力、恶心、腹胀、纳差。检查结果显示患者肝功能异常,临床诊断为药物性肝损伤。排除了其他因素后,停用复方青黛丸,肝功能逐步恢复正常。查阅患者病历,患者2年前服用该药20天,也曾出现相同症状。该患者肝功能异常的不良反应与复方青黛丸之间的因果关系应评价为肯定(D对)。国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)发布的《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》将不良反应与药品的关联程度分为六个级别:肯定、很可能、可能、可能无关、待评价、无法评价。其中待评价和无法评价是指因为资料不足,难以评价不良反应与药品之间的关联性。关联性评价标准:①肯定:用药及反应发生时间顺序合理;停药以后反应停止,或迅速减轻或好转(根据机体免疫状态某些ADR反应可出现在停药数天以后);再次使用,反应再现,并可能明显加重(即激发试验阳性);同时有文献资料佐证;并已排除原患疾病等其他混杂因素影响。②很可能(A错):无重复用药史,余同“肯定”或虽然有合并用药,但基本可排除合并用药导致反应发生的可能性。③可能(B错):用药与反应发生时间关系密切,同时有文献资料佐证;但引发ADR的药品不止一种,或原患疾病病情进展因素不能除外。④可能无关(C错):ADR与用药时间相关性不密切,反应表现与已知该药ADR不相吻合,原患疾病发展同样可能有类似的临床表现。⑤待评价:报表内容填写不齐全,等待补充后再评价,或因果关系难以定论,缺乏文献资料佐证。⑥无法评价(E错):报表缺项太多,因果关系难以定论,资料又无法补充。"} {"Question":"因过量服用,可导致心律失常的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"B","value":"川乌"},{"key":"C","value":"蜂毒"},{"key":"D","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"E","value":"斑蝥"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是乌头类药物的中毒表现。因过量服用,可导致心律失常的药物是川乌(B对)。乌头类药物:(一)乌头类药物和含乌头类药物的中成药:1.中药材:川乌、草乌、附子、雪上一枝蒿等。2.中成药:追风丸、追风透骨丸、三七伤药片、附子理中丸、金匮肾气丸、木瓜丸、小金丸、风湿骨痛胶囊、祛风止痛片、祛风舒筋丸、正天丸、右归丸等。(一)中毒机制:主要有毒成分为乌头碱,一般中毒量为0.2mg,致死量为2~4mg。其毒性主要作用于神经系统,尤其是迷走神经等,使其先兴奋后抑制,并可直接作用于心脏,产生异常兴奋,可致心律失常,甚至引起室颤而死亡。(二)中毒表现 :1.神经系统:表现为口舌、四肢及全身麻木,头痛,头晕,精神恍惚,语言不清或小便失禁,继而四肢抽搐、牙关紧闭、呼吸衰竭等。2.循环系统:表现为心悸气短、心律失常、血压下降、面色苍白、口唇发绀、四肢厥冷等。3.消化系统:表现为流涎、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、肠鸣音亢进。雄黄(A错)及含雄黄的中成药:(一)含雄黄的中成药:牛黄解毒丸(片)、六神丸、喉症丸、安宫牛黄丸、牛黄清心丸、牛黄镇惊丸、牛黄抱龙丸、牛黄至宝丸、追风丸、牛黄醒消丸、紫金锭(散)、三品等。(一)中毒机制:雄黄主要成分含二硫化二砷,此外还含有少量三氧化二砷。砷盐毒性较大,进入体内后,蓄积和分布于体内各组织,主要分布在肝、肾、脾等内脏及指甲、毛发等部位。砷对机体的毒性作用是多方面的,首先危害神经细胞,使中枢神经中毒,产生一系列中毒症状,并直接影响毛细血管通透性。也可使血管舒缩中枢麻痹,而导致毛细血管扩张,并可引起肝、肾、脾、心脏等血管的脂肪变性和坏死。(二)中毒表现 :1.消化系统表现为口腔咽喉干痛、烧灼感,口中有金属味,流涎,剧烈恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻,严重时类似霍乱。2.各种出血症状,如吐血、咯血、眼结膜充血、鼻衄、便血、尿血等。3.肝肾功能损害而引起转氨酶升高、黄疸、血尿、蛋白尿等。4.严重者因心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭而死亡。5.长期接触可引起皮肤过敏,出现丘疹、疱疹、痤疮样皮疹等。蜂毒(B错)能导致溶血,也具肾毒性,应用时要严格限制剂量。肉桂(D错)过量会发生血尿,同时又是妊娠慎用中药。斑蝥(E错)的肾毒性极强,主要含有斑蝥酸酐,超量内服、外用或制药不慎均可引起中毒。因毒性强,发病迅速,故若治疗不及时可致肾功能不能完全恢复甚至死亡。"} {"Question":"苍耳子的主要不良反应是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"导致精子产生和成熟发生障碍,抑制女性患者的卵巢功能"},{"key":"B","value":"恶心呕吐,腹痛腹泻,重者可见黄疸、肝肿大、消化道出血"},{"key":"C","value":"直接作用于中枢神经系统,甚或因呼吸中枢完全麻痹而致死"},{"key":"D","value":"血小板、白细胞、血红蛋白减少,并可发生急性粒细胞减少"},{"key":"E","value":"心律失常,如心率减慢、早搏、房室传导阻滞"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片的不良反应。苍耳子的主要不良反应是恶心呕吐,腹痛腹泻,重者可见黄疸、肝肿大、消化道出血(B对)。苍耳子的不良反应表现:①消化系统:恶心、呕吐,腹痛、腹泻,重者可见黄疸、肝肿大、消化道出血等。②神经系统:头痛、头晕等。③循环系统:胸闷、心慌气短、血压下降、心律失常、房室传导阻滞等。④呼吸系统:呼吸困难、呼吸节律不整、肺水肿等。⑤泌尿系统:水肿、少尿、尿闭、血尿、尿失禁、肾功能异常、急性肾功能衰竭等。⑥其他:见于报道的还有血小板减少性紫癜、神经性水肿、声哑、喉头水肿、喉梗塞等。导致精子产生和成熟发生障碍,抑制女性患者的卵巢功能(A错)与血小板、白细胞、血红蛋白减少,并可发生急性粒细胞减少(D错)为雷公藤的主要不良反应。雷公藤的不良反应表现:①消化系统:腹痛、腹泻,恶心、呕吐,食欲不振,肝损害,少数可致伪膜性肠炎,严重者可致消化道出血。②血液系统:血小板、白细胞、血红蛋白减少,严重者可发生急性粒细胞减少、再生障碍性贫血等。③生殖系统:对男性患者雷公藤可抑制精细胞中酶的活性,导致精子产生和成熟发生障碍,表现为精子数量显著减少,长期用药还会导致性欲减退、睾丸萎缩;对女性患者雷公藤可抑制其卵巢功能,表现为月经紊乱、经量减少、卵巢早衰。④神经系统:头晕、乏力、失眠、听力减退、嗜睡、复视,还可引起周围神经炎。⑤泌尿系统:主要表现为急性肾功能衰竭,服药后迅速出现或逐渐发生少尿、水肿、血尿、蛋白尿、管型尿、腰痛或伴肾区叩击痛,常常发生于过量中毒时。⑥心血管系统:心悸、胸闷、心动过缓、气短、心律失常、心电图改变(ST-T改变),严重者可见血压急剧下降,个别出现室颤、心源性休克而死亡。⑦皮肤黏膜损害:皮肤糜烂、溃疡、斑丘疹、荨麻疹、瘙痒等。直接作用于中枢神经系统,甚或因呼吸中枢完全麻痹而致死(C错)为细辛的主要不良反应。细辛的不良反应表现:细辛中的挥发油直接作用于中枢神经系统,最终可因呼吸中枢完全麻痹而致死。细辛的急性毒性对小鼠肺、肝、肾等重要脏器均有明显损害,其中对肺脏的病理损害最为严重。细辛中毒时,常可出现头痛、呕吐、出汗、口渴、烦躁不安、面赤、呼吸急促、脉数、瞳孔散大,体温血压均升高;个别出现心慌、气短、胸闷,动则加重,窦性心动过速及双下肢水肿等急性心力衰竭症状,或精神紧张,失眠,胆小易惊,心悸、濒死感,面色萎黄灰暗,多发性阵发性窦性心动过速等心律失常伴自主神经紊乱等。严重者可出现牙关紧闭、角弓反张、意识不清、四肢抽搐、尿闭,最后因呼吸麻痹而死亡。心律失常,如心率减慢、早搏、房室传导阻滞(E错)为香加皮的主要不良反应。香加皮的不良反应表现:①消化系统:主要为恶心、呕吐、腹泻等胃肠道症状。②心血管系统:主要为心律失常,如心率减慢、早搏、房室传导阻滞等。动物毒性实验表明香加皮中毒后多表现为血压先升而后下降、心肌收缩力增强、每分钟心输出量增加,继而心输出量减弱、心律失常,乃至心肌纤颤而死亡。"} {"Question":"可用于半夏中毒解救的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二巯基丙醇类"},{"key":"B","value":"尼可刹米"},{"key":"C","value":"肾上腺素"},{"key":"D","value":"苯巴比妥钠"},{"key":"E","value":"阿托品"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是半夏中毒的解救方法。可用于半夏中毒解救的药是尼可刹米(B对)。二巯基丙醇类(A错)可用于雄黄及含雄黄的中成药的中毒解救。雄黄及含雄黄的中成药的中毒解救:1.清除毒物,如催吐、洗胃、导泻、输液,服用牛奶、蛋清、豆浆、药用炭等吸附毒物,保护黏膜,必要时可应用二巯基丙醇类。2.纠正水液代谢和电解质紊乱,抗休克、肾透析等对症治疗。3.甘草、绿豆煎汤饮用,也可用中医对症治疗。肾上腺素(C错)与苯巴比妥钠(D错)可用于蓖麻子的不良反应救治。蓖麻子的不良反应救治:(1)用1:4000高锰酸钾或2%~3%药用炭洗胃,口服5mg酒石酸锑钾催吐,用50%硫酸镁或硫酸钠导泻。而后口服牛奶、蛋清、冷米汤等保护胃黏膜。(2)对症治疗:①如有惊厥,可给予镇静剂苯巴比妥钠或水合氯醛等。②剧烈呕吐、腹泻时,可静脉滴注葡萄糖氯化钠注射液和乳酸钠注射液,并给予止吐剂,心力衰竭时用强心剂。③出现溶血时,可用激素,并给予补血药。有心律失常时,可给利多卡因抗心律失常。④如有条件,可皮下注射抗蓖麻毒血清并输血。出现过敏休克时,皮下注射肾上腺素,静脉输入10%葡萄糖注射液、多巴胺、地塞米松、维生素C。然后用5%葡萄糖注射液加氢化可的松、间羟胺、山梗菜碱、氨茶碱抢救。(3)中药治疗:①仙人掌30g,捣烂如泥,加适量肥皂水灌肠。②甘草30g、沙参15g、金银花15g、黄连9g、云茯苓3g,水煎,早晚各服1次。③防风30g、甘草15g,水煎至200ml,顿服。阿托品(E错)可用于乌头类药物的中毒解救。乌头类药物的中毒解救:1.清除毒物,在无惊厥及严重心律失常情况下,反复催吐、洗胃。2.肌内注射阿托品0.5~1.0mg,根据病情可注射数次。如未见症状改善或出现阿托品毒性反应,可改用利多卡因静脉注射或静脉滴注。3.对呼吸衰竭、昏迷及休克等垂危患者,酌情对症治疗。4.绿豆、甘草、生姜、蜂蜜等煎汤内服。"} {"Question":"内含雄黄的中成药为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风湿定片"},{"key":"B","value":"大活络丸"},{"key":"C","value":"疏风定痛丸"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄千金散"},{"key":"E","value":"牛黄解毒丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是医疗用毒性中药的内容。内含雄黄的中成药为牛黄解毒丸(E对)。含雄黄的中成药:牛黄解毒丸(片)、六神丸、喉症丸、安宫牛黄丸、牛黄清心丸、牛黄镇惊丸、牛黄抱龙丸、牛黄至宝丸、追风丸、牛黄醒消丸、紫金锭(散)、三品等。大活络丸(B错)所含附子,属于乌头类药物。乌头类药物:(一)乌头类药物和含乌头类药物的中成药:1.中药材:川乌、草乌、附子、雪上一枝蒿等。2.中成药:追风丸、追风透骨丸、三七伤药片、附子理中丸、金匮肾气丸、木瓜丸、小金丸、风湿骨痛胶囊、祛风止痛片、祛风舒筋丸、正天丸、右归丸等。疏风定痛丸(C错)含马钱子。含马钱子的中成药:九分散、山药丸、舒筋丸、疏风定痛丸、伤科七味片等。牛黄千金散(D对)含朱砂。含朱砂、轻粉、红粉的中成药:牛黄清心丸、牛黄抱龙丸、抱龙丸、朱砂安神丸、天王补心丸、安神补脑丸、苏合香丸、人参再造丸、安宫牛黄丸、牛黄千金散、牛黄镇惊丸、紫雪散、梅花点舌丸、紫金锭(散)、磁朱丸、更衣丸、复方芦荟胶囊。风湿定片(A错)的药物组成,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"士的宁的致死量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"30mg"},{"key":"B","value":"5~10mg"},{"key":"C","value":"2~4mg"},{"key":"D","value":"0.5mg"},{"key":"E","value":"0.2mg"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,43岁。患乳腺增生病,症见双侧乳房疼痛并出现肿块,月经前加重,经后缓解,乳房肿块大小不一、边界不清,时伴胸闷胁胀,善郁易怒,月经失调,心烦口苦。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛黄化毒片"},{"key":"B","value":"乳康片"},{"key":"C","value":"乳疾灵颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"乳增宁胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"乳癖消胶囊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是乳癖的辨证论治。某女,43岁。患乳腺增生病,症见双侧乳房疼痛并出现肿块,月经前加重,经后缓解,乳房肿块大小不一、边界不清,时伴胸闷胁胀,善郁易怒,月经失调,心烦口苦。宜选用的中成药是乳增宁胶囊(D对)。乳癖,是乳腺组织的既非炎症也非肿瘤的良性增生性疾病。临床特点是单侧或双侧乳房疼痛并出现肿块,乳痛和肿块与月经周期及情志变化密切相关。乳房肿块大小不等,形态不一,边界不清,质地不硬,活动度好。常见于中青年妇女,是临床最常见的乳房疾病。西医学的乳腺小叶增生、乳房囊性增生等疾病表现为上述症状者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)肝郁痰凝证:【症状】多见于青壮年妇女。乳房肿块,质韧不坚,胀痛或刺痛,症状常随喜怒消长;伴胸闷胁胀,善郁易怒,失眠多梦,心烦口苦。舌苔薄黄,脉弦滑。【中成药应用】常用中成药有乳核散结片、乳疾灵颗粒(C错)、乳康片(B错)。(二)冲任失调证:【症状】多见于中年妇女。乳房肿块月经前加重,经后缓解;伴腰膝酸软,神疲倦怠,月经失调,量少色淡,或闭经。舌质淡,苔白,脉沉细。【中成药应用】常用中成药有乳增宁胶囊。牛黄化毒片(A错)为乳痈热毒炽盛证的中成药应用。乳痈热毒炽盛证:【症状】乳房肿痛加剧,皮肤焮红灼热,继之肿块变软,有应指感;或溃后脓出不畅,红肿热痛不消,有“传囊”现象;伴壮热不退,口渴喜饮,便秘溲赤。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉洪数。【中成药应用】常用中成药有牛黄化毒片、九一散。乳癖消胶囊(E错):【功能】软坚散结,活血消痈,清热解毒。【主治】痰热互结所致的乳癖、乳痈,症见乳房结节、数目不等、大小形态不一、质地柔软,或产后乳房结块、红热疼痛;乳腺增生、乳腺炎早期见上述证候者。"} {"Question":"滴耳油的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋肾平肝"},{"key":"B","value":"清热化湿,健脾止泻"},{"key":"C","value":"清热解毒,消肿止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"利咽开音,化痰散结"},{"key":"E","value":"芳香化浊,通鼻窍,去肝胆之火"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是滴耳油的功能。滴耳油的功能是清热解毒,消肿止痛(C对)。滴耳油:【功能】清热解毒,消肿止痛。耳聋左慈丸:【功能】滋肾平肝(A错)。小儿泻速停颗粒:【功能】清热利湿,健脾止泻(B错),缓急止痛。黄氏响声丸:【功能】疏风清热,化痰散结,利咽开音(D错)。藿胆丸:【功能】芳香化浊,清热通窍(E错)。"} {"Question":"治软组织挫伤的成药属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"外科用药"},{"key":"B","value":"内科用药"},{"key":"C","value":"骨伤科用药"},{"key":"D","value":"皮肤科用药"},{"key":"E","value":"五官科用药"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"连翘败毒丸(天津方)的注意事项有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丹毒慎用"},{"key":"B","value":"孕妇忌用"},{"key":"C","value":"疮疡阴证慎用"},{"key":"D","value":"年老体弱者慎用"},{"key":"E","value":"不宜与寒凉性药物同用"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是连翘败毒丸的注意事项。连翘败毒丸(天津方)的注意事项有孕妇忌用(B对)、疮疡阴证慎用(C对)、年老体弱者慎用(D对)。连翘败毒丸【注意事项】孕妇忌用、疮疡阴证慎用、年老体弱者慎用。高血压、心脏病患者慎用。"} {"Question":"乳癖证属于冲任失调的临床表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳房胀痛"},{"key":"B","value":"经前加重"},{"key":"C","value":"腰膝酸软"},{"key":"D","value":"失眠多梦"},{"key":"E","value":"脘胀纳呆"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查的是乳癖的辨证论治。乳癖证属于冲任失调的临床表现为经前加重(B对)与腰膝酸软(C对)。乳癖,是乳腺组织的既非炎症也非肿瘤的良性增生性疾病。临床特点是单侧或双侧乳房疼痛并出现肿块,乳痛和肿块与月经周期及情志变化密切相关。乳房肿块大小不等,形态不一,边界不清,质地不硬,活动度好。常见于中青年妇女,是临床最常见的乳房疾病。西医学的乳腺小叶增生、乳房囊性增生等疾病表现为上述症状者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)肝郁痰凝证:【症状】多见于青壮年妇女。乳房肿块,质韧不坚,胀痛(A错)或刺痛,症状常随喜怒消长;伴胸闷胁胀,善郁易怒,失眠多梦(D错),心烦口苦。舌苔薄黄,脉弦滑。(二)冲任失调证:【症状】多见于中年妇女。乳房肿块月经前加重,经后缓解;伴腰膝酸软,神疲倦怠,月经失调,量少色淡,或闭经。舌质淡,苔白,脉沉细。脘胀纳呆(E错)为月经过少脾虚证的症状。月经过少脾虚证:【症状】经来先后无定,经量多,色淡质稀,神倦乏力,脘腹胀满,纳呆食少。舌淡,苔薄,脉缓。"} {"Question":"某女,29岁。产后2周,患急性乳腺炎,一侧乳房肿胀疼痛,伴壮热不退,皮肤焮红灼热,继之肿块变软,有应指感,口渴喜饮,便秘溲赤;舌质红,苔黄腻,脉洪数,诊断为乳痈,证属热毒炽盛,宜选用的基础方剂为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瓜蒌牛蒡汤合逍遥散"},{"key":"B","value":"五味消毒饮合透脓散"},{"key":"C","value":"逍遥蒌贝散合透脓散"},{"key":"D","value":"逍遥蒌贝散合五味消毒饮"},{"key":"E","value":"二仙汤合四物汤"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查乳痈之热毒炽盛证的基础方剂。产后2周,患急性乳腺炎,一侧乳房肿胀疼痛,伴壮热不退,皮肤焮红灼热,继之肿块变软,有应指感,口渴喜饮,便秘溲赤;舌质红,苔黄腻,脉洪数,诊断为乳痈,证属热毒炽盛,宜选用的基础方剂为五味消毒饮合透脓散(B对)。乳痈之热毒炽盛证【症状】乳房肿痛加剧,皮肤焮红灼热,继之肿块变软,有应指感;或溃后脓出不畅,红肿热痛不消,有“传囊”现象;伴壮热不退,口渴喜饮,便秘溲赤。舌质红,苔黄腻,脉洪数。【方剂应用】基础方剂五味消毒饮(金银花、野菊花、蒲公英、紫花地丁、紫背天葵子)合透脓散(生黄芪、川芎、当归、穿山甲、皂角刺)加减。乳痈之气滞热壅证【症状】乳汁郁积结块,皮色不变或微红,肿胀疼痛;伴恶寒发热,周身酸楚,口渴,便秘。舌苔薄,脉数。【方剂应用】基础方剂瓜蒌牛蒡汤(A错)(瓜蒌仁、牛蒡子、天花粉、黄芩、山栀、金银花、连翘、皂角刺、青皮、陈皮、柴胡、生甘草)加减。乳癖之肝郁痰凝证【症状】多见于青壮年妇女。乳房肿块,质韧不坚,胀痛或刺痛,症状常随喜怒消长;伴胸闷胁胀,善郁易怒,失眠多梦,心烦口苦。舌苔薄黄,脉弦滑。【方剂应用】基础方剂逍遥蒌贝散(C错)(柴胡、当归、白芍、茯苓、白术、瓜蒌、贝母、半夏、南星、生牡蛎、山慈菇)加减。乳癖之冲任失调证【症状】多见于中年妇女。乳房肿块月经前加重,经后缓解;伴腰膝酸软,神疲倦怠,月经失调,量少色淡,或闭经。舌质淡,苔白,脉沉细。【方剂应用】基础方剂二仙汤(仙茅、淫羊藿、当归、巴戟天、黄柏、知母)合四物汤(E错)(当归、川芎、芍药、熟地黄)加减。"} {"Question":"藏药理论认为,土元和水元生","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"苦味"},{"key":"B","value":"甘味"},{"key":"C","value":"辛味"},{"key":"D","value":"涩味"},{"key":"E","value":"咸味"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是藏药的六味。藏药理论认为,土元和水元生甘味(B对)。藏药的六味:甘、酸、咸、苦、辛、涩。药物气味由药物中的五元所决定。土和水元生甘味;火和土元生酸味;火和水元生咸味(E错);水和风元生苦味(A错);火和风元生辛味(C错);土和风元生涩味(D错)。各药味有其自己的功能。"} {"Question":"某男,52岁。胃脘隐痛10余年,嗳气,无烧心反酸,时便秘,舌淡红,苔白,脉沉缓。胃镜检查结果为萎缩性胃炎。宜选用的藏药方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六味安消散"},{"key":"B","value":"二十五味松石丸"},{"key":"C","value":"坐珠达西丸"},{"key":"D","value":"仁青芒觉胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"三十五味沉香丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是仁青芒觉的主治。胃脘隐痛10余年,嗳气,无烧心反酸,时便秘,舌淡红,苔白,脉沉缓。胃镜检查结果为萎缩性胃炎。宜选用的藏药方剂是仁青芒觉(D对)胶囊。仁青芒觉的功能与主治:清热解毒,益肝养胃,明目醒神,愈疮,滋补强身。用于自然毒、食物毒、配制毒等各种中毒症;“培根木布”,消化道溃疡,急慢性胃肠炎,萎缩性胃炎,腹水,麻风病等。六味安消散(A错)的功能与主治:和胃健脾,消积导滞,活血止痛。用于脾胃不和,积滞内停所致的胃痛胀满、消化不良、便秘、痛经。二十五味松石丸(B错)的功能与主治:清热解毒,疏肝利胆,化痰。用于肝郁气滞,血瘀,肝中毒,肝痛,肝硬化,肝渗水及各种急、慢性肝炎和胆囊炎。坐珠达西丸(C错)的功能与主治:疏肝,健胃,清热,愈溃疡,消肿。用于“木布”病,胃脘嘈杂,吐泻胆汁,急腹痛及陈旧内科疾病,水肿等。三十五味沉香丸(E错)的功能与主治:清瘟泻热,宽胸益肺,祛风通痹。"} {"Question":"能消炎解毒、和胃止酸、消食化痞的藏成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"洁白丸"},{"key":"B","value":"仁青常觉"},{"key":"C","value":"大月晶丸"},{"key":"D","value":"八味沉香散"},{"key":"E","value":"十一味金色丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是大月晶丸的功能与主治。能消炎解毒、和胃止酸、消食化痞的藏成药是大月晶丸(C对)。大月晶丸的功能与主治:消炎解毒,和胃止酸,消食化痞。洁白丸(A错)的功能与主治:健脾和胃,止痛止吐,分清泌浊。用于胸腹胀满,胃脘疼痛,消化不良,呕吐泄泻,小便不利。仁青常觉(B错)的功能与主治:清热解毒,调和滋补。用于“隆、赤巴、培根”各病,陈旧性胃肠炎、溃疡,“木布”病,萎缩性胃炎,各种中毒症;梅毒,麻风,陈旧热病,炭疽,疖痛,干黄水,化脓等。八味沉香散(D错):的功能与主治:清心热,养心,安神,开窍。用于热病攻心,神昏谵语;冠心病,心绞痛。十一味金色丸(E错)的功能与主治:清热解毒,化瘀。用于胆囊痞肿,巩膜黄染,消化不良,中毒症。对黄疸性肝病疗效最佳。"} {"Question":"维吾尔药的药性,系指根据药物作用于机体后发生的不同反应和疗效而决定的药物属性。不属于维吾尔药药性的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热"},{"key":"B","value":"湿"},{"key":"C","value":"寒"},{"key":"D","value":"干"},{"key":"E","value":"凉"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是维吾尔药基础理论。维吾尔药的药性,系指根据药物作用于机体后发生的不同反应和疗效而决定的药物属性。不属于维吾尔药药性的是凉(E错,为本题正确答案)。维吾尔药的药性,系指根据药物作用于机体后发生的不同反应和疗效而决定的药物属性。这种药物的属性,称为药物的气质,又称药物的性质,简称药性。维吾尔医认为,药物的药性分为热(A对)、湿(B对)、寒(C对)、干(D对)四种,还有相当部分的药物具有混合的药物属性,即:干热、湿热、湿寒、干寒。还有一部分药物药性平和,称为“平”。"} {"Question":"蒙医用药法规定,应从小剂量试服至常用量的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有毒类药"},{"key":"B","value":"峻烈类药"},{"key":"C","value":"过寒性药"},{"key":"D","value":"过热性药"},{"key":"E","value":"中性类药"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是蒙药的用药剂量。蒙医用药法规定,应从小剂量试服至常用量的有有毒类药(A对)、峻烈类药(B对)、过寒性药(C对)与过热性药(D对)。蒙药的用药剂量:临床用药剂量应根据药物性质、剂型、病情轻重以及患者年龄、性别、体质等情况而定。一般有毒、峻烈、过热或过寒性药,用量宜小,从小剂量试服至常用量;汤剂的用量比丸剂为重,单味药量应比复方为重;轻病用量不必过重,重病则适当增加;老年人、儿童、妇女及体弱者用药剂量宜小。"} {"Question":"根据藏药八性理论,水元偏盛的药物性能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"热,锐"},{"key":"B","value":"凉,钝"},{"key":"C","value":"轻,糙"},{"key":"D","value":"柔,软"},{"key":"E","value":"重,腻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是藏药八性理论。根据藏药八性理论,水元偏盛的药物性能是凉,钝(B对)。八性:重、腻、凉、钝、轻、糙、热、锐。八性源于五元,其中土元偏盛药物性能则重、腻(E错);水元偏盛药物性能则凉、钝;火元偏盛药物性能则热、锐(A错);风元偏盛药物性能则轻、糙(C错)。重、腻两性对治特性为轻、糙的隆病;凉、钝两性对治特性为热、锐的赤巴病;轻、糙、热、锐四性对治特性为重、柔、寒、钝的培根病。"} {"Question":"水丸易吸收空气中的水分,引起","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"霉变"},{"key":"B","value":"虫蛀"},{"key":"C","value":"松碎"},{"key":"D","value":"黏结"},{"key":"E","value":"融化"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是丸剂的变异现象。水丸易吸收空气中的水分,引起霉变(A对)、虫蛀(B对)与松碎(C对)。水丸、糊丸:水丸、糊丸含药物原粉较多,易吸收空气中的水分,容易发生霉变、虫蛀、松碎等。宜密封置于干燥处。黏结(D错)指粘连,温度过高或受潮时片剂、胶囊剂、胶剂、栓剂可能发生粘连,应置阴凉干燥处贮存,且应注意避免挤压。容易融化(E错)的中成药剂型,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"妊娠慎用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"B","value":"牛黄上清丸"},{"key":"C","value":"香砂养胃丸"},{"key":"D","value":"天王补心丸"},{"key":"E","value":"丸味羌活丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是妊娠慎用的中成药。妊娠慎用的中成药是牛黄上清丸(B对)。《中国药典》收载的妊娠慎用的主要品种有:十香止痛丸、三妙丸、三黄片、万氏牛黄清心丸、万应胶囊、万应锭、山玫胶囊、川芎茶调丸(散、片、颗粒)、女金丸、马应龙八宝眼膏、马应龙麝香痔疮膏、天麻丸、木香分气丸、木香顺气丸、五虎散、少林风湿跌打膏、牛黄上清丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、牛黄清心丸、气滞胃痛片(颗粒)、分清五淋丸、丹七片、丹红化瘀口服液、风痛安胶囊、乌军治胆片、乌蛇止痒丸、心可舒片、心荣口服液、正心泰片(胶囊)、四方胃片、四妙丸、白癜风胶囊、朴沉化郁丸、当归拈痛丸、竹沥达痰丸、伤湿止痛膏、华山参片、血脂康胶囊、灯台叶颗粒、安宫牛黄丸(散)、安宫降压丸、防风通圣丸(颗粒)、妇乐颗粒、妇炎净胶囊、妇科分清片、妇康宁片、芪参益气滴丸、抗骨髓炎片、抗感口服液(颗粒)、利胆片、利鼻片、沉香化气丸、补脾益肠丸、附子理中丸(片)、枣仁安神胶囊、明目上清片、固本统血颗粒、乳宁颗粒、乳核散结片、乳康胶囊、乳增宁胶囊、乳癖消片(胶囊、颗粒)、京万红软膏、泻痢消胶囊、珍黄胶囊(珍黄丸)、荜铃胃痛颗粒、栀子金花丸、胃乃安胶囊、胃脘舒颗粒、胃康胶囊、骨仙片、复方大青叶合剂、复方川贝精片、复方丹参片(颗粒、滴丸)、复方血栓通胶囊、复方陈香胃片、复方青黛丸、复方珍珠暗疮片、复方蛤青片、复方滇鸡血藤膏(复方鸡血藤膏)、复明片、保心片、胆石通胶囊、独一味胶囊(片)、养心氏片、活血止痛膏、活血通脉片、穿龙骨刺片、冠心生脉口服液、祛风舒筋丸、祖师麻片、桂附理中丸、速效牛黄丸、夏天无片、健胃片、健脑丸(胶囊)、益脑宁片、消痤丸、消渴平片、烫伤油、诺迪康胶囊、通关散、通脉养心口服液、黄疸肝炎丸、黄连上清丸(片)、麻仁滋脾丸、痔宁片、痔炎消颗粒、清肺抑火丸、清胃黄连丸(水丸、大蜜丸)、清咽润喉丸、清膈丸、越鞠保和丸、跌打镇痛膏、舒心口服液(糖浆)、舒肝丸、舒肝平胃丸、舒胸片(胶囊)、舒筋活络酒、痛风定胶囊、湿毒清胶囊、强肾片、疏痛安涂膜剂、稳心颗粒(片、胶囊)、鼻炎康片、鼻咽灵片、镇心痛口服液、糖脉康颗粒、麝香祛痛气雾剂(搽剂)、麝香痔疮栓、麝香跌打风湿膏。六味地黄丸(A错)、香砂养胃丸(C错)、天王补心丸(D错)与九味羌活丸(E错)均不属于妊娠慎用的中成药。"} {"Question":"某男,28岁。于烈日下工作后,出现高热,汗多,头痛面红,烦躁,小便赤;舌红少津,脉洪大。辨证为阳暑,治以白虎汤(石膏、知母、甘草、粳米)。此方中知母应选用的炮制品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐炙品"},{"key":"B","value":"酒炙品"},{"key":"C","value":"生品"},{"key":"D","value":"清炒品"},{"key":"E","value":"麸炒品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查中暑之阳暑的方剂应用。此方中知母应选用的炮制品是生品(C对)。中暑之阳暑【症状】发热汗多,头痛面红,烦躁,胸闷,口渴多饮,溲赤,或兼见恶寒。舌红少津,脉洪大。【方剂应用】1.基础方剂:白虎汤(石膏、知母、甘草、粳米)加减。2.合理用药与用药指导:饮片选择:白虎汤出自东汉《伤寒论》。选用生知母,长于清热泻火,生津润燥,泻肺胃之火;选用生石膏,长于清热泻火,除烦止渴;选用炙甘草,以调和诸药。知母【炮制作用】知母味苦、甘,性寒。归肺、胃、肾经。生品苦寒滑利,具有清热泻火、生津润燥的功能。泻肺、胃之火尤宜生用。多用于外感热病,高热烦渴,肺热燥咳,内热消渴,肠燥便秘。盐知母(A错)可引药下行,专于人肾,增强滋阴降火的作用,善清虚热。常用于肝肾阴亏,虚火上炎,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精。如治阴虚火旺,潮热盗汗,咳嗽略血,耳鸣遗精的大补阴丸。"} {"Question":"某女,51岁。因反复胸闷、胸痛2年余就诊,2年前因琐事与人争吵后,出现左前胸胀痛,伴胸胁胀痛,心悸,休息后缓解,未予重视。此后,胸闷胸痛反复发作,多于情绪波动后症状加重,严重时可放射至左后肩。患者情志抑郁,善太息,纳差,寐欠安,小便黄,大便失调,唇舌紫暗,脉弦涩。既往有慢性乙型肝炎10余年,对酒精过敏。临床给予血脂、肝肾功能、心肌酶谱、心电图及平板运动试验等检查。西医诊断为冠心病心绞痛;中医诊断为胸痹,辨证为气滞血瘀证。处方如下:中药汤剂:柴胡10g,赤芍10g,炒枳壳10g,生甘草10g,桃仁10g,红花9g,生地黄15g,川牛膝10g,当归9g,党参15g,炙乳没(各)6g,桔梗9g,川楝子15g,延胡索粉(分冲)3g。共5剂,水煎服,每日1剂,早、晚分服。中成药:血府逐瘀口服液10ml×12支,每次10ml,3次\/日;复方丹参滴丸25mg×100丸,10丸\/次,3次\/日;速效救心丸40mg×100丸,舌下含服10粒,必要时服用;茵栀黄口服液10ml×10支,每次10ml,3次\/日。该患者在服用中药治疗的第2天,胃脘部不适加重,并伴恶心呕吐症状,执业药师对此种现象的分析,最恰当的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"所服中药汤剂中含有红花,可能存在消化道刺激"},{"key":"B","value":"所服中成药中含有丹参,可能存在消化道刺激"},{"key":"C","value":"所服血府逐瘀口服液中含有酒精,可能存在消化道刺激"},{"key":"D","value":"所服中药剂中含有炙乳没,可能存在消化道刺激"},{"key":"E","value":"所服中药延胡索应该煮后再入药,可避免消化道刺激"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是乳没的使用注意。患者在服用中药治疗的第2天,胃脘部不适加重,并伴恶心呕吐症状,执业药师对此种现象的分析,最恰当的是所服中药剂中含有炙乳没,可能存在消化道刺激(D对)。炙乳没是指乳香和没药。乳香【使用注意】本品味苦活血,入煎剂常致汤液混浊,多服易致呕吐,故用量不宜过大,胃弱呕逆者慎服,孕妇及无血滞者不宜用。没药【使用注意】本品味苦活血,入煎剂常致汤液混浊,胃弱者多服易致呕吐,故用量不宜过大,胃弱呕逆者慎服,孕妇及无血滞者不宜用,疮疡溃后勿服,脓多勿敷。"} {"Question":"处方直接写药名,需调配清炒品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地榆"},{"key":"B","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"C","value":"枳壳"},{"key":"D","value":"龟甲"},{"key":"E","value":"补骨脂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的处方应付实例。酸枣仁处方直接写药名,需调配清炒品的是酸枣仁(B对)。常见的处方应付实例:(1)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配清炒品,如紫苏子、莱菔子、谷芽、麦芽、王不留行、酸枣仁、蔓荆子、苍耳子、牛蒡子、白芥子等。(2)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配麸炒品,如僵蚕、白术、枳壳(C错)等。(3)处方直接写药名(或制),需调配炮制品,如草乌(水制)、川乌(水制)、天南星(矾制)、附子(炮制)、吴茱萸(甘草水制)、远志(甘草水制去心)、厚朴(姜制)、何首乌等。(4)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配烫制品,如龟甲(D错)、鳖甲、穿山甲等。(5)处方直接写药名(或煅),需调配煅制品,如花蕊石、钟乳石、自然铜、金礞石、青礞石、瓦楞子等。(6)处方直接写药名(或炒或炭),需调配炭制品,如干漆、炮姜、地榆(A错)、侧柏叶、蒲黄等。(7)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配蜜炙品,如枇杷叶、马兜铃等。(8)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配醋炙品,如延胡索等。(9)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配盐炙品,如补骨脂(E错)、益智仁等。"} {"Question":"青光眼患者禁用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"闹羊花"},{"key":"B","value":"白附子"},{"key":"C","value":"马钱子"},{"key":"D","value":"洋金花"},{"key":"E","value":"千金子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是部分毒性中药品种的用法用量。青光眼患者禁用的中药是洋金花(D对)。洋金花的注意事项:孕妇、外感及痰热咳喘、青光眼、高血压及心动过速患者禁用。闹羊花(A错)的注意事项:不宜多服、久服。体虚者及孕妇禁用。白附子(B错)的注意事项:孕妇慎用;生品内服宜慎。马钱子(C错)的注意事项:孕妇禁用;不宜生用;不宜多服久服;运动员慎用;有毒成分能经皮肤吸收,外用不宜大面积涂敷。千金子(E错)的注意事项:孕妇禁用。"} {"Question":"中药番红花的正名是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红花"},{"key":"B","value":"藏红花"},{"key":"C","value":"西红花"},{"key":"D","value":"草红花"},{"key":"E","value":"红蓝花"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的中药正名与相关别名。中药番红花的正名是西红花(C对)。中药西红花的别名有藏红花(B错)与番红花。中药红花(A错)的别名有草红花(D错)与红蓝花(E错)。"} {"Question":"按照传统斗谱编排的基本原则,生品入煎剂应后下的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"B","value":"代代花"},{"key":"C","value":"苦杏仁"},{"key":"D","value":"地榆炭"},{"key":"E","value":"桃仁"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是斗谱编排的基本原则。按照传统斗谱编排的基本原则,生品入煎剂应后下的饮片是苦杏仁(C对)。中药斗谱应根据中药的性能和中医处方用药的配伍规律以及医院饮片品种和使用频率、医院专科设置、医院用药特色、医师用药习惯等情况,按照知识性、科学性和方便性、安全性的原则进行设计,合理有序地存放。斗谱编排是否科学、合理,直接影响配方效率和质量,但一般都是根据各药使用的不同频率以及药物的性质而安排的。斗谱编排基本原则:(1)按饮片使用频率排序。常用药物应放在斗架的中上层,便于调剂操作。如黄芪、党参与甘草;当归、白芍与川芎;麦冬、天冬与北沙参;肉苁蓉、巴戟天与补骨脂;金银花、连翘与板蓝根;防风、荆芥与白芷;柴胡、葛根与升麻;砂仁、豆蔻与木香;黄芩、黄连与黄柏;厚朴、香附与延胡索;焦麦芽、焦山楂与焦神曲;酸枣仁、远志与柏子仁;苦杏仁、桔梗与桑白皮;天麻、钩藤与蒺藜;陈皮、枳壳与枳实;附子、干姜与肉桂;山药、泽泻与牡丹皮(A错)等。(2)按饮片的质地轻重排序。质地较轻且用量较少的药物,应放在斗架的高层。如月季花、白梅花与佛手花;玫瑰花、代代花(B错)与厚朴花;地骨皮、千年健与五加皮;络石藤、青风藤与海风藤;密蒙花、谷精草与木贼草等。质地沉重的矿石、化石、贝壳类药物和易于造成污染的药物(如炭药),多放在斗架的较下层。前者如磁石、赭石与紫石英,龙骨、龙齿与牡蛎,石决明、珍珠母与瓦楞子,石膏、寒水石与海蛤壳等;后者如藕节炭、茅根炭与地榆炭(D错),大黄炭、黄芩炭与黄柏炭,艾炭、棕榈炭与蒲黄炭等。质地松泡且用量较大的药物,多放在斗架最低层的大药斗内。如芦根与茅根;茵陈与金钱草;白花蛇舌草与半枝莲;灯心草与通草;竹茹与丝瓜络;薄荷与桑叶;荷叶与荷梗。(3)按饮片药用部位或功效排列。如将饮片按其入药部位分为根茎、皮、花、果实种子、全草、动物、矿物等若干类,或按其功效分为止咳平喘类、理气类、清热类、活血化瘀类等若干类,每类饮片相对集中并逐类按一定顺序排列,这种斗谱排列的特点是分类清楚,便于熟悉记忆,适用于饮片品种少、配方量小的医院。(4)将同一处方中经常一起配伍应用的,如“相须”“相使”配伍的饮片、处方常用的“药对”药物可同放于一个斗中。如麻黄、桂枝;酸枣仁、远志;射干、北豆根;党参、黄芪;桃仁(E错)、红花;杜仲、续断;陈皮、青皮;泽泻、猪苓;山药、薏苡仁;板蓝根、大青叶;辛夷、苍耳子;火麻仁、郁李仁;羌活、独活;苍术、白术;麦冬、天冬;川乌、草乌;知母、浙贝母;蒲公英、紫花地丁;萹蓄、瞿麦;三棱、莪术;乳香、没药;小茴香、橘核。根据各医院、药房的实际情况和用药习惯,在实际编排斗谱时应灵活选择、应用上述原则,初步制定斗谱后,在实际工作中,可根据使用情况随时调整。"} {"Question":"孕妇慎用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逍遥丸"},{"key":"B","value":"五子衍宗丸"},{"key":"C","value":"桂附理中丸"},{"key":"D","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"E","value":"骨刺宁胶囊"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是妊娠禁用、忌用与慎用的中成药。孕妇慎用的中成药是桂附理中丸(C对)。《中国药典》收载的妊娠慎用的主要品种有:十香止痛丸、三妙丸、三黄片、万氏牛黄清心丸、万应胶囊、万应锭、山玫胶囊、川芎茶调丸(散、片、颗粒)、女金丸、马应龙八宝眼膏、马应龙麝香痔疮膏、天麻丸、木香分气丸、木香顺气丸、五虎散、少林风湿跌打膏、牛黄上清丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、牛黄清心丸、气滞胃痛片(颗粒)、分清五淋丸、丹七片、丹红化瘀口服液、风痛安胶囊、乌军治胆片、乌蛇止痒丸、心可舒片、心荣口服液、正心泰片(胶囊)、四方胃片、四妙丸、白癜风胶囊、朴沉化郁丸、当归拈痛丸、竹沥达痰丸、伤湿止痛膏、华山参片、血脂康胶囊、灯台叶颗粒、安宫牛黄丸(散)、安宫降压丸、防风通圣丸(颗粒)、妇乐颗粒、妇炎净胶囊、妇科分清片、妇康宁片、芪参益气滴丸、抗骨髓炎片、抗感口服液(颗粒)、利胆片、利鼻片、沉香化气丸、补脾益肠丸、附子理中丸(片)、枣仁安神胶囊、明目上清片、固本统血颗粒、乳宁颗粒、乳核散结片、乳康胶囊、乳增宁胶囊、乳癖消片(胶囊、颗粒)、京万红软膏、泻痢消胶囊、珍黄胶囊(珍黄丸)、荜铃胃痛颗粒、栀子金花丸、胃乃安胶囊、胃脘舒颗粒、胃康胶囊、骨仙片、复方大青叶合剂、复方川贝精片、复方丹参片(颗粒、滴丸)、复方血栓通胶囊、复方陈香胃片、复方青黛丸、复方珍珠暗疮片、复方蛤青片、复方滇鸡血藤膏(复方鸡血藤膏)、复明片、保心片、胆石通胶囊、独一味胶囊(片)、养心氏片、活血止痛膏、活血通脉片、穿龙骨刺片、冠心生脉口服液、祛风舒筋丸、祖师麻片、桂附理中丸、速效牛黄丸、夏天无片、健胃片、健脑丸(胶囊)、益脑宁片、消痤丸、消渴平片、烫伤油、诺迪康胶囊、通关散、通脉养心口服液、黄疸肝炎丸、黄连上清丸(片)、麻仁滋脾丸、痔宁片、痔炎消颗粒、清肺抑火丸、清胃黄连丸(水丸、大蜜丸)、清咽润喉丸、清膈丸、越鞠保和丸、跌打镇痛膏、舒心口服液(糖浆)、舒肝丸、舒肝平胃丸、舒胸片(胶囊)、舒筋活络酒、痛风定胶囊、湿毒清胶囊、强肾片、疏痛安涂膜剂、稳心颗粒(片、胶囊)、鼻炎康片、鼻咽灵片、镇心痛口服液、糖脉康颗粒、麝香祛痛气雾剂(搽剂)、麝香痔疮栓、麝香跌打风湿膏。《中国药典》收载的妊娠禁用、忌用的主要品种有:二十七味定坤丸、十一味能消丸、十二味翼首散、十香返生丸、十滴水(软胶囊)、七厘胶囊(散)、人参再造丸、九气拈痛丸、九分散、九味肝泰胶囊、九制大黄丸、三七片、三七伤药片(胶囊、颗粒)、三七血伤宁胶囊、三两半药酒、大七厘散、大川芎口服液、大黄清胃丸、大黄䗪虫丸、山楂化滞丸、小金丸(片、胶囊)、小活络丸、马钱子散、开胸顺气丸(胶囊)、天菊脑安胶囊、天麻祛风补片、天舒胶囊、云南白药(胶囊)、云香祛风止痛酊、木瓜丸、木香槟榔丸、五味麝香丸、比拜克胶囊、止咳宝片、止痛化癥胶囊(片)、止痛紫金丸、少腹逐瘀丸、中华跌打丸、牛黄至宝丸、牛黄消炎片、牛黄清宫丸、牛黄解毒丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、片仔癀(胶囊)、化癥回生片、丹桂香颗粒、丹蒌片、风湿马钱片、风湿定片、风湿骨痛胶囊、风寒双离拐片、乌梅丸、六味安消散(胶囊)、六味香连胶囊、心宁片、心脑康胶囊、心脑宁胶囊、心脑静片、心通口服液、心舒胶囊、玉泉胶囊(颗粒)、玉真散、龙泽熊胆胶囊、平消片(胶囊)、白蚀丸、瓜霜退热灵胶囊、冯了性风湿跌打药酒(禁内服、忌擦腹部)、地榆槐角丸、再造丸、西黄丸、当归龙荟丸、伤痛宁片、华佗再造丸、血府逐瘀胶囊(丸、口服液)、血美安胶囊、血栓心脉宁胶囊(片)、壮骨关节丸、壮骨伸筋胶囊、庆余辟瘟丹、关节止痛膏、安宫止血颗粒、如意定喘片、妇炎康片、妇科千金胶囊、妇科通经丸、红灵散、坎离砂、花红胶囊、芪冬颐心颗粒(口服液)、芪蛭降糖胶囊、克咳片、克痢痧胶囊、苏合香丸、医痫丸、尪痹颗粒(片)、抗宫炎胶囊、抗栓再造丸、利胆排石片(颗粒)、利膈丸、伸筋丹胶囊、伸筋活络丸、肛泰软膏、龟龄集、沈阳红药胶囊、补肾益脑丸、灵宝护心丹、尿塞通片、阿魏化痞膏、附桂骨痛片(胶囊、颗粒)、纯阳正气丸、肾炎康复片、肾衰宁胶囊、国公酒、季德胜蛇药片、金佛止痛丸、金黄利胆胶囊、金蒲胶囊、乳块消片(胶囊、颗粒)、乳疾灵颗粒、乳癖散结胶囊、周氏回生丸、治伤胶囊、治咳川贝枇杷滴丸、参附强心丸、茵芪肝复颗粒、荡石胶囊、按摩软膏、胃肠复元膏、骨友灵搽剂、骨折挫伤胶囊、骨刺丸、骨刺宁胶囊(E错)、复方牛黄消炎胶囊、复方牛黄清胃丸、复方珍珠散、复方夏天无片、复方益肝丸、保妇康栓、追风透骨丸、独圣活血片、养血荣筋丸、活血止痛散、宫瘤清胶囊、冠心苏合丸、祛风止痛片、祛伤消肿酊、神香苏合丸、桂枝茯苓胶囊(丸、片)、根痛平颗粒、脑立清丸(胶囊)、狼疮丸、益心丸、益母丸、益母草口服液(颗粒、膏)、消肿止痛酊、消络痛片(胶囊)、消渴灵片、消糜栓、调经止痛片、通天口服液、通心络胶囊、通幽润燥丸、通窍镇痛散、通痹片、桑葛降脂丸、梅花点舌丸、控涎丸、银屑灵膏、得生丸、麻仁润肠丸、痔康片、清宁丸、清泻丸、清眩治瘫丸、清脑降压片(胶囊、颗粒)、清淋颗粒、颈复康颗粒、紫金锭、紫雪散、暑症片、跌打丸、跌打活血散、舒筋丸、舒筋活血定痛散、痧药、痛经丸、疏风定痛丸、暖脐膏、腰痛丸(片)、腰痛宁胶囊、腰痹通胶囊、瘀血痹胶囊(颗粒)、槟榔四消丸(大蜜丸、水丸)、鲜益母草胶囊、熊胆救心丸(熊胆救心丹)、醒脑再造胶囊、礞石滚痰丸、麝香风湿胶囊、麝香抗栓胶囊、麝香保心丸、麝香舒活搽剂(麝香舒活精)、麝香镇痛膏、蠲哮片。逍遥丸(A错)、五子衍宗丸(B错)、六味地黄丸(D错)不属于妊娠禁用、忌用与慎用的中成药。"} {"Question":"使用中药时,需烊化的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阿胶"},{"key":"B","value":"石膏"},{"key":"C","value":"钩藤"},{"key":"D","value":"栀子"},{"key":"E","value":"雷丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。使用中药时,需烊化的饮片是阿胶(A对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏(B错)、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤(C错)、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸(E错)、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。栀子(D错):外用生品适量,研末调敷。"} {"Question":"属贵细药品不能存放在一般药斗内的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"血竭面"},{"key":"B","value":"牛黄"},{"key":"C","value":"罂粟壳"},{"key":"D","value":"阿魏"},{"key":"E","value":"龟甲"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是斗谱排列时应参考的其他原则。属贵细药品不能存放在一般药斗内的药是牛黄(B对)。斗谱排列时还应参考的其他原则:有些药物放在一起可能造成意外事故的发生,因此在摆放时应注意以下几点。(1)属于配伍禁忌的药物,不能装于一斗或上下药斗中。如甘草与京大戟、甘遂、芫花;藜芦与丹参、南沙参、玄参、苦参、白芍、赤芍、细辛;乌头类(附子、川乌及草乌)与半夏的各种炮制品、瓜蒌(瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌子、瓜蒌仁及天花粉);丁香(包括母丁香)与郁金(黄郁金、黑郁金);芒硝(包括玄明粉)与京三棱;肉桂(官桂)与石脂(赤石脂)均不宜放在一起。(2)外观性状相似的饮片,尤其是外观形状相似但功效不同的饮片,不宜排列在一起。如蒲黄与海金沙,紫苏子与菟丝子,山药与天花粉,杏仁与桃仁,厚朴与海桐皮,荆芥与紫苏叶,大蓟与小蓟,炙甘草与炙黄芪,当归与独活,制南星与象贝(浙贝),菟丝子与苏子,熟地与黄精,知母与玉竹,蛇床子与地肤子,玫瑰花与月季花,血余炭与干漆炭,韭菜子与葱子等。(3)药名相近,但性味功效不同的饮片不应排列在一起。如附子与白附子,藜芦与漏芦,天葵子与冬葵子等。(4)同一植物来源但不同部位入药的并且功效不相同的饮片不能排列在一起,如麻黄与麻黄根。(5)为防止灰尘污染,有些中药不宜放在一般的药斗内,而宜存放在加盖的瓷罐中,以保持清洁卫生。如熟地黄、龙眼肉、青黛、玄明粉、松花粉、生蒲黄、乳香面、没药面、儿茶面、血竭面(A错)等。(6)有恶劣气味的药物,不能与其他药物装于一个药斗中。如阿魏(D错)、鸡矢藤等。(7)贵细药品(价格昂贵或稀少的中药)不能存放在一般的药斗内,应设专柜存放,由专人管理,每天清点账物。如牛黄、麝香、西红花、人参、西洋参、羚羊角、鹿茸、珍珠、冬虫夏草、海龙、海马等。(8)毒性中药和麻醉中药应按照有关规定存放,绝不能放于一般药斗内,必须专柜、专锁、专账、专人管理,严防意外事故的发生。如罂粟壳(C错)。龟甲(E错)质地沉重,应放在斗架的较下层。质地沉重的矿石、化石、贝壳类药物和易于造成污染的药物(如炭药),多放在斗架的较下层。前者如磁石、赭石与紫石英,龙骨、龙齿与牡蛎,石决明、珍珠母与瓦楞子,石膏、寒水石与海蛤壳等。"} {"Question":"按照传统斗谱编排的基本原则,宜放置在斗架高层的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"B","value":"代代花"},{"key":"C","value":"苦杏仁"},{"key":"D","value":"地榆炭"},{"key":"E","value":"桃仁"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是斗谱编排的基本原则。按照传统斗谱编排的基本原则,宜放置在斗架高层的饮片是代代花(B对)。中药斗谱应根据中药的性能和中医处方用药的配伍规律以及医院饮片品种和使用频率、医院专科设置、医院用药特色、医师用药习惯等情况,按照知识性、科学性和方便性、安全性的原则进行设计,合理有序地存放。斗谱编排是否科学、合理,直接影响配方效率和质量,但一般都是根据各药使用的不同频率以及药物的性质而安排的。斗谱编排基本原则:(1)按饮片使用频率排序。常用药物应放在斗架的中上层,便于调剂操作。如黄芪、党参与甘草;当归、白芍与川芎;麦冬、天冬与北沙参;肉苁蓉、巴戟天与补骨脂;金银花、连翘与板蓝根;防风、荆芥与白芷;柴胡、葛根与升麻;砂仁、豆蔻与木香;黄芩、黄连与黄柏;厚朴、香附与延胡索;焦麦芽、焦山楂与焦神曲;酸枣仁、远志与柏子仁;苦杏仁(C错)、桔梗与桑白皮;天麻、钩藤与蒺藜;陈皮、枳壳与枳实;附子、干姜与肉桂;山药、泽泻与牡丹皮(A错)等。(2)按饮片的质地轻重排序。质地较轻且用量较少的药物,应放在斗架的高层。如月季花、白梅花与佛手花;玫瑰花、代代花与厚朴花;地骨皮、千年健与五加皮;络石藤、青风藤与海风藤;密蒙花、谷精草与木贼草等。质地沉重的矿石、化石、贝壳类药物和易于造成污染的药物(如炭药),多放在斗架的较下层。前者如磁石、赭石与紫石英,龙骨、龙齿与牡蛎,石决明、珍珠母与瓦楞子,石膏、寒水石与海蛤壳等;后者如藕节炭、茅根炭与地榆炭(D错),大黄炭、黄芩炭与黄柏炭,艾炭、棕榈炭与蒲黄炭等。质地松泡且用量较大的药物,多放在斗架最低层的大药斗内。如芦根与茅根;茵陈与金钱草;白花蛇舌草与半枝莲;灯心草与通草;竹茹与丝瓜络;薄荷与桑叶;荷叶与荷梗。(3)按饮片药用部位或功效排列。如将饮片按其入药部位分为根茎、皮、花、果实种子、全草、动物、矿物等若干类,或按其功效分为止咳平喘类、理气类、清热类、活血化瘀类等若干类,每类饮片相对集中并逐类按一定顺序排列,这种斗谱排列的特点是分类清楚,便于熟悉记忆,适用于饮片品种少、配方量小的医院。(4)将同一处方中经常一起配伍应用的,如“相须”“相使”配伍的饮片、处方常用的“药对”药物可同放于一个斗中。如麻黄、桂枝;酸枣仁、远志;射干、北豆根;党参、黄芪;桃仁(E错)、红花;杜仲、续断;陈皮、青皮;泽泻、猪苓;山药、薏苡仁;板蓝根、大青叶;辛夷、苍耳子;火麻仁、郁李仁;羌活、独活;苍术、白术;麦冬、天冬;川乌、草乌;知母、浙贝母;蒲公英、紫花地丁;萹蓄、瞿麦;三棱、莪术;乳香、没药;小茴香、橘核。根据各医院、药房的实际情况和用药习惯,在实际编排斗谱时应灵活选择、应用上述原则,初步制定斗谱后,在实际工作中,可根据使用情况随时调整。"} {"Question":"重楼的别名是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫河车"},{"key":"B","value":"草河车"},{"key":"C","value":"空沙参"},{"key":"D","value":"东沙参"},{"key":"E","value":"潞党参"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的中药正名与相关别名。重楼的别名是草河车(B对)。草河车为重楼的别名。重楼的别名有七叶一枝花、蚤休、草河车。紫河车(A错)为药材正名。南沙参别名:泡沙参、空沙参(C错)、白沙参、白参。东沙参(D错)为北沙参的别名。北沙参别名:辽沙参、东沙参、莱阳沙参。潞党参(E错)为党参的别名。党参别名:潞党参、台党参、防参。"} {"Question":"湿热泻痢者,忌用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开窍药"},{"key":"B","value":"苦寒药"},{"key":"C","value":"息风药"},{"key":"D","value":"涩肠药"},{"key":"E","value":"淡渗利湿药"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是证候禁忌。湿热泻痢者,忌用涩肠药(D对)。证候禁忌:是指某类或某种中药不适用于某类或某种证候,在使用时应予以避忌的,又名病证禁忌。凡药不对证,即药物的性能功效与所疗疾病的病证相悖,有可能导致病情加重、恶化者,原则上都属于禁忌范围。如体虚多汗者,忌用发汗药,以免加重出汗而伤阴津。阳虚里寒者,忌用寒凉药,以免再伤阳生寒。阴虚内热者,慎用苦寒清热药,以免苦燥伤阴。脾胃虚寒、大便稀溏者,忌用苦寒或泻下药(B错),以免再伤脾胃。阴虚津亏者,忌用淡渗利湿药(E错),以免加重津液的耗伤。火热内炽和阴虚火旺者,忌用温热药,以免助热伤阴。妇女月经过多及崩漏者,忌用破血逐瘀之品,以免加重出血。脱证神昏者,忌用香窜的开窍药(A错),以免耗气伤正。邪实而正不虚者,忌用补虚药;湿热泻痢者,忌用涩肠止泻药,以免闭门留邪。表邪未解者,忌用固表止汗药,以免表邪入里化热。又如体虚多汗者忌用发汗力较强的麻黄;虚喘、高血压及失眠患者,慎用麻黄;湿盛胀满、水肿患者,忌用甘草;麻疹已透及阴虚火旺者,忌用升麻;有肝功能障碍者,忌用黄药子;肾病患者忌用马兜铃;授乳期妇女不宜大量使用麦芽等。慎用息风药(C错)的证候,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"水蛭的内服用量是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"1~3g"},{"key":"B","value":"3~6g"},{"key":"C","value":"3~9g"},{"key":"D","value":"5~9g"},{"key":"E","value":"3~5g"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是现行《中国药典》收载毒性药材和饮片的用法用量。水蛭的内服用量是1~3g(A对)。水蛭:有小毒,用量1~3g。孕妇禁用。3~6g(B错)为全蝎的用量。全蝎:有毒,用量3~6g。孕妇禁用。3~9g(C错)为蕲蛇的用量。蕲蛇:有毒,用量3~9g。研末吞服,每次1~1.5g,每日2~3次。5~9g(D错)为常山的用量。常山:有毒。用量5~9g。孕妇慎用。有催吐副作用,量不宜过大。3~5g(E错)为蜈蚣的用量。蜈蚣:有毒。用量3~5g。孕妇禁用。"} {"Question":"与藜芦相反的药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白蔹"},{"key":"B","value":"苦参"},{"key":"C","value":"丹参"},{"key":"D","value":"细辛"},{"key":"E","value":"白芍"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是十八反的配伍禁忌。与藜芦相反的药有苦参(B对)、丹参(C对)、细辛(D对)与白芍(E对)。十八反列述了三组相反药,分别是:甘草反甘遂、京大戟、海藻、芫花;乌头(川乌、附子、草乌)反半夏、瓜蒌(全瓜蒌、瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌仁、天花粉)、贝母(川贝、浙贝)、白蔹(A错)、白及;藜芦反人参、南沙参、丹参、玄参、苦参、细辛、芍药(赤芍、白芍)。"} {"Question":"木蝴蝶的别名是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灸草"},{"key":"B","value":"白梅花"},{"key":"C","value":"淡大芸"},{"key":"D","value":"白故纸"},{"key":"E","value":"血见愁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的饮片正名与相关别名。木蝴蝶的别名是白故纸(D对)。木蝴蝶别名:玉蝴蝶、千张纸、云故纸、白故纸。灸草(A错)为艾叶的别名。艾叶别名:祁艾、蕲艾、炙草、冰台。白梅花(B错)为中药的正名。淡大芸(C错)为肉苁蓉的别名。肉苁蓉别名:淡大芸。血见愁(E错)为茜草的别名。茜草别名:红茜草、茜草根、茜根、活血丹、血见愁、地血。"} {"Question":"需包煎的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鹿角霜"},{"key":"B","value":"鹿角胶"},{"key":"C","value":"蒲黄"},{"key":"D","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"E","value":"当归"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。需包煎的药是蒲黄(C对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜(A错)、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁(D错)、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶(B错)、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。当归(E错)的特殊煎服法,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"毒性中药的药性峻烈,掌握其用法用量显得尤为重要。内服,用量0.5~1.5g,炮制后多入丸散用的毒性中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生附子"},{"key":"B","value":"蟾酥"},{"key":"C","value":"生甘遂"},{"key":"D","value":"红粉"},{"key":"E","value":"天仙子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是部分毒性中药品种的用法用量。内服,用量0.5~1.5g,炮制后多入丸散用的毒性中药是生甘遂(C对)。生甘遂的用法用量:内服,0.5~1.5g,炮制后多入丸散用。外用适量,生用。注意事项:孕妇禁用,不宜与甘草同用。生附子(A错)的用法用量:用量3~15g。先煎,久煎。注意事项:孕妇慎用;不易与半夏、瓜蒌、瓜蒌子、瓜蒌皮、天花粉、川贝母、浙贝母、平贝母、伊贝母、湖北贝母、白蔹、白及同用。孕妇慎用。蟾酥(B错)的用法用量:0.015~0.03g,多入丸散用。外用适量。注意事项:孕妇慎用。红粉(D错)的用法用量:外用适量,研极细粉单用或与其他药味配伍成散剂或制成药捻。注意事项:只可外用,不可内服。外用亦不宜久用;孕妇禁用。生天仙子(E错)的用法用量:内服,0.06~0.6g。注意事项:心脏病、心动过速、青光眼患者及孕妇禁用。"} {"Question":"审方的内容不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"有无配伍禁忌"},{"key":"B","value":"有无漏写剂量"},{"key":"C","value":"有无超量用药"},{"key":"D","value":"有无漏写药味"},{"key":"E","value":"有无重开药名"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是审方的内容。审方的内容不包括有无漏写药味(D错,为本题正确答案)。药师调剂处方时必须做到“四查十对”:查处方,对科别、姓名、年龄;查药品,对药名(E对)、剂型、规格、数量;查配伍禁忌(A对),对药品性状、用法用量(BC对);查用药合理性,对临床诊断。"} {"Question":"安排饮片斗谱时,不能排于一斗或上下药斗中的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄与桂皮"},{"key":"B","value":"陈皮与青皮"},{"key":"C","value":"酸枣仁与远志"},{"key":"D","value":"乌头与天花粉"},{"key":"E","value":"板蓝根与大青叶"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是斗谱排列时还应参考的其他原则。安排饮片斗谱时,不能排于一斗或上下药斗中的是乌头与天花粉(D对)。中药斗谱应根据中药的性能和中医处方用药的配伍规律以及医院饮片品种和使用频率、医院专科设置、医院用药特色、医师用药习惯等情况,按照知识性、科学性和方便性、安全性的原则进行设计,合理有序地存放。斗谱编排是否科学、合理,直接影响配方效率和质量,但一般都是根据各药使用的不同频率以及药物的性质而安排的。