Datasets:

gabrielagc

/

chunked-fineweb-edu

like 2

In the powdered food, because there is a strong cohesion and low fluidity in the [...] the S506 strain using garlic fructan as the only source of carbohydrate. The fermented garlic extract obtained with the isolated S506 strain as a starter markedly increased interleukin-12 (IL-12) production, an indicator of innate immune enhancement, in experiment using J774.1 macrophage-like cells derived from BALB/c mice. The main active ingredient in this IL-12 production-promoting action was suggested to be a component newly generated through fermentation. This lactic acid bacteria-fermented garlic food with a newly added immunological function is expected to be useful for maintaining health. Kinko-imo is a dried sweet potato belonging to the orange sweet potato family with an old origin. It is a distinctive product of Shima, an area in Mie prefecture. In this study, we tried manufacturing the imo-shochu (sweet potato spirit) from kinko-imo (SG) for the purpose of finding useful alternatives. Simultaneously, we tried manufacturing another kind of imo-shochu (SR) which utilizes the skin-cambium part discarded in the manufacturing process. The flavor properties of SG and SR were confirmed by comparing the flavor compounds by subjecting the three existing products to the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and by factor analysis of the quantitative value of these compounds. Furthermore, those characteristics could be reconfirmed by the sensory evaluation. Thereby concluding, that each of the two imo-shochu are distinct in their prospective flavors. In the production of hot-filling tomato juice products, which pH value are below 4.6 and distributed at normal temperature, the heat sterilization condition is setting at 121℃ for 0.7 min with Bacillus coagulans as an indicator, and it is widely used throughout the world. This study covered the three studies, 1) investigate bacterial spore contamination level of raw tomato material, 2) discover the best heat sterilization indicator, and 3) set the heat sterilization conditions in order to determine the ensured commercial sterility

<urn:uuid:41186198-8096-4bf5-bcde-7f66fa93789b>

In the powdered food, because there is a strong cohesion and low fluidity in the [...] . In the production of hot-filling tomato juice products, which pH value are below 4.6, B. coagulans is unlikely to cause deterioration. Tainted tomatoes are often contaminated by Bacillus subtilis group and Genus Thermoanaerobacterium. In this repot, spores of Genus Thermoanaerobacterium, which is identified from spoiled tomato juice and have been known to cause deterioration, should be used as a heat sterilization indicator for hot-filling tomato juice products. We used the heat resistance of hot-filling tomato juice (pH 4.6) with Genus Thermoanaerobacterium as an indicator. The required heat treatment conditions for proper sterilization were a D121℃-value of 0.3 min, a z-value of 8.2℃, and an F121℃-value of 1.5 min (D value×5). As a result of the above findings, the current heat sterilization conditions with 121℃ for 0.7min are not sufficient for proper sterilization. In the previous study, we reported it is required for hot-filling tomato juice products which pH value are below 4.6 and distributed at normal temperature, that the heat treatment at 121℃ for 1.5 minutes, based on spores of Genus Thermoanaerobacterium as an indicator. As a results of the previousstudy, the current sterilization conditions at 121℃ for 0.7 minutes were insufficient for proper sterilization. The objective of this study is to aim at easing the heat commercial sterilization conditions for tomato juice with a low pH control in the process of mass production. Our new findings were as follows. The required sterilization conditions were a D121℃-value of 0.12 minutes, a z-value of 11.2℃, and an F121℃-value of 0.6 minutes (D-value×5) based on the condition under lower pH 4.4 as a successful heat sterilization indicator for B. subtilis group. Because

<urn:uuid:41186198-8096-4bf5-bcde-7f66fa93789b>

In the powdered food, because there is a strong cohesion and low fluidity in the [...] the growth of Genus Thermoanaerobacterium spores are inhibited in tomato juice products under the above pH condition. This study investigates the effect of the texture of agar gel as a model solid food on gastric digestion using a human Gastric Digestion Simulator (GDS). The GDS, which simulates gastric peristalsis, can investigate physical digestion phenomena such as disintegration of solid foods. Agar gels with different fracture stresses (56 to 219 kPa) and constant fracture stain (29%) were prepared by varying the agar concentration (1.5 to 4.5 wt%). Direct observation demonstrated that agar gel particles initially cut to a 5.0 mm cube gradually reduced in size and broke down into random shapes during simulated gastric peristalsis. The size distribution of the agar gel particles after the digestion experiment was analyzed using the sieving method. The fraction larger than 2.36 mm, which corresponds to the pylorus size, decreased with time: the wet weight ratio of that fraction to the total amount of agar gel particles was 18.0% at 180 min in the case of 1.5 wt% agar gel. The agar gel concentration did not affect the size distribution after 180 min, which shows that fracture strain plays a more important role in agar gel digestion. Our results provide useful information about the relationship between solid food texture and gastric digestion. Adsorption isotherms of hydrophobic substances (methylparaben, coumarin, vanillin, isovanillin, and caffeine) onto a chromatographic organic monolith were measured at 24℃. Adsorption isotherms of coumarin and caffeine were linear and were expressed by the Henry equation. On the other hand, the isotherms of methylparaben, vanillin, and isovanillin were non-linear and could be expressed by combining the Henry and Langmuir equations. Among the adsorbates having almost the same molecular masses, vanillin was adsorbed the most on the organic monolith,

<urn:uuid:41186198-8096-4bf5-bcde-7f66fa93789b>

Reflux Nephropathy - How is reflux nephropathy diagnosed? How is reflux nephropathy diagnosed? Even if a doctor might suspect reflux nephropathy very strongly, for example if someone has multiple urine infections and there are a number of proven cases in the family, tests must be performed before the diagnosis can be proven. The tests that might be performed are listed. Not all of these are needed, and someone’s own specialist will need to decide what is necessary. Urine tests will be performed to look for infection in the urine, and also to test for blood or protein in the urine. In some cases, a 24 hour collection of urine may be performed to measure the exact amount of protein in the urine (click here for more details about protein in the urine). Blood tests will be performed to measure the level of kidney function, and to look for other possible causes of kidney disease if the diagnosis is not certain. This is a scan using sound waves (the sound waves are too high pitched for us to hear). A probe is pressed gently on the skin, with some jelly on the skin to make a good contact. Ultrasound is painless and harmless, and can easily be performed on babies as well as older people. An ultrasound can show the size and shape of the kidneys, and sometimes can show enlarged ureters (tubes from kidney to bladder). It can also show whether the bladder empties fully. Unfortunately, though, it cannot prove whether reflux is actually occurring. Therefore further tests may be necessary. ‘IVU’ or ‘IVP’ Pictures of the kidneys and ureters can be obtained by a series of X-ray pictures after an injection of an X-ray dye into the arm. This is called an ‘IVU’ or ‘IVP’. It is not, however, 100% reliable at showing reflux. ‘Micturating’ is a medical term which means passing urine. Cystogram means picture of the bladder. A catheter is passed into the bladder and X ray contrast injected into the bladder. Pictures are taken while urine is being passed. This gives the best pictures of reflux and can assess the need

<urn:uuid:5f925386-5ad6-4f73-a6af-b2a878d8c90a>

Reflux Nephropathy - How is reflux nephropathy diagnosed [...] for surgery (click here for more details of who might need surgery), but is not pleasant, and carries a small risk of causing urine infection. In children, a micturating cystogram may need to be carried out using a short anaesthetic to put your child to sleep. A number of other tests are sometimes advised. Surgeons may inspect the inside of the bladder using a tube called a cystoscope. This examination may be performed while you are awake, using a local anaesthetic, or sometimes while someone is asleep (for example in children). Using the cystoscope, a doctor may be able to see abnormal ureters, or take X-ray pictures in the operating theatre which show reflux. A ‘micturating radio-isotope scan’ is a type of scan performed by putting slightly radio-active fluid into the bladder though a tube. When urine is being passed, pictures are taken to measure any reflux of urine. This is a specialist technique, but is very successful in some hospitals. The radio-isotope is radioactive, but the exposure of the subject to radiation is equal to, or less than, a micturating cystogram. Tests in babies Performing medical tests in children and young babies is not always easy. Unfortunately, simple urine tests and ultrasound are not always enough to diagnose reflux nephropathy (and other conditions of the kidneys) with certainty. The specialist may then advise other tests, which are less pleasant. Sometimes it is possible for these to be performed under an anaesthetic, although of course there are slight risks associated with a general anaesthetic. If a slightly unpleasant test reduces the chances of a baby developing kidney failure in adult life, it may be worth having, even if it causes some worry to the parents. The details of each case need to be discussed with a specialist. The National Kidney Federation cannot accept responsibility for information provided. The above is for guidance only. Patients are advised to seek further information from their own doctor.

<urn:uuid:5f925386-5ad6-4f73-a6af-b2a878d8c90a>

Creighton, Billings, Sympto-thermal, Standard Days and Marquette are just a few examples of the many different methods of Natural Family Planning. You may be wondering why there are so many different methods. It can definitely seem overwhelming when you first trying to decide on what method to use. While it may seem like an annoyance, we are so fortunate to have so many options to best suit each individual woman. As a medical student, I have seen firsthand the long list of different formulations of hormones, materials and devices used as contraception. We are taught to continue trying different combinations until the patient finds a method that suits her and whose side effects are at a minimum. Women using NFP deserve to be catered to in the same way. Some women don’t have reliable temperatures and benefit from a method that uses predominantly mucus observations, while some women have scant mucus. To help clear the confusion more, here are the basics of the three most common styles: ◗ Symptothermal: Symptothermal methods of NFP use multiples observations to check for signs of fertility. They most commonly use a triple-check system that includes basal body temperature, cervical mucus and cervical position. Women are taught to make observations of these three signs and note them in their charts. ◗ Symptohormonal: Symptohormonal methods use a cross-check of observations similar to symptothermal method. The primary observation in symptohormonal method is monitoring urine levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). This is the hormone that signifies ovulation and is utilized in ovulation prediction kits. Women using this method double-check their levels of LH with another sign of fertility such as mucus observations. ◗ Mucus only: Mucus only methods require women to make observations of their cervical mucus throughout the day in terms that are much more specific than the previous two methods (as this is the only sign the method relies on). The women record the consistency, sensation produced and color of their mucus. We have this redundancy of methods to ensure no woman is left behind. Some people have problems with taking their temperature every morning, some woman don’t have reliable mucus production. These different methods allow a woman to apply her observations to what

<urn:uuid:1ad07325-73d1-4460-a060-203eb4941c9d>

In today’s world, it seems like there is an app for everything, and many of these apps claim to make you “better” – a better writer, better at math, or happier. However, many of these apps make these claims without ever scientifically testing them. As an interdisciplinary social science research team, we noticed this gap in the app marketplace, and set out to create scientifically sound content aiming to promote empathy in children. Empathy involves a cognitive aspect of imagining other people’s perspectives and worldviews, and an emotional aspect of feeling compassion and concern for them. You might wonder, can you even teach empathy, and if so, how can this be done? While part of a person’s empathy can be attributed to genetic factors, dozens of studies find that empathy can also be taught and learned. There are many ways in which research has shown that empathy can be successfully taught, but many of these methods are costly and difficult to inject into everyday interactions. With the growth of technology, mobile phones and the internet provide an avenue to reach high numbers of young people with relatively low effort. Given that empathy is teachable, and that teens use their cell phones regularly throughout the day, our goal was to build empathy in teens by creating an interactive smartphone app. With this goal in mind, our challenge was to translate interventions that have been known to increase empathy in other face-to-face settings like classrooms to mini-games that can be easily played on smartphones throughout the day. The resulting app, Random App of Kindness (RAKi), includes 9 mini-games, each of which are based on scientifically established ways of promoting aspects of empathy. I’ll give a preview of 3 of these here: 1. Slidefaces: This game aims to improve players’ emotion recognition. Emotion recognition is a cognitive skill-based type of empathy, which makes it very teachable. In this game, players are presented with one of 6 basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness, or sadness), which our animators based on Paul Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System. There is a face on the screen split into three rotating sections that can be spun by the player. The goal of the game is to match the face to the emotion. 2. Venus Fly Trap:

<urn:uuid:b89ed90e-36d2-4667-abd2-0e33f158e708>

In today’s world, it seems like there is an app for everything, and many of these [...] This game aims to improve players’ ability to inhibit their dominant responses (i.e. response inhibition). People who have better executive function skills, including response inhibition, also show more empathy and are more likely to help and give to others. In this game, players are supposed to water a Venus fly trap. When the screen says “WATER,” the player taps the screen as quickly as possible causing the water jug to water the plant. However, when the screen says “DON’T WATER,” players must quickly stop tapping, or risk overwatering the plant, and thus losing points. 3. Crying Baby: Research suggests that the development of empathy is rooted within parental care and nurturance, and that empathy can grow in the presence of vulnerable and needy others such as infants. In this game, a baby is crying and the player must choose from a variety of items to soothe the baby. The correct item corresponds with the baby’s facial expressions and vocal tones while crying. This game used actual baby cries corresponding to real hunger (bottle) and discomfort (diaper). We also include two harmful items because part of caring for babies is avoiding exposing them to harm. But I don’t want to give away all of the mini-games – you need a reason to play! To download the free app and to learn more about the individual mini-games, check out www.rakigame.com. It's available for Android and Apple devices. The nine mini-games included in this app are tied together by an overarching story with a different part of the story introduced through a short video after the player beats the different levels of each mini-game. Once players beat the entire game, they get to view the final video, which pulls together the full story along with the game’s theme song. However, as mentioned in the beginning, we believe that just creating this game was not enough. We also ran a randomized control trial with teens in the Indianapolis area. Teens ages 10-17 were randomly assigned to play either RAKi or a control app (Two Dots) for two months. After playing the app for two months, our preliminary (unpublished) analyses found that teens in the

<urn:uuid:b89ed90e-36d2-4667-abd2-0e33f158e708>

The move towards natural foods can be a healthy shift away from processed foods and the over-reliance on fast food that can lead to expanding waistlines and increased health risks. However, sometimes foods marketed as natural carry their own hidden dangers. As San Francisco products liability lawyers, the Brod Law Firm team urges the public to use caution when purchasing food for their family. Likewise, we urge residents harmed by dangerous food products to seek legal recourse and hold companies responsible for selling unsafe food in Northern California. As reported in the San Francisco Chronicle, California has just lifted a ban that resulted from concerns about unsafe food products. The ban was issued after five children in our state became ill after drinking raw milk produced by Organic Pastures in Fresno. All of the children were found to have the same strain of E. Coli. Three of the young people were hospitalized with hemolytic uremic syndrome, a dangerous illness that can lead to kidney failure. Although investigators did not find the bacteria in samples of the milk, it was deemed the likely source since all five children had consumed the dairy’s raw milk in the period before they fell ill. The state shut down production at the dairy temporarily and recalled Organic Pastures products. At the time of the Chronicle’s report, the dairy had passed necessary inspections and was allowed to resume production of all products with the exception of raw colostrum. Investigators have continued to quarantine the final product out of concern that it may carry dangerous bacteria. There is a lot of controversy over raw milk products. Proponents believe that raw milk contains more nutrients than the more common pasteurized variety and also that the pasteurization process kills “good” bacteria that can have health benefits including the potential prevention of asthma and other health woes. However, others warn that raw milk can contain harmful bacteria including E. coli, salmonella, and listeria. Worldwide, some countries have total bans on raw milk while others permit the drink, particularly when it is bought directly from the farm. In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale of raw milk across state lines. Other regulation varies by state with about half of states prohibiting its sale for human consumption. California does permit licensed facilities to sell unpasteurized milk. Two facilities appear to have obtained such licenses and additional sales occur directly at some farms. We do not

<urn:uuid:ccdcc628-0aea-40dc-b0c9-e2ce0ce04bb8>

XENON1T proves to be the most sensitive detector on Earth searching for WIMP dark matter Now the most sensitive dark matter experiment world-wide can much better listen for the very weak voice of dark matter 18 May 2017 -- Joint press release of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg and the universities of Freiburg, Mainz, and Münster -- Dark matter is one of the basic constituents of the universe, five times more abundant than ordinary matter. Several astronomical measurements have corroborated the existence of dark matter, leading to a world-wide effort to observe directly dark matter particle interactions with ordinary matter in extremely sensitive detectors, which would confirm its existence and shed light on its properties. However, these interactions are so feeble that they have escaped direct detection up to this point, forcing scientists to build detectors that are more and more sensitive. The XENON Collaboration, which with the XENON100 experiment led the field for years in the past, is now back on the frontline with XENON1T. The results from a first short 30-day run show that this detector has a new record low radioactivity level, many orders of magnitude below surrounding material on Earth. With a total mass of about 3,200 kilograms, XENON1T is at the same time the largest detector of this type ever built. The combination of significantly increased size with much lower background implies an excellent discovery potential in the years to come. Astronomers build their large telescopes on remote high mountains, where the nights are extremely dark. However, this does not help to avoid the radioactive "stray light". Thus, the latest detector of the XENON family, which has been in science operation at the Labortori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy since autumn 2016, is an underground experimental site with a gigantic cylindrical metal tank, filled with ultra-pure water to shield the detector at his center, and a three-story-tall, transparent building crowded with equipment to keep the detector running. The XENON1T central detector, a so-called Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber (LXeTPC), is not visible. It sits within a cryostat in the middle of the water tank, fully sub

<urn:uuid:e6c92e8b-5f33-4678-8689-d1d8543d6fb3>

XENON1T proves to be the most sensitive detector on Earth searching for WIMP dark matter [...] mersed, in order to shield it as much as possible from natural radioactivity in the cavern. The cryostat allows keeping the xenon at a temperature of -95°C without freezing the surrounding water. The mountain above the laboratory further shields the detector, preventing it to be perturbed by cosmic rays. But shielding from the outer world is not enough since all materials on Earth contain tiny traces of natural radioactivity. Thus, extreme care was taken to find, select, and process the materials making up the detector to achieve the lowest possible radioactive content. This allows XENON1T to achieve record "silence," which is necessary to listen with a larger detector much better for the very weak voice of dark matter. A particle interaction in liquid xenon leads to tiny flashes of light. This is what the XENON scientists are recording and studying to infer the position and the energy of the interacting particle and whether it might be dark matter or not. The spatial information allows to select interactions occurring in the central one ton core of the detector. The surrounding xenon further shields the core xenon target from all materials which already have tiny surviving radioactive contaminants. Despite the shortness of the first 30-day science run the sensitivity of XENON1T has already overcome that of any other experiment in the field, probing un-explored dark matter territory. Weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, did not show up in this first search with XENON1T, but they also were not expected to do so soon. With XENON1T, the researchers are at the forefront of the race to detect dark matter with ultra-low background massive detectors on Earth. The international XENON Collaboration consists of 135 researchers from the US, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Israel, Sweden, and the United Arab Emirates. German partners are the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, the University of Freiburg, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU), and Münster University. Professor Uwe Oberlack of the Institute of Physics at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz is one of the founding members of the