斗谱编排基本原则:(1)按饮片使用频率排序。常用药物应放在斗架的中上层,便于调剂操作。如黄芪、党参与甘草;当归、白芍与川芎;麦冬、天冬与北沙参;肉苁蓉、巴戟天与补骨脂;金银花、连翘与板蓝根;防风、荆芥与白芷;柴胡、葛根与升麻;砂仁、豆蔻与木香;黄芩、黄连与黄柏;厚朴、香附与延胡索;焦麦芽、焦山楂与焦神曲;酸枣仁、远志与柏子仁;苦杏仁、桔梗与桑白皮;天麻、钩藤与蒺藜;陈皮、枳壳与枳实;附子、干姜与肉桂;山药、泽泻与牡丹皮等。(2)按饮片的质地轻重排序。质地较轻且用量较少的药物,应放在斗架的高层。如月季花、白梅花与佛手花;玫瑰花、代代花与厚朴花;地骨皮、千年健与五加皮;络石藤、青风藤与海风藤;密蒙花、谷精草与木贼草等。质地沉重的矿石、化石、贝壳类药物和易于造成污染的药物(如炭药),多放在斗架的较下层。前者如磁石、赭石与紫石英,龙骨、龙齿与牡蛎,石决明、珍珠母与瓦楞子,石膏、寒水石与海蛤壳等;后者如藕节炭、茅根炭与地榆炭,大黄炭、黄芩炭与黄柏炭,艾炭、棕榈炭与蒲黄炭等。质地松泡且用量较大的药物,多放在斗架最低层的大药斗内。如芦根与茅根;茵陈与金钱草;白花蛇舌草与半枝莲;灯心草与通草;竹茹与丝瓜络;薄荷与桑叶;荷叶与荷梗。(3)按饮片药用部位或功效排列。如将饮片按其入药部位分为根茎、皮、花、果实种子、全草、动物、矿物等若干类,或按其功效分为止咳平喘类、理气类、清热类、活血化瘀类等若干类,每类饮片相对集中并逐类按一定顺序排列,这种斗谱排列的特点是分类清楚,便于熟悉记忆,适用于饮片品种少、配方量小的医院。(4)将同一处方中经常一起配伍应用的,如“相须”“相使”配伍的饮片、处方常用的“药对”药物可同放于一个斗中。如麻黄、桂枝(A错);酸枣仁、远志(C错);射干、北豆根;党参、黄芪;桃仁、红花;杜仲、续断;陈皮、青皮(B错);泽泻、猪苓;山药、薏苡仁;板蓝根、大青叶(E错);辛夷、苍耳子;火麻仁、郁李仁;羌活、独活;苍术、白术;麦冬、天冬;川乌、草乌;知母、浙贝母;蒲公英、紫花地丁;萹蓄、瞿麦;三棱、莪术;乳香、没药;小茴香、橘核。根据各医院、药房的实际情况和用药习惯,在实际编排斗谱时应灵活选择、应用上述原则,初步制定斗谱后,在实际工作中,可根据使用情况随时调整。2.斗谱排列时还应参考的其他原则:有些药物放在一起可能造成意外事故的发生,因此在摆放时应注意以下几点。(1)属于配伍禁忌的药物,不能装于一斗或上下药斗中。如甘草与京大戟、甘遂、芫花;藜芦与丹参、南沙参、玄参、苦参、白芍、赤芍、细辛;乌头类(附子、川乌及草乌)与半夏的各种炮制品、瓜蒌(瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌子、瓜蒌仁及天花粉);丁香(包括母丁香)与郁金(黄郁金、黑郁金);芒硝(包括玄明粉)与京三棱;肉桂(官桂)与石脂(赤石脂)均不宜放在一起。(2)外观性状相似的饮片,尤其是外观形状相似但功效不同的饮片,不宜排列在一起。如蒲黄与海金沙,紫苏子与菟丝子,山药与天花粉,杏仁与桃仁,厚朴与海桐皮,荆芥与紫苏叶,大蓟与小蓟,炙甘草与炙黄芪,当归与独活,制南星与象贝(浙贝),菟丝子与苏子,熟地与黄精,知母与玉竹,蛇床子与地肤子,玫瑰花与月季花,血余炭与干漆炭,韭菜子与葱子等。(3)药名相近,但性味功效不同的饮片不应排列在一起。如附子与白附子,藜芦与漏芦,天葵子与冬葵子等。(4)同一植物来源但不同部位入药的并且功效不相同的饮片不能排列在一起,如麻黄与麻黄根。(5)为防止灰尘污染,有些中药不宜放在一般的药斗内,而宜存放在加盖的瓷罐中,以保持清洁卫生。如熟地黄、龙眼肉、青黛、玄明粉、松花粉、生蒲黄、乳香面、没药面、儿茶面、血竭面等。(6)有恶劣气味的药物,不能与其他药物装于一个药斗中。如阿魏、鸡矢藤等。(7)贵细药品(价格昂贵或稀少的中药)不能存放在一般的药斗内,应设专柜存放,由专人管理,每天清点账物。如牛黄、麝香、西红花、人参、西洋参、羚羊角、鹿茸、珍珠、冬虫夏草、海龙、海马等。(8)毒性中药和麻醉中药应按照有关规定存放,绝不能放于一般药斗内,必须专柜、专锁、专账、专人管理,严防意外事故的发生。"} {"Question":"处方书写龙牡,应付","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生龙骨、生牡蛎"},{"key":"B","value":"煅龙骨、煅牡蛎"},{"key":"C","value":"炙龙骨、炙牡蛎"},{"key":"D","value":"生龙骨、煅牡蛎"},{"key":"E","value":"煅龙骨、生牡蛎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的并开药名。处方书写龙牡,应付煅龙骨、煅牡蛎(B对)。处方药名为龙牡,调配应付煅龙骨、煅牡蛎。处方药名写生龙牡,调配应付生龙骨、生牡蛎(A错)。"} {"Question":"易变色的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麻黄"},{"key":"B","value":"芦荟"},{"key":"C","value":"白果"},{"key":"D","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"E","value":"千金子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片的贮藏要求。易变色的饮片是麻黄(A对)。易变色饮片包括:月季花、白梅花、玫瑰花、款冬花、红花、山茶花、金银花、扁豆花、橘络、佛手、通草、麻黄。易软化融化类饮片包括:松香、芦荟(B错)、阿魏、猪胆膏、白胶香、安息香、柿霜、乳香、没药、苏合香。易发霉饮片包括:天冬、牛膝、独活、玉竹、黄精、白果(C错)、橘络、全瓜蒌、山茱萸、莲子心、枸杞子、大枣、马齿苋、大蓟、小蓟、大青叶、桑叶、哈蟆油、鹿筋、狗肾、水獭肝、蛤蚧、黄柏、白鲜皮、川槿皮、人参、党参、当归、知母、紫菀、菊花、红花、金银花、白及、木香、五味子、洋金花、蝼蛄、地龙、蕲蛇、蜈蚣、甘草、葛根、山柰、青皮、芡实、薏苡仁、栀子、羌活、黄芩、远志。何首乌(D错)属于易生虫饮片。易泛油饮片包括:独活、火麻仁、核桃仁、榧子、千金子(E错)、当归、牛膝、巴豆、狗肾、木香、龙眼肉、橘核、苦杏仁、蝼蛄、前胡、川芎、白术、苍术。"} {"Question":"中药汤剂煎煮时,需后下的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参"},{"key":"B","value":"阿胶"},{"key":"C","value":"钩藤"},{"key":"D","value":"海金沙"},{"key":"E","value":"鹿角霜"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。中药汤剂煎煮时,需后下的饮片是钩藤(C对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜(E错)、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄、海金沙(D错)、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶(B错)、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参(A错)、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。"} {"Question":"需后下的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鹿角霜"},{"key":"B","value":"鹿角胶"},{"key":"C","value":"蒲黄"},{"key":"D","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"E","value":"当归"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。需后下的药是砂仁(D对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜(A错)、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄(C错)、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶(B错)、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。当归(E错)的特殊煎服法,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"含油脂的饮片易","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散失气味"},{"key":"B","value":"虫蛀、霉变"},{"key":"C","value":"泛油、酸败"},{"key":"D","value":"风化、潮解"},{"key":"E","value":"变色、软化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是自身因素对中药质量变异的影响。含油脂的饮片易泛油、酸败(C对)。自身因素对中药质量变异的影响:1.水分:一般饮片均含有一定量的水分,所含水分又因其组成成分和内部结构不同而存在结晶水、自由水、结合水、吸湿水等,而含水量则与其质量有着密切的关系。如果含水量高于或低于饮片本身应有的水分含量,就易发生质量的变化。水分过高,饮片容易发生虫蛀、霉烂(B错)、潮解、粘连等。反之,若水分过低,饮片又会发生风化(D错)、气味散失、泛油、干裂、脆化等现象。目前,测定饮片含水量的方法很多,主要有烘干法、甲苯法、减压干燥法、气相色谱法等。2.淀粉:淀粉是一种适合蛀虫、霉菌生长的营养基质,同时,含淀粉较多的饮片很容易吸收水分,当表面水分增加时,更便于霉菌、虫卵繁殖,因此淀粉含量高的饮片容易发生虫蛀、霉变。3.黏液质:黏液质是一种近似树胶的多糖类物质,它存在于植物细胞中。黏液质遇水后会膨胀发热,既易于发酵,又是微生物、虫卵的营养基质。因此,含黏液质的饮片也易于发霉、生虫。如枸杞子、天冬等。4.油脂:油脂是脂肪油和脂肪的总称,分植物性油脂和动物性油脂两大类。含油脂的饮片,若长时间与空气、日光、湿气等接触,或因微生物的作用,会发生氧化反应,继而发生异味、酸败等现象。油脂也易在脂酶影响下水解,形成甘油和脂肪酸而具有异味。如桃仁、杏仁、刺猬皮、狗肾等。5.挥发油:挥发油在植物药材中分布较广,特别是伞形科、唇形科、樟科、姜科等植物中,其含量都极为丰富,如白芷、当归、荆芥、薄荷、肉桂、樟脑、姜黄、山柰等。含挥发油的药物,都具有不同的浓郁气味,长期与空气接触,随着油分的挥发,其气味会随之减弱(A错),且在温度较高时,会加速挥发。6.色素:一般饮片都含有不同的色素,特别是花类饮片。颜色从外观上反映了饮片的质量,不仅作为鉴别中药品质的重要标志,同时也直接关系到药材加工质量的优劣。但有些色素很不稳定,易受到日光、空气等影响而遭到破坏,受潮后也易发霉变色(E错),如月季花、玫瑰花等。7.鞣质:鞣质是广泛存在于中药饮片中的一类分子较大的多元酚类化合物,按化学结构可分为水解鞣质和缩合鞣质。五味子、石榴皮、大黄、丁香等含有水解鞣质,水解鞣质可被酸、碱、酶所催化水解而失去鞣质特性;虎杖、桂皮、四季青、钩藤等含有缩合鞣质,缩合鞣质不能水解但长期接触空气,在酶的影响下容易氧化,缩合成暗红色或更深颜色的鞣红沉淀。因此,含有该类成分的中药饮片,若长期储存或加工炮制,都会引起颜色变化。8.无机化合物:含有无机化合物的矿物类饮片,主要的成分有钠、钙、铁、铜、汞、砷、铅等化合物。这些化合物,在外界因素影响下,容易产生物理、化学性的变化。如磁石在空气中久置会失去磁性。9.树脂:树脂类中药饮片如乳香、没药、血竭、安息香等,由植物的黏稠汁液采集加工而成。该类饮片软化点、熔点较低,高温储存或日晒常部分融化、粘连;个别品种如阿魏夏季易吸附水汽,由固态变为黏稠液体;秋冬季又会散失水分,变为黏硬的固体。"} {"Question":"应通风干燥,防蛀储存的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生姜"},{"key":"B","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"C","value":"连翘"},{"key":"D","value":"龙眼"},{"key":"E","value":"川芎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片的贮藏要求。应通风干燥,防蛀储存的中药是桔梗(B对)。含淀粉多的药材和饮片,如天麻、山药、粉葛根、葛根、桔梗等,应贮于通风、干燥处,以防虫蛀。含糖分及黏液质较多的饮片,如肉苁蓉、熟地黄、天冬、党参、龙眼肉(D错)等,应贮于通风干燥处。含挥发油多的药材和饮片,如薄荷、当归、川芎(E错)、荆芥等,贮藏时室温不可太高,否则容易走失香气或泛油,应置阴凉、干燥处贮存。"} {"Question":"处方直接写药名,需调配煅制品的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"B","value":"龟甲"},{"key":"C","value":"天南星"},{"key":"D","value":"自然铜"},{"key":"E","value":"琥珀"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的处方应付实例。处方直接写药名,需调配煅制品的是自然铜(D对)。常见的处方应付实例:(1)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配清炒品,如紫苏子、莱菔子、谷芽、麦芽、王不留行、酸枣仁、蔓荆子、苍耳子、牛蒡子(A错)、白芥子等。(2)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配麸炒品,如僵蚕、白术、枳壳等。(3)处方直接写药名(或制),需调配炮制品,如草乌(水制)、川乌(水制)、天南星(C错)(矾制)、附子(炮制)、吴茱萸(甘草水制)、远志(甘草水制去心)、厚朴(姜制)、何首乌等。(4)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配烫制品,如龟甲(B错)、鳖甲、穿山甲等。(5)处方直接写药名(或煅),需调配煅制品,如花蕊石、钟乳石、自然铜、金礞石、青礞石、瓦楞子等。(6)处方直接写药名(或炒或炭),需调配炭制品,如干漆、炮姜、地榆、侧柏叶、蒲黄等。(7)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配蜜炙品,如枇杷叶、马兜铃等。(8)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配醋炙品,如延胡索等。(9)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配盐炙品,如补骨脂、益智仁等处方直接写琥珀(E错)的应付,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"不能与芒硝同用的药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"姜黄"},{"key":"B","value":"大黄"},{"key":"C","value":"硫黄"},{"key":"D","value":"三棱"},{"key":"E","value":"三七"}],"Answer":"CD","Explanation":"本题考查的是饮片的用药禁忌。不能与芒硝同用的药有硫黄(C对)与三棱(D对)。十九畏列述了九组十九味相反药,具体是:硫黄畏朴硝(包括芒硝、玄明粉),水银畏砒霜,狼毒畏密陀僧,巴豆(包括巴豆霜)畏牵牛子(包括黑丑、白丑),丁香(包括母丁香)畏郁金,川乌(包括附子)、草乌畏犀角,芒硝(包括玄明粉)畏三棱,官桂畏石脂,人参畏五灵脂。姜黄(A错)、大黄(B错)与三七(E错)的配伍禁忌,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"毒性中药系指毒性剧烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当会致人中毒或死亡的中药。因此执业药师在审核或调剂含有特殊管理毒性中药的处方时,掌握其用法用量非常重要。仅供外用的毒性中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蟾酥"},{"key":"B","value":"白降丹"},{"key":"C","value":"生千金子"},{"key":"D","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"E","value":"生马钱子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是特殊管理的中药。仅供外用的毒性中药是白降丹(B对)。白降丹的用法用量:外用适量,研末调敷或作药捻。注意事项:不可内服,具腐蚀性。蟾酥(A错)的用法用量:0.015~0.03g,多入丸散用。外用适量。注意事项:孕妇慎用。生千金子(C错)的用法用量:内服,1~2g,去壳,去油用,多入丸散服。外用适量,捣烂敷患处。注意事项:孕妇禁用。雄黄(D错)的用法用量:0.05~0.1g,入丸散用。外用适量,熏涂患处。注意事项:内服宜慎;不可久用;孕妇禁用。生马钱子(E错)的用法用量:内服,0.3~0.6g,炮制后入丸散。注意事项:孕妇禁用;不宜生用;不宜多服久服;运动员慎用;有毒成分能经皮肤吸收,外用不宜大面积涂敷。"} {"Question":"中药饮片调配后,必须经过药师复核无误后方可发出,调配复核的内容有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"核对处方的药味及剂量数是否相符"},{"key":"B","value":"复核有无错味、漏味、多味"},{"key":"C","value":"审查药品质量有无虫蛀,霉变"},{"key":"D","value":"审查调配处方有无乱代乱用现象"},{"key":"E","value":"对于需特殊煎煮的药味是否单包并注明用法"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是饮片调配复核内容。中药饮片调配后,必须经过药师复核无误后方可发出,调配复核的内容有核对处方的药味及剂量数是否相符(A对)、复核有无错味、漏味、多味(B对)、审查药品质量有无虫蛀,霉变(C对)、审查调配处方有无乱代乱用现象(D对)与对于需特殊煎煮的药味是否单包并注明用法(E对)。中药饮片调配复核内容:中药饮片调配后,必须经复核后方可发出。核对调配好的药品是否与处方所开药味及剂数相符,有无错味、漏味、多味和掺杂异物,每剂药的剂量误差应小于±5%,必要时要复称。还需审查有无配伍禁忌(十八反、十九畏)、妊娠禁忌药物,毒麻药有无超量。毒性中药、贵细药品的调配是否得当。对于需特殊煎煮或处理的药味如先煎、后下、包煎、烊化、另煎、冲服等是否单包并注明用法。审查药品质量,保证无伪劣饮片,审查有无虫蛀、发霉变质,有无生炙不分或以生代炙,整药、籽药应捣未捣,调配处方有无乱代乱用等现象。"} {"Question":"先煎的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薄荷"},{"key":"B","value":"阿胶"},{"key":"C","value":"蒲黄"},{"key":"D","value":"鹿角霜"},{"key":"E","value":"人参"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。先煎的中药是鹿角霜(D对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷(A错)、砂仁、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄(C错)、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶(B错)、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参(E错)、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。"} {"Question":"调剂时,复核的内容一般不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药味是否相符"},{"key":"B","value":"剂数是否相符"},{"key":"C","value":"计价是否准确"},{"key":"D","value":"有无用药禁忌"},{"key":"E","value":"剂量是否准确"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片配复核内容。调剂时,复核的内容一般不包括计价是否准确(C错,为本题正确答案)。中药饮片调配复核内容:中药饮片调配后,必须经复核后方可发出。核对调配好的药品是否与处方所开药味及剂数相符(AB对),有无错味、漏味、多味和掺杂异物,每剂药的剂量误差应小于±5%(E对),必要时要复称。还需审查有无配伍禁忌(十八反、十九畏)、妊娠禁忌药物(D对),毒麻药有无超量。毒性中药、贵细药品的调配是否得当。对于需特殊煎煮或处理的药味如先煎、后下、包煎、烊化、另煎、冲服等是否单包并注明用法。审查药品质量,保证无伪劣饮片,审查有无虫蛀、发霉变质,有无生炙不分或以生代炙,整药、籽药应捣未捣,调配处方有无乱代乱用等现象。"} {"Question":"牛蒡子的别名是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"坤草子"},{"key":"B","value":"续随子"},{"key":"C","value":"大腹子"},{"key":"D","value":"鼠粘子"},{"key":"E","value":"莱菔子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的饮片正名与相关别名。牛蒡子的别名是鼠粘子(D对)。牛蒡子别名:大力子、鼠黏子、牛子、恶实。坤草子(A错)为茺蔚子的别名。茺蔚子别名:益母草子、坤草子。续随子(B错)为千金子的别名。千金子别名:续随子。大腹子(C错)为槟榔的别名。槟榔别名:花槟榔、大腹子、海南子。莱菔子(E错)为中药饮片的正名。莱菔子别名:萝卜子。"} {"Question":"不宜与川乌合用的中药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半夏"},{"key":"B","value":"瓜蒌"},{"key":"C","value":"川贝"},{"key":"D","value":"白蔹"},{"key":"E","value":"白薇"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是配伍禁忌。不宜与川乌合用的中药有半夏(A对)、瓜蒌(B对)川贝(C对)与白蔹(D对)。十八反列述了三组相反药,分别是:甘草反甘遂、京大戟、海藻、芫花;乌头(川乌、附子、草乌)反半夏、瓜蒌(全瓜蒌、瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌仁、天花粉)、贝母(川贝、浙贝)、白蔹、白及;藜芦反人参、南沙参、丹参、玄参、苦参、细辛、芍药(赤芍、白芍)。白薇(E错)与川乌不属于配伍禁忌。"} {"Question":"采用低温养护法贮存饮片,最适宜的温度是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"低于0℃"},{"key":"B","value":"低于2℃"},{"key":"C","value":"2℃~10℃"},{"key":"D","value":"11℃~15℃"},{"key":"E","value":"16℃~20℃"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药养护的低温养护法。采用低温养护法贮存饮片,最适宜的温度是2℃~10℃(C对)。低温养护法:一般蛀虫在环境温度8~10℃停止活动,在-8~-4℃进入冬眠状态,温度低于-4℃经过一定时间,可以使害虫致死。采用低温(2~10℃)贮存饮片,就可以有效防止不宜烘、晾中药的生虫、发霉、变色等变质现象发生。梅雨季节来临时,可将饮片贮藏于冷藏库中,温度以2~10℃为宜,不仅能防霉、防虫、防变色、走油,而且不影响药材品质。由于此法需要一定的设备,费用较大,故主要用于贵重药材,特别是容易霉蛀的药材以及无其他较好办法保管的药材。例如哈蟆油、银耳、人参、菊花、山药、枸杞子、陈皮等也常用此法。冷藏最好在梅季前进行,并且过了梅季才可以出库,同时温度不能低于2℃,以免影响饮片的质量。"} {"Question":"处方药名枇杷叶,调配应当付的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生品"},{"key":"B","value":"酒炙品"},{"key":"C","value":"蜜炙品"},{"key":"D","value":"醋炙品"},{"key":"E","value":"姜炙品"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见的处方应付实例。处方药名枇杷叶,调配应当付的是蜜炙品(C对)。常见的处方应付实例:(1)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配清炒品,如紫苏子、莱菔子、谷芽、麦芽、王不留行、酸枣仁、蔓荆子、苍耳子、牛蒡子、白芥子等。(2)处方直接写药名(或炒),需调配麸炒品,如僵蚕、白术、枳壳等。(3)处方直接写药名(或制),需调配炮制品,如草乌(水制)、川乌(水制)、天南星(矾制)、附子(炮制)、吴茱萸(甘草水制)、远志(甘草水制去心)、厚朴(姜制(E错))、何首乌等。(4)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配烫制品,如龟甲、鳖甲、穿山甲等。(5)处方直接写药名(或煅),需调配煅制品,如花蕊石、钟乳石、自然铜、金礞石、青礞石、瓦楞子等。(6)处方直接写药名(或炒或炭),需调配炭制品,如干漆、炮姜、地榆、侧柏叶、蒲黄等。(7)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配蜜炙品,如枇杷叶、马兜铃等。(8)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配醋炙品(D错),如延胡索等。(9)处方直接写药名(或炒或炙),需调配盐炙品,如补骨脂、益智仁等。生品(A错),一般情况下,处方直接写药名,需调配生品。酒炙品(B错)的处方标注方式,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"孕妇慎用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十滴水"},{"key":"B","value":"柏子养心丸"},{"key":"C","value":"开胃健脾丸"},{"key":"D","value":"川贝止咳露"},{"key":"E","value":"防风通圣丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是妊娠慎用的中成药。孕妇慎用的中成药是防风通圣丸(E对)。《中国药典》收载的妊娠慎用的主要品种有:十香止痛丸、三妙丸、三黄片、万氏牛黄清心丸、万应胶囊、万应锭、山玫胶囊、川芎茶调丸(散、片、颗粒)、女金丸、马应龙八宝眼膏、马应龙麝香痔疮膏、天麻丸、木香分气丸、木香顺气丸、五虎散、少林风湿跌打膏、牛黄上清丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、牛黄清心丸、气滞胃痛片(颗粒)、分清五淋丸、丹七片、丹红化瘀口服液、风痛安胶囊、乌军治胆片、乌蛇止痒丸、心可舒片、心荣口服液、正心泰片(胶囊)、四方胃片、四妙丸、白癜风胶囊、朴沉化郁丸、当归拈痛丸、竹沥达痰丸、伤湿止痛膏、华山参片、血脂康胶囊、灯台叶颗粒、安宫牛黄丸(散)、安宫降压丸、防风通圣丸(颗粒)、妇乐颗粒、妇炎净胶囊、妇科分清片、妇康宁片、芪参益气滴丸、抗骨髓炎片、抗感口服液(颗粒)、利胆片、利鼻片、沉香化气丸、补脾益肠丸、附子理中丸(片)、枣仁安神胶囊、明目上清片、固本统血颗粒、乳宁颗粒、乳核散结片、乳康胶囊、乳增宁胶囊、乳癖消片(胶囊、颗粒)、京万红软膏、泻痢消胶囊、珍黄胶囊(珍黄丸)、荜铃胃痛颗粒、栀子金花丸、胃乃安胶囊、胃脘舒颗粒、胃康胶囊、骨仙片、复方大青叶合剂、复方川贝精片、复方丹参片(颗粒、滴丸)、复方血栓通胶囊、复方陈香胃片、复方青黛丸、复方珍珠暗疮片、复方蛤青片、复方滇鸡血藤膏(复方鸡血藤膏)、复明片、保心片、胆石通胶囊、独一味胶囊(片)、养心氏片、活血止痛膏、活血通脉片、穿龙骨刺片、冠心生脉口服液、祛风舒筋丸、祖师麻片、桂附理中丸、速效牛黄丸、夏天无片、健胃片、健脑丸(胶囊)、益脑宁片、消痤丸、消渴平片、烫伤油、诺迪康胶囊、通关散、通脉养心口服液、黄疸肝炎丸、黄连上清丸(片)、麻仁滋脾丸、痔宁片、痔炎消颗粒、清肺抑火丸、清胃黄连丸(水丸、大蜜丸)、清咽润喉丸、清膈丸、越鞠保和丸、跌打镇痛膏、舒心口服液(糖浆)、舒肝丸、舒肝平胃丸、舒胸片(胶囊)、舒筋活络酒、痛风定胶囊、湿毒清胶囊、强肾片、疏痛安涂膜剂、稳心颗粒(片、胶囊)、鼻炎康片、鼻咽灵片、镇心痛口服液、糖脉康颗粒、麝香祛痛气雾剂(搽剂)、麝香痔疮栓、麝香跌打风湿膏。十滴水(A错)属于孕妇禁用中成药。《中国药典》收载的妊娠禁用、忌用的主要品种有:二十七味定坤丸、十一味能消丸、十二味翼首散、十香返生丸、十滴水(软胶囊)、七厘胶囊(散)、人参再造丸、九气拈痛丸、九分散、九味肝泰胶囊、九制大黄丸、三七片、三七伤药片(胶囊、颗粒)、三七血伤宁胶囊、三两半药酒、大七厘散、大川芎口服液、大黄清胃丸、大黄䗪虫丸、山楂化滞丸、小金丸(片、胶囊)、小活络丸、马钱子散、开胸顺气丸(胶囊)、天菊脑安胶囊、天麻祛风补片、天舒胶囊、云南白药(胶囊)、云香祛风止痛酊、木瓜丸、木香槟榔丸、五味麝香丸、比拜克胶囊、止咳宝片、止痛化癥胶囊(片)、止痛紫金丸、少腹逐瘀丸、中华跌打丸、牛黄至宝丸、牛黄消炎片、牛黄清宫丸、牛黄解毒丸(片、软胶囊、胶囊)、片仔癀(胶囊)、化癥回生片、丹桂香颗粒、丹蒌片、风湿马钱片、风湿定片、风湿骨痛胶囊、风寒双离拐片、乌梅丸、六味安消散(胶囊)、六味香连胶囊、心宁片、心脑康胶囊、心脑宁胶囊、心脑静片、心通口服液、心舒胶囊、玉泉胶囊(颗粒)、玉真散、龙泽熊胆胶囊、平消片(胶囊)、白蚀丸、瓜霜退热灵胶囊、冯了性风湿跌打药酒(禁内服、忌擦腹部)、地榆槐角丸、再造丸、西黄丸、当归龙荟丸、伤痛宁片、华佗再造丸、血府逐瘀胶囊(丸、口服液)、血美安胶囊、血栓心脉宁胶囊(片)、壮骨关节丸、壮骨伸筋胶囊、庆余辟瘟丹、关节止痛膏、安宫止血颗粒、如意定喘片、妇炎康片、妇科千金胶囊、妇科通经丸、红灵散、坎离砂、花红胶囊、芪冬颐心颗粒(口服液)、芪蛭降糖胶囊、克咳片、克痢痧胶囊、苏合香丸、医痫丸、尪痹颗粒(片)、抗宫炎胶囊、抗栓再造丸、利胆排石片(颗粒)、利膈丸、伸筋丹胶囊、伸筋活络丸、肛泰软膏、龟龄集、沈阳红药胶囊、补肾益脑丸、灵宝护心丹、尿塞通片、阿魏化痞膏、附桂骨痛片(胶囊、颗粒)、纯阳正气丸、肾炎康复片、肾衰宁胶囊、国公酒、季德胜蛇药片、金佛止痛丸、金黄利胆胶囊、金蒲胶囊、乳块消片(胶囊、颗粒)、乳疾灵颗粒、乳癖散结胶囊、周氏回生丸、治伤胶囊、治咳川贝枇杷滴丸、参附强心丸、茵芪肝复颗粒、荡石胶囊、按摩软膏、胃肠复元膏、骨友灵搽剂、骨折挫伤胶囊、骨刺丸、骨刺宁胶囊、复方牛黄消炎胶囊、复方牛黄清胃丸、复方珍珠散、复方夏天无片、复方益肝丸、保妇康栓、追风透骨丸、独圣活血片、养血荣筋丸、活血止痛散、宫瘤清胶囊、冠心苏合丸、祛风止痛片、祛伤消肿酊、神香苏合丸、桂枝茯苓胶囊(丸、片)、根痛平颗粒、脑立清丸(胶囊)、狼疮丸、益心丸、益母丸、益母草口服液(颗粒、膏)、消肿止痛酊、消络痛片(胶囊)、消渴灵片、消糜栓、调经止痛片、通天口服液、通心络胶囊、通幽润燥丸、通窍镇痛散、通痹片、桑葛降脂丸、梅花点舌丸、控涎丸、银屑灵膏、得生丸、麻仁润肠丸、痔康片、清宁丸、清泻丸、清眩治瘫丸、清脑降压片(胶囊、颗粒)、清淋颗粒、颈复康颗粒、紫金锭、紫雪散、暑症片、跌打丸、跌打活血散、舒筋丸、舒筋活血定痛散、痧药、痛经丸、疏风定痛丸、暖脐膏、腰痛丸(片)、腰痛宁胶囊、腰痹通胶囊、瘀血痹胶囊(颗粒)、槟榔四消丸(大蜜丸、水丸)、鲜益母草胶囊、熊胆救心丸(熊胆救心丹)、醒脑再造胶囊、礞石滚痰丸、麝香风湿胶囊、麝香抗栓胶囊、麝香保心丸、麝香舒活搽剂(麝香舒活精)、麝香镇痛膏、蠲哮片。柏子养心丸(B错)、开胃健脾丸(C错)与川贝止咳露(D错)不属于孕妇禁忌中成药。"} {"Question":"某女,65岁。大便时溏时泻,水谷不化,稍进油腻之物则大便次数增多,面色萎黄,肢倦乏力。中医辨证为脾胃气虚,治以参苓白术散(人参、茯苓、白术、桔梗、山药、炙甘草、白扁豆、莲子肉、砂仁、薏苡仁)。执业药师发药时,需向患者说明煎药方法。方中砂仁的特殊煎法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"另煎"},{"key":"B","value":"先煎"},{"key":"C","value":"包煎"},{"key":"D","value":"后下"},{"key":"E","value":"捣碎同煎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。方中砂仁的特殊煎法是后下(D对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎(B错):先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎(C错):包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎(A错):一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。矿物类、动物贝壳类、果实种子类等质地坚硬的药品,需碾碎、捣碎(E错)后再分剂量调配。"} {"Question":"孕妇禁用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"莪术"},{"key":"B","value":"半枝莲"},{"key":"C","value":"半边莲"},{"key":"D","value":"白茅根"},{"key":"E","value":"白附子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是饮片的妊娠禁忌。孕妇禁用的中药是莪术(A对)。妊娠禁忌:指能影响胎儿生长发育,甚至造成堕胎的中药为妊娠禁忌用药。妇女在怀孕期间应避忌或慎用。妊娠禁忌药有毒性大小、性能峻缓之别,对胎儿及母体影响程度也有差别。据此,常分为禁用、忌用和慎用。禁用指绝对禁止使用,忌用指避免使用或最好不用,慎用指在一定条件下可谨慎使用,但必须有相应的措施,在没有特殊需要时应尽量避免使用,以免发生事故。现行版《中国药典》一部收录妊娠禁用、忌用和慎用药材和饮片共计99种。妊娠禁用药多为剧毒或性能峻猛的中药,妊娠慎用药一般包括活血祛瘀、破气行滞、攻下通便、辛热及滑利类的中药。具体品种为:①妊娠禁用药:丁公藤、三棱、干漆、土鳖虫、千金子、千金子霜、川乌、马钱子、马钱子粉、马兜铃、天仙子、天仙藤、巴豆、巴豆霜、水蛭、甘遂、朱砂、全蝎、红粉、芫花、两头尖、阿魏、京大戟、闹羊花、草乌、牵牛子、轻粉、洋金花、莪术、猪牙皂、商陆、斑蝥、雄黄、黑种草子、蜈蚣、罂粟壳、麝香。②妊娠忌用中药:大皂角、天山雪莲。③妊娠慎用药:人工牛黄、三七、大黄、川牛膝、制川乌、小驳骨、飞扬草、王不留行、天花粉、天南星、制天南星、天然冰片(右旋龙脑)、木鳖子、牛黄、牛膝、片姜黄、艾片(左旋龙脑)、白附子(E错)、玄明粉、西红花、肉桂、华山参、冰片(合成龙脑)、红花、芦荟、苏木、牡丹皮、体外培育牛黄、皂矾、没药、附子、苦楝皮、郁李仁、虎杖、金铁锁、乳香、卷柏、制草乌、草乌叶、枳壳、枳实、禹州漏芦、禹余粮、急性子、穿山甲、桂枝、桃仁、凌霄花、益母草、通草、黄蜀葵花、常山、硫黄、番泻叶、蒲黄、漏芦、赭石、薏苡仁、瞿麦、蟾酥。半枝莲(B错)、半边莲(C错)、白茅根(D错)均不属于妊娠禁忌用药。"} {"Question":"并开药名是指将2~3种疗效相似或有协同作用的饮片缩写在一起而构成的处方名称。“炒三仙”调配时应给付的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"炒神曲、炒谷芽、炒山楂"},{"key":"B","value":"炒神曲、炒麦芽、炒山楂"},{"key":"C","value":"炒神曲、炒麦芽、炒稻芽"},{"key":"D","value":"炒麦芽、炒谷芽、炒稻芽"},{"key":"E","value":"炒稻芽、炒麦芽、炒山楂"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是饮片的并开药名。并开药名是指将2~3种疗效相似或有协同作用的饮片缩写在一起而构成的处方名称。“炒三仙”调配时应给付的饮片是炒神曲、炒麦芽、炒山楂(B对)。并开药名是指将2~3种疗效基本相似或有协同作用的饮片缩写在一起而构成并开药品。这是一种传统的写法。如二母即指知母、浙贝母,二乌即指制川乌、制草乌,荆防即指荆芥、防风等。处方药名:炒三仙,调配应付:炒神曲、炒麦芽、炒山楂。"} {"Question":"需用先煎的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鹿角霜"},{"key":"B","value":"鹿角胶"},{"key":"C","value":"蒲黄"},{"key":"D","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"E","value":"当归"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药特殊煎服法。需用先煎的药是鹿角霜(A对)。中药特殊煎服法:1.先煎:先煎的目的是为了延长药物的煎煮时间,使药物中难溶性成分充分煎出。一般来说,需先煎的饮片,经武火煮沸后文火煎煮10~15分钟后再与用水浸泡过的其他药物合并煎煮。需要先煎的药物有以下几类。(1)矿物、动物骨甲类饮片。因其质地坚硬,有效成分不易煎出,故应打碎先煎约15分钟,方可与其他药物同煎。如蛤壳、紫石英、石决明、珍珠母、瓦楞子、鳖甲、龟甲、鹿角霜、磁石、牡蛎、生石膏、赭石、自然铜等。水牛角宜先煎3小时以上。(2)某些有毒饮片。一般应先煎1~2小时达到降低毒性或消除毒性的目的。如含有毒成分乌头碱的川乌、草乌或制附子,经1~2小时的煎煮后,可使乌头碱分解为乌头次碱,进而分解为乌头原碱,使毒性大为降低。2.后下:后下的目的是为了缩短药物的煎煮时间,减少药物因煎煮时间过久所造成的成分散失。一般来说,在其他群药文火煎煮15~20分钟后,放入需后下的饮片再煎煮5~10分钟即可。需要后下的药物有以下几类。(1)气味芳香类饮片,因其含挥发性成分故不宜煎煮时间过久,以免其有效成分散失,一般在其他群药煎好前5~10分钟入煎即可。如降香、沉香、薄荷、砂仁(D错)、白豆蔻、鱼腥草等。(2)久煎后有效成分易被破坏的饮片,一般在其他群药煎好前10~15分钟入煎即可。如钩藤、苦杏仁、徐长卿、生大黄、番泻叶等。3.包煎:包煎即是把需包煎的饮片装在用棉纱制成的布袋中,扎紧袋口后与群药共同煎煮。需要包煎的药物主要有以下几类。(1)含黏液质较多的饮片,包煎后可避免在煎煮过程中黏煳锅底。如车前子、葶苈子等。(2)富含绒毛的饮片,包煎后可避免脱落的绒毛混入煎液后刺激咽喉引起咳嗽。如旋覆花、枇杷叶等。(3)花粉等微小饮片,因总表面积大,疏水性强,故也宜包煎,以免因其漂浮而影响有效成分煎出。如蒲黄(C错)、海金沙、蛤粉、六一散等。4.烊化(溶化):胶类中药不宜与群药同煎,以免因煎液黏稠而影响其他药物成分的煎出或结底煳化。可将此类药置于已煎好的药液中加热溶化后一起服用。也可将此类药置于容器内,加适量水,加热溶化或隔水炖化后,再兑入群药煎液中混匀分服。如阿胶、鳖甲胶、鹿角胶(B错)、龟鹿二仙胶等。5.另煎:一些贵重中药饮片,为使其成分充分煎出,减少其成分被其他药渣吸附引起的损失,需先用另器单独煎煮取汁后,再将渣并入其他群药合煎,然后将前后煎煮的不同药液混匀后分服。如人参、西洋参等质地较疏松者,通常视片型、体积等另煎0.5~1小时。而羚羊角等质地坚硬者,则应单独煎煮2小时以上。西红花亦可沸水泡服。6.兑服:对于液体中药,放置其他药中煎煮,往往会影响其成分,故应待其他药物煎煮去渣取汁后,再行兑入服用。如黄酒、竹沥水、鲜藕汁、姜汁、梨汁、蜂蜜等。7.冲服:贵细中药用量少,宜先研成粉末再用群药的煎液冲服,避免因与他药同煎而导致其成分被药渣吸附而影响药效。如雷丸、蕲蛇、羚羊角、三七、川贝、琥珀、鹿茸、紫河车、沉香、金钱白花蛇等。8.煎汤代水:对于质地松泡、用量较大,或泥土类不易滤净药渣的药物,可先煎15~25分钟,去渣取汁,再与其他药物同煎。如葫芦壳、灶心土等。当归(E错)的特殊煎服法,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"因贮存不当,可使饮片的颜色、气味、形态,内部组织等出现变异,其中易虫蛀与霉变的饮片是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"贝母"},{"key":"C","value":"山药"},{"key":"D","value":"牛膝"},{"key":"E","value":"黄芪"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药饮片分类保管养护品种表。因贮存不当,可使饮片的颜色、气味、形态,内部组织等出现变异,其中易虫蛀与霉变的饮片是当归(A对)。易生虫饮片:党参、人参、南沙参、冬虫夏草、当归、独活、白芷、防风、板蓝根、甘遂、生地、泽泻、全瓜蒌、枸杞子、大皂角、桑葚、龙眼肉、核桃仁、莲子、薏苡仁、杏仁、青风藤、桑白皮、鹿茸、蕲蛇、鸡内金、菊花、金银花、凌霄花、北沙参、防己、莪术、川贝母(B错)、金果榄、佛手、陈皮、砂仁、酸枣仁、红花、闹羊花、蒲黄、芫花、蝉蜕、黄柏、狗肾、地龙、甘草、黄芪(E错)易、山药(C错)、天花粉、桔梗、灵芝、猪苓、茯苓、水蛭、僵蚕、蜈蚣、乌药、葛根、丹参、何首乌、赤芍、苦参、延胡索、升麻、萆薢、大黄、肉豆蔻、淡豆豉、柴胡、地榆、川芎、半夏、玉竹。易发霉饮片:天冬、牛膝(D错)、独活、玉竹、黄精、白果、橘络、全瓜蒌、山茱萸、莲子心、枸杞子、大枣、马齿苋、大蓟、小蓟、大青叶、桑叶、哈蟆油、鹿筋、狗肾、水獭肝、蛤蚧、黄柏、白鲜皮、川槿皮、人参、党参、当归、知母、紫菀、菊花、红花、金银花、白及、木香、五味子、洋金花、蝼蛄、地龙、蕲蛇、蜈蚣、甘草、葛根、山柰、青皮、芡实、薏苡仁、栀子、羌活、黄芩、远志。易泛油饮片:独活、火麻仁、核桃仁、榧子、千金子、当归、牛膝、巴豆、狗肾、木香、龙眼肉、橘核、杏仁、蝼蛄、前胡、川芎、白术、苍术。易变色饮片:月季花、白梅花、玫瑰花、款冬花、红花、山茶花、金银花、扁豆花、橘络、佛手、通草、麻黄。易失去气味饮片:广藿香、香薷、紫苏、薄荷、佩兰、荆芥、细辛、肉桂、花椒、月季花、玫瑰花、吴茱萸、八角茴香、丁香、檀香、沉香、厚朴、独活、当归、川芎。易升华饮片:樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片。易软化融化类饮片:松香、芦荟、阿魏、猪胆膏、白胶香、安息香、柿霜、乳香、没药、苏合香。易风化饮片:硼砂、白矾、绿矾、芒硝、胆矾。易潮解饮片:芒硝、大青盐、绿矾、胆矾、硼砂、咸秋石、盐附子、全蝎、海藻、昆布。"} {"Question":"易虫蛀的常见剂型是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蜜丸"},{"key":"B","value":"片剂"},{"key":"C","value":"栓剂"},{"key":"D","value":"颗粒剂"},{"key":"E","value":"胶囊剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药贮存中常见的质量变异现象。易虫蛀的常见剂型是蜜丸(A对)。中成药贮存中常见的质量变异现象:养护不当也会发生变质,并往往与剂型有关。最常见的变质现象有虫蛀、霉变、酸败、挥发、沉淀等。1.虫蛀:虫蛀与原料药的性质及在生产、运输、贮存中受到污染等因素有关,一旦遇到适宜的气候环境就会发生。易虫蛀的常见剂型有蜜丸、水丸、散剂等。2.霉变:易霉变的常见剂型有蜜丸、膏滋、片剂(B错)等。3.酸败:易发生酸败的剂型有合剂、酒剂、煎膏剂、糖浆剂、软膏剂等。4.挥发:挥发,是指在高温下中成药所含挥发油或乙醇的散失。如芳香水剂、酊剂等。5.沉淀:沉淀,是液体制剂的一种常见变质现象。中成药的液体制剂,在温度和pH值的影响下易发生沉淀,常见的剂型有药酒、口服液、注射液等。栓剂(C错)易变形、发霉、变质。颗粒剂(D错)易受潮结块、潮解、发霉。胶囊剂(E错)易发霉、粘连,甚至软化、破裂。"} {"Question":"毒性中药药性峻烈,治疗剂量与中毒剂量相近,使用不当会致人中毒甚则死亡,因此掌握毒性中药饮片的正确用法尤为重要。下列毒性中药不可内服的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雄黄"},{"key":"B","value":"白降丹"},{"key":"C","value":"生藤黄"},{"key":"D","value":"砒石"},{"key":"E","value":"蟾酥"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是部分毒性中药品种的用法用量。下列毒性中药不可内服的是白降丹(B对)。白降丹的用法用量:外用适量,研末调敷或作药捻。注意事项:不可内服,具腐蚀性。雄黄(A错)的用法用量:0.05~0.1g,入丸散用。外用适量,熏涂患处。注意事项:内服宜慎;不可久用;孕妇禁用。生藤黄(C错)的用法用量:0.3~0.6g。外用适量。注意事项:内服慎用。砒石(D错)(红砒,白砒)的用法用量:内服0.002~0.004g,入丸散外用适量,研末撒、调敷或入膏药中贴之。注意事项:毒性大,用时宜慎;不宜与水银同用;体虚及孕妇忌服。蟾酥(E错)的用法用量:0.015~0.03g,多入丸散用。外用适量。注意事项:孕妇慎用。"} {"Question":"适宜阴凉干燥的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"荆芥"},{"key":"B","value":"白芍"},{"key":"C","value":"莱菔子"},{"key":"D","value":"熟地黄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查荆芥的贮藏养护。适宜阴凉干燥的是荆芥(A对)。荆芥【贮藏养护】置阴凉干燥处。白芍(B错)【贮藏养护】置通风干燥处。防蛀。莱菔子(C错)【贮藏养护】置通风干燥处,防蛀。熟地黄(D错)【贮藏养护】置阴凉通风干燥处。薏苡仁(E错)【贮藏养护】置通风干燥处,防蛀。"} {"Question":"据阴阳互根互济的原理,对于阴阳偏衰的治法有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴病治阳"},{"key":"B","value":"阴阳双补"},{"key":"C","value":"阳病治阴"},{"key":"D","value":"阳中求阴"},{"key":"E","value":"阴中求阳"}],"Answer":"BDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是补其不足的含义和临床应用。据阴阳互根互济的原理,对于阴阳偏衰的治法有阴阳双补(B对)、阳中求阴(D对)与阴中求阳(E对)。对于阴阳偏衰,即阴液或阳气的一方虚损不足的病证,如阴虚、阳虚或阴阳两虚等,治当采用“补其不足”“虚者补之”之法。根据阴阳对立互制的理论,采用阴病治阳(A错)、阳病治阴(C错)冶法;根据阴阳互根互济的理论,采用阴中求阳、阳中求阴治法。1.阴病治阳:针对阳虚而阳不制阴,阴气偏亢的虚寒证,应采用助阳以抑阴的治法,又称为“益火之源,以消阴翳”。2.阳病治阴:针对阴虚而阴不制阳,阳气偏亢的虚热证,应采用滋阴以制阳的治法,又称为“壮水之主,以制阳光”。3.阴中求阳:在补阳时可适当配用补阴药的治法,使阳得阴助而生化无穷。4.阳中求阴:在补阴时可适当配用补阳药的治法,使阴得阳生而泉源不竭。对阴阳两虚证,则采用阴阳并补治法。但须分清主次而用,阳损及阴者,以阳虚为主,则应在补阳的基础上辅以滋阴之品;阴损及阳者,以阴虚为主,则应在滋阴的基础上辅以补阳之品。对于阴阳亡失的治疗,亡阳者,当回阳以固脱;亡阴者,当救阴以固脱。由于亡阳与亡阴二者均为极危重证候,皆与气脱病机密切相关,故治疗时都要施以峻剂补气固脱之法。"} {"Question":"扶正与祛邪同时使用的原则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扶正不留邪,祛邪不伤正"},{"key":"B","value":"先治其表,后治其里"},{"key":"C","value":"先治里其,后治其表"},{"key":"D","value":"扶正为主,祛邪为辅"},{"key":"E","value":"祛邪为主,扶正为辅"}],"Answer":"ADE","Explanation":"本题考查的是用扶正祛邪的运用。扶正与祛邪同时使用的原则是扶正不留邪,祛邪不伤正(A对)、扶正为主,祛邪为辅(D对)与祛邪为主,扶正为辅(E对)。扶正与祛邪兼用:扶正与祛邪兼用又称“攻补兼施”,适用于正虚邪实病证,两者同时兼用,则扶正不留邪,祛邪又不会伤正。在具体应用时,还要分清以正虚为主,还是以邪实为主。正虚较急重的,应以扶正为主,兼顾祛邪;而邪实较急重的,则以祛邪为主,兼顾扶正。"} {"Question":"针对误食毒物,为时不久,毒物尚在胃脘的实证,应采用的治法","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清法"},{"key":"B","value":"吐法"},{"key":"C","value":"温法"},{"key":"D","value":"下法"},{"key":"E","value":"消法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是治法。针对误食毒物,为时不久,毒物尚在胃脘的实证,应采用的治法吐法(B对)。吐法:又称“涌吐法”,是针对停蓄在咽喉、胸膈、胃脘的痰涎、宿食、毒物而拟定的治法。适用于中风、癫狂、喉痹之痰涎壅盛、阻塞咽喉;或宿食停滞胃脘;或误食毒物,为时不久,毒物尚留胃中者等。吐法根据体质强弱、病情轻重等情况,可分为峻吐法、缓吐法等。清法(A错):又称“清热法”,是运用寒凉性质的方药,通过其泻火、解毒、凉血等作用,以解除热邪的治法。清法适用于里热证。由于热邪有虚实、病位及间夹他邪的不同,清热法又分为清热泻火法、清热凉血法、清热燥湿法、清热解毒法、清虚热法等。温法(C错):又称“温里法”,是使用温热药治疗寒证的治法。温里法适用于里寒证。由于里寒证病情的不同,温里法又分为温中祛寒法、回阳救逆法、温经散寒法三种。下法(D错):又称“泻下法”,是运用具有泻下作用的药物,通泻大便,逐邪外出的治疗方法。下法适用于胃肠实热内结或寒积、宿食积滞、水饮、痰湿、瘀血等停留体内的里实证。下法针对里实证病机有热结、寒结、燥结和水结等的不同,以及体质有虚实的差异,可分为寒下法、温下法、润下法、泻下逐水法、攻补兼施法五种。消法(E错):又称“消导法”,是消散体内有形积滞以祛除病邪的治法。运用范围比较广泛,凡由气、血、痰、湿、食等壅滞而形成的积滞痞块,均可用消法。由于致病原因和病情的不同,消法主要分为消食导滞、消痞散积、软坚散结等。"} {"Question":"根据中医理论,属于反治法的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"寒因寒用"},{"key":"B","value":"寒者热之"},{"key":"C","value":"通因通用"},{"key":"D","value":"热者寒之"},{"key":"E","value":"热因热用"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查的是反治。根据中医理论,属于反治法的有寒因寒用(A对)、通因通用(C对)与热因热用(E对)。反治,又称从治,是指顺从疾病证侯的外在假象而治的治疗法则。适用于临床表现与疾病证候本质不完全一致的病症。反治,主要包括热因热用、寒因寒用、塞因塞用、通因通用四种治法。正治,又称逆治,是指采用方药的性质与疾病的证候性质相反的治疗法则。适用于临床表现与疾病证候本质相一致的病证。常用的治法有寒者热之(B错)、热者寒之(D错)、虚则补之、实则泻之等。"} {"Question":"在中医的常用治法中属于温法的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"B","value":"消疮散结"},{"key":"C","value":"表里双解"},{"key":"D","value":"回阳救逆"},{"key":"E","value":"消痰祛水"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是治法。在中医的常用治法中属于温法的是回阳救逆(D对)。治法分为“八法”,具体为:1.汗法:又称“解表法”,是针对外邪袭表、邪在肺卫病机拟定的治法。汗法主要适用于表证,通过发汗解表以祛邪;“汗之”还有和阴阳、通表里、调脏腑的作用。汗法由于感受外邪有风寒、风热等不同,以及体质的差异,可分为辛温解表法、辛凉解表法、透疹解表法、扶正解表法等。2.吐法:又称“涌吐法”,是针对停蓄在咽喉、胸膈、胃脘的痰涎、宿食、毒物而拟定的治法。适用于中风、癫狂、喉痹之痰涎壅盛、阻塞咽喉;或宿食停滞胃脘;或误食毒物,为时不久,毒物尚留胃中者等。吐法根据体质强弱、病情轻重等情况,可分为峻吐法、缓吐法等。3.下法:又称“泻下法”,是运用具有泻下作用的药物,通泻大便,逐邪外出的治疗方法。下法适用于胃肠实热内结或寒积、宿食积滞、水饮、痰湿、瘀血等停留体内的里实证。下法针对里实证病机有热结、寒结、燥结和水结等的不同,以及体质有虚实的差异,可分为寒下法、温下法、润下法、泻下逐水法、攻补兼施法五种。4.和法:又称“和解法”,是通过调和、和解的方法,使半表半里之邪,或脏腑、阴阳、表里失和之证得以解除(C错)的治法。和法原为和解少阳而设,适用于病在半表半里的少阳证。后世医家在和解少阳法的基础上,扩展出调和肝脾法、调和肠胃法等。5.温法:又称“温里法”,是使用温热药治疗寒证的治法。温里法适用于里寒证。由于里寒证病情的不同,温里法又分为温中祛寒法、回阳救逆法、温经散寒法三种。6.清法:又称“清热法”,是运用寒凉性质的方药,通过其泻火、解毒、凉血等作用,以解除热邪的治法。清法适用于里热证。由于热邪有虚实、病位及间夹他邪的不同,清热法又分为清热泻火法、清热凉血法、清热燥湿法、清热解毒(A错)法、清虚热法等。7.消法:又称“消导法”,是消散体内有形积滞以祛除病邪的治法。运用范围比较广泛,凡由气、血、痰、湿、食等壅滞而形成的积滞痞块(BE错),均可用消法。由于致病原因和病情的不同,消法主要分为消食导滞、消痞散积、软坚散结等。8.补法:又称“补益法”,是用补益药物补养人体气血阴阳不足、改善衰弱状态,治疗各种虚证的治法。补法适用于脏腑、气血、阴阳等各种虚证。由于虚证有气虚、血虚、阴虚、阳虚病的不同,补法可分为补气法、补血法、补阴法、补阳法等。"} {"Question":"对正气过于虚弱的正虚邪实病证,应采取的治则是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扶正"},{"key":"B","value":"祛邪"},{"key":"C","value":"扶正与祛邪兼用"},{"key":"D","value":"先祛邪后扶正"},{"key":"E","value":"先扶正后祛邪"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是扶正祛邪的运用。对正气过于虚弱的正虚邪实病证,应采取的治则是先扶正后祛邪(E对)。扶正祛邪的运用:运用扶正祛邪治则时,要认真细致地观察和分析正邪两方消长盛衰的情况,并根据正邪在矛盾斗争中的地位,决定扶正与祛邪的主次和先后。1.扶正(A错):扶正适用于以正气虚为主要矛盾,而邪气也不盛的虚性病证。2.祛邪(B错):祛邪适用于以邪实为主要矛盾,而正气未衰的实性病证。3.扶正与祛邪兼用(C错):扶正与祛邪兼用又称“攻补兼施”,适用于正虚邪实病证,两者同时兼用,则扶正不留邪,祛邪又不会伤正。4.先祛邪后扶正(D错):先祛邪后扶正适用于虽为邪盛正虚,但正气尚能耐攻,或同时兼顾扶正反会助邪的病证。5.先扶正后祛邪:先扶正后祛邪适用正虚邪实,以正虚为主的病证。"} {"Question":"身热夜甚,心烦失眠,神昏谵语,舌质绛,脉细数。应采用的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热泻火法"},{"key":"B","value":"清热凉血法"},{"key":"C","value":"清热燥湿法"},{"key":"D","value":"清热解毒法"},{"key":"E","value":"清退虚热法"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查治法清法的清热凉血法。应采用的治法是清热凉血法(B对)。清热凉血法:适用于热入营血证。症见身热夜甚,心烦失眠,神昏谵语。舌质绛,脉细数。清热泻火法:适用于气分实热证。症见壮热面赤,烦躁,口渴,汗出。舌红,苔黄,脉洪大有力。清热凉血法(A错)适用于热入营血证。症见身热夜甚,心烦失眠,神昏谵语。舌质绛,脉细数。清热燥湿法(C错)适用于湿热内蕴之证。由于湿热之邪所居部位不同,湿热证临床表现亦各具特点,如湿热蕴积胃肠所致泄泻、痢疾;湿热蕴结肝胆所致黄疸;湿热下注膀胱而致淋证;湿热蕴结下焦而致带下;湿热蕴积肌肤而致湿疹、湿疮等。清热解毒法(D错)适用于热毒壅盛之证。若三焦火毒热盛,可见身热烦躁,口燥咽干,错语不眠,脉数有力等;若热毒壅聚上焦中焦,可见身热口渴,面赤唇焦,胸膈烦热,口舌生疮,舌红,苔黄,脉滑数等;若热毒壅于上焦,可见头面红肿,腮颐肿大,咽喉肿痛等;若热毒壅结于肌肤,可见疮痈肿毒,局部红肿热痛;若热毒蕴于大肠,可见热毒泻痢,腹痛腹泻,里急后重,下利赤白,肛门灼热,舌红,苔黄,脉滑数等。清虚热法(E错)适用于阴虚发热证。症见午后或夜间发热,手足心热,或骨蒸潮热,心烦少寐,颧红,盗汗,口干咽燥。舌红,少苔,脉细数。"} {"Question":"用凉远凉,用温远温,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"因时制宜"},{"key":"B","value":"因人制宜"},{"key":"C","value":"因地制宜"},{"key":"D","value":"因病而治"},{"key":"E","value":"反治"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是因时制宜的原则和临床应用。用凉远凉,用温远温,属于因时制宜(A对)。因时制宜:因时制宜,是指根据不同季节气候特点,来考虑治疗用药的原则。四时气候的变化,对人体的生理功能、病理变化均产生一定的影响。因时制宜的治法包括:1.用温远温;2.用热远热;3.用凉远凉;4.用寒远寒。因人制宜(B错):根据患者年龄、性别、体质、生活习惯等不同特点,来考虑治疗用药的原则,叫做“因人制宜”。因地制宜(C错):根据不同地域的地理特点,来考虑治疗用药的原则,即为“因地制宜”。不同地区,由于地势高低、气候条件及生活习惯各异,人的生理活动和病变特点也不尽相同,故治疗用药应根据当地环境及生活习惯而有所变化。反治(E错),又称从治,是指顺从疾病证侯的外在假象而治的治疗法则。适用于临床表现与疾病证候本质不完全一致的病症。主要包括热因热用、寒因寒用、塞因塞用、通因通用四种治法。因病而治(D错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"阴虚不能制阳应采用的治法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阴病治阳"},{"key":"B","value":"阳病治阴"},{"key":"C","value":"阳中求阴"},{"key":"D","value":"阴中求阳"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳双补"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是补其不足的含义和临床应用。阴虚不能制阳应采用的治法是阳病治阴(B对)。对于阴阳偏衰,即阴液或阳气的一方虚损不足的病证,如阴虚、阳虚或阴阳两虚等,治当采用“补其不足”“虚者补之”之法。根据阴阳对立互制的理论,采用阴病治阳、阳病治阴冶法;根据阴阳互根互济的理论,采用阴中求阳、阳中求阴治法。1.阴病治阳(A错):针对阳虚而阳不制阴,阴气偏亢的虚寒证,应采用助阳以抑阴的治法,又称为“益火之源,以消阴翳”。2.阳病治阴:针对阴虚而阴不制阳,阳气偏亢的虚热证,应采用滋阴以制阳的治法,又称为“壮水之主,以制阳光”。3.阴中求阳(D错):在补阳时可适当配用补阴药的治法,使阳得阴助而生化无穷。4.阳中求阴(C错):在补阴时可适当配用补阳药的治法,使阴得阳生而泉源不竭。对阴阳两虚证,则采用阴阳并补(E错)治法。但须分清主次而用,阳损及阴者,以阳虚为主,则应在补阳的基础上辅以滋阴之品;阴损及阳者,以阴虚为主,则应在滋阴的基础上辅以补阳之品。对于阴阳亡失的治疗,亡阳者,当回阳以固脱;亡阴者,当救阴以固脱。由于亡阳与亡阴二者均为极危重证候,皆与气脱病机密切相关,故治疗时都要施以峻剂补气固脱之法。"} {"Question":"导致机体产生疾病的因素称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"正气"},{"key":"B","value":"邪气"},{"key":"C","value":"谷气"},{"key":"D","value":"元气"},{"key":"E","value":"四气"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是邪气的概念。导致机体产生疾病的因素称为邪气(B对)。邪气,是指存在于外在环境中,或人体内部产生的具有致病作用的各种因素的总称。正气(A错),是指存在于人体、具有抗邪愈病作用的各种物质与功能的总称。谷气(C错),即水谷精气,来源于饮食物,通过脾胃运化功能而生成。元气(D错):又称“原气”,是人体最基本、最重要的气,是人体生命活动的原动力。四气(E错),指中药的寒、热、温、凉四种性质和作用。"} {"Question":"消灭病邪,防止邪气侵害的方法有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"讲究卫生"},{"key":"B","value":"使用药物"},{"key":"C","value":"精神调养"},{"key":"D","value":"人工免疫"},{"key":"E","value":"防范外伤"}],"Answer":"ABE","Explanation":"本题考查的是未病先防的原则和方法。消灭病邪,防止邪气侵害的方法有讲究卫生(A对)、使用药物(B对)与防范外伤(E对)。未病先防的原则和方法:未病先防,即是在疾病发生之前,做好各种预防工作,以防止疾病的发生。疾病的发生,关系到邪正两个方面的因素。邪气是导致疾病发生的重要条件,而正气不足是疾病发生的内在原因,外邪通过内因而起作用。因此,未病先防,包括以下两个方面的原则和方法。1.扶助正气,提高抗病能力:增强体质,是提高正气抗邪能力的关键。调摄精神,修身养性;顺应自然,起居有常;劳逸适度,积精全神;锻炼身体,增强体质;饮食有节,顾护脾胃;针灸保健等措施,是增强体质、提高正气抗邪能力的主要方法。(1)重视精神调养(C错)。(2)加强身体锻炼。(3)注意生活起居。(4)人工免疫(D错)。2.消灭病邪,防止邪气侵害:邪气是导致疾病发生的重要条件,注意避免病邪的侵害,即要谨慎躲避外邪的侵害。(1)药物杀灭。(2)讲究卫生。(3)避免病邪侵害。(4)防范各种外伤。控制疾病传变属于既病防变的基本措施。"} {"Question":"活动力最强的气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃气"},{"key":"B","value":"宗气"},{"key":"C","value":"卫气"},{"key":"D","value":"元气"},{"key":"E","value":"营气"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是气的分类与分布。活动力最强的气是卫气(C对)。人体之气,由于生成来源、分布部位及功能特点的不同,而有着各自不同的名称。1.元气(D错):又称“原气”,是人体最基本、最重要的气,是人体生命活动的原动力。元气主要由先天之精化生而来,并受后天水谷之精气的不断补充和培育。可见,元气的盛衰,不仅决定于先天之禀赋,亦与脾胃运化水谷精气的功能密切相关。元气根于肾,通过三焦而流行于全身,内至脏腑,外达肌肤腠理。元气的生理功能:推动和促进人体的生长发育,温煦和激发各脏腑、经络等组织器官的生理活动。元气是人体生命活动的原动力,是维持人体生命活动的最基本的物质。机体元气充沛,则各脏腑、经络等组织器官的活力旺盛,体质强健而少病。若因先天禀赋不足,或因后天水谷失养,或因久病损耗,以致元气的生成不足或耗伤太过时,就会形成元气虚衰而产生种种病变。2.宗气(B错):是积于胸中之气。宗气在胸中集聚之处,称作“气海”,又称“膻中”。宗气由肺吸入的清气和脾胃运化产生的水谷精气相互结合而生成。因此,肺的呼吸功能与脾胃的运化功能正常与否,直接影响着宗气的盛衰。宗气聚集于胸中,向上分布于肺与息道,向下贯注于心脉,布散全身。宗气的生理功能:上走息道以行呼吸,贯注心脉以行气血。故凡语言、声音、呼吸的强弱,气血的运行,肢体的寒温和活动能力,视听功能,心搏的强弱及其节律等,皆与宗气盛衰有关。临床上亦常以心尖搏动部位(虚里)的搏动状况和脉象来了解宗气的盛衰。3.营气(E错):又称“荣气”,与卫气相对而言,营气行于脉内而属阴,故又有“营阴”之称。主要来源于脾胃所运化的水谷精气,由水谷精气中的精华部分所化生。水谷精微中的精华部分,是营气的主要成分,是脏腑、经络等生理活动的主要营养物质。营气的生理功能:有营养人体和化生血液两方面。营气运行于全身血脉之中,成为血液的重要组成部分。故营气与血液的关系极为密切,可分而不可离,故常以“营血”并称。4.卫气:与营气相对而言,卫气行于脉外而属阳,又称“卫阳”。卫气主要由水谷精气所化生,运行于脉外。卫气活动力特别强,流动迅速,故不受脉管的约束,可运行于皮肤、分肉之间,布散于全身内外上下。卫气的生理功能有三个方面:一是护卫肌表,防御外邪入侵;二是温养脏腑、肌肉、皮毛等;三是调节控制汗孔的开合和汗液的排泄,以维持体温的相对恒定。所以,人体卫外功能的强弱,以及能否维持体温的相对恒定,同卫气的功能活动是否正常有着密切关系。胃气(A错)指脾胃对饮食水谷的消化功能。"} {"Question":"某女35岁,因家庭纠纷,情志不畅导致肝气郁结,影响脾胃运化功能,其疾病传变是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相克"},{"key":"B","value":"子病及母"},{"key":"C","value":"相乘"},{"key":"D","value":"母病及子"},{"key":"E","value":"相侮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是五行学说在疾病诊断中的应用。情志不畅导致肝气郁结,影响脾胃运化功能,其疾病传变是相乘(C对)。五行学说,不仅应用于说明在生理情况下脏腑间的相互联系,而且也可以说明在病变情况下脏腑间的相互影响。某脏有病可以传至他脏,他脏疾病也可以传至本脏,这种病变上的相互影响,称之为传变。中医药学可以应用事物属性的五行分类方法和生克乘侮的变化规律阐释疾病的传变。(1)相生关系的传变:包括“母病及子(D错)”与“子病及母(B错)”两个方面。母病及子,即母脏之病传及子脏。例如,肾精亏虚不能资助肝血而致的肝肾精血亏虚证,肾阴不足不能涵养肝木而致的肝肾阴虚、肝阳上亢证等。子病及母,即子脏之病传及母脏。例如,心血不足累及肝血亏虚而致的心肝血虚证,心火旺盛引动肝火而形成心肝火旺证等。(2)相克(A错)关系的传变:包括“相乘”和“相侮(E错)”两个方面。相乘,是相克太过致病。例如,由于肝气郁结或肝气上逆,影响脾胃的运化功能,即“木旺乘土”;或先有脾胃虚弱,不能耐受肝气的克伐,即“土虚木乘”,而致肝脾不调或肝胃不和证。相侮,是反向克制致病。例如,暴怒而致肝火亢盛,肺金不仅无力制约肝木,反遭肝火之反向克制,称为“木火刑金”;脾土虚衰不能制约肾水,出现全身水肿,称为“土虚水侮”。"} {"Question":"七情致病直接伤及内脏常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心脾肾"},{"key":"B","value":"心肝脾"},{"key":"C","value":"心肺脾"},{"key":"D","value":"心肾脾"},{"key":"E","value":"心肝肺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是七情内伤致病的特点。七情致病直接伤及内脏常见于(B对)。七情,即喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊七种情志变化。七情异常是直接影响内脏功能,造成气机紊乱而发病的因素,故又称“内伤七情”,属于内伤病的一类致病因素。七情内伤致病的特点:(1)直接伤及内脏:不同的情志刺激可伤及不同的内脏,即怒伤肝、喜伤心、思伤脾、悲忧伤肺、惊恐伤肾。此外,心为五脏六腑之大主,又主神明,所以各种情志刺激都与心有关,心神受损又可涉及其他脏腑。情志所伤,又以心、肝、脾为多见。(2)影响内脏气机:情志所伤,主要影响脏腑气机,使其紊乱。主要的病变变化是:“怒则气上”“喜则气缓”“悲则气消”“恐则气下”“惊则气乱”“思则气结”。"} {"Question":"治未病的内涵为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"未病先防"},{"key":"B","value":"既病防变"},{"key":"C","value":"二者均是"},{"key":"D","value":"二者均非"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是治未病。治未病的内涵为未病先防与既病防变(C对)。治未病,是指采取相应的措施,防止疾病的发生发展,包括未病先防、既病防变、愈后防复三方面。"} {"Question":"最易伤人阴位的六淫邪气是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风邪"},{"key":"B","value":"暑邪"},{"key":"C","value":"燥邪"},{"key":"D","value":"湿邪"},{"key":"E","value":"寒邪"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是湿邪的性质和致病特点。最易伤人阴位的六淫邪气是湿邪(D对)。湿邪的性质和致病特点:(1)湿为阴邪,易阻遏气机,损伤阳气。(2)湿性重浊。(3)湿性黏滞。(4)湿性趋下,易伤阴位。风邪(A错)的性质和致病特点:(1)风为阳邪,其性开泄,易袭阳位。(2)风邪善行而数变。(3)风为百病之长。暑邪(B错)的性质和致病特点:(1)暑为阳邪,其性炎热。(2)暑性升散,耗气伤津。(3)暑多挟湿。燥邪(C错)的性质和致病特点:(1)燥性干涩,易伤津液。(2)燥易伤肺。寒邪(E错)的性质和致病特点:(1)寒为阴邪,易伤阳气。(2)寒性凝滞,主痛。(3)寒性收引。"} {"Question":"暑邪伤人,可见汗出、气短、乏力等症,是由于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"暑为阳邪,其性炎热"},{"key":"B","value":"暑伤脾胃,纳食减少"},{"key":"C","value":"暑多挟湿,阻遏气机"},{"key":"D","value":"暑性升散,伤津耗气"},{"key":"E","value":"暑性开泄,易袭阳位"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是暑邪的性质及致病特点。暑邪伤人,可见汗出、气短、乏力等症,是由于暑性升散,耗气伤津(D对)。暑邪的性质及致病特点。(1)暑为阳邪,其性炎热(A错):暑为夏季火热之气所化,火热属阳,故暑为阳邪。暑邪伤人,多表现出阳热亢盛症状。(2)暑性升散,耗气伤津:暑为阳邪,有升发之特点,故暑邪侵犯人体,多直入气分,可使腠理开泄而多汗。暑热之邪,易于扰乱心神,则见心烦闷乱、神不安宁等。由于大量汗出,气随津泄而致气虚。所以,外伤暑邪,可见气短乏力,甚则突然昏倒、不省人事等。(3)暑多挟湿(C错):夏季气候炎热,且雨水较多,热蒸湿动,空气中湿度增加,故暑邪致病,多挟湿邪,即暑邪湿邪合而致病。其临床表现是除发热、心烦、口渴外,还常兼见四肢困倦、胸闷恶心、大便溏泄或不爽等湿邪致病症状。伤脾胃,纳食减少(B错)为湿邪的性质及致病特点。湿邪的性质及致病特点。(1)湿为阴邪,易阻遏气机,损伤阳气:湿邪侵及人体,留滞于脏腑经络,最易阻遏气机,使气机升降失常,经络阻滞不畅,常可出现胸闷脘痞、小便短涩、大便不爽等症状。此外,湿为阴邪,易损伤阳气。脾主运化水湿,其性喜燥而恶湿,故外感湿邪,留滞体内,常先困脾气,使脾阳不振,运化水湿功能减弱,水湿停聚,出现腹泻、尿少、水肿、腹水等病证。(2)湿性重浊:“重”,即沉重或重着之意。感受湿邪,常可见头重如裹、周身困重、四肢酸懒沉重等症状。若湿邪留滞经络关节,则阳气输布受阻,故见肌肤不仁、关节疼痛重着等,又称“湿痹”或“着痹”。“浊”,即秽浊不清,多指分泌物和排泄物秽浊不清而言。临床症状多见面垢眵多、大便溏泻、下利黏液脓血、小便浑浊、妇女白带过多、湿疹浸淫流水等,都是湿邪秽浊的表现。(3)湿性黏滞:“黏”,即黏腻,“滞”,即停滞。湿邪黏腻停滞,主要表现在两个方面:一是指湿邪致病临床表现多黏滞不爽,如排出物及分泌物多滞涩而不畅;二是指湿邪为病多缠绵难愈,病程较长或反复发作。如湿温、湿痹、湿疹等病,皆因湿邪难以祛除而不易速愈。(4)湿性趋下,易伤阴位:湿邪伤人,其病多见于下部,如下肢水肿明显。此外,淋浊、带下、泄利等病证,亦多由湿邪下注所致。性开泄,易袭阳位(E错)为风邪的性质及致病特点。风邪的性质及致病特点。(1)风为阳邪,其性开泄,易袭阳位:风邪善动而不居,具有升发、向上、向外的特性,故属阳邪。其性开泄,是指其易使腠理疏松开张而汗出。常伤及人体的上部(即头面)、阳经和肌表,出现头痛、口眼㖞斜、恶风等症状。(2)风邪善行而数变:“善行”,是指风邪致病,具有病位游移,行无定处的特性。“数变”,是指风邪致病,具有变幻无常和发病迅速的特点。例如,风疹块(荨麻疹)就有皮肤成片风团瘙痒,发无定处,此起彼伏的特点。一般发病多急,传变也较快。(3)风为百病之长:风邪为六淫邪气的主要致病因素,凡寒、湿、燥、热诸邪,多依附于风邪而侵犯人体,如外感风寒、风热、风湿等。所以风邪常为外邪致病之先导,多兼他邪同病。"} {"Question":"梅核气为痰气凝结于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"经络"},{"key":"B","value":"咽喉"},{"key":"C","value":"筋骨"},{"key":"D","value":"胸胁"},{"key":"E","value":"胸膈"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是痰饮的致病特点。梅核气为痰气凝结于咽喉(B对)。痰饮可阻滞气血运行:痰饮为实邪,可随气流行全身,或停滞于经脉,或留滞于脏腑,阻滞气机,妨碍气血运行。若痰饮流注于经络(A错),则致经络气机阻滞,气血运行不畅,出现肢体麻木,屈伸不利,甚至半身不遂,或形成瘰疬痰核,阴疽流注等;若痰饮留滞于脏腑,则阻滞脏腑气机,使脏腑气机升降失常。如痰饮阻肺,肺气失于宣降,则见胸闷气喘,咳嗽吐痰等;痰饮停胃,胃气失于和降,则见恶心呕吐等;痰浊痹阻心脉,血气运行不畅,可见胸闷心痛;无形之痰气结滞于咽喉,则形成“梅核气”,临床常见咽中梗阻如有异物,咽之不下,吐之不出,胸膈(E错)满闷,情绪低落,善太息等。痰饮在筋骨(C错)或胸胁(D错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,20岁。身体偏热,多动、好兴奋,其体质类型应辨为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"偏阴质"},{"key":"B","value":"偏阳质"},{"key":"C","value":"瘀血质"},{"key":"D","value":"痰湿质"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳平和质"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是体质分类。身体偏热,多动、好兴奋,其体质类型应辨为偏阳质(B对)。人体正常体质大致可分为阴阳平和质、偏阳质、偏阴质三种类型。1.阴阳平和质(E错):是指强健壮实、功能比较协调的体质类型。具有这种体质特征的人,不易感受外邪,平素患病较少,即使患病,易于治愈,康复亦快,有时可不药而愈,易获长寿。2.偏阳质:是指具有代谢相对亢奋、身体偏热、多动、易兴奋等特性的体质类型。具有这种体质特征的人,阳气偏亢,多动少静,对风、暑、热、燥等阳邪具有易感性,外感发病后多表现为热证、实证,易从阳化热伤阴。容易发生眩晕、头痛、心悸、失眠及出血等病症。在用药上宜凉润,忌用辛香燥热。3.偏阴质(A错):是指具有代谢相对减退、身体偏寒、喜静少动等特征的体质类型。具有这种体质类型的人,对寒、湿等阴邪具有易感性,受邪发病后多表现为寒证、虚证;容易发生湿滞、水肿、痰饮、瘀血等病证。在用药上宜温,忌用苦寒。瘀血质(C错)与痰湿质(D错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"维持人体恒定体温是依赖气的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"推动作用"},{"key":"B","value":"温煦作用"},{"key":"C","value":"防御作用"},{"key":"D","value":"固摄作用"},{"key":"E","value":"气化作用"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是气的生理的功能。维持人体恒定体温是依赖气的温煦作用(B对)。气的生理功能包括:1.推动作用(A错):气是活动能力极强的精微物质,对人体生长发育、各脏腑组织器官的功能活动、血液的循行、津液的生成输布和排泄等,均能发挥激发和推动作用。如果气的推动作用减弱,则影响生长发育,甚至出现早衰;使脏腑组织器官、经络等功能减退;或使血液、津液的生成不足,运行滞缓,而发生血虚、血行不利或水液在体内潴留等病变。2.温煦作用:气的运动是人体热量的来源。人体体温的恒定,依赖气的温煦和调节;各脏腑组织器官、经络等,也要在气的温煦作用下,才能进行正常的生理活动;“血得温则行,得寒则凝”,血和津液之所以能保持液态在体内不停地运行,除依赖于气的推动外,也要依靠气的温煦作用,方可不致凝聚。例如,体内气虚,温煦作用失常,便会引起畏寒喜热、四肢不温、体温下降、血行滞缓、津液凝聚等病变。反之,因某些原因引起局部或全身气盛有余,则还会表现为局部或全身发热等病变。3.防御作用(C错):气具有防御和抵抗各种邪气的功能,主要表现在:一是护卫肌表,防止外邪侵入;二是与侵入体内的各种邪气进行斗争。气的防御功能,是通过脏腑经络的生理功能而体现的。脏腑经络功能正常,说明正气充沛,防御和战胜邪气的力量就强,则不易受邪而患病。故《素问·刺法论》云:“正气存内,邪不可干”。反之,若正气不足,防御和战胜邪气的力量减弱,外邪得以侵入机体,则容易受邪而发生各种病变。4.固摄作用(D错):气的固摄作用,主要是对于精、血、津液等物质具有防止其无故流失,以及维护脏腑器官各自位置的相对恒定等作用。具体表现在:固摄血液,即维持血液在脉管内循行,防止逸出脉外;固摄汗液、尿液、唾液、胃液、肠液等正常物质分泌和排泄,防止其无故外泄和流失,从而维持体内水液代谢的相对平衡;维持脏腑器官位置的稳定,使之保持正常的生理活动和脏腑之间功能的相互协调,维持胎儿在胞宫内的安定和正常发育等。5.气化作用(E错):气化,是指通过气的运动而产生的各种变化。气化作用的过程,实际上就是体内物质代谢的过程,即物质转化和能量转化的过程。具体地说,即是指精、气、血、津液等物质的新陈代谢及相互转化。例如,将饮食物转化成水谷之精气,然后再化生为气、血、津液、精等;津液经过代谢,可转化成汗液、尿液、涕、唾、泪、涎等;饮食物经过消化和吸收后,其残渣可转化成糟粕排出体外等,都是气化作用的具体表现。气的五种功能,虽然各不相同,但都是人体生命活动中不可缺少的,它们相互协调配合,相互为用,维持着生理活动的正常进行。"} {"Question":"卫气的主要生理功能有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"护卫肌表"},{"key":"B","value":"固摄血液"},{"key":"C","value":"防御外邪入侵"},{"key":"D","value":"调节汗孔开合"},{"key":"E","value":"营养脏腑经络"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是卫气的生理功能。卫气的主要生理功能有护卫肌表(A对)、防御外邪入侵(C对)与控制汗孔开合(D对)。卫气:与营气相对而言,卫气行于脉外而属阳,又称“卫阳”。卫气主要由水谷精气所化生,运行于脉外。卫气活动力特别强,流动迅速,故不受脉管的约束,可运行于皮肤、分肉之间,布散于全身内外上下。卫气的生理功能有三个方面:一是护卫肌表,防御外邪入侵;二是温养脏腑、肌肉、皮毛等;三是调节控制汗孔的开合和汗液的排泄,以维持体温的相对恒定。所以,人体卫外功能的强弱,以及能否维持体温的相对恒定,同卫气的功能活动是否正常有着密切关系。固摄血液(B错)为指气的固摄功能。气的固摄作用:气的固摄作用,主要是对于精、血、津液等物质具有防止其无故流失,以及维护脏腑器官各自位置的相对恒定等作用。具体表现在:固摄血液,即维持血液在脉管内循行,防止逸出脉外;固摄汗液、尿液、唾液、胃液、肠液等正常物质分泌和排泄,防止其无故外泄和流失,从而维持体内水液代谢的相对平衡;维持脏腑器官位置的稳定,使之保持正常的生理活动和脏腑之间功能的相互协调,维持胎儿在胞宫内的安定和正常发育等。营养脏腑经络(E错)为营气的生理功能。营气:又称“荣气”,与卫气相对而言,营气行于脉内而属阴,故又有“营阴”之称。主要来源于脾胃所运化的水谷精气,由水谷精气中的精华部分所化生。水谷精微中的精华部分,是营气的主要成分,是脏腑、经络等生理活动的主要营养物质。营气的生理功能:有营养人体和化生血液两方面。营气运行于全身血脉之中,成为血液的重要组成部分。故营气与血液的关系极为密切,可分而不可离,故常以“营血”并称。"} {"Question":"气的升降出入运行失常所致的病理变化有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"气逆"},{"key":"C","value":"气陷"},{"key":"D","value":"气闭"},{"key":"E","value":"气脱"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是气机失调。气的升降出入运行失常所致的病理变化有气逆(B对)、气陷(C对)、气闭(D对)与气脱(E对)。气失调,主要包括气虚和气机失调两方面的病机变化。(1)气虚(A错):气虚,是指元气耗损,功能失调,脏腑功能衰退,抗病能力下降的病机变化。主要由于先天禀赋不足,或后天失养,或肺脾肾的功能失调而致气的生成不足;也可因劳倦内伤,久病不复等而致。(2)气机失调:气机失调,是指气的升降出入运行失常,而引起的气滞、气逆、气陷、气闭和气脱等病机变化。气运行于经络之中,卫气运行于脉外,贵乎流通畅达。若因外感、内伤,或痰食中阻,即可阻碍气之运行,导致气的运行失常。气行失常,可涉及五脏六腑、表里内外、四肢九窍等各方面的多种病变。"} {"Question":"根据中医体质学说偏阴者多见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"畏寒"},{"key":"B","value":"舌红"},{"key":"C","value":"畏热"},{"key":"D","value":"喜动"},{"key":"E","value":"急躁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是偏阴质的体质特征。根据中医体质学说偏阴者多见畏寒(A对)。人体正常体质大致可分为阴阳平和质、偏阳质、偏阴质三种类型。1.阴阳平和质:是指强健壮实、功能比较协调的体质类型。体质特征为:身体强壮,胖瘦适度,体形匀称健壮;面色与肤色虽有五色之偏,但都红黄隐隐,明润含蓄,头发稠密有光泽;鼻色明润,嗅觉通利;食量适中,二便调畅;目光有神,性格开朗、随和;夜眠安和,精力充沛,反应灵活,思维敏捷,能耐寒暑,自身调节和对外适应能力强;唇色红润,舌质淡红、润泽,苔薄白,脉象缓匀有神。2.偏阳质:是指具有代谢相对亢奋、身体偏热、多动、易兴奋等特性的体质类型。体质特征为:形体适中或偏瘦,但较结实;面色多略偏红或微苍黑,或呈油性皮肤,皮肤易生疮疖;食量较大,消化吸收功能健旺,大便易干燥,小便易黄赤;平素畏热(C错)喜冷,耐冬不耐夏,或体温略偏高;动则易出汗,口渴喜冷饮;精力旺盛,动作敏捷,反应灵敏,性欲较强,喜动(D错)好强;性格外向,易急躁(E错);唇、舌偏红(B错),苔薄易黄,脉象多数或细弦。3.偏阴质:是指具有代谢相对减退、身体偏寒、喜静少动等特征的体质类型。体质特征为:形体适中或偏胖,但肌肉不壮;面色偏白而欠华,口唇色淡;毛发易落;食量较小,消化吸收功能一般;平时畏寒喜热,手足不温,耐夏不耐冬,或体温偏低;大便溏薄,小便清长;精力偏弱,容易疲劳,睡眠偏多;动作迟缓,反应较慢,喜静少动,性欲偏弱;性格内向,或胆小易惊;舌质偏淡,脉多迟缓。"} {"Question":"寒邪的性质为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"升散"},{"key":"B","value":"重浊"},{"key":"C","value":"凝滞"},{"key":"D","value":"黏滞"},{"key":"E","value":"开泄"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是六淫的性质。寒邪的性质为凝滞(C对)。在中医病因学中六淫是最主要的发病因素之一。六淫即风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。六淫的性质及治病特点:1.风邪的性质及致病特点:(1)风为阳邪,其性开泄(E错),易袭阳位;(2)风邪善行而数变;(3)风为百病之长。2.寒邪的性质及致病特点:(1)寒为阴邪,易伤阳气;(2)寒性凝滞,主痛;(3)寒性收引。3.暑邪的性质及致病特点:(1)暑为阳邪,其性炎热;(2)暑性升散(A错),耗气伤津;(3)暑多挟湿。4.湿邪的性质及致病特点:(1)湿为阴邪,易阻遏气机,损伤阳气;(2)湿性重浊(B错);(3)湿性黏滞(D错);(4)湿性趋下,易伤阴位。5.燥邪的性质及致病特点:(1)燥性干涩,易伤津液;(2)燥易伤肺。6.火邪的性质及致病特点:(1)火热为阳邪,其性炎上;(2)火易伤津耗气;(3)火热易生风动血;(4)火热易发肿疡。"} {"Question":"易导致心气涣散的情志是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"悲忧"},{"key":"B","value":"恐惧"},{"key":"C","value":"思虑"},{"key":"D","value":"暴喜"},{"key":"E","value":"过度愤怒"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是七情内伤致病的特点。易导致心气涣散的情志是暴喜(D对)。七情内伤影响内脏气机:情志所伤,主要影响脏腑气机,使其紊乱。主要的病变变化是:“怒则气上”“喜则气缓”“悲则气消”“恐则气下”“惊则气乱”“思则气结”。怒则气上,是指过度愤怒(E错),则可使肝气疏泄太过,气机上逆,甚则血随气逆,并走于上。可见头胀头痛、面红目赤、呕血,甚则昏厥猝倒等。喜则气缓,是指过喜或暴喜,则可使心气涣散而不收。在正常情况下,心情喜悦,气血调和,能缓和精神紧张;但暴喜或过喜,则又可使心气涣散,神不内守。表现为精神不能集中,甚则神志失常,狂乱,或见心气暴脱的大汗淋漓、气息微弱、脉微欲绝等症。悲则气消,是指过度悲忧(A错),则可使肺气抑郁,意志消沉,从而使肺气耗伤。可见精神不振、气短胸闷、乏力懒言等症。恐则气下,是指恐惧(B错)过度,因恐而伤及肾气,肾气不固,可见二便失禁;或恐惧不解,肾精不固,而发生骨酸痉厥、遗精等症。惊则气乱,是指突然受惊,以致心无所倚,神无所归,虑无所定。可见精神不安、惊慌失措,或遇事犹豫不决等症。思则气结,是指思虑(C错)劳神过度,伤及于脾,使脾不健运,运化无力,气血化生无源。若耗及于心,则心血亏虚,心神失养,表现为心悸、健忘、失眠、多梦;若脾运不健,又可影响胃纳,可见食欲减退、脘腹胀满或腹泻便溏等症。"} {"Question":"主统摄血液的脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是脾的生理功能。主统摄血液的脏是脾(C对)。五脏,指心、肺、脾、肝、肾。五脏的生理功能是:(一)心(A错)的生理功能。心的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主血脉,二是主神明。1.心主血脉:(1)心有推动血液在脉管内运行的作用。(2)心对血液的生成也有一定的作用。2.心主神明:心主神明,又称心藏神,即心有主宰生命活动和主宰意识、思维、情志等精神活动的功能。(二)肺(B错)的生理功能。肺的生理功能,包括肺主气、司呼吸,主宣发肃降,通调水道,朝百脉而主治节。1.肺主气,司呼吸:(1)肺主呼吸之气。(2)肺主一身之气。2.肺主宣发与肃降:肺主宣发,指肺气具有向上、向外、升宣、发散的生理功能。肺主肃降,是指肺气具有向下、向内、肃降、收敛的生理功能。3.肺主通调水道:肺通调水道的功能,是指肺气宣发和肃降对于体内津液代谢具有疏通和调节的作用。4.肺朝百脉,主治节:肺朝百脉,是指全身的血液,都通过经脉而会聚于肺,通过肺的呼吸,进行气体的交换,然后再输布到全身。肺主治节,指肺具有治理调节呼吸及全身之气、血、津液的功能。(三)脾的生理功能。脾的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主运化,二是主统血。1.脾主运化:(1)运化水谷精微,是指脾对饮食物的消化和水谷精微的吸收、转输、布散的作用。(2)运化水液,是指脾对水液的吸收、转输和布散作用。2.脾主统血:脾主统血,是指脾能统摄、控制血液,使之正常地循行于脉内,而不逸出于脉外。(四)肝(D错)的生理功能。肝的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主疏泄,二是藏血。1.肝主疏泄:肝主疏泄,是指肝气具有疏通、畅达全身气机,进而调畅精血津液的运行输布、脾胃之气的升降、胆汁的分泌排泄以及情志活动等作用。肝的疏泄功能反映了肝为刚脏、主升、主动的生理特点,中心环节是调畅全身气机。肝主疏泄,调畅全身气机功能,具体体现在五个方面:(1)调畅情志。(2)协调脾胃升降。(3)促进胆汁生成与排泄。(4)促进血液运行和津液代谢。(5)调畅排精行经。2.肝主藏血:肝藏血,是指肝具有贮藏血液、调节血量和防止出血的功能。(1)贮藏血液。(2)调节血量。(3)防止出血。(五)肾(E错)的生理功能。肾的生理功能主要有三方面:一是藏精,主生长、发育与生殖;二是主水;三是主纳气。1.肾藏精,主生长、发育与生殖:肾藏精,是指肾对精气具有封藏作用。(1)肾主生长、发育。(2)肾主生殖。(3)肾中阴阳为各脏阴阳之根本。2.肾主水:肾主水,是指肾的气化功能,对于体内津液的输布和排泄,维持津液代谢平衡,起着极为重要的调节作用。(1)主宰全身水液代谢。(2)生成尿液。3.肾主纳气:肾主纳气,是指肾有摄纳肺所吸入的清气,保持吸气的深度,防止呼吸表浅的作用。"} {"Question":"湿邪的性质与致病特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耗气伤津"},{"key":"B","value":"善行数变"},{"key":"C","value":"易发肿疡"},{"key":"D","value":"凝滞主痛"},{"key":"E","value":"黏滞重浊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查湿邪的性质及致病特点。湿邪的性质与致病特点是黏滞重浊(E对)。湿邪的性质和致病特点:湿为阴邪,易阻遏气机,损伤阳气;湿性重浊、湿性黏滞;湿性趋下,易伤阴位。暑邪的性质和致病特点:暑为阳邪,其性炎热;暑性升散,耗气伤津(A错);暑多挟湿。风邪的性质和致病特点:风为阳邪,其性开泄,易袭阳位;风邪善行而数变(B错);风为百病之长。火热之邪的性质和致病特点:火热为阳邪,其性炎上;火易伤津耗气;火热易生风动血;火热易发肿疡(C错)。寒邪的性质和致病特点:寒为阴邪,易伤阳气;寒性凝滞,主痛(D错);寒性收引。"} {"Question":"相乘可称为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相生"},{"key":"B","value":"相克"},{"key":"C","value":"过克"},{"key":"D","value":"反克"},{"key":"E","value":"制化"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是五行的生克乘侮。相乘可称为过克(C对)五行相乘,是指五行的某一行对所胜一行克制太过,从而引起一系列的异常相克反应,也称为“过克”。五行相生(A错),是指木、火、土、金、水之间存在着有序的资生、助长和促进的作用。五行相克(B错),是指木、土、水、火、金之间存在着有序的克制、制约的作用。五行反克(D错),即五行相侮。五行相侮,是指由于五行的某一行对所不胜一行进行反向克制,又称“反侮”或“反克”。五行制化(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"与机体津液输布排泄相关的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺的呼吸"},{"key":"B","value":"肾的蒸腾气化"},{"key":"C","value":"汗液的排泄"},{"key":"D","value":"尿液的形成排泄"},{"key":"E","value":"气机的升降疏泄"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是津液代谢。与机体津液输布排泄相关的有肺的呼吸(A对)、肾的蒸腾气化(B对)、汗液的排泄(C对)与尿液的形成排泄(D对)。津液的生成,依赖于脾胃对饮食物的运化功能;津液的输布,则依靠脾的“散精”和肺的“通调水道”功能,津液的排泄则主要通过汗液、尿液和呼气的形式而实现,津液在体内的升降出入,则是在肾的气化蒸腾作用下,以三焦为通道,随着气的升降出入,布散于全身而环流不息。可见津液的代谢过程,依赖于气和许多脏腑一系列生理功能的协调配合,其中尤以肺、脾、肾三脏的生理功能起着主要的调节平衡作用。气机的升降疏泄(E错)为肝的生理功能。肝的生理功能。肝的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主疏泄,二是藏血。1.肝主疏泄:肝主疏泄,是指肝气具有疏通、畅达全身气机,进而调畅精血津液的运行输布、脾胃之气的升降、胆汁的分泌排泄以及情志活动等作用。肝的疏泄功能反映了肝为刚脏、主升、主动的生理特点,中心环节是调畅全身气机。肝主疏泄,调畅全身气机功能,具体体现在五个方面:(1)调畅情志。(2)协调脾胃升降。(3)促进胆汁生成与排泄。(4)促进血液运行和津液代谢。(5)调畅排精行经。2.肝主藏血:肝藏血,是指肝具有贮藏血液、调节血量和防止出血的功能。(1)贮藏血液。(2)调节血量。(3)防止出血。"} {"Question":"寒邪的性质与致病特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"耗气伤津"},{"key":"B","value":"善行数变"},{"key":"C","value":"易发肿疡"},{"key":"D","value":"凝滞主痛"},{"key":"E","value":"黏滞重浊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查寒邪的性质及致病特点。寒邪的性质与致病特点是凝滞主痛(D对)。寒邪的性质和致病特点:寒为阴邪,易伤阳气;寒性凝滞,主痛;寒性收引。暑邪的性质和致病特点:暑为阳邪,其性炎热;暑性升散,耗气伤津(A错);暑多挟湿。风邪的性质和致病特点:风为阳邪,其性开泄,易袭阳位;风邪善行而数变(B错);风为百病之长。火热之邪的性质和致病特点:火热为阳邪,其性炎上;火易伤津耗气;火热易生风动血;火热易发肿疡(C错)。湿邪的性质和致病特点:湿为阴邪,易阻遏气机,损伤阳气;湿性重浊、湿性黏滞(E错);湿性趋下,易伤阴位。"} {"Question":"主司调畅情志的脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心"},{"key":"B","value":"肺"},{"key":"C","value":"脾"},{"key":"D","value":"肝"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是五脏的生理功能。主司调畅情志的脏是肝(D对)。五脏,指心、肺、脾、肝、肾。五脏的生理功能是:(一)心(A错)的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主血脉,二是主神明。1.心主血脉:(1)心有推动血液在脉管内运行的作用。(2)心对血液的生成也有一定的作用。2.心主神明:心主神明,又称心藏神,即心有主宰生命活动和主宰意识、思维、情志等精神活动的功能。(二)肺(B错)的生理功能,包括肺主气、司呼吸,主宣发肃降,通调水道,朝百脉而主治节。1.肺主气,司呼吸:(1)肺主呼吸之气。(2)肺主一身之气。2.肺主宣发与肃降:肺主宣发,指肺气具有向上、向外、升宣、发散的生理功能。肺主肃降,是指肺气具有向下、向内、肃降、收敛的生理功能。3.肺主通调水道:肺通调水道的功能,是指肺气宣发和肃降对于体内津液代谢具有疏通和调节的作用。4.肺朝百脉,主治节:肺朝百脉,是指全身的血液,都通过经脉而会聚于肺,通过肺的呼吸,进行气体的交换,然后再输布到全身。肺主治节,指肺具有治理调节呼吸及全身之气、血、津液的功能。(三)脾(C错)的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主运化,二是主统血。1.脾主运化:(1)运化水谷精微,是指脾对饮食物的消化和水谷精微的吸收、转输、布散的作用。(2)运化水液,是指脾对水液的吸收、转输和布散作用。2.脾主统血:脾主统血,是指脾能统摄、控制血液,使之正常地循行于脉内,而不逸出于脉外。(四)肝主要有两方面:一是主疏泄,二是藏血。1.肝主疏泄:肝主疏泄,是指肝气具有疏通、畅达全身气机,进而调畅精血津液的运行输布、脾胃之气的升降、胆汁的分泌排泄以及情志活动等作用。肝的疏泄功能反映了肝为刚脏、主升、主动的生理特点,中心环节是调畅全身气机。肝主疏泄,调畅全身气机功能,具体体现在五个方面:(1)调畅情志。(2)协调脾胃升降。(3)促进胆汁生成与排泄。(4)促进血液运行和津液代谢。(5)调畅排精行经。2.肝主藏血:肝藏血,是指肝具有贮藏血液、调节血量和防止出血的功能。(1)贮藏血液。(2)调节血量。(3)防止出血。(五)肾(E错)主要有三方面:一是藏精,主生长、发育与生殖;二是主水;三是主纳气。1.肾藏精,主生长、发育与生殖:肾藏精,是指肾对精气具有封藏作用。(1)肾主生长、发育。(2)肾主生殖。(3)肾中阴阳为各脏阴阳之根本。2.肾主水:肾主水,是指肾的气化功能,对于体内津液的输布和排泄,维持津液代谢平衡,起着极为重要的调节作用。(1)主宰全身水液代谢。(2)生成尿液。3.肾主纳气:肾主纳气,是指肾有摄纳肺所吸入的清气,保持吸气的深度,防止呼吸表浅的作用。"} {"Question":"成人牙齿松动,过早脱落的最主要原因是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阳虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肾阴虚"},{"key":"C","value":"脾气虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾精亏"},{"key":"E","value":"脾阳虚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是肾与体的关系。成人牙齿松动,过早脱落的最主要原因是肾精亏(D对)。肾在体合骨:骨,即骨骼。骨是人体的支架,并有保护内脏等作用。肾主骨,是说骨的生长发育及其功能的发挥,均依赖于肾中精气的充养。“齿为骨之余”,牙齿是全身最硬的骨组织,牙齿的生长与脱落,与肾中精气的盛衰密切相关。所以牙齿与骨同属肾所主。肾精亏虚,则骨失所养而痿弱,易于骨折,牙齿松动而脱落。肾阳虚(A错)证的临床表现,常见形寒肢冷,精神不振,腰膝酸软,或阳痿不举,舌淡苔白,脉沉迟或两尺无力。肾阴虚(B错)证的临床表现,常见头晕目眩,耳鸣耳聋,牙齿松动,失眠遗精,口燥咽干,五心烦热,盗汗,腰膝酸痛,舌红,脉细数。脾气虚(C错):由于素体虚弱,劳倦与饮食不节等,内伤脾气,以致脾气虚弱。临床上常见脾虚证候可分三类:(1)脾失健运证:临床表现常见食纳减少,食后作胀,或肢体浮肿,小便不利,或大便溏泻,时息时发,并伴有身倦无力、气短懒言、面色萎黄、舌质淡嫩、苔白、脉缓弱。(2)脾虚下陷证:临床表现常见子宫脱垂,脱肛,胃下垂,慢性腹泻,并见食纳减少,食后作胀,少腹下坠,体倦少气,气短懒言,面色萎黄,舌淡苔白,脉虚。(3)脾不统血证:临床表现常见面色苍白或萎黄,饮食减少,倦怠无力,气短,肌衄,便血以及妇女月经过多,或崩漏,舌质淡,脉细弱。脾阳虚(E错)证的临床表现,常见在脾失健运症状的基础上,同时出现腹中冷痛,腹满时减,得温则舒,口泛清水,四肢不温,气怯形寒,脉沉迟而舌淡苔白。妇女则见白带清稀,小腹下坠,腰酸沉等症。"} {"Question":"肺主气的含义之一是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"主一身之气"},{"key":"B","value":"主气向上向外"},{"key":"C","value":"主调节腠理开合"},{"key":"D","value":"主调节宣发卫气"},{"key":"E","value":"主调节汗液排泄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是肺的生理功能。肺主气的含义之一是主一身之气(A对)。肺主气,司呼吸(1)肺主呼吸之气:肺是体内外气体交换的场所,人体通过肺,从自然界吸入清气,呼出体内的浊气,吐故纳新,使体内外的气体不断交换,从而保证了人体新陈代谢的正常进行。(2)肺主一身之气:肺吸入的清气与脾胃运化的水谷精气,在胸中相合生成宗气,贯心脉以行心血;并且,肺气的升降出入运动对全身气机具有调节作用,故“诸气者,皆属于肺”。肺的主要生理功能1.主宣发肃降,宣发,即宣布、发散,有向上、向外(B错)之意;肃降,即清肃、下降,有向下、向内之意。肺主宣发(D错)是指肺气具有向上升宣和向外周布散的作用;肺主肃降是指肺气具有向下、向内清肃通降的作用。2.主通调水道,肺主通调水道,是指肺气的宣发和肃降,对体内水液的输布和排泄(E错)具有疏通和调节作用。"} {"Question":"邪正盛衰决定着","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"病证的寒热"},{"key":"B","value":"病位的表里"},{"key":"C","value":"气血的虚实"},{"key":"D","value":"病证的虚实"},{"key":"E","value":"脏腑的虚实"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是邪正盛衰与虚实变化。邪正盛衰决定着病证的虚实(D对)。邪正盛衰的病机,是指在疾病过程中,机体的抗病能力与致病邪气之间相互斗争中所发生的盛衰变化。这种斗争,不仅关系着疾病的发生,而且直接影响着疾病的发展和转归,同时也影响着病证的虚实变化。在疾病的发展过程中,邪正的消长盛衰变化决定病机、病证的虚实夹杂或转化。一般规律是,正盛邪退则病势好转或向愈,邪去正虚则病愈而体虚,正虚邪恋则病势缠绵迁延而难愈,邪盛正衰则病势恶化,甚则死亡。病证的寒热(A错)由阴阳失调病机决定。阴阳失调病机,是以阴阳的属性,阴和阳之间所存在的相互制约、相互消长、互根互用和相互转化的理论,来阐释、分析、综合机体一切病变现象的机制,形成了阴阳偏盛偏衰、阴阳互损、阴阳格拒、阴阳亡失等病机的概念及以寒热变化为主的证候。气血的虚实(C错)由气血失调病机决定。人体生命活动的进行,主要是依靠后天所化生的气血津液,通过经脉输布于全身,营养各个脏腑组织器官而实现的。人体的气血是脏腑经络等组织器官进行功能活动的物质基础,若气血津液失常,必然会影响机体的各种生理功能,从而导致疾病的发生。同时,气与血又是脏腑气化活动的产物,因此,脏腑发生病变,不但可以引起本脏腑之气血失常,而且也会影响全身的气血,导致全身气和血的病变变化。所以,气血津液失常不仅是脏腑、经络、形体、官窍等各种病机变化的基础,而且亦是分析和研究各种临床病证病机的基础。"} {"Question":"与肺、肾的生理功能密切相关的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"呼吸运动"},{"key":"B","value":"藏泄互用"},{"key":"C","value":"气的生成"},{"key":"D","value":"精血互生"},{"key":"E","value":"血液运行"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查肺与肾的关系。与肺、肾的生理功能密切相关的是呼吸运动(A对)。肺与肾的关系主要表现于津液代谢、呼吸运动、阴液互滋三个方面。呼吸运动:肺主呼吸,肾主纳气,肺的呼吸功能需要肾的纳气作用来协助。肺从自然界吸入的清气,须在肺气肃降的作用下,下归于肾,由肾摄纳,才能为人体所用。若肾中精气充盛,摄纳功能正常,则可见呼吸深沉平稳。故有“肺为气之主,肾为气之根”之说。肝与肾的关系,称“肝肾同源”或“乙癸同源”(以天干配五行,肝属乙木,肾属癸水,故称),主要表现于精血同源、藏泄互用(B错)及阴阳互资等方面。肺与脾的关系,主要表现在气的生成和津液的输布代谢两个方面。气的生成(C错):肺所吸入的清气和脾运化而生成的水谷精气,是组成宗气的主要物质。因此,肺的呼吸功能和脾的运化功能是否强健,与气的盛衰密切相关。心与肾的关系,主要表现在心肾阴阳水火既济与心血肾精之间的依存关系。精血互生(D错):心主血,肾藏精,血化为精,精能生血,这种精血互生关系,体现了心肾之间的相关性。心与脾的关系,主要表现在血液的生成和运行两方面。1.血液生成:脾运化水谷精微,以生化血液。脾气旺盛,则血之生化功能正常,血液充盛心有所主。心主血,营气和津液化赤为血。心之阳气可以温养脾土,使脾阳不衰,保证了脾生化血液之正常。2.血液运行(E错):心气推动血液循环,脾气统摄血液行于脉中,推动力和固摄力的协调平衡,从而维持血液正常循行。"} {"Question":"能防御外邪入侵的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"卫气"},{"key":"B","value":"元气"},{"key":"C","value":"清气"},{"key":"D","value":"水气"},{"key":"E","value":"谷气"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是气的生理功能。能防御外邪入侵的是卫气(A对)。卫气:与营气相对而言,卫气行于脉外而属阳,又称“卫阳”。卫气的生理功能有三个方面:一是护卫肌表,防御外邪入侵;二是温养脏腑、肌肉、皮毛等;三是调节控制汗孔的开合和汗液的排泄,以维持体温的相对恒定。所以,人体卫外功能的强弱,以及能否维持体温的相对恒定,同卫气的功能活动是否正常有着密切关系。元气(B错):又称“原气”,是人体最基本、最重要的气,是人体生命活动的原动力。元气的生理功能:推动和促进人体的生长发育,温煦和激发各脏腑、经络等组织器官的生理活动。元气是人体生命活动的原动力,是维持人体生命活动的最基本的物质。机体元气充沛,则各脏腑、经络等组织器官的活力旺盛,体质强健而少病。若因先天禀赋不足,或因后天水谷失养,或因久病损耗,以致元气的生成不足或耗伤太过时,就会形成元气虚衰而产生种种病变。清气(C错)来自自然界,是气的来源之一。水气(D错)指体内不正常的水液。谷气(E错),即水谷精气,由饮食水谷经脾胃运化而成。"} {"Question":"血瘀阻于肝的主要症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痛经"},{"key":"B","value":"闭经"},{"key":"C","value":"胁痛痞块"},{"key":"D","value":"呃逆呕血"},{"key":"E","value":"崩漏经多"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是瘀血的致病特点。血瘀阻于肝,可见胁痛痞块(C对)。瘀血的致病特点:(1)疼痛:多为刺痛,痛处固定不移,拒按,夜间痛甚。(2)肿块:外伤肌肤局部,可见青紫肿胀;积于体内,久聚不散,则形成癥积,按之有痞块,固定不移。(3)出血:血色多呈紫暗色,并伴有血块。另外,临床望诊,往往还可见到面色黧黑、肌肤甲错、唇甲青紫、舌色紫暗或有瘀点、瘀斑,或舌下静脉曲张等表现。切诊则多见细涩、沉弦或结代等脉象。瘀血阻滞不同部位,出现症状各异。例如,瘀阻于心,可见心悸、胸闷心痛、口唇指甲青紫;瘀阻于肺,可见胸痛、咯血;瘀阻胃肠,可见呕血(D错)、大便色黑如漆;瘀阻于肝,可见胁痛痞块;瘀血攻心,可致发狂;瘀阻胞宫,可见少腹疼痛、月经不调、痛经(A错)、闭经(B错)、经色紫暗成块,或见崩漏(E错);瘀阻于肢体末端,则可形成脱骨疽;瘀阻肢体肌肤局部,则可见局部肿痛青紫等。"} {"Question":"疫气发生流行的因素","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气候反常"},{"key":"B","value":"源污染"},{"key":"C","value":"六淫外感"},{"key":"D","value":"隔离不当"},{"key":"E","value":"饮食不节"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查疫气发生流行的因素。疫气发生流行的因素气候反常(A对)、源污染(B对)、隔离不当(D对)、饮食不节(E对)。疠气,即疫疠邪气,是一类具有强烈传染性的外感致病邪气,又称“戾气”“异气”“毒气”“乖戾之气”等。疠气与一般的六淫邪气不同,乃是天地间别有的一种特殊的致病因素。疠气致病,多从口鼻侵入人体。在人群中,可以散在发生,也可以形成瘟疫大面积流行。疫疠邪气所致疾病称“疫病”,如大头瘟、疫痢、白喉、烂喉丹痧、天花、霍乱、鼠疫等。疫疠发生与流行的影响因素如下:(1)气候因素。自然界气候的反常变化,如久旱、酷热、湿雾瘴气等。(2)环境和饮食。如空气、水源、或食物受到污染。(3)没有及时做好预防隔离工作。(4)社会因素之影响。六淫致病的共同特点:①外感性(C错):六淫为病,其发病途径,多首先侵犯肌表,或从口鼻而入,或两者同时侵袭。②季节性:六淫致病常有明显的季节性,与气候变化密切相关。③地域性:六淫致病与生活、工作区域环境密切相关。④相兼性:六淫邪气既可单独侵袭人体而致病,又可两种以上同时侵犯人体而致病。"} {"Question":"疫疠邪气的致病特点有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"发病急"},{"key":"B","value":"病情重"},{"key":"C","value":"症状相似"},{"key":"D","value":"传染性强"},{"key":"E","value":"易于流行"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是疠气的致病特点。疫疠邪气的致病特点有发病急(A对)、病情重(B对)、症状相似(C对)、传染性强(D对)与易于流行(E对)。疠气,即疫疠邪气,是一类具有强烈传染性的外感致病邪气,又称“戾气”“异气”“毒气”“乖戾之气”等。疠气与一般的六淫邪气不同,乃是天地间别有的一种特殊的致病因素。疠气致病,多从口鼻侵入人体。在人群中,可以散在发生,也可以形成瘟疫大面积流行。疫疠邪气所致疾病称“疫病”,如大头瘟、疫痢、白喉、烂喉丹痧、天花、霍乱、鼠疫等。疠气的致病特点:发病急骤、病情较重;一气一病、症状相似;传染性强、易于流行。"} {"Question":"“壮水之主,以制阳光”指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳病治阴"},{"key":"B","value":"阴病治阳"},{"key":"C","value":"阳中求阴"},{"key":"D","value":"阴中求阳"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳双补"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是阴阳学说在疾病治疗中的应用。“壮水之主,以制阳光”指阳病治阴(A对)。阴阳失调的基本病机是阴阳偏盛和阴阳偏衰。阴阳偏盛,又称“阴阳偏胜”,即阴或阳的过盛有余,为邪气有余之实证。阴阳偏盛的治疗原则是“损其有余”“实则泻之”。阳盛则热属实热证,宜用寒凉药以制其阳,治热以寒,即“热者寒之”。阴盛则寒属实寒证,宜用温热药以制其阴,治寒以热,即“寒者热之”。若其相对一方出现偏衰时,则当兼顾其不足,配合以扶阳或益阴之法。阴阳偏衰,即阴或阳的虚损不足,或为阴虚,或为阳虚。阴阳偏衰的治疗原则是“补其不足”“虚则补之”。阴虚不能制阳而致阳亢者,属虚热证,一般不能用寒凉药直折其热,须“壮水之主,以制阳光”,即用滋阴壮水之法以抑制阳亢火盛,这种治疗原则亦称为“阳病治阴”。若阳虚不能制阴而造成阴盛者,属虚寒证,不宜用辛温发散药以散阴寒,须“益火之源,以消阴翳”,即用扶阳益火之法以消退阴盛,这种治疗原则也称为“阴病治阳(B错)”。对阴阳偏衰的治疗,明代张景岳根据阴阳互根的原理,提出了阴中求阳(D错)、阳中求阴(C错)的治法,即是指在用补阳药时,须佐用补阴药;在用补阴药时,须佐用补阳药,以发挥其互根互用的生化作用。阴阳双补(E错)指补阴药与补阳药同用。"} {"Question":"主统血的脏是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肝"},{"key":"B","value":"脾"},{"key":"C","value":"肺"},{"key":"D","value":"心"},{"key":"E","value":"肾"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是脾的生理功能。主统血的脏是脾(B对)。五脏的生理功能是:(一)心(D错)的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主血脉,二是主神明。(二)肺(C错)的生理功能,包括肺主气、司呼吸,主宣发肃降,通调水道,朝百脉而主治节。(三)脾的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主运化,二是主统血。(四)肝(A错)的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主疏泄,二是藏血。(五)肾(E错)的生理功能主要有三方面:一是藏精,主生长、发育与生殖;二是主水;三是主纳气。"} {"Question":"颊红,烦躁,四肢厥逆,下利清谷,脉微欲绝,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳盛格阴"},{"key":"B","value":"阴盛格阳"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳偏盛"},{"key":"D","value":"阴阳偏衰"},{"key":"E","value":"阴阳消长"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是阴阳失调病机的内容。颊红,烦躁,四肢厥逆,下利清谷,脉微欲绝,属于阴盛格阳(B对)。阴阳失调,即是阴阳消长(E错)失去平衡协调的简称。是指机体在疾病的发生发展过程中,由于各种致病因素的影响,导致机体阴阳消长失去相对的平衡,从而形成阴阳偏盛、偏衰,或阴不制阳、阳不制阴的病变状态。1.阴阳偏盛(C错):又称“阴阳偏胜”,阴或阳的偏盛,主要是指“邪气盛则实”的实证。病邪侵入人体,必从其类。阳邪侵入人体,可形成阳偏盛,阴邪侵入人体,可形成阴偏盛。阳盛则热,阴盛则寒,明确地指出了阳偏盛和阴偏盛病机的临床表现特点。2.阴阳偏衰(D错):阴或阳的偏衰,是指“精气夺则虚”的虚证。“精气夺”,实质上是包括了机体的精、气、血、津液等基本物质的不足及其生理功能的减退,同时也包括了脏腑、经络等生理功能的减退和失调。3.阴阳互损:阴阳互损,是指阴或阳任何一方虚损到相当程度,病变发展影响及相对的一方,形成阴阳两虚的病变机制。(1)阴损及阳:阴损及阳,是指由于阴气亏损,累及阳气生化不足,或阳气无所依附而耗散,从而在阴虚的基础上又出现了阳虚,形成以阴虚为主的阴阳两虚的病机变化。(2)阳损及阴:阳损及阴,是指由于阳气虚损,无阳则阴无以生,从而在阳虚的基础上又导致了阴虚,形成以阳虚为主的阴阳两虚的病机变化。4.阴阳格拒:阴阳格拒,是阴阳失调病机中比较特殊的一类病机。(1)阴盛格阳:阴盛格阳,是指阴寒之邪壅盛于内,逼迫阳气浮越于外,使阴阳之气不相顺接、相互格拒,表现为真寒假热的病机变化。病变本质是阴寒内盛,临床可见四肢厥逆、下利清谷、脉微欲绝等症状;又可见阳浮于外,症见身热反不恶寒(但欲盖衣被)、面颊泛红等假热之象。(2)阳盛格阴(A错):阳盛格阴,是指邪热过盛,深伏于里,阳气被遏,郁闭于内,不能外透布达于肢体,从而形成阴阳排斥,而格阴于外,表现为真热假寒的病机变化。病变本质是阳热内盛,临床可见身热、面红、气粗、烦躁等症状外;又突然出现四肢厥冷(但身热不恶寒)、脉象沉伏(但沉数有力)等假寒之象。5.阴阳亡失:阴阳亡失是机体的阴液或阳气突然大量地亡失,导致生命垂危的一种病变状态。"} {"Question":"面色白,畏寒肢冷,喜静,小便清长,下利清谷,属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"阳偏衰"},{"key":"B","value":"阴偏衰"},{"key":"C","value":"阴阳互损"},{"key":"D","value":"阴寒偏盛"},{"key":"E","value":"热盛伤阴"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是阴阳失调的临床表现。面色白,畏寒肢冷,喜静,小便清长,下利清谷,属于阳偏衰(A对)。阳虚:又称“阳偏衰”,是指机体阳气虚损、功能减退或衰弱、热量不足的病机变化。阳虚则寒,不但可见到面色白、畏寒肢冷、舌淡、脉迟等寒象,而且还有喜静踡卧、小便清长、下利清谷等虚象。阴偏衰(B错),即阴虚。阴虚:又称“阴偏衰”,是指机体精、血、津液等物质亏耗,以及阴不制阳,导致阳相对亢盛、功能虚性亢奋的病机变化。五心烦热、骨蒸潮热、颧红消瘦、盗汗、咽干口燥、舌红少苔、脉细数无力等,即是阴虚则热的表现。阴阳互损(C错),是指阴或阳任何一方虚损到相当程度,病变发展影响及相对的一方,形成阴阳两虚的病变机制。阴寒偏盛(D错),即阴盛格阳。阴盛格阳,是指阴寒之邪壅盛于内,逼迫阳气浮越于外,使阴阳之气不相顺接、相互格拒,表现为真寒假热的病机变化。病变本质是阴寒内盛,临床可见四肢厥逆、下利清谷、脉微欲绝等症状;又可见阳浮于外,症见身热反不恶寒(但欲盖衣被)、面颊泛红等假热之象。热盛伤阴(E错),即阳盛格阴。阳盛格阴,是指邪热过盛,深伏于里,阳气被遏,郁闭于内,不能外透布达于肢体,从而形成阴阳排斥,而格阴于外,表现为真热假寒的病机变化。病变本质是阳热内盛,临床可见身热、面红、气粗、烦躁等症状;又突然出现四肢厥冷(但身热不恶寒)、脉象沉伏(但沉数有力)等假寒之象。"} {"Question":"肾的主要生理功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化生阳气"},{"key":"B","value":"主司呼吸"},{"key":"C","value":"化生气血"},{"key":"D","value":"调节阴阳"},{"key":"E","value":"藏精、纳气、主骨生髓"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是肾的生理功能。肾的主要生理功能是藏精、纳气、主骨生髓(E对)。肾的生理功能主要有三方面:一是藏精,主生长、发育与生殖;二是主水;三是主纳气。主司呼吸(B错)为肺的生理功能。肺的生理功能,包括肺主气、司呼吸,主宣发肃降,通调水道,朝百脉而主治节。化生气血(C错)为脾的生理功能。脾的生理功能主要有两方面:一是主运化,二是主统血。其中脾运化水谷精微,是指脾对饮食物的消化和水谷精微的吸收、转输、布散的作用。饮食物由胃受纳腐熟,必须依赖于脾的运化功能,才能将水谷转化为精微物质,转输到心肺,布散于全身,从而使各个脏腑、组织、器官得到充足的营养,并通过心肺的作用化生气血,故“脾为后天之本,气血生化之源”。调节阴阳(D错)即调整阴阳,属于疾病的基本治则。疾病的发生,其根本即是阴阳的相对平衡遭到破坏,出现偏盛偏衰的结果。因此,调整阴阳,使之恢复平衡,促进阴平阳秘,也是临床治疗的根本法则之一。化生阳气(A错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"下列配伍应用的组药中,属于不合理联用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"附子理中丸与四神丸"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾丸与人参养荣丸"},{"key":"C","value":"朱砂安神丸与天王补心丸"},{"key":"D","value":"六味地黄丸与益中补气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"二陈丸与平胃散"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药联合应用。下列配伍应用的组药中,属于不合理联用的是朱砂安神丸与天王补心丸(C对)。朱砂安神丸与天王补心丸属于含有毒药物中成药的联用。含有毒药物中成药的联用:数种功效相似的中成药联用,在各自制剂的组成中,往往有一种或几种相同的药味。因此,联用将会增加某一味或几味药的剂量。如大活络丸与天麻丸合用,两者均含附子;朱砂安神丸与天王补心丸合用,两者均含朱砂,均会增加有毒药味的服用量,加大患者产生不良反应的危险性。故在使用时应考虑药物“增量”的因素。再如复方丹参滴丸和速效救心丸同属气滞血瘀型用药,其处方组成与功效基本相似,而且这一类的药物多数含有冰片,由于冰片药性寒凉,服用剂量过大易伤人脾胃,导致胃痛胃寒,故不可过量使用,在临床应用中使用其中一种即可。因此中成药之间的联合用药。尤其是几种含有毒成分或相同成分的中成药联合应用时,应注意有毒成分或相同成分的“叠加”,以免引起不良反应。附子理中丸与四神丸(A错)、归脾丸与人参养荣丸(B错)合用,属于两种功效相似的中成药合用。两种功效相似的中成药同用治疗一种病证,以起到增强疗效的协同作用。如附子理中丸与四神丸合用,可以增强温肾运脾、涩肠止泻的功效,治疗脾肾阳虚之五更泄泻。归脾丸与人参养荣丸同用,可明显增强补益心脾、益气养血、安神止痉的功效,治疗心悸失眠、眩晕健忘。脑立清胶囊(片)与六味地黄丸合用,用于高血压病证属肝肾阴虚、风阳上扰者。二陈丸与平胃散(E错)合用,属于功效不同的中成药配伍同用。功效不同的中成药配伍同用,一药为主,一药为辅,辅药能够提高主药功效。例如以二陈丸燥湿化痰为主方治疗湿痰咳嗽,而脾为生痰之源,辅以平胃散同用,燥湿健脾,可明显增强二陈丸燥湿化痰之功。又如以乌鸡白凤丸为主药治疗妇女气血不足、月经失调,辅以香砂六君丸,以开气血生化之源,增强主药的养血调经之功。六味地黄丸与补中益气丸(D错)的合用,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"可致肝细胞损害的药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"草乌"},{"key":"B","value":"鱼胆"},{"key":"C","value":"黄药子"},{"key":"D","value":"益母草"},{"key":"E","value":"苍耳子"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是引起肝损伤的中药及其主要化学物质。可致肝细胞损害的药有鱼胆(B对)、黄药子(C对)与苍耳子(E对)。引起肝损伤的中药及其主要化学物质:1.植物类:文献报道多、有明确肝损伤的中药有柴胡、川楝子、苍术、苍耳子、栀子、吴茱萸、艾叶、山豆根、番泻叶、何首乌、黄药子、雷公藤等。其肝毒性与所含成分有关。(1)生物碱类:包括菊科的千里光属(如千里光、菊三七等)、款冬属、蜂斗菜属、泽兰属,紫草科的紫草属、天芥菜属。(2)苷类:含皂苷的中药有三七、商陆、黄药子等。(3)毒蛋白类:如苍耳子、蓖麻子、望江南子、相思豆等。(4)多肽类:其中毒蕈植物中毒蕈伞对肝脏损害最重。(5)萜与内酯类:包括有川楝子、黄药子、艾叶等。(6)鞣质类:包括五倍子、石榴皮、诃子等。2.动物类:(1)蜈蚣;(2)鱼胆;(3)蟾酥;(4)斑蝥;(5)猪胆。3.矿物类:(1)含汞矿物药:主要有朱砂、银朱、红粉、轻粉、白降丹等,其以HgS、HgO、Hg₂Cl₂、HgCl₂等汞化物形式存在。(2)含砷矿物药:包括砒石、雄黄、代赭石等,其毒性成分主要是三氧化二砷(As₂O₃)。(3)含铅矿物药:包括铅丹、密陀僧等。草乌(A错)、益母草(D错)可导致急性肾功能衰竭。常见对肾功能有影响的中药:1.植物类:(1)含生物碱类:如雷公藤、草乌、益母草、蓖麻子、麻黄、北豆根等及含上述中药的一些制剂。(2)含马兜铃酸类:如马兜铃、天仙藤、寻骨风等。(3)含挥发油类:如土荆芥、藿香、茵陈、艾叶等。(4)含蒽醌类:如大黄蒽醌类成分(大黄、番泻叶、芦荟)。(5)苷类:如苍耳子。2.动物类:(1)斑蝥。(2)鱼胆。(3)海马。(4)其他:蜈蚣、蜂毒等。3.矿物类:(1)含砷类:砒石、砒霜、雄黄、红矾,以及中成药牛黄解毒片、安宫牛黄丸、牛黄清心丸、六神丸、砒枣散等。(2)含汞类:朱砂、升汞、轻粉、红粉,以及中成药安宫牛黄丸、牛黄清心丸、朱砂安神丸、天王补心丸、安神补脑丸、苏合香丸、人参再造丸、大活络丸、七厘散、梅花点舌丸、一捻金(胶囊)等。"} {"Question":"大黄䗪虫丸处方组成为大黄、土鳖虫、水蛭、虻虫、蛴螬、干漆、桃仁、地黄、白芍、黄芩、苦杏仁、甘草。方中大黄宜选用的炮制品是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生大黄"},{"key":"B","value":"酒大黄"},{"key":"C","value":"醋大黄"},{"key":"D","value":"熟大黄"},{"key":"E","value":"大黄炭"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是大黄䗪虫丸的药物组成。大黄䗪虫丸处方组成为大黄、土鳖虫、水蛭、虻虫、蛴螬、干漆、桃仁、地黄、白芍、黄芩、苦杏仁、甘草。方中大黄宜选用的炮制品是熟大黄(D对)。生大黄(A错)、酒大黄(B错)、熟大黄与大黄炭(E错)均为大黄的不同炮制品种,由于炮制方法不同,作用亦各有偏重。生大黄泻下力强,故欲攻下者宜生用,汤剂应后下,或用开水泡服;久煎则泻下力减弱。酒大黄泻下力较弱,善清上焦血分热毒,宜用于目赤咽肿,齿龈肿痛。熟大黄泻下力缓,泻火解毒,用于火毒疮疡。大黄炭凉血化瘀止血,多用于血热有瘀出血证。如温脾汤用生大黄、当归龙荟丸用酒大黄、大黄䗪虫丸用熟大黄、十灰丸用大黄炭。"} {"Question":"某女,75岁。大便干结难下2月余,脘腹胀满,口干口苦,心烦不宁,舌苔黄腻,脉弦。诊断为便秘,给予更衣丸。为增强疗效,执业药师建议可使用的药引和服用方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清茶送服"},{"key":"B","value":"生姜煎汤送服"},{"key":"C","value":"黄酒送服"},{"key":"D","value":"米汤送服"},{"key":"E","value":"淡盐水送服"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药与药引的配伍应用。大便干结难下2月余,脘腹胀满,口干口苦,心烦不宁,舌苔黄腻,脉弦。诊断为便秘,给予更衣丸。为增强疗效,执业药师建议可使用的药引和服用方法是米汤送服(D对)。中成药与药引的配伍应用:所谓药引又称药引子,是指根据病情的需要和剂型的特点,选用适当的中药饮片或辅料,经煎煮或加热后配合成药或成方使用的物质。如对外感风寒或脾胃虚寒之呕吐泄泻等病证,常用生姜、大枣煎汤送服(B错)中成药,如治风寒表实咳嗽的通宣理肺丸、温中散寒的附子理中丸、和中解表的藿香正气水等,以增强散风寒、和脾胃、温中止呕之功,一般用生姜3~5片,水煎取汤送服。对于跌打损伤、风寒湿痹等证,常用黄酒或白酒送服(C错)三七粉、云南白药、三七伤药片、七厘散、大活络丸、再造丸、醒消丸、跌打丸、独活寄生丸、腰痛宁胶囊等,以行药势,直达病所,黄酒一般用15~20ml,白酒酌减。用于治疗便秘的麻仁丸,宜用蜂蜜冲水送服,以增其润肠和中之效。米汤具有温养脾胃、顾护胃气的功效,还可减少药物对肠胃的刺激,因此凡脾胃虚弱,素有胃肠道疾患的患者服用更衣丸、麻仁丸、消渴丸、四神丸等,以及服用治疗身体衰弱的补益类中成药如十全大补丸、人参养荣丸等,宜用米汤送服,小米、大米汤汁均可。滋阴补肾的六味地黄丸、大补阴丸等宜用淡盐水送服(E错),以取其引药入肾之功。清热导滞的至宝锭用焦三仙煎汤送服,以增强消导之功。治疗风热感冒的银翘解毒丸用鲜芦根煎汤送服,取其清热透表生津的协同作用。川芎茶调散用清茶送服(A错),取其清热之效。"} {"Question":"某女,36岁。平素汗出较多,易患感冒。因近日鼻塞不通、常流脓涕、前额头痛等不适症状就诊。医师诊断为鼻渊,辨证为风热蕴肺兼表虚不固,开具饮片处方如下。该中药中引起肝损伤的主要化学物质属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"毒蛋白类"},{"key":"B","value":"多肽类"},{"key":"C","value":"黄酮类"},{"key":"D","value":"生物碱类"},{"key":"E","value":"萜类"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是引起肝损伤的中药及其主要化学成分。平素汗出较多,易患感冒。因近日鼻塞不通、常流脓涕、前额头痛等不适症状就诊。医师诊断为鼻渊,辨证为风热蕴肺兼表虚不固,开具饮片处方如下。该中药中引起肝损伤的主要化学物质属于毒蛋白类(A对)。引起肝损伤的植物类中药及其主要化学物质:文献报道多、有明确肝损伤的中药有柴胡、川楝子、苍术、苍耳子、栀子、吴茱萸、艾叶、山豆根、番泻叶、何首乌、黄药子、雷公藤等。其肝毒性与所含成分有关。(1)生物碱类(D错):为一类含氮有机化物,普遍存在于各科植物中,具有很强的生理活性,对机体具有毒副作用的生物碱大多数侵害中枢神经及自主神经系统,但也有一些生物碱具有典型的肝脏毒性,如含有吡咯双烷生物碱的中草药,包括菊科的千里光属(如千里光、菊三七等)、款冬属、蜂斗菜属、泽兰属,紫草科的紫草属、天芥菜属,可引起肝细胞坏死、肝纤维化,继而发展为肝硬化。(2)苷类:可分为强心苷类、氰苷类和皂苷类。强心苷类及氰苷类成分鲜有造成肝损伤的报道,皂苷有局部刺激作用,有的还有溶血作用。含皂苷的中药有三七、商陆、黄药子等,黄药子是目前公认的肝脏毒性中药。(3)毒蛋白类:毒蛋白主要存在于一些中药的种子中,如苍耳子、蓖麻子、望江南子、相思豆等,其中蓖麻毒蛋白的作用机制是阻断蛋白质的合成,和相思豆毒蛋白机制相似,相思豆蛋白的毒性反应是使肝脏坏死,淋巴充血。(4)多肽类(B错):有一些毒性较大的活性肽,其中毒蕈植物中毒蕈伞对肝脏损害最重,其毒素为毒伞肽和毒肽,可损害细胞膜的功能,使肝细胞蛋白合成受到抑制引起肝脏损害。(5)萜与内酯类(E错):萜类在自然界分布广泛,种类繁多,不少萜类化合物对肝脏有明显毒副作用,但肝损伤机制还不甚明了。包括有川楝子、黄药子、艾叶等,其中川楝子是含萜类肝脏毒性中药中最典型的一类药物,能引起急性中毒性肝炎,出现转氨酶升高、黄疸、肝肿大。(6)鞣质类:鞣质广泛存在于各种植物中,一般分为缩合鞣质和可水解鞣质。研究表明,缩合鞣质的毒性较低,对肝脏无毒或只有轻度损害,而可水解鞣质的毒性较高,是直接肝脏毒,长期大量应用可引起肝小叶中央坏死、脂肪肝、肝硬化。包括五倍子、石榴皮、诃子等,其中五倍子中含有大量可水解鞣质,进入机体后几乎全部被分解成倍酸与焦酸,极大量时可引起灶性肝细胞坏死。引起肝损伤的黄酮类(C错)中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"中西药联用时,可与皮质激素类药联用而减轻其副作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"真武汤"},{"key":"B","value":"小青龙汤"},{"key":"C","value":"桂枝汤"},{"key":"D","value":"四物汤"},{"key":"E","value":"芍药甘草汤"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药合理联用的例举。中西药联用时,可与皮质激素类药联用而减轻其副作用的是桂枝汤(C对)。桂枝汤、含人参的方剂与皮质激素类药联用,可减少激素的用量和副作用。真武汤(A错)、木防己汤、越婢加术汤、分消汤等与西药利尿药联用,可以增强利尿效果。小青龙汤(B错)、干姜汤、柴朴汤、柴胡桂枝汤等与抗组胺药联用,可减少西药的用量和嗜睡、口渴等副作用。芍药甘草汤(E错)等与解痉药联用,在提高疗效的同时,还能消除腹胀、便秘等副作用。四物汤(D错)与西药联用的效果,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"老年人因脏腑生理功能衰退,常感体力不济,记忆力不如以前想服用滋补药增强体质,但需辨证选药,合理使用。肾阴虚者宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"B","value":"薯蓣丸"},{"key":"C","value":"龟龄集"},{"key":"D","value":"人参归脾丸"},{"key":"E","value":"生脉饮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是老年人合理服用滋补药的注意事项。老年人因脏腑生理功能衰退,常感体力不济,记忆力不如以前想服用滋补药增强体质,但需辨证选药,合理使用。肾阴虚者宜用六味地黄丸(A对)。老年人合理服用滋补药的注意事项:老年人由于生理功能的衰退,常感到体力、精力不如往年,总想用些滋补药来增强体质,延年益寿。但在使用滋补药时,要严格遵照中医的辨证论治,按需行补,不需不补。如果不辨病证,不分气血、阴阳、寒热、温凉,滥用补药,很容易引起病情加重或诱发新的疾病。例如老年慢性支气管炎日久会出现肺阴虚之象,宜用西洋参、沙参等益气养阴清热,若用红参,偏于甘温,反而使余邪复燃,病情加重。所以老年人选用补药应弄清自己的体质情况,属于哪一种证型,再根据补药的药性,合理选用,达到补而不滞,滋而不腻。老年人的体虚,也有阴虚、阳虚、气虚、血虚和心、肝、脾、肺、肾等不同脏器虚衰之区别。阴虚者选用清补型滋补剂,如大补阴丸;偏于阳虚者应服用温补型滋补剂,如龟龄集(C错);肾阴虚老人宜服用六味地黄丸;心脾两虚老人宜服人参归脾丸(D错)。除此之外,病体还有寒热虚实之别。所以,辨证应用补药,才能药到病除,补到虚消。中医讲究按季节时令使用滋补药,即“春暖平补”“夏暑清补”“秋燥润补”“冬寒大补”。四季比较,以秋冬为佳,尤以冬季最佳,此季人体的阴精阳气也趋于潜藏,补益阴精阳气易于吸收而藏于体内,使体质得到增强,起到扶正固本的作用。如果忽略季节时令,春夏大补,则易上火,出现口干、咽燥,甚至引发新的病证。由于滋补药的种类很多,服用方法和剂量以及用药注意事项可参照说明书,但剂量常标明一定的幅度,采用低限或高限量应按个人情况而定。药酒还应根据自己的酒量酌情服用,不会饮酒的,可从小剂量开始逐渐加大。薯蓣丸(B错)为虚劳血虚证的中成药应用。虚劳血虚证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有归芪口服液、再造生血片、薯蓣丸。生脉饮(E错):【功能】益气复脉,养阴生津。【主治】气阴两亏,心悸气短,脉微自汗。"} {"Question":"红灵散与庆大霉素同用,能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"形成络合物沉淀"},{"key":"B","value":"引发肝脏损害"},{"key":"C","value":"产生永久性结合物"},{"key":"D","value":"引发永久性耳聋"},{"key":"E","value":"引发药源性肠炎"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药联用。红灵散与庆大霉素同用,能引发永久性耳聋(D对)。碱性中药如硼砂、红灵散、女金丹等,能使氨基糖苷类抗生素如链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星等排泄减少,吸收增加,同时增加脑组织中的药物浓度,使耳毒性增加,造成暂时性或永久性耳聋。含钙、镁、铁等金属离子的中药,如石膏、瓦楞子、牡蛎、龙骨、海螵蛸、石决明、赭石、明矾等及其中成药,不能与四环素类抗生素联用,因金属离子可与此类西药形成络合物(A错),而不易被胃肠道吸收,降低疗效。含汞类中药及其制剂,如朱砂、轻粉、朱砂安神丸、仁丹、紫雪散、补心丹、磁朱丸等,不能与溴化钾、三溴合剂、碘化钾、碘喉片等同服,因汞离子与溴离子或碘离子在肠中相遇后,会生成有剧毒的溴化汞或碘化汞,从而导致药源性肠炎(E错)或赤痢样大便。"} {"Question":"中西药联用时会引起药动学上的相互作用,下列药组中:煅龙骨和呋喃妥因联用能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"增加药物排泄"},{"key":"B","value":"影响药物分布"},{"key":"C","value":"影响药物吸收"},{"key":"D","value":"影响药物代谢"},{"key":"E","value":"减少药物排泄"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药联用在药动学上的相互作用。中西药联用时会引起药动学上的相互作用,下列药组中:煅龙骨和呋喃妥因联用能增加药物排泄(A对)。中西药联用时影响药物的吸收,主要是影响药物的透过生物膜吸收和影响药物在胃肠道的稳定性。1.影响吸收(C错):(1)影响药物透过生物膜吸收:中药中的某些成分如鞣质、药用炭、生物碱、果胶及金属离子等易与西药结合或吸附,特别是以固体形式口服的西药,可导致某些药物作用下降。含鞣质较多的中药有大黄、虎杖、五倍子、石榴皮等,因此中成药牛黄解毒片(丸)、麻仁丸、七厘散等不宜与口服的红霉素、士的宁、利福平等同用,因为鞣质具有吸附作用,使这些西药透过生物膜的吸收量减少。蒲黄炭、荷叶炭、煅瓦楞子等不宜与生物碱、酶制剂同服,因为药物炭吸附生物碱及酶制剂,抑制其生物活性,影响药物的吸收。含有果胶类药物,如六味地黄丸、人参归脾丸、山茱萸等不宜与林可霉素(洁霉素)同服,同服后可使林可霉素的透膜吸收减少90%。含槲皮素中药与碳酸钙、氢氧化铝、四环素、大环内酯类抗菌药等西药能形成螯合物。磺胺类抗生素与含炭类的中成药槐角丸等联用,可以减少这些药在胃肠道的吸收,降低疗效。含朱砂中药与溴化物西药能生成溴化汞。含雄黄中药与亚硝酸盐类西药能形成硫代砷酸盐。山楂、乌梅与氨茶碱、碳酸氢钠能发生中和反应。硼砂、煅牡蛎与阿司匹林能发生中和反应等。(2)影响药物在胃肠道的稳定:药物之间通过直接改变胃肠道的内环境,比如酸碱度、胃肠蠕动和排空速率等,间接引起药物吸收情况改变。如胃宁散(麦芽、龙胆、碳酸氢钠、三硅酸镁等)、复方陈香胃片(陈皮、木香、石菖蒲、大黄、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化铝等)、活胃胶囊(砂仁、小茴香、肉桂、红曲、大黄、滑石粉、碳酸氢钠、碳酸镁等)能够改变胃液酸碱度,减少弱酸性药物阿司匹林、头孢霉素的吸收,降低疗效。一些含生物碱的中药如麻黄、颠茄、洋金花、曼陀罗、莨菪等,可抑制胃蠕动及排空,延长红霉素、洋地黄类药物在胃内的滞留时间,或使红霉素被胃酸破坏而降低疗效,或使洋地黄类药物在胃肠道内的吸收增加,引起中毒。中成药中含有某些重金属或金属离子,当与一些具有还原性的西药配伍使用时,会生成不溶性螯合物,影响药物在胃肠道的稳定性,甚至造成毒副反应。四环素类抗生素是多羟基氢化并苯衍生物,在与含金属离子如Ca²⁺、Fe²⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Mg²⁺等的中药如石膏、海螵蛸、自然铜、赤石脂、滑石、明矾等以及含有以上成分的中成药,如牛黄解毒片等同服时,酰胺基和多个酚羟基能与上述金属离子发生螯合反应,形成溶解度小、不易被胃肠道吸收的金属螯合物,从而降低四环素在胃肠道的吸收。因此,含有上述中药成分的中成药都不宜与红霉素、洋地黄类药物同时口服。2.影响分布(B错):药物分布是指药物吸收后随血液循环分布到各组织间液和细胞内液的过程,与血浆蛋白结合率、血-脑屏障、胎盘屏障密切相关。某些中西药联用相互作用后,血药浓度有所变化,影响药物与血浆蛋白组织结合。碱性中药如硼砂、红灵散、女金丹、痧气散等,能使氨基糖苷类抗生素如链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星等排泄减少,吸收增加,血药浓度上升,药效增加20~80倍,同时增加脑组织中的药物浓度,使耳毒性增加,造成暂时性或永久性耳聋,故长时间联用应进行血药浓度监测。含有鞣质类化合物的中药在与磺胺类药物合用时,导致血液及肝脏内磺胺类药物浓度增加,严重者可发生中毒性肝炎。银杏叶与地高辛合用可促进主动脉内皮细胞内Ca²⁺水平升高,使地高辛的游离血药浓度明显升高,易造成中毒,因此,临床上两者联合使用时应适当降低地高辛剂量,并进行血药浓度的监测。3.影响代谢(D错):中西成药配伍时会影响药酶的活性,从而影响药物在体内的代谢。(1)酶促反应:中药酒剂、酊剂中含有一定浓度的乙醇,乙醇是常见的酶促剂,它能使肝药酶活性增强,在与苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、安乃近、利福平、二甲双胍、胰岛素等药酶诱导剂合用时,使上述药物在体内代谢加速,半衰期缩短,药效下降;当与三环类抗抑郁药盐酸氯米帕明、丙米嗪、阿米替林及多塞平等配伍使用时,由于肝药酶的诱导作用,使代谢产物增加,从而增加三环类抗抑郁药物的不良反应。(2)酶抑反应:中西药合用时发生酶抑反应也会影响药物在体内代谢,使药效降低或毒副作用增加。富含鞣质的中药大黄、山茱萸、诃子、五倍子、地榆、石榴皮、虎杖、侧柏叶等,在与淀粉酶、蛋白酶、胰酶、乳酶生等含酶制剂联用时,可与酶的酰胺键或肽键结合形成牢固的氢键缔合物,使酶的效价降低,影响药物的代谢。单胺氧化酶抑制药呋喃唑酮、异烟肼、丙卡巴肼、司来吉兰等通过抑制体内单胺氧化酶的活性,使单胺氧化酶类神经递质如去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、5-羟色胺等神经递质不被破坏,而贮存于神经末梢中。此时若口服含有麻黄碱成分的中成药如大活络丸、千柏鼻炎片、蛤蚧定喘丸、通宣理肺丸等,所含麻黄碱可随血液循环至全身组织,促进单胺类神经递质的大量释放,引起头痛、恶心、呼吸困难、心律失常、运动失调及心肌梗死等不良反应,严重时可出现高血压危象和脑出血,因此,临床上应避免联用。4.影响排泄:肾小管内尿液的酸碱度对药物的解离有明显影响。一些中药及其制剂能酸化或碱化肾小管内尿液,从而影响西药的解离,使其重吸收增加或减少,导致排泄较慢或较快。(1)增加排泄:碱性药物由于与酸性药物发生相互作用,可大大加快药物排泄速度,导致药效降低,甚至失去治疗作用。碱性中药如煅牡蛎、煅龙骨、红灵散、女金丹、痧气散、乌贝散、陈香露白露片等,可碱化尿液,与酸性药物诺氟沙星、呋喃妥因、吲哚美辛、头孢类抗生素等联用时,增加酸性西药的解离,排泄加快,使作用时间和作用强度降低。红霉素在碱性环境下抗菌作用强,当与含山楂制剂合用时,可使血液中pH值降低,导致红霉素分解,失去抗菌作用。此外,冰硼散可使尿液碱化,增加青霉素与磺胺类药物的排泄速度,降低药物有效浓度,抗菌作用明显降低。含有机酸成分的中药如乌梅、山茱萸、陈皮、木瓜、川芎、青皮、山楂、女贞子等,与一些碱性药物如氢氧化铝、氢氧化钙、碳酸钙、枸橼酸镁、碳酸氢钠、氨茶碱、氨基糖苷类抗生素等合用时,会发生酸碱中和,加快排泄而降低或失去药效。(2)减少排泄(E错):含有机酸成分的中药,如乌梅、山茱萸、陈皮、木瓜、川芎、青皮、山楂、女贞子等与磺胺类药物、利福平、阿司匹林等酸性药物合用时,因尿液酸化,可使磺胺类药物的溶解性降低,导致尿中析出结晶,引起结晶尿或血尿,增加磺胺类药物的肾毒性;可使利福平和阿司匹林的排泄减少,加重肾脏的毒副作用。"} {"Question":"附子理中丸可用的药引和服用方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"灯心草煎汤送服"},{"key":"B","value":"淡盐水送服"},{"key":"C","value":"黄酒送服"},{"key":"D","value":"生姜煎汤送服"},{"key":"E","value":"蜂蜜冲水送服"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药的用法用量。附子理中丸可用的药引和服用方法是生姜煎汤送服(D对)。所谓药引又称药引子,是指根据病情的需要和剂型的特点,选用适当的中药饮片或辅料,经煎煮或加热后配合成药或成方使用的物质。如对外感风寒或脾胃虚寒之呕吐泄泻等病证,常用生姜、大枣煎汤送服中成药,如治风寒表实咳嗽的通宣理肺丸、温中散寒的附子理中丸、和中解表的藿香正气水等,以增强散风寒、和脾胃、温中止呕之功,一般用生姜3~5片,水煎取汤送服。对于跌打损伤、风寒湿痹等证,常用黄酒或白酒送服(C错)三七粉、云南白药、三七伤药片、七厘散、大活络丸、再造丸、醒消丸、跌打丸、独活寄生丸、腰痛宁胶囊等,以行药势,直达病所,黄酒一般用15~20ml,白酒酌减。用于治疗便秘的麻仁丸,宜用蜂蜜冲水送服(E错),以增其润肠和中之效。米汤具有温养脾胃、顾护胃气的功效,还可减少药物对肠胃的刺激,因此凡脾胃虚弱,素有胃肠道疾患的患者服用更衣丸、麻仁丸、消渴丸、四神丸等,以及服用治疗身体衰弱的补益类中成药如十全大补丸、人参养荣丸等,宜用米汤送服,小米、大米汤汁均可。滋阴补肾的六味地黄丸、大补阴丸等宜用淡盐水送服(B错),以取其引药入肾之功。清热导滞的至宝锭用焦三仙煎汤送服,以增强消导之功。治疗风热感冒的银翘解毒丸用鲜芦根煎汤送服,取其清热透表生津的协同作用。川芎茶调散用清茶送服,取其清热之效。"} {"Question":"最大限度地减轻患者的经济负担,指的是合理用药的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实用性"},{"key":"B","value":"安全性"},{"key":"C","value":"经济性"},{"key":"D","value":"有效性"},{"key":"E","value":"科学性"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是合理用药的原则。最大限度地减轻患者的经济负担,指的是合理用药的经济性(C对)。合理用药的原则:1.安全(B错):所谓安全,即保证用药安全。药物因本身固有的药理学特性在发挥治疗作用的同时,也会对机体产生不同程度的损害或改变病原体对药物的敏感性,甚至产生药源性疾病。因此保证患者用药安全是药物治疗的前提。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须把保证患者用药安全放在首位。无论所使用的药物是有毒者,还是无毒者,均应首先考虑所用药物是否安全,是否会对患者造成不良反应。同时在用药过程中,还要针对所用药物或出现的意外情况,建议医师或患者采取相应措施,以达到消除或减少药物不良反应之目的。2.有效(D错):所谓有效,即确保用药有效。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全的前提下,选择所用药物对所防治的疾病有效。力争做到在药学服务中,所推选的中药或中成药对患者既尽可能不会造成伤害,又有较好的疗效。使患者用药后能迅速达到预期目的,解除患者的病痛,或提高使用者的健康水平。这也是治愈或缓解患者病痛或强健用药者身体的最佳选择。3.简便:所谓简便,即提倡用药方法要简便。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,力争做到所推选药物的使用方法简便易行,使临床医师及使用者易于掌握,应用方便。4.经济(C错):所谓经济,即倡导用药要经济实用。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,除力争做到所推选的药物用法简便外,还必须做到用药不滥、经济实用,并有利于环境保护。最大限度地减轻患者的经济负担、降低中药材等卫生资源的消耗。总之,合理用药的基本原则就是安全、有效、简便、经济,四者缺一不可。既要权衡患者应用药物所获得的收益,又要考虑用药后对患者可能造成的伤害;既要考虑药物的疗效与治疗疾病的需要,又要顾及患者的经济承受能力及保护卫生资源与生态环境。并以此为宗旨,制定出最好的药物治疗方案,进而达到:最大限度地发挥药物的治疗效果,减少药物不良反应的发生;有效地防治疾病,提高患者的生命质量,降低发病率;控制医疗保健费用的过度增长,使社会和患者都获得最佳效益。实用性(A错)与科学性(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"因证候禁忌不宜合用的药组是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"六应丸与紫雪散"},{"key":"B","value":"胆宁片与妙济丸"},{"key":"C","value":"天麻丸与苏合香丸"},{"key":"D","value":"牛黄解毒片与金匮肾气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"附子理中丸与参茸卫生丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药联用的配伍禁忌。因证候禁忌不宜合用的药组是牛黄解毒片与金匮肾气丸(D对)。不同功效药物联用的辨证论治和禁忌:如附子理中丸与牛黄解毒片联用,附子理中丸系温中散寒之剂,适用于脾胃虚寒所致的胃脘痛、呕吐、腹泻等;而牛黄解毒片性质寒凉,为清热解毒泻火之剂,适用于火热毒邪炽盛于内而上扰清窍者,可见不加分析地盲目将两者合用是不适宜的。再如,盲目将附子理中丸与黄连上清丸、金匮肾气丸与牛黄解毒片等合用,均属不注意证候的不合理用药。六应丸与紫雪散(A错)均含丁香(母丁香),不能与含郁金的中成药联用。胆宁片与妙济丸(B错)属于含“十八反”“十九畏”药味中成药的配伍禁忌。含“十八反”“十九畏”药味中成药的配伍禁忌:现行版《中国药典》中有不宜同用药的规定,从不宜同用药的品种来看没有突破“十八反”和“十九畏”所含的品种。“十八反”“十九畏”中的药物,应属配伍禁忌,原则上是禁止应用。对于饮片处方,如果药味中含有“十八反”“十九畏”药物,那是比较容易发现的。但对于中成药,只有熟态中成药制剂的处方内容,才有可能发现此类的配伍禁忌。例如,治疗风寒湿痹证的大活络丸、尪痹冲剂、天麻丸、人参再造丸等均含有附子,而止咳化痰的川贝枇杷露、蛇胆川贝液、通宣理肺丸等分别含有川贝、半夏,依据配伍禁忌原则,若将上述两组合用,附子、乌头与川贝、半夏当属相反禁忌同用之列。利胆中成药利胆排石片、胆乐胶囊、胆宁片等都含有郁金,若与六应丸、苏合香丸、妙济丸、纯阳正气丸、紫雪散等含丁香(母丁香)的中成药同时使用,就要注意具“十九畏”药物的禁忌。临床常用中成药心通口服液、内消瘰疬丸中含有海藻,祛痰止咳颗粒含有甘遂,若与橘红痰咳颗粒、通宣理肺丸、镇咳宁胶囊等含甘草的中成药联用也属禁忌之列。天麻丸与苏合香丸(C错):天麻丸含附子,不能与含川贝、半夏的中成药联用;苏合香丸含郁金,不能与含丁香(母丁香)的中成药联用。附子理中丸与参茸卫生丸(E错):附子理中丸不能盲目与牛黄解毒片、黄连上清片联用;体实及阴虚火旺、感冒、脾胃虚弱者慎用参茸卫生丸。"} {"Question":"考虑药物是否会对患者造成不良反应,指的是合理用药的","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"实用性"},{"key":"B","value":"安全性"},{"key":"C","value":"经济性"},{"key":"D","value":"有效性"},{"key":"E","value":"科学性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是合理用药的原则。考虑药物是否会对患者造成不良反应,指的是合理用药的安全(B对)。合理用药的原则:1.安全:所谓安全,即保证用药安全。药物因本身固有的药理学特性在发挥治疗作用的同时,也会对机体产生不同程度的损害或改变病原体对药物的敏感性,甚至产生药源性疾病。因此保证患者用药安全是药物治疗的前提。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须把保证患者用药安全放在首位。无论所使用的药物是有毒者,还是无毒者,均应首先考虑所用药物是否安全,是否会对患者造成不良反应。同时在用药过程中,还要针对所用药物或出现的意外情况,建议医师或患者采取相应措施,以达到消除或减少药物不良反应之目的。2.有效(D错):所谓有效,即确保用药有效。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全的前提下,选择所用药物对所防治的疾病有效。力争做到在药学服务中,所推选的中药或中成药对患者既尽可能不会造成伤害,又有较好的疗效。使患者用药后能迅速达到预期目的,解除患者的病痛,或提高使用者的健康水平。这也是治愈或缓解患者病痛或强健用药者身体的最佳选择。3.简便:所谓简便,即提倡用药方法要简便。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,力争做到所推选药物的使用方法简便易行,使临床医师及使用者易于掌握,应用方便。4.经济(C错):所谓经济,即倡导用药要经济实用。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,除力争做到所推选的药物用法简便外,还必须做到用药不滥、经济实用,并有利于环境保护。最大限度地减轻患者的经济负担、降低中药材等卫生资源的消耗。总之,合理用药的基本原则就是安全、有效、简便、经济,四者缺一不可。既要权衡患者应用药物所获得的收益,又要考虑用药后对患者可能造成的伤害;既要考虑药物的疗效与治疗疾病的需要,又要顾及患者的经济承受能力及保护卫生资源与生态环境。并以此为宗旨,制定出最好的药物治疗方案,进而达到:最大限度地发挥药物的治疗效果,减少药物不良反应的发生;有效地防治疾病,提高患者的生命质量,降低发病率;控制医疗保健费用的过度增长,使社会和患者都获得最佳效益。实用性(A错)与科学性(E错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"老年人因脏腑生理功能衰退,常感体力不济,神疲健忘,想服用滋补药增强体质,但选药时需辨别证候,合理使用。肾阴虚者宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参归脾丸"},{"key":"B","value":"六味地黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"人参健脾丸"},{"key":"D","value":"龟龄集"},{"key":"E","value":"龟鹿二仙膏"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是老年人合理服用滋补药的注意事项。老年人因脏腑生理功能衰退,常感体力不济,神疲健忘,想服用滋补药增强体质,但选药时需辨别证候,合理使用。肾阴虚者宜选用六味地黄丸(B对)。老年人合理服用滋补药的注意事项:老年人由于生理功能的衰退,常感到体力、精力不如往年,总想用些滋补药来增强体质,延年益寿。但在使用滋补药时,要严格遵照中医的辨证论治,按需行补,不需不补。如果不辨病证,不分气血、阴阳、寒热、温凉,滥用补药,很容易引起病情加重或诱发新的疾病。例如老年慢性支气管炎日久会出现肺阴虚之象,宜用西洋参、沙参等益气养阴清热,若用红参,偏于甘温,反而使余邪复燃,病情加重。所以老年人选用补药应弄清自己的体质情况,属于哪一种证型,再根据补药的药性,合理选用,达到补而不滞,滋而不腻。老年人的体虚,也有阴虚、阳虚、气虚、血虚和心、肝、脾、肺、肾等不同脏器虚衰之区别。阴虚者选用清补型滋补剂,如大补阴丸;偏于阳虚者应服用温补型滋补剂,如龟龄集(D错);肾阴虚老人宜服用六味地黄丸;心脾两虚老人宜服人参归脾丸(A错)。除此之外,病体还有寒热虚实之别。所以,辨证应用补药,才能药到病除,补到虚消。中医讲究按季节时令使用滋补药,即“春暖平补”“夏暑清补”“秋燥润补”“冬寒大补”。四季比较,以秋冬为佳,尤以冬季最佳,此季人体的阴精阳气也趋于潜藏,补益阴精阳气易于吸收而藏于体内,使体质得到增强,起到扶正固本的作用。如果忽略季节时令,春夏大补,则易上火,出现口干、咽燥,甚至引发新的病证。由于滋补药的种类很多,服用方法和剂量以及用药注意事项可参照说明书,但剂量常标明一定的幅度,采用低限或高限量应按个人情况而定。药酒还应根据自己的酒量酌情服用,不会饮酒的,可从小剂量开始逐渐加大。人参健脾丸(C错)为泄泻脾胃虚弱证的中成药应用。泄泻脾胃虚弱证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有人参健脾丸(大蜜丸)、补中益气丸(水丸)、参苓健脾胃颗粒。龟鹿二仙膏(E错):【功能】温肾补精,补气养血。【主治】肾虚精亏所致的腰膝酸软、遗精、阳痿。"} {"Question":"中成药联用在临床上普遍存在,关于中成药合理联用的说法,正确的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"脑立清胶囊与桂附地黄丸联用治疗高血压肝肾阴虚证前药为主后药为辅辅药能提高主药功效"},{"key":"B","value":"乌鸡白凤丸与香砂六君丸联用治疗月经不调后者可辅助前者增强养血调经之功"},{"key":"C","value":"二陈丸与平胃散联用治疗湿痰咳嗽两药功效相似可以起到增强疗效的协同作用"},{"key":"D","value":"内服六神丸与外用冰硼散联用治疗咽喉肿痛后者能够抑制前者的偏性"},{"key":"E","value":"舟车丸与金匮肾气丸联用治疗阳水后者能够明显消除前者的偏性"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药之间的配伍应用。中成药联用在临床上普遍存在,关于中成药合理联用的说法,正确的是乌鸡白凤丸与香砂六君丸联用治疗月经不调后者可辅助前者增强养血调经之功(B对)。中成药之间的配伍应用:中成药之间的配伍应用为明清以来的历代医家广泛采用,如明·薛己以补中益气丸、六味地黄丸合用治疗气阴不足;清·叶天士用大补阴丸、水陆二仙丹、牡蛎全樱膏配伍同用治疗阴虚火旺、淋浊、早泄。由此可见中成药之间的配伍应用,自古以来就是临床应用中成药的主要形式之一。1.两种功效相似的中成药同用治疗一种病证,以起到增强疗效的协同作用。如附子理中丸与四神丸合用,可以增强温肾运脾、涩肠止泻的功效,治疗脾肾阳虚之五更泄泻。归脾丸与人参养荣丸同用,可明显增强补益心脾、益气养血、安神止痉的功效,治疗心悸失眠、眩晕健忘。脑立清胶囊(片)与六味地黄丸合用,用于高血压病证属肝肾阴虚、风阳上扰者(A错)。2.功效不同的中成药配伍同用,一药为主,一药为辅,辅药能够提高主药功效。例如以二陈丸燥湿化痰为主方治疗湿痰咳嗽,而脾为生痰之源,辅以平胃散同用,燥湿健脾,可明显增强二陈丸燥湿化痰之功(C错)。又如以乌鸡白凤丸为主药治疗妇女气血不足、月经失调,辅以香砂六君丸,以开气血生化之源,增强主药的养血调经之功。3.中成药配伍应用,其中一种药物能够明显抑制或消除另一种中成药的偏性或副作用。如二便不通、阳实水肿,可用峻下通水的舟车丸,但为使峻下而不伤正气,常配合四君子丸同用。又如用金匮肾气丸治疗肾虚作喘,但若久治不愈,阳损及阴,兼见咽干烦躁者,又当配麦味地黄丸、生脉散或参蛤散同用,以平调阴阳、纳气平喘,且防止金匮肾气丸燥烈伤阴,降低副作用(E错)。4.也有些中成药之间的配伍应用是因为部分疾病的治疗必须采用不同治疗方法。如妇女宫冷不孕,需内服艾附暖宫丸,外贴十香暖脐膏,共奏养血调经、暖宫散寒之效;咽喉肿痛,可内服六神丸,外用冰硼散吹喉,共奏清热解毒、消肿利咽之效(D错)。"} {"Question":"冰硼散与磺胺类药物联用,能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"影响药物吸收"},{"key":"B","value":"影响药物分布"},{"key":"C","value":"影响药物代谢"},{"key":"D","value":"增加药物排泄"},{"key":"E","value":"减少药物排泄"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药联用的药物相互作用。冰硼散与磺胺类药物联用,能增加药物排泄(D对)。冰硼散可使尿液碱化,增加青霉素与磺胺类药物的排泄速度,降低药物有效浓度,抗菌作用明显降低。中西药联用在药动学上的相互作用:1.影响吸收(A错):(1)影响药物透过生物膜吸收:中药中的某些成分如鞣质、药用炭、生物碱、果胶及金属离子等易与西药结合或吸附,特别是以固体形式口服的西药,可导致某些药物作用下降。(2)影响药物在胃肠道的稳定:药物之间通过直接改变胃肠道的内环境,比如酸碱度、胃肠蠕动和排空速率等,间接引起药物吸收情况改变。2.影响分布(B错):药物分布是指药物吸收后随血液循环分布到各组织间液和细胞内液的过程,与血浆蛋白结合率、血-脑屏障、胎盘屏障密切相关。某些中西药联用相互作用后,血药浓度有所变化,影响药物与血浆蛋白组织结合。3.影响代谢(C错):中西成药配伍时会影响药酶的活性,从而影响药物在体内的代谢。(1)酶促反应:乙醇是常见的酶促剂,它能使肝药酶活性增强,在与苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、安乃近、利福平、二甲双胍、胰岛素等药酶诱导剂合用时,使上述药物在体内代谢加速,半衰期缩短,药效下降;当与三环类抗抑郁药盐酸氯米帕明、丙米嗪、阿米替林及多塞平等配伍使用时,由于肝药酶的诱导作用,使代谢产物增加,从而增加三环类抗抑郁药物的不良反应。(2)酶抑反应:中西药合用时发生酶抑反应也会影响药物在体内代谢,使药效降低或毒副作用增加。4.影响排泄:肾小管内尿液的酸碱度对药物的解离有明显影响。一些中药及其制剂能酸化或碱化肾小管内尿液,从而影响西药的解离,使其重吸收增加或减少,导致排泄较慢或较快。(1)增加排泄:碱性药物由于与酸性药物发生相互作用,可大大加快药物排泄速度,导致药效降低,甚至失去治疗作用。(2)减少排泄(E错):含有机酸成分的中药,如乌梅、山茱萸、陈皮、木瓜、川芎、青皮、山楂、女贞子等与磺胺类药物、利福平、阿司匹林等酸性药物合用时,因尿液酸化,可使磺胺类药物的溶解性降低,导致尿中析出结晶,引起结晶尿或血尿,增加磺胺类药物的肾毒性;可使利福平和阿司匹林的排泄减少,加重肾脏的毒副作用。"} {"Question":"关于中成药不合理用药主要表现形式的说法,正确的有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"药证不符"},{"key":"B","value":"给药途径不当"},{"key":"C","value":"给药剂量失准"},{"key":"D","value":"疗程长短失宜"},{"key":"E","value":"服药时间不当"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是不合理用药的主要表现。关于中成药不合理用药主要表现形式的说法,正确的有药证不符(A对)、给药途径不当(B对)、给药剂量失准(C对)、疗程长短失宜(D对)与服药时间不当(E对)。不合理用药的主要表现:1.辨析病证不准确,用药指征不明确。2.给药剂量失准,用量过大或过小。3.疗程长短失宜,用药时间过长或过短。4.给药途径不适,未选择最佳给药途径。5.服用时间不当,不利于药物的药效发挥。6.违反用药禁忌,有悖于明令规定的配伍禁忌、妊娠禁忌、证候禁忌及服药时的饮食禁忌。7.同类重复使用,因对药物的性能不熟,或单纯追求经济效益,导致同类药重复使用。8.乱用贵重药品,因盲目自行购用,或追求经济效益,导致滥用贵重药品。"} {"Question":"影响药物排泄的中西药联用药组是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红灵散与吲哚美辛"},{"key":"B","value":"苓桂甘枣汤与心得安"},{"key":"C","value":"女金丹与阿米卡星"},{"key":"D","value":"千柏鼻炎片与异烟肼"},{"key":"E","value":"麻仁丸与利福平"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药联用在药动学上的相互作用。影响药物排泄的中西药联用药组是红灵散与吲哚美辛(A对)。中西药联用在药动学上的相互作用:中西药联用时影响药物的吸收,主要是影响药物的透过生物膜吸收和影响药物在胃肠道的稳定性。1.影响吸收:(1)影响药物透过生物膜吸收:中药中的某些成分如鞣质、药用炭、生物碱、果胶及金属离子等易与西药结合或吸附,特别是以固体形式口服的西药,可导致某些药物作用下降。含鞣质较多的中药有大黄、虎杖、五倍子、石榴皮等,因此中成药牛黄解毒片(丸)、麻仁丸(E错)、七厘散等不宜与口服的红霉素、士的宁、利福平等同用,因为鞣质具有吸附作用,使这些西药透过生物膜的吸收量减少。(2)影响药物在胃肠道的稳定:药物之间通过直接改变胃肠道的内环境,比如酸碱度、胃肠蠕动和排空速率等,间接引起药物吸收情况改变。2.影响分布:药物分布是指药物吸收后随血液循环分布到各组织间液和细胞内液的过程,与血浆蛋白结合率、血-脑屏障、胎盘屏障密切相关。某些中西药联用相互作用后,血药浓度有所变化,影响药物与血浆蛋白组织结合。碱性中药如硼砂、红灵散、女金丹(C错)、痧气散等,能使氨基糖苷类抗生素如链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星等排泄减少,吸收增加,血药浓度上升,药效增加20~80倍,同时增加脑组织中的药物浓度,使耳毒性增加,造成暂时性或永久性耳聋,故长时间联用应进行血药浓度监测。3.影响代谢:中西成药配伍时会影响药酶的活性,从而影响药物在体内的代谢。(1)酶促反应:中药酒剂、酊剂中含有一定浓度的乙醇,乙醇是常见的酶促剂,它能使肝药酶活性增强,在与苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、安乃近、利福平、二甲双胍、胰岛素等药酶诱导剂合用时,使上述药物在体内代谢加速,半衰期缩短,药效下降;当与三环类抗抑郁药盐酸氯米帕明、丙米嗪、阿米替林及多塞平等配伍使用时,由于肝药酶的诱导作用,使代谢产物增加,从而增加三环类抗抑郁药物的不良反应。(2)酶抑反应:中西药合用时发生酶抑反应也会影响药物在体内代谢,使药效降低或毒副作用增加。单胺氧化酶抑制药呋喃唑酮、异烟肼(D错)、丙卡巴肼、司来吉兰等通过抑制体内单胺氧化酶的活性,使单胺氧化酶类神经递质如去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、5-羟色胺等神经递质不被破坏,而贮存于神经末梢中。此时若口服含有麻黄碱成分的中成药如大活络丸、千柏鼻炎片、蛤蚧定喘丸、通宣理肺丸等,所含麻黄碱可随血液循环至全身组织,促进单胺类神经递质的大量释放,引起头痛、恶心、呼吸困难、心律失常、运动失调及心肌梗死等不良反应,严重时可出现高血压危象和脑出血,因此,临床上应避免联用。4.影响排泄:肾小管内尿液的酸碱度对药物的解离有明显影响。一些中药及其制剂能酸化或碱化肾小管内尿液,从而影响西药的解离,使其重吸收增加或减少,导致排泄较慢或较快。(1)增加排泄:碱性药物由于与酸性药物发生相互作用,可大大加快药物排泄速度,导致药效降低,甚至失去治疗作用。碱性中药如煅牡蛎、煅龙骨、红灵散、女金丹、痧气散、乌贝散、陈香露白露片等,可碱化尿液,与酸性药物诺氟沙星、呋喃妥因、吲哚美辛、头孢类抗生素等联用时,增加酸性西药的解离,排泄加快,使作用时间和作用强度降低。(2)减少排泄:含有机酸成分的中药,如乌梅、山茱萸、陈皮、木瓜、川芎、青皮、山楂、女贞子等与磺胺类药物、利福平、阿司匹林等酸性药物合用时,因尿液酸化,可使磺胺类药物的溶解性降低,导致尿中析出结晶,引起结晶尿或血尿,增加磺胺类药物的肾毒性;可使利福平和阿司匹林的排泄减少,加重肾脏的毒副作用。苓桂甘枣汤与心得安(B错)联用有协同增效作用。心得安一般指普萘洛尔。苓桂术甘汤、苓桂甘枣汤等与普萘洛尔类抗心律失常药联用,既可增强治疗作用,又能预防发作性心动过速。"} {"Question":"既宣肺化痰,又止咳平喘的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"雪梨膏"},{"key":"B","value":"芒果止咳片"},{"key":"C","value":"咳嗽糖浆"},{"key":"D","value":"川贝清肺糖浆"},{"key":"E","value":"二母宁嗽颗粒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"执业药师在审方中发现有中成药不合理配伍,下列各组配伍中,属证候禁忌的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二陈丸与平胃丸"},{"key":"B","value":"归脾丸与人参养荣丸"},{"key":"C","value":"金匮肾气丸与麦味地黄丸"},{"key":"D","value":"附子理中丸与黄连上清丸"},{"key":"E","value":"生脉饮与六味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是不同功效药物联用的辨证论治和禁忌。执业药师在审方中发现有中成药不合理配伍,下列各组配伍中,属证候禁忌的是附子理中丸与黄连上清丸(D对)。不同功效药物联用的辨证论治和禁忌:如附子理中丸与牛黄解毒片联用,附子理中丸系温中散寒之剂,适用于脾胃虚寒所致的胃脘痛、呕吐、腹泻等;而牛黄解毒片性质寒凉,为清热解毒泻火之剂,适用于火热毒邪炽盛于内而上扰清窍者,可见不加分析地盲目将两者合用是不适宜的。再如,盲目将附子理中丸与黄连上清丸、金匮肾气丸与牛黄解毒片等合用,均属不注意证候的不合理用药。二陈丸与平胃丸(A错)属于功效不同的中成药配伍同用。功效不同的中成药配伍同用,一药为主,一药为辅,辅药能够提高主药功效。例如以二陈丸燥湿化痰为主方治疗湿痰咳嗽,而脾为生痰之源,辅以平胃散同用,燥湿健脾,可明显增强二陈丸燥湿化痰之功。又如以乌鸡白凤丸为主药治疗妇女气血不足、月经失调,辅以香砂六君丸,以开气血生化之源,增强主药的养血调经之功。归脾丸与人参养荣丸(B错)属于配伍应用,两种功效相似的中成药同用治疗一种病证,以起到增强疗效的协同作用。归脾丸与人参养荣丸同用,可明显增强补益心脾、益气养血、安神止痉的功效,治疗心悸失眠、眩晕健忘。金匮肾气丸与麦味地黄丸(C错)属于中成药配伍应用,其中一种药物能够明显抑制或消除另一种中成药的偏性或副作用。用金匮肾气丸治疗肾虚作喘,但若久治不愈,阳损及阴,兼见咽干烦躁者,又当配麦味地黄丸、生脉散或参蛤散同用,以平调阴阳、纳气平喘,且防止金匮肾气丸燥烈伤阴,降低副作用。生脉饮与六味地黄丸(E错)同用的效果,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"合理用药的简便性是指","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"针对所用药物或出现意外情况采取相应措施"},{"key":"B","value":"使患者用药后迅速达到预期目的"},{"key":"C","value":"药物使用时间应尽量缩短"},{"key":"D","value":"控制医疗保健费用的过度增长"},{"key":"E","value":"药物使用方法易被医生和患者掌握"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是合理用药的基本原则。合理用药的简便性是指药物使用方法易被医生和患者掌握(E对)。合理用药的原则:1.安全:所谓安全,即保证用药安全。药物因本身固有的药理学特性在发挥治疗作用的同时,也会对机体产生不同程度的损害或改变病原体对药物的敏感性,甚至产生药源性疾病。因此保证患者用药安全是药物治疗的前提。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须把保证患者用药安全放在首位。无论所使用的药物是有毒者,还是无毒者,均应首先考虑所用药物是否安全,是否会对患者造成不良反应。同时在用药过程中,还要针对所用药物或出现的意外情况,建议医师或患者采取相应措施(A错),以达到消除或减少药物不良反应之目的。2.有效:所谓有效,即确保用药有效。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全的前提下,选择所用药物对所防治的疾病有效。力争做到在药学服务中,所推选的中药或中成药对患者既尽可能不会造成伤害,又有较好的疗效。使患者用药后能迅速达到预期目的(B错),解除患者的病痛,或提高使用者的健康水平。这也是治愈或缓解患者病痛或强健用药者身体的最佳选择。3.简便:所谓简便,即提倡用药方法要简便。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,力争做到所推选药物的使用方法简便易行,使临床医师及使用者易于掌握,应用方便。4.经济:所谓经济,即倡导用药要经济实用。一名合格的执业药师在建议临床医师或指导患者使用中药或中成药时,必须在用药安全、有效的前提下,除力争做到所推选的药物用法简便外,还必须做到用药不滥、经济实用,并有利于环境保护。最大限度地减轻患者的经济负担、降低中药材等卫生资源的消耗。总之,合理用药的基本原则就是安全、有效、简便、经济,四者缺一不可。既要权衡患者应用药物所获得的收益,又要考虑用药后对患者可能造成的伤害;既要考虑药物的疗效与治疗疾病的需要,又要顾及患者的经济承受能力及保护卫生资源与生态环境。并以此为宗旨,制定出最好的药物治疗方案,进而达到:最大限度地发挥药物的治疗效果,减少药物不良反应的发生;有效地防治疾病,提高患者的生命质量,降低发病率;控制医疗保健费用的过度增长(D错),使社会和患者都获得最佳效益。药物使用时间应尽量缩短(C错)不属于合理用药的基本内容。"} {"Question":"中医遣药组方时,生姜配半夏属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"相须配伍"},{"key":"B","value":"相使配伍"},{"key":"C","value":"相恶配伍"},{"key":"D","value":"相杀配伍"},{"key":"E","value":"相反配伍"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查中药的七情配伍注意事项。中医遣药组方时,生姜配半夏属于相杀配伍(D对)。七情配伍是中药配伍最基本的理论,是中医遗药组方的基础。七情是单行、相使(B错)、相须(A错)、相畏、相杀、相恶(C错)、相反(E错)的合称,用以说明中药配伍后药效,毒性变化的关系。中药配伍应用注意事项:①有些药物因产生协同作用而增进疗效,是临床用药时要充分利用的。如相须配伍中,金银花配连翘,可增强辛凉解表、疏散风热的作用。相使配伍中,枸杞子配菊花,枸杞子补肾益精、补肝明目为主药,菊花清肝泻火,兼能益阴明目,可增强枸杞子补肝明目的作用;②有些药物可能互相拮抗而抵消、削弱原有功效,用药时应加以注意,如生姜可温胃止呕,黄芩药性寒凉,可削弱生姜的温胃作用,即生姜恶黄芩,两药应避免同用;③有些药物则由于相互作用,而能减轻或消除原有的毒性或副作用,在应用毒性药或剧烈药时必须考虑选用,如相畏、相杀配伍:半夏畏生姜,或生姜杀半夏,生姜可以抑制半夏的毒副作用;④另一些本来单用无害的药物,却因相互作用而产生毒性反应或强烈的副作用,则属于配伍禁忌,原则上应避免配用,如相反。"} {"Question":"内服四神丸宜用的药引是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"淡盐水"},{"key":"B","value":"姜汤"},{"key":"C","value":"米汤"},{"key":"D","value":"黄酒"},{"key":"E","value":"清茶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是中成药与药引的配伍应用。内服四神丸宜用的药引是米汤(C对)。所谓药引又称药引子,是指根据病情的需要和剂型的特点,选用适当的中药饮片或辅料,经煎煮或加热后配合成药或成方使用的物质。如对外感风寒或脾胃虚寒之呕吐泄泻等病证,常用生姜、大枣煎汤(B错)送服中成药,如治风寒表实咳嗽的通宣理肺丸、温中散寒的附子理中丸、和中解表的藿香正气水等,以增强散风寒、和脾胃、温中止呕之功,一般用生姜3~5片,水煎取汤送服。对于跌打损伤、风寒湿痹等证,常用黄酒(D错)送或白酒送服三七粉、云南白药、三七伤药片、七厘散、大活络丸、再造丸、醒消丸、跌打丸、独活寄生丸、腰痛宁胶囊等,以行药势,直达病所,黄酒一般用15~20ml,白酒酌减。用于治疗便秘的麻仁丸,宜用蜂蜜冲水送服,以增其润肠和中之效。米汤具有温养脾胃、顾护胃气的功效,还可减少药物对肠胃的刺激,因此凡脾胃虚弱,素有胃肠道疾患的患者服用更衣丸、麻仁丸、消渴丸、四神丸等,以及服用治疗身体衰弱的补益类中成药如十全大补丸、人参养荣丸等,宜用米汤送服,小米、大米汤汁均可。滋阴补肾的六味地黄丸、大补阴丸等宜用淡盐水(A错)送服,以取其引药入肾之功。清热导滞的至宝锭用焦三仙煎汤送服,以增强消导之功。治疗风热感冒的银翘解毒丸用鲜芦根煎汤送服,取其清热透表生津的协同作用。川芎茶调散用清茶(E错)送服,取其清热之效。"} {"Question":"中药归经配伍可以使药效更加集中于某一经络、某一脏腑上,从而提高临床疗效可作为手少阴引经药的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"细辛"},{"key":"B","value":"独活"},{"key":"C","value":"升麻"},{"key":"D","value":"川芎"},{"key":"E","value":"藁本"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是中药配伍原则。中药归经配伍可以使药效更加集中于某一经络、某一脏腑上,从而提高临床疗效可作为手少阴引经药的是细辛(A对)。中药归经配伍:从气味厚薄,升降浮沉,进行比较分析,更能构成对于药物功用的比较全面的认识,可以从此选出最适合于当前病情需要的药物。再运用引经报使的方法,使药效更加集中于某一经络、某一脏腑、某一病情上,从而提高疗效。但归经、引经的理论,亦存在一些问题,最主要的是不可能概括所有的药物,亦包含着某些推测的成分。但便于学,便于用,是属于执简驭繁的药物优选方法,是无可非议的。以下选择几味,作为举例(援《本草纲目》“引经报使”的二十余种药),引申其义。如细辛气味辛温,无毒,入足少阴、厥阴经血分,又为手少阴引经之药,并能治督脉为病;藁本(E错)气味辛温,无毒,足太阳本经药,亦治督脉为病;黄柏气味苦寒,无毒,入足少阴经,为足太阳引经药;独活(B错)气味辛苦微温,无毒,入足少阴经气分;升麻(C错)气味甘苦平微寒,无毒,为足阳明、足太阴引经药,亦入手阳明、手太阴经,并治带脉为病;川芎(D错)气味辛温,无毒,少阳本经引经药,入手、足厥阴气分等。"} {"Question":"中西药合理联用可起到协同增效作用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小青龙汤与抗组胺药联用"},{"key":"B","value":"含鞣质较多的中成药与铁剂联用"},{"key":"C","value":"五味子糖浆与磺胺类药联用"},{"key":"D","value":"逍遥散与催眠镇静类药联用"},{"key":"E","value":"含乙醇的中成药与硝酸甘油联用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是中西药合理联用的例举。中西药合理联用可起到协同增效作用的是逍遥散与催眠镇静类药联用(D对)。逍遥散或三黄泻心汤等与西药催眠镇静药联用,既可提高对失眠症的疗效,又可逐渐摆脱对西药的依赖性。小青龙汤、干姜汤、柴朴汤、柴胡桂枝汤等与抗组胺药联用(A错),可减少西药的用量和嗜睡、口渴等副作用。含鞣质较多的中药或中成药,不可与含金属离子的西药如钙剂、铁剂、氯化钴等合用(B错),因同服后可在回盲部结合,生成沉淀,致使机体难于吸收而降低药效。酸性较强的中药,如山楂、五味子、山茱萸、乌梅及中成药五味子糖浆、山楂冲剂等,不可与磺胺类药物联用(C错)。因磺胺类药物在酸性条件下不会加速乙酰化的形成,从而失去抗菌作用。含乙醇的中成药如各种药酒等,不可与硝酸甘油等扩张血管类西药同用(E错),因所含乙醇对交感神经和血管运动中枢有抑制作用,致使心肌收缩力减弱,血管扩张,从而与硝酸甘油的扩张血管作用产生协同作用,导致血压明显降低。"} {"Question":"某患儿,7岁。发育迟缓。冬季来临,家长希望服用膏方调理,带患儿到医院就诊。初诊时见患儿面黄肌瘦,食欲不振,大便溏薄,医师认为暂先不宜服用膏方,拟予汤药调理。根据初诊情况,宜选用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"陈皮、半夏"},{"key":"B","value":"党参、桂枝"},{"key":"C","value":"当归、牛膝"},{"key":"D","value":"白术、稻芽"},{"key":"E","value":"白芍、砂仁"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是婴幼儿患者应用中药的注意事项。初诊时见患儿面黄肌瘦,食欲不振,大便溏薄,宜选用的中药是白术、稻芽(D对)。婴幼儿患者应用中药的注意事项:婴幼儿服用中药应有讲究。中医认为“虚者补之”。这就是说,滋补药的对象应该是有虚证的小儿。随意甚至滥用中药滋补剂,如人参、人参蜂王浆、冬虫草精、北芪精等,不但达不到效果,还可能适得其反。例如小儿感冒后容易食欲减退,若此时舌苔厚腻、口有异味、大便秘结,说明体内湿热重,绝不能给予滋补药。又如生长发育旺盛的小儿,若过多服用含有激素的食品或补品,可引发性早熟,导致男孩子口唇边汗毛变粗、变长,阴茎变粗、易勃起;女孩子八九岁乳房就开始增大,阴蒂增大,乃至阴道流血等。对于体虚夹湿热,而有口臭、便秘、舌苔黄腻的患儿应先用清热除湿的广藿香、黄芩、黄连、薏苡仁、陈皮(A错)等,使热清湿化,然后再服调补中药;如平时易感冒、多汗,属于气虚的患儿,可服用补气固表的黄芪、太子参、白术等;如消瘦、面色萎黄、厌食、大便溏稀,属于脾虚,可选用健脾和胃消食的山药、茯苓、白术、白扁豆、稻芽等;若面色苍白、神疲乏力、夜寐不安、舌质淡,属于气血两虚的小儿,可给予益气养血的黄芪、党参(B错)、当归(C错)、黄精、首乌、大枣等。有些小儿生长发育迟缓、尿频、面色苍白、舌胖,属于肾虚,宜用补肾的补骨脂、菟丝子、肉苁蓉、熟地等。总之,健康小儿不必进补,尤其婴幼儿更不宜乱进补。"} {"Question":"尿中白细胞增多常见于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泌尿系统感染"},{"key":"B","value":"慢性肾盂肾炎"},{"key":"C","value":"前列腺炎"},{"key":"D","value":"挤压综合征"},{"key":"E","value":"膀胱炎"}],"Answer":"ABCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是尿中白细胞增多的临床意义。尿中白细胞增多常见于泌尿系统感染(A对)、慢性肾盂肾炎(B对)、前列腺炎(C对)与膀胱炎(E对)。正常成人的尿液中可有少数白细胞,超过一定数量时则为异常。白细胞尿中多为炎症感染时出现的中性粒细胞,已发生退行性改变,又称为脓细胞。尿中白细胞增多见于泌尿系统感染、慢性肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、前列腺炎等。女性白带混入尿液时,也可发现较多的白细胞。挤压综合征(D错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"粪隐血可能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胃溃疡"},{"key":"B","value":"直肠癌"},{"key":"C","value":"白血病"},{"key":"D","value":"胆囊炎"},{"key":"E","value":"胰腺炎"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":"本题考查的是粪隐血的临床意义。粪隐血可能胃溃疡(A对)与白血病(C对)。粪隐血:消化道少量出血时,红细胞被消化而分解,肉眼及显微镜下均不能出现,故称为“隐血”(OB),必须用化学方式检测,称为隐血试验(OBT)。对于老年人粪隐血试验有助于早期发现消化道恶性肿瘤。临床意义:1.消化道溃疡:胃、十二指肠溃疡者的隐血阳性率可达40%~70%,可呈间歇性阳性。2.消化道肿瘤:胃癌、结肠癌者的隐血阳性率可达87%~95%,并呈持续性阳性。3.其他疾病:见于肠结核、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎;全身性疾病如紫癜、急性白血病、伤寒、回归热、钩虫病等。直肠癌(B错)出现细条便。细条便为直肠狭窄的表现,主要见于直肠癌等。胆囊炎(D错)可见ALT、AST、GGT升高等。胰腺炎(E错)可见尿糖阳性、尿淀粉酶增高、ALT增高、AST升高、GGT升高、AMY活性增高或降低、病理性高血糖、糖耐量降低等。"} {"Question":"某女,48岁。月经出血量多,大汗淋滴四肢厥冷,唇舌色淡,脉微细,中医辨证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞血瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"气不摄血"},{"key":"C","value":"气随血脱"},{"key":"D","value":"气虚血瘀"},{"key":"E","value":"气血两虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是气血同病常见证候的临床表现。月经出血量多,大汗淋滴四肢厥冷,唇舌色淡,脉微细,中医辨证是气随血脱(C对)。气血同病常见证候的临床表现及辨证要点:气为阳,血为阴。气与血有阴阳相随、互为依存的关系,故气血变化的互相影响,在临床上非常多见。气血同病证候,常见气滞血瘀、气血两虚、气不摄血、气随血脱证等。1.气滞血瘀(A错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:气滞血瘀证的临床表现,常见胸胁胀满走窜疼痛,性情急躁,并兼见痞块刺痛拒按,舌紫暗或有瘀斑等。妇女还可见月经闭止,或痛经、经色紫暗有块,乳房胀痛等症状。一般以病程较长和肝经循行部位的疼痛痞块为辨证要点。2.气血两虚(E错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:气血两虚证的临床表现,常见少气懒言,乏力自汗,面色苍白或萎黄,心悸失眠,舌淡而嫩,脉细弱等。多以气虚与血虚的症状同见为辨证要点。3.气不摄血(B错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:气不摄血证的临床表现,常见出血的同时,见有气短,倦怠乏力,面色苍白,脉软弱细微、舌淡等气虚的症状。多以出血和气虚症状同见为辨证要点,脾有统摄血液在脉中运行和运化水谷精微的功能,所以气不摄血证,也常见到脾虚的症状。4.气随血脱证的临床表现及辨证要点:气随血脱证的临床表现,常见于大量出血的同时,见面色白,四肢厥冷,大汗淋漓,甚至晕厥,脉微细或弱等症。多以大量出血时,随即出现气脱的症状为辨证要点。气虚血瘀(D错)为胸痹的辨证。胸痹气虚血瘀证:【症状】胸痛隐隐,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。舌胖有齿痕,色淡暗,苔薄白,脉弱而涩,或结、代。【治法】益气活血,通脉止痛。【方剂应用】基础方剂为补阳还五汤(当归、川芎、黄芪、桃仁、红花、地龙、赤芍)加减。【中成药应用】常用中成药有芪参益气滴丸、参桂胶囊、心力丸、活心丸。"} {"Question":"足跟痛,甚则连及腰脊,多属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾虚失养"},{"key":"B","value":"寒凝血脉"},{"key":"C","value":"湿邪阻络"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃虚损"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀血痹阻"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是不同部位疼痛的临床意义。足跟痛,甚则连及腰脊,多属肾虚失养(A对)。不同部位疼痛的临床意义:由于机体的各个部位总是与一定的脏腑经络相联系,所以分辨疼痛的部位,对于了解病变所在的脏腑经络也具有一定的意义。(1)头痛:头为诸阳之会,脑为髓之海,十二经脉与奇经八脉大都与头部有联系,尤其是三阳经,直接循行于头部。某些外感邪气,如风、寒、暑、湿、火以及痰浊、瘀血阻滞或上扰清阳,所引起的头痛多为实证。气血津液亏损,不能上荣于头,致使脑海空虚,也可以发生头痛,则属于虚证。凡头痛之在于经脉者,可根据经络的分布,以确定其病位之所在。如头项痛属太阳经,前额痛属阳明经,头侧痛属少阳经,头顶痛属厥阴经等。有时头疼常常伴有头晕,需要参考头晕的辨证特点。(2)胸痛:胸为心肺所居,故心肺的病变,如阳气不足、寒邪乘袭、瘀血阻滞、痰浊阻遏、火热伤络等,均可以导致胸部气机不畅,发生疼痛。胸闷痛而痞满者,多为痰饮;胸胀痛而走窜,嗳气痛减者,多为气滞;胸痛而咳吐脓血者,多见于肺痈;胸痛喘促而伴有发热、咳吐铁锈色痰者,多属肺热;胸痛、潮热、盗汗、痰中带血者,多属肺痨;胸痛彻背、背痛彻胸,多属心阳不振;痰浊阻滞的胸痹,如有胸前憋闷、痛如针刺刀绞,甚则面色灰滞、冷汗淋漓,则为“真心痛”。(3)脘痛:脘,指上腹,是胃所在部位,故又称“胃脘”。胃脘疼痛,可见于寒邪犯胃、食滞胃脘、肝气犯胃等病证。(4)胁痛:胁为肝胆二经分布的部位。如肝气不疏、肝火郁滞、肝胆湿热、血瘀气滞以及悬饮等病变,都可引起胁痛。(5)腹痛:腹部分大腹、小腹、少腹三部分。脐以上为大腹,属脾胃;脐以下为小腹,属肾、膀胱、大小肠及胞宫;小腹两侧为少腹,是肝经经脉所过之处。就其疼痛的不同部位,可以察知其所属的不同脏腑。对于腹痛,还需分清虚实,如寒凝(B错)、热结、气滞、血瘀、食滞、虫积等,多为实证;至于气虚、血虚、虚寒等,概属虚证。(6)腰痛:腰为肾之府,腰痛多见于肾的病变。因风、寒、湿邪阻塞经脉者(C错),或瘀血阻络者(E错)均为实证;因于肾精气不足或阴阳虚损不能温煦、滋养而致者则为虚证。(7)四肢痛:四肢疼痛,或在关节,或在肌肉,或在经络,多由风寒湿邪的侵袭,阻碍气血运行所引起。亦有因于脾胃虚损(D错)、水谷精气不能运于四肢而发作。疼痛独见于足跟,甚则掣及腰脊者,多属肾虚。"} {"Question":"妇人行经腹痛常见的病因病机有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞血瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"寒凝胞脉"},{"key":"C","value":"气血亏虚"},{"key":"D","value":"热入血脉"},{"key":"E","value":"痰浊阻络"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是月经变化的临床意义。妇人行经腹痛常见的病因病机有气滞血瘀(A对)、寒凝胞脉(B对)与气血亏虚(C对)。行经腹痛的临床意义:行经时腰腹作痛,甚至剧痛不能忍受,并随月经周期持续发作,称为痛经。经前或经期小腹胀痛者,多属气滞血瘀;小腹冷痛,遇暖则缓者,多属寒凝;行经或经后小腹隐痛、腰酸痛者,乃气血亏虚,胞脉失养所致。"} {"Question":"某女,36岁,带下色白,量多稀薄,头晕目眩,耳鸣,腰膝酸软,小便频数,大便溏薄,舌质淡润,苔薄白,脉沉迟。其证候是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"湿热"},{"key":"B","value":"痰湿"},{"key":"C","value":"肾虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肝郁"},{"key":"E","value":"脾虚"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是带下变化的临床意义。带下色白,量多稀薄,头晕目眩,耳鸣,腰膝酸软,小便频数,大便溏薄,舌质淡润,苔薄白,脉沉迟。其证候是肾虚(C对)。带下变化的临床意义:正常情况下,妇女阴道内应有少量乳白色、无臭的分泌物,有濡润阴道壁的作用。若分泌过多或缠绵不绝,即为带下。其中色白、量多淋沥者,为白带;白带中混有血液、赤白分明的,为赤白带;带下淡红黏稠、似血非血,称为赤带;其色淡黄、黏稠臭秽,是为黄带。临床以白带、黄带较为多见。问带下,应注意了解量的多少,色质和气味等。若带下量多色白、清稀如涕,多属脾虚(E错)湿注;带下色黄、黏稠臭秽或伴有外阴瘙痒疼痛,多属湿热(A错)下注;带下色赤、淋沥不断、微有臭味,多属肝经郁热(D错);带下晦暗、质稀薄而多、腰腹酸冷,多属肾虚。总之,凡带下色白而清稀的,多属虚证、寒证;色黄或赤,稠黏臭秽的,多为实证、热证。"} {"Question":"脾虚湿盛可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"痿软舌"},{"key":"B","value":"瘦薄舌"},{"key":"C","value":"齿痕舌"},{"key":"D","value":"裂纹舌"},{"key":"E","value":"芒刺舌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是望舌质的主要内容及临床意义。脾虚湿盛可见齿痕舌(C对)。望舌形,以观察舌质的荣枯老嫩以及形体的异常变化为主。首先应注意舌体的荣枯老嫩,舌体明润者为荣,说明津液充足;舌体干瘪者为枯,说明津液已伤;舌质纹理粗糙,形色坚敛苍老者为老,多属实证、热证;纹理细腻,形色浮胖娇嫩者为嫩,多属虚证、寒证。同时还要观察舌体的胖瘦、大小,有无裂纹、齿痕及芒刺等五种常见的形体变化情况。①胖大舌:较正常舌体胖大,为胖大舌。有胖嫩与肿胀之分。若舌体胖嫩,色淡,多属脾肾阳虚、津液不化、水饮痰湿阻滞所致;如舌体肿胀满口,色深红,多是心脾热盛;若舌肿胖,色青紫而暗,多见于中毒。②瘦薄舌(B错):舌体瘦小而薄,称为瘦薄舌,是阴血亏虚、舌体不充之象。瘦薄而色淡者,多是气血两虚;瘦薄而色红绛且干,多是阴虚火旺、津液耗伤所致。③裂纹舌(D错):舌面上有明显的裂沟,称为裂纹舌,多由阴液亏损不能荣润舌面所致。若舌质红绛而有裂纹,多属热盛津伤、阴精亏损;舌色淡白而有裂纹,常是血虚不润的反映。其中正常人亦有裂纹舌者,在临床上无诊断意义。④齿痕:舌体的边缘见牙齿的痕迹,即为齿痕舌。多因舌体胖大而受齿缘压迫所致,故齿痕舌常与胖大舌同见,多属脾虚。若舌质淡白而湿润,多为脾虚而寒湿壅盛。⑤芒刺(E错):舌乳头增生、肥大,高起如刺,摸之棘手,称为芒刺。若芒刺干燥,多属热邪亢盛,且热愈盛则芒刺愈多。根据芒刺所生部位,可分辨邪热所在脏腑,如舌尖有芒刺,多属心火亢盛;舌边有芒刺,多属肝胆火盛;舌中有芒刺,多属胃肠热盛。痿软舌(A错):舌体软弱,伸卷无力,转动不便,是为舌痿,多属气血虚极、阴液亏损、筋脉失养所致。若久病舌淡而痿,是气血俱虚;舌绛而痿,是阴亏已极。新病舌干红而痿者,则为热灼阴伤。"} {"Question":"胸前憋闷,痛如针刺刀绞,面色灰滞,冷汗淋漓,证属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞"},{"key":"B","value":"痰饮"},{"key":"C","value":"血虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肺热"},{"key":"E","value":"真心痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是不同部位疼痛的临床意义。胸前憋闷,痛如针刺刀绞,面色灰滞,冷汗淋漓,证属真心痛(E对)。不同部位疼痛的临床意义:由于机体的各个部位总是与一定的脏腑经络相联系,所以分辨疼痛的部位,对于了解病变所在的脏腑经络也具有一定的意义。(1)头痛:头为诸阳之会,脑为髓之海,十二经脉与奇经八脉大都与头部有联系,尤其是三阳经,直接循行于头部。某些外感邪气,如风、寒、暑、湿、火以及痰浊、瘀血阻滞或上扰清阳,所引起的头痛多为实证。气血津液亏损,不能上荣于头,致使脑海空虚,也可以发生头痛,则属于虚证。凡头痛之在于经脉者,可根据经络的分布,以确定其病位之所在。如头项痛属太阳经,前额痛属阳明经,头侧痛属少阳经,头顶痛属厥阴经等。有时头疼常常伴有头晕,需要参考头晕的辨证特点。(2)胸痛:胸为心肺所居,故心肺的病变,如阳气不足、寒邪乘袭、瘀血阻滞、痰浊阻遏、火热伤络等,均可以导致胸部气机不畅,发生疼痛。胸闷痛而痞满者,多为痰饮(B错);胸胀痛而走窜,嗳气痛减者,多为气滞(A错);胸痛而咳吐脓血者,多见于肺痈;胸痛喘促而伴有发热、咳吐铁锈色痰者,多属肺热(D错);胸痛、潮热、盗汗、痰中带血者,多属肺痨;胸痛彻背、背痛彻胸,多属心阳不振;痰浊阻滞的胸痹,如有胸前憋闷、痛如针刺刀绞,甚则面色灰滞、冷汗淋漓,则为“真心痛”。(3)脘痛:脘,指上腹,是胃所在部位,故又称“胃脘”。胃脘疼痛,可见于寒邪犯胃、食滞胃脘、肝气犯胃等病证。(4)胁痛:胁为肝胆二经分布的部位。如肝气不疏、肝火郁滞、肝胆湿热、血瘀气滞以及悬饮等病变,都可引起胁痛。(5)腹痛:腹部分大腹、小腹、少腹三部分。脐以上为大腹,属脾胃;脐以下为小腹,属肾、膀胱、大小肠及胞宫;小腹两侧为少腹,是肝经经脉所过之处。就其疼痛的不同部位,可以察知其所属的不同脏腑。对于腹痛,还需分清虚实,如寒凝、热结、气滞、血瘀、食滞、虫积等,多为实证;至于气虚、血虚(C错)、虚寒等,概属虚证。(6)腰痛:腰为肾之府,腰痛多见于肾的病变。因风、寒、湿邪阻塞经脉者,或瘀血阻络者均为实证;因于肾精气不足或阴阳虚损不能温煦、滋养而致者则为虚证。(7)四肢痛:四肢疼痛,或在关节,或在肌肉,或在经络,多由风寒湿邪的侵袭,阻碍气血运行所引起。亦有因于脾胃虚损、水谷精气不能运于四肢而发作。疼痛独见于足跟,甚则掣及腰脊者,多属肾虚。"} {"Question":"心脾两虚的主要病症有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心悸怔忡"},{"key":"B","value":"失眠多梦"},{"key":"C","value":"乏力食少"},{"key":"D","value":"腹胀便溏"},{"key":"E","value":"呕吐泛酸"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是心脾两虚证的临床表现。心脾两虚的主要病症有心悸怔忡(A对)、失眠多梦(B对)、乏力食少(C对)与腹胀便溏(D对)。心脾两虚证的临床表现,常见心悸怔忡,失眠多梦,健忘,食纳减少,腹胀,大便溏泻,倦怠乏力,舌质淡嫩,脉细弱。呕吐泛酸(E错)为食滞胃脘证的临床表现。食滞胃脘证的临床表现,常见脘腹胀满,呕吐酸腐,嗳气反酸,或矢气酸臭,不思饮食,大便泄泻或秘结。舌苔厚腻,脉滑。"} {"Question":"某男,50岁。胸痛连背,背痛彻胸,气短,劳则尤甚,舌紫暗,脉沉涩。基于五脏的生理功能分析,其病变属于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺司呼吸失常"},{"key":"B","value":"脾主运化失常"},{"key":"C","value":"肾主藏精失常"},{"key":"D","value":"心主血脉失常"},{"key":"E","value":"肝主疏泄失常"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是胸痛。胸痛连背,背痛彻胸,气短,劳则尤甚,舌紫暗,脉沉涩。基于五脏的生理功能分析,其病变属于心主血脉失常(D对)。胸痛:胸为心肺所居,故心肺的病变,如阳气不足、寒邪乘袭、瘀血阻滞、痰浊阻遏、火热伤络等,均可以导致胸部气机不畅,发生疼痛。胸闷痛而痞满者,多为痰饮;胸胀痛而走窜,嗳气痛减者,多为气滞;胸痛而咳吐脓血者,多见于肺痈;胸痛喘促而伴有发热、咳吐铁锈色痰者,多属肺热;胸痛、潮热、盗汗、痰中带血者,多属肺痨;胸痛彻背、背痛彻胸,多属心阳不振;痰浊阻滞的胸痹,如有胸前憋闷、痛如针刺刀绞,甚则面色灰滞、冷汗淋漓,则为“真心痛”。肺主气,司呼吸(A错):(1)肺主呼吸之气:肺是体内外气体交换的场所,人体通过肺,从自然界吸入清气,呼出体内的浊气,吐故纳新,使体内外的气体不断交换,从而保证了人体新陈代谢的正常进行。(2)肺主一身之气:肺吸入的清气与脾胃运化的水谷精气,在胸中相合生成宗气,贯心脉以行心血;并且,肺气的升降出入运动对全身气机具有调节作用,故“诸气者,皆属于肺”。脾主运化(B错):(1)运化水谷精微,是指脾对饮食物的消化和水谷精微的吸收、转输、布散的作用。饮食物由胃受纳腐熟,必须依赖于脾的运化功能,才能将水谷转化为精微物质,转输到心肺,布散于全身,从而使各个脏腑、组织、器官得到充足的营养,并通过心肺的作用化生气血,故“脾为后天之本,气血生化之源”。脾气的运化功能正常,称为“脾气健运”减退;其失常,称为“脾失健运”,则可影响饮食物的消化和精微的吸收而出现腹胀、便溏、食欲不振,乃至倦怠、消瘦等精气血生化不足的病变。(2)运化水液,是指脾对水液的吸收、转输和布散作用。水饮的消化吸收亦在胃、小肠和大肠中进行,但又必须经脾气的推动、激发作用,才能完成。脾气转输津液,上输于肺,通过肺气宣降输布全身;并“以灌四傍”,向四周布散,发挥其滋养濡润脏腑的作用。脾气健运,津液化生充足,输布正常,脏腑形体官窍得养。脾失健运,或津液生成不足,或津液输布障碍,而见水湿痰饮等。如《素问·至真要大论》说:“诸湿肿满,皆属于脾。”肾藏精(C错),是指肾对精气具有封藏作用。肾所藏之精包括“先天之精”和“后天之精”。所谓“先天之精”,禀受于父母的生殖之精,与生俱来,是构成胚胎发育的原始物质,并具有生殖、繁衍后代的基本功能。所谓“后天之精”,包括水谷精气和五脏六腑之精,即出生之后,来源于饮食物,通过脾胃运化功能而生成的水谷之精气;分布于脏腑而成为五脏六腑之精,以发挥滋养濡润作用。“先天之精”与“后天之精”的来源不同,但同藏于肾而构成肾中精气。肝主疏泄(E错):肝主疏泄,是指肝气具有疏通、畅达全身气机,进而调畅精血津液的运行输布、脾胃之气的升降、胆汁的分泌排泄以及情志活动等作用。肝的疏泄功能反映了肝为刚脏、主升、主动的生理特点,中心环节是调畅全身气机。肝主疏泄,调畅全身气机功能,具体体现在五个方面:(1)调畅情志。(2)协调脾胃升降。(3)促进胆汁生成与排泄。(4)促进血液运行和津液代谢。(5)调畅排精行经。"} {"Question":"某女,年过六旬,神疲乏力,腰膝酸软,小便频数而清,舌淡苔薄,脉弱,证属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心气虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肺气虚"},{"key":"C","value":"脾气虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肝气虚"},{"key":"E","value":"肾气虚"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是肾气不固证与肾不纳气证的临床表现及辨证要点。某女,年过六旬,神疲乏力,腰膝酸软,小便频数而清,舌淡苔薄,脉弱,证属肾气虚(E对)。肾气不固证的临床表现,常见滑精早泄,尿后余沥,小便频数而清,甚则不禁,腰脊酸软,面色淡白,听力减退,舌淡苔白,脉细弱。肾不纳气证的临床表现,常见气虚喘促,呼多吸少,动则喘甚,汗出,四肢不温,恶风寒,面部虚浮,舌质淡,脉虚弱。心气虚(A错)证的临床表现为心悸,气短,自汗,活动或劳累后加重。心气虚证的临床表现,除上述共有症状外,兼见面色白、体倦乏力、舌质淡、舌体胖嫩、苔白、脉虚。肺气虚(B错)证的临床表现,常见咳喘无力,气短懒言,声音低微,或语言断续无力,稍一用力则气吁而喘,周身乏力,自汗出,面色白,舌质淡嫩,脉虚弱等。脾气虚(C错)证的临床表现及辨证要点。由于素体虚弱,劳倦与饮食不节等,内伤脾气,以致脾气虚弱。临床上常见脾虚证候可分三类:(1)脾失健运证:临床表现常见食纳减少,食后作胀,或肢体浮肿,小便不利,或大便溏泻,时息时发,并伴有身倦无力、气短懒言、面色萎黄、舌质淡嫩、苔白、脉缓弱。以运化功能减退和气虚证共见为辨证要点。(2)脾虚下陷证:临床表现常见子宫脱垂,脱肛,胃下垂,慢性腹泻,并见食纳减少,食后作胀,少腹下坠,体倦少气,气短懒言,面色萎黄,舌淡苔白,脉虚。一般以脾气虚和内脏下垂为辨证要点。(3)脾不统血证:临床表现常见面色苍白或萎黄,饮食减少,倦怠无力,气短,肌衄,便血以及妇女月经过多,或崩漏,舌质淡,脉细弱。一般以在脾气虚的基础上共见出血为辨证要点。肝气虚(D错)的临床表现,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"心气虚证常见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心悸气短,体倦乏力"},{"key":"B","value":"心悸胸闷,形寒肢冷"},{"key":"C","value":"心悸心烦,唇舌色淡"},{"key":"D","value":"心悸心烦,潮热盗汗"},{"key":"E","value":"心悸胸闷,心前区刺痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是心病主要证候的临床表现及辨证要点。心气虚证常见心悸气短,体倦乏力(A对)。心病主要证候有心气虚证、心阳虚证、心血虚证、心阴虚证、心血瘀阻证及心火亢盛证。1.心气虚证与心阳虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:心阳虚与心气虚的共有症状是:心悸,气短,自汗,活动或劳累后加重。心气虚证的临床表现,除上述共有症状外,兼见面色白、体倦乏力、舌质淡、舌体胖嫩、苔白、脉虚。心阳虚证的临床表现,除上述共有症状外,兼见形寒肢冷(B错)、心胸憋闷、面色苍白、舌淡或紫暗脉细弱或结代。如出现心阳虚脱,除有心阳虚的症状外,兼见大汗淋漓、四肢厥冷、口唇青紫、呼吸微弱、脉微欲绝。心气虚证与心阳虚证的辨证要点:心气虚与心阳虚往往由于年老脏气日衰,或由其他疾病的转变,或者由于汗、下太过以及各种损伤气血的原因而形成。心气虚证以心本脏及全身功能活动衰弱为辨证要点。心阳虚证以在心气虚证的基础上出现虚寒症状为辨证要点。2.心血虚证与心阴虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:心血虚与心阴虚的共同症状是:心悸,心烦,易惊,失眠,健忘。心血虚证的临床表现,除上述症状外,兼见眩晕、面色不华、唇舌色淡(C错)、脉细弱。心阴虚证的临床表现,除上述症状外,兼见低热、盗汗(D错)、五心烦热、口干、舌红少津、脉细数。心血虚证与心阴虚证的辨证要点:心血虚与心阴虚,或由于血的生化之源不足,或继发于失血之后,如产后失血过多、崩漏、外伤出血等,亦可由过度劳神,致营血亏虚、阴精暗耗所引起。心血虚证以心的常见症状与血虚证共见为辨证要点。心阴虚证以心的常见症状与阴虚证共见为辨证要点。3.心血瘀阻证与心火亢盛证的临床表现及辨证要点:心血瘀阻证的临床表现,多见心悸,心前区刺痛(E错)或闷痛,并常引臂内侧疼痛,尤以左臂痛厥为多见,一般痛势较剧,时作时止,重者并有面、唇、指甲青紫,四肢逆冷,舌质暗红,或见紫色斑点,苔少,脉微细或涩。一般以胸部憋闷疼痛、痛引肩背内臂、时发时止为辨证要点。心火亢盛证的临床表现,多见心中烦热,急躁失眠,口舌糜烂疼痛,口渴,舌红,脉数,甚则发生吐血、衄血。心火亢盛证以心及舌、脉等有关组织出现实火内炽的症状为辨证要点。"} {"Question":"某男,74岁。久病泄泻,气短汗出,神情淡漠,面色苍白,手足逆冷,舌淡,苔白,脉来若有若无,按之欲绝,此脉象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"微脉"},{"key":"B","value":"弱脉"},{"key":"C","value":"缓脉"},{"key":"D","value":"细脉"},{"key":"E","value":"虚脉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是常见病脉的脉象。久病泄泻,气短汗出,神情淡漠,面色苍白,手足逆冷,舌淡,苔白,脉来若有若无,按之欲绝,此脉象是微脉(A对)。微脉:“极细而软,按之欲绝,若有若无”。常见于心肾阳衰及暴脱的患者。弱脉(B错):沉细而应指无力。主气血两虚诸证。缓脉(C错):仍一息四至,但脉势的来去却有缓慢之感。多见于湿邪致病及脾胃虚弱证。细脉(D错)与主病:[脉象]脉来细小如线,软弱无力,但应指明显。[主病]气血两虚、诸虚劳损,又主湿病。虚脉(E错)与主病:[脉象]三部脉举按皆无力,隐隐蠕动于指下,令人有一种软而空豁的感觉,是无力脉的总称。[主病]气血两虚,尤多见于气虚。"} {"Question":"阳虚证的症状可见","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"形体消瘦"},{"key":"B","value":"五心烦热"},{"key":"C","value":"口燥咽干"},{"key":"D","value":"形寒肢冷"},{"key":"E","value":"眩晕失眠"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是阳虚证的证候。阳虚证的症状可见形寒肢冷(D对)。阴虚与阳虚:阴虚与阳虚,是指机体阴阳亏损而导致的阴不制阳、阳不制阴的阴虚证和阳虚证候。阴虚证的临床表现,除见形体消瘦(A错)、口燥咽干(C错)、眩晕失眠(E错)、舌红脉细数等阴液不足的症状外,还常伴见五心烦热(B错)、潮热盗汗、舌红绛、脉数等阴不制阳、虚热内生的症状。阳虚证的临床表现,除见神疲乏力、少气懒言、蜷卧嗜睡、脉微无力等气虚功能衰减的症状外,还常兼见畏寒肢冷、口淡不渴、尿清便溏或尿少肿胀、面白舌淡等阳不制阴、水寒内盛的症状。"} {"Question":"舌胖大有齿痕","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺虚"},{"key":"B","value":"脾虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肝虚"},{"key":"D","value":"心虚"},{"key":"E","value":"肾虚"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考望舌质的主要内容及临床意义。查舌胖大有齿痕为脾虚(B对)。齿痕:舌体的边缘见牙齿的痕迹,即为齿痕舌。多因舌体胖大而受齿缘压迫所致,故齿痕舌常与胖大舌同见,多属脾虚。若舌质淡白而湿润,多为脾虚而寒湿壅盛。胖大舌:较正常舌体胖大,为胖大舌。有胖嫩与肿胀之分。若舌体胖嫩,色淡,多属脾肾阳虚(E错)、津液不化、水饮痰湿阻滞所致;如舌体肿胀满口,色深红,多是心脾热盛;若舌肿胖,色青紫而暗,多见于中毒。"} {"Question":"虚寒证多见的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶寒发热"},{"key":"B","value":"但寒不热"},{"key":"C","value":"但热不寒"},{"key":"D","value":"寒热往来"},{"key":"E","value":"长期低热"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是但寒不热的临床意义。虚寒证多见的症状是但寒不热(B对)。问寒热,首先要问患者有没有恶寒发热的症状。如有寒热,就必须问清恶寒与发热是同时出现,还是单独出现,问清寒热的轻重、出现的时间、寒热的特点,以及寒热的兼症等。1.恶寒发热(A错)同见的临床意义:恶寒发热同见,多见于外感表证。疾病初起即有恶寒发热,是外邪客于肌表,卫阳与邪气相争的反映。2.但寒不热的临床意义:但寒不热,指的是在疾病过程中,患者唯感畏寒而不发热,多属虚寒证。3.但热不寒(C错)的临床意义:但热不寒,指的是在疾病过程中,患者唯感有热而没有寒象,同时怕热,此类症状多属热证的表现。发热不恶寒而但恶热,临床常见有以下几种情况。(1)壮热:壮热,指患者高热不退、不恶寒反恶热,称为壮热。多见于风寒入里化热,或风热内传的里实热证。(2)潮热:潮热,指发热如潮有定时、按时而发或按时而热更甚的(一般多在下午),即为潮热。(3)长期低热(E错):长期低热,指发热日期较长,而热度仅较正常体温稍高(一般不超过38℃),或仅患者自觉发热而体温并不高者。长期低热的病机比较复杂。4.寒热往来(D错)的临床意义:寒热往来,指恶寒与发热交替发作,是半表半里证的特征,为邪气虽不太盛,正气却也不强,邪气既不能侵入于里,正气也不能祛邪使之出表,正邪交争,两不相下的表现。"} {"Question":"心气虚证的临床表现为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心悸怔忡,体倦自汗"},{"key":"B","value":"心悸怔忡,神疲肢冷"},{"key":"C","value":"心悸失眠,面白唇淡"},{"key":"D","value":"心悸心烦,失眠盗汗"},{"key":"E","value":"心胸烦热,口舌生疮"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是心病主要证候的临床表现及辨证要点。心气虚证的临床表现为心悸怔忡,体倦自汗(A对)。心病主要证候有心气虚证、心阳虚证、心血虚证、心阴虚证、心血瘀阻证及心火亢盛证。1.心气虚证与心阳虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:心阳虚与心气虚的共有症状是:心悸,气短,自汗,活动或劳累后加重。心气虚证的临床表现,除上述共有症状外,兼见面色白、体倦乏力、舌质淡、舌体胖嫩、苔白、脉虚。心阳虚证的临床表现,除上述共有症状外,兼见形寒肢冷(B错)、心胸憋闷、面色苍白、舌淡或紫暗脉细弱或结代。如出现心阳虚脱,除有心阳虚的症状外,兼见大汗淋漓、四肢厥冷、口唇青紫、呼吸微弱、脉微欲绝。心气虚证与心阳虚证的辨证要点:心气虚与心阳虚往往由于年老脏气日衰,或由其他疾病的转变,或者由于汗、下太过以及各种损伤气血的原因而形成。心气虚证以心本脏及全身功能活动衰弱为辨证要点。心阳虚证以在心气虚证的基础上出现虚寒症状为辨证要点。2.心血虚证与心阴虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:心血虚与心阴虚的共同症状是:心悸,心烦,易惊,失眠,健忘。心血虚证的临床表现,除上述症状外,兼见眩晕、面色不华、唇舌色淡(C错)、脉细弱。心阴虚证的临床表现,除上述症状外,兼见低热、盗汗(D错)、五心烦热、口干、舌红少津、脉细数。心血虚证与心阴虚证的辨证要点:心血虚与心阴虚,或由于血的生化之源不足,或继发于失血之后,如产后失血过多、崩漏、外伤出血等,亦可由过度劳神,致营血亏虚、阴精暗耗所引起。心血虚证以心的常见症状与血虚证共见为辨证要点。心阴虚证以心的常见症状与阴虚证共见为辨证要点。3.心血瘀阻证与心火亢盛证的临床表现及辨证要点:心血瘀阻证的临床表现,多见心悸,心前区刺痛或闷痛,并常引臂内侧疼痛,尤以左臂痛厥为多见,一般痛势较剧,时作时止,重者并有面、唇、指甲青紫,四肢逆冷,舌质暗红,或见紫色斑点,苔少,脉微细或涩。一般以胸部憋闷疼痛、痛引肩背内臂、时发时止为辨证要点。心火亢盛证的临床表现,多见心中烦热,急躁失眠,口舌糜烂疼痛(E错),口渴,舌红,脉数,甚则发生吐血、衄血。心火亢盛证以心及舌、脉等有关组织出现实火内炽的症状为辨证要点。"} {"Question":"脾虚气陷,常见的症状是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"食少腹胀,便溏浮肿"},{"key":"B","value":"食少腹胀,内脏下垂"},{"key":"C","value":"食少腹胀,遇怒加剧"},{"key":"D","value":"食少倦怠,便血崩漏"},{"key":"E","value":"食少腹胀,舌苔黄腻"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是脾气虚证的临床表现。脾虚气陷,常见的症状是食少腹胀,内脏下垂(B对)。脾病的主要证候有脾气虚证、脾阳虚证、寒湿困脾证及脾胃湿热证。1.脾气虚证的临床表现及辨证要点。由于素体虚弱,劳倦与饮食不节等,内伤脾气,以致脾气虚弱。临床上常见脾虚证候可分三类:(1)脾失健运证:临床表现常见食纳减少,食后作胀,或肢体浮肿,小便不利,或大便溏泻(A错),时息时发,并伴有身倦无力、气短懒言、面色萎黄、舌质淡嫩、苔白、脉缓弱。以运化功能减退和气虚证共见为辨证要点。(2)脾虚下陷证:临床表现常见子宫脱垂,脱肛,胃下垂,慢性腹泻,并见食纳减少,食后作胀,少腹下坠,体倦少气,气短懒言,面色萎黄,舌淡苔白,脉虚。一般以脾气虚和内脏下垂为辨证要点。(3)脾不统血证:临床表现常见面色苍白或萎黄,饮食减少,倦怠无力,气短,肌衄,便血以及妇女月经过多,或崩漏(D错),舌质淡,脉细弱。一般以在脾气虚的基础上共见出血为辨证要点。2.脾阳虚证的临床表现及辨证要点。脾阳虚证的临床表现,常见在脾失健运症状的基础上,同时出现腹中冷痛,腹满时减,得温则舒,口泛清水,四肢不温,气怯形寒,脉沉迟而舌淡苔白。妇女则见白带清稀,小腹下坠,腰酸沉等症。一般以脾运失健的基础上伴有寒象为辨证要点。3.寒湿困脾证与脾胃湿热证的临床表现及辨证要点。寒湿困脾证的临床表现,常见脘腹胀满,头身困重,食纳减少,泛恶欲吐,口不渴,便溏稀薄,小便不利,妇女带下,舌苔白腻或厚,脉迟缓而濡。一般以脾的运化功能障碍为基础,同时又有寒湿中遏的表现为辨证要点。脾胃湿热证的临床表现,常见面目皮肤发黄,鲜明如橘色,脘腹胀满,不思饮食,厌恶油腻,恶心呕吐,体倦身重,发热,口苦,尿少而黄,舌苔黄腻(E错),脉濡数。一般以脾的运化功能障碍和湿热内阻的症状为辨证要点。症状为食少腹胀,遇怒加剧(C错)的病证,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"湿温潮热的发热特点是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"日晡热甚"},{"key":"B","value":"午后热甚,身热不扬"},{"key":"C","value":"午后或入夜发热"},{"key":"D","value":"热自深层向外透发"},{"key":"E","value":"低热日久不止,面色白,食少乏力"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是但热不寒的临床意义。湿温潮热的发热特点是午后热甚,身热不扬(B对)。但热不寒的临床意义:但热不寒,指的是在疾病过程中,患者唯感有热而没有寒象,同时怕热,此类症状多属热证的表现。发热不恶寒而但恶热,临床常见有以下几种情况。(1)壮热:壮热,指患者高热不退、不恶寒反恶热,称为壮热。多见于风寒入里化热,或风热内传的里实热证。(2)潮热:潮热,指发热如潮有定时、按时而发或按时而热更甚的(一般多在下午),即为潮热。临床常见有三种情况。①阴虚潮热:每当午后或入夜即发热(C错),属于“阴虚生内热”,且以五心烦热为特征,甚至有热自深层向外透发(D错)的感觉,故又称“骨蒸潮热”。常兼见盗汗、颧赤、口咽干燥、舌红少津等症。②湿温潮热:以午后热甚、身热不扬为特征。其病多在脾胃,因湿遏热伏,热难透达,所以身热不扬,初扪之不觉很热,扪之稍久则觉灼手。多伴有胸闷呕恶、头身困重、大便溏薄、苔腻等症。③阳明潮热:是由于胃肠燥热内结所致,因其常于日晡阳明旺时而热甚(A错),故又称“日晡潮热”,常兼见腹满痛拒按、大便燥结、手足汗出、舌苔黄燥,甚则生芒刺等症。(3)长期低热:长期低热,指发热日期较长,而热度仅较正常体温稍高(一般不超过38℃),或仅患者自觉发热而体温并不高者。长期低热的病机比较复杂。例如阴虚潮热或暑夏季节的发热,即所谓“疰夏”,可能表现为长期低热不止。气虚引起的长期低热,称为“气虚发热”。气虚发热,除表现为发热日久不止和热度不高以外,还可见面色白、食少乏力(E错)、短气懒言、劳倦则甚、舌淡、脉虚弱等症。多因脾气虚损,中气下陷,清阳不升,郁而为热。"} {"Question":"根据经脉分布,以确定病位所在,两侧头痛,所属的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"少阴头痛"},{"key":"B","value":"太阳头痛"},{"key":"C","value":"厥阴头痛"},{"key":"D","value":"少阳头痛"},{"key":"E","value":"阳明头痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是不同部位疼痛的临床意义。根据经脉分布,以确定病位所在,两侧头痛,所属的是少阳头痛(D对)。头痛的临床意义:头为诸阳之会,脑为髓之海,十二经脉与奇经八脉大都与头部有联系,尤其是三阳经,直接循行于头部。某些外感邪气,如风、寒、暑、湿、火以及痰浊、瘀血阻滞或上扰清阳,所引起的头痛多为实证。气血津液亏损,不能上荣于头,致使脑海空虚,也可以发生头痛,则属于虚证。凡头痛之在于经脉者,可根据经络的分布,以确定其病位之所在。如头项痛属太阳经(B错),前额痛属阳明经(E错),头侧痛属少阳经,头顶痛属厥阴经(C错)等。有时头疼常常伴有头晕,需要参考头晕的辨证特点。"} {"Question":"某男,82岁。精神呆钝,动作迟缓,足痿无力,耳鸣耳聋,健忘恍惚,舌暗红苔薄白,脉沉弱。辨证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阴阳两虚"},{"key":"B","value":"肾阳虚"},{"key":"C","value":"肾气虚"},{"key":"D","value":"肾精不足"},{"key":"E","value":"肾阴虚"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是肾精不足证的临床表现。精神呆钝,动作迟缓,足痿无力,耳鸣耳聋,健忘恍惚,舌暗红苔薄白,脉沉弱。辨证是肾精不足(D对)。肾病的主要证候有肾阳虚证、肾阴虚证、肾精不足证、肾气不固证及肾不纳气证。1.肾阳虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:肾阳虚证的临床表现,常见形寒肢冷,精神不振,腰膝酸软,或阳痿不举,舌淡苔白,脉沉迟或两尺无力。一般以全身功能低下伴见寒象为辨证要点。2.肾阴虚(E错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:肾阴虚证的临床表现,常见头晕目眩,耳鸣耳聋,牙齿松动,失眠遗精,口燥咽干,五心烦热,盗汗,腰膝酸痛,舌红,脉细数。一般以肾病的主要症状和阴虚内热症状同见为辨证要点。3.肾精不足证的临床表现及辨证要点:肾精不足证的临床表现,常见男子精少不育,女子经闭不孕,性功能减退。小儿发育迟缓,身材矮小,智力和动作迟钝,囟门迟闭,骨骼痿软。成人早衰,发脱齿摇,耳鸣耳聋,健忘恍惚,动作迟缓,足痿无力,精神呆钝等。一般以小儿生长发育迟缓、成人早衰、生殖功能减退的表现为辨证要点。4.肾气不固证与肾不纳气证(C错)的临床表现及辨证要点:肾气不固证的临床表现,常见滑精早泄,尿后余沥,小便频数而清,甚则不禁,腰脊酸软,面色淡白,听力减退,舌淡苔白,脉细弱。一般以肾及膀胱不能固摄表现的症状为辨证要点。肾不纳气证的临床表现,常见气虚喘促,呼多吸少,动则喘甚,汗出,四肢不温,恶风寒,面部虚浮,舌质淡,脉虚弱。一般以久病咳喘、呼多吸少、气不得续、动则加重为主,伴见肺肾气虚表现为辨证要点。肾阴阳两虚(A错)的临床表现,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"腰膝酸软疼痛,多属","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾虚失养"},{"key":"B","value":"寒凝血脉"},{"key":"C","value":"湿邪阻络"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃虚损"},{"key":"E","value":"瘀血痹阻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是不同部位疼痛的临床意义。腰膝酸软疼痛,多属湿邪阻络(C对)。不同部位疼痛的临床意义:由于机体的各个部位总是与一定的脏腑经络相联系,所以分辨疼痛的部位,对于了解病变所在的脏腑经络也具有一定的意义。(1)头痛:头为诸阳之会,脑为髓之海,十二经脉与奇经八脉大都与头部有联系,尤其是三阳经,直接循行于头部。某些外感邪气,如风、寒、暑、湿、火以及痰浊、瘀血阻滞或上扰清阳,所引起的头痛多为实证。气血津液亏损,不能上荣于头,致使脑海空虚,也可以发生头痛,则属于虚证。凡头痛之在于经脉者,可根据经络的分布,以确定其病位之所在。如头项痛属太阳经,前额痛属阳明经,头侧痛属少阳经,头顶痛属厥阴经等。有时头疼常常伴有头晕,需要参考头晕的辨证特点。(2)胸痛:胸为心肺所居,故心肺的病变,如阳气不足、寒邪乘袭、瘀血阻滞、痰浊阻遏、火热伤络等,均可以导致胸部气机不畅,发生疼痛。胸闷痛而痞满者,多为痰饮;胸胀痛而走窜,嗳气痛减者,多为气滞;胸痛而咳吐脓血者,多见于肺痈;胸痛喘促而伴有发热、咳吐铁锈色痰者,多属肺热;胸痛、潮热、盗汗、痰中带血者,多属肺痨;胸痛彻背、背痛彻胸,多属心阳不振;痰浊阻滞的胸痹,如有胸前憋闷、痛如针刺刀绞,甚则面色灰滞、冷汗淋漓,则为“真心痛”。(3)脘痛:脘,指上腹,是胃所在部位,故又称“胃脘”。胃脘疼痛,可见于寒邪犯胃、食滞胃脘、肝气犯胃等病证。(4)胁痛:胁为肝胆二经分布的部位。如肝气不疏、肝火郁滞、肝胆湿热、血瘀气滞以及悬饮等病变,都可引起胁痛。(5)腹痛:腹部分大腹、小腹、少腹三部分。脐以上为大腹,属脾胃;脐以下为小腹,属肾、膀胱、大小肠及胞宫;小腹两侧为少腹,是肝经经脉所过之处。就其疼痛的不同部位,可以察知其所属的不同脏腑。对于腹痛,还需分清虚实,如寒凝(B错)、热结、气滞、血瘀、食滞、虫积等,多为实证;至于气虚、血虚、虚寒等,概属虚证。(6)腰痛:腰为肾之府,腰痛多见于肾的病变。因风、寒、湿邪阻塞经脉者,或瘀血阻络者(E错)均为实证;因于肾精气不足或阴阳虚损不能温煦、滋养而致者则为虚证。(7)四肢痛:四肢疼痛,或在关节,或在肌肉,或在经络,多由风寒湿邪的侵袭,阻碍气血运行所引起。亦有因于脾胃虚损(D错)、水谷精气不能运于四肢而发作。疼痛独见于足跟,甚则掣及腰脊者,多属肾虚(A错)。"} {"Question":"里实热证的症状为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"恶寒发热"},{"key":"B","value":"但寒不热"},{"key":"C","value":"但热不寒"},{"key":"D","value":"寒热往来"},{"key":"E","value":"长期低热"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是但热不寒的临床意义。里实热证的症状为但热不寒(C对)。问寒热,首先要问患者有没有恶寒发热的症状。如有寒热,就必须问清恶寒与发热是同时出现,还是单独出现,问清寒热的轻重、出现的时间、寒热的特点,以及寒热的兼症等。1.恶寒发热(A错)同见的临床意义:恶寒发热同见,多见于外感表证。疾病初起即有恶寒发热,是外邪客于肌表,卫阳与邪气相争的反映。2.但寒不热(B错)的临床意义:但寒不热,指的是在疾病过程中,患者唯感畏寒而不发热,多属虚寒证。3.但热不寒的临床意义:但热不寒,指的是在疾病过程中,患者唯感有热而没有寒象,同时怕热,此类症状多属热证的表现。发热不恶寒而但恶热,临床常见有以下几种情况。(1)壮热:壮热,指患者高热不退、不恶寒反恶热,称为壮热。多见于风寒入里化热,或风热内传的里实热证。(2)潮热:潮热,指发热如潮有定时、按时而发或按时而热更甚的(一般多在下午),即为潮热。(3)长期低热(E错):长期低热,指发热日期较长,而热度仅较正常体温稍高(一般不超过38℃),或仅患者自觉发热而体温并不高者。长期低热的病机比较复杂。4.寒热往来(D错)的临床意义:寒热往来,指恶寒与发热交替发作,是半表半里证的特征,为邪气虽不太盛,正气却也不强,邪气既不能侵入于里,正气也不能祛邪使之出表,正邪交争,两不相下的表现。"} {"Question":"某男,61岁。胸胁胀痛,烦躁易怒,头晕目眩,夜寐梦多,大便秘结,小便黄,口干苦,证属里实热,其常见的舌象是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"红舌"},{"key":"B","value":"淡红舌"},{"key":"C","value":"绛舌"},{"key":"D","value":"紫舌"},{"key":"E","value":"淡白舌"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是望舌色的主要内容及临床意义。胸胁胀痛,烦躁易怒,头晕目眩,夜寐梦多,大便秘结,小便黄,口干苦,证属里实热,其常见的舌象是红舌(A对)。望舌色:主要观察舌质颜色的异常变化,主要有以下四种。①淡白舌(E错):较正常舌色浅淡,称为淡白舌。主虚寒证,为阳气虚弱、气血不足之象。阳虚血少,气血不荣,故舌色淡白,常见于阳虚、血虚的病证。②红舌:舌色深于正常舌,称为红舌。主热证。热盛则气血涌甚,反映于舌质,故呈现红色。可见于里实热证,也可见于阴虚内热。③绛舌(C错):舌色深红,称为绛舌。主内热深重。外感热病见绛舌,表示邪热深入营血,多见于热性病极期。内伤杂病中,绛舌常见于久病、重病之人,多属阴虚火旺。④紫舌(D错):舌见紫色,主病有寒热之分,绛紫色深,干枯少津,多系邪热炽盛、阴液两伤、血气壅滞不畅之象;淡紫或青紫温润,多因阴寒内盛、血脉瘀滞所致。舌上有紫色斑点,称为瘀斑或瘀点,多为血瘀之象。淡红舌(B错)为正常舌象。正常舌象,是舌体柔软,活动自如,颜色淡红,舌面铺有薄薄的、颗粒均匀、干湿适中的白苔,常描写为“淡红舌、薄白苔”。"} {"Question":"大出血可致","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气脱"},{"key":"B","value":"血瘀"},{"key":"C","value":"出血"},{"key":"D","value":"血热"},{"key":"E","value":"气陷"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是气随血脱证的临床表现及辨证要点。大出血可致气脱(A对)。气血同病常见证候的临床表现及辨证要点:气为阳,血为阴。气与血有阴阳相随、互为依存的关系,故气血变化的互相影响,在临床上非常多见。气血同病证候,常见气滞血瘀、气血两虚、气不摄血、气随血脱证等。1.气滞血瘀证的临床表现及辨证要点:气滞血瘀证的临床表现,常见胸胁胀满走窜疼痛,性情急躁,并兼见痞块刺痛拒按,舌紫暗或有瘀斑等。妇女还可见月经闭止,或痛经、经色紫暗有块,乳房胀痛等症状。一般以病程较长和肝经循行部位的疼痛痞块为辨证要点。2.气血两虚证的临床表现及辨证要点:气血两虚证的临床表现,常见少气懒言,乏力自汗,面色苍白或萎黄,心悸失眠,舌淡而嫩,脉细弱等。多以气虚与血虚的症状同见为辨证要点。3.气不摄血证的临床表现及辨证要点:气不摄血证的临床表现,常见出血(C错)的同时,见有气短,倦怠乏力,面色苍白,脉软弱细微、舌淡等气虚的症状。多以出血和气虚症状同见为辨证要点,脾有统摄血液在脉中运行和运化水谷精微的功能,所以气不摄血证,也常见到脾虚的症状。4.气随血脱证的临床表现及辨证要点:气随血脱证的临床表现,常见于大量出血的同时,见面色白,四肢厥冷,大汗淋漓,甚至晕厥,脉微细或弱等症。多以大量出血时,随即出现气脱的症状为辨证要点。血瘀(B错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:血瘀证的临床表现,常见局部肿胀疼痛,痛如针刺,拒按,痛处固定不移,且常在夜间加重,一般伴有面色晦暗、口唇色紫、舌有瘀斑、口干但欲漱水不欲咽等症状。一般以痛如针刺,痛有定处、拒按、肿块、唇舌爪甲紫暗、脉涩等为辨证要点。血热(D错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:血热证的临床表现,常见心烦,或躁扰发狂,口干不喜饮,身热,以夜间为甚,脉细数,舌红绛,或见各种出血证,妇女月经先期、量多等。一般以出血和全身热象为辨证要点。气陷(E错)证的临床表现及辨证要点:气陷证的临床表现,常见头目昏花,少气倦怠,腹部有坠胀感,脱肛或子宫脱垂等,舌淡苔白,脉弱。一般以内脏下垂为主要诊断要点。"} {"Question":"患儿,8岁。倦怠乏力,食少纳呆,气短懒言,面色苍白,皮下出血色淡,舌淡,脉软弱细微。中医辨证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气血两虚证"},{"key":"B","value":"气随血脱证"},{"key":"C","value":"气滞血瘀证"},{"key":"D","value":"气虚血瘀证"},{"key":"E","value":"气不摄血证"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是气血同病常见证候的临床表现及辨证要点。倦怠乏力,食少纳呆,气短懒言,面色苍白,皮下出血色淡,舌淡,脉软弱细微。中医辨证是气不摄血证(E对)。气血同病常见证候的临床表现及辨证要点:气为阳,血为阴。气与血有阴阳相随、互为依存的关系,故气血变化的互相影响,在临床上非常多见。气血同病证候,常见气滞血瘀、气血两虚、气不摄血、气随血脱证等。1.气滞血瘀证(C错)的临床表现及辨证要点:气滞血瘀证的临床表现,常见胸胁胀满走窜疼痛,性情急躁,并兼见痞块刺痛拒按,舌紫暗或有瘀斑等。妇女还可见月经闭止,或痛经、经色紫暗有块,乳房胀痛等症状。一般以病程较长和肝经循行部位的疼痛痞块为辨证要点。2.气血两虚证(A错)的临床表现及辨证要点:气血两虚证的临床表现,常见少气懒言,乏力自汗,面色苍白或萎黄,心悸失眠,舌淡而嫩,脉细弱等。多以气虚与血虚的症状同见为辨证要点。3.气不摄血证的临床表现及辨证要点:气不摄血证的临床表现,常见出血的同时,见有气短,倦怠乏力,面色苍白,脉软弱细微、舌淡等气虚的症状。多以出血和气虚症状同见为辨证要点,脾有统摄血液在脉中运行和运化水谷精微的功能,所以气不摄血证,也常见到脾虚的症状。4.气随血脱证(B错)的临床表现及辨证要点:气随血脱证的临床表现,常见大量出血的同时,见面色白,四肢厥冷,大汗淋漓,甚至晕厥,脉微细或弱等症。多以大量出血时,随即出现气脱的症状为辨证要点。气虚血瘀证(D错),为胸痹的辨证。胸痹气虚血瘀证:【症状】胸痛隐隐,遇劳则发,神疲乏力,气短懒言,心悸自汗。舌胖有齿痕,色淡暗,苔薄白,脉弱而涩,或结、代。【治法】益气活血,通脉止痛。【方剂应用】基础方剂为补阳还五汤(当归、川芎、黄芪、桃仁、红花、地龙、赤芍)加减。【中成药应用】常用中成药有芪参益气滴丸、参桂胶囊、心力丸、活心丸。"} {"Question":"耳鸣耳聋,证属脾胃虚弱者,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葛根汤颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"补中益气丸"},{"key":"C","value":"龙胆泻肝丸"},{"key":"D","value":"耳聋左慈丸"},{"key":"E","value":"导赤丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是耳鸣耳聋的辨证论治。耳鸣耳聋,证属脾胃虚弱者,宜选用的中成药是补中益气丸(B对)。耳鸣,是指患者自觉耳内鸣响,如闻蝉声,或如潮声;耳聋,是指不同程度的听觉减退,甚至消失。耳鸣可伴有耳聋,耳聋亦可由耳鸣发展而来。西医的耳科病变(如中耳炎、鼓膜穿孔)、急性热性传染病(如猩红热、流行性感冒)、颅内病变(如脑肿瘤、听神经瘤)、药物中毒以及高血压、梅尼埃病、贫血、神经衰弱等疾病出现耳鸣耳聋症状均可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)风热侵袭证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有银翘散。(二)肝火上扰证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有龙胆泻肝丸(C错)(水丸)、通窍耳聋丸、泻青丸。(三)肾精亏损证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有耳聋左慈丸(D错)。(四)脾胃虚弱证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有补中益气丸。葛根汤颗粒(A错)为风寒感冒的中成药应用。风寒感冒:【中成药应用】常用中成药有荆防颗粒、感冒清热颗粒、感冒软胶囊、九味羌活丸、葛根汤颗粒。导赤丸(E错)为口疮心脾积热证的中成药应用。口疮心脾积热证:【中成药应用】常用中成药有牛黄清胃丸、导赤丸。"} {"Question":"患儿,5岁。近日不思饮食,嗳腐酸馊,脘腹胀满,疼痛拒按,大便酸臭,夜寐不安,手足心热,苔白厚腻,脉弦滑。治宜选用的方剂是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消乳丸"},{"key":"B","value":"健脾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"枳术丸"},{"key":"D","value":"保和丸"},{"key":"E","value":"二陈汤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是积滞的辨证论治。患儿,5岁。近日不思饮食,嗳腐酸馊,脘腹胀满,疼痛拒按,大便酸臭,夜寐不安,手足心热,苔白厚腻,脉弦滑。治宜选用的方剂是保和丸(D对)。积滞,是指小儿内伤乳食,停聚中焦,积而不化,气滞不行所致的疾病,以脘腹胀满、嗳气酸腐、不思乳食、食而不化、大便溏薄或秘结酸臭为临床特征。西医学的小儿消化不良表现为上述症状者,可参考此内容辨证论治。(一)乳食内积证:【症状】不思乳食,嗳腐酸馊,或呕吐食物、乳片,脘腹胀满疼痛,大便酸臭或便秘,烦躁啼哭,夜眠不安,手足心热。舌质红,苔白厚,或黄厚腻,脉弦滑,或指纹紫滞。【方剂应用】基础方剂为乳积用消乳丸(A错)(香附、神曲、麦芽、陈皮、砂仁、甘草)加减;食积用保和丸(山楂、神曲、半夏、茯苓、陈皮、连翘、莱菔子)加减。(二)脾虚夹积证:【症状】面色萎黄,形体消瘦,神疲肢倦,不思乳食,食则饱胀,腹满喜按,大便溏稀酸腥,夹有乳片或不消化食物残渣。舌质淡,苔白腻,脉细滑,或指纹淡滞。【方剂应用】基础方剂为健脾丸(B错)(人参、白术、陈皮、麦芽、山楂、神曲、枳实)加减。二陈汤(E错)为粉刺痰湿瘀滞证的方剂应用。粉刺痰湿瘀滞证:【症状】皮疹颜色暗红,以结节、脓肿、囊肿、瘢痕为主,或见窦道,经久难愈;伴纳呆腹胀。舌质暗红或有瘀斑,苔黄腻,脉弦滑。【方剂应用】基础方剂为二陈汤(半夏、陈皮、茯苓、甘草)合桃红四物汤(桃仁、红花、当归、白芍、川芎、熟地)加减。方剂应用为枳术丸(C错)的病证,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"对小儿感冒病证特点的论述,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"夹痰"},{"key":"B","value":"夹瘀"},{"key":"C","value":"夹食"},{"key":"D","value":"热证实证多"},{"key":"E","value":"寒证虚证少"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是小儿感冒的症状特点。对小儿感冒病证特点的论述,错误的是夹瘀(B错,为本题正确答案)。小儿感冒的病情以热证、实证为多(D对),寒证、虚证少(E对),夹痰(A对)、夹食(C对)、夹惊等兼夹证为常见。"} {"Question":"某男,1岁。不思乳食,呕吐酸腐,大便溏泄;舌苔白腻,脉细而滑。诊断为积滞,证属脾虚夹积。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"小儿消食丸"},{"key":"B","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"C","value":"小儿化食丸"},{"key":"D","value":"儿宝颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"小儿胃宝丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查积滞之脾虚夹积证的中成药应用。结合患者症状为积滞之脾虚夹积证,宜选用的中成药是小儿胃宝丸(E对)。积滞之脾虚夹积证【症状】面色萎黄,形体消瘦,神疲肢倦,不思乳食,食则饱胀,腹满喜按,大便溏稀酸腥,夹有乳片或不消化食物残渣。舌质淡,苔白腻,脉细滑,或指纹淡滞。【中成药应用】常用中成药健胃消食片、小儿胃宝丸。积滞之乳食内积证【症状】不思乳食,嗳腐酸馊,或呕吐食物、乳片,脘腹胀满疼痛,大便酸臭或便秘,烦躁啼哭,夜眠不安,手足心热。舌质红,苔白厚,或黄厚腻,脉弦滑,或指纹紫滞。【中成药应用】常用中成药保和丸(水丸)、小儿消食片(A错)、小儿化食丸(C错)、大山楂丸、四磨汤口服液。厌食之脾胃气虚证【症状】不思进食,食不知味,神倦多汗,大便溏薄夹不消化食物,面色少华,形体偏瘦,肢倦乏力。舌淡,苔薄白,脉缓无力。【中成药应用】常用中成药参苓白术散(B错)、启脾丸、儿宝颗粒(D错)。"} {"Question":"西红花的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"破血逐瘀,续筋接骨"},{"key":"B","value":"破血通经,消食化积"},{"key":"C","value":"活血定痛,敛疮生肌"},{"key":"D","value":"活血祛瘀,解郁安神"},{"key":"E","value":"活血通经,清热利湿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是西红花的功效。西红花的功效是活血祛瘀,解郁安神(D对)。西红花:【功效】活血祛瘀,凉血解毒,解郁安神。土鳖虫:【功效】破血逐瘀,续筋接骨(A错)。刘寄奴:【功效】破血通经,散寒止痛,消食化积(B错)。血竭:【功效】活血定痛,化瘀止血,生肌敛疮(C错)。北刘寄奴:【功效】活血祛瘀,通经止痛,凉血止血,清热利湿(E错)。"} {"Question":"桃仁除活血祛瘀外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝解郁"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"止咳平喘"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿通淋"},{"key":"E","value":"清心除烦"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是桃仁的功效。桃仁除活血祛瘀外,又能止咳平喘(C对)。桃仁:【功效】活血祛瘀,润肠通便,止咳平喘。月季花:【功效】活血调经,疏肝解郁(A错)。川芎:【功效】活血行气,祛风止痛(B错)。牛膝:【功效】活血通经,利尿通淋(D错),引血下行,补肝肾,强筋骨。丹参:【功效】活血祛瘀,通经止痛,清心除烦(E错),凉血消痈。"} {"Question":"川芎可用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺热咳嗽"},{"key":"B","value":"肠燥便秘"},{"key":"C","value":"痰气闭塞心窍之癫痫"},{"key":"D","value":"斑疹色暗"},{"key":"E","value":"风寒头痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是川芎的主治病证。川芎可用于风寒头痛(E对)。川芎:【主治病证】(1)月经不调,痛经,闭经,难产,产后瘀阻腹痛。(2)胸痹心痛,胁肋作痛,肢体麻木,跌打损伤,疮痈肿痛。(3)头痛,风湿痹痛。虎杖:【主治病证】(1)湿热黄疸,淋浊,带下。(2)水火烫伤,疮痈肿毒,毒蛇咬伤。(3)闭经,痛经,癥瘕,跌打损伤,风湿痹痛。(4)肺热咳嗽(A错)。(5)热结便秘。(6)肝胆及泌尿系结石症。桃仁:【主治病证】(1)血滞闭经、痛经,产后腹痛,癥瘕,跌打肿痛。(2)肺痈,肠痈。(3)肠燥便秘(B错)。(4)咳喘。郁金:【主治病证】(1)胸腹胁肋胀痛或刺痛,月经不调,痛经,癥瘕痞块。(2)热病神昏,癫痫发狂(C错)。(3)血热之吐血、衄血、尿血,妇女倒经。(4)湿热黄疸,肝胆或泌尿系结石症。红花:【主治病证】(1)血滞闭经、痛经,产后恶露不尽。(2)胸痹心痛,癥瘕积聚,跌打肿痛。(3)斑疹色暗(D错)(配清热凉血解毒药)。"} {"Question":"西红花煎汤内服,成人的一次用量是多少","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.1~0.3g"},{"key":"B","value":"0.6~0.9g"},{"key":"C","value":"1~3g"},{"key":"D","value":"5~9g"},{"key":"E","value":"10~15g"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是西红花的用法用量。西红花煎汤内服,成人的一次用量是多少1~3g(C对)。西红花:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,1~3g;或沸水泡服,或入丸散。外用:适量,研末调敷。巴豆:【用法用量】内服:入丸散或装胶囊,0.1~0.3g(A错),不入汤剂。止泻必须炒炭服。外用:适量,研末敷。内服宜制成巴豆霜,以降低毒性。半夏:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,5~9g(D错);或入丸散。外用:适量,以生品研末调敷。内服用制半夏,不同炮制品功效有别。法半夏长于燥湿,姜半夏长于降逆止呕;清半夏长于化痰;竹沥半夏长于清热化痰。生半夏外用。。菊花:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,10~15g(E错);或入丸散,或泡茶饮。外用:适量,煎汤熏洗,或捣烂敷。疏散风热多用黄菊花,平肝明目多用白菊花。用量为0.6~0.9g(B错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"既破血祛瘀,又消积杀虫的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乳香"},{"key":"B","value":"苏木"},{"key":"C","value":"姜黄"},{"key":"D","value":"干漆"},{"key":"E","value":"王不留行"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"虎杖的主治病证不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"跌打损伤"},{"key":"B","value":"肝郁胁痛"},{"key":"C","value":"湿热黄疸"},{"key":"D","value":"毒蛇咬伤"},{"key":"E","value":"肺热咳嗽"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查虎杖的主治病证。虎杖的主治病证不包括肝郁胁痛(B错,为本题正确答案)。虎杖【主治病证】(1)湿热黄疸(C对),淋浊,带下。(2)水火烫伤,疮痈肿毒,毒蛇咬伤(D对)。(3)闭经,痛经,癥瘕,跌打损伤(A对),风湿痹痛。(4)肺热咳嗽(E对)。(5)热结便秘。(6)肝胆及泌尿系结石症。"} {"Question":"某女,58岁。素患胆囊结石,症见口苦、口黏、右胁下胀痛。5日前又患咳嗽,咯吐黄痰、咽痛,兼见尿黄、便秘,舌红、苔黄腻。宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"郁金"},{"key":"B","value":"虎杖"},{"key":"C","value":"血竭"},{"key":"D","value":"干漆"},{"key":"E","value":"北刘寄奴"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是虎杖的主治病证。某女,58岁。素患胆囊结石,症见口苦、口黏、右胁下胀痛。5日前又患咳嗽,咯吐黄痰、咽痛,兼见尿黄、便秘,舌红、苔黄腻。宜选用的药是虎杖(B对)。虎杖:【主治病证】(1)湿热黄疸,淋浊,带下。(2)水火烫伤,疮痈肿毒,毒蛇咬伤。(3)闭经,痛经,癥瘕,跌打损伤,风湿痹痛。(4)肺热咳嗽。(5)热结便秘。(6)肝胆及泌尿系结石症。郁金(A错):【主治病证】(1)胸腹胁肋胀痛或刺痛,月经不调,痛经,癥瘕痞块。(2)热病神昏,癫痫发狂。(3)血热之吐血、衄血、尿血,妇女倒经。(4)湿热黄疸,肝胆或泌尿系结石症。血竭(C错):【主治病证】(1)瘀血闭经、痛经,产后瘀阻腹痛。(2)癥瘕痞块,胸腹刺痛。(3)跌打损伤,瘀血肿痛。(4)外伤出血,溃疡不敛。干漆(D错):【主治病证】(1)闭经,癥瘕积聚。(2)虫积腹痛。北刘寄奴(E错):【主治病证】(1)跌打损伤,瘀血闭经,月经不调,产后瘀血腹痛,癥瘕积聚。(2)外伤出血,血痢,血淋。(3)湿热黄疸,水肿,白带过多。"} {"Question":"既破血逐瘀,又续筋接骨的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"川芎"},{"key":"B","value":"三棱"},{"key":"C","value":"五灵脂"},{"key":"D","value":"穿山甲"},{"key":"E","value":"土鳖虫"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是土鳖虫的功效。既破血逐瘀,又续筋接骨的药是土鳖虫(E对)。土鳖虫:【功效】破血逐瘀,续筋接骨。川芎(A错):【功效】活血行气,祛风止痛。三棱(B错):【功效】破血行气,消积止痛。五灵脂(C错):【功效】活血止痛,化瘀止血,解蛇虫毒。穿山甲(D错):【功效】活血消癥,通经下乳,消肿排脓。"} {"Question":"郁金不具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"行气解郁"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血清心"},{"key":"D","value":"利胆退黄"},{"key":"E","value":"消肿生肌"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是郁金的功效。郁金不具有的功效是消肿生肌(E错,为本题正确答案)。郁金:【功效】活血止痛(A对),行气解郁(B对),凉血清心(C对),利胆退黄(D对)。消肿生肌为乳香的功效。乳香:【功效】活血止痛,消肿生肌。"} {"Question":"某女,72岁。左下肢静脉曲张病史20年,平素腰膝酸软。6天前左下肢静脉曲张处出现青紫色,呈条索状凸起,疼痛难忍,行走困难,由家属搀扶走入诊室。大便干结3天。医师检查:左下肢红肿,大小约5cm×15cm,体温38.9℃。舌红、苔黄、脉弦数。证属血热毒盛、脉络瘀阻。处以丹参、虎杖、大青叶、络石藤、金银花、川牛膝、防己、大血藤、生甘草。方中投用虎杖,因其除能活血祛瘀、泻下通便外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行气止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"续筋接骨"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血平肝"},{"key":"D","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"E","value":"软坚消肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查虎杖的功效。方中投用虎杖,因其除能活血祛瘀、泻下通便外,又能清热解毒(D对)。虎杖【功效】利湿退黄,清热解毒,活血祛瘀,化痰止咳,泻下通便。木香【功效】行气止痛(A错),健脾消食。土鳖虫【功效】破血逐瘀,续筋接骨(B错)。赭石【功效】平肝潜阳,重镇降逆,凉血(C错)止血。金银花【功效】清热解毒(D错),疏散风热。昆布【功效】消痰软坚,利水消肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"桃仁具有的作用是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"扩张冠脉"},{"key":"B","value":"止血"},{"key":"C","value":"润肠缓泻"},{"key":"D","value":"抑制免疫"},{"key":"E","value":"平喘"}],"Answer":"CE","Explanation":"本题考查的是桃仁的功效。桃仁具有的作用是润肠通便(C对)与平喘(E对)。桃仁:【功效】活血祛瘀,润肠通便,止咳平喘。延胡索的药理作用:(1)镇痛。(2)镇静、催眠。(3)抗心肌缺血:延胡索总碱、去氢延胡索甲素、延胡索乙素可明显扩张冠脉血管(A错)。(4)抗脑缺血。(5)抗血栓。五灵脂:【功效】活血止痛,化瘀止血(B错),解蛇虫毒。川乌的药理作用:川乌具有镇痛、抗炎、免疫抑制(D错)、降血压及强心作用。"} {"Question":"能活血行气、祛风止痛的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芷"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都不是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都是"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是川芎的功效。能活血行气、祛风止痛的是川芎(B对)。川芎:【功效】活血行气,祛风止痛。白芷(A错):【功效】发散风寒,通窍止痛,燥湿止带,消肿排脓。"} {"Question":"生化丸为治疗产后病的常用药,其药物组成为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"桃仁"},{"key":"D","value":"甘草"},{"key":"E","value":"干姜(炒炭)"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是生化丸药物组成。生化丸为治疗产后病的常用药,其药物组成为当归(A对)、川芎(B对)、桃仁(C对)、甘草(D对)、干姜(炒炭)(E对)。生化丸:【药物组成】当归、川芎、桃仁、干姜(炒炭)、甘草。"} {"Question":"治湿热带下宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"B","value":"乌梅"},{"key":"C","value":"椿皮"},{"key":"D","value":"桑螵蛸"},{"key":"E","value":"乌贼骨"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是椿皮的主治病证。治湿热带下宜用椿皮(C对)。椿皮:【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢,湿热泻痢,便血。(2)崩漏,赤白带下。(3)蛔虫病。(4)疮癣作痒。金樱子(A错):【主治病证】(1)遗精滑精,尿频遗尿。(2)久泻久痢。(3)崩漏带下。乌梅(B错):【主治病证】(1)肺虚久咳。(2)久泻久痢。(3)虚热消渴。(4)蛔厥腹痛。(5)崩漏,便血。桑螵蛸(D错):【主治病证】(1)肾阳亏虚之遗精、滑精,遗尿、尿频,小便白浊,带下。(2)阳痿不育。乌贼骨(E错)为海螵蛸的别名。海螵蛸:【主治病证】(1)崩漏下血,肺胃出血,创伤出血。(2)肾虚遗精,赤白带下。(3)胃痛吞酸。(4)湿疮湿疹,溃疡不敛。"} {"Question":"治心肾不交之虚烦不眠宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"乌梅"},{"key":"B","value":"赤石脂"},{"key":"C","value":"桑螵蛸"},{"key":"D","value":"莲子肉"},{"key":"E","value":"乌贼骨"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是莲子肉的主治病证。治心肾不交之虚烦不眠宜用莲子肉(D对)。莲子肉:【主治病证】(1)脾虚久泻、食欲不振。(2)肾虚遗精、滑精,脾肾两虚之带下。(3)心肾不交之虚烦、惊悸失眠。乌梅(A错):【主治病证】(1)肺虚久咳。(2)久泻久痢。(3)虚热消渴。(4)蛔厥腹痛。(5)崩漏,便血。赤石脂(B错):【主治病证】(1)泻痢不止,便血脱肛。(2)崩漏,赤白带下。(3)湿疮流水,溃疡不敛,外伤出血。桑螵蛸(C错):【主治病证】(1)肾阳亏虚之遗精、滑精,遗尿、尿频,小便白浊,带下。(2)阳痿不育。乌贼骨(E错)为海螵蛸的别名。海螵蛸:【主治病证】(1)崩漏下血,肺胃出血,创伤出血。(2)肾虚遗精,赤白带下。(3)胃痛吞酸。(4)湿疮湿疹,溃疡不敛。"} {"Question":"治肾阳虚尿频遗尿宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"B","value":"乌梅"},{"key":"C","value":"椿皮"},{"key":"D","value":"桑螵蛸"},{"key":"E","value":"乌贼骨"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是桑螵蛸的主治病证。治肾阳虚尿频遗尿宜用桑螵蛸(D对)。桑螵蛸:【主治病证】(1)肾阳亏虚之遗精、滑精,遗尿、尿频,小便白浊,带下。(2)阳痿不育。金樱子(A错):【主治病证】(1)遗精滑精,尿频遗尿。(2)久泻久痢。(3)崩漏带下。乌梅(B错):【主治病证】(1)肺虚久咳。(2)久泻久痢。(3)虚热消渴。(4)蛔厥腹痛。(5)崩漏,便血。椿皮(C错):【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢,湿热泻痢,便血。(2)崩漏,赤白带下。(3)蛔虫病。(4)疮癣作痒。乌贼骨(E错)为海螵蛸的别名。海螵蛸:【主治病证】(1)崩漏下血,肺胃出血,创伤出血。(2)肾虚遗精,赤白带下。(3)胃痛吞酸。(4)湿疮湿疹,溃疡不敛。"} {"Question":"五味子的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生津安蛔"},{"key":"B","value":"敛肺滋肾"},{"key":"C","value":"温中止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"收敛止血"},{"key":"E","value":"涩肠温中"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是五味子的功效。五味子的功效是敛肺滋肾(B对)。五味子:【功效】收敛固涩,益气生津,滋肾宁心。乌梅:【功效】敛肺,涩肠,生津,安蛔(A错),止血。花椒:【功效】温中止痛(C错),杀虫止痒。海螵蛸:【功效】收敛止血(D错),固精止带,制酸止痛,收湿敛疮。肉豆蔻:【功效】涩肠止泻,温中(E错)行气。"} {"Question":"温中止泻宜煨用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"B","value":"乌贼骨"},{"key":"C","value":"罂粟壳"},{"key":"D","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"E","value":"肉豆蔻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是肉豆蔻的用法用量。温中止泻宜煨用的药是肉豆蔻(E对)。肉豆蔻:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,3~10g;入丸散,每次1.5~3g。温中止泻宜煨用。金樱子(A错):【用法用量】内服:煎汤,6~12g;或入丸散。乌贼骨(B错)为海螵蛸的别名。海螵蛸:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,5~10g;研末,每次1.5~3g。外用:适量,研末敷。罂粟壳(C错):【用法用量】内服:煎汤,3~6g;或入丸散。止咳宜蜜炙用,止泻、止痛宜醋炒用。补骨脂(D错):【用法用量】内服:煎汤,6~10g;或入丸散。外用:适量,可制成20%~30%酊剂涂患处。"} {"Question":"某女,36岁。素患赤白带下,又见湿热泻痢。宜选用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"B","value":"桑螵蛸"},{"key":"C","value":"椿皮"},{"key":"D","value":"海螵蛸"},{"key":"E","value":"石榴皮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查椿皮的主治病证。宜选用的中药是椿皮(C对)。椿皮【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢,湿热泻痢,便血。(2)崩漏,赤白带下。(3)蛔虫病。(4)疮癣作痒。金樱子(A错)【主治病证】(1)遗精滑精,尿频遗尿。(2)久泻久痢。(3)崩漏带下。桑螵蛸(B错)【主治病证】(1)肾阳亏虚之遗精、滑精,遗尿、尿频,小便白浊,带下。(2)阳痿不育。海螵蛸(D错)【主治病证】(1)崩漏下血,肺胃出血,创伤出血。(2)肾虚遗精,赤白带下。(3)胃痛吞酸。(4)湿疮湿疹,溃疡不敛。石榴皮(E错)【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢。(2)便血,崩漏。(3)虫积腹痛。"} {"Question":"妇女怀孕后,若因胎热导致的胎动不安,治当清热安胎。宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"紫苏梗"},{"key":"B","value":"竹茹"},{"key":"C","value":"黄芩"},{"key":"D","value":"黄柏"},{"key":"E","value":"苎麻根"}],"Answer":"BCE","Explanation":"本题考查的是竹茹、黄芩、苎麻根的功效。妇女怀孕后,若因胎热导致的胎动不安,治当清热安胎。宜选用的药是竹茹(B对)、黄芩(C对)与苎麻根(E对)。竹茹:【功效】清热化痰,除烦止呕,安胎。黄芩:【功效】清热燥湿,泻火解毒,止血,安胎。苎麻根:【功效】凉血止血,清热安胎,利尿,解毒。紫苏梗(A错)为紫苏的梗。紫苏:【功效】发表散寒,行气宽中,安胎,解鱼蟹毒。叶长于发表散寒,梗长于理气宽中,安胎。黄柏(D错):【功效】清热燥湿,泻火解毒,退虚热。"} {"Question":"苦参除能清热燥湿,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"润肠通便"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺泻火"},{"key":"C","value":"化瘀止血"},{"key":"D","value":"杀虫止痒"},{"key":"E","value":"凉血消斑"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是苦参的功效。苦参除能清热燥湿,又能杀虫止痒(D对)。苦参:【功效】清热燥湿,杀虫止痒,利尿。决明子:【功效】清肝明目,润肠通便(A错)。三七:【功效】化瘀止血(C错),活血定痛。大青叶:【功效】清热解毒,凉血消斑(E错),利咽消肿。功效为清肺泻火(B错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"既退虚热,又清肺热的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"B","value":"白薇"},{"key":"C","value":"胡黄连"},{"key":"D","value":"地骨皮"},{"key":"E","value":"银柴胡"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查地骨皮的功效。既退虚热,又清肺热的药是地骨皮(D对)。地骨皮【功效】退虚热,凉血,清肺降火,生津。青蒿(A错)【功效】退虚热,凉血,解暑,截疟。白薇(B错)【功效】退虚热,凉血清热,利尿通淋,解毒疗疮。胡黄连(C错)【功效】退虚热,除疳热,清湿热,解热毒。银柴胡(E错)【功效】退虚热,清疳热。"} {"Question":"既治热毒血痢,又治血热崩漏的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"射干"},{"key":"B","value":"白头翁"},{"key":"C","value":"马齿苋"},{"key":"D","value":"穿心莲"},{"key":"E","value":"白花蛇舌草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是马齿苋的主治病证。既治热毒血痢,又治血热崩漏的药是马齿苋(C对)。马齿苋:【主治病证】(1)热毒血痢,热毒疮疡。(2)血热崩漏、便血。(3)热淋,血淋。射干(A错):【主治病证】(1)咽喉肿痛(证属热结痰瘀者尤宜)。(2)痰多咳喘。(3)久疟疟母,闭经,痈肿,瘰疬、癥瘕。白头翁(B错):【主治病证】(1)热毒血痢。(2)阿米巴痢疾。穿心莲(D错):【主治病证】(1)温病初起,感冒发热,肺热咳喘,肺痈,咽喉肿痛。(2)痈疮疖肿,毒蛇咬伤。(3)湿热泻痢,热淋涩痛,湿疹。白花蛇舌草(E错):【主治病证】(1)痈肿疮毒,咽喉肿痛,肠痈,毒蛇咬伤。(2)热淋涩痛,小便不利。(3)胃癌,食管癌,直肠癌。"} {"Question":"土茯苓的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健脾安神"},{"key":"B","value":"通利关节"},{"key":"C","value":"解毒除湿"},{"key":"D","value":"活血散结"},{"key":"E","value":"消肿生肌"}],"Answer":"BC","Explanation":"本题考查的是土茯苓的功效。土茯苓的功效是通利关节(B对)与解毒除湿(C对)。土茯苓:【功效】解毒,利湿,通利关节。茯苓:【功效】利水渗湿,健脾,安神(A错)。海马:【功效】补肾助阳,活血散结(D错),消肿止痛。乳香:【功效】活血止痛,消肿生肌(E错)。"} {"Question":"某医师治初产妇乳肿痛最喜用蒲公英,此因蒲公英清热解毒外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血"},{"key":"C","value":"通络"},{"key":"D","value":"化痰"},{"key":"E","value":"通乳"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是蒲公英的性能特点。某医师治初产妇乳肿痛最喜用蒲公英,此因蒲公英清热解毒外,又能通乳(E对)。蒲公英:【性能特点】本品苦寒清泄,甘淡渗利,入肝、胃经。药食兼用,既善清热解毒,又兼疏肝通乳、散结消痈,还能利尿、缓通大便,导湿热、热毒从二便而出。力强效佳而味不甚苦,为治疮肿良药。虽内、外痈皆宜,但以外痈为主,乳痈尤佳,内服外用皆效,并治火毒咽痛、目赤及湿热黄疸、淋痛。【功效】清热解毒,消痈散结,利湿通淋。大血藤:【功效】清热解毒,活血(A错)止痛,祛风通络(C错)。大青叶:【功效】清热解毒,凉血(B错)消斑,利咽消肿。牛黄:【功效】清热解毒,息风止痉,化痰(E错)开窍。"} {"Question":"大青叶除清热解毒外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"截疟"},{"key":"B","value":"止痒"},{"key":"C","value":"利咽"},{"key":"D","value":"活血"},{"key":"E","value":"利湿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查大青叶的功效。大青叶除清热解毒外,又能利咽(C对)。大青叶【功效】清热解毒,凉血消斑,利咽消肿。鸦胆子【功效】清热解毒,燥湿杀虫,止痢截疟(A错),腐蚀赘疣。荆芥【功效】散风解表,透疹止痒(B错),止血。紫草【功效】凉血活血(D错),解毒透疹。蒲公英【功效】清热解毒,消痈散结,利湿(E错)通淋。"} {"Question":"某女,25岁。产后5天,发热血淋。宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"银柴胡"},{"key":"B","value":"胡黄连"},{"key":"C","value":"白薇"},{"key":"D","value":"牡丹皮"},{"key":"E","value":"地骨皮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是白薇的主治病证。产后5天,发热血淋。宜选用的药是白薇(C对)。白薇:【主治病证】(1)阴虚发热,骨蒸潮热,产后虚热,阴虚外感。(2)温病热入营血证,肺热咳嗽。(3)热淋,血淋。(4)痈肿疮毒,咽喉肿痛,毒蛇咬伤。银柴胡(A错):【主治病证】(1)阴虚发热,骨蒸劳热。(2)小儿疳热。胡黄连(B错):【主治病证】(1)骨蒸潮热。(2)小儿疳热。(3)湿热泻痢,黄疸。(4)咽痛,疮肿,痔肿便血。牡丹皮(D错):【主治病证】(1)温病热入血分而发斑疹,血热吐血、衄血。(2)温病后期阴虚发热,久病伤阴之无汗骨蒸。(3)血滞之闭经、痛经,产后瘀阻,癥瘕,跌打伤肿。(4)痈肿疮毒,肠痈腹痛。地骨皮(E错):【主治病证】(1)阴虚发热,有汗骨蒸,小儿疳热。(2)血热之吐血、衄血、尿血。(3)肺热咳嗽。(4)内热消渴。"} {"Question":"生地黄的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凉血,养阴"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血,截疟"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血,止痢"},{"key":"D","value":"凉血,透疹"},{"key":"E","value":"凉血,消斑"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查生地黄的功效。生地黄的功效是凉血,养阴(A对)。生地黄【功效】清热凉血,养阴生津,润肠。青蒿【功效】退虚热,凉血,解暑,截疟(B错)。白头翁【功效】清热解毒,凉血止痢(C错)。紫草【功效】凉血活血,解毒透疹(D错)。青黛【功效】清热解毒,凉血消斑(E错),定惊。"} {"Question":"上能清肺润喉,中能清胃生津,下能滋阴降火,治疗实热虚热均可选用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芦根"},{"key":"B","value":"栀子"},{"key":"C","value":"知母"},{"key":"D","value":"石膏"},{"key":"E","value":"竹叶"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是知母的性能特点。上能清肺润喉,中能清胃生津,下能滋阴降火,治疗实热虚热均可选用的是知母(C对)。知母:【性能特点】本品苦泄寒清,甘润滋滑,既入肺、胃经,又入肾与大肠经。但清降,不透散,并滋阴。上清肺热而泻火,中清胃热而除烦渴,下滋肾阴而润燥滑肠、退虚热。清热泻火虽不及石膏,但长于滋阴润燥,驱邪扶正两相兼。实火、虚热皆宜,高热或燥热津伤及阴虚发热者用之尤佳。芦根(A错):【性能特点】本品甘寒质轻,清泄透利,入肺、胃经。既清肺胃之热而生津、除烦、止呕,又透肌表热邪而透解疹毒,还清利湿热而利尿。清利与透散并具,以清利为主,兼以透散,药力平和。不滋腻恋邪伤胃,味甘不苦易服。最宜治小儿肺热咳喘、风热感冒及防治小儿麻疹。清热不如石膏,生津不如知母,长于透散利水。栀子(B错):【性能特点】本品苦寒降泄清利,入心、肺、三焦经。既清心肺三焦之火而泻火除烦解毒、凉血止血,又清利膀胱湿热与清泻滑利大肠,导湿热火毒外出,利小便、缓通便、退黄疸。捣烂外敷能散瘀血而消肿止痛。药力较缓,虽味苦而不燥湿,但能缓泻。既走气分,能清泻气分热;又走血分,能清泄血分热。清热泻火不如石膏,长于凉血解毒、退黄、止血、滑利二便。石膏(D错):【性能特点】本品生用辛甘大寒,主清泄,兼透解,入肺、胃经,既善清泄气分实热和肺胃实火,又兼能解肌透热,热去则烦除、津生、渴止,为治气分高热和肺胃实火之要药。煅后涩凉,主收敛,兼清泄,外用能收敛生肌,兼清热,为治疮疡湿疹所常用。竹叶(E错):【性能特点】本品甘寒清利,辛散轻扬,清利兼透,入心、肺经。既清心除烦、利尿,又凉散上焦风热。与淡竹叶相比,清心除烦力强,兼生津,热病心烦多用;又兼辛味,能凉散上焦风热,治风热表证及温病初期常用。其嫩心药力最强,善清心包之火,多用治温病热入心包之神昏谵语。"} {"Question":"芦根不具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热生津"},{"key":"B","value":"除烦止呕"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血解毒"},{"key":"D","value":"排脓"},{"key":"E","value":"利尿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是芦根的功效。芦根不具有的功效是凉血解毒(C错,为本题正确答案)。芦根:【功效】清热生津(A对),除烦止呕(B对),利尿(E对)。芦根又能清胃止呕、清肺利尿,且兼祛痰排脓(D对),治胃热呕吐、肺热咳嗽、肺痈吐脓、热淋涩痛等。凉血解毒为栀子的功效。栀子:【功效】泻火除烦,清热利尿,凉血解毒,消肿止痛。"} {"Question":"板蓝根除了清热解毒外,还可","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散风"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血"},{"key":"C","value":"祛痰"},{"key":"D","value":"疏肝"},{"key":"E","value":"敛肺"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是板蓝根的功效。板蓝根除了清热解毒外,还可凉血(B对)。板蓝根:【功效】清热解毒,凉血,利咽。荆芥:【功效】散风(A错)解表,透疹止痒,止血。射干:【功效】清热解毒,祛痰(C错)利咽,散结消肿。木蝴蝶:【功效】清热利咽,疏肝(D错)和胃。白果:【功效】敛肺(E错)平喘,止带缩尿。"} {"Question":"马齿苋善治","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"梅毒"},{"key":"B","value":"肠痈腹痛"},{"key":"C","value":"感冒发热"},{"key":"D","value":"热毒血痢"},{"key":"E","value":"毒蛇咬伤"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查马齿苋的主治病证。马齿苋善治热毒血痢(D对)。马齿苋【主治病证】(1)热毒血痢,热毒疮疡。(2)血热之崩漏、便血。(3)热淋,血淋。土茯苓【主治病证】(1)梅毒(A错),或因患梅毒服汞剂而致肢体拘挛者。(2)淋浊,带下,脚气,湿疹,湿疮。牡丹皮【主治病证】(1)温病热入血分而发斑疹,血热之吐血、衄血。(2)温病后期阴虚发热,久病伤阴之无汗骨蒸。(3)血滞之闭经、痛经,产后瘀阻,癥瘕,跌打伤肿。(4)痈肿疮毒,肠痈腹痛(B错)。穿心莲【主治病证】(1)温病初起,感冒发热(C错),肺热咳喘,肺痈,咽喉肿痛。(2)痈疮疖肿,毒蛇咬伤(E错)。(3)湿热泻痢,热淋涩痛,湿疹。"} {"Question":"赤芍不具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血"},{"key":"C","value":"散瘀血"},{"key":"D","value":"退虚热"},{"key":"E","value":"清肝火"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是赤芍的功效。赤芍不具有的功效是退虚热(D错,为本题正确答案)。赤芍:【功效】清热(A对)凉血(B对),散瘀(C对)止痛,清肝火(E对)。退虚热为牡丹皮的功效。牡丹皮:【功效】清热凉血,活血散瘀,退虚热。"} {"Question":"射干的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利咽,凉血"},{"key":"B","value":"利咽,祛痰"},{"key":"C","value":"利咽,通便"},{"key":"D","value":"利咽,止血"},{"key":"E","value":"利咽,疏肝"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是射干的功效。射干的功效是利咽,祛痰(B对)。射干:【功效】清热解毒,祛痰利咽,散结消肿。板蓝根:【功效】清热解毒,凉血,利咽(A错)。胖大海:【功效】清宣肺气,清肠通便。胖大海甘寒,功能清宣肺气、利咽(C错)开音。马勃:【功效】清肺,解毒,利咽,止血(D错)。木蝴蝶:【功效】清热利咽,疏肝(E错)和胃。"} {"Question":"射干除了清热利咽,还可","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散风"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血"},{"key":"C","value":"祛痰"},{"key":"D","value":"疏肝"},{"key":"E","value":"敛肺"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是清热解毒药射干的功效。射干除了清热利咽,还可祛痰(C对)。射干:【功效】清热解毒,祛痰利咽,散结消肿。荆芥:【功效】散风(A错)解表,透疹止痒,止血。板蓝根:【功效】清热解毒,凉血(B错),利咽。木蝴蝶:【功效】清热利咽,疏肝(D错)和胃。白果:【功效】敛肺(E错)平喘,止带缩尿。"} {"Question":"石膏的主治病证有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺热咳喘"},{"key":"B","value":"心火上炎"},{"key":"C","value":"胃火牙痛"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热泻痢"},{"key":"E","value":"温病气分高热"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查的是石膏的主治病证。石膏的主治病证有肺热咳喘(A对)、胃火牙痛(C对)与温病气分高热(E对)。石膏:【主治病证】(1)温病气分高热。(2)肺热咳喘。(3)胃火上炎所致的头痛、牙龈肿痛、口舌生疮。(4)疮疡不敛,湿疹,水火烫伤,外伤出血。竹叶:【主治病证】(1)热病烦渴,心火上炎(B错)之口舌生疮。(2)热淋,小便不利。(3)热入心包之神昏谵语。黄柏:【主治病证】(1)湿热下注之带下、淋浊、脚气、足膝红肿。(2)湿热黄疸,湿热泻痢(D错),湿疹,湿疮。(3)热毒疮肿,口舌生疮,血热出血。(4)阴虚之盗汗遗精,骨蒸潮热。"} {"Question":"某男,60岁。患瘰疬10年,近5年时发偏头痛与头疮,曾多方诊治而乏效,遂就诊于某中医。医师在处方中投以全蝎,此因该药除息风止痉、攻毒散结外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血祛瘀"},{"key":"B","value":"通络止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"通络利尿"},{"key":"D","value":"清利头目"},{"key":"E","value":"平肝化痰"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是全蝎的功效。患瘰疬10年,近5年时发偏头痛与头疮,曾多方诊治而乏效,遂就诊于某中医。医师在处方中投以全蝎,此因该药除息风止痉、攻毒散结外,又能通络止痛(B对)。全蝎:【功效】息风止痉,攻毒散结,通络止痛。北刘寄奴:【功效】活血祛瘀(A错),通经止痛,凉血止血,清热利湿。地龙:【功效】清热息风,平喘,通络,利尿(C错)。薄荷:【功效】宣散风热,清利头目(D错),利咽,透疹,疏肝。功效为平肝化痰(E错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"珍珠母的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"镇心定惊,清肝除翳"},{"key":"B","value":"平肝疏肝,散风止痒"},{"key":"C","value":"平肝潜阳,清肝明目"},{"key":"D","value":"平肝潜阳,纳气定喘"},{"key":"E","value":"平肝明目,疏散风热"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是珍珠母的功效。珍珠母的功效是平肝潜阳,清肝明目(C对)。珍珠母:【功效】平肝潜阳,清肝明目,安神定惊,收湿敛疮。珍珠:【性能特点】本品介类重镇兼涩,甘寒清解兼补,入心、肝经。既镇心而安神定惊,治惊悸、失眠、癫痫及惊风;又清肝而明目除翳,治目赤翳障;还解毒敛疮、润肤祛斑,治喉痹口疮、溃疡不敛、皮肤色斑。【功效】安神定惊,明目除翳(A错),解毒敛疮,润肤祛斑。蒺藜:【功效】平肝,疏肝,祛风明目,散风止痒(B错)。磁石:【功效】镇惊安神,平肝潜阳,聪耳明目,纳气平喘(D错)。桑叶:【功效】疏散风热,清肺润燥,平肝明目(E错),凉血止血。"} {"Question":"能平喘的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"蒺藜"},{"key":"B","value":"地龙"},{"key":"C","value":"蜈蚣"},{"key":"D","value":"石决明"},{"key":"E","value":"青黛"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是地龙的功效。能平喘的药是地龙(B对)。地龙:【功效】清热息风,平喘,通络,利尿。蒺藜(A错):【功效】平肝,疏肝,祛风明目,散风止痒。蜈蚣(C错):【功效】息风止痉,攻毒散结,通络止痛。石决明(D错):【功效】平肝潜阳,清肝明目。青黛(E错):【功效】清热解毒,凉血消斑,定惊。"} {"Question":"赭石除平肝潜阳,重镇降逆外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"制酸止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风明目"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血止血"},{"key":"D","value":"息风止痉"},{"key":"E","value":"散结解毒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是赭石的功效。赭石除平肝潜阳,重镇降逆外,又能凉血止血(C对)。赭石:【功效】平肝潜阳,重镇降逆,凉血止血。牡蛎:【功效】平肝潜阳,镇惊安神,软坚散结,收敛固涩,制酸止痛(A错)。蒺藜:【功效】平肝,疏肝,祛风明目(B错),散风止痒。全蝎:【功效】息风止痉(D错),攻毒散结,通络止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"既能平肝潜阳、清肝明目,又能安神定惊的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"石决明"},{"key":"B","value":"牡蛎"},{"key":"C","value":"赭石"},{"key":"D","value":"珍珠母"},{"key":"E","value":"龙骨"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查珍珠母的功效。既能平肝潜阳、清肝明目,又能安神定惊的中药是珍珠母(D对)。珍珠母【功效】平肝潜阳,清肝明目,安神定惊,收湿敛疮。石决明(A错)【功效】平肝潜阳,清肝明目。牡蛎(B错)【功效】平肝潜阳,镇惊安神,软坚散结,收敛固涩,制酸止痛。赭石(C错)【功效】平肝潜阳,重镇降逆,凉血止血。龙骨(E错)【功效】镇惊安神,平肝潜阳,收敛固涩,收湿敛疮。"} {"Question":"藿胆丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋肾平肝"},{"key":"B","value":"清热化湿,健脾止泻"},{"key":"C","value":"清热解毒,消肿止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"利咽开音,化痰散结"},{"key":"E","value":"芳香化浊,通鼻窍,去肝胆之火"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是藿胆丸的功能。藿胆丸的功能是芳香化浊,通鼻窍,去肝胆之火(E对)。藿胆丸:【功能】芳香化浊,清热通窍。耳聋左慈丸:【功能】滋肾平肝(A错)。小儿泻速停颗粒:【功能】清热利湿,健脾止泻(B错),缓急止痛。鼻炎康片:【功能】清热解毒,宣肺通窍,消肿止痛(C错)。黄氏响声丸:【功能】疏风清热,化痰散结,利咽开音(D错)。"} {"Question":"清音丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热润肺,止咳化痰"},{"key":"B","value":"疏风清热,消肿止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"养阴生津,清热消痰"},{"key":"D","value":"清肺利咽,解毒退热"},{"key":"E","value":"清热利咽,生津润燥"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是清音丸的功能。清音丸的功能是清热利咽,生津润燥(E对)。清音丸:【功能】清热利咽,生津润燥。蜜炼川贝枇杷膏:【功能】清热润肺,化痰止咳(A错)。功能为疏风清热,消肿止痛(B错)、养阴生津,清热消痰(C错)或清肺利咽,解毒退热(D错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"既涌吐痰饮,又截疟的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"柴胡"},{"key":"B","value":"青蒿"},{"key":"C","value":"常山"},{"key":"D","value":"砒石"},{"key":"E","value":"生首乌"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":null} {"Question":"涌吐药的主治病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"癫痫发狂"},{"key":"B","value":"中风神昏"},{"key":"C","value":"燥咳痰黏"},{"key":"D","value":"虫积腹痛"},{"key":"E","value":"湿阻中焦"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查涌吐药的主治病证。涌吐药的主治病证是癫痫发狂(A对)。涌吐药:本类药适用于误食毒物,停留胃中,未被吸收;或宿食停滞不化,尚未入肠,脘部胀痛;或痰涎壅盛,阻碍呼吸,以及癫痫发狂等。开窍药:本类药主要适用于热陷心包或痰浊阻蔽所致的神昏谵语,以及惊痫、中风(B错)等病出现的突然昏厥之证。清化热痰药:主治热痰证,如咳嗽气喘,痰黄质稠者;若痰稠难咯,唇舌干燥之燥痰(C错)证,宜选质润之润燥化痰药;痰热癫痫、中风惊厥、瘿瘤、痰火瘰疬等,均可以清化热痰药治之。温里药:本类药主要适用于里寒证,包括中焦寒证、心肾阳衰之亡阳证、肾阳虚证、寒滞肝脉之疝痛、风寒湿痹、经寒痛经等,兼治寒饮咳喘、虫积腹痛(D错)等。消食药:本类药主要适用于食积不化所致的脘腹胀满、嗳腐吞酸、恶心呕吐、大便失常及脾胃虚弱、消化不良等证。临床应用时,食积每见气滞,故常配伍行气药;食积兼寒者,配温中散寒药;食积兼热者,配苦寒轻泻药;食积兼湿阻中焦(E错)者,配芳香化湿药;食积兼脾胃虚弱者,配补气健脾药。"} {"Question":"瓜蒂研末吹鼻,可","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"通鼻窍"},{"key":"B","value":"开心窍"},{"key":"C","value":"去湿热"},{"key":"D","value":"止痹痛"},{"key":"E","value":"止牙痛"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是瓜蒂的功效。瓜蒂研末吹鼻,可去湿热(C对)。瓜蒂:【功效】内服涌吐热痰、宿食;外用研末吹鼻,引去湿热。辛夷:【功效】散风寒,通鼻窍(A错)。石菖蒲:【功效】开窍(B错)宁神,化湿和胃。露蜂房:【性能特点】本品甘解性平,质轻有毒,入肝、胃经。善攻毒杀虫,治疮痈、瘰疬、顽癣常用;能祛风止痛,治牙痛(E错)、风湿痹痛(D错)可投。【功效】攻毒杀虫,祛风止痛。"} {"Question":"内服涌吐热痰,研末吹鼻引去湿热的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"常山"},{"key":"B","value":"瓜蒂"},{"key":"C","value":"甘松"},{"key":"D","value":"铅丹"},{"key":"E","value":"砒石"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是瓜蒂的功效。内服涌吐热痰,研末吹鼻引去湿热的药是瓜蒂(B对)。瓜蒂:【功效】内服涌吐热痰、宿食;外用研末吹鼻,引去湿热。常山(A错):【功效】涌吐痰饮,截疟。甘松(C错):【功效】行气止痛,开郁醒脾。铅丹(D错):【功效】外用拔毒止痒,敛疮生肌;内服坠痰镇惊,攻毒截疟。砒石(E错):【功效】外用蚀疮去腐;内服劫痰平喘,截疟。"} {"Question":"白及的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"收敛止血"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血止血"},{"key":"C","value":"温经止血"},{"key":"D","value":"理气止血"},{"key":"E","value":"化瘀止血"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查白及的功效。白及的功效是收敛止血(A对)。白及【功效】收敛止血,消肿生肌。马齿苋【功效】清热解毒,凉血止血(B错),通淋。艾叶【功效】温经止血(C错),散寒止痛。三七【功效】化瘀止血(E错),活血定痛。"} {"Question":"依据药物的性能,一般将止血药分为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补虚止血药"},{"key":"B","value":"温经止血药"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血止血药"},{"key":"D","value":"化瘀止血药"},{"key":"E","value":"收敛止血药"}],"Answer":"BCDE","Explanation":"本题考查止血药的分类。依据药物的性能,一般将止血药分为温经止血药(B对)、凉血止血药(C对)、化瘀止血药(D对)、收敛止血药(E对)。止血药按其性能功效及临床应用,常将本类药物分为凉血止血药、化瘀止血药、收敛止血药、温经止血药四类。"} {"Question":"艾叶除温经止血外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热安胎"},{"key":"B","value":"解毒止痢"},{"key":"C","value":"散寒止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"疏肝止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"清肝泻火"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是艾叶的功效。艾叶除温经止血外,又能散寒止痛(C对)。艾叶:【功效】温经止血,散寒止痛。苎麻根:【功效】凉血止血,清热安胎(A错),利尿,解毒。白头翁:【功效】清热解毒,凉血止痢(B错)。香附:【功效】疏肝理气,调经止痛(D错)。槐花:【功效】凉血止血,清肝泻火(E错)。"} {"Question":"苎麻根甘寒,除凉血止血,清热安胎外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血、杀虫"},{"key":"B","value":"燥湿、杀虫"},{"key":"C","value":"活血、利尿"},{"key":"D","value":"解毒、燥湿"},{"key":"E","value":"解毒、利尿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是苎麻根的功效。苎麻根甘寒,除凉血止血,清热安胎外,又能解毒、利尿(E对)。苎麻根【功效】凉血止血,清热安胎,利尿,解毒。槟榔【功效】杀虫(A错),消积,行气,利水,截症。苦参【功效】清热燥湿,杀虫(B错)止痒,利尿。蒲黄性平,生用、炒用均止血,生用活血化痪止血,并兼利尿(C错),尤善治尿血、血淋。白鲜皮【功效】清热解毒(D错),祛风燥湿,止痒。"} {"Question":"某男,40岁。素患血热脱发,近日又患肺热咳喘痰多。宜选用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"棕榈炭"},{"key":"B","value":"鸡冠花"},{"key":"C","value":"白茅根"},{"key":"D","value":"侧柏叶"},{"key":"E","value":"苎麻根"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查侧柏叶的主治病证。宜选用的中药是侧柏叶(D对)。侧柏叶【主治病证】(1)各种出血证。(2)肺热咳喘痰多。(3)血热脱发,须发早白。(4)烫伤(外用)。棕榈炭(A错)【主治病证】崩漏,便血,吐血,咳血,尿血。鸡冠花(B错)【主治病证】(1)吐血,崩漏,便血,痔疮出血。(2)赤白带下。(3)久痢不止。白茅根(C错)【主治病证】(1)血热之衄血、咳血、吐血、尿血。(2)热病烦渴,胃热呕哕,肺热咳嗽。(3)血淋,热淋,小便不利,水肿,湿热黄疸。苎麻根(E错)【主治病证】(1)血热所致的各种出血证。(2)胎动不安,胎漏下血。(3)湿热淋痛,热毒疮肿,蛇虫咬伤。"} {"Question":"艾叶的功效有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温经"},{"key":"B","value":"止血"},{"key":"C","value":"散寒"},{"key":"D","value":"止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"养肝血"}],"Answer":"ABCD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"槐花除凉血止血外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛痰止咳"},{"key":"B","value":"清肝泻火"},{"key":"C","value":"解毒杀虫"},{"key":"D","value":"活血散瘀"},{"key":"E","value":"清热安胎"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"白茅根的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"凉血止血,清热利尿"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血止血,活血化瘀"},{"key":"C","value":"收敛止血,清热生津"},{"key":"D","value":"化瘀止血,清热利尿"},{"key":"E","value":"收敛止血,祛痰止咳"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是白茅根的功效。白茅根的功效是凉血止血,清热利尿(A对)。白茅根:【功效】凉血止血,清热生津,利尿通淋。大黄:【功效】泻下攻积,清热泻火,解毒止血,活血祛瘀(B错)。半枝莲:【功效】清热解毒,散瘀止血,利水消肿(D错)。侧柏叶:【功效】凉血止血,祛痰止咳(E错),生发乌发。功效为收敛止血,清热生津(C错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,67岁。症见口舌生疮、腰膝冷痛、大便溏薄。证属下元虚冷、虚阳上浮,宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丁香"},{"key":"B","value":"荜茇"},{"key":"C","value":"干姜"},{"key":"D","value":"肉桂"},{"key":"E","value":"高良姜"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是肉桂的主治病证。症见口舌生疮、腰膝冷痛、大便溏薄。证属下元虚冷、虚阳上浮,宜选用的药是肉桂(D对)。肉桂:【主治病证】(1)肾阳不足、命门火衰之阳痿、宫冷、畏寒肢冷。(2)下元虚冷、虚阳上浮之上热下寒证。(3)阳虚中寒之脘腹冷痛、食少便溏。(4)经寒血滞之痛经、闭经,寒疝腹痛,寒湿痹痛,腰痛。(5)阴疽,痈肿脓成不溃或久溃不敛。丁香(A错):【主治病证】(1)中寒呃逆、呕吐、泄泻,脘腹冷痛。(2)肾阳虚之阳痿、宫冷。荜茇(B错):【主治病证】(1)脘腹冷痛,中寒呕吐、泄泻。(2)胸痹冷痛,龋齿牙痛。干姜(C错):【主治病证】(1)脾胃受寒或虚寒所致的腹痛、呕吐、泄泻。(2)亡阳欲脱。(3)寒饮咳喘。高良姜(E错):【主治病证】中寒腹痛、呕吐、泄泻。"} {"Question":"附子的主治病证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"虫积腹痛"},{"key":"B","value":"气血虚衰"},{"key":"C","value":"阳痿肢冷"},{"key":"D","value":"脚气肿痛"},{"key":"E","value":"寒饮喘咳"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是附子的主治病证。附子的主治病证是阳痿肢冷(C对)。附子:【主治病证】(1)亡阳欲脱。(2)肾阳不足、命门火衰之畏寒肢冷、阳痿、宫冷、尿频。(3)脾肾阳虚之脘腹冷痛、泄泻、水肿。(4)心阳虚衰之心悸、胸痹。(5)寒湿痹痛,阳虚外感。花椒:【主治病证】(1)脘腹冷痛,中寒呕吐、泄泻。(2)虫积腹痛(A错),蛔虫、蛲虫所致者尤宜。(3)湿疹,阴痒。党参:【主治病证】(1)脾气亏虚之食欲不振、呕吐泄泻。(2)肺气亏虚之气短喘促、脉虚自汗。(3)气津两伤之气短口渴。(4)血虚(B错)萎黄,头晕心慌。吴茱萸:【主治病证】(1)中寒肝逆之头痛、吐涎沫。(2)寒湿脚气肿痛(D错),或上冲入腹之腹胀、困闷欲死。(3)寒疝腹痛,经寒痛经。(4)呕吐吞酸。(5)虚寒腹痛泄泻。干姜:【主治病证】(1)脾胃受寒或虚寒所致的腹痛、呕吐、泄泻。(2)亡阳欲脱。(3)寒饮咳喘(E错)。"} {"Question":"某女,15岁。1月前因急性阑尾炎而住院手术治疗,刀口愈合良好。出院后出现便秘,4至5日排便1次。服通便西药乏效遂来求治,刻下除便秘外,又见食欲不佳,脘腹胀满,口干口苦饮水多,喜食凉酸之物,乏力,月经正常,舌红,苔薄白、微腻,脉滑数。证属热结便秘气滞湿阻。治以泻热通肠行气化湿。药用制大黄10g,枳实10g,瓜蒌30g,郁李仁12g(打碎),佩兰10g,陈皮10g,炒神曲12g,生白术10g。3剂,每日1剂水煎服。忌食辛辣油腻宜多食蔬菜。二诊,大便仍干,3日1行。纳增,脘胀减,食后嗳气,口微苦而干,舌红苔薄黄腻,脉弦滑。原方改制大黄为生大黄10g(后下),去郁李仁、炒神曲,加决明子30g(打碎),厚朴6g,炒莱菔子12g(打碎),清半夏10g,续进3剂。医师在方中投用佩兰,此因佩兰的药性与功效分别是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"性凉,化湿"},{"key":"B","value":"性平,化湿"},{"key":"C","value":"性温,化湿"},{"key":"D","value":"性微温,化湿"},{"key":"E","value":"性微寒,化湿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是佩兰的性味归经与功效。佩兰的药性与功效分别是性平,化湿(B对)。佩兰:【性味归经】辛,平。归脾、胃、肺经。【功效】化湿,解暑。砂仁:【性味归经】辛,温。归脾、胃经。【功效】化湿(C错)行气,温中止泻,安胎。广藿香:【性味归经】辛,微温。归脾、胃、肺经。【功效】化湿(D错),止呕,发表解暑。药性与功效为性凉,化湿(A错)或性微寒,化湿(E错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"草豆蔻温中止呕,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏肝行气"},{"key":"B","value":"化湿行气"},{"key":"C","value":"活血行气"},{"key":"D","value":"燥湿行气"},{"key":"E","value":"健脾行气"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是草豆蔻的功能。草豆蔻温中止呕,又能燥湿行气(D对)。草豆蔻:【功效】燥湿行气,温中止呕。月季花:【功效】活血调经,疏肝解郁。月季花既活血化瘀,又疏肝行气(AC错)。白豆蔻:【功效】化湿行气(B错),温中止呕。木香:【功效】行气止痛,健脾(E错)消食。"} {"Question":"某男,18岁,夏季贪凉饮冷,遂致外感于寒,内伤于湿,症见恶寒发热,无汗头痛,头重身倦,胸闷泛恶,舌苔薄白而腻。医师诊为阴暑,处方为香薷、厚朴、白扁豆,水煎服。香薷治阴暑的最佳服用方法是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"水煎凉服"},{"key":"B","value":"水煎温服"},{"key":"C","value":"浓煎温服"},{"key":"D","value":"研末冲服"},{"key":"E","value":"为丸吞服"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是香薷的用法用量。香薷治阴暑的最佳服用方法是水煎凉服(A对)。香薷:【用法用量】内服:煎汤,3~10g;或入丸散。外用:适量,捣敷。或煎汤含漱。发汗解暑宜水煎凉服(B错),利水退肿须浓煎服(C错)或为丸服(E错)。"} {"Question":"某女,2岁。患风热感冒5天,近2日又见音哑咽痛、惊哭夜啼,宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"地肤子"},{"key":"B","value":"蔓荆子"},{"key":"C","value":"木贼"},{"key":"D","value":"蝉蜕"},{"key":"E","value":"牛蒡子"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是蝉蜕的主治病证。患风热感冒5天,近2日又见音哑咽痛、惊哭夜啼,宜选用的药是蝉蜕(D对)。蝉蜕:【主治病证】(1)风热感冒,温病初起,音哑咽痛。(2)麻疹不透,风疹瘙痒。(3)风热或肝热之目赤翳障。(4)小儿惊哭夜啼,破伤风。地肤子(A错):【主治病证】(1)热淋。(2)风疹,湿疹,阴痒,湿疮。蔓荆子(B错):【主治病证】(1)风热头痛、头昏,牙痛。(2)风热目赤肿痛或目昏多泪。(3)风湿痹痛,肢体拘急。木贼(C错):【主治病证】(1)风热目赤,迎风流泪,翳障。(2)血热下血。牛蒡子(E错):【主治病证】(1)风热感冒,温病初起。(2)风热或肺热咳嗽、咯痰不畅,咽喉肿痛。(3)麻疹不透,风热疹痒。(4)热毒疮肿,痄腮。"} {"Question":"能散风祛湿、排脓止痛的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芷"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都不是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都是"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是白芷的功效。能散风祛湿、排脓止痛的是白芷(A对)。白芷:【功效】发散风寒,通窍止痛,燥湿止带,消肿排脓。川芎(B错):【功效】活血行气,祛风止痛。"} {"Question":"细辛除祛风散寒外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"燥湿止带"},{"key":"B","value":"利水消肿"},{"key":"C","value":"温肺化饮"},{"key":"D","value":"消肿排脓"},{"key":"E","value":"升阳止泻"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查细辛的功效。细辛除祛风散寒外,又能温肺化饮(C对)。细辛【功效】祛风散寒,通窍,止痛,温肺化饮。白芷【功效】发散风寒,通窍止痛,燥湿止带(A错),消肿排脓(D错)。郁李仁【功效】润肠通便,利水消肿(B错)。葛根【功效】解肌退热,透疹,生津,升阳止泻(E错)。"} {"Question":"薄荷的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"止痉"},{"key":"B","value":"平肝"},{"key":"C","value":"通鼻窍"},{"key":"D","value":"清利头目"},{"key":"E","value":"清肺润燥"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是薄荷的功效。薄荷的功效是清利头目(D对)。薄荷:【功效】宣散风热,清利头目,利咽,透疹,疏肝。蝉蜕:【功效】疏散风热,透疹止痒,明目退翳,息风止痉(A错)。桑叶:【功效】疏散风热,清肺润燥(E错),平肝(B错)明目,凉血止血。苍耳子:【功效】散风寒,通鼻窍(C错),除湿止痛,止痒。"} {"Question":"来源于伞形科植物的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芷"},{"key":"B","value":"川芎"},{"key":"C","value":"两者都是"},{"key":"D","value":"两者都不是"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是白芷与川芎的来源。来源于伞形科植物的是白芷与川芎(C对)。白芷(A错):【来源】伞形科植物白芷或杭白芷的干燥根。川芎(B错):【来源】伞形科植物川芎的干燥根茎。"} {"Question":"菊花疏散风热外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"平肝明目"},{"key":"B","value":"息风止痉"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血止血"},{"key":"D","value":"祛风止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"疏肝、透疹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是菊花的功效。菊花疏散风热外,又能平肝明目(A对)。菊花:【功效】疏散风热,平肝明目,清热解毒。蝉蜕:【功效】疏散风热,透疹止痒,明目退翳,息风止痉(B错)。桑叶:【功效】疏散风热,清肺润燥,平肝明目,凉血止血(C错)。蔓荆子:【功效】疏散风热,清利头目,祛风止痛(D错)。薄荷:【功效】宣散风热,清利头目,利咽,透疹,疏肝(E错)。"} {"Question":"某女,78岁。患高血压病10年,因感冒发热1天就诊于中医。症见发热、微恶风塞、咳嗽、头痛眩晕、目赤翳障、咽喉肿痛、便秘,舌红苔薄黄,脉浮数,医师诊断为风热感冒、肝阳上亢兼有肠热,遂决定以桑叶配菊花为基础进行组方。根据患者咳嗽、咽喉肿痛、便秘等症状,医师宜选配的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"葛根"},{"key":"B","value":"牛蒡子"},{"key":"C","value":"板蓝根"},{"key":"D","value":"升麻"},{"key":"E","value":"蔓荆子"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是牛蒡子的性能特点和的主治病证。根据患者咳嗽、咽喉肿痛、便秘等症状,医师宜选配的药物是牛蒡子(B对)。牛蒡子:【性能特点】本品辛散苦泄,寒清滑利,入肺、胃经。既清散风热而解表、透疹,又宣肺祛痰而利咽、止咳;还滑利二便,导热(疹)毒排出而清解消疮疹。发汗不如薄荷,长于清解热毒与滑利二便,凡风热、热毒、肺热、痰热所致病证皆宜,兼二便不利者尤佳。【主治病证】(1)风热感冒,温病初起。(2)风热或肺热咳嗽、咯痰不畅,咽喉肿痛。(3)麻疹不透,风热疹痒。(4)热毒疮肿,痄腮。葛根(A错):【性能特点】本品甘辛轻扬升散,平而偏凉能清,入脾、胃经。既透解肌表风热、解肌退热而发表、透发疹斑,又鼓舞脾胃清阳上升而生津止渴、升阳止泻。治项背强痛与阳明头痛最宜,无论寒热虚实、有汗无汗皆可。生用升散清透并生津,煨用长于升举而少清透。【主治病证】(1)外感表证,项背强痛。(2)麻疹初起透发不畅。(3)热病烦渴,消渴证。(4)湿热泻痢初起,脾虚泄泻。板蓝根(C错):【性能特点】本品苦泄寒清,入心、肝、胃经,药力强。善清心肝胃热毒,长于凉血利咽,为治温病斑疹吐衄及热毒咽痛、丹毒、痄腮之要药,尤善治咽喉肿痛与颜面丹毒(大头瘟疫)。【主治病证】(1)温病发热、头痛或发斑疹。(2)咽喉肿痛,痄腮,痈肿疮毒,丹毒,大头瘟疫。升麻(D错):【性能特点】本品辛散轻浮上行,微甘微寒清解,散升清泄,入肺、脾、胃、大肠经。生用既散肌表与阳明经邪气而发表,又清泄热毒而解毒、透疹,最善治阳明头痛、疹痘斑透发不畅及热毒上攻诸证。炙用升举脾胃清阳之气,治中气下陷每用。【主治病证】(1)风热头痛,麻疹透发不畅。(2)热毒疮肿,丹毒,痄腮,咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,温毒发斑。(3)气虚下陷之久泻脱肛、崩漏下血及胃下垂、子宫脱垂等。蔓荆子(E错):【性能特点】本品辛散苦泄,微寒能清,质轻升浮,入膀胱、肝、胃经。上行头面,善散头面部风邪或风热之邪而清利头目,凡风在头面之疾皆可选用,兼热者尤宜;兼通络、利关节而止痛,疗痹痛拘急可投。【主治病证】(1)风热头痛、头昏,牙痛。(2)风热目赤肿痛或目昏多泪。(3)风湿痹痛,肢体拘急。"} {"Question":"能消肿排脓的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芷"},{"key":"B","value":"藁本"},{"key":"C","value":"苍耳子"},{"key":"D","value":"蔓荆子"},{"key":"E","value":"淡豆豉"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查白芷的功效。能消肿排脓的药是白芷(A对)。白芷【功效】发散风寒,通窍止痛,燥湿止带,消肿排脓。藁本(B错)【功效】发表散寒,祛风胜湿,止痛。苍耳子(C错)【功效】散风寒,通鼻窍,除湿止痛,止痒。蔓荆子(D错)【功效】疏散风热,清利头目,祛风止痛。淡豆豉(E错)【功效】解表,除烦。"} {"Question":"葛根的主治病证有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消渴证"},{"key":"B","value":"背项强痛"},{"key":"C","value":"肺热燥咳"},{"key":"D","value":"湿热泻痢初起"},{"key":"E","value":"麻疹透发不畅"}],"Answer":"ABDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是葛根的主治病证。葛根的主治病证有消渴证(A对)、背项强痛(B对)、湿热泻痢初起(D对)与麻疹初起透发不畅(E对)。葛根:【主治病证】(1)外感表证,项背强痛。(2)麻疹初起透发不畅。(3)热病烦渴,消渴证。(4)湿热泻痢初起,脾虚泄泻。桑叶:【主治病证】(1)风热感冒或温病初起之咳嗽头痛。(2)肺热燥咳(C错)。(3)肝阳眩晕,目赤肿痛,视物昏花。(4)血热吐衄。"} {"Question":"雄黄的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"杀虫止血"},{"key":"B","value":"杀虫截疟"},{"key":"C","value":"杀虫利水"},{"key":"D","value":"杀虫止痒"},{"key":"E","value":"杀虫壮阳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是雄黄的功效。雄黄的功效是杀虫截疟(B对)。雄黄:【功效】解毒,杀虫,燥湿祛痰,截疟定惊。白矾:【功效】外用解毒杀虫,燥湿止痒;内服止血(A错)止泻,清热消痰。轻粉:【功效】外用杀虫、攻毒、敛疮;内服祛痰消积,逐水(C错)通便。蛇床子:【功效】燥湿祛风,杀虫止痒(D错),温肾壮阳(E错)。"} {"Question":"硫黄外用能解毒杀虫,内服能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消积"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺化痰"},{"key":"C","value":"补火助阳通便"},{"key":"D","value":"止痢"},{"key":"E","value":"散结消肿"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查硫黄的功效。硫黄外用能解毒杀虫,内服能补火助阳通便(C对)。硫黄【功效】外用解毒杀虫止痒,内服补火助阳通便。厚朴【功效】燥湿,行气,消积(A错),平喘。硼砂【功效】外用清热解毒,内服清肺化痰(B错)。仙鹤草【功效】收敛止血,止痢(D错),截疟,解毒,杀虫,补虚。夏枯草【功效】清肝明目,散结消肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"珍珠具有安神定惊之效,内服入丸散的成人常用剂量为","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"0.015~0.03g"},{"key":"B","value":"0.1~0.3g"},{"key":"C","value":"0.05~0.09g"},{"key":"D","value":"1.5~2g"},{"key":"E","value":"3~5g"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是珍珠的用法用量。珍珠具有安神定惊之效,内服入丸散的成人常用剂量为0.1~0.3g(B对)。珍珠:【用法用量】内服:研末冲,或入丸散,0.1~0.3g。外用:适量,研末掺,或水飞点眼、吹喉。蟾酥:【用法用量】外用:适量,研末调敷或入膏药。内服:入丸散,0.015~0.03g(A错)。乳香:【用法用量】内服:煎服,3~5g(E错);或入丸、散,宜炒去油用。外用:适量,研末敷。用量为0.05~0.09g(C错)或1.5~2g(D错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"既安神,又润肠的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"珍珠"},{"key":"B","value":"酸枣仁"},{"key":"C","value":"柏子仁"},{"key":"D","value":"夜交藤"},{"key":"E","value":"合欢皮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是柏子仁的功效。既安神,又润肠的药是柏子仁(C对)。柏子仁:【功效】养心安神,润肠通便,止汗。珍珠(A错):【功效】安神定惊,明目除翳,解毒敛疮,润肤祛斑。酸枣仁(B错):【功效】养心安神,敛汗。夜交藤(D错):【功效】养心安神,祛风通络。合欢皮(E错):【功效】解郁安神,活血消肿。"} {"Question":"合欢皮是临床常用的安神药,其除能解郁安神外,还能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛痰开窍"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风通络"},{"key":"C","value":"清热解毒"},{"key":"D","value":"活血消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"利尿通淋"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是合欢皮的功能。合欢皮除能解郁安神外,还能活血消肿(D对)。合欢皮:【功效】解郁安神,活血消肿。远志:【功效】安神益智,祛痰开窍(A错),消散痈肿。夜交藤:【功效】养心安神,祛风通络(B错)。朱砂:【功效】镇心安神,清热解毒(C错)。琥珀:【功效】安神定惊,活血散瘀,利尿通淋(E错)。"} {"Question":"味甘性寒,既治燥热便秘,又治肺热声哑的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胖大海"},{"key":"B","value":"冬葵子"},{"key":"C","value":"马兜铃"},{"key":"D","value":"车前子"},{"key":"E","value":"苦杏仁"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是胖大海的主治病证。味甘性寒,既治燥热便秘,又治肺热声哑的药是胖大海(A对)。胖大海:【主治病证】(1)肺热声哑,痰热咳嗽。(2)燥热便秘,肠热便血。冬葵子(B错):【主治病证】(1)湿热淋证,水肿。(2)乳汁不下,乳房胀痛。(3)肠燥便秘。马兜铃(C错):【主治病证】(1)肺热咳嗽。(2)肺虚有热之咳喘或痰中带血。(3)痔疮肿痛、出血。车前子(D错):【主治病证】(1)湿热淋证,小便不利,水肿兼热。(2)暑湿水泻。(3)肝热目赤肿痛,肝肾亏虚之目暗不明(配补肝肾药)。(4)肺热咳嗽痰多。苦杏仁(E错):【主治病证】(1)咳嗽气喘。(2)肠燥便秘。"} {"Question":"治肺痈胸痛、咳吐脓血、痰黄腥臭之证,应选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桔梗"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏"},{"key":"C","value":"昆布"},{"key":"D","value":"白芥子"},{"key":"E","value":"白附子"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是桔梗的主治病证。治肺痈胸痛、咳吐脓血、痰黄腥臭之证,应选用桔梗(A对)。桔梗:【主治病证】(1)咳嗽痰多、咯痰不爽,咽痛音哑。(2)肺痈胸痛、咳吐脓血、痰黄腥臭。半夏(B错):【主治病证】(1)痰多咳喘,痰饮眩悸,风痰眩晕,痰厥头痛。(2)胃气上逆,恶心呕吐。(3)胸脘痞闷,梅核气,瘿瘤痰核,痈疽肿毒。昆布(C错):【主治病证】(1)瘰疬,瘿瘤。(2)脚气浮肿,水肿,小便不利。白芥子(D错)即芥子。芥子:【主治病证】(1)寒痰咳喘,悬饮胁痛。(2)痰阻经络之肢体关节疼痛,阴疽流注。白附子(E错):【主治病证】(1)中风痰壅,口眼㖞斜,破伤风,惊风癫痫,偏正头痛。(2)毒蛇咬伤,瘰疬痰核。"} {"Question":"某男,72岁。患肠燥便秘与燥咳痰稠,医师在方中处以瓜蒌仁,此因该药的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"润肠通便,补虚"},{"key":"B","value":"润肠通便,润肺化痰"},{"key":"C","value":"润肠通便,降气化痰"},{"key":"D","value":"润肠通便,凉血止血"},{"key":"E","value":"润肠通便,利水消肿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是瓜蒌仁的功效。患肠燥便秘与燥咳痰稠,医师在方中处以瓜蒌仁,此因该药的功效是润肺化痰,滑肠通便(B对)。瓜蒌:【功效】清肺润燥化痰,利气宽胸,消肿散结,润肠通便。瓜蒌皮长于清肺化痰,利气宽胸;瓜蒌仁长于润肺化痰,滑肠通便;全瓜蒌兼具两者功效。紫苏子:【功效】降气化痰,止咳平喘,润肠通便(C错)。郁李仁:【功效】润肠通便,利水消肿(E错)。功效为润肠通便,补虚(A错)或润肠通便,凉血止血(D错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,55岁。有冠心病史,经常感到胸闷作痛,痰多而黄。证属痰热胸痹,宜选用的药","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"瓜蒌"},{"key":"B","value":"枇杷叶"},{"key":"C","value":"芥子"},{"key":"D","value":"桑白皮"},{"key":"E","value":"白果"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是瓜蒌的主治病证。有冠心病史,经常感到胸闷作痛,痰多而黄。证属痰热胸痹,宜选用的药瓜蒌(A对)。瓜蒌:【主治病证】(1)肺热咳嗽、痰稠不易咳出。(2)胸痹,结胸。(3)乳痈肿痛,肺痈,肠痈。(4)肠燥便秘。枇杷叶(B错):【主治病证】(1)肺热之咳喘痰稠。(2)胃热之烦渴、呕哕。芥子(C错):【主治病证】(1)寒痰咳喘,悬饮胁痛。(2)痰阻经络之肢体关节疼痛,阴疽流注。桑白皮(D错):【主治病证】(1)肺热之咳喘痰多。(2)浮肿尿少,小便不利。白果(E错):【主治病证】(1)咳喘气逆痰多。(2)白浊,带下,尿频、遗尿。"} {"Question":"旋覆花配伍代赭石同用,可增强","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消痰行水之功"},{"key":"B","value":"凉血止血之功"},{"key":"C","value":"平肝潜阳之功"},{"key":"D","value":"重镇安神之功"},{"key":"E","value":"降逆下气之功"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是旋覆花的配伍。旋覆花配伍代赭石同用,可增强降逆下气之功(E对)。旋覆花:【功效】消痰行水(A错),降气止呕。【配伍】旋覆花配赭石:旋覆花苦降辛散,微温咸软,功善降逆止呕、降气化痰;赭石重镇潜降,苦寒清泄,功善镇潜平肝降逆。两药相配,寒温并用,降肺胃之逆气力强,治气逆呕恶、喘息效佳。赭石:【功效】平肝潜阳(C错),重镇降逆,凉血止血(B错)。朱砂:【功效】镇心安神(D错),清热解毒。"} {"Question":"百部的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消肿生肌"},{"key":"B","value":"破血止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"杀虫灭虱"},{"key":"D","value":"清热收敛"},{"key":"E","value":"泻水逐饮"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是百部的功效。百部的功效是杀虫灭虱(C对)。百部:【功效】润肺止咳,杀虫灭虱。乳香:【功效】活血止痛,消肿生肌(A错)。姜黄:【功效】破血行气,通经止痛(B错)。石膏:【功效】生用:清热泻火,除烦止渴;煅用:收湿敛疮(D错),生肌止血。芫花:【功效】泻水逐饮(E错),祛痰止咳。外用杀虫疗疮。"} {"Question":"礞石的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热化痰,软坚散结"},{"key":"B","value":"清热化痰,利气宽胸"},{"key":"C","value":"清热化痰,清心定惊"},{"key":"D","value":"消痰下气,平肝镇惊"},{"key":"E","value":"消痰行水,降气止呕"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是礞石的功效。礞石的功效是消痰下气,平肝镇惊(D对)。礞石:【功效】消痰下气,平肝镇惊。海蛤壳:【功效】清热化痰,软坚散结(A错),利尿消肿,制酸止痛。瓜蒌:【功效】清肺润燥化痰,利气宽胸(B错),消肿散结,润肠通便。天竺黄:【功效】清热化痰,清心定惊(C错)。旋覆花:【功效】消痰行水,降气止呕(E错)。"} {"Question":"天南星的性能特点有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"甘润苦降"},{"key":"B","value":"善祛脾胃湿痰"},{"key":"C","value":"苦燥辛散"},{"key":"D","value":"温化有毒"},{"key":"E","value":"善祛经络风痰"}],"Answer":"CDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是天南星的性能特点。天南星的性能特点有苦燥辛散(C对)、温化有毒(D对)、善祛经络风痰(E对)。天南星:【性能特点】本品苦燥辛散,温化有毒,药力较强,入肺、肝、脾经。内服既燥湿化痰,治顽痰咳嗽;又祛风止痉,治风痰诸证及破伤风。湿痰、风痰皆宜,兼寒者尤佳,兼热者当配苦寒之品。生者外用攻毒、散结、消肿而止痛,治痈疽、瘰疬。功似半夏而力强,尤善祛经络风痰而止痉。治脾胃湿痰(B错),以半夏为主天南星辅之;治经络风痰,以天南星为主半夏辅之。百部:【性能特点】本品甘润苦降(A错),性平不偏,专入肺经。善润肺止咳,为治新久咳嗽之要药,最宜痨嗽及百日咳。善杀虫灭虱,为治头虱、体虱、蛲虫病之佳品。"} {"Question":"某男,50岁。体胖,久患瘰疬,近日新患肺热咳喘、痰黄,医师在处方时将海蛤壳与海浮石同用,此因二药均能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热化痰、软坚散结"},{"key":"B","value":"清热化痰、活血散结"},{"key":"C","value":"清宣肺气、化痰散结"},{"key":"D","value":"消痰化瘀、止咳平喘"},{"key":"E","value":"清肺化痰、消肿散结"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查海蛤壳与海浮石的功效。医师在处方时将海蛤壳与海浮石同用,此因二药均能清热化痰、软坚散结(A对)。海蛤壳【功效】清热化痰,软坚散结,利尿消肿,制酸止痛。海浮石【功效】清热化痰,软坚散结,通淋。天竺黄、海蛤壳、海浮石,均性寒而能清热化痰,治痰热咳喘。浙贝母【功效】清热化痰,散结消肿(B错)。猫爪草【功效】化痰散结(C错),解毒消肿。紫苏子【功效】降气化痰,止咳平喘(D错),润肠通便。瓜蒌【功效】清肺润燥化痰,利气宽胸,消肿散结(E错),润肠通便。"} {"Question":"味甘性平,主治血吸虫病的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鹤草芽"},{"key":"B","value":"南瓜子"},{"key":"C","value":"苦楝皮"},{"key":"D","value":"使君子"},{"key":"E","value":"贯众"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查南瓜子的性能特点。味甘性平,主治血吸虫病的中药是南瓜子(B对)。南瓜子【性能特点】本品甘香油润,平而不偏,入胃经与大肠经。既驱杀绦虫、蛔虫、钩虫、血吸虫,又润肠通便而利于虫体排出。尤为治绦虫病之良药,常与槟榔合用。鹤草芽(A错)【性能特点】本品苦泄降,凉能清,涩兼敛,入肝、小肠、大肠经。既善杀绦虫,又兼泻下而利于虫体排出,为治绦虫病之要药。苦楝皮(C错)【性能特点】本品苦燥寒清,有毒而力较强,入脾、胃、肝经。内服善毒杀蛔虫、蛲虫、钩虫,治蛔虫病、蛲虫病、钩虫病。外用能除湿热、杀灭皮肤寄生虫及抑制致病真菌,治头癣、疥疮。使君子(D错)【性能特点】本品甘温气香,入脾、胃经。善杀虫、消积,既为治蛔虫病、蛲虫病之佳品,又为治小儿疳积之要药。贯众(E错)【性能特点】本品苦微寒清泄,有小毒,力较强,入肝、胃经。生用苦寒清泄,既杀虫,又清热解毒,治多种肠道寄生虫病、风热感冒及温毒发斑。炒炭则兼涩味,清泄与收敛并举,能凉血收敛而止血,治血热出血。"} {"Question":"柿蒂的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开郁醒脾"},{"key":"B","value":"燥湿化痰"},{"key":"C","value":"破气消积"},{"key":"D","value":"降气止呃"},{"key":"E","value":"调经止痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查柿蒂的功效。柿蒂的功效是降气止呃(D对)。柿蒂【功效】降气止呃。甘松【功效】行气止痛,开郁醒脾(A错)。化橘红【功效】理气宽中,燥湿化痰(B错),消食。枳实【功效】破气消积(C错),化痰除痞。香附【功效】疏肝理气,调经止痛(E错)。"} {"Question":"能和中化痰的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枳实"},{"key":"B","value":"柿蒂"},{"key":"C","value":"沉香"},{"key":"D","value":"乌药"},{"key":"E","value":"香橼"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是香橼的功效。能和中化痰的是香橼(E对)。香橼:【功效】疏肝理气,和中化痰。枳实(A错):【功效】破气消积,化痰除痞。柿蒂(B错):【功效】降气止呃。沉香(C错):【功效】行气止痛,温中止呕,温肾纳气。乌药(D错):【功效】行气止痛,温肾散寒。"} {"Question":"荔枝核除行气散结外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"燥湿化痰"},{"key":"B","value":"开郁醒脾"},{"key":"C","value":"通阳散结"},{"key":"D","value":"祛寒止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"解毒消肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是荔枝核的功效。荔枝核除行气散结外,又能祛寒止痛(D对)。荔枝核:【功效】行气散结,祛寒止痛。化橘红:【功效】理气宽中,燥湿化痰(A错),消食。甘松:【功效】行气止痛,开郁醒脾(B错)。薤白:【功效】通阳散结(C错),行气导滞。青木香:【功效】行气止痛,解毒消肿(E错)。"} {"Question":"治湿痰壅肺之咳喘,常以陈皮配","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半夏"},{"key":"B","value":"佩兰"},{"key":"C","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"D","value":"枳壳"},{"key":"E","value":"木香"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是陈皮的配伍。治湿痰壅肺之咳喘,常以陈皮配半夏(A对)。陈皮:【配伍】陈皮配半夏:陈皮辛苦温,功能理气健脾、燥湿化痰;半夏辛温,功能燥湿化痰。两药相配,燥湿化痰力强,凡痰湿中阻、停肺均可择用。佩兰(B错)与广藿香配伍治湿浊中阻。广藿香:【配伍】广藿香配佩兰:广藿香微温,功能化湿和中、解暑、止呕,且兼发表;佩兰性平,功能化湿解暑。两药相配,尤善化湿和中、解暑、发表。凡湿浊中阻,无论兼寒兼热,也无论有无表证,均可投用。砂仁(C错)与木香(E错)配伍治湿滞、食积。砂仁:【配伍】砂仁配木香:砂仁性温,功能化湿行气温中;木香性温,功能理气调中止痛。两药相配,化湿、理气、调中止痛力胜,凡湿滞、食积,或夹寒所致的脘腹胀痛皆可投用。兼脾虚者,又当配伍健脾之品。枳壳(D错):【主治病证】(1)脾胃气滞,脘腹胀满。(2)气滞胸闷。枳壳的配伍,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"肾病患者忌服的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"枳壳"},{"key":"B","value":"柿蒂"},{"key":"C","value":"荔枝核"},{"key":"D","value":"川楝子"},{"key":"E","value":"青木香"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是青木香的注意。肾病患者忌服的药物是青木香(E对)。青木香:【注意】因青木香可引起肾脏损害,原国家食品药品监督管理局于2004年发布通知,取消青木香的药用标准,凡国家药品标准处方中含有青木香的中成药品种应将处方中的青木香替换为《中国药典》收载的土木香(仅限于以菊科植物土木香的干燥根替换)。枳壳(A错):【使用注意】本品苦泄辛散,大量服用、久服有耗气之虞。柿蒂(B错):【主治病证】胃失和降之呃逆证。荔枝核(C错):使用注意】本品微苦泄散、温通,能耗气助热,故气虚或有内热者慎服。川楝子(D错):【使用注意】本品苦寒,有小毒,故不宜超量服用,脾胃虚寒者慎服。"} {"Question":"能杀虫疗癣的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香附"},{"key":"B","value":"青皮"},{"key":"C","value":"川楝子"},{"key":"D","value":"荔枝核"},{"key":"E","value":"化橘红"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是川楝子的功效。能杀虫疗癣的药是川楝子(C对)。川楝子:【功效】行气止痛,杀虫,疗癣。香附(A错):【功效】疏肝理气,调经止痛。青皮(B错):【功效】疏肝破气,消积化滞。荔枝核(D错):【功效】行气散结,祛寒止痛。化橘红(E错):【功效】理气宽中,燥湿化痰,消食。"} {"Question":"某男,30岁,咳嗽月余,经治末愈,症见痰多色白、易咯兼见脘腹胀满、纳呆便溏,苔白而腻,证属痰湿内停,宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"丁香"},{"key":"B","value":"陈皮"},{"key":"C","value":"乌梅"},{"key":"D","value":"香附"},{"key":"E","value":"干姜"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是陈皮的主治病证。咳嗽月余,经治末愈,症见痰多色白、易咯兼见脘腹胀满、纳呆便溏,苔白而腻,证属痰湿内停,宜选用的药是陈皮(B对)。陈皮:【主治病证】(1)脾胃气滞之脘腹胀满或疼痛、嗳气、恶心呕吐。(2)湿浊中阻之胸闷腹胀、纳呆便溏。(3)痰湿壅肺之咳嗽气喘。丁香(A错):【主治病证】(1)中寒呃逆、呕吐、泄泻,脘腹冷痛。(2)肾阳虚之阳痿、宫冷。乌梅(C错):【主治病证】(1)肺虚久咳。(2)久泻久痢。(3)虚热消渴。(4)蛔厥腹痛。(5)崩漏,便血。香附(D错):【主治病证】(1)肝气郁滞之胸胁、脘腹胀痛,疝气痛。(2)肝郁之月经不调、痛经、乳房胀痛。(3)脾胃气滞,脘腹胀痛。干姜(E错):【主治病证】(1)脾胃受寒或虚寒所致的腹痛、呕吐、泄泻。(2)亡阳欲脱。(3)寒饮咳喘。"} {"Question":"能燥湿化痰的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"香附"},{"key":"B","value":"青皮"},{"key":"C","value":"川楝子"},{"key":"D","value":"荔枝核"},{"key":"E","value":"化橘红"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是化橘红的功效。能燥湿化痰的药是化橘红(E对)。化橘红:【功效】理气宽中,燥湿化痰,消食。香附(A错):【功效】疏肝理气,调经止痛。青皮(B错):【功效】疏肝破气,消积化滞。川楝子(C错):【功效】行气止痛,杀虫,疗癣。荔枝核(D错):【功效】行气散结,祛寒止痛。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。平日喜食辛辣,近日突发头痛眩晕,目赤耳鸣,口燥咽干,大便燥结。证属胃肠积热,治当清热解毒,泻火通便,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芩连片"},{"key":"B","value":"黛蛤散"},{"key":"C","value":"西黄丸"},{"key":"D","value":"清开灵片"},{"key":"E","value":"牛黄至宝丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是牛黄至宝丸的主治。平日喜食辛辣,近日突发头痛眩晕,目赤耳鸣,口燥咽干,大便燥结。证属胃肠积热,治当清热解毒,泻火通便,宜选用的成药是牛黄至宝丸(E对)。牛黄至宝丸:【主治】胃肠积热所致的头痛眩晕、目赤耳鸣、口燥咽干、大便燥结。芩连片(A错):【主治】脏腑蕴热,头痛目赤,口鼻生疮,热痢腹痛,湿热带下,疮疖肿痛。黛蛤散(B错):【主治】肝火犯肺所致的头晕耳鸣、咳嗽吐衄、痰多黄稠、咽膈不利、口渴心烦。西黄丸(C错):【主治】热毒壅结所致的痈疽疔毒、瘰疬、流注、癌肿。清开灵片(D错):【主治】外感风热时毒、火毒内盛所致高热不退、烦躁不安、咽喉肿痛、舌质红绛、苔黄、脉数;上呼吸道感染、病毒性感冒、急性化脓性扁桃体炎、急性咽炎、急性气管炎、高热等病症属上述证候者。"} {"Question":"加味保和丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温阳化气,利湿行水"},{"key":"B","value":"温阳散寒,益肾强腰"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾利湿,益肝补肾"},{"key":"D","value":"健胃理气,利湿和中"},{"key":"E","value":"行气化湿,健脾和胃"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是加味保和丸的功能。加味保和丸的功能是健胃理气,利湿和中(D对)。五苓散:【功能】温阳化气,利湿行水(A错)。木香顺气丸:【功能】行气化湿,健脾和胃(E错)。功能为温阳散寒,益肾强腰(B错)、健脾利湿,益肝补肾(C错)或健胃理气,利湿和中的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。因湿阻中焦、脾胃不和导致胸膈痞闷、脘腹胀痛、恶心呕吐、嗳气纳呆。治当行气化湿、健脾和胃,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"气滞胃痛颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"柴胡舒肝丸"},{"key":"C","value":"木香顺气丸"},{"key":"D","value":"逍遥丸"},{"key":"E","value":"加味逍遥丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查木香顺气丸的功能。治当行气化湿、健脾和胃,宜选用的成药是木香顺气丸(C对)。木香顺气丸【功能】行气化湿,健脾和胃。【主治】湿阻中焦、脾胃不和所致的湿滞脾胃证,症见胸膈痞闷、脘腹胀痛、呕吐恶心、嗳气纳呆。气滞胃痛颗粒(A错)【功能】疏肝理气,和胃止痛。【主治】肝郁气滞,胸痞胀满,胃脘疼痛。柴胡舒肝丸(B错)【功能】舒肝理气,消胀止痛。【主治】肝气不舒,症见胸胁痞闷、食滞不消、呕吐酸水。逍遥丸(D错)【功能】疏肝健脾,养血调经。【主治】肝郁脾虚所致的郁闷不舒、胸胁胀痛、头晕目眩、食欲减退、月经不调。加味逍遥丸(E错)【功能】疏肝清热,健脾养血。【主治】肝郁血虚,肝脾不和,两胁胀痛,头晕目眩,倦怠食少,月经不调,脐腹胀痛。"} {"Question":"某男,58岁。平日喜饮酒食辛辣,近日身热烦躁、目赤口疮、牙龈肿痛、大便秘结、痔血,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芩连片"},{"key":"B","value":"黛蛤散"},{"key":"C","value":"清胃黄连丸"},{"key":"D","value":"新雪颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"一清颗粒"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是一清颗粒的主治。身热烦躁、目赤口疮、牙龈肿痛、大便秘结、痔血,宜选用的中成药是一清颗粒(E对)。一清颗粒:【主治】火毒血热所致的身热烦躁、目赤口疮、咽喉及牙龈肿痛、大便秘结、吐血、咯血、衄血、痔血;咽炎、扁桃体炎、牙龈炎见上述证候者。芩连片(A错):【主治】脏腑蕴热,头痛目赤,口鼻生疮,热痢腹痛,湿热带下,疮疖肿痛。黛蛤散(B错):【主治】肝火犯肺所致的头晕耳鸣、咳嗽吐衄、痰多黄稠、咽膈不利、口渴心烦。清胃黄连丸(C错):【主治】肺胃火盛所致的口舌生疮,齿龈、咽喉肿痛。新雪颗粒(D错):【主治】外感热病,热毒壅盛证,症见高热、烦躁;扁桃体炎、上呼吸道感染、气管炎、感冒见上述证候者。"} {"Question":"某男,56岁。1年前被确诊为肾结石、慢性肾炎、前列腺增生症。刻下血尿1天,伴腰腹疼痛、排尿不畅。经碎石治疗后,为巩固疗效,又请中医诊治,因工作繁忙无暇煎药,要求服用中成药,医师遂处以排石颗粒,以善其后。1月后患者复诊,诉云:连服上述中成药4周,刻下尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿线细及小腹拘急疼痛等均已缓解,唯见腰膝酸重、足踝浮肿、小便不利。医师诊断为肾阳不足、水湿内停所致的肾虚水肿,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"济生肾气丸"},{"key":"B","value":"青娥丸"},{"key":"C","value":"薯蓣丸"},{"key":"D","value":"五苓散"},{"key":"E","value":"杞菊地黄丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是济生肾气丸的主治。唯见腰膝酸重、足踝浮肿、小便不利。医师诊断为肾阳不足、水湿内停所致的肾虚水肿,宜选用的中成药是济生肾气丸(A对)。济生肾气丸:【主治】肾阳不足、水湿内停所致的肾虚水肿、腰膝酸重、小便不利、痰饮咳喘。青娥丸(B错):【主治】肾虚腰痛,起坐不利,膝软乏力。薯蓣丸(C错):【主治】气血两虚,脾肺不足所致的虚劳、胃脘痛、痹病、闭经、月经不调。五苓散(D错):【主治】阳不化气、水湿内停所致的水肿,症见小便不利、水肿腹胀、呕逆泄泻、渴不思饮。杞菊地黄丸(E错):【主治】肝肾阴亏,眩晕耳鸣,羞明畏光,迎风流泪,视物昏花。"} {"Question":"某男,35岁。五一假期外出旅游,因天气忽冷忽热而感冒,症见发热、头痛、咳嗽、口干、咽喉疼痛,舌淡红、苔薄黄、脉浮数。医师诊断为风热感冒,并处以银翘解毒颗粒。服用3天,诸症悉除。银翘解毒颗粒处方的组成有金银花、连翘、薄荷、荆芥、淡豆豉、炒牛蒡子、淡竹叶、桔梗、甘草。甘草在方中除调和诸药外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"化湿解毒"},{"key":"B","value":"泻火解毒"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿解毒"},{"key":"D","value":"散结解毒"},{"key":"E","value":"凉血解毒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是银翘解毒丸的方义简释。某男,35岁。五一假期外出旅游,因天气忽冷忽热而感冒,症见发热、头痛、咳嗽、口干、咽喉疼痛,舌淡红、苔薄黄、脉浮数。医师诊断为风热感冒,并处以银翘解毒颗粒。服用3天,诸症悉除。银翘解毒颗粒处方的组成有金银花、连翘、薄荷、荆芥、淡豆豉、炒牛蒡子、淡竹叶、桔梗、甘草。甘草在方中除调和诸药外,又能泻火解毒(B对)。银翘解毒丸(颗粒、胶囊、软胶囊、片):【方义简释】方中金银花甘寒清泄,轻香疏透;连翘苦能泄散,微寒能清,质轻上浮,相须同用,既疏散风热、清热解毒,又散结、辟秽,切中温热病邪易蕴结成毒及多夹秽浊之病机,故为君药。薄荷辛疏散,香辟秽,凉能清,善疏散风热、清利头目而利咽开音;炒牛蒡子辛散苦泄,寒清滑利,善散风清热、宣肺祛痰、解毒消肿、利咽;荆芥辛香微温发散,善散风发表;淡豆豉即用桑叶菊花水制者,其辛凉宣散,善疏散表邪。四药相合,既助君药疏风解表、清热解毒,又宣肺止咳、消肿利咽,故为臣药。淡竹叶即竹叶,其甘寒清利,辛散轻扬,善凉散上焦风热;桔梗辛散苦泄,质轻而平,善宣肺祛痰、止咳利咽;甘草生用甘补和缓,平而偏凉,能泻火解毒、调和诸药。三药相合,既增君臣药的疏风清热、解毒利咽之效,又宣肺祛痰止咳,还调和诸药,故为佐使药。全方配伍,疏散与清解并举,共奏疏风解表、清热解毒之功,故善治风热感冒所致的发热、头痛、咳嗽、口干、咽喉疼痛。"} {"Question":"患者平素体虚,昨日又感风寒,症见恶寒发热,头痛鼻塞,咳嗽痰多,胸闷呕逆,乏力气短,宜选用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"午时茶颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"参苏丸"},{"key":"C","value":"荆防颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"羚翘解毒丸"},{"key":"E","value":"感冒清热颗粒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是参苏丸主治。患者平素体虚,昨日又感风寒,症见恶寒发热,头痛鼻塞,咳嗽痰多,胸闷呕逆,乏力气短,宜选用参苏丸(B对)。参苏丸:【主治】身体虚弱,感受风寒所致的感冒,症见恶寒发热、头痛鼻塞、咳嗽痰多、胸闷呕逆、乏力气短。午时茶颗粒(A错):【主治】外感风寒、内伤食积证,症见恶寒发热、头痛身楚、胸脘满闷、恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻。荆防颗粒(C错):【主治】外感风寒挟湿所致的感冒,症见头身疼痛、恶寒无汗、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽。感冒清热颗粒(E错):【主治】风寒感冒,头痛发热,恶寒身痛,鼻流清涕,咳嗽咽干。羚翘解毒丸(D错)的主治,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,30岁。患慢性胃炎数年,症见胃脘灼热疼痛、痞胀不适、口干口苦、纳少消瘦、手足心热,经服养胃舒胶囊取效,此因该中成药的功能有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气养阴"},{"key":"B","value":"健脾补肾"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾和胃"},{"key":"D","value":"疏肝和胃"},{"key":"E","value":"行气导滞"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查的是养胃舒胶囊的功能。慢性胃炎数年,症见胃脘灼热疼痛、痞胀不适、口干口苦、纳少消瘦、手足心热,经服养胃舒胶囊取效,此因该中成药的功能有益气养阴(A对)、健脾和胃(C对)与行气导滞(E对)。养胃舒胶囊:【功能】益气养阴,健脾和胃,行气导滞。参芪降糖胶囊:【功能】益气养阴,健脾补肾(B错)。小柴胡颗粒:【功能】解表散热,疏肝和胃(D错)。"} {"Question":"某男,54岁。1年前,爪甲菲薄发软,影响工作。虽多方求治但收效不大。刻下面黄,夜寐多梦,时有头晕心慌,纳食与二便正常;舌淡红苔薄白脉细沉。血红蛋白偏低。医师诊为肝血不足、筋爪失养治养血补肝益筋。药用熟地黄12g、山茱萸10g、当归10g、炒白芍10g、五味子5g打碎、阿胶珠10g、炒酸枣仁15g打碎、川芎5g、木瓜10g、生牡蛎30g打碎先煎、夜交藤15g。10剂每日1剂水煎分2次服。以此方加减治疗数月爪甲复常。1年后患者又来就诊,因工作劳累,又见心悸怔忡、失眠健忘、食少倦怠、面黄。医师处以人参归脾丸,因其除能益气补血外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋肾养肝"},{"key":"B","value":"平肝安神"},{"key":"C","value":"益肾宁心"},{"key":"D","value":"健脾宁心"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴安神"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参归脾丸的功能。因工作劳累,又见心悸怔忡、失眠健忘、食少倦怠、面黄。医师处以人参归脾丸,因其除能益气补血外,又能健脾宁心(D对)。人参归脾丸:【功能】益气补血,健脾宁心。杞菊地黄丸:【功能】滋肾养肝(A错)。天麻钩藤颗粒:【功能】平肝息风,清热安神(B错)。天王补心丸:【功能】滋阴养血,补心安神(E错)。功能为益肾宁心(C错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"冠心苏合丸的使用注意事项有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕妇禁用"},{"key":"B","value":"胃溃疡患者慎用"},{"key":"C","value":"阴虚火旺者禁用"},{"key":"D","value":"肾脏疾病者慎用"},{"key":"E","value":"出血性疾患慎用"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查的是冠心苏合滴丸的注意事项。冠心苏合丸的使用注意事项有孕妇禁用(A对),胃溃疡患者慎用(B对)与肾脏疾病者慎用(D对)。冠心苏合滴丸:【注意事项】孕妇禁用。阴虚血瘀之胸痹者忌用。胃炎患者、胃弱患者、胃溃疡患者、食管炎患者及肾脏疾病患者慎用。其辛香走窜,易耗气伤阴,故不宜长期服用。服药期间,忌食生冷、辛辣、油腻食物,忌吸烟饮酒、喝浓茶。治疗期间,心绞痛持续发作,宜加用硝酸酯类药。如果出现剧烈心绞痛、心肌梗死等,应及时救治。据报道,服用本品有引起过敏性药疹和肾脏损害等不良反应,用时应注意。通心络胶囊:【注意事项】方中全蝎、蜈蚣、土鳖虫有毒,水蛭有小毒,故孕妇忌用,不宜多服、久服。出血性疾患、妇女月经期及阴虚火旺型中风禁用(CE错)。宜饭后服用。治疗期间,若心绞痛持续发作,应及时就诊救治。"} {"Question":"排石颗粒除通淋排石外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"行气利湿"},{"key":"B","value":"分清化浊"},{"key":"C","value":"清热利水"},{"key":"D","value":"利湿行水"},{"key":"E","value":"除湿祛痰"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是排石颗粒的功能。排石颗粒除通淋排石外,又能清热利水(C对)。排石颗粒:【功能】清热利水,通淋排石。萆薢分清丸:【功能】分清化浊(B错),温肾利湿。五苓散:【功能】温阳化气,利湿行水(D错)。功能为行气利湿(A错)或除湿祛痰(E错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"抗癌平丸主治热毒瘀血阻滞所致的食管癌或直肠癌,其功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热泻火,利尿通便"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺利肺,降逆除烦"},{"key":"C","value":"清热泻火,散风止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"清胃泻火,解毒消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"清热解毒,散瘀止痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是抗癌平丸的功能。抗癌平丸主治热毒瘀血阻滞所致的食管癌或直肠癌,其功能是清热解毒,散瘀止痛(E对)。抗癌平丸:【功能】清热解毒,散瘀止痛。黛蛤散:【功能】清肝利肺,降逆除烦(B错)。牛黄上清丸:【功能】清热泻火,散风止痛(C错)。清胃黄连丸:【功能】清胃泻火,解毒消肿(D错)。功能为清热泻火,利尿通淋(A错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"五苓散的药物组成不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泽泻"},{"key":"B","value":"茯苓"},{"key":"C","value":"猪苓"},{"key":"D","value":"苍术"},{"key":"E","value":"肉桂"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是五苓散的药物组成。五苓散的药物组成不包括苍术(B错,为本题正确答案)。五苓散:【药物组成】泽泻(A对)、茯苓(B对)、猪苓(C对)、白术(炒)、肉桂(E对)。"} {"Question":"五子衍宗丸的功能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋肾补阴"},{"key":"B","value":"滋阴降火"},{"key":"C","value":"补肾益精"},{"key":"D","value":"补养气血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查五子衍宗丸的功能。五子衍宗丸的功能补肾益精(C对)。五子衍宗丸(片、口服液)【功能】补肾益精。左归丸【功能】滋肾补阴(A错)。大补阴丸【功能】滋阴降火(B错)。当归补血口服液(丸、胶囊)【功能】补养气血(D错)。杞菊地黄丸(片、浓缩丸、口服液、胶囊)【功能】滋肾养肝(E错)。"} {"Question":"通便灵胶囊除能润肠通便外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋阴补肾"},{"key":"B","value":"泻热导滞"},{"key":"C","value":"宽中理气"},{"key":"D","value":"增液润燥"},{"key":"E","value":"健脾利湿"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查通便灵胶囊的功能。通便灵胶囊除能润肠通便外,又能泻热导滞(B对)。通便灵胶囊【功能】泻热导滞,润肠通便。苁蓉通便口服液【功能】滋阴补肾(A错),润肠通便。通便宁片【功能】宽中理气(C错),泻下通便。增液口服液【功能】养阴生津,增液润燥(D错)。尿毒清颗粒【功能】通腑降浊,健脾利湿(E错),活血化瘀。"} {"Question":"芎菊上清丸不具有的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"活血"},{"key":"B","value":"清热"},{"key":"C","value":"散风"},{"key":"D","value":"解表"},{"key":"E","value":"止痛"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是芎菊上清丸的功能。芎菊上清丸不具有的功能是活血(A错,为本题正确答案)。芎菊上清丸:【功能】清热(B对)解表(D对),散风(C对)止痛(E对)。正天丸:【功能】疏风活血,养血平肝,通络止痛。"} {"Question":"某男,28岁,患慢性非细菌性前列腺炎,症见小便短赤、淋沥涩痛、尿急频数。证属肾虚湿热下注,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"三金片"},{"key":"B","value":"肾炎四味片"},{"key":"C","value":"癃闭舒胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"癃清片"},{"key":"E","value":"五苓散"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是三金片的主治。患慢性非细菌性前列腺炎,症见小便短赤、淋沥涩痛、尿急频数。证属肾虚湿热下注,宜选用的成药是三金片(A对)。三金片:【主治】下焦湿热所致的热淋,症见小便短赤、淋沥涩痛、尿急频数;急性肾盂肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、尿路感染见上述证候者;慢性非细菌性前列腺炎肾虚湿热下注证。肾炎四味片(B错):【主治】湿热内蕴兼气虚所致的水肿,症见浮肿、腰痛、乏力、小便不利;慢性肾炎见上述证候者。癃闭舒胶囊(C错):【主治】肾气不足、湿热瘀阻所致的癃闭,症见腰膝酸软、尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿线细,伴小腹拘急疼痛;前列腺增生症见上述证候者。癃清片(D错):【主治】下焦湿热所致的热淋,症见尿频、尿急、尿痛、腰痛、小腹坠胀。亦用于慢性前列腺炎之湿热蕴结兼瘀血证,症见小便频急,尿后余沥不尽,尿道灼热,会阴、少腹、腰骶部疼痛或不适等。五苓散(E错):【主治】阳不化气、水湿内停所致的水肿,症见小便不利、水肿腹胀、呕逆泄泻、渴不思饮。"} {"Question":"某女,58岁,半年来,面色苍白,气短心悸,头晕自汗,体倦乏力,四肢不温。证属气血两虚。治当温补气血,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"十全大补丸"},{"key":"B","value":"人参归脾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"人参固本丸"},{"key":"D","value":"桂附地黄丸"},{"key":"E","value":"七宝美髯丹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是十全大补丸的功能。半年来,面色苍白,气短心悸,头晕自汗,体倦乏力,四肢不温。证属气血两虚。治当温补气血,宜选用的成药是十全大补丸(A对)。十全大补丸:【功能】温补气血。人参归脾丸(B错):【功能】益气补血,健脾宁心。人参固本丸(C错):【功能】滋阴益气,固本培元。桂附地黄丸(D错):【功能】温补肾阳。七宝美髯丸(E错):【功能】滋补肝肾。"} {"Question":"脾胃虚弱、食少便溏、气短咳嗽、肢倦乏力,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麦味地黄丸"},{"key":"B","value":"人参归脾丸"},{"key":"C","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"D","value":"香砂六君丸"},{"key":"E","value":"七宝美髯丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是参苓白术散的主治。脾胃虚弱、食少便溏、气短咳嗽、肢倦乏力,宜选用的中成药是参苓白术散(C对)。参苓白术散:【主治】脾胃虚弱,食少便溏,气短咳嗽,肢倦乏力。麦味地黄丸(A错):【主治】肺肾阴亏,潮热盗汗,咽干咳血,眩晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,消渴。人参归脾丸(B错):【主治】心脾两虚、气血不足所致的心悸、怔忡、失眠健忘、食少体倦、面色萎黄,以及脾不统血所致的便血、崩漏、带下。香砂六君丸(D错):【主治】脾虚气滞,消化不良,嗳气食少,脘腹胀满,大便溏泄。七宝美髯丸(E错):【主治】肝肾不足所致的须发早白、遗精早泄、头眩耳鸣、腰酸背痛。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。消渴病史2年,症见头晕耳鸣、腰膝酸软、骨蒸潮热、盗汗遗精。医师处以六味地黄丸,是因其主治证是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肾阴亏损"},{"key":"B","value":"精血不足"},{"key":"C","value":"气血两虚"},{"key":"D","value":"阴虚火旺"},{"key":"E","value":"肺肾阴亏"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是六味地黄丸的主治。消渴病史2年,症见头晕耳鸣、腰膝酸软、骨蒸潮热、盗汗遗精。医师处以六味地黄丸,是因其主治证是肾阴亏损(A对)。六味地黄丸:【主治】肾阴亏损,头晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,骨蒸潮热,盗汗遗精,消渴。何首乌:【主治病证】(1)精血不足(B错)之头晕眼花、须发早白、腰酸脚软、遗精、崩漏、带下。(2)疮肿,瘰疬。(3)体虚久疟。(4)肠燥便秘。薯蓣丸:【主治】气血两虚(C错),脾肺不足所致的虚劳、胃脘痛、痹病、闭经、月经不调。知柏地黄丸:【主治】阴虚火旺(D错),潮热盗汗,口干咽痛,耳鸣遗精,小便短赤。麦味地黄丸:【主治】肺肾阴亏(E错),潮热盗汗,咽干咳血,眩晕耳鸣,腰膝酸软,消渴。"} {"Question":"某女,26岁,新患湿热痹症,症见足膝红肿,筋骨疼痛。宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天麻丸"},{"key":"B","value":"木瓜丸"},{"key":"C","value":"四妙丸"},{"key":"D","value":"尪痹颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"颈复康颗粒"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是四妙丸的主治。新患湿热痹症,症见足膝红肿,筋骨疼痛。宜选用的成药是四妙丸(C对)。四妙丸:【主治】湿热下注所致的痹病,症见足膝红肿、筋骨疼痛。天麻丸(A错):【主治】风湿瘀阻、肝肾不足所致的痹病,症见肢体拘挛、手足麻木、腰腿酸痛。木瓜丸(B错):【主治】风寒湿痹阻所致的痹病,症见关节疼痛、肿胀、屈伸不利、局部恶风寒、肢体麻木、腰膝酸软。尪痹颗粒(D错):【主治】肝肾不足、风湿痹阻所致的尪痹,症见肌肉、关节疼痛、局部肿大、僵硬畸形、屈伸不利、腰膝酸软、畏寒乏力;类风湿关节炎见上述证候者。颈复康颗粒(E错):【主治】风湿瘀阻所致的颈椎病,症见头晕、颈项僵硬、肩背酸痛、手臂麻木。"} {"Question":"某男,80岁,患冠心病数年,刻下胸痛胸闷、心悸气短、口干,舌红少苔,脉结代。证属气阴两虚、瘀血阻脉,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心可舒胶囊"},{"key":"B","value":"通心络胶囊"},{"key":"C","value":"益心舒胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"冠心苏合胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"丹七片"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是益心舒胶囊的主治。患冠心病数年,刻下胸痛胸闷、心悸气短、口干,舌红少苔,脉结代。证属气阴两虚、瘀血阻脉,宜选用的成药是益心舒胶囊(C对)。益心舒胶囊:【主治】气阴两虚,瘀血阻脉所致的胸痹,症见胸痛胸闷、心悸气短、脉结代;冠心病心绞痛见上述证候者。心可舒胶囊(A错):【主治】气滞血瘀引起的胸闷、心悸、头晕、头痛、颈项疼痛;冠心病心绞痛、高血脂、高血压、心律失常见上述证候者。通心络胶囊(B错):【主治】心气虚乏、血瘀络阻证所致的冠心病心绞痛,症见胸部憋闷、刺痛、绞痛、固定不移、心悸自汗、气短乏力、舌质紫黯或有瘀斑、脉细涩或结代。亦用于气虚血瘀络阻型中风病,症见半身不遂或偏身麻木、口舌㖞斜、言语不利。冠心苏合胶囊(D错):【主治】寒凝气滞、心脉不通所致的胸痹,症见胸闷、心前区疼痛;冠心病心绞痛见上述证候者。丹七片(E错):【主治】瘀血痹阻所致的胸痹心痛、眩晕头痛、经期腹痛。"} {"Question":"某男,69岁,患风湿性关节炎,症见腰脊疼痛,四肢关节冷痛。证属寒湿闭阻经络。治当温经散寒,通络止痛,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"天麻丸"},{"key":"B","value":"木瓜丸"},{"key":"C","value":"痛风定胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"尪痹颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"风湿骨痛胶囊"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是风湿痛骨胶囊的功能。患风湿性关节炎,症见腰脊疼痛,四肢关节冷痛。证属寒湿闭阻经络。治当温经散寒,通络止痛,宜选用的成药是风湿骨痛胶囊(E对)。风湿痛骨胶囊:【功能】温经散寒,通络止痛。天麻丸(A错):【功能】祛风除湿,通络止痛,补益肝肾。木瓜丸(B错):【功能】祛风散寒,除湿通络。痛风定胶囊(C错):【功能】清热祛湿,活血通络定痛。蠲痹颗粒(D错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。蠲痹颗粒:【功能】温经散寒、祛风除湿、通络止痛。"} {"Question":"某医师治疗热入心包、热盛动风所致的高热烦躁,神昏谵语,常用万氏牛黄清心丸。此因该成药除清热解毒外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"解郁安神"},{"key":"B","value":"镇惊安神"},{"key":"C","value":"开窍安神"},{"key":"D","value":"养心安神"},{"key":"E","value":"止痉安神"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是万氏牛黄清心丸的功能。万氏牛黄清心丸除清热解毒外,又能镇惊安神(B对)。万氏牛黄清心丸:【功能】清热解毒,镇惊安神。解郁安神颗粒:【功能】疏肝解郁,安神(A错)定志。紫雪散:【功能】清热开窍,止痉安神(CE错)。酸枣仁:【功效】养心安神(D错),敛汗。"} {"Question":"安宫牛黄丸是救急的成药,为治疗高热惊厥,神昏谵语之要药,其使用注意事项有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"闭证转为脱证者应立即停药"},{"key":"B","value":"不宜过量或久服"},{"key":"C","value":"肝肾功能不全者慎用"},{"key":"D","value":"寒闭神昏者不宜服用"},{"key":"E","value":"服药期间忌食辛辣食物"}],"Answer":"ABCDE","Explanation":"本题考查的是安宫牛黄丸的注意事项。安宫牛黄丸是救急的成药,为治疗高热惊厥,神昏谵语之要药,其使用注意事项有闭证转为脱证者应立即停药(A对)、不宜过量或久服(B对)、肝肾功能不全者慎用(C对)、寒闭神昏者不宜服用(D对)与服药期间忌食辛辣食物(E对)。安宫牛黄丸:【注意事项】孕妇禁用。寒闭神昏者不宜使用。因其含有毒的朱砂、雄黄,故不宜过量服用或久服,肝肾功能不全者慎用。服药期间,忌食辛辣食物。在治疗过程中如出现肢寒畏冷、面色苍白、冷汗不止、脉微欲绝,由闭证变为脱证者应立即停药。高热神昏、中风昏迷等口服本品困难者,当鼻饲给药。"} {"Question":"患儿男,2岁。脾胃虚弱,症见消化不良、不思乳食、腹胀便溏。宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"薯蓣丸"},{"key":"B","value":"肥儿丸"},{"key":"C","value":"小儿化食丸"},{"key":"D","value":"启脾丸"},{"key":"E","value":"一捻金"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查启脾丸的主治。宜选用的中成药是启脾丸(D对)。启脾丸【主治】脾胃虚弱,消化不良,腹胀便溏。薯蓣丸(A错)【主治】气血两虚,脾肺不足所致的虚劳、胃脘痛、痹病、闭经、月经不调。肥儿丸(B错)【主治】小儿消化不良,虫积腹痛,面黄肌瘦,食少腹胀泄泻。小儿化食丸(C错)【主治】食滞化热所致的积滞,症见厌食、烦躁、恶心呕吐、口渴、脘腹胀满、大便干燥。一捻金(E错)【主治】脾胃不和、痰食阻滞所致的积滞,症见停食停乳、腹胀便秘、痰盛喘咳。"} {"Question":"某男,38岁。症见痰热咳嗽、痰黄黏稠。治当清热化痰、止咳,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"礞石滚痰丸"},{"key":"B","value":"半夏天麻丸"},{"key":"C","value":"二陈丸"},{"key":"D","value":"橘贝半夏颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"复方鲜竹沥液"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查复方鲜竹沥液的主治。治当清热化痰、止咳,宜选用的中成药是复方鲜竹沥液(E对)。复方鲜竹沥液【主治】痰热咳嗽,痰黄黏稠。礞石滚痰丸(A错)【主治】痰火扰心所致的癫狂惊悸,或喘咳痰稠、大便秘结。半夏天麻丸(B错)【主治】脾虚湿盛、痰浊内阻所致的眩晕、头痛、如蒙如裹、胸脘满闷。二陈丸(C错)【主治】痰湿停滞导致的咳嗽痰多、胸脘胀闷、恶心呕吐。橘贝半夏颗粒(D错)【主治】痰气阻肺,咳嗽痰多、胸闷气急。"} {"Question":"某男,30岁。高热后大便秘结,兼见口渴咽干,口唇干裂,舌红少津,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"舟车丸"},{"key":"B","value":"增液口服液"},{"key":"C","value":"当归龙荟丸"},{"key":"D","value":"九制大黄丸"},{"key":"E","value":"通便灵胶囊"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是增液口服液的主治。高热后大便秘结,兼见口渴咽干,口唇干裂,舌红少津,宜选用的成药是增液口服液(B对)。增液口服液:【主治】高热后,阴津亏损所致的便秘,症见大便秘结,兼见口渴咽干、口唇干燥、小便短赤、舌红少津。舟车丸(A错):【主治】水停气滞所致的水肿,症见蓄水腹胀、四肢浮肿、胸腹胀满、停饮喘急、大便秘结、小便短少。当归龙荟丸(C错):【主治】肝胆火旺所致的心烦不宁、头晕目眩、耳鸣耳聋、胁肋疼痛、脘腹胀痛、大便秘结。九制大黄丸(D错):【主治】胃肠积滞所致的便秘、湿热下痢、口渴不休、停食停水、胸热心烦、小便赤黄。通便灵胶囊(E错):【主治】热结便秘,长期卧床便秘,一时性腹胀便秘,老年习惯性便秘。"} {"Question":"能疏肝和胃的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养胃舒胶囊"},{"key":"B","value":"加味左金丸"},{"key":"C","value":"温胃舒胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"香砂平胃丸"},{"key":"E","value":"开胃山楂丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某男,65岁。患冠心病5年,刻下胸闷、心前区疼痛。证属寒凝气滞、心脉不通,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"心可舒胶囊"},{"key":"B","value":"通心络胶囊"},{"key":"C","value":"益心舒胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"冠心苏合胶囊"},{"key":"E","value":"丹七片"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是冠心苏合滴丸的主治。患冠心病5年,刻下胸闷、心前区疼痛。证属寒凝气滞、心脉不通,宜选用的成药是冠心苏合胶囊(D对)。冠心苏合滴丸:【主治】寒凝气滞、心脉不通所致的胸痹,症见胸闷、心前区疼痛;冠心病心绞痛见上述证候者。心可舒胶囊(A错):【主治】气滞血瘀引起的胸闷、心悸、头晕、头痛、颈项疼痛;冠心病心绞痛、高血脂、高血压、心律失常见上述证候者。通心络胶囊(B错):【主治】心气虚乏、血瘀络阻证所致的冠心病心绞痛,症见胸部憋闷、刺痛、绞痛、固定不移、心悸自汗、气短乏力、舌质紫黯或有瘀斑、脉细涩或结代。亦用于气虚血瘀络阻型中风病,症见半身不遂或偏身麻木、口舌㖞斜、言语不利。益心舒胶囊(C错):【主治】气阴两虚,瘀血阻脉所致的胸痹,症见胸痛胸闷、心悸气短、脉结代;冠心病心绞痛见上述证候者。丹七片(E错):【主治】瘀血痹阻所致的胸痹心痛、眩晕头痛、经期腹痛。"} {"Question":"某医师在治疗中老年高血压症属肝阳上亢时,每用天麻钩藤颗粒,按照方剂学君臣佐使的组方原则,在天麻钩藤颗粒处方中属臣药,既能增君药平肝息风之力,又兼清肝益阴的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"盐杜仲"},{"key":"B","value":"决明子"},{"key":"C","value":"桑寄生"},{"key":"D","value":"益母草"},{"key":"E","value":"石决明"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是天麻钩藤颗粒的方义简释。按照方剂学君臣佐使的组方原则,在天麻钩藤颗粒处方中属臣药,既能增君药平肝息风之力,又兼清肝益阴的药是石决明(E对)。天麻钩藤颗粒:【方义简释】方中天麻甘缓质重,柔润不燥,性平不偏,善平肝息风、通络止痛,治肝风、肝阳之头痛、头晕;钩藤甘缓平和,微寒清泄,质轻疏透,善平肝阳、息肝风,兼清肝热。两药相伍,平肝息风力胜,故为君药。石决明介类质重镇潜,咸寒清泄兼补,善平肝潜阳、清肝益阴,既增君药平肝息风之力,又兼清肝益阴,故为臣药。盐杜仲(A错)甘补而温,善补益肝肾、降血压;栀子苦寒降泄清利,善泻火除烦、清热利尿、凉血解毒;黄芩苦寒清泄而燥,善清热泻火;益母草(D错)辛散苦泄,微寒清利,善活血化瘀、清热利尿;桑寄生(C错)苦燥甘补,平而不偏,善补肝肾;首乌藤甘能补,藤通散,平不偏,善养血安神通络;茯苓甘淡渗利兼补,平而不偏,善健脾利湿、宁心安神。七药相合,既补肝益肾、活血利水以利平抑肝阳,又折其上扰之火以利清热,并兼安神,故为佐药。牛膝酸甘能补,苦泄下行,性平不偏,既善补肝益肾、活血,又引血、引火下行,以利于平抑肝阳,故为使药。全方配伍,潜降清泄补益,共奏平肝息风、清热安神之功,故善治肝阳上亢所致的头痛、眩晕、耳鸣、眼花、震颤、失眠,以及高血压病见上述证候者。决明子(B错),并非天麻钩藤颗粒的药物组成。"} {"Question":"治肺燥咳嗽宜用的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二陈丸"},{"key":"B","value":"急支糖浆"},{"key":"C","value":"镇咳宁糖浆"},{"key":"D","value":"清肺抑火丸"},{"key":"E","value":"蜜炼川贝批把膏"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是蜜炼川贝枇杷膏的主治。治肺燥咳嗽宜用的是蜜炼川贝枇杷膏(E对)。蜜炼川贝枇杷膏:【主治】肺燥咳嗽,痰黄而黏,胸闷,咽喉疼痛或痒,声音嘶哑。二陈丸(A错):【主治】痰湿停滞导致的咳嗽痰多、胸脘胀闷、恶心呕吐。急支糖浆(B错):【主治】外感风热所致的咳嗽,症见发热、恶寒、胸膈满闷、咳嗽咽痛;急性支气管炎、慢性支气管炎急性发作见上述证候者。清肺抑火丸(D错):【主治】痰热阻肺所致的咳嗽、痰黄黏稠、口干咽痛、大便干燥。镇咳宁糖浆(C错),2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某女,38岁。症见郁闷不舒、胸胁胀痛、头晕目眩、食欲减退、月经不调。证属肝郁脾虚,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"逍遥颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"七制香附丸"},{"key":"C","value":"小柴胡颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"木香顺气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"八珍益母丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查逍遥颗粒的主治。证属肝郁脾虚,宜选用的中成药是逍遥颗粒(A对)。逍遥颗粒(丸)【主治】肝郁脾虚所致的郁闷不舒、胸胁胀痛、头晕目眩、食欲减退、月经不调。七制香附丸(B错)【主治】气滞血虚所致的痛经、月经量少、闭经,症见胸胁胀痛、经行量少、行经小腹胀痛、经前双乳胀痛、经水数月不行。小柴胡颗粒(C错)(片)【主治】外感病邪犯少阳证,症见寒热往来、胸胁苦满、食欲不振、心烦喜呕、口苦咽干。木香顺气丸(D错)(颗粒)【主治】湿阻中焦、脾胃不和所致的湿滞脾胃证,症见胸膈痞闷、脘腹胀痛、呕吐恶心、嗳气纳呆。八珍益母丸(E错)(胶囊)【主治】气血两虚兼有血瘀所致的月经不调,症见月经周期错后、行经量少、淋漓不净、精神不振、肢体乏力。"} {"Question":"理中丸是临床常用的中成药,其处方的君药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"党参"},{"key":"B","value":"炮姜"},{"key":"C","value":"饴糖"},{"key":"D","value":"土炒白术"},{"key":"E","value":"炙甘草"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是理中丸的方义简释。理中丸的君药是炮姜(B对)。理中丸:【方义简释】方中炮姜苦辛温散,微涩兼收,入脾、胃经,既善温中祛寒以治本,又能止泻、止痛以治标,故为君药。党参(A错)甘补而平,不燥不腻,善补气健脾,培补后天之本,以助君药振奋脾阳而祛寒健胃,故为臣药。土炒白术(D错)甘补渗利,苦温而燥,善益气健脾、燥湿利水,可助君臣药燥脾湿、复脾运、升清阳、降浊阴,故为佐药。炙甘草(E错)甘补和缓,平而偏温,善补脾益气、缓急止痛,兼调和诸药,故为使药。全方配伍,辛热祛寒,甘温补中,共奏温中祛寒、健胃之功,故治脾胃虚寒所致的呕吐泄泻、胸满腹痛、消化不良。"} {"Question":"既活血通络,又散风止痛的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"颈复康颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"骨疏康颗粒"},{"key":"C","value":"金花消痤丸"},{"key":"D","value":"防风通圣丸"},{"key":"E","value":"红药气雾剂"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是颈复康颗粒的功能。既活血通络,又散风止痛的中成药是颈复康颗粒(A对)。颈复康颗粒:【功能】活血通络,散风止痛。防风通圣丸(D错):【功能】解表通里,清热解毒。骨疏康颗粒(B错)、金花消痤丸(C错)与红药气雾剂(E错)的功能,2022年考试指南未明确说明。骨疏康颗粒:【功能】补肾益气,活血壮骨。金花消痤丸:【功能】清热泻火,解毒消肿。红药气雾剂:【功能】活血逐瘀,消肿止痛。"} {"Question":"某男,46岁。感冒5日,症见发热、咳嗽、咽痛。治当疏风解表、清热解毒,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"荆防颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"感冒清热颗粒"},{"key":"C","value":"九味羌活颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"双黄连颗粒"},{"key":"E","value":"连花清瘟胶囊"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是双黄连合剂的功能。某男,46岁。感冒5日,症见发热、咳嗽、咽痛。治当疏风解表、清热解毒,宜选用的成药是双黄连颗粒(D对)。双黄连合剂:【功能】疏风解表,清热解毒。荆防颗粒(A错):【功能】解表散寒,祛风胜湿。感冒清热颗粒(B错):【功能】疏风散寒,解表清热。九味羌活丸(C错):【功能】疏风解表,散寒除湿。连花清瘟胶囊(E错):【功能】清瘟解毒,宣肺泄热。"} {"Question":"某女,30岁,平素体虚有感风邪,症见自汗恶风,面色㿠白,医师处以玉屏风胶囊,是因其能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气、固表、发汗"},{"key":"B","value":"益气、固表、止汗"},{"key":"C","value":"益气、敛汗、固脱"},{"key":"D","value":"益气、温阳、敛汗"},{"key":"E","value":"益气、养阴、止汗"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是玉屏风胶囊的功能。平素体虚有感风邪,症见自汗恶风,面色㿠白,医师处以玉屏风胶囊,是因其能益气、固表、止汗(B对)。玉屏风胶囊:【功能】益气,固表,止汗。"} {"Question":"葛根芩连丸既能止泻止痢,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"疏风解表"},{"key":"B","value":"解表清热"},{"key":"C","value":"宣肺止咳"},{"key":"D","value":"益气解表"},{"key":"E","value":"解肌清热"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是葛根芩连丸的功能。葛根芩连丸既能止泻止痢,又能解肌清热(E对)。葛根芩连丸:【功能】解肌透表,清热解毒,利湿止泻。感冒清热颗粒:【功能】疏风散寒(A错),解表清热(B错)。桑菊感冒片:【功能】疏风清热,宣肺止咳(C错)。参苏丸:【功能】益气解表(D错),疏风散寒,祛痰止咳。"} {"Question":"逐瘀通脉胶囊的使用注意事项有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"体虚者忌用"},{"key":"B","value":"过敏体质者慎用"},{"key":"C","value":"脑出血患者禁用"},{"key":"D","value":"肝肾功能不全者忌用"},{"key":"E","value":"脑梗死急性期禁用"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是逐瘀通脉胶囊的注意事项。逐瘀通脉胶囊的使用注意事项有体虚者忌用(A对)、脑出血患者禁用(C对)、肝肾功能不全者忌用(D对)。逐瘀通脉胶囊:【注意事项】孕妇禁用。脑出血患者禁用。体虚者、肝肾功能不全者忌用。脑梗死急性期应与一般综合治疗结合使用(E错)。正天丸:【注意事项】婴幼儿、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、肾功能不全者及对本品过敏者禁用。高血压、心脏病患者及过敏体质者慎用(B错)。不宜过量或长期服用。宜饭后服用。服药期间,忌烟酒及辛辣、油腻食物。"} {"Question":"蠲哮片除泻肺除壅,涤痰祛瘀外,还能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"纳气平喘"},{"key":"B","value":"解表定喘"},{"key":"C","value":"温肺定喘"},{"key":"D","value":"宣肺平喘"},{"key":"E","value":"利气平喘"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查蠲哮片的功能。蠲哮片除泻肺除壅,涤痰祛瘀外,还能利气平喘(E对)。蠲哮片【功能】泻肺除壅,涤痰祛瘀,利气平喘。补骨脂【功效】补肾壮阳,固精缩尿,温脾止泻,纳气平喘(A错)。小青龙胶囊(合剂、颗粒、糖浆)【功能】解表化饮,止咳平喘(B错)。小儿咳喘灵颗粒(口服液)【功能】宣肺清热,止咳祛痰,平喘(D错)。"} {"Question":"既解表散寒,又宣肺止嗽的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"半夏止咳糖浆"},{"key":"B","value":"二母宁嗽丸"},{"key":"C","value":"桂龙咳喘宁胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"通宣理肺丸"},{"key":"E","value":"川贝枇杷露"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是通宣理肺丸的功能。既解表散寒,又宣肺止嗽的中成药是通宣理肺丸(D对)。通宣理肺丸:【功能】解表散寒,宣肺止咳。二母宁嗽丸(B错):【功能】清肺润燥,化痰止咳。桂龙咳喘宁胶囊(C错):【功能】止咳化痰,降气平喘。川贝枇杷露(E错)即川贝止咳露。川贝止咳露:【功能】止嗽祛痰。半夏止咳糖浆(A错)的功能,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"参芪降糖胶囊与养胃舒胶囊的共同功能有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"健脾"},{"key":"B","value":"补肾"},{"key":"C","value":"益气"},{"key":"D","value":"养阴"},{"key":"E","value":"行气导滞"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":"本题考查的是参芪降糖胶囊与养胃舒胶囊的功能。参芪降糖胶囊与养胃舒胶囊的共同功能有健脾(A对)、益气(C对)与养阴(D对)。参芪降糖胶囊:【功能】益气养阴,健脾补肾(B错)。养胃舒胶囊:【功能】益气养阴,健脾和胃,行气导滞(E错)。"} {"Question":"治痰热咳嗽宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"二母宁嗽丸"},{"key":"B","value":"清肺抑火丸"},{"key":"C","value":"苏子降气丸"},{"key":"D","value":"镇咳宁糖浆"},{"key":"E","value":"川贝止咳露"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是清肺抑火丸的主治。治痰热咳嗽宜用清肺抑火丸(B对)。清肺抑火丸:【主治】痰热阻肺所致的咳嗽、痰黄黏稠、口干咽痛、大便干燥。二母宁嗽丸(A错):【主治】燥热蕴肺所致的咳嗽,症见痰黄而黏不易咳出、胸闷气促、久咳不止、声哑喉痛。苏子降气丸(C错):【主治】上盛下虚、气逆痰壅所致的咳嗽喘息、胸膈满闷。川贝止咳露(E错):【主治】风热咳嗽,痰多上气或燥咳。镇咳宁糖浆(D错)的主治,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,50岁。患流行性感冒,症见发热、恶寒、肌肉酸痛、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽、头痛、咽干咽痛,舌偏红,苔黄腻。证属热毒袭肺,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"连花清瘟颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"桑菊感冒片"},{"key":"C","value":"桂枝合剂"},{"key":"D","value":"参苏丸"},{"key":"E","value":"九味羌活颗粒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是连花清瘟胶囊的主治。患流行性感冒,症见发热、恶寒、肌肉酸痛、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽、头痛、咽干咽痛,舌偏红,苔黄腻。证属热毒袭肺,宜选用的成药是连花清瘟颗粒(A对)。连花清瘟胶囊:【主治】流行性感冒属热毒袭肺证,症见发热、恶寒、肌肉酸痛、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽、头痛、咽干咽痛、舌偏红、苔黄或黄腻。桑菊感冒片(B错):【主治】风热感冒初起,头痛,咳嗽,口干,咽痛。桂枝合剂(C错):【主治】感冒风寒表虚证,症见头痛发热、汗出恶风、鼻塞干呕。参苏丸(D错):【主治】身体虚弱,感受风寒所致的感冒,症见恶寒发热、头痛鼻塞、咳嗽痰多、胸闷呕逆、乏力气短。九味羌活颗粒(E错):【主治】外感风寒夹湿所致的感冒,症见恶寒、发热、无汗、头重而痛、肢体酸痛。"} {"Question":"木香顺气丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"温阳化气,利湿行水"},{"key":"B","value":"温阳散寒,益肾强腰"},{"key":"C","value":"健脾利湿,益肝补肾"},{"key":"D","value":"健胃理气,利湿和中"},{"key":"E","value":"行气化湿,健脾和胃"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是木香顺气丸的功能。木香顺气丸的功能是行气化湿,健脾和胃(E对)。木香顺气丸:【功能】行气化湿,健脾和胃。五苓散:【功能】温阳化气,利湿行水(A错)。功能为温阳散寒,益肾强腰(B错)、健脾利湿,益肝补肾(C错)或健胃理气,利湿和中(D错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某男,50岁。数月来,潮热盗汗,咽干咳血,眩晕耳鸣,腰膝软。证属肺肾阴亏。治当滋肾养肺,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"玉泉丸"},{"key":"B","value":"左归丸"},{"key":"C","value":"薯蓣丸"},{"key":"D","value":"大补阴丸"},{"key":"E","value":"麦味地黄丸"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是麦味地黄丸的功能。数月来,潮热盗汗,咽干咳血,眩晕耳鸣,腰膝软。证属肺肾阴亏。治当滋肾养肺,宜选用的成药是麦味地黄丸(E对)。麦味地黄丸:【功能】滋肾养肺。玉泉丸(A错):【功能】清热养阴,生津止渴。左归丸(B错):【功能】滋肾补阴。薯蓣丸(C错):【功能】调理脾胃,益气和营。大补阴丸(D错):【功能】滋阴降火。"} {"Question":"银翘解毒片适用于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风寒感冒"},{"key":"B","value":"风热感冒"},{"key":"C","value":"外感风寒,内有食积"},{"key":"D","value":"夏令感冒,表寒里热"},{"key":"E","value":"外感风寒,乏力倦怠"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是银翘解毒片的主治。银翘解毒片适用于风热感冒(B对)。银翘解毒丸:【主治】风热感冒,症见发热、头痛、咳嗽、口干、咽喉疼痛。午时茶颗粒:【主治】外感风寒(A错)、内伤食积证(C错),症见恶寒发热、头痛身楚、胸脘满闷、恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻。主治为夏令感冒,表寒里热(D错)或外感风寒,乏力倦怠(E错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"能滋阴养胃的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养胃舒胶囊"},{"key":"B","value":"加味左金丸"},{"key":"C","value":"温胃舒胶囊"},{"key":"D","value":"香砂平胃丸"},{"key":"E","value":"开胃山楂丸"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是养胃舒胶囊的功能。能滋阴养胃的中成药是养胃舒胶囊(A对)。养胃舒胶囊:【功能】益气养阴,健脾和胃,行气导滞。香砂平胃丸(D错):【功能】理气化湿,和胃止痛。加味左金丸(B错)、温胃舒胶囊(C错)与开胃山楂丸(E错)的功能,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"某女,55岁,患2型糖尿病,症见多饮,多食,多尿。证属阴虚内热,宜选用的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消渴丸"},{"key":"B","value":"玉泉丸"},{"key":"C","value":"青蛾丸"},{"key":"D","value":"济生肾气丸"},{"key":"E","value":"人参养荣丸"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是玉泉丸的主治。患2型糖尿病,症见多饮,多食,多尿。证属阴虚内热,宜选用的中成药是玉泉丸(B对)。玉泉丸:【主治】阴虚内热所致的消渴,症见多饮、多食、多尿;2型糖尿病见上述证候者。消渴丸(A错):【主治】气阴两虚所致的消渴病,症见多饮、多尿、多食、消瘦、体倦乏力、眠差、腰痛;2型糖尿病见上述证候者。青蛾丸(C错):【主治】肾虚腰痛,起坐不利,膝软乏力。济生肾气丸(D错):【主治】肾阳不足、水湿内停所致的肾虚水肿、腰膝酸重、小便不利、痰饮咳喘。人参养荣丸(E错):【主治】心脾不足,气血两亏,形瘦神疲,食少便溏,病后虚弱。"} {"Question":"某女,55岁,面色萎黄,唇甲色淡,头晕眼花,脉细。医师辨证后处方为四物合剂。为减少服药品种,针对患者气血两虚之证,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"生脉饮"},{"key":"B","value":"左归丸"},{"key":"C","value":"八珍颗粒"},{"key":"D","value":"六君子丸"},{"key":"E","value":"七制香附丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是八珍颗粒的主治。为减少服药品种,针对患者气血两虚之证,宜选用的成药是八珍颗粒(C对)。八珍颗粒:【主治】气血两虚,面色萎黄,食欲不振,四肢乏力,月经过多。生脉饮(A错):【主治】气阴两亏,心悸气短,脉微自汗。左归丸(B错):【主治】真阴不足,腰酸膝软,盗汗遗精,神疲口燥。六君子丸(D错):【主治】脾胃虚弱,食量不多,气虚痰多,腹胀便溏。七制香附丸(E错):【主治】气滞血虚所致的痛经、月经量少、闭经,症见胸胁胀痛、经行量少、行经小腹胀痛、经前双乳胀痛、经水数月不行。"} {"Question":"麝香保心丸的功能是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"理气,宽胸,止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"行气活血,祛瘀止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"散瘀止血,消肿止痛"},{"key":"D","value":"芳香温通,益气强心"},{"key":"E","value":"益气和中,通络止痛"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是麝香保心丸的功能。麝香保心丸的功能是芳香温通,益气强心(D对)。麝香保心丸:【功能】芳香温通,益气强心。冠心苏合滴丸:【功能】理气,宽胸,止痛(A错)。速效救心丸:【功能】行气活血,祛瘀止痛(B错)。增加冠脉血流量,缓解心绞痛。三七片:【功能】散瘀止血,消肿止痛(C错)。功能为益气和中,通络止痛(E错)的中成药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"既能涩肠止泻,又能健脾温肾的中成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"参苓白术散"},{"key":"B","value":"萆薢分清丸"},{"key":"C","value":"金锁固精丸"},{"key":"D","value":"固本益肠片"},{"key":"E","value":"四神丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查固本益肠片的功能。既能涩肠止泻,又能健脾温肾的中成药是固本益肠片(D对)。固本益肠片【功能】健脾温肾,涩肠止泻。参苓白术散(A错)(水丸、颗粒)【功能】补脾胃,益肺气。萆薢分清丸(B错)【功能】分清化浊,温肾利湿。金锁固精丸(C错)【功能】固肾涩精。四神丸(E错)(片)【功能】温肾散寒,涩肠止泻。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。平日喜食辛辣,近日突发口舌生疮、咽喉疼痛、心胸烦热、小便短赤、大便秘结。证属火热内盛,治当清热泻火、利尿通便。宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芩连片"},{"key":"B","value":"西黄丸"},{"key":"C","value":"导赤丸"},{"key":"D","value":"清开灵片"},{"key":"E","value":"牛黄至宝丸"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是导赤丸的功能与主治。平日喜食辛辣,近日突发口舌生疮、咽喉疼痛、心胸烦热、小便短赤、大便秘结。证属火热内盛,治当清热泻火、利尿通便。宜选用的成药是导赤丸(C对)。导赤丸:【功能】清热泻火,利尿通便。【主治】火热内盛所致的口舌生疮、咽喉疼痛、心胸烦热、小便短赤、大便秘结。芩连片(A错):【功能】清热解毒,消肿止痛。【主治】脏腑蕴热,头痛目赤,口鼻生疮,热痢腹痛,湿热带下,疮疖肿痛。西黄丸(B错):【功能】清热解毒,消肿散结。【主治】热毒壅结所致的痈疽疔毒、瘰疬、流注、癌肿。清开灵片(D错):【功能】清热解毒,镇静安神。【主治】外感风热时毒、火毒内盛所致高热不退、烦躁不安、咽喉肿痛、舌质红绛、苔黄、脉数;上呼吸道感染、病毒性感冒、急性化脓性扁桃体炎、急性咽炎、急性气管炎、高热等病症属上述证候者。牛黄至宝丸(E错):【功能】清热解毒,泻火通便。【主治】胃肠积热所致的头痛眩晕、目赤耳鸣、口燥咽干、大便燥结。"} {"Question":"某女,40岁,妊娠7周,腰酸、少腹坠胀、少量出血、血色淡。证属肝肾不足之胎动不安,宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"砂仁"},{"key":"B","value":"阿胶"},{"key":"C","value":"当归"},{"key":"D","value":"杜仲"},{"key":"E","value":"黄芩"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是杜仲的主治病证。妊娠7周,腰酸、少腹坠胀、少量出血、血色淡。证属肝肾不足之胎动不安,宜选用的药是杜仲(D对)。杜仲:【主治病证】(1)肝肾不足之腰膝酸痛、筋骨无力。(2)肝肾亏虚之胎动不安、胎漏下血。(3)高血压属肝肾亏虚者。砂仁(A错):【主治病证】(1)湿阻中焦证。(2)脾胃气滞证。(3)脾胃虚寒之吐泻。(4)妊娠恶阻,气滞之胎动不安。阿胶(B错):【主治病证】(1)血虚眩晕、心悸。(2)吐血,衄血,便血,崩漏,妊娠胎漏。(3)阴虚燥咳或虚劳喘咳。(4)阴虚心烦、失眠。当归(C错):【主治病证】(1)血虚萎黄、眩晕心悸。(2)月经不调,闭经,痛经。(3)虚寒腹痛,瘀血作痛,跌打损伤,痹痛麻木。(4)痈疽疮疡。(5)血虚肠燥便秘。黄芩(E错):【主治病证】(1)湿温,暑湿,湿热胸闷、黄疸、泻痢、淋痛、疮疹。(2)热病烦渴,肺热咳喘,少阳寒热,咽痛,目赤,火毒痈肿。(3)血热之吐血、咳血、衄血、便血、崩漏。(4)胎热之胎动不安。"} {"Question":"白芍的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补血活血"},{"key":"B","value":"补血止血"},{"key":"C","value":"补血敛阴"},{"key":"D","value":"补血益精"},{"key":"E","value":"补血安神"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是白芍的功效。白芍的功效是补血敛阴(C对)。白芍:【功效】养血调经,敛阴止汗,柔肝止痛,平抑肝阳。当归:【功效】补血活血(A错),调经止痛,润肠通便。阿胶:【功效】补血止血(B错),滋阴润燥。何首乌:【功效】补益精血(D错),解毒,截疟,润肠通便。大枣:【功效】补中益气,养血安神(E错),缓和药性。"} {"Question":"既润肺养阴,又清心除烦的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肉苁蓉"},{"key":"B","value":"山药"},{"key":"C","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"D","value":"石斛"},{"key":"E","value":"麦冬"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是补虚药麦冬的功效。既润肺养阴,又清心除烦的药麦冬(E对)。麦冬:【功效】润肺养阴,益胃生津,清心除烦,润肠通便。肉苁蓉(A错):【功效】补肾阳,益精血,润肠通便。山药(B错):【功效】益气养阴,补脾肺肾,固精止带。何首乌(C错):【功效】补益精血,解毒,截疟,润肠通便。石斛(D错):【功效】养胃生津,滋阴除热,明目,强腰。"} {"Question":"既补血,又滋阴的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"鹿茸"},{"key":"C","value":"墨旱莲"},{"key":"D","value":"沙苑子"},{"key":"E","value":"熟地黄"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是熟地黄的功效。既补血,又滋阴的药是熟地黄(E对)。熟地黄:【功效】补血滋阴,补精益髓。当归(A错):【功效】补血活血,调经止痛,润肠通便。鹿茸(B错):【功效】壮肾阳,益精血,强筋骨,调冲任,托疮毒。墨旱莲(C错):【功效】滋阴益肾,凉血止血。沙苑子(D错):【功效】补肾固精,养肝明目。"} {"Question":"石斛除养胃生津外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋阴除热"},{"key":"B","value":"补脾益气"},{"key":"C","value":"凉血止血"},{"key":"D","value":"清心安神"},{"key":"E","value":"清肝明目"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查石斛的功效。石斛除养胃生津外,又能滋阴除热(A对)。石斛【功效】养胃生津,滋阴除热,明目,强腰。黄精【功效】滋阴润肺,补脾益气(B错)。小蓟【功效】凉血止血(C错),散瘀消痈。百合【功效】养阴润肺,清心安神(D错)。石决明【功效】平肝潜阳,清肝明目(E错)。"} {"Question":"性味甘、辛、温的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"当归"},{"key":"B","value":"熟地黄"},{"key":"C","value":"何首乌"},{"key":"D","value":"白芍"},{"key":"E","value":"阿胶"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是当归的性味归经。性味甘、辛、温的药是当归(A对)。当归:【性味归经】甘、辛,温。归肝、心、脾经。熟地黄(B错):【性味归经】甘,微温。归肝、肾经。何首乌(C错):【性味归经】苦、甘、涩,微温。归肝、肾经。白芍(D错):【性味归经】酸、甘、苦,微寒。归肝、脾经。阿胶(E错):【性味归经】甘,平。归肺、肝、肾经。"} {"Question":"脾阴虚食少口渴宜用","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"人参"},{"key":"B","value":"黄芪"},{"key":"C","value":"白术"},{"key":"D","value":"党参"},{"key":"E","value":"山药"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是山药的主治病证。脾阴虚食少口渴宜用山药(E对)。山药:【主治病证】(1)脾虚气弱之食少便溏或泄泻。(2)脾虚或肺肾两虚之喘咳。(3)肾阴虚证,消渴证。(4)肾虚遗精、尿频、带下。人参(A错):【主治病证】(1)气虚欲脱证。(2)脾气虚弱之食欲不振、呕吐泄泻。(3)肺气虚弱之气短喘促、脉虚自汗。(4)热病津伤之口渴,消渴证。(5)心神不安,失眠多梦,惊悸健忘。黄芪(B错):【主治病证】(1)脾胃气虚,脾肺气虚,中气下陷,气不摄血,气虚发热。(2)自汗,盗汗。(3)气血不足所致的疮痈不溃或溃久不敛。(4)气虚水肿、小便不利。(5)气血双亏,血虚萎黄,血痹肢麻,半身不遂,消渴。白术(C错):【主治病证】(1)脾胃气虚之食少便溏、倦怠乏力。(2)脾虚水肿,痰饮。(3)表虚自汗。(4)脾虚气弱之胎动不安。党参(D错):【主治病证】(1)脾气亏虚之食欲不振、呕吐泄泻。(2)肺气亏虚之气短喘促、脉虚自汗。(3)气津两伤之气短口渴。(4)血虚萎黄,头晕心慌。"} {"Question":"能清火生津的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"党参"},{"key":"B","value":"人参"},{"key":"C","value":"西洋参"},{"key":"D","value":"太子参"},{"key":"E","value":"刺五加"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是西洋参的功效。能清火生津的药是西洋参(C对)。西洋参:【功效】补气养阴,清热生津。党参(A错):【功效】补中益气,生津养血。人参(B错):【功效】大补元气,补脾益肺,生津止渴,安神益智。太子参(D错):【功效】补气生津。刺五加(E错):【功效】补气健脾,益肾强腰,养心安神,活血通络。"} {"Question":"大枣的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益气生津"},{"key":"B","value":"补中气"},{"key":"C","value":"养血"},{"key":"D","value":"安神"},{"key":"E","value":"调和营卫"}],"Answer":"BCD","Explanation":"本题考查的是大枣的功效。大枣的功效是补中气(B对)、养血(C对)与安神(D对)。大枣:【功效】补中益气,养血安神,缓和药性。五味子:【功效】收敛固涩,益气生津(A错),滋肾宁心。桂枝配白芍:桂枝辛甘性温,功能发表助阳、温通经脉;白芍酸甘微寒,功能养血敛阴止汗。两药相配,收散并举,共奏调和营卫(E错)、散风敛营、解肌发表之功,治风寒表虚有汗每用。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。素患阳痿不育,又见夜尿频数。宜选用的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"B","value":"桑螵蛸"},{"key":"C","value":"椿皮"},{"key":"D","value":"海螵蛸"},{"key":"E","value":"石榴皮"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查桑螵蛸的主治病证。宜选用的中药是桑螵蛸(B对)。桑螵蛸【主治病证】(1)肾阳亏虚之遗精、滑精,遗尿、尿频,小便白浊,带下。(2)阳痿不育。金樱子(A错)【主治病证】(1)遗精滑精,尿频遗尿。(2)久泻久痢。(3)崩漏带下。椿皮(C错)【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢,湿热泻痢,便血。(2)崩漏,赤白带下。(3)蛔虫病。(4)疮癣作痒。海螵蛸(D错)【主治病证】(1)崩漏下血,肺胃出血,创伤出血。(2)肾虚遗精,赤白带下。(3)胃痛吞酸。(4)湿疮湿疹,溃疡不敛。石榴皮(E错)【主治病证】(1)久泻久痢。(2)便血,崩漏。(3)虫积腹痛。"} {"Question":"黄精的主治病症有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"肺虚燥咳"},{"key":"B","value":"须发早白"},{"key":"C","value":"失眠健忘"},{"key":"D","value":"内热消渴"},{"key":"E","value":"目暗不明"}],"Answer":"ABD","Explanation":"本题考查黄精的主治病证。黄精的主治病症有肺虚燥咳(A对)、须发早白(B对)、内热消渴(D对)。黄精【功效】滋阴润肺,补脾益气。【主治病证】(1)肺虚燥咳,劳嗽久咳。(2)肾虚精亏之腰膝酸软、须发早白、头晕乏力。(3)气虚倦怠乏力,阴虚口干便燥。(4)气阴两虚,内热消渴。龟甲【功效】滋阴潜阳,益肾健骨,养血补心,凉血止血。【主治病证】(1)阴虚阳亢之头晕目眩,热病伤阴之虚风内动。(2)阴虚发热。(3)肾虚之腰膝痿弱、筋骨不健、小儿囟门不合。(4)心血不足之心悸、失眠、健忘(C错)。(5)血热之崩漏、月经过多。决明子【功效】清肝明目,润肠通便。【主治病证】(1)肝热或肝经风热之目赤肿痛、羞明多泪,目暗不明(E错)。(2)热结肠燥便秘。"} {"Question":"楮实子的功效有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利尿"},{"key":"B","value":"补气"},{"key":"C","value":"滋阴益肾"},{"key":"D","value":"润肺"},{"key":"E","value":"清肝明目"}],"Answer":"ACE","Explanation":"本题考查的是楮实子的功效。楮实子的功效有利尿(A对)、滋阴益肾(C对)与清肝明目(E对)。楮实子:【功效】滋阴益肾,清肝明目,利尿。人参:【功效】大补元气(B错),补脾益肺,生津止渴,安神益智。哈蟆油:【功效】补肾益精,养阴润肺(D错)。"} {"Question":"白芍不具有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"养血"},{"key":"B","value":"润肺"},{"key":"C","value":"敛阴"},{"key":"D","value":"柔肝止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"平抑肝阳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查白芍的功效。白芍不具有的功效是润肺(B错,为本题正确答案)。白芍【功效】养血(A对)调经,敛阴(C对)止汗,柔肝止痛(D对),平抑肝阳(E对)。"} {"Question":"枸杞子的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"益胃生津"},{"key":"B","value":"补肝明目"},{"key":"C","value":"补阴益气"},{"key":"D","value":"壮阳健骨"},{"key":"E","value":"软坚散结"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是枸杞子的功效。枸杞子的功效是补肝明目(B对)。枸杞子:【功效】滋补肝肾,明目,润肺。石斛:【功效】养胃生津(A错),滋阴除热,明目,强腰。黄精:【功效】滋阴润肺,补脾益气(C错)。仙茅:【功效】补肾壮阳,强筋健骨(D错),祛寒除湿。鳖甲:【功效】滋阴潜阳,退热除蒸,软坚散结(E错)。"} {"Question":"墨旱莲的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"滋阴,润肠"},{"key":"B","value":"滋阴,软坚"},{"key":"C","value":"滋阴,清肺"},{"key":"D","value":"滋阴,止血"},{"key":"E","value":"滋阴,明目"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查墨旱莲的功效。墨旱莲的功效是滋阴,止血(D对)。墨旱莲【功效】滋阴益肾,凉血止血。玄参【功效】清热凉血,滋阴降火,解毒散结,润肠(A错)。昆布【功效】消痰软坚(B错),利水消肿。天冬【功效】滋阴降火,清肺(C错)润燥,润肠通便。石斛【功效】养胃生津,滋阴除热,明目(E错),强腰。"} {"Question":"能大补元气的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"党参"},{"key":"B","value":"人参"},{"key":"C","value":"西洋参"},{"key":"D","value":"太子参"},{"key":"E","value":"刺五加"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是人参的功效。能大补元气的药是人参(B对)。人参:【功效】大补元气,补脾益肺,生津止渴,安神益智。党参(A错):【功效】补中益气,生津养血。西洋参(C错):【功效】补气养阴,清热生津。太子参(D错):【功效】补气生津。刺五加(E错):【功效】补气健脾,益肾强腰,养心安神,活血通络。"} {"Question":"西洋参除补气养阴外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"止血续伤"},{"key":"B","value":"消暑解毒"},{"key":"C","value":"活血散结"},{"key":"D","value":"清火生津"},{"key":"E","value":"润肺化痰"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是西洋参的功效。西洋参除补气养阴外,又能清火生津(D对)。西洋参:【功效】补气养阴,清热生津。续断:【功效】补肝肾,行血脉,续筋骨(A错)。白扁豆:【功效】健脾化湿,消暑解毒(B错)。海马:【功效】补肾助阳,活血散结(C错),消肿止痛。瓜蒌:【功效】清肺润燥化痰(E错),利气宽胸,消肿散结,润肠通便。"} {"Question":"既补中益气,又养血安神的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大枣"},{"key":"B","value":"沙苑子"},{"key":"C","value":"骨碎补"},{"key":"D","value":"太子参"},{"key":"E","value":"玉竹"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是大枣的功效。既补中益气,又养血安神的药是大枣(A对)。大枣:【功效】补中益气,养血安神,缓和药性。沙苑子(B错):【功效】补肾固精,养肝明目。骨碎补(C错):【功效】补肾,活血,止痛,续伤。太子参(D错):【功效】补气生津。玉竹(E错):【功效】滋阴润肺,生津养胃。"} {"Question":"某男,60岁,患热病气阴两伤之烦倦,治当补气养阴、清火生津,宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"绞股蓝"},{"key":"B","value":"刺五加"},{"key":"C","value":"白扁豆"},{"key":"D","value":"红景天"},{"key":"E","value":"西洋参"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是西洋参的功效。患热病气阴两伤之烦倦,治当补气养阴、清火生津,宜选用的药是西洋参(E对)。西洋参:【功效】补气养阴,清热生津。绞股蓝(A错):【功效】健脾益气,祛痰止咳,清热解毒。刺五加(B错):【功效】补气健脾,益肾强腰,养心安神,活血通络。白扁豆(C错):【功效】健脾化湿,消暑解毒。红景天(D错):【功效】益气,平喘,活血通脉。"} {"Question":"补骨脂的功效有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"补肾壮阳"},{"key":"B","value":"脱疮生肌"},{"key":"C","value":"温脾止泻"},{"key":"D","value":"纳气平喘"},{"key":"E","value":"养肝明目"}],"Answer":"ACD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,38岁。剖宫产生育一子,产后乳房结块、热疼痛,西医诊断为乳腺炎。因不愿使用抗生素治疗,遂求助中医。又因不便煎药,要求服用中成药,医师处以乳癖消胶囊。经治疗,乳房结块、红热疼痛不已。2年后,因乳急腺增生前来就诊。医师处以小金丸。关于使用小金丸注意事项的说法,错误的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"孕妇禁用"},{"key":"B","value":"疮疡阳证者禁用"},{"key":"C","value":"哺乳期妇女禁用"},{"key":"D","value":"脾胃虚弱者禁用"},{"key":"E","value":"肝肾功能不全者慎用"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是小金丸的注意事项。脾胃虚弱者慎用小金丸(D错,为本题正确答案)。小金丸:【注意事项】孕妇、哺乳期妇女禁用(AC对)。疮疡阳证者禁用(B对)。脾胃虚弱者慎用。不宜长期使用。肝、肾功能不全者慎用(E对)。脾胃虚弱者慎用海鲜等发物。"} {"Question":"某男,42岁。皮肤丘疹、水疱、抓痕、血痂,瘙痒剧烈。证属风湿热邪蕴阻肌肤,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消风止痒颗粒"},{"key":"B","value":"连翘败毒丸"},{"key":"C","value":"当归苦参丸"},{"key":"D","value":"小金丸"},{"key":"E","value":"消银颗粒"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是消风止痒颗粒的主治。某男,42岁。皮肤丘疹、水疱、抓痕、血痂,瘙痒剧烈。证属风湿热邪蕴阻肌肤,宜选用的成药是消风止痒颗粒(A对)。消风止痒颗粒:【主治】风湿热邪蕴阻肌肤所致的湿疮、风疹瘙痒、小儿瘾疹,症见皮肤丘疹、水疱、抓痕、血痂、或见梭形或纺锤形水肿性风团、中央出现小水疱、瘙痒剧烈;湿疹、皮肤瘙痒症、丘疹性荨麻疹见上述证侯者。连翘败毒丸(B错):【主治】热毒蕴结肌肤所致的疮疡,症见局部红肿热痛、未溃破者。当归苦参丸(C错):【主治】湿热瘀阻所致的粉刺、酒皶,症见颜面、胸背粉刺疙瘩、皮肤红赤发热,或伴脓头、硬结,酒皶鼻、鼻赤。小金丸(D错):【主治】痰气凝滞所致的瘰疬、瘿瘤、乳岩、乳癖,症见肌肤或肌肤下肿块一处或数处、推之能动,或骨及骨关节肿大、皮色不变、肿硬作痛。消银颗粒(E错):【主治】血热风燥型白疕和血虚风燥型白疕,症见皮疹为点滴状、基底鲜红色、表面覆有银白色鳞屑、或皮疹表面覆有较厚的银白色鳞屑、较干燥、基底淡红色、瘙痒较甚。"} {"Question":"金花消痤丸除解毒消肿外又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热定痛"},{"key":"B","value":"清热泻火"},{"key":"C","value":"清热除湿"},{"key":"D","value":"清热凉血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查金花消痤丸的功能。金花消痤丸除解毒消肿外又能清热泻火(B对)。金花消痤丸【功能】清热泻火,解毒消肿。痛风定胶囊【功能】清热祛湿,活血通络定痛(A错)。消风止痒颗粒【功能】清热除湿(C错),消风止痒(E错)。消银颗粒(片)【功能】清热凉血(D错),养血润肤,祛风止痒。"} {"Question":"安息香的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"开窍清热"},{"key":"B","value":"开窍化湿"},{"key":"C","value":"开窍息风"},{"key":"D","value":"开窍活血"},{"key":"E","value":"开窍祛痰"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是安息香的功效。安息香的功效是开窍活血(D对)。安息香:【功效】开窍辟秽,行气活血,止痛。冰片:【功效】开窍醒神,清热(A错)止痛。石菖蒲:【功效】开窍宁神,化湿(B错)和胃。牛黄:【功效】清热解毒,息风止痉,化痰开窍(C错)。远志:【功效】安神益智,祛痰开窍(E错),消散痈肿。"} {"Question":"可治疗癫痫大发作的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"麝香"},{"key":"B","value":"苏合香"},{"key":"C","value":"冰片"},{"key":"D","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"E","value":"苏冰滴丸"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是石菖蒲的主治病证。可治疗癫痫大发作的是石菖蒲(D对)。石菖蒲:【主治病证】(1)痰湿蒙蔽心窍之神昏,癫痫,耳聋,耳鸣。(2)心气不足之心悸失眠、健忘恍惚。(3)湿浊中阻之脘腹痞胀,噤口痢。麝香(A错):【主治病证】(1)热病神昏,中风痰厥,气郁暴厥,中恶神昏。(2)闭经,癥瘕,难产死胎。(3)胸痹心痛,心腹暴痛,痹痛麻木,跌打损伤。(4)疮肿,瘰疬,咽喉肿痛。苏合香(B错):【主治病证】(1)寒闭神昏。(2)胸痹心痛,胸闷腹痛。冰片(C错):【主治病证】(1)热病神昏,中风痰厥,中恶神昏,胸痹心痛。(2)疮疡肿毒,咽喉肿痛,口舌生疮,目赤肿痛,耳道流脓。苏冰滴丸(E错)的功能,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"石菖蒲辛苦温,是临床常用的开窍药,其主治病证不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"胸痹心痛"},{"key":"B","value":"噤口痢"},{"key":"C","value":"心悸失眠"},{"key":"D","value":"耳鸣耳聋"},{"key":"E","value":"脘腹痞胀"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是石菖蒲的主治病证。石菖蒲辛苦温,是临床常用的开窍药,其主治病证不包括胸痹心痛(A错,为本题正确答案)。石菖蒲:【主治病证】(1)痰湿蒙蔽心窍之神昏,癫痫,耳聋,耳鸣(D对)。(2)心气不足之心悸失眠(C对)、健忘恍惚。(3)湿浊中阻之脘腹痞胀(E对),噤口痢(B对)。胸痹心痛为苏合香的主治病证。苏合香:【主治病证】(1)寒闭神昏。(2)胸痹心痛,胸闷腹痛。"} {"Question":"既开窍宁神,又化湿和胃的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"朱砂"},{"key":"B","value":"琥珀"},{"key":"C","value":"石菖蒲"},{"key":"D","value":"苏合香"},{"key":"E","value":"安息香"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是石菖蒲的功效。既开窍宁神,又化湿和胃的药是石菖蒲(C对)。石菖蒲:【功效】开窍宁神,化湿和胃。朱砂(A错):【功效】镇心安神,清热解毒。琥珀(B错):【功效】安神定惊,活血散瘀,利尿通淋。苏合香(D错):【功效】开窍辟秽,止痛。安息香(E错):【功效】开窍辟秽,行气活血,止痛。"} {"Question":"麦芽的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消食,疏肝"},{"key":"B","value":"消食,化痰"},{"key":"C","value":"消食,降气"},{"key":"D","value":"消食,理气"},{"key":"E","value":"消食,化湿"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是麦芽的功效。麦芽的功效是消食,疏肝(A对)。麦芽:【功效】消食和中,回乳,疏肝。莱菔子:【功效】消食除胀,降气(C错)化痰(B错)。化橘红:【功效】理气宽中,燥湿化痰,消食(D错)。功效为消食,化湿(E错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"性平无毒,授乳期妇女不宜服用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"稻芽"},{"key":"B","value":"神曲"},{"key":"C","value":"麦芽"},{"key":"D","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"E","value":"莱菔子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是麦芽的使用注意。性平无毒,授乳期妇女不宜服用的药是麦芽(C对)。麦芽:【使用注意】本品能回乳,故妇女授乳期不宜大量服。稻芽(A错):既往有些地区习惯将稻芽称为谷芽。今将谷芽定为禾本科植物粟的成熟果实经发芽干燥的炮制加工品。其味甘性微温,功效与稻芽相似,食积兼寒者用之为宜。神曲(B错):【使用注意】本品性温,故胃阴虚、胃火盛者不宜用。鸡内金(D错):【使用注意】本品消食化积力强,故脾虚无积滞者慎服。莱菔子(E错):【使用注意】本品辛散耗气,故气虚及无食积、痰滞者慎服。"} {"Question":"车前子的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利水渗湿,凉血止血"},{"key":"B","value":"利水通淋,渗湿止泻"},{"key":"C","value":"利水通淋,通经下乳"},{"key":"D","value":"利水渗湿,除痹排脓"},{"key":"E","value":"利水清热,通气下乳"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查车前子的功效。车前子的功效是利水通淋,渗湿止泻(B对)。车前子【功效】利水通淋,渗湿止泻,明目,清肺化痰。石韦【功效】利尿通淋,凉血止血(A错),清肺止咳。木通【功效】利水通淋,泄热,通经下乳(C错)。薏苡仁【功效】利水渗湿,健脾止泻,除痹,清热排脓(D错)。通草【功效】利水清热,通气下乳(E错)。"} {"Question":"味辛、微苦,性微寒,善治湿热黄疸、石淋、跌打损伤的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"金钱草"},{"key":"B","value":"海金沙"},{"key":"C","value":"连钱草"},{"key":"D","value":"萆薢"},{"key":"E","value":"茵陈"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是连钱草的性能特点。味辛、微苦,性微寒,善治湿热黄疸、石淋、跌打损伤的药是连钱草(C对)。连钱草:【性能特点】本品辛微苦散泄,微寒能清,入肝、肾、膀胱经。既清利湿热而通淋、退黄,治石淋最宜,治黄疸可选;又清热解毒而疗疮肿,散瘀消肿而治伤痛。金钱草(A错):【性能特点】本品甘淡渗利,咸软入肾,微寒能清。入肝、胆经,清利肝胆而退黄、排石;入肾与膀胱经,清热利尿而善通淋、排石;还能清热解毒而消肿疗疮。为治湿热黄疸、肝胆结石、石淋之佳品,且能清热解毒而消肿疗疮,为治疮肿、蛇伤所常用。海金沙(B错):【性能特点】本品甘淡渗利,寒能清泄,入膀胱与小肠经。善通淋、止痛,并兼排石,为治淋证涩痛之要药,治血淋、石淋常用,兼尿道涩痛者尤佳。萆薢(D错):【性能特点】本品苦能泄降,平而不偏,入肝、胃与膀胱经。既除下焦之湿而分清祛浊,为治膏淋、白浊及湿盛带下之要药;又祛筋骨、肌肉之风湿而通痹止痛,为治风湿痹痛之佳品。茵陈(E错):【性能特点】本品苦微寒清利,气清香疏理,入脾、胃与肝、胆经。善清利湿热而退黄,为治黄疸之要药,无论阳黄、阴黄皆宜。兼止痒,治湿疮、湿疹瘙痒。"} {"Question":"茯苓与薏苡仁均有的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利水渗湿,安神"},{"key":"B","value":"利水渗湿,除痹"},{"key":"C","value":"利水渗湿,泄热"},{"key":"D","value":"利水渗湿,排脓"},{"key":"E","value":"利水渗湿,健脾"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查茯苓与薏苡仁的功效。茯苓与薏苡仁均有的功效是利水渗湿,健脾(E对)。茯苓【功效】利水渗湿,健脾,安神(A错)。薏苡仁【功效】利水渗湿,健脾止泻,除痹(B错),清热排脓(D错)。泽泻【功效】利水渗湿,泄热(C错)。"} {"Question":"海金沙的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利水渗湿,健脾"},{"key":"B","value":"利水渗湿,退黄"},{"key":"C","value":"利尿通淋,止泻"},{"key":"D","value":"利尿通淋,清心"},{"key":"E","value":"利尿通淋,止痛"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是海金沙的功效。海金沙的功效是利尿通淋,止痛(E对)。海金沙:【功效】利尿通淋,止痛。茯苓:【功效】利水渗湿,健(A错)脾,安神。金钱草:【功效】利水通淋,除湿退黄(B错),解毒消肿。车前子:【功效】利水通淋,渗湿止泻(C错),明目,清肺化痰。灯心草:【功效】利尿通淋,清心(D错)除烦。"} {"Question":"茵陈的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"清热利湿,止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"清热利湿,杀虫"},{"key":"C","value":"清热利湿,退黄"},{"key":"D","value":"清热利湿,化痰"},{"key":"E","value":"清热利湿,解暑"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查茵陈的功效。茵陈的功效是清热利湿,退黄(C对)。茵陈【功效】清热利湿,退黄。细辛【功效】祛风散寒,通窍,止痛(A错),温肺化饮。苦参【功效】清热燥湿,杀虫(B错)止痒,利尿。丝瓜络【功效】祛风通络,化痰(D错)解毒。佩兰【功效】化湿,解暑(E错)。"} {"Question":"冬葵子除润肠通便外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"下乳"},{"key":"B","value":"补虚"},{"key":"C","value":"清肺化痰"},{"key":"D","value":"凉血止血"},{"key":"E","value":"燥湿化痰"}],"Answer":"A","Explanation":"本题考查的是冬葵子的功效。冬葵子除润肠通便外,又能下乳(A对)。冬葵子:【功效】利水通淋,下乳,润肠通便。仙鹤草:【功效】收敛止血,止痢,截疟,解毒,杀虫,补虚(B错)。瓜蒌:【功效】清肺润燥化痰(C错),利气宽胸,消肿散结,润肠通便。石韦:【功效】利尿通淋,凉血止血(D错),清肺止咳。陈皮:【功效】理气调中,燥湿化痰(E错)。"} {"Question":"萆薢除利湿浊外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"破血通经"},{"key":"B","value":"通气下乳"},{"key":"C","value":"清肺止咳"},{"key":"D","value":"杀虫止痒"},{"key":"E","value":"祛风湿"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"肾虚精滑无湿热者禁服的是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"鸡内金"},{"key":"B","value":"补骨脂"},{"key":"C","value":"金樱子"},{"key":"D","value":"芡实"},{"key":"E","value":"泽泻"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是泽泻的注意事项。肾虚精滑无湿热者禁服的是泽泻(E对)。泽泻:【使用注意】肾虚精滑无湿热者禁服。鸡内金(A错):【使用注意】本品消食化积力强,故脾虚无积滞者慎服。补骨脂(B错):【使用注意】本品温燥,易伤阴助火,故阴虚内热及大便秘结者忌服。金樱子(C错):【使用注意】本品功专收敛,凡有实火、实邪者忌服。芡实(D错):【主治病证】(1)脾虚久泻不止。(2)肾虚遗精,小便不禁,白带过多。"} {"Question":"某男,45岁。既患湿热黄疸,又患风湿痹痛,舌红苔黄。宜选用的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桑寄生"},{"key":"B","value":"萆薢"},{"key":"C","value":"防己"},{"key":"D","value":"千年健"},{"key":"E","value":"秦艽"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是秦艽的主治病证。既患湿热黄疸,又患风湿痹痛,舌红苔黄。宜选用的药是秦艽(E对)。秦艽:【主治病证】(1)风湿热痹,风寒湿痹,表证夹湿。(2)骨蒸潮热。(3)湿热黄疸。桑寄生(A错):【主治病证】(1)风湿痹证,腰膝酸痛。(2)肝肾虚损,冲任不固所致的胎漏,胎动不安。萆薢(B错):【主治病证】(1)膏淋,白浊。(2)湿盛带下。(3)风湿痹痛。防己(C错):【主治病证】(1)风湿痹痛,尤以热痹为佳。(2)水肿,腹水,脚气浮肿,小便不利。千年健(D错):【主治病证】风寒湿痹,腰膝冷痛,下肢拘挛麻木。"} {"Question":"性温,能祛风湿、强筋骨、利水消肿的中药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"络石藤"},{"key":"B","value":"臭梧桐"},{"key":"C","value":"穿山龙"},{"key":"D","value":"青风藤"},{"key":"E","value":"香加皮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查香加皮的功效。性温,能祛风湿、强筋骨、利水消肿的中药是香加皮(E对)。香加皮【功效】祛风湿,强筋骨,利水消肿。络石藤(A错)【功效】祛风通络,凉血消肿。臭梧桐(B错)【功效】祛风湿,通经络,降血压。穿山龙(C错)【功效】祛风除湿,活血通络,化痰止咳。青风藤(D错)【功效】祛风湿,通经络,利小便。"} {"Question":"威灵仙的主治病证不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"风寒湿痹"},{"key":"B","value":"痰饮积聚"},{"key":"C","value":"瘫痪麻木"},{"key":"D","value":"诸骨鲠喉"},{"key":"E","value":"吐泻转筋"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":null} {"Question":"广防己长于","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"利水消肿"},{"key":"B","value":"活血消肿"},{"key":"C","value":"利湿退黄"},{"key":"D","value":"祛风止痛"},{"key":"E","value":"息风止痉"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":"本题考查的是防己的附注。广防己长于祛风止痛(D对)。防己:【附注】既往所用的防己还有木防己。木防已至少包括三个品种,即防己科的木防己、马兜铃科的汉中防己和广防己。传统认为,汉防己长于利水消肿(A错),治水肿尿少宜用;木防己长于祛风止痛,治风湿痹痛宜用。广防己因可引起肾脏损害,原国家食品药品监督管理局于2004年发布通知,取消广防己的药用标准。伸筋草:【功效】祛风除湿,舒筋通络,活血消肿(B错)。秦艽:【功效】祛风湿,舒筋络,清虚热,利湿退黄(C错)。钩藤:【功效】息风止痉(E错),清热平肝。"} {"Question":"性平,既祛风湿,又利水的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"木瓜"},{"key":"B","value":"秦艽"},{"key":"C","value":"桑枝"},{"key":"D","value":"络石藤"},{"key":"E","value":"臭梧桐"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是桑枝的性味归经与功效。性平,既祛风湿,又利水的药是桑枝(C对)。桑枝:【性味归经】苦,平。归肝经。【功效】祛风通络,利水。木瓜(A错):【性味归经】酸,温。归肝、脾经。【功效】舒筋活络,化湿和中,生津开胃。秦艽(B错):【性味归经】苦、辛,微寒。归胃、肝、胆、大肠经。【功效】祛风湿,舒筋络,清虚热,利湿退黄。络石藤(D错):【性味归经】苦,微寒。归心、肝经。【功效】祛风通络,凉血消肿。臭梧桐(E错):【性味归经】辛、苦,凉。归肝经。【功效】祛风湿,通经络,降血压。"} {"Question":"络石藤的功效有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"散寒止痛"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风通络"},{"key":"C","value":"利水消肿"},{"key":"D","value":"凉血消肿"},{"key":"E","value":"化痰散结"}],"Answer":"BD","Explanation":null} {"Question":"臭梧桐的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛风湿,通经络,利小便"},{"key":"B","value":"祛风湿,通经络,降血压"},{"key":"C","value":"祛风湿,通经络,安神志"},{"key":"D","value":"祛风湿,通经络,消痰水"},{"key":"E","value":"祛风湿,通经络,化瘀血"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是臭梧桐的功效。祛风湿,通经络,降血压(B对)。臭梧桐:【功效】祛风湿,通经络,降血压。青风藤:【功效】祛风湿,通经络,利小便(A错)。威灵仙:【功效】祛风湿,通经络,消痰水(D错),治骨鲠。功效为祛风湿,通经络,安神志(C错)或祛风湿,通经络,化瘀血(E错)的中药,2022年考试指南未明确说明。"} {"Question":"酸不收敛湿邪,温不燥烈伤阴的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"白芍"},{"key":"B","value":"栀子"},{"key":"C","value":"木瓜"},{"key":"D","value":"五味子"},{"key":"E","value":"鹿衔草"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是木瓜的性能特点。酸不收敛湿邪,温不燥烈伤阴的药是木瓜(C对)。木瓜:【性能特点】本品酸温,祛邪扶正两相兼,舒筋祛湿生津而不燥不敛,酸生津而不敛湿邪,温化湿而不燥烈伤阴。入肝经,益筋血而平肝舒筋;入脾经,生津开胃、祛湿和中。治湿痹与脚气浮肿最宜,治吐泻转筋、血痹肢麻与津亏食少可投。白芍(A错):【性能特点】本品甘补酸敛,苦微寒兼清泄,入肝、脾经。既养血调经、柔肝止痛,又敛阴止汗、平抑肝阳,略兼清热,主治阴血亏虚、肝脾不和、肝阳上亢诸证,兼治体虚多汗等证。栀子(B错):【性能特点】本品苦寒降泄清利,入心、肺、三焦经。既清心肺三焦之火而泻火除烦解毒、凉血止血,又清利膀胱湿热与清泻滑利大肠,导湿热火毒外出,利小便、缓通便、退黄疸。捣烂外敷能散瘀血而消肿止痛。药力较缓,虽味苦而不燥湿,但能缓泻。既走气分,能清泻气分热;又走血分,能清泄血分热。清热泻火不如石膏,长于凉血解毒、退黄、止血、滑利二便。五味子(D错):【性能特点】本品酸敛质润温补,敛、补兼备,入肺、肾、心经。上能敛肺止咳平喘,下能滋肾涩精止泻,内能生津宁心安神,外能固表收敛止汗。五味俱备,唯酸独胜;虽曰性温,但质滋润;敛补相兼,节流增源。药力较强,为补虚强壮收涩之要药。鹿衔草(E错):【性能特点】本品苦能燥泄,甘温补虚。入肝、肾经,能祛除风湿、强健筋骨、调经止血;入肺经,能补肺止咳,民间常用。"} {"Question":"性平,能祛风通络的中药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"桑枝"},{"key":"B","value":"丝瓜络"},{"key":"C","value":"乌梢蛇"},{"key":"D","value":"海风藤"},{"key":"E","value":"蕲蛇"}],"Answer":"ABC","Explanation":"本题考查的是桑枝、丝瓜络、乌梢蛇的性味归经及功效。性平,能祛风通络的中药有桑枝(A对)、丝瓜络(B对)、乌梢蛇(C对)。桑枝【性味归经】苦,平。归肝经。【功效】祛风通络,利水。丝瓜络【性味归经】甘,平。归肺、胃、肝经。【功效】祛风通络,化痰解毒。乌梢蛇【性味归经】甘,平。归肝经。【功效】祛风通络,定惊止痉。桑枝、丝瓜络,均性平而能祛风通络,治风湿痹痛无论寒热新久咸宜。海风藤(D错)【性味归经】辛、苦,微温。归肝经。【功效】祛风湿,通经络。蕲蛇(E错)【性味归经】甘、咸,温。有毒。归肝经。【功效】祛风通络,定惊止痉。"} {"Question":"牵牛子除泻下逐水外,又能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"祛痰利咽"},{"key":"B","value":"去积杀虫"},{"key":"C","value":"消肿散结"},{"key":"D","value":"祛痰止咳"},{"key":"E","value":"活血祛瘀"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是牵牛子的功效。牵牛子除泻下逐水外,又能去积杀虫(B对)。牵牛子:【功效】泻下,逐水,去积,杀虫。巴豆:【功效】泻下冷积,逐水退肿,祛痰利咽(A错),蚀疮去腐。京大戟:【功效】泻水逐饮,消肿散结(C错)。芫花:【功效】泻水逐饮,祛痰止咳(D错)。外用杀虫疗疮。大黄:【功效】泻下攻积,清热泻火,解毒止血,活血祛瘀(E错)。"} {"Question":"治寒积便秘,常与大黄配伍的药有","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芦荟"},{"key":"B","value":"秦皮"},{"key":"C","value":"巴豆"},{"key":"D","value":"芒硝"},{"key":"E","value":"干姜"}],"Answer":"CE","Explanation":"本题考查大黄的配伍。治寒积便秘,常与大黄配伍的药有巴豆(C对)、干姜(E对)。大黄【配伍】大黄配巴豆、干姜:大黄苦寒,功善泻热通便、攻积导滞;巴豆辛热,功善峻下冷积;干姜辛热,功善温中散寒。三药相配,巴豆得大黄,其泻下之力变缓和而持久;大黄得巴豆,其寒性可去;再加温中散寒之干姜,以助散寒之力,故善治寒积便秘。大黄配芒硝(D错):大黄苦寒,功能泻下攻积、清热泻火、解毒;芒硝咸寒,功能泻下、软坚、清热。两药相配,既善泻下攻积,又善润软燥屎,还善清热泻火,治实热积滞、大便燥结、坚硬难下效佳。芦荟(A错)【功效】泻下,清肝,杀虫。秦皮(B错)【功效】清热解毒,燥湿止带,清肝明目。"} {"Question":"功能泻水逐饮、消肿散结的药物是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"大黄"},{"key":"B","value":"芒硝"},{"key":"C","value":"甘遂"},{"key":"D","value":"巴豆"},{"key":"E","value":"牵牛子"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是甘遂的功效。功能泻水逐饮、消肿散结的药物是甘遂(C对)。甘遂:【功效】泻水逐饮,消肿散结。大黄(A错):【功效】泻下攻积,清热泻火,解毒止血,活血祛瘀。芒硝(B错):【功效】泻下,软坚,清热,回乳(外用)。巴豆(D错):【功效】泻下冷积,逐水退肿,祛痰利咽,蚀疮去腐。牵牛子(E错):【功效】泻下,逐水,去积,杀虫。"} {"Question":"芫花的功效是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"消肿生肌"},{"key":"B","value":"破血止痛"},{"key":"C","value":"杀虫灭虱"},{"key":"D","value":"清热收敛"},{"key":"E","value":"泻水逐饮"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查的是芫花的功效。芫花的功效是泻水逐饮(E对)。芫花:【功效】泻水逐饮,祛痰止咳。外用杀虫疗疮。乳香:【功效】活血止痛,消肿生肌(A错)。姜黄:【功效】破血行气,通经止痛(B错)。百部:【功效】润肺止咳,杀虫灭虱(C错)。石膏:【功效】生用:清热泻火,除烦止渴;煅用:收湿敛疮(D错),生肌止血。"} {"Question":"治寒积便秘,常以大黄配","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"巴豆"},{"key":"B","value":"甘遂"},{"key":"C","value":"干姜"},{"key":"D","value":"芒硝"},{"key":"E","value":"芫花"}],"Answer":"AC","Explanation":"本题考查的是大黄的配伍。治寒积便秘,常以大黄配巴豆(A对)、干姜(C对)。大黄:【配伍】大黄配芒硝(D错):大黄苦寒,功能泻下攻积、清热泻火、解毒;芒硝咸寒,功能泻下、软坚、清热。两药相配,既善泻下攻积,又善润软燥屎,还善清热泻火,治实热积滞、大便燥结、坚硬难下效佳。大黄配巴豆、干姜:大黄苦寒,功善泻热通便、攻积导滞;巴豆辛热,功善峻下冷积;干姜辛热,功善温中散寒。三药相配,巴豆得大黄,其泻下之力变缓和而持久;大黄得巴豆,其寒性可去;再加温中散寒之干姜,以助散寒之力。故善治寒积便秘。甘遂(B错):【主治病证】(1)身面浮肿,大腹水肿,胸胁停饮。(2)风痰癫痫。(3)痈肿疮毒。芫花(E错):【主治病证】(1)身面浮肿,大腹水肿,胸胁停饮。(2)寒痰咳喘。(3)头疮,白秃,顽癣,冻疮。"} {"Question":"芫花除渗水逐饮外还能","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"破血消癥"},{"key":"B","value":"软坚散结"},{"key":"C","value":"祛痰止咳"},{"key":"D","value":"蚀疮去腐"},{"key":"E","value":"解毒止血"}],"Answer":"C","Explanation":"本题考查的是芫花的功效。芫花除渗水逐饮外还能祛痰止咳(C对)。芫花:【功效】泻水逐饮,祛痰止咳。外用杀虫疗疮。千金子:【功效】泻水逐饮,破血消癥(A错)。黄药子:【功效】化痰软坚散结(B错),清热解毒,凉血止血。巴豆:【功效】泻下冷积,逐水退肿,祛痰利咽,蚀疮去腐(D错)。大黄:【功效】泻下攻积,清热泻火,解毒止血(E错),活血祛瘀。"} {"Question":"源于茜草科,长于消肿散结的药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"芫花"},{"key":"B","value":"京大戟"},{"key":"C","value":"牵牛子"},{"key":"D","value":"番泻叶"},{"key":"E","value":"红大戟"}],"Answer":"E","Explanation":"本题考查红大戟的来源和功效。源于茜草科,长于消肿散结的药是红大戟(E对)。红大戟【来源】茜草科植物红大戟的干燥块根。【功效】泻水逐饮,消肿散结。芫花(A错)【来源】瑞香科植物芫花的干燥花蕾。【功效】泻水逐饮,祛痰止咳。外用杀虫疗疮。京大戟(B错)【来源】大戟科植物大戟的干燥根。【功效】泻水逐饮,消肿散结。牵牛子(C错)【来源】旋花科植物裂叶牵牛或圆叶牵牛的干燥成熟种子。【功效】泻下,逐水,去积,杀虫。番泻叶(D错)【来源】豆科植物狭叶番泻或尖叶番泻的干燥小叶。【功效】泻热通便,消积健胃。"} {"Question":"泻下药的主要功效不包括","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"泻热"},{"key":"B","value":"通便"},{"key":"C","value":"攻下积滞"},{"key":"D","value":"活血化瘀"},{"key":"E","value":"逐水退肿"}],"Answer":"D","Explanation":null} {"Question":"某女,5岁。1个月来,咳嗽阵作,痰鸣气促,咽干声哑。证属痰浊阻肺之顿咳。治当宣肺、化痰、止咳,宜选用的成药是","Options":[{"key":"A","value":"一捻金"},{"key":"B","value":"鹭鸶咯丸"},{"key":"C","value":"解肌宁嗽丸"},{"key":"D","value":"儿童清肺丸"},{"key":"E","value":"清宣止咳颗粒"}],"Answer":"B","Explanation":"本题考查的是鹭鸶咯丸的功能。1个月来,咳嗽阵作,痰鸣气促,咽干声哑。证属痰浊阻肺之顿咳。治当宣肺、化痰、止咳,宜选用的成药是鹭鸶咯丸(B对)。鹭鸶咯丸:【功能】宣肺,化痰,止咳。一捻金(A错):【功能】消食导滞,祛痰通便。解肌宁嗽丸(C错):【功能】解表宣肺,止咳化痰。儿童清肺丸(D错):【功能】清肺,解表,化痰,止嗽。清宣止咳颗粒(E错):【功能】疏风清热,宣肺止咳。"}