<urn:uuid:e6c92e8b-5f33-4678-8689-d1d8543d6fb3>

The “Oasi della Contessa” Nature Reserve is a surviving strip of the ancient system of coastal wetland that once typyfied the Pisa-Livorno plain. The land reclamation projects were firstly launched by the Medici family and, later on, by the Lorena. Nowadays, the reserve is located east of the town of Collesalvetti, between the small villages of Stagno and Guasticce, and it is set within the premises of the Bellavista Insuese Estate (Tenuta Bellavista Insuese in italian). It consists of roughly 22 hectares of land that still cherish paludal and alluvial sediments going back as far as the post-ice age era and serve as a natural habitat for many species of animals and plants. Furthermore, the area also boasts archaeological findings that have been linked to prehistorical pile dwelling communities. The Oasi della Contessa is a privileged stop along the flyways of many waterbirds (which is possibly the most important peculiarity of the area) but it is also home to sedentary species and birds that nest in the surroundings of the reserve. Just to mention a few species, the Oasi hosts red herons, (little) bitterns, teals, water rails, marsh harriers, sedge warblers and marine jays. As for the flora, the reserve is home to Phragmites australis (known in Italy as Cannuccia palustre) and vegetation typical of humid areas, white willow, tamarisk and white poplar. Moreover, Periploca graeca and hygrophyte vegetation are also found in the area. The Nature Reserve “Oasi della Contessa” is part of the European Natura 2000 network, it has been included in the wider Site of Community Importance “Padule di Suese and Biscottino” and has been recognized as a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive. In 2016, the reserve has also been included within the larger “Selve Costiere di Toscana” Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. What can you do in the Oasi della Contessa Nature Reserve? A large variety of multidisciplinary and ecologically sustainable activities for

<urn:uuid:01ee19e6-eccf-4308-91f6-12fd4f33ce14>

Illus. in full color. A scintillating survey of sensational serpents, from blood-spewing West Indian boas to "flying" golden tree snakes. Die Inhaltsangabe kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen. Lucille Recht Penner is the author of many nonfiction books for kids, including Dinosaur Babies and Monster Bugs in Random House’s Step into Reading program. She lives in Tucson, Arizona. Peter Barrett is a wildlife artist and illustrator with more than 40 credits to his name. In addition to his books based in nature, Barrett is also an extremely successful children's writer. His wildlife paintings have given him great fame and renown and have been exhibited around the world. Grade 1-3?This slim introduction offers barely enough information to whet one's appetite. Penner opens with a brief explanation of how an Indian snake charmer "charms" a cobra, and alludes to snakes in mythology and ancient history. The minimal text then describes some of the major physical and behavioral characteristics common to all snakes?diet, various hunting and feeding methods, birth of young?and special characteristics of assorted species. Full-color drawings of 30 representative species from around the world accompany each page of text. While they are adequate depictions, those of humans are mediocre; most of the children look like short adults. Although the book is clearly written, it suffers from poor organization; topics are addressed in random order. Also, the coverage is superficial. Descriptions of anatomy, methods of locomotion, and growth and development are particularly sketchy. Patricia Lauber's Snakes Are Hunters (Crowell, 1988) and Seymour Simon's Snakes (HarperCollins, 1992) provide more in-depth information on the same subject; the latter title also offers superb photography that gives a truer sense of the nature of snakes.?Karey Wehner, San Francisco Public Library Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. „Über diesen Titel“ kann sich auf eine andere Ausgabe dieses Titels beziehen.

<urn:uuid:5752f3e1-2990-4bb3-b578-6192cf59e61c>

Historical Dictionary of Sufism (Historical Dictionaries of by John Renard By John Renard With greater than 3,000 entries and cross-references at the heritage, major figures, associations, conception, and literary works linked to Islam's mystical culture, Sufism, this dictionary brings jointly in a single quantity vast historic info that is helping placed modern occasions right into a ancient context. extra good points comprise: _ Read or Download Historical Dictionary of Sufism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements) PDF Best islam books Writer notice: Betsy Wing (Translator) So large the legal is the double-threaded tale of a contemporary, trained Algerian girl current in a man's society, and, no longer unusually, dwelling a lifetime of contradictions. Djebar, too, tackles cross-cultural concerns simply by writing in French of an Arab society (the genuine act of writing contrasting with the powerful oral traditions of the indigenous culture), as a girl who has visible revolution in a now post-colonial state, and as an Algerian dwelling in exile. In this new novel, Djebar brilliantly performs those contradictions opposed to the bloody heritage of Carthage, an exceptional civilization the Berbers have been as soon as in comparison to, and makes it either a tribute to the lack of Berber tradition and a meeting-point of tradition and language. because the tale of 1 woman's adventure in Algeria, it's a deepest story, yet one embedded in an enormous history. A considerably singular voice on this planet of literature, Assia Djebar's paintings eventually reaches past the details of Algeria to embody, in stark but sensuous language, the common subject matters of violence, intimacy, ostracism, victimization, and exile. This revisionary examine of Muslims dwelling lower than Christian rule throughout the Spanish "reconquest" delves into the subtleties of identification less than the thirteenth-century Crown rule of Aragon. Brian Catlos uncovers a social dynamic during which sectarian changes include just one of the various elements within the causal complicated of political, monetary and cultural reactions. Present renowned and educational discussions are likely to ensure assumptions relating to Islam and

<urn:uuid:850de063-674d-447f-9469-34ecca3ef858>

Historical Dictionary of Sufism (Historical Dictionaries of by John Renard By [...] its loss of compatibility with notions of pluralism. a few famous liberal thinkers have even argued that pluralism itself is inherently antithetical to Islam. This quantity intends to handle those assumptions through bringing readability to a couple of its key suppositions and conjectures. Protest is an job no longer linked to the pious and collectively-minded, yet extra usually noticeable as an task of the liberal and rebellious. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are typically understood as paragons of submission and obedience following Abraham's instance. but, the scriptures of all 3 faiths are based within the prophets protesting wrongs within the social order. - Tinderbox: The Past and Future of Pakistan - Sharia versus Freedom: The Legacy of Islamic Totalitarianism - Jihad Beyond Islam - Islamic Finance in the Global Economy - The Epistle of Salim Ibn Dhakwan (Oxford Oriental Monographs) Extra resources for Historical Dictionary of Sufism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements) First and foremost, of course, are written sources represented by a host of genres in both prose and poetry. qxd 4/18/05 12:46 PM Page 11 INTRODUCTION • 11 addition, a vast array of nontextual material reveals a great deal about Sufism that verbal communication alone cannot convey. Recent scholarship has made increasingly available for our interpretation a full spectrum of architectural monuments with an array of functions and forms, and visual arts in numerous media and degrees of sophistication. 1470/874 Eshrefog˘lu Ru¯mı¯, Turkish mystical poet. ra¯ r, Central Asian Naqshbandı¯ shaykh. ammad as-Sanu¯ sı¯, Maghribı¯ author, scholar, and ascetic. ma¯ n Ja¯ mı¯, Persian poet and hagiographer, Naqshbandı¯, author of The Seven Thrones and Warm Breezes of Intimacy. rid dynasty from Granada. mad Zarru¯ q, Moroccan mystical author

<urn:uuid:850de063-674d-447f-9469-34ecca3ef858>

Taxi drivers, also known as cab drivers, operate automobiles and other motor vehicles to take passengers from one place to another for a fee. This fee is usually based on distance traveled or time as recorded on a taximeter. There are currently about 144,280 taxi drivers and chauffeurs in the United States. History of Taxi Driver Career Today’s taxis are the modern equivalent of vehicles for hire that were first introduced in England in the early 1600s. These vehicles were hackneys, four-wheeled carriages drawn by two horses that could carry up to six passengers. By 1654, there were already 300 privately owned hackneys licensed to operate in London. In the next century, hackneys were introduced in the United States. Around 1820, a smaller vehicle for hire, the cabriolet, became common in London. At first it had two wheels, with room only for a driver and one passenger, and one horse drew it. Some later cabriolets, or cabs, as they were soon called, were larger, and by mid-century, a two-passenger version, the hansom cab, became the most popular cab in London. Hansom cabs were successfully brought to New York and Boston in the 1870s. Toward the end of the 19th century, motorized cabs began to appear in the streets of Europe and America. From then on, the development of cabs paralleled the development of the automobile. The earliest motorized cabs were powered by electricity, but cabs with internal combustion engines appeared by the early 20th century. Along with the introduction of these vehicles came the need for drivers, thus creating the cab driver profession. In 1891, a device called a “taximeter” (tax is from a Latin word meaning “charge”) was invented to calculate the fare owed to the driver. Taximeters found their first use in the new horseless carriages for hire, which were soon called “taxicabs” or just “taxis.” The use of taxis has increased especially in metropolitan areas, where there is dense traffic, increasing population, and limited parking. Modern taxis are often four-door passenger cars that have been specially modified. Depending on local regulations, the vehicles may have such modifications as reinforced frames

<urn:uuid:0db1b5dd-7998-4123-88ed-cbefb39ebb7a>

Taxi drivers, also known as cab drivers, operate automobiles and other motor vehicles to take [...] or extra heavy-duty shock absorbers. Taxi drivers may be employees of taxi companies, driving cars owned by the company; they may be lease drivers, operating cars leased from a taxi company for a regular fee; or they may be completely independent, driving cars that they own themselves. The Job of Taxi Drivers Taxicabs are an important part of the mass transportation system in many cities, so drivers need to be familiar with as much of the local geographical area as possible. But taxicab drivers are often required to do more than simply drive people from one place to another. They also help people with their luggage. Sometimes they pick up and deliver packages. Some provide sightseeing tours for visitors to a community. Taxi drivers who are employed by, or lease from, a cab service or garage report to the garage before their shift begins and are assigned a cab. They receive a trip sheet and record their name, date of work, and identification number. They also perform a quick cursory check of the interior and exterior of the car to ensure its proper working condition. They check fuel and oil levels, brakes, lights, and windshield wipers, reporting any problems to the dispatcher or company mechanic. Taxi drivers locate passengers in three ways. Customers requiring transportation may call the cab company with the approximate time and place where they wish to be picked up. The dispatcher uses a two-way radio system to notify the driver of this pick-up information. Other drivers pick up passengers at cabstands and taxi lines at airports, theaters, hotels, and railroad stations, and then return to the stand after they deliver the passengers. Drivers may pick up passengers while returning to their stands or stations. The third manner of pick up for taxi drivers is by cruising busy streets to service passengers who hail or “wave them down.” When a destination is reached, the taxi driver determines the fare and informs the rider of the cost. Fares consist of many parts. The drop charge is an automatic charge for use of the cab. Other parts of the fare are determined by the time and distance traveled. A taximeter is a machine that measures the fare as it accrues. It is turned on and off when the passenger enters and leaves the cab. Additional portions of the fare may include charges

<urn:uuid:0db1b5dd-7998-4123-88ed-cbefb39ebb7a>

Taxi drivers, also known as cab drivers, operate automobiles and other motor vehicles to take [...] for luggage handling and additional occupants. Commonly, a passenger will offer the taxi driver a tip, which is based on the customer’s opinion of the quality and efficiency of the ride and the courtesy of the driver. The taxi driver also may supply a receipt if the passenger requests it. Taxi drivers are required to keep accurate records of their activities. They record the time and place where they picked up and delivered the passengers on a trip sheet. They also have to keep records on the amount of fares they collect. There are taxis and taxi drivers in almost every town and city in the country, but most are in large metropolitan areas. Taxi Driver Career Requirements Taxi drivers do not usually need to meet any particular educational requirements, but a high school education will help you adequately handle the record-keeping part of the job. You should also take courses in driver education, business math, and English. Certification or Licensing In large cities, some taxi drivers belong to labor unions. The union to which most belong is the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America. Those interested in becoming a taxi driver must have a regular driver’s license. In most large cities, taxi drivers also must have a special taxicab operator’s license—commonly called a hack’s license—in addition to a chauffeur’s license. Police departments, safety departments, or public utilities commissions generally issue these special licenses. To secure the license, drivers must pass special examinations including questions on local geography, traffic regulations, accident reports, safe driving practices, and insurance regulations. Some companies help their job applicants prepare for these examinations by providing them with specially prepared booklets. The operator’s license may need to be renewed annually. In some cities (New York, for example), new license applications can take several months to be processed because the applicant’s background must be investigated. Increasingly, many cities and municipalities require a test on English usage. Those who do not pass must take a course in English sponsored by the municipality. If you plan on becoming a taxi driver, you should be in reasonably good health and have a good driving record and no criminal record. In general, you must be

<urn:uuid:0db1b5dd-7998-4123-88ed-cbefb39ebb7a>

Taxi drivers, also known as cab drivers, operate automobiles and other motor vehicles to take [...] 21 years of age or older to drive a taxicab. While driving is not physically strenuous, you will occasionally be asked to lift heavy packages or luggage. If you work in a big city, you should have especially steady nerves because you will spend considerable time driving in heavy traffic. You must also be courteous, patient, and able to get along with many different kinds of people. Taxi drivers who own their own cab or lease one for a long period of time are generally expected to keep their cab clean. Large companies have workers who take care of this task for all the vehicles in the company fleet. Exploring Taxi Driver Career Visit your local library to find books about taxi drivers and other transportation careers. Ask your teacher or guidance counselor to set up a talk with a taxi driver. Take a ride in a taxi to experience the career firsthand. Taxi drivers are often employed by a cab service and drive cars owned by the company. Some drivers pay a fee and lease cabs owned by a taxi company, while others own and operate their own cars. Usually people who want to be taxi drivers apply directly to taxicab companies that may be hiring new drivers. Taxicab companies are usually listed in the Yellow Pages. It may take some time to obtain the necessary license to drive a cab, and some companies or municipalities may require additional training, so it may not be possible to begin work immediately. People who have sufficient funds may buy their own cab, but they usually must secure a municipal permit to operate it. Earnings for taxi drivers vary widely, depending on the number of hours they work, the method by which they are paid, the season, the weather, and other factors. Median hourly earnings of salaried taxi drivers and chauffeurs, including tips, were $9.60 in 2005, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Hourly wages ranged from less than $6.68 to more than $15.23 an hour. This range translates to an annual wage range of between $13,900 and $31,680 for full-time work. Limited information suggests that independent owner-drivers can average anywhere between $20,000 to $3

<urn:uuid:0db1b5dd-7998-4123-88ed-cbefb39ebb7a>

Taxi drivers, also known as cab drivers, operate automobiles and other motor vehicles to take [...] 0,000 annually, including tips. This assumes they work the industry average of eight to ten hours a day, five days a week. Many chauffeurs who worked full time earned from about $25,000 to $50,000, including tips. Many taxi drivers are paid a percentage of the fares they collect, often 40 to 50 percent of total fares. Other drivers receive a base amount plus a commission related to the amount of business they do. A few drivers are guaranteed minimum daily or weekly wages. Drivers who lease their cabs may keep all the fare money above the amount of the leasing fee they pay the cab company. Tips are also an important part of the earnings of taxi drivers. They can equal 15 to 20 percent or more of total fares. Most taxi drivers do not receive company-provided fringe benefits, such as pension plans. Earnings fluctuate with the season and the weather. Winter is generally the busiest season, and snow and rain almost always produce a busy day. There is also a relationship between general economic conditions and the earnings of taxi drivers, because there is more competition for less business when the economy is in a slump. Many taxi drivers put in long hours, working from eight to 12 hours a day, five or six days a week. They do not receive overtime pay. Other drivers are part-time workers. Drivers may work Sundays, holidays, or evening hours. Taxi drivers must be able to get along with their passengers, including those who try their patience or expect too much. Some people urge drivers to go very fast, for example, but drivers who comply may risk accidents or arrests for speeding. Drivers may have to work under other difficult conditions, such as heavy traffic and bad weather. Taxi drivers must be able to drive safely under pressure, and for long periods of time. In some places, drivers must be wary because there is a considerable chance of being robbed. Taxi Driver Career Outlook There will always be a need for taxi drivers. Job opportunities for taxi drivers are expected to grow faster than the average through 2014, according to the U.S. Department of Labor. The high turnover rate in this occupation means that

<urn:uuid:0db1b5dd-7998-4123-88ed-cbefb39ebb7a>

In this third installment on dioramas in Spain, we have a 1:1 scale recreation of the Zeluan Airfield operated by the Spanish Army near Melilla, Morocco, between 1913 and 1927. This 1,000 square metre display, completed in 2016, takes up an entire hangar at the Museo de Aeronautica y Astronautica in Madrid, Spain. How’s that for a super-sized diorama? Spanish Army garrisons served the Spanish protectorate in Morocco from the late 19th Century until Morocco gained its independence in 1956. In the early 1920s, Spanish forces were tasked with quelling an uprising by the Berbers—tribes of the Rif, a mountainous region in the north of Morocco. Spain and its ally France deployed some 150 aircraft in the Rif War, also called the Second War of Morocco. The Zeluan Airfield diorama is bisected by a path that visitors follow as they explore the scene. Large panels on the walls show maps of North Africa. A few truckloads of sand appear to have been brought in to recreate the desert base. But the stars of the diorama are the replicas of five period aircraft. The first of these is a French Morane-Saulnier G, a wire-braced monoplane which first flew in 1912. The second is a British AVRO 504. Due to its outstanding performance in WWI, Spain acquired 50 units of this model. Third is a German Fokker C-III, a reconnaissance aircraft, and fourth, a British De Havilland DH4. One DH4 was apparently acquired as a civilian donation. The residents of various towns in Spain collectively raised money to buy the plane, and gave it to the army as a gift. Last and perhaps most significant is the Bristol F.2B, a British two-seat fighter aircraft which first flew in 1916. It featured innovations such as a Rolls-Royce Falcon inline engine and a Vickers .303 inch machine gun synchronized to fire through the propeller. A second swivel-mounted gun

<urn:uuid:2d4824ba-8151-4dee-adec-46cbd2228372>

I know you’ve had this happen before. Here a sniffle, there a sniffle, everywhere a sniffle sniffle. This usually happens about the same time yearly too. If you resemble these remarks, then it’s time you seriously investigated the possibility that you have allergies. There is no doubt that this type of allergy can be frustrating, but you can fight back using the tips in this article. For safety’s sake, remember to use over-the-counter antihistamine when you are at home. It is common for such drugs to be made with substances that tend to cause drowsiness. Even if no harsh warnings are listed on the product packaging, take the first few doses at a time when you can just lounge on the sofa and don’t have to get behind the wheel. If you can, do not have carpet or rugs in your house. Carpet is nearly impossible to completely clean, and the fibers hold onto dust, mites, dander, pollen and other substances that are quite irritating to allergy sufferers. Try to install flooring that be swept and mopped. People’s tolerance to allergens changes as they age. One example is babies, they get exposed to things like certain proteins and that causes allergies. As your children grow they can be exposed to a lot of different protein allergies and become allergic to pollen. After years of encountering no reactions to pollen or other allergens, your child may suddenly display allergy symptoms at some point. Do not immediately eliminate the possibility that he or she is truly allergic. If you must have a pet in your life, get one that is short-haired. Although all animals can bother an allergy sufferer, one with long hair can make the problem much worse. In order to cut down on the negative effect that your pet might have on you, do not let them sleep in your bed. Be sure that you keep your bathroom well ventilated so that mold doesn’t grow there. Allergens like these can be found in warm, damp environments. It’s a good idea to turn on a ventilation fan and hang wet towels up on bars to dry after bathing. If your bathroom does not contain a fan, open a window to let cold air in. Think about getting rid of your carpets. Carpet is well known for being a host for

<urn:uuid:43ccdde1-d586-467d-9873-f9c13a023561>

Preparing for exams? Give yourself the best chance with these top ten study tips. 1. Give yourself enough time to study Don’t leave it until the last minute. While some students do seem to thrive on last-minute ‘cramming’, it’s widely accepted that for most of us, this is not the best way to approach an exam. Set out a timetable for your study. Write down how many exams you have and the days on which you have to sit them. Then organize your study accordingly. You may want to give some exams more study time than others, so find a balance that you feel comfortable with. 2. Organize your study space Make sure you have enough space to spread your textbooks and notes out. Have you got enough light? Is your chair comfortable? Are your computer games out of sight? Try and get rid of all distractions, and make sure you feel as comfortable and able to focus as possible. For some people, this may mean almost complete silence; for others, background music helps. Some of us need everything completely tidy and organized in order to concentrate, while others thrive in a more cluttered environment. Think about what works for you, and take the time to get it right. 3. Use flow charts and diagrams Visual aids can be really helpful when revising. At the start of a topic, challenge yourself to write down everything you already know about a topic – and then highlight where the gaps lie. Closer to the exam, condense your revision notes into one-page diagrams. Getting your ideas down in this brief format can then help you to quickly recall everything you need to know during the exam. 4. Practice on old exams One of the most effective ways to prepare for exams is to practice taking past versions. This helps you get used to the format of the questions, and – if you time yourself – can also be good practice for making sure you spend the right amount of time on each section. 5. Explain your answers to others Parents and little brothers and sisters don’t have to be annoying around exam time! Use them to your advantage. Explain an answer to a question to them. That will help you to get it clear in your head, and also to highlight any areas where you need more work. 6. Organize study groups with friends Get together with friends for a study session. You may have

<urn:uuid:bf49c51f-10c3-4e1e-9689-709f1187e233>

Preparing for exams? Give yourself the best chance with these top ten study tips. [...] questions that they have the answers to and vice versa. As long as you make sure you stay focused on the topic for an agreed amount of time, this can be one of the most effective ways to challenge yourself. 7. Take regular breaks While you may think it’s best to study for as many hours as possible, this can actually be counterproductive. If you were training for a marathon, you wouldn’t try and run 24 hours a day! Likewise studies have shown that for long-term retention of knowledge, taking regular breaks really helps. Everyone’s different, so develop a study routine that works for you. If you study better in the morning, start early before taking a break at lunchtime. Or if you’re more productive at nighttime, take a larger break earlier on so you’re ready to settle down come evening. Try not to feel guilty about being out enjoying the sunshine instead of hunched over your textbooks. Remember Vitamin D is important for a healthy brain! 8. Snack on ‘brain food’ Keep away from junk food! You may feel like you deserve a treat, or that you don’t have time to cook, but what you eat can really have an impact on energy levels and focus. Keep your body and brain well-fuelled by choosing nutritious foods that have been proven to aid concentration and memory, such as fish, nuts, seeds, yogurt and blueberries. The same applies on exam day – eat a good meal before the test, based on foods that will provide a slow release of energy throughout. Sugar may seem appealing, but it won’t help when your energy levels crash an hour or so later. 9. Plan your exam day Make sure you get everything ready well in advance of the exam – don’t leave it to the day before to suddenly realize you don’t know the way, or what you’re supposed to bring. Check all the rules and requirements, and plan your route and journey time. If possible, do a test run of the trip; if not, write down clear directions. Work out how long it will take to get there – then add on some extra time. You really don’t want to arrive having had to run halfway or feeling frazzled from losing your way. You could also

<urn:uuid:bf49c51f-10c3-4e1e-9689-709f1187e233>

Ppt on nutrition in human beings Food and Nutrition Policy : Syllabus - JHSPH OCWNUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:The process of nutrition in human beings is called as digestion.Human beings consist of specialized organs for the process of.Barley-based functional foods in health and nutrition PPT Version.Dr Alison Stephen Population Nutrition Research MRC Human Nutrition Research Cambridge, UK -National diet and nutrition survey rolling programme report of the comparison study. dr alison stephen population nutrition research mrc human. The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus. In Fig. 6.6, we can see that the tube has different parts.Ventilation and respiration as contributing processes to human nutrition.View Test Prep - NUTRITION from HISTORY 1041 at University of Nairobi. NutritionMD.org :: Nutritional Requirements Throughout the PowerPoint PresentationLife cycle inside human host 12 Life cycle. development and well being of our children. Prevention of Intestinal Worm Infections Through - UNICEF Healthy diet,Dieting, nutrition for kids, nutritionalUrbanization, Lifestyle Changes and the. is the reduced use of human energy to. the same factors noted as being central to the nutrition. NCERT Solutions for Class 7th Science Chapter 2Nutrition and Dental Health. and muscle tissues of human beings and animals as a storage form of glucose.Energy Value Of Food 1gm of Fat give 9 calories 1gm of Protein give 4 calories 1gm of carbohydrates give 4 calories carbohydrates and fats are the preferred energy sources, protien will be used for energy if cho and fats are not available in the diet and may build up of toxic byproduct (ketones) in the blood. Humans are Omnivores. was never intended for human beings,.Lesson Outline Holozoic nutrition Parts of the digestive system Specific digestion processes Adaptations for.Study online flashcards and notes for chapter16.ppt. chapter16.ppt Human Nutrition And Dietetics. results in animal studies to human beings is. Nutrition, Physical

<urn:uuid:24e67021-8ede-45a8-91c1-00e0b93b2d7c>

Ppt on nutrition in human beings Food and Nutrition Policy : Syllabus - [...] Activity, and Obesity Across the Life Stages.PowerPoint Templates. Canadians are being poisoned by food additives and pesticide residues. Human Physiology/Nutrition - Wikibooks, open books for anInadequate nutrition. PowerPoint Presentation Last modified by.Specific Dynamic Effect Of Food It is the calorigenic effect of the food or the calories need for the digestion absorption transport process of the food protein consume 15 % of its given cals carbohydrates 6% of its given cals fats consume only 2% of its given cals. Find PowerPoint Presentations and Slides using the power of.Goat milk in human nutrition -The importance of goats as providers around the world of essential food in meat and dairy products has been discussed and documented in many recent proceedings of national and international. 241 Lecture - Indiana State UniversityFind PowerPoint Presentations and Slides using the power of XPowerPoint.com, find free. Parents may exempt their child from participating in Family Life Education or Human Growth and.Life processes Nutrition Photosynthesis Stomata Nutrition in Amoeba Nutrition in Human Beings Respiration.Introduction to Human Nutrition -Chapter outline. nutrition definedclassifying the nutrientsnutritional researchnutritional recommendationsnutrition and healthevaluating nutritional statuslevels of nutritional statusdeficienciesfactors impacting food.Healthy Eating and maximizing nutrition in your meals is the. What are the implications of labeling human behaviors (and by extension, human beings) as normal or abnormal. Find Anthropometric Data - Human Factors - LibGuides atThe study of the food and liquid requirements of human beings or animals for normal physiologic function, including energy,.Energy Requirements Energy requirements are affected by: - Body size -Basal metabolic rate -Activity -Pregnancy (300cal) -Lactation (500 cal) -Age -Climate (worm climate need less cals ).Nutrition in humans. describe the structures of the human alimentary canal and describe the functions of the mouth,.Ppt

<urn:uuid:24e67021-8ede-45a8-91c1-00e0b93b2d7c>

Description of Historic Place The Observatory House is located on landscaped grounds at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa. The large and dignified two-and-one-half-storey structure is constructed in brick with a stone foundation and wood shingle roof. The house displays elements of both the Queen Anne and Classical Revival styles, including its generous verandah around two elevations, irregular eave line. Classical Revival influences are evident in the balanced arrangement of dormers, classical columns and the building’s central entrance hall. The designation is confined to the footprint of the building. The Observatory House is a Recognized Federal Heritage Building because of its historical associations, and its architectural and environmental value. The Observatory House is associated with the theme of Canadian research in astronomy and geophysics. Built in 1909 shortly after the construction of the Dominion Observatory, the building served as the official residence for Dominion Chief Astronomers, including William King, R.M. Stewart, and C.S. Beale, each of whom made significant contributions to the field. In addition, magnetic survey work and other research works were carried out in the building. The Observatory House is valued for its very good aesthetic design. Combining Queen Anne Revival and Classical Revival styles, its picturesque aspects include its irregular eave lines, generous verandah, slightly projecting entrance and the shingled gables. The general restraint of the design reflects classical stylistic influences. In addition to being a residence, its good functional interior accommodated research work in the basement laboratories. The standard of craftsmanship and materials is high, particularly for the interior finishes and trim. The Observatory House reinforces the picturesque character of its landscaped setting at the Central Experimental Farm. The building is familiar to visitors and employees of the Farm. Sources: Jacqueline Hucker, Observatory House, Building #2, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office, Building Report, 92-036; Observatory House, Building #2, Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa, Ontario, Heritage Character Statement, 92-036. The following character-defining elements of the Observatory House should be respected. Its very good aesthetic design, good functional design and very good materials and

<urn:uuid:bbfc8892-8925-4c92-a5dd-a42f0d02a8af>

America was changed when it was struck by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor. Overnight, America went from having a non-interventionist policy to a declaration of war against Japan. The sleeping giant woke up and began to mobilize. The Pacific War began and America moved towards a new kind of enemy, one that they had never faced before. The Japanese forces were all over the Pacific, controlling several strategic points that allowed for them to conduct warfare and disrupt trade routes. The cluster of islands that the American military decided would be the first point of invasion were known as the Solomon Islands, and consisted of Guadalcanal, Tulagi and Florida Island. The Solomon’s were a suitable base for the Japanese because it gave them the capacity to stop trade movements from between Australia and the United States. With the American Navy beginning to turn things around, having achieved a critical victory at the Battle of Midway, it was time for America to go on the offensive. Their first stop? Guadalcanal. An airfield had been constructed by the Japanese, and that was one of the primary targets of the Invasion of Guadalcanal. The goal was simple: seize control of the island from the Japanese and secure the air field. The men who were sent into that territory were green, fresh soldiers who weren’t the most experienced nor well equipped. Their weapons were bolt action rifles and their ammunition was relatively low. For the Americans, this would be the first time they faced their Japanese foe on land. The conditions were abysmal. The island was hot and humid, full of mosquitos and not nearly supplied with enough natural resources to feed either side. Disease would quickly ravage the American soldiers, with as many as one out every five marines getting dysentery. It was a wretched, hot place and it would only get worse once the fighting began. The Japanese were cocky, believing that they were a superior force. They had won many a victory before against their foes in China and they viewed the Westerners as weak. Their belief that the Americans would fall before their might was quickly brought to an end when the Marines fought back with intensity. Yet, even for the Americans, the battles were horrifying and strange. The Japanese were unlike any other foe they had fought before, as the Japanese had very little fear of death. The Japanese government had worked hard to create a culture of honor

<urn:uuid:5230e5c5-95db-4fe2-882f-09883e7c0552>

America was changed when it was struck by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor. Overnight, America went [...] in their military, creating the idea that death would be far more honorable than capture. This coupled with a great amount of lies about how savagely the Americans would treat a captured soldier, created for a very deadly foe. The Japanese soldiers would fight to the death, no matter what. They would not surrender, even when it was clear that they were going to die. Rather than give up, they would often perform banzai charges, grouping up and charging enemy soldiers with their bayonets, choosing to get gunned down than surrender. To say that this was met with horror by the Americans was an understatement. The sheer tenacity that the Japanese fought with quickly showed the American soldiers that this was going to be a different kind of war. It was one that would be fought to the very last soldier. This meant that the casualty rate of the Japanese would be much higher than the American forces. From the American perspective, it was almost unconscionable that their enemies would fight so savagely, and this contributed directly to the American propaganda machine that stated that the Japanese were less than human. Both sides would grow to hate each other more and more as the war raged on. The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the most crucial combined arms operation done by the Americans. The Navy, the Army and the Marines were present in the conflict, working to support each other. Naval bombings had ensured that the airfield would be clear of enemy presence and when Marine boots hit the ground, there was very little trouble taking it. The real struggle in this conflict would be in the months to come. With the airfield in control of the American military, they were quick to name it Henderson Airfield, after an aviator who had given his life for America. With the Japanese mechanics who had been working on the airfield driven off so quickly, there was plenty of material and tools left for continuing construction on the airfield. Repairs began at once and soon the airfield was operational enough for naval aircraft to land. The Japanese were not ones who were willing to let the airfield out of their control so willingly and instead gathered up their forces and tried to seize it back. Wave after wave of soldier would come at the American Marines, but they held their ground. No matter what, the Americans refused to

<urn:uuid:5230e5c5-95db-4fe2-882f-09883e7c0552>

America was changed when it was struck by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor. Overnight, America went [...] let their enemy take it back. Nearly 6,000 Japanese soldiers were killed in the first serious attempt to rescue the base. Henderson Airfield would stay in Marine hands for the rest of the war. Tulagi and Florida Island had been secured at this point, leaving only Guadalcanal itself to be the major point of contention. The Japanese had quickly begun to send reinforcements to the island and a series of naval battles would determine who would be the winner in this conflict. With Japanese bombing runs successfully damaging Henderson field and destroying several American fighters, it was clear that this would be a battle of both land, sea and air. As the war between both sides became a game of naval dominance, the Japanese were able to devise a cunning method of transporting soldiers discreetly into the island of Guadalcanal. What they did was send their faster ships straight through a sound to under the cover of night. The ships were fast enough to move troops and supplies into the island and back to the naval base that they came from in a single night. This wouldn’t allow for heavy supplies to be brought with them, but was enough to smuggle fighters into the island to put pressure against the Marines. This transportation tactic was dubbed the Tokyo Express by the Americans. The cover of night would protect them from air attacks and would ensure that the fighting would continue for many more months. The air raids and sea battles continued, with both sides fighting endlessly until October, where a major Japanese offensive was being planned. Dubbed the Battle For Henderson Field, nearly 20,000 Japanese troops were prepared to launch an attack against the field. Using artillery strikes to convince the Americans that they were attacking from the west, the Japanese came from the south with several divisions, prepared to overrun the field. However, there was a breakdown in communication between the Japanese leaders and the troops, and the attack was launched a day early. The Japanese tank unit, moving toward the defensive perimeters at the Mantinaku river, was quickly obliterated by the American soldiers. The breakdown in communication cost the entire unit their tanks and many of the Japanese their lives. On October 24th, the major offensive began, but the Japanese were unable to punch through the American perimeters, being

<urn:uuid:5230e5c5-95db-4fe2-882f-09883e7c0552>

America was changed when it was struck by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor. Overnight, America went [...] repelled wave after wave. It didn’t matter which direction the Japanese tried coming from, the American military was just too well dug in. Only a few units were able to breach the perimeter, but were quickly killed before they had a chance to reach Henderson. The attack was a disaster for the Japanese, with them losing somewhere around 3,000 soldiers and their enemies only losing 80. The attack on Henderson was called off and the Japanese forces retreated. During the attack on Henderson, the Japanese navy had attempted to move their carriers into a strategic position, only to be met with by the US Navy’s carriers. The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands began and the air attacks were brutal. The Japanese were able to claim victory at this battle, forcing the American’s to retreat after sinking one of their carriers, but ultimately it was pyrrhic victory. The damage the Japanese carriers had sustained and the aircraft that they had lost was too much for them. They would be unable to support the island with the losses that they had sustained. By November, the Japanese were ready to try and retake the airfield, however it would require a significantly larger number of soldiers to achieve. Admiral Yamamoto decided that they would cease sneaking ships in and instead would try to handle things with naval superiority. The plan was to send reinforcements, heavy weapons and firepower to the island, accompanied by two battleships. This would be enough firepower to obliterate the airfield and allow for the Japanese to punch through the American defenses. The Americans had a different plan, however. Rear Admiral Daniel Callaghan chose to respond to the threat by sending his own forces to provide a counterattack to the fleet lead by Hiroaki Abe. The ships met in the middle of the night and were at a very close range. A melee erupted between the two sides with guns being fired and torpedoes launched. The Japanese were victorious in this affair, destroying the majority of the American response force and killing Callaghan. Yet, despite the victory, this spooked Rear Admiral Abe, who chose to pull back instead of pressing forward to bombard Henderson field. Yamamoto responded by relieving Abe of duty and putting a new commander in charge

<urn:uuid:5230e5c5-95db-4fe2-882f-09883e7c0552>

America was changed when it was struck by the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor. Overnight, America went [...] . The plan did not change: destroy Henderson field via naval artillery. With an exhausted fleet, the Americans didn’t have many options. If the attack were to happen at night, there would be no way to respond. All that remained in top condition were two battleships, however, the area in which they would be tasked with defending were very tight quarters. Naval doctrine explicitly made a point to disallow the use of battleships in such a small area. Yet, there wasn’t much else to do, so the two ships, the South Dakota and the Washington were dispatched to defend Henderson at all costs. Accompanying them would be four destroyers. The Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal was a rough one. The small force was in position, waiting for the Japanese to arrive. Led by Nobutake Kondo, the Japanese warships moved into the line of sight and began to attack the American forces. Three destroyers were obliterated and one was heavily damaged. The South Dakota held longer, fighting back against the warships fiercely. What the Japanese hadn’t been counting on, however, was the Washington stealthily moving into position where they quickly opened fire on a Japanese battleship, blowing it to pieces with their artillery. The Washington was quick to flee after that, causing the Japanese to give chase, however they were unable to catch up with the American ship. Kondo called off the attempted barrage of Henderson field. Only 3,000 Japanese soldiers were able to be transported onto the island, as the daylight hours had made the transports an easy target for the airplanes. The deadlock continued for quite some time, until finally on December 12th, the Japanese Navy gave up and submitted an official request to abandon Guadalcanal. It was clear that they just wouldn’t be able to capture the island again. A secret evacuation was planned and took place over the next few months. By February 9th, the Americans realized that the Japanese had abandoned the mission and that Guadalcanal was theirs for good. This would be the first major victory that the Americans would achieve in the Pacific War and it would set the tone for the rest of their campaign. Rather than just press to mainland Japan, they would hop from

<urn:uuid:5230e5c5-95db-4fe2-882f-09883e7c0552>

Cloud computing is the future of computing. Amazon Web Services (AWS) currently provides the most comprehensive cloud computing solution. To the layman, cloud computing probably sounds like just more computer jargon best left to nerds. But it’s not; all educated adults should understand cloud computing – at least on a non-technical level. I have three servers – all three of which used to dramatically raise my monthly electricity bill – sitting in my closet. But now they sit there with the power button switched off. Instead I use AWS. AWS saves me money in electricity and is easily accessible over the Internet from anywhere. I couldn’t access the three servers sitting in my closet from anywhere outside my own personal network; the security risks were too great and the configuration details to big of a pain in the butt. Not so with AWS, now I can access my virtual server(s) residing on AWS from anywhere in the world. In fact, I use AWS to provide a uniform computing environment for students in my introduction to programming class. On AWS I have a virtual server that is one of many residing on one of Amazon’s physical computers. I access that virtual server as if it was a physical computer via the command-line on my local computer. The communication between my personal computer and the server is accomplished using SSH over the Internet. I created accounts on the virtual server for each student. Each student uses ssh over the Internet from his or her personal computer to connect to the virtual server. The student then interacts with his or her account on the virtual server via the command-line. The actual programs the student writes, the software tools used to write and compile the programs, and the file system used to store the student’s work all reside on the virtual server residing in one of Amazon’s physical servers. This is but one use of cloud computing. In this post I discuss the technologies behind using a virtual server on AWS. Let us explore each of the technologies involved in using a virtual server residing on AWS from a personal computer. This post is not a comprehensive technical tutorial on each technology, but rather, a layman’s introduction. How does one explain how the Internet functions to someone with little to no technical background? This video does a good job explaining how the Internet works on a non-technical level. Amazon’s servers are connected to the Internet. This allows communicating with them. However, hackers lurk everywhere and so communication must

<urn:uuid:c0f8a711-8f46-415b-8f20-eb108d7753bc>

Cloud computing is the future of computing. Amazon Web Services (AWS) currently provides the most comprehensive [...] be secure and so typically you use a secure shell (ssh) to communicate with the server from your personal computer. But understanding ssh requires understanding the command-line. If you already know what the command-line is and why you might use it, skip to the next section. Otherwise, you should watch the following video before continuing. Before the fancy graphics on your computer were standard, there was the command-line. Users interacted with computers via a simple text interface. Even today, that simple text interface is how most users communicate with a remote server. Let’s explore the history of the user interface so you have a better understanding of the command-line. Just as a browser on your computer can connect to a remote computer through the Internet and display web pages, your computer can also connect to a remote server through the Internet using Secure Shell (SSH) and display text input and output. This video explains how SSH works on a non-technical level. Okay, but what about Amazon Web Services, Cloud Computing, and all that nonsense? Why the fuss? Let’s take a step back and get a 5 minute non-technical history of computing and cloud computing narrated by none other than Stephen Fry. Now, remote physical servers, accessed from anywhere in the world is nothing new. Moreover, having space for your website – for example housing your site on a provider such as GoDaddy – is not new. But cloud computing is more than simply providing space on a server to house you webpage. Cloud computing gives you unprecedented access to that remote server’s computing power. Moreover, it provides that access securely and ensures your work doesn’t impact other users also using that server. To understand how, you must understand something called virtualization. Virtualization provided over the Internet is what allows ubiquitous computing power to everyone…well, everyone that can pay for it (but that’s a different blog post). A virtual machine is a “pretend computer” that runs on a physical computer. For instance, a Mac user might use VMware Fusion to run Windows or Linux on his or her physical Macintosh computer. That same technology allows a physical server to run multiple “pretend servers” on its hardware. So a few years ago, some enterprising employee noticed that much of Amazon’

<urn:uuid:c0f8a711-8f46-415b-8f20-eb108d7753bc>

While you may be anxiously monitoring expenses and tracking your food dollars, your kids will eat or decide not to eat without a care in the world. Little ones may have a hard time investing too much energy in food waste. You can increase kids’ awareness about leaving uneaten food on a plate to encourage budding responsibility. With a little effort and training, your youngsters will never look at a discarded sandwich the same way again. 1 Explain that it’s important to use all the food that Mommy and Daddy buy to eat. There are two reasons why this is a good thing. One, food is expensive and it’s not good to waste it; and two, wasting food means that you’re throwing away perfectly good food that someone else might have eaten. 2 Show kids how to take small servings of foods at mealtime so that no one wastes food by not finishing everything. Promise tots that if they finish something and want more, they can have it. Make it clear what you take small servings first because this makes sure that everything gets eaten. 3 Give second or third helpings (in small amounts) if little ones finish and ask for more. By guaranteeing more upon request, you eliminate the need to heap food onto plates that kids might not finish. 4 Set an example of not wasting food for your youngsters to see. Always start with small portions when you’re serving yourself so you’ll finish everything you have. If you want more of something, serve yourself more without taking so much that you don’t finish it all. 5 Save leftovers if someone can’t finish a plateful of food. Wrap up the plate and stick it in the fridge for a fast snack or lunch the next day. Just don’t forget the leftovers are in there or they’ll go to waste! - Talk about how your tummy feels when you’re hungry with little ones. You might use words like “gurgly,” “growly” and “noisy” to help little ones pinpoint this feeling. Next, talk about what your tummy feels like when you’re full. This feeling might fit words like “round” or “fat” to help a youngster think about that full, contented feeling that comes from a full tummy. Touch on varying degrees of hungry and full, too – sometimes you might feel ravenously hungry, slightly hungry or even “

<urn:uuid:fd651cd4-75e5-4862-b58e-a05e312a1ad7>

Phosphorus measurement, urine What is this test? This test measures the amount of phosphorus (a mineral) in urine. This test is used to identify phosphorus as a possible cause of kidney stones. It is also used when hyperphosphaturia (increased phosphorus levels in urine) is suspected. What are related tests? - Kidney stone analysis - Serum inorganic phosphate measurement Why do I need this test? Laboratory tests may be done for many reasons. Tests are performed for routine health screenings or if a disease or toxicity is suspected. Lab tests may be used to determine if a medical condition is improving or worsening. Lab tests may also be used to measure the success or failure of a medication or treatment plan. Lab tests may be ordered for professional or legal reasons. You may need this test if you have: - Elevated phosphate in urine - Kidney stone When and how often should I have this test? When and how often laboratory tests are done may depend on many factors. The timing of laboratory tests may rely on the results or completion of other tests, procedures, or treatments. Lab tests may be performed immediately in an emergency, or tests may be delayed as a condition is treated or monitored. A test may be suggested or become necessary when certain signs or symptoms appear. Due to changes in the way your body naturally functions through the course of a day, lab tests may need to be performed at a certain time of day. If you have prepared for a test by changing your food or fluid intake, lab tests may be timed in accordance with those changes. Timing of tests may be based on increased and decreased levels of medications, drugs or other substances in the body. The age or gender of the person being tested may affect when and how often a lab test is required. Chronic or progressive conditions may need ongoing monitoring through the use of lab tests. Conditions that worsen and improve may also need frequent monitoring. Certain tests may be repeated to obtain a series of results, or tests may need to be repeated to confirm or disprove results. Timing and frequency of lab tests may vary if they are performed for professional or legal reasons. How should I get ready for the test? During a 24-hour urine collection, follow your usual diet and drink fluids as you

<urn:uuid:f5b62d44-1aff-4642-8e17-0da67577c02d>

Phosphorus measurement, urine What is this test? This test measures the amount of [...] ordinarily would, unless healthcare workers give you other instructions. Avoid drinking alcohol before and during the urine collection. How is the test done? For a 24-hour urine collection, all of the urine that you pass over a 24-hour time period must be collected. If you are in the hospital, a healthcare worker will collect your urine. You will receive a special container to collect the sample in if you are doing the collection at home. The following are directions for collecting a 24-hour urine sample while at home:In the morning scheduled to begin the urine collection, urinate in the toilet and flush away the first urine you pass. Write down the date and time. That is the start date and time for the collection.Collect all urine you pass, day and night, for 24 hours. Use the container given to you to collect the urine. Avoid using other containers. The urine sample must include the last urine that you pass 24 hours after starting the collection. Do not allow toilet paper, stool, or anything else to be added to the urine sample.Write down the date and time that the last sample is collected. The urine sample may need to be kept cool during the 24-hour collection period. If so, keep the closed container in a pan on ice. Do not put ice in the container with the urine. How will the test feel? The amount of discomfort you feel will depend on many factors, including your sensitivity to pain. Communicate how you are feeling with the person doing the test. Inform the person doing the test if you feel that you cannot continue with the test. This test usually causes no discomfort. What should I do after the test? When 24-hour urine collection is complete, close the container and seal the lid tightly. Return the sample in the urine container to the facility or healthcare worker as instructed. If you had the sample in an ice bath, return the sample within two hours after removing the container from the ice bath. What are the risks? Urine: A urine test is generally considered safe. Talk to your healthcare worker if you have questions or concerns about this test. What are normal results for this test? Laboratory test results may

<urn:uuid:f5b62d44-1aff-4642-8e17-0da67577c02d>

Phosphorus measurement, urine What is this test? This test measures the amount of [...] vary depending on your age, gender, health history, the method used for the test, and many other factors. If your results are different from the results suggested below, this may not mean that you have a disease. Contact your healthcare worker if you have any questions. The following is considered to be a normal result for this test: Adults (varies with intake): 400 -1300 mg/24 hours (12.9-42 mmol/24 hours) What follow up should I do after this test? Ask your healthcare worker how you will be informed of the test results. You may be asked to call for results, schedule an appointment to discuss results, or notified of results by mail. Follow up care varies depending on many factors related to your test. Sometimes there is no follow up after you have been notified of test results. At other times follow up may be suggested or necessary. Some examples of follow up care include changes to medication or treatment plans, referral to a specialist, more or less frequent monitoring, and additional tests or procedures. Talk with your healthcare worker about any concerns or questions you have regarding follow up care or instructions. Where can I get more information? - Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center - http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/index.html - National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/ - National Kidney Foundation - http://www.kidney.org Muezzinoglu T, Gumus B, Sener E, et al: The diagnostic value of the phosphate levels in serum and 24-hour urine samples in patients with recurrent renal stone disease. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2002; 36(5):368-372. Rodgers AL, Barbour LJ, Pougnet BM, et al: Re-evaluation of the "week-end effect" data: possible role of urinary copper and phosphorus in the pathogenesis of renal calculi. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1995; 9(3

<urn:uuid:f5b62d44-1aff-4642-8e17-0da67577c02d>

Several studies have suggested that in most of the locations with good wind and solar potential, the two generation sources generally complement each other well on a daily as well as seasonal basis — basically the sun shines when the wind is weakest and vice versa. The studies suggested the complementary generation profiles could not only be beneficial from a grid-balancing perspective, but could also allow better utilisation of transmission assets, effectively helping early recovery of transmission infrastructure costs. Shared land, infrastructure and operation-and-maintenance strategies could also offer benefits in terms of capital and operational costs compared with separate wind and solar projects. The levelling of the hybrid generation profile could enable better generation scheduling and help save on regulatory penalties for forecast deviations. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) published a draft wind-solar hybrid policy in June, inviting public comments. The draft targets 10GW wind-solar hybrid capacity by 2022. Not to be left behind, the coastal state of Andhra Pradesh, which had identified wind-solar hybrid as a thrust area in its wind-power policy released last year, published a draft policy for wind-solar hybrids in August, targeting 3GW by 2020. Like the MNRE policy, it also allows existing wind or solar projects to go for hybridisation. The generated power can be used by the project owner themselves (captive use), be sold to a third party or to a utility at a rate determined by the regulator. Some of the measures suggested include waiving statutory and regulatory charges and shifting the onus of system augmentation on to utilities. Going a step further, Andhra Pradesh floated an expression of interest (EOI) inviting corporates to partner with the state government in setting up a 500MW wind-solar-storage hybrid, expandable to 1GW, in the next three to five years. The award for the EOI has not been announced yet, but it is understood that at least four Indian renewable-energy developers expressed interest. In late 2015, the state of Rajasthan signed a memorandum of understanding with Suzlon to develop 1.5GW of wind-solar-storage hybrids, with about 500MW to be developed

<urn:uuid:8637de5c-aa63-436d-be9a-3968f861339e>

Montana’s first Native American legislator and the first woman chair of the Tribal Executive Board of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes was not a women’s liberation advocate because she refused to acknowledge women’s limits. The fight Dolly Smith Cusker Akers did champion, however, was that of American Indians to determine their own destinies free from federal oversight and interference. Assertive and self-reliant—as she believed tribes should be—Akers achieved many notable accomplishments in her lifetime, but not without conflict and criticism. Born in 1901 in Wolf Point, Dolly Smith was the daughter of Nellie Trexler, an Assiniboine, and William Smith, an Irish-American. She attended school on the Fort Peck Reservation and at the all-Indian Sherman Institute in California. Graduating at age sixteen, she returned to Montana and married George Cusker in 1917. In the early 1920s, the Fort Peck tribes sent two elders to Washington, D.C., to lobby for school funding. Neither elder spoke English, so Dolly accompanied them as interpreter. The articulate young woman impressed the congressmen, whom she then lobbied in favor of universal citizenship for American Indians—an issue that had been debated for many years. In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act became law, establishing the basis for American Indian suffrage and furthering the government’s long-term goal of gradual absorption of American Indians into American society. At Fort Peck, Cusker frequently attended tribal executive board meetings on behalf of her husband, who was often debilitated by alcoholism. In time, the board appointed her the first woman on the tribal executive board, a position she held on and off for many years. Concerned with the economic difficulties affecting Montana’s tribes during the Great Depression, Dolly Cusker ran as a Democrat for the state legislature in 1932 and received almost 100 percent of the vote in Roosevelt County, where whites outnumbered Indians by nearly ten to one. The first Native American person to be elected to the Montana legislature and just twenty-three, she was the only female legislator during the 1933-1934 sessions. In 1

<urn:uuid:d9e8b915-d2e4-4ba0-9f67-a7d55a309d94>

Montana’s first Native American legislator and the first woman chair of the Tribal Executive Board [...] 934, Governor Frank Cooney named Cusker the state’s first coordinator for Indian welfare and asked her to represent Montana’s Indians to the Secretary of the Interior. American Indians were treated differently from non-Indians with regard to relief during the Great Depression, because states and counties did not want to assume responsibility for these new American citizens. While in Washington, Cusker succeeded in securing federal relief for tribal members. Dolly remarried to John Akers in 1944 and invested in their ranch while maintaining her involvement in tribal matters. Now a Republican, she opposed the Indian Bureau’s management of tribal affairs, especially policies that prevented tribes from independently negotiating the development of their own natural resources and the sale or lease of Indian lands. “Why should Indian people,” she asked in 1952, “be forced to live under a law made some 80 years ago? That is the year in which the Indian Commissioner referred to Indians as ‘wild beasts!’” Akers charged that the Indian Bureau sold land and mineral rights out from under tribes, robbing Indians of royalties that could have provided essential income. “There can be no real solution of the so-called ‘Indian problem’ unless the Interior Department embraces the principle of self-determination of Indian people by actual practice,” argued Akers. “The archaic protective rules and laws merely tend to hamper the Indian people from attaining their final goal of self-sufficiency, which is the goal of Congress for the Interior Department to foster.” In 1953, the Republican-led Congress and Interior Department enacted their version of tribal “self-sufficiency” via Public Law 108, or Termination, which ended the federal government’s treaty obligations to tribes and left “terminated” tribes to sink or swim on their own. Akers, a supporter of the principles behind Termination, was elected the first female chair of the Fort Peck executive board in 1956. Her critics accused Chairwoman Akers of only serving her own interests and doing so in an underhanded manner. Alleging misuse of tribal funds, her adversaries voted to impeach her in 1958. Non

<urn:uuid:d9e8b915-d2e4-4ba0-9f67-a7d55a309d94>

Montana’s first Native American legislator and the first woman chair of the Tribal Executive Board [...] etheless, Akers continued to exert her influence in Indian issues, briefly becoming vice president of the National Congress of American Indians in the 1960 and later serving on the Montana Intertribal Policy Board. As chair of the Fort Peck Tribal Housing Authority in the 1970s, Akers succeeded in acquiring federal funds for much-needed housing on the Fort Peck Reservation. However, the tribal council voted to remove her from the housing authority, complaining that she unfairly used her authority to secure houses for her supporters rather than treating all applicants equitably. In Aker’s defense, one woman reminded the council that Akers was the only person who “had the guts” to confront the Indian Bureau when it owed tribal members money from land sales. Over the course of six decades, Akers made numerous trips to D.C. to voice her views on Indian matters and to influence politicians. Among the improvements she was most proud of having supported were a regulation permitting tribes to hire their own legal counsel and the 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act—both of which removed inequities that had hampered the autonomy of American Indian people. Reflecting on her career, this remarkable woman said, “I am a very necessary evil. I try to stay in the background, but every now and then I have to come out and kick somebody in the shins.” Kick she did, and Dolly Akers will be remembered differently by those who benefited from her actions and those whose shins got bruised. – LKF Dolly Smith Cusker Akers has a manuscript collection at the Montana Historical Society. If you are interested in doing more research on either Akers or other Native women politicians, check out this bibliography on 20th c. Manuscript Collections or this bibliography on Native women in Montana. Cantarine, Liz. “She’s Dolly Akers, 69-Year-Old Dynamo.” Billings Gazette, July 18, 1971: 1, 33. Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927-1985. A9:1-5. Montana Historical Society Research Center, Helena.

<urn:uuid:d9e8b915-d2e4-4ba0-9f67-a7d55a309d94>

Montana’s first Native American legislator and the first woman chair of the Tribal Executive Board [...] Dolly Akers, Vertical File, Montana Historical Society Research Center, Helena. “Fort Peck Tribal Board Orders General Election.” Great Falls Tribune, February 5, 1959: 5. Reprinted in Wotanin Wowapi, June 19, 2006: 1. Fourstar, Odessa Jones. Letter to the editor, March 5, 1976. Wotanin Wowapi, March 11, 1976: 3. Freda Augusta Beazley papers, 1960-1975. Manuscript Collection 187. Montana Historical Society Research Center, Helena. “Indian Relief Setup Organized for Peck.” Helena Daily Independent, December 21, 1934, 5. Miller, David, Dennis Smith, Joseph McGeshick, James Shanley, and Caleb Shields. The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, 1800-2000. Poplar, Mont.: Fort Peck Community College, 2008. Palmer, Tom. “My People, My Life: Indian Elder Still Serving Her Tribe.” Helena Independent Record, March 3, 1985, 2, 3. White Wolf, Shawn. “Montana’s 1st Indian Lawmaker Fought Her Entire Life to Keep Intact Her People and Their Way of Life.” Helena Independent Record, January 26, 2003, 1. “Woman Indian Leader Finds Liberation Movement ‘Old Hat.’” Farmington Daily Times. July 14, 1971: 5A.

<urn:uuid:d9e8b915-d2e4-4ba0-9f67-a7d55a309d94>

- Equipment Manufacturing 44 - Health 43 - household goods 39 - Textile & Loom 29 - Analytical Systems 28 - Civil and Construction 23 - Nanomaterials 16 - Paint and Coating 16 - Energy & Petroleum 15 - Automotive and Transportation 14 - Products based on Nanofiber 13 - Drug and Medical 13 - Nano Composite 6 - Water and Environment 5 - Plasma 4 - Products based on NanoCoating 4 - Agriculture and Food Industry 2 - Imported 1 Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a filter medium through which only the fluid can pass. The filter may be paper, cloth, cotton-wool, asbestos, glass-wool, unglazed earthenware, sand, or other porous material. Nanofibers, with smaller thickness and higher surface area than regular fibers, have enormous applications in filtration. Electrospinning (also called electrostatic fiber spinning) has been one of the promising processes to produce continuous nano-scale fibers from both synthetic and natural polymers. A nanofiber layer on the surface of the filtration media captures dust particles better than clean filters without a nanofiber layer. Because the nanofiber layer media captures dust on the surface reducing depth loading, it cleans more completely and operates at a lower pressure differential across the filtration media reducing energy demands. Nanofiber performance layer media can be produced on a variety of substrate materials and built into many different filter configurations. Because of the nanofiber efficiency layer and surface loading characteristics, nanofiber layer filters last significantly longer than traditional commodity filter elements. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is a versatile polymer used to produce large variety of products including ultra-filtration membranes, hollow fibers for reverse osmosis, fibers for textiles and oxidized PAN fibers. This product is particularly used to produce cartridge air filters. This product is cartridge filter paper containing Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers with

<urn:uuid:3dd669b7-3a45-469f-8f58-d791c3c39b78>

Archaeologists working on the site of a new hotel in Alexandria, Virginia have discovered the well-preserved remains of a Revolutionary War-era cargo ship. The new hotel is being constructed on a site which is believed to be the location of the city’s first building. Due to the historic nature of the area, the city’s team of archaeologists have been heavily involved in the process and were stunned to discover the vessel. Experts believe the ship was deliberately scuttled to provide the foundations for the construction of the original building sometime between 1755 and 1798. According to the City of Alexandria, special laws were passed to allow archaeologists to ‘explore the 18th and 19th century’ of the area during a major redevelopment of the historic waterfront area. The law, which was passed in 1989, obliges developers to allow archaeologists onto the site before construction can begin. According to the city, the team discovered the port side of the vessel, which is approximately one third of the hull. The exact type of boat involved has not yet been identified. But the construction method and material used date the vessel to the Revolutionary War. The city claimed: ‘The ship appears to have been very sturdily built. The sections of the frame are very close together, suggesting that it carried something heavy. It was probably a coastal vessel, and its use for military purposes cannot be ruled out. ‘There is evidence of the keel, the frame, a possible part of the bow stem, a section of the stern, exterior boards, and a section of the interior floor boards, or ceiling.’ As a result of the discovery, experts are going to examine the ship in detail at the scene before it is removed. However, the wooden remains will have to be ‘submerged in a wet environment’ to allow the option of conserving the discovery. City records show that in 1755 a warehouse was constructed on the site of the discovery suggesting the boat had been deliberately destroyed to provide the foundations for the building. A Scottish merchant John Carlyle was commissioned to build the warehouse. The archaeologists working on the site thought they may find evidence of the original building, but were unaware of the existence of the ship until the layers of mud and earth were slowly removed. According to the city

<urn:uuid:abc8f9ab-0e0d-44cb-9a8e-28a9cda09eaa>

Browse and read the giver writing prompts the giver writing prompts that's it, a book to wait for in this month even you have wanted for long time for releasing this. Six thought provoking common core aligned writing prompts and lesson plans for lois lowry's the giver each lesson takes students through the full writing process. Read writing prompts for the giver by maria polson veres by maria polson veres for free with a 30 day free trial read ebook on the web, ipad, iphone and. Lee writing prompts for the giver por maria polson veres con rakuten kobo these thought-provoking writing prompts will deepen readers’ understanding of. Online download writing prompts for the giver writing prompts for the giver many people are trying to be smarter every day how's about you there are many ways to. English 7h tickle persuasive essay prompts the giver 1 families should be designed by a council, based on the compatibility and temperaments of its members. Browse and read writing prompts for the giver writing prompts for the giver read more and get great that's what the book enpdfd writing prompts for the giver will. Corrig dissertation the giver essay prompts live 24 hour homework help professional business plan writers calgary. Suggested essay topics and study questions for lois lowry's the giver perfect for students who have to write the giver essays. Soon as possible summerside buy dissertation introduction on finance for $10 broadland, prince edward county writing prompts the giver arlington santa clara nr ias. Ms burley's 7th grade class students will pick just one of these to write their i would encourage them to check out the prompts and consider. Browse and read writing prompts for the giver writing prompts for the giver the ultimate sales letter will provide you a distinctive book to overcome you life to much. Browse and read the giver writing prompts the giver writing prompts in this age of modern era, the use of internet must be maximized yeah, internet will help us very. In her newbery award acceptance speech, lois lowry also said: “in beginning to write the giver i the giver issues and themes prompts.

<urn:uuid:71fa1921-e6e0-4bec-8951-49109caa1d5b>

Browse and read the giver writing prompts the giver writing prompts that's it [...] The giver study guide contains a biography of lois lowry, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis of the giver. Browse and read the giver writing prompts the giver writing prompts we may not be able to make you love reading, but the giver writing prompts will lead you to love. Browse and read writing prompts for the giver writing prompts for the giver no wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed it is not only to fulfil the. Transcript of expository writing/ the giver prewriting writing process revising/ editing/final draft your should get a job card packet to color code your rough draft. the giver writing prompt: it’s almost midnight and you’re almost finished with your sixth cup of coffee your eyes strain as you stare at your computer. Read writing prompts for the giver by maria polson veres with rakuten kobo these thought-provoking writing prompts will deepen readers’ understanding of lois lowry. Giver writing prompts never fail to get conversation started and not just any surface conversation in response to the 16 questions, learners will write a short. Browse and read the giver writing prompts the giver writing prompts give us 5 minutes and we will show you the best book to read today this is it, the the giver. Students respond to the giver through writing various writing prompts, which require students to make connections, are provided narrative, opinion/argument, and. Northwestern university admission essay prompt the giver essay prompts essay on teaching strategies dissertation about tsunami in thailand affecting tourism in phuket. This booklet contains 50 thought-provoking writing prompts that will deepen readers' understanding of lois lowry's classic novel, the giver use the prompts for daily.

<urn:uuid:71fa1921-e6e0-4bec-8951-49109caa1d5b>

Humans were trashing this planet long before we figured out how to send gobs of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Before the dawn of history, we’d already killed off the giant sloths and woolly mammoths of North America, nearly every tree on Easter Island, and all of the megafauna in Australia. Which is to say, climate change may be the most serious charge on our species’ rap sheet, but it isn’t the only one. A new study on the Earth’s rapidly depleting biodiversity highlights this point. The report, published in Science, finds that across a majority of the Earth’s land the abundance of animal and plant species has fallen below the level deemed “safe” by many biologists. And by “safe” these scientists mean “safe for human survival.” Our species relies on functioning ecosystems to live. We need crops to be pollinated, water to be filtered, waste to decompose into fertile soil, and the carbon cycle to be regulated. To execute these functions, ecosystems need to maintain a certain level of biodiversity, since these processes are born of the co-evolution of many different organisms. But humans also needed to kill off lots of organisms to proliferate and establish agriculture and industrial civilization. So far, with some minor hiccups (including the collapse of some civilizations), we’ve gotten away with it. The “planetary boundaries” framework suggests that won’t always be the case. It holds that when humans reduce the biodiversity of a given area by more than 10 percent, the sustainability of the local ecosystem is put at risk. This framework is contested and, in a sense, inherently political: The biologists who embrace this threshold aren’t claiming that crossing it ensures disaster, but, rather, that it constitutes a level of risk we’d be unwise to accept — particularly in light of the reckless experiment we’re conducting in our atmosphere. “This is definitely a situation where the precautionary principle needs to be applied: we can’t afford to wait to see the long-term consequences of degradation of natural ecosystems,” Owen Lewis, professor of ecology at Oxford University, told the BBC. The Science study compiles the most detailed analysis of global biodiversity to date, using 1.8 million separate measurements of the profusion

<urn:uuid:1501bd63-4f46-4b0c-8cf0-076f0744bef1>

CORVALLIS, Ore. — Early results from a two-year study in southern Oregon suggest that moderate and severe forest fires create conditions that lead to greater abundance and diversity of wild bees. Because Oregon’s more than 500 species of native bees are important pollinators of wild plants and crops, the study suggests that fires may promote bee populations that in turn may influence agricultural productivity and overall floral diversity. In 2016, scientists began trapping bees at 43 sites in forests burned by the 2013 Douglas Complex fire north of Grants Pass. The sites ranged from places where fire severity was low — flames were confined to low-growing vegetation and failed to reach the canopy — to places where severity was moderate and high. “In low severity spots, if you weren’t looking for the markers of fire, you wouldn’t know that it had burned,” said Sara M. Galbraith, a post-doctoral researcher in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University. “The canopy is completely closed, and the trees are usually older. There isn’t a lot of evidence of fire except for some blackened areas on some of the tree trunks. “And then, when you go to some of the high-severity fire sites, it’s a completely open canopy. There are a lot of flowering plants in the understory because the light limitation is gone. It just looks completely different,” she added. In a study led by Jim Rivers, OSU forest wildlife ecologist, Galbraith and a team of field researchers collected bees with blue-vane traps, which attract the insects by reflecting ultra-violet light. “The bees basically think it’s a huge flower,” said Galbraith. “Once they get inside the trap, they are unable to fly out because of the shape of the entrance.” In addition, researchers recorded the characteristics of each site, such as the types of plants, the degree of forest cover and whether or not logging had taken place after the fire. Such studies are important, Galbraith said, because the early stages of forest development — what researchers call early seral forests — have become less common. “This research adds to the evidence that there is high biodiversity in early seral forests relative to older stands, and moving forward

<urn:uuid:394a37dc-f172-4fae-8915-0cff4db9b10b>

CORVALLIS, Ore. – Dinosaurs squashed them with impunity. Thousands of species that lacked culinary appreciation have turned up their noses at them. And a study based on advanced DNA analysis has shown that this shameful indifference went on for 129 million years. Finally, however, one animal species came along that would learn to appreciate this particular fungus with almost a global reverence – homo sapiens. Thus was born the human affection for the morel – for millions of people around the world, it’s what you mean when you say “mushroom hunting.” Spring is coming soon, and with it the timeless quest for morels. For some, it’s almost a way of life. Nancy Weber, a researcher with the College of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University, has had a lifelong love affair with the morel. Her parents took her on her first mushroom hunt in the Michigan woods at the age of six months. Presumably they sat her down in front of a morel, wiped the drool from the corner of her mouth and said, “Now pay attention, Nancy. This is important. This is what you look for.” “Morels probably became so prized because of their distinctive appearance, which almost anyone can learn to recognize,” Weber said. “That means you’re not apt to pick a poison mushroom. But for a lot of people, mushroom hunting becomes part of your life, stories you tell around a campfire, a favorite picking spot whose location you hide like a great fishing hole.” Weber was part of a research team that has published one of the most detailed genetic analyses ever done on morels, to help identify their ancestry, show how they evolved and what conservation policies may be needed to manage and protect this valuable resource. Among other things, they concluded that morels have been around for a lot, lot, longer than people have – true morels split off from all other fungal species 129 million years ago, during the beginning of the Cretaceous Period. Back then, mammals were primitive little things, dinosaurs still ruled the world and morels were kind of an afterthought. Which pretty much proves that dinosaurs had small brains. Or lacked culinary skills. Since then, morels have evolved into

<urn:uuid:d6d3af1e-bdea-4a73-8526-bc010d533ff3>

CORVALLIS, Ore. – Dinosaurs squashed them with impunity. [...] 177 related species, and western North America – particularly the Pacific Northwest – has been an evolutionary hot spot. Despite the varying species, in many ways morels have “remained remarkably static since the Cretaceous,” the researchers said. The study was done by scientists from OSU, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eastern Illinois University and private industry. It was published in Fungal Genetics and Biology, a professional journal. “Oddly enough, most animal species aren’t particularly attracted to morels,” Weber said. “A few slugs and other things will eat them. But humans have probably been eating them for about as long as there have been humans.” The morel, which usually grows a few inches tall but can get larger, is a harbinger of spring and often gives people an excuse to get outdoors after winter is over, Weber said. They can last much of the summer into early fall and provide plenty of opportunity for hiking up and down hills, peeking under leaves, and trying to convince yourself you have a special technique and understanding about how to find this often-elusive mushroom. “There are things you can know about how to find morels, but on another level they are wherever you find them,” Weber said. “When I was a kid, we once drove all over the place, hiked everywhere, came up empty-handed and then went back home, found a bunch of them growing under our apple tree next to the house.” Morels are, in fact, a delicacy, although cooking them doesn’t need to be fancy – a few morels sautéed in butter with a little salt and pepper is difficult to improve upon. They are the people’s mushroom – clearly more sophisticated than the ubiquitous and bland button mushroom sold in bulk at the grocery store, but not so fancy as the chanterelle prized in French cuisine or the matsutake favored for Japanese dishes. People who eat morels usually have mud on their boots and aren’t afraid to work for their prize. Getting them can be as simple as a couple hours stomping around in the woods, or traveling hundreds of miles to compete in a mushroom hunting festival. Sometimes you get lucky and come home with a

<urn:uuid:d6d3af1e-bdea-4a73-8526-bc010d533ff3>

Ignominy by Covert Bullying - Modified : July 13,2014 Please share this with your friends... Also known as “Relational Aggression,” there are many facets of covert bullying. Often resulting in ignominy, covert bullying is a serious issue not only in school, but also for adults in everyday life. Identifying the behavior should be paramount for anyone who wishes to diffuse or prevent such situations. The Four Facets of Covert Bullying: - Social/Relational Bullying - Cyber Bullying - Verbal Bullying - Power/Perception Bullying - Social or Relational – This type of behavior can be best attributed to “cliques” and popularity competition. Knowing about a theory called “Self-fulfilling prophecy” may help a child, or even adult, overcome or avoid this type of covert bullying. The “Self-fulfilling prophecy” is similar to the more well-known “Law of Attraction.” If one is convinced of an outcome before the attempt is even made toward the goal, the presumption will inhibit their movement toward that goal, as well as taint the end result. Further, whatever one feeds with their energy will grow — good or bad.In example, if a kid is playing alone and doesn’t interact overtly with others, he or she is only feeding energy into their solitude. The others may see that as weakness or weirdness, and if they do not seek to understand why their peer is playing alone, they will tend to react with bias and judge the perceived “loner” for their behavior, which feeds the division between the parties. A less obvious example would be more along the lines of the Law of Attraction; where thoughts go energies flow. Consider the two phrases: “stop the fires!” & “hope for rain to put it out!” They are both intended as a sort of prayer to extinguish the flames, but one is aggressively negative (“stop!”), while the other is assertively positive (“hope!”). Either way, the phrases are feeding energy into an idea or summons, and whichever is fed more will dominate and manifest. Social covert bullying typically involves reputation and communication (or lack thereof), and often divides or isolates one person, or party, from another discriminator

<urn:uuid:5d10def8-7b91-4ce2-bb41-152435be575c>

Ignominy by Covert Bullying - Modified : July 13,20 [...] ily. 2. Cyber Bullying – In our world of fast-advancing technologies, where communication often takes place more online or via text from a distance than old fashioned word of mouth, body language and eye contact, people are more easily able to keep anonymity and hide in the shadows while they act out the sociopathic tendencies dwelling within each and every one of us. As best described in the book “Dispelling Wetiko” by Paul Levy, this sort of behavior is expressed through us, via our ignorance and carelessness, if we do not capture and contain it within frames of awareness, identifying its nature and properties and learning to avoid falling under the spell of our own Shadow while simultaneously attempting to be aware of it and yet not feed into it with too much or the wrong kind of attention. This electronic form of covert bullying is no less dangerous than any other type. It can be just as destructive, demeaning, and detrimental as if the bullying was taking place in person. Worse, since the culprit feels safe behind a phone or computer screen, this form may also be the most aggressive. Fortunately, since the user has a choice whether or not they access the medium in which this type of bullying takes place, and administrators of the medium have some control over what the aggressor can do, it is also the easiest to avoid or dismantle. 3. Verbal Bullying - The more obvious side of this covert bullying facet revolves around teasing, name-calling, rumoring or gossiping, and narcissistic behavior related to being the spotlight of attention or “king of the hill.” A less obvious example of verbal abuse is what many call impulsive bullying. This person may not realize what they are doing is abusive. Usually spontaneity plays the driving role here, because the sufferer — who would bully unless they’re suffering in some way? — projects their frustration, anger or suffering onto whoever is around, most likely unconsciously, so that they are not suffering alone. That is not always the case, but it is the most dangerous case because the person inflicting the damage won’t realize they are doing so, and thus cannot correct their error unless it is pointed out to them. Or, they lash

<urn:uuid:5d10def8-7b91-4ce2-bb41-152435be575c>

Ignominy by Covert Bullying - Modified : July 13,20 [...] out because they do not know how to internalize the lesson being presented to them. Sarcasm is often the least-addressed crease in the verbal bullying facet, because many people blindly associate all sarcasm as humorous. They will even tease or ridicule someone if they do not appreciate the sarcasm. Almost all sarcasm has a little truth, and that bit of truth is all it could take to wound the target of the comedic verbal lashing. Then there is the secondary culprit; one who does not initiate the conflict but joins in, usually protected down the road since they did not begin the assault, who may feel bad about what they are doing but is more interested in protecting their own reputation or self-esteem. 4. Power or Perception – Domination has ever been a controversial topic when considering nature and man, including human nature. Some scenarios in this facet could be divvied up between the others, but to disseminate the differences here we will focus on the perception of power. Sometimes this has more to do with greed, control and ego rather than domination equatable to conquest. Power or perception bullying is not always interested in accumulation or spreading seeds to grow root, but rather can be just as happy with a single target to offend over and over again until the target is used up before moving on to another. As best explained by Sam Adettiwar, founder of the Soul Research Institute and author of “The Elements of Soul,” our Ego creates delusion every chance it gets simply because it is an expert at covert bullying tactics against both the self and, often indirectly, against others as well. Whatever the reason, power or perception bullying often is an attempt to compensate for something lacking within the bullier. They must try to control others because they cannot control what is happening within them. They do not like what they see in others, because it is a reflection of what is within themselves. They must try to control situations and acquire some sort of gain, because they mistakenly believe such is the purpose of life. Or they must dominate, because rather than understanding the interconnectedness of everything, they feel dominated or isolated. Solutions:First, let’s recap. What is covert bullying? Covert bullying is done in

<urn:uuid:5d10def8-7b91-4ce2-bb41-152435be575c>

We’re studying quadratics in my 8th grade class. Even the name can strike fear in the heart of the most competent adult. I didn’t want it to be that way for my math kids. I wrote a good lesson plan and then I let students help me modify it. Essentially, they “taught” me how to teach them better through the interaction and feedback we gave to each other during the learning process. Here’s some of what it looked like I create a scaffolding technique, but students helped me add, delete and amend it until it works for the way they think. In essence, we built the scaffold together. Even if you don’t teach math, this strategy is a good one. I’ve done things like it in science and social studies, but it’s been awhile. I guess I’d just forgotten about using it. The trick is to create a means for scaffolding and then let students help fine-tune it. As a bonus (trust me here), while you’re figuring out the scaffolding, you’ll learn a lot about the topic that would never occur to you otherwise. We started off slowly using the geometric area model. Our textbook tells us that Greek mathematicians used this method as long ago as 300 BC. I think that sort of impresses students — the idea that they are following in the footsteps of ancient Greeks. We were also able to pair this ancient technique with modern-day technology using Geometer’s Sketchpad and an Algebra-Tiles sketch that was available in the software library. From there we started moving into a more symbolic version of finding the “x” solutions, figuring out what this means in real life and how to even use an old kindergarten Valentine making technique. It wasn’t easy but they hung in there. Here’s what I learned I divided my SmartBoard into two areas: one side represented the problem we were studying and the other side represented the thinking someone would need to do in order to solve the problem. This helped tremendously and as we worked problem after problem, students helped me refine my thinking list. - Look for GCF - Look for a letter that could be factored - Find both factors (it’s a multiplication expression after all): usually we write something like this to remind us —->

<urn:uuid:1b9972c1-46a8-411f-938f-3e8e218819c5>

We’re studying quadratics in my 8th grade class. Even the name can strike [...] a product=factor * factor - Solve for zero—finding both “x”s - Set those “x”s equal to the x-intercepts - If you need to find a min or max, find the line of symmetry — we would say “this is like when you folded the paper in two and cut out your Valentine heart” (and we always did the hand motions!) - Use the line to find the “y” of that max or min So all of this is on one side and then they use the other side to solve the equation. It’s scaffolding, and it helps them ingrain the process in their brain. I’m not sure they realized how much they helped me think about their thinking, but student feedback helped me zero-in on what they needed me to “think aloud” for them. Throughout the unit, you would see students able to stop and look at the process list and go on. They could perform this procedure independently. To enrich the lesson, we did a one-day mini-lesson that showed them the quadratic formula. It ties what the ancient Greeks did to another pretty old mathematician….Francois Viete. He was the French mathematician who published this formula way back in the late 1500s. Here’s the second thing I learned. My students couldn’t use this formula on problems unless they were in the standard form of the quadratic. Again, I could scaffold this by simply writing the standard form and then helping them use the process. I can imagine them in high school thinking all of this was foolishness. And it will seem that way then. But right now, where they are developmentally in building up their quadratic muscles, it is perfect. Latest posts by Marsha Ratzel (see all) - Scaffolding Quadratics: 2 Things My 8th Graders Taught Me - May 13, 2013 - Real Teacher Voice in the NG Science Standards! - April 12, 2013 - Student-Driven Common Core Classrooms - February 14, 2013

<urn:uuid:1b9972c1-46a8-411f-938f-3e8e218819c5>

Throughout the animal kingdom, we see the weaker of the group fall prey. Apart from the group we are predatory; a sly fox finds a victim. Evolution is amoral in order to survive in the direst circumstances, from the predator we find that this amoral opportunism manifests itself as criminality in human society. In the last century alone the lives of more than 50m people have been lost in wars fought over political ideals, territory and resources, events which are all testament to the perilous journey that is the technological ascent of man. Clearly political stability is paramount to our survival here on Earth. Yet we are undermined, in time complicity with criminal opportunism blocks the arteries of egalitarian governance, bringing leaders into disfavour whilst causing migration and ultimately empires to decay and fall. "Transparency", used to denote openness and accountability, is becoming common parlance in politics. Historically transparency has its roots in Sweden, when in 1766 the Freedom of the Press Act was introduced, granting the public access to government documents, though this brief ray of Scandinavian wisdom wasn't seen again until 1966 when the US introduced the Freedom of Information Act. Since then over 80 countries around the world have introduced similar legislation ensuring government data is available to the public, generally with the stipulation that there is no conflict with defence or foreign policy and the information does not relate to a specific individual. In the US this was further ratified by later amendments, significantly The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments in 1996. The web, parliamentary dialogue feeds and sites such as TheyWorkForYou.com have opened the offices of government further by making this information only a search or click away. In conjunction with the proliferation of televised news media, these changes are bringing us closer to Open Government. Transparency in finance, where banks such as Triodos allow the public to see all of the loans the bank has granted. Helping to prevent the kind of sub-prime lending which in part led to the banking fiasco of 2009. In time perhaps we could see our entire government or financial institution’s budget published on Google docs spreadsheet, updating as funds allocated in each sector are spent, whilst receipts gather. Transitioning

<urn:uuid:e4e0ce5c-798b-4173-850f-5eb48ebe9e08>

Throughout the animal kingdom, we see the weaker of the group fall prey. Apart from the group [...] to exclusively electronic currency could bring more economic transparency and an end to the unhealthy secrecy of currency that has been with us since the end of bartering. Few would disagree that international drug trafficking causes state corruption within those nations farming narcotics, within the police and military forces involved en route and within the destination culture: Clearly marrying these channels to crime is the sheerest folly. Transparency within what is currently known as the black market could legalize all such commodities, whilst introducing new safety clauses funded by the resulting tax revenues. Under such a system cigarettes may have cost £5 each from the outset, a first pint of beer could cost £3 and the fifth £10, whilst most drugs taken for leisure purposes could be placed in the luxury cost band. There are many sensible frameworks for such legalization that avoid the suffering that alcohol and nicotine brought with them. The question is not whether we should legalize drugs, the question is: Can our current political system function without reliance on institutionalized crime? With regard to the ecology, transparency is encouraging governments to disclose their CO2 emissions. Google provide an excellent web application which allows CO2 per capita over time to be compared between nations. There are now a variety of web sites providing global map data, many with satellite imagery. Together with experiences like Google Earth, the world is more unified than it ever was. Instead of exchanging postcodes, we mail or tweet GPS coordinates of theatres, restaurants or home addresses, or at the very least a postcode is converted to a GPS coordinate before being dispatched. This in itself brings a form of transparency to society that was previously absent: Nowhere is secluded. Had the web been with us earlier, would it have been possible for Slobodan Miloševic or Adolf Hitler to avoid being identified and located when GPS enabled mobile phones cameras are carried by almost every citizen? Given the kind of news the web now brings who would deny the request "Where is Slobodan now? Please tweet location and photo. Please re-tweet this."? Today our civilization spans the globe, what are we to do now that there is nowhere to migrate, when endless flight from tyranny seems the only option?

<urn:uuid:e4e0ce5c-798b-4173-850f-5eb48ebe9e08>

Most people know that patients with Parkinson’s disease are impaired in their movements. But it is less well known that patients also suffer from mental problems: they find it difficult to do multiple things at the same time or to plan ahead for instance. The dopaminergic medication that they take helps them move and think. Unfortunately, in some patients, the same medication can also contribute to worrisome impulsive behavior with respect to reward, such as pathological gambling or compulsive shopping. These contradictory effects of medication – on the one hand improving moving and thinking, but on the other hand causing impulsivity – have been attributed to effects of medication on different regions in the Parkinsonian brain. Dopaminergic medication would ‘refill’ regions deep in the brain that have a severe shortage of dopamine due to the disease. Those are the regions that are involved in moving and thinking. However, medication acts on the entire brain, so also on deep brain structures that do not have a dopamine shortage yet. These regions – involved in reward – would get ‘overdosed’, comparable with pouring water in a glass that is already full. The consequence is exaggerated sensitivity to reward and, hence, impulsivity. This theory has been around since the beginning of the century. Yet, actual evidence was lacking that medication improves moving and thinking by acting on the regions with dopamine shortage, and – at the same time, in the same patients – medication ‘overdoses’ more intact regions in the Parkinsonian brain involved in reward processes. In our recent study, published in Neuropsychologia, patients performed a computer game (i.e. task) that involved a mental component (i.e. hard and easy parts) and a reward component (i.e. promising 15 cents or only 1 cent reward for correct answers). Concurrently, we looked at patients’ brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients came twice to the lab to do the task: once while on their normal medication regime and once when not taking their medication. We found that when the brain region with a shortage of dopamine (called the dorsal striatum) was more active with than without medication, this was accompanied by better mental capabilities with than without medication. However, when – in the same patients, during the same task – the brain region with intact dopamine levels (called the vent

<urn:uuid:11a245de-b9d7-4e2b-b082-4da1d4a08843>

With the recent outbreak of measles in Southern California it got me thinking about what we as parents can do to keep our children healthy. While choosing to vaccinate your child or not is a very personal decision most people only see their point of view. If you are for vaccinations it is hard to see why someone wouldn’t, however if you are against it you don’t understand why someone would. I personally can see both points of view and could write for days about it, but I just want to remind you of some ways to keep your children healthy during this season if they are vaccinated or not. While visiting an amusement park remember you are visiting with people from all over the world, and their germs. Planning ahead will be your biggest life saver while visiting an amusement park. Bring alcohol based hand sanitizer, baby wipes and disinfecting wipes for every surface especially one you and your family will be eating from, or use a disposable place mat. Remember to have the entire family wash their hands specifically before eating. If you grab a churro (and how could you not, they are delicious) remember to at least use hand sanitizer to clean all their little hands. Cold and flu virus are NOT airborne, but if someone sneezes into their hand and then touches a door with their virus covered hand, and minutes later your child touches the same door and then eats a churro he just ate a churro virus treat. Anything that falls on the ground at an amusement park is now covered in every germs from every person. There is no five second rule, if it falls on the floor it needs to go into the trash. - Wash hands - Wash hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap. - Sing the ABC’s twice while washing hands - Wash hands before any meal - Wash hands after using the restroom - Teach kids to sneeze into a tissue but as this is usually not something a child carries, the crook of their elbow is the best way to avoid the spread of germs - Do not put bags down on the floor, the floor is the dirtiest place at an amusement park Tips for keeping kids healthy at home, school/daycare and outside the home: - Have kids wash hands when they arrive at school - Likewise when they come home from school - Keep your children home

<urn:uuid:4c2a4bfd-9f34-4984-83a1-0aeb04252cb7>

BHM is observed internationally throughout the entire month of February - from major UNESCO initiatives to the United Nations’ 2013 launch of the Decade of People of African Descent. Then there are dozenss of local events that celebrate, restore or debate Black life, culture and experience. In Anglophone Paris, there are a smattering of Black History Month events held by the mainstay American cultural institutions such The American Church, The American Library, The American Embassy, or Dorothy’s Gallery. But some French organizations go well beyond celebratory soirées and dive deep into tabling still-stinging memories. One hot button is France's colonial history. Here is an example: This year, an association called ‘Sortir du Colonialisme - Beyond Colonialism’ is holding their 8th annual Anti-Colonialism and Anti-Racist Week from February 16 to March 3rd. Up to this point, it was not part of the Black History Month official events but this year’s dates coincide with BHM. In an effort to develop bridges between militant groups, the organizers of 2013 Black History Month have invited the ‘Beyond Colonialism’ Association to include their anti-colonial program into this year’s BHM events. As the event title suggests, the association’s message is not limited to building and commemorating awareness of African Diaspora history. Their anti-colonial spotlight focuses instead on France’s wide net of former colonies, including North and sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, Caribbean and Pacific Islands, Middle East and stretches back to the slave trade. For Black History Month program organizers, this expanded historical focus has made French colonialism one of the themes of BHM. The theme entitled 'Sortir du Colbertisme - Beyond Colbertism’ covers 400 Years of History - from Royalty to the Republic. Who is Colbert?: Jean-Baptiste Colbert was the Minister of Finance under King Louis XIV in the 15th century. He was known to be thrifty, and worked hard at creating a favorable balance of trade, and that included increasing France’s colonial holdings. He also created the first version of the notorious Code Noir. In this 1685 law, he

<urn:uuid:de316249-621f-4634-9567-3781f374e65c>

BHM is observed internationally throughout the entire month of February - from major UNESCO initiatives [...] defined the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire and restricted the activities of free Blacks. |From the Nantes Museum| The final version was passed in 1724 then applied in the West Indies, Guyana, Reunion and Louisiana. Besides asserting French sovereignty in its colonies, the Code Noir’s primary objective was to secure the future of cane sugar plantation economy. According to Tyler Stovall, author of ‘Paris Noir’, the Code Noir is “one of the most extensive official documents on race, slavery, and freedom ever drawn up in Europe.” (pg 205) The ‘Beyond Colbertism’ theme for Black History Month 2013 brings to the table discussions on means used against the black populations: the plans of French colonialism, extermination, deportation, dehumanization, kidnapping, deprivation, exploitation, assimilation. Add to that, insurrections, abolition and decolonialization, and discrimination past and present. The Collective of Associations lending their support and signatures 2013 Black History Month • ANC/BAN : Alliance Noire Citoyenne / Brigade Anti Négrophobie Black Citizen Alliance / The Anti-Negrophobia Brigade |Anti-Negrophobie Brigade at the May 10th Abolition of Slavery Commemoration in Luxembourg Gardens 2012.| • C-O10MAI : Comité d'Organisation du 10 Mai (IdF) Organizing Committee for May 10th ** • Collectif du 10 Mai : (Nantes) May 10th Collective (in Nantes) • MIR France : Mouvement International pour les Réparations - The International Movement for Reparations. • V-V : Collectif Vies Volées (France) The Stolen Lives Collective. ** May 10th= In 2001, the Senate voted in The Taubira Law, recognizing slavery as a crime against humanity. In mainland France, this is the annual date of commemoration of the abolition of

<urn:uuid:de316249-621f-4634-9567-3781f374e65c>

BHM is observed internationally throughout the entire month of February - from major UNESCO initiatives [...] slavery. It is also, interestingly enough, the death date of King Louis XV, who passed the final Code Noir. Here are just a few events still upcoming for the Anti-Colonialism & Anti-Racist Week 2013. They include literary, discussions, film screenings, brunch, protest march. The full program here:or load from this link http://www.demosphere.eu/node/34367 Researchers: you’ll find here in the program useful names and addresses of organizations, lecture halls. Sunday 24 February 7 pm Assembly of People Still Colonized by France Monday 25 February - Debate and film projection: ‘El Problema’ by the Friends of the Democratic Saharan Arabic Republic Tuesday 26 February - Anti-Colonial brunch & film Wednesday 27 February - Film ‘Douce France’, saga of the Arabic (Beur) Movement Friday 01 March - Conference ‘Discrimination, extreme right wing, islamaphobia’. Film and debate - ‘Cong Binh’, Vietnamese film Saturday March 2 - Conference: Colonial Crimes and Memory Gaps - a French Specialty? The case of Cameroon. Sunday March 3 - Forum on African music. A note on the image used on the Semaine Anti-Coloniale et Anti-Raciste poster. The image below is the original packaging for a favorite breakfast drink loved by generations: Banania powder. It is the inspiration for the event poster. Created in 1917 when France used Senegalese marksmen in WWI. The Senegalese soldier in his red fez (they weren’t given metal helmets), is smacking his lips and pronouncing in pidgin French “‘y’a bon’ - it’s good”. The French public found the image and the soldiers endearing but the Collective from Antilles, Guyana and the Reunion Islands declared the slogan racist. Said Leopold Senghor in an anti-colonial poem, “I will rip the Banania grin from every wall in France.” Al

<urn:uuid:de316249-621f-4634-9567-3781f374e65c>

Frequently Asked Questions about Stammering What is stammering and/or stuttering? Stammering (or stuttering) is the term used to describe a communication disorder in which there is some difficulty in the timing and flow of speech, or the speech is broken by repetitions, prolongations of sounds or syllables, and blunt stoppages or silent blocks. Frustrations can also create unnatural body of facial movements, like stamping a foot or twitching the head. Why do I feel so self critical and ashamed about my stammer? It is a pain, really it is, but stammering tends to become a habit over time. The more you try to stop, the worse it seems to get, and the worse it gets, the more isolated and self conscious you tend to become. For some people, the attitudes of others, completely undermine their self-confidence and self-image and self-esteem. Other emotional fears may also develop around speech, or body image, or feelings, or all three. What causes stammering and/or stuttering? I don't think anybody really knows. There seems to be connection to a speech nerve disorder in the brain. But how does that account for the fact that most stammerers and stutterers don't do it all the time? Many find they don't stammer when they sing, read aloud, talk to themselves, whisper, shout, swear, and lots of other times. During such times you may have high/low anxiety pre-event, or high/low anxiety post event, so no connection there, except it seems that sufferers stammer less when they are less anxious. So we may conclude that stress plays a role, and if that's true, then de-stressing techniques should help. But what if it's stress induced through trauma, then stress is the fuel and the original trauma the trigger. But experts say no. In fact experts disagree about every proposed potential cause that has been studied for a hundred years. Anyone can say what it's not. To me a true expert is someone who says what it IS, or what it COULD BE! If it's a learned behaviour, de-learn it (is that a real term?), and re-learn new behaviour. If it's brought on by trauma, de-sensitize from the trauma and

<urn:uuid:3bcc4c53-4898-47d1-9cf2-31613fda9ece>

Frequently Asked Questions about Stammering What is stammering and/or [...] move on (PTSD for example). So, were left with, genetics, early child development, neuro-physiology and immediate family. That amounts to, your parents, early experiences at home and school, what people say and what people do, and living up to what's expected of you. It's always peach when you can blame somebody else, right? I tend not to focus on the cause of the stammer/stutter. I tend to treat symptomatically, unless there is an obvious possible cause lurking in the background somewhere, like, well, it doesn't matter what like; tapping it away (using EFT), like it's the driver, and reducing it's impact, allows you to carry on treating, with the potential negatives of the trauma out of the way. What's the difference between 'Stutter or Stuttering' and 'Stammer or Stammering'? Nothing. It is the same fluency of voice condition. It's just that in the US it is 'stuttering' and in the UK we tend to say 'stammering'. How many people stammer? It is estimated that around 1% of the worldwide population stutter and stammer. In the United States, that's over 3 million Americans who stutter, and over 600,000 people who stammer in the United Kingdom. What is your CD designed to do? To reach as many of that 3.6 million as possible (who want to try), in an effort to help them control their stammer, heal their stutter, and generally improve their fluency of speech. To improve their self confidence, self awareness, and ability to communicate. In addition to the 3.6 million in the USA and the UK, there are around 65+ million in the world who stutter and stammer. Who is helping them? Is there a cure for stammering/stuttering? People cure themselves of conditions and diseases and terminal illness every day, even cancer. A lot of these individuals are people who have been told, there is no known cause, and no cure for their condition. But they failed to understand statments like that mean you should give up hope, go home, sit in a

<urn:uuid:3bcc4c53-4898-47d1-9cf2-31613fda9ece>

Frequently Asked Questions about Stammering What is stammering and/or [...] chair and gradually fade away, because there is nothing anyone can do for you. They either didn't hear, or deliberately ignored the advice, and decided to do something about it themselves. Now, back to your question. Is there a cure for stammering or stuttering? Are you going to argue now there is no cure? There are 100's of websites out there that repeat the statement that: No cure has yet been discovered for stammering or stuttering, and to be very suspicious of anyone who claims otherwise. Well, it would be foolhardy to claim a cure, but the aim is to help the stammerer or stutterer create change in a powerful, positive, lasting way. Is a massive 8" plate screwed to a broken leg bone a cure for broken leg? No, it stops you limping, and enables you to walk, but it's not a cure. So maybe we have to concede there is no 'cure' as cure means at the moment. But it is possible to make long lasting change that can help you control and regulate your speech pattern, to make significant progress toward fluency, and gain emotional freedom from the negative effects of stammering or stuttering. That is what the CD is designed to do (previous question). What are the usual issues faced by people who stammer? The biggest one I find is anger of the self. The idea that somehow this isn't a real disease, or condition you can take tablets for, so what am I supposed to do? It is frustratingly difficult to do anything about it without guidance. In fact most attempts at a recovery only make the stammer worse, and that includes with guidance. Anger of the self is particularly destructive emotionally and physically. Frustration and the inability to communicate fluently are the main drivers here. If you are new to schooling, you will undoubtedly become the subject of ridicule from your more unsavoury classmates. And, if you wear glasses and stammer, then your parents will probably find themselves permanently on guard in your defence. It may not be quite as bad as that, but it has been noted by several studies that overprotective parents, who try to force change, can actually establish the stammer as a permanent condition, even

<urn:uuid:3bcc4c53-4898-47d1-9cf2-31613fda9ece>

Frequently Asked Questions about Stammering What is stammering and/or [...] though that is the last thing they want. I wouldn't mind betting heavily that the tormenting at school is mightily responsible for long term stammering, perhaps even into adulthood. Stammerers can, of course, fall prey to depression, which you can take medication for. In fact, all of the anxiety, phobias, depression, diseases brought on by worry, and other emotional trauma felt by the stammerer, can be dealt with over the counter, except the cause; except the stammer. It's not unusual for a stammerer to become fearful of certain situations, such as answering the telephone, the front door, or being asked directions. Speaking in public is a definite no-no. This puts the stammerer at a clear disadvantage when applying for jobs, serving customers, chairing meetings, auditioning, all manner of things. Stammerers can develop fear of certain situations, phrases, certain words, even their own name, which they will come to avoid at all costs. Certain mannerisms can become dominant, like stamping the foot to create a system shock to help get a word out, flicking the fingers, or head, or resorting to a launching word, like 'well....', 'and.....', 'what.....', to start every sentence. The physical mannerisms are what seem to attach a stigma to stammering, but avoiding certain words by using synonyms can make speech seem 'unnatural', and this can sometimes make the stammerer seem less well educated. Are stammerers and stutterers less intelligent than fluent speakers? Glad you asked that. NO! Do I have to deal with the original initiating trauma before my stammer control will take effect? Assuming your stammer was initiated by some kind of trauma, not everyone's is, your body went through a series of internal events, usually at some disorganizing, rapid speed, and created a result that it could live with. Trauma can be over a long time, like bullying or abuse, or it can be rapid, like a car accident. Trauma that occurs over a long time, is usually made up of seperate episodes, such as in the case of bullying. It is only with hindsight that

<urn:uuid:3bcc4c53-4898-47d1-9cf2-31613fda9ece>

Frequently Asked Questions about Stammering What is stammering and/or [...] we view them collectively. So each event is a stand alone trauma that the body is having to deal with. These events can be so fast, or confusing (why does this person, who should love me, treat me this way?), that the body can't deal with all of the data that is coming in, and so it downloads the data into the body and places it wherever it can, to process later. A way to describe it is like using a liquidizer without the lid on. The bulk of the material may be in place, but fragments are splattered everywhere and do not necessarily end up back in the container, as you wipe them up and dispose of them. In this way the body/mind connection is incomplete. Fragments of data are left around the cells of the body. The organizing force does not have a clear picture of how to cope with the trauma, and so it does the best it can. Our responses can be made more unclear because, when the mind and body are expecting this repeated behaviour, it now has to prepare for it in one way, but hope it goes away with another. This uncertainty and erratic exchange of data creates a behaviour pattern that is based solely on survival. The body must survive however it can, so it logs and files its coping strategy for use later. And, each time something similar happens (only similar mind you, it doesn't have the be the same event), the body responds as it thinks it needs to, to survive. The point here is, you can become anxious, you adopt certain behaviours, you become hypervigilant, on the lookout for certain chains of events, you become stressed, uncertain, self conscious, and your body responds accordingly. The misguided information that is coming in from all the fragments of data left from the original traumas, upset the balance, and have to be dealt with too. If one of your coping strategies was to think fast, talk fast, falter on words and just get by, the more that worked for you, the more the body returns to its original source of survival, when applying more and more events to the same coping strategy. A stammer can simply be a byproduct of that strategy, hammered home by repetition and success. So, the symptomatic approach, doesn

<urn:uuid:3bcc4c53-4898-47d1-9cf2-31613fda9ece>

There are currently 30 states that require Engineer CE courses to maintain valid licensure within those states. Only four of those states regulate and pre-approve the training institutions and programs that the engineers are required to take. The other states don't have programs to pre-approve courses for engineer continuing education, so it is up to the engineer themselves to determine which programs are acceptable for continuing education in these states. This is usually done by applying with the state board that regulates the continuing education system to ensure that a program is allowed to be used for continuing education before the course is started. Engineer CE programs are usually allowed as long as they are a course or activity that has a clear purpose to maintain, improve, and expand the skills and knowledge of licensees. Many states will also require the course to have engineering content that relates to technical information, ethics, and managerial skills.Distance learning and online courses are approved methods of continuing education for the engineering industry, as long as the program meets the requirements of that state and the completion of the course can be verified by an independent source. The independent verification means that the engineer has to pass an exam to complete the course, which is then kept of file by the course provider or institution, and can be proven to exist beyond just the engineer's saying they took the exam. Like any other continuing education program, it is the responsibility of the engineer to maintain their own engineer CE requirements, records, and submission of those records. Only two states require the provider to submit records to the state.Florida and North Carolina will obtain records directly from the school or course provider, while all other states require individuals to submit their records on their own accord. There should be a certificate of completion issued for any engineer CE course that is taken, which should be kept by the provider and the individual both for a certain amount of time. Most places will maintain these records for up to seven years, which generally exceeds the requirements of each state that mandates continuing education for engineers. However, an individual should maintain all records of their continuing education throughout their career, just to have verification and proof of their license renewals and all of the areas that they are skilled and trained to work in. While there are 20 states that don't require continuing education for engineers, it is always a good idea to learn more throughout a professional career even if it is only for the benefit of the individual.

<urn:uuid:c5454bdf-859b-4075-b705-c960aec66351>

While the word elohiym or elohim is considered to be plural, the word elohiym or elohim is consistently used with singular adjectives, pronouns and verb forms. Understanding the sentence structure of the Hebrew language would help the Trinitarians come to grips with what is being taught in their classroom. Under normal conditions those adhering to the Trinitarian view teach that the word elohiym is plural. Teaching that elohiym is a plural word and therefore a plural meaning would be correct if the word was subject to American grammar. The Hebrew language derives the singularity or plurality from the other structural components of the sentence such as adjectives, pronouns and verb forms. When the adjectives, pronouns and verbs are singular the remaining words in the sentence will be rendered in the singular. In the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Chaldean languages the singularity or plurality of adjectives, pronouns and verb forms dictate the singularity or plurality of the noun. The difference in American English is that the verb and subject must agree in number. If the noun is plural, it dictates plural verb. The general rule of thumb for the word elohiym is that when you see elohiym referring to the God of Creation the adjectives, pronouns and verb forms are normally singular. Thus God has a singular meaning of the one true God. When you see elohiym referring to the gods of the surrounding nations, Idols, strength, or persons with ruling positions the adjectives, pronouns and verb forms dictate elohiym to be rendered in the plural. However, out of 2596 occasions of elohiym there are 5 times where the God of Creation is rendered plural by personal pronouns. The personal pronouns we, our, and us are spoken by the God of Creation in each of these cases. Since Godís word is true, we have a solid foundation that the one true God is speaking for more than one person. The question arising from this deduction is; who is the person or persons God is referring to with the pronouns we, our, and us. Judaism believes in one true God literally and their answer on this issue is the "Royal We". The "Royal We

<urn:uuid:52ccd5b7-aff5-4c86-9a56-3956754713b3>

While the word elohiym or elohim is considered to be plural, the word el [...] " is an exception to the normal grammar rules which maintains and supports the "one true God" belief. In essence, the "Royal We" reveals God is speaking for himself since he is one true God and his court of royal advisors. With this rule in mind, the pronouns we, our, and us support of the one true God beliefs of Judaism. Christians believe that God sent Jesus Christ to fulfill the law. Over 50 Old Testament prophecies were fulfilled in the person and life of Jesus Christ. Though God sent several prophets to warn Israel to return to him in their covenant relationship, they refused. God then sent his son whom the builders of the Kingdom rejected. Therefore, God abolished the first covenant with its regulations and established a new covenant with the gentiles who are known as Christians. Colossians 2:14 , Ephesians 2:15 Through the Passover cup a new covenant was established and by the blood of the ,cross, Christ became the mediator of a new covenant made to whosoever would believe on Jesus Christ. Hebrews 9:15. In reading the Old and New Testaments it is not hard to understand that Jesus Christ was the focus and subject of Godís word. By John and Lukeís account Jesus Christ was God and was with God from the beginning and is seated at the right hand of God. The Christian has the foundation to say that God was speaking to the one who made all things (John 1:3) and that God is with us, Emanuel. "I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty." Revelation 1:8 We also have the witness of our Lord saying that he is the Almighty God. However, Jesus clarified the oneness of God when he said I and the Father are one. John 10:30. This statement establishes one true God of at least two persons who are united in one accord and purpose. For the Christian establishing one true God of at least two persons over rides the grammar ruling of the "Royal We" found in Judaism

<urn:uuid:52ccd5b7-aff5-4c86-9a56-3956754713b3>

Upon reflection and after spending time with the participants of EDT 400 today, I am thrilled at the potential of Michael Wesch's new project! What are the legacies of American History, and how do these interface with you on a daily basis? What change is occurring in the spaces of your learning that you feel are effective? As pre-service teachers and professionals I can't think of a better way to capture the common and uncommon educational experiences you are a part of. Remember to let me know what you need! (Disclosure: this is not a course requirement) How are you going to teach? What support might you need? Education, History and Learning This week we take a good look into the history of education, technology, and the realities of today. Remember that we're trying to use our blended course spaces to expand on the materials we are reading, viewing and connecting to in EDT 400 and beyond. Our conversation on Thursday will build on the sources you have for the week including the Darling-Hammond piece, Curriculum 21 and the Asimov Interview. We will use issue ID's to generate deliberation on these topics, so be careful in your construction of this piece of writing. A reminder about issue ID's from the course site: The second component of the Reading response is the identification of some issue that can be suitable for discussion. This can be one or two sentences long, and it can be as simple as identifying a quote from one of the readings that you find illuminating and interesting or questionable and briefly stating what important issue you see in the quote. You might also raise a point of comparison between readings, video or other media. The issue may be related to your topic discussion, though it need not be. Remember to use #edt400 for relevant Twitter activity, and look for excellent ideas that expand the topics of this course in new ways. On Twitter, @falsweeney excellent idea of viewing Waiting for Superman is an excellent idea! This film brings up many issues in the American Education both historically and today. As mentioned already the film has also has caused a bit of a buzz in the US, always a good sign for our topics! Looking forward to seeing you all this week.

<urn:uuid:0b9a592b-7286-46ed-9583-bcb8af6abb8d>

Today in Tudor History... 6 September 1492 – Christopher Columbus sails from La Gomera in the Canary Islands, his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. 1520 – Martin Luther sent his pamphlet “On the Freedom of a Christian” to Pope Leo X. On the Freedom of a Christian, sometimes also called "A Treatise on Christian Liberty" (German: "Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen") was the third of Martin Luther’s major reforming treatises of 1520, appearing after his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation and the work Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. This work was written in German and developed the concept that as fully forgiven children of God, Christians are no longer compelled to keep God's law; however, they freely and willingly serve God and their neighbors. Luther also further develops the concept of justification by faith. In the treatise, Luther stated, "A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all." 1522 – The Victoria, the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world. 1529-Erasmus to Margaret Roper Cannot express the delight which he felt on receiving Holbein's picture of the More family. Recognised every one in it,—none more than herself. Methought I saw a soul shining through this most beautiful household even more beautiful. Sends her a letter from a chaplain to Mary, formerly queen of Hungary. Begs his letter may be shown to her sisters, and his compliments to her mother Louise. I have kissed her picture, as I could not kiss herself. My best wishes to your brother John More, and your husband Roper. Friburg, 6 Sept. 1529. 7 September 1496 – Death of Ferdinand II of Naples 1533 –Birth of Elizabeth I of England,daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn 1571 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role

<urn:uuid:13af4b4b-a1a1-4734-a24b-3055a90aa144>

Added sugar is the single worst ingredient in the modern diet. Here are 9 reasons why you should say NO to added sugar: 1. No Essential Nutrients and is Bad For Your Teeth Added sugars (like sucrose and high fructose corn syrup) contain a whole bunch of calories with NO essential nutrient, also known as “empty” calories. There are no proteins, essential fats, vitamins or minerals in sugar, just pure energy. When people eat to 10-20% of calories as sugar this becomes a major problem and contributes to nutrient deficiencies. Sugar is bad for the teeth because it provides easily digestible energy for the bad bacteria in the mouth which can lead to tooth decay. 2. Will Overload Your Liver Sugar enters the bloodstream from the digestive tract, it is broken down into two simple sugars: glucose and fructose. Glucose is found in every living cell on the planet. If we don’t get it from the diet, our bodies produce it. Fructose, on the other hand, is not produce in our bodies nor is there physiological need for it. Fructose can only be metabolized by the liver. Consumed in small amounts doesn’t do harm – the fructose is turned into glycogen which is stored in the liver. The harm comes when the liver is full of glycogen forcing the fructose to turn into fat. If you have a western diet of high-carb and high-calorie intake it can lead to fatty liver and serious health problems. 3. Causes Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease A growing problem in Western countries is associated with metabolic disease. When fructose get turned into fat in the liver, it is shipped out as VLDL cholesterol particles. However, some of it can lodge in the liver which can lead to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). 4. Insulin Resistance Insulin is a very important hormone in the body. It allows glucose (blood sugar) to enter cells from the bloodstream and tells the cells to start burning glucose instead of fat. Having too much glucose in the blood is toxic and one of the reasons for complications of diabetes. The cells become “

<urn:uuid:50e89adc-e553-440a-addb-936c7a11c99d>

Added sugar is the single worst ingredient in the modern diet. Here are 9 reasons why [...] resistant” to it, also known as insulin resistance, which is believed to be a leading driver of many diseases including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease and especially type II diabetes. 5.Can Give You Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is characterized by uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells. Insulin is one of the key hormones in regulating this sort of growth. For this reason, many scientists believe that having constantly elevated insulin levels – constant sugar consumption- can contribute to cancer and metabolic problems (another potential cause of cancer). Studies show that people who eat a lot of sugar are at a much higher risk of getting cancer. 6. Can Cause Fat-Promoting Effects Studies show that fructose doesn’t have the same kind of effect on satiety as glucose. In one study, people drank either a fructose-sweetened drink or a glucose-sweetened drink. Afterwards, the fructose drinkers had much less activity in the satiety centers of the brain and felt hungrier. There is also a study where fructose didn’t lower the hunger hormone ghrelin nearly as much as glucose did. Over time, because the calories from sugar aren’t as fulfilling, this can translate into an increased caloric intake. Sugar can be addictive for a lot of people. Like abusive drugs, sugar causes a release of dopamine in the reward center of the brain. The problem with sugar and many junk foods is that they can cause massive dopamine release… much more than we were ever exposed to from foods found in nature. For this reason, people who have a susceptibility to addiction can become strongly addicted to sugar and other junk foods. 8. Leading Contributor to Obesity The way sugar affects hormones and the brain is a recipe for fat gain disaster. It can get people addicted so that they lose control over their consumption. People who consume the most sugar are by far the most likely to become overweight or obese. Many studies have examined the link between sugar consumption and obesity and found a strong statistical association. The link is especially strong in children, where each daily serving of sugar-sweetened be

<urn:uuid:50e89adc-e553-440a-addb-936c7a11c99d>

BACKGROUND CHECK 10•24•14 What Food Should Go Nude? And when can packaging actually be good for the environment? By David Tyler If you’re like me, you probably get a bit annoyed when you discover that an item you bought in the grocery store uses too much packaging. It seems like such a waste of plastic and cardboard. From an environmental perspective, wouldn’t it be better to conserve resources and use less packaging material? Not necessarily—it depends on the type of food. Researchers in Sweden recently used life cycle assessments (LCAs) to examine the environmental impacts of food production and food packaging on global warming (carbon footprint), energy use, eutrophication, and acidification. (1) They found that additional packaging can decrease the overall environmental impact of foods such as animal products (e.g., cheese and beef) and those with high losses due to spoilage (e.g., bread). That’s because additional packaging can cut down on spoilage, damage, and waste. (An example of “additional packaging” is the protective plastic tray found under meat that is wrapped in plastic film.) LCA studies show that the biggest environmental impact for many animal-derived foods and bread comes from growing and processing these foods, not from their packaging. There may be a small increase in environmental impact from additional packaging, but it is offset by the much larger decrease in environmental impact from reduced food loss. In contrast, the study found that for foods of vegetable origin, it is generally environmentally beneficial to avoid excess packaging. For example, consider that the energy required to produce one kilogram of cheese is nearly 60 times that needed to produce its packaging. In comparison, the energy that goes into making one kilogram of ketchup is only twice that required for its packaging. So for vegetable products, the relatively large impact of packaging is not offset by decreased spoilage and loss. The authors suggest that policies aimed at reducing packaging may be misguided if they end up increasing food loss. As consumers, we should worry less about the Styrofoam and plastic wrap encasing the ground beef—and take a pass on the shrink-wrapped broccoli. 1. Williams, H. and F. Wikström. 2011. Journal of Cleaner Production doi:10.1016

<urn:uuid:9463c72b-6229-4a29-848c-d5b38516f4fd>

Point of Contact Bloom with Bella, Books, and Botany BRIT's Preschool Outreach Programs Our hope is that this will inspire your sense of wonder and to take advantage of the benefits of nature when teaching all the critical domains. Bella’s Seasons of Stories, Seasons of Science is BRIT’s unique science/inquiry-based early childhood educational portfolio of products and services that uses quality children’s literature, nature, and botany. It provides opportunities for the early childhood educator to promote scientific thinking and practice, literacy, math, and creative art skills. With each seasonal unit (3 months) purchased, the classroom receives: - Three specially chosen books to tie popular children's literature to science learning - Three classroom visits - one per month - from the Bella the Begonia puppet (along with her friend) to lead an outdoor exploration and scientific conversation on your campus - A curriculum support filled with pre- and post- activity ideas for your classroom that connect to the literature Based on current research in best practices, Bella’s Building Blocks for Learning; Story Time, Purposeful Play, Exploration and Discovery, and Reflective Conversation are the teaching strategies implemented in all of BRIT’s early learning programs and can be applied to any early childhood curriculum. This program has four critical components to ensure its success: - Pre-Outdoor Lessons - Activities that give the program “roots” to lay the foundation for an outdoor exploration. - Outdoor Exploration Day– Activities that demonstrate best practices in outdoor learning environments. - Post-Outdoor Lessons – Activities that give the program “wings” to allow repeated opportunities for your students to practice science inquiry and deepen knowledge and skills. - A Co-Learner Mindset – Research shows that young children learn best when accompanied by a caring adult partner that guides their explorations, play, and conversations. So the activities encourage and give rise to “talk that teaches” and opportunities to grow critical thinking skills. The curriculum support is flexible, user-friendly, and is aligned with the Texas Pre-Kindergarten Science guidelines. It is a menu from which to choose the best activities and strategies that are appropriate for your students and your available resources. It can help you weave STEM concepts and content into your existing curriculum and lesson plans for all the critical domains

<urn:uuid:3ee13953-b0b9-442b-ad49-d9fba4327022>

Nuclear Standoff Has Bomb Shelter Sales Booming “We do not want a war. We do not know whether there will be war. But we know that forces hostile to us possess weapons that could destroy us if we were unready. These weapons create a new threat—radioactive fallout that can spread death anywhere. That is why we must prepare.” The Family Fallout Shelter Publication – 1959 A renewed spark of interest in obtaining fallout shelters has slowly been increasing since President Trump took office in January 2017. Combined with North Korea’s recent missile test, the sale of fallout shelters are up 700 percent according to Clyde Scott who is the owner of Texas company Rising S Bunkers. Scott reported to CNBC that his company was backlogged up to a year with fallout shelter request with 80% interest coming from Japan. The hashtag #Trumpocolypse that captured social media has taken on a whole new meaning with recent Twitter comments from President Trump regarding Russia and North Korea. Trump’s statements have sparked controversy recently tweeting that the military is “locked and loaded, should North Korea act unwisely” leaving Americans uncertain with the threat of nuclear annihilation from Kim Jong-un’s regime. America’s history with fallout shelters began during President Truman’s presidency in 1949 when the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic bomb. This incident introduced the world to the possibility of nuclear war. Fear of nuclear war grew during the 1950’s with the development of the hydrogen bomb. In 1951, The Department of Civil Defense released several publications and films educating the citizens of the United States the dangers of the atomic threat, effects of radiation and how to protect their families from nuclear fallout. One such popular film, Duck and Cover, starring a lovable cartoon character, Bert the Turtle, was released as a public awareness campaign in 1951 for school children. The film was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2004. The United States Library of Congress declared the film as “historically significant” and was seen by millions of school children during the 1950’s. Duck and Cover was also displayed and distributed to school children as a comic

<urn:uuid:47a1598c-ad8d-43e3-bcab-f96bd5ddf640>

Nuclear Standoff Has Bomb Shelter Sales Booming “We do not want a war [...] book. During that same time, Civil Defense also released another educational film, Survival Under Atomic Attack, more suited for adult audiences. Anxiety ran high with Russia exploding their hydrogen bomb and setting off the arms and space race as the Cold war between the two superpowers escalated. Along with educational films released by Civil Defense, a campaign known as “Alert America” with the distribution and promotion of pamphlets, booklets and portable exhibits offering suggestions on how to survive an atomic attack. Radiation readings along with weather reports were published in newspapers along with blueprints of how to build your own fallout shelters. Hollywood and television began producing doomsday films and shows like the “The Twilight Zone” and nuclear war films like “The Last Man on Earth.” The 1960’s brought more international tensions during the Kennedy Administration with the Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall. Kennedy requested Congress in 1961 to approve $100 million for public fallout shelters and nuclear alarm systems. Tensions eased with the American public when arms control talks and limited nuclear test ban proceeded and plans for public fallout shelters were postponed. In addition to a rise in consumer sales of fallout shelters, doomsday prepper supplies have also seen their sales revenue jump since Trump was elected. Supplies like freeze-dried foods, home canning equipment, water filtration systems, gas masks, and generators are the most popular purchases. Google searches for “prepper” hit their highest level in August and searches for “survivalism” had a high ranking in July, according to Google Trends. After two years of the minute hand staying set at three minutes before the hour, the Doomsday clock was moved 30 seconds closer to midnight this month. The Doomsday Clock is a symbolic warning about how close the world stands to “midnight,” that is, nuclear or existential catastrophe. Since 1947, the Doomsday Clock has been maintained by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a conglomeration of experts on nuclear policy, climate change, and other global threats. The initial setting of the minute hand

<urn:uuid:47a1598c-ad8d-43e3-bcab-f96bd5ddf640>

Nuclear Standoff Has Bomb Shelter Sales Booming “We do not want a war [...] was 7 minutes to midnight and over the years has fluctuated from 17 minutes in 1991 to 3 minutes in 2016. Recent Trump comments over nuclear weapons, the threat of renewed arms race between the United States and Russia, and the scientific consensus over climate change has forced the minute hand closest to midnight since 1953. “This is the closest to midnight the Doomsday Clock has ever been in the lifetime of almost everyone in this room. It’s been 64 years since it was closer,” said Lawrence Krauss, a theoretical physicist at Arizona State University and the chair of the Bulletin’s board of sponsors. Modern day preppers are taking advantage of today’s technology that past fallout shelters did not have in the past. Over time, old fallout shelters have deteriorated, rusted out and filled with water. Modern day fallout shelters offer luxuries that were not available during the Cold War era. The latest boom trend in real estate sales features luxury fallout shelters that provide spaces for an indoor pool, gyms and basketball courts. Modern fallout shelters are designed as concrete tombs instead of steel compartments buried deep underground to escape the nuclear fallout. - You can have all your major amenities: TV, high power and high voltage appliances and horticulture rooms where you can grow vegetables and gardens, a full shower, all the amenities of your full home said Brad Roberson, marketing director for Rising S Company. The American public has become awakened again to the idea of fallout shelters. Most consumers are purchasing pre-made shelters in the preparation of not just a nuclear attack, but also preparations of economic collapse, terrorist attacks and natural disasters due to climate change. CNN.com reports that sales of pre-made and custom-made bunkers have increased 1,000 percent. The increased interest in fallout shelters today doesn’t come with the panic and fear of the 1950’s and 1960’s that prompted homeowners to construct more than 200,000 fallout shelters in their backyards. Construction of the fallout shelters during that time was

<urn:uuid:47a1598c-ad8d-43e3-bcab-f96bd5ddf640>

While the NAO humanoid robot sounds much like a work of science fiction, the 58-centimetre machine is actually making a difference in some Quebec classrooms. A researcher from the Université de Montréal has helped bring the NAO into four Quebec schools and hopes to see the project expand. "Kids were so engaged, just because the robot was there," said Prof. Thierry Karsenti, who also holds a Canada Research Chair in information technology and education. "They were coming to school on ped days. They were staying at school, after school, until 5 p.m." In this case, the purpose of the robot is to motivate students to learn, engage and become comfortable with interactive, programmable technology, Karsenti said. "By the end of the school year, some of them wanted to be programmers, engineers, others wanted to create the video games. How they saw themselves in the future really evolved," he said. "Why? Because they realized they had the power to control a robot." The NAO, which has been in development since 2006, is described by its parent company SoftBank Robotics as a "teachers' ally." Karsenti has shown students as young as eight years old at École primaire Paul-Jarry in Lachine how to program the NAO to sing, dance and even play soccer The technology, however, comes with a hefty $6,000 price tag. "I'm hoping in a few years from now, they'll be a lot cheaper," he said. "But I think it's still a good thing to try in schools." A powerful tool Karsenti explained that beyond inspiring and challenging young minds, the NAO may be able to help students with autism excel in the classroom as well. Another school involved in the project is the CFER de Bellechasse in Saint-Raphaël-de-Bellechasse, a school for children with special needs. Karsenti said he's had a lot of success using NAO to interact with children on the autism spectrum disorder. "Kids who never who never talk in class, who never look at their teacher in the eye.. they looked at the robot. They talked to the robot. They really empathize with the robot," said teacher Diana

<urn:uuid:40b60fea-757d-46ca-95fd-fd2a27e5a3f5>

The first of two comets heading toward the sun this year made its closest approach to Earth today and will be visible in the Northern Hemisphere beginning on Thursday. Skywatchers in the Southern Hemisphere have been able to see Comet Pan-STARRS for weeks at twilight, even without binoculars or a telescope. The comet came about 100 million miles from Earth today. The first of two comets heading toward the sun this year made its closest approach to Earth today and will be visible in the Northern Hemisphere beginning on Thursday. Skywatchers in the Southern Hemisphere have been able to see Comet Pan-STARRS for weeks at twilight, even without binoculars or a telescope. The comet came about 100 million miles from Earth today. “As Comet Pan-STARRS was setting on the southwestern horizon, its nucleus was visible to the naked eye,” photographer Michael White from Manawatu, New Zealand, wrote to accompany a stunning image of the comet posted on the SpaceWeather.com website. The comet, officially known as Comet C/2011 L4, was discovered in June 2011 by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, or Pan-STARRS, in Hawaii. Comet Pan-STARRS is believed to be a first-time visitor to Earth after being gravitationally bumped out from the Oort Cloud, a repository of small icy bodies located beyond Pluto in the solar system’s back yard. Comets, which are comprised of minerals, rocks and ice, are believed to be remnants from the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago. As a comet approaches the sun, some of its ice vaporizes, creating an envelope of gas and dust, called a coma, around its body. The heating also generates two tails, each of which can be more than 1 million miles long. One tail is comprised of dust and the other is made of molecules ionized by sunlight. Comet Pan-STARRS currently is inside the orbit of Mercury and brightening as it heads toward the sun. “Observers in the Southern Hemisphere say the comet can be seen with the naked eye even through city lights. Currently, it

<urn:uuid:075cafff-448a-438d-a892-db1a94b61a2d>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also designating agreements with and between international organizations), which is legally binding under international law. Treaties differ from a variety of other international agreements like declarations, memorandums of understanding, and gentlemen's agreements, which only create moral and political obligations, nonbinding commitments, or what has been branded as "soft law." The Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975) is an example of an important international agreement that was deliberately drafted in a way that was legally nonbinding to the parties at the time, circulated at the United Nations but deliberately not registered with the Secretariat. In legal jargon, and as codified in the preamble as well as Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), a treaty, unlike other international agreements, comes under "the fundamental principle" of pacta sunt servanta. This Latin phrase means that "agreements must be observed," unless forced upon or concluded in bad faith. Pacta sunt servanta is a Ciceronian principle that has been selectively and problematically appropriated by modern treaty law. In De officiis (3.24), Cicero (106–43 b.c.e.) speaks extensively of ethical conduct and makes no distinction between agreements and promises (pacta et promissa ) in his meditation on the matter. By contrast, international legal discourse allows for agreements that do not follow the pacta sunt servanta rule, in turn providing for diplomatic flexibility and a bypassing of ethics. This makes it possible to daily exchange agreements and promises that have shades of legality, publicly simulating commitment, but in practice retaining opt-outs and remaining legally unenforceable. Although the word treaty can be etymologically traced back to the Latin tractus, meaning treatment, handling, discussion, and management, there was no Latin word with that root having the notion of an (international) agreement. If anything, tractus sometimes had the sense of a disagreement, of a violent handling of affairs, such as the dragging by the hair of the priestess of Apollo. A common Latin word for treaty is foedus —interestingly a word that also meant

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] the unseemly, horrible, and detestable, probably depicting in the mind of the users the forced circumstances and unholy power deals that led to the conclusion of some. Another Latin word for treaty is conventio, from which the English word convention derives, a term currently used as a synonym for treaty, especially when following long multilateral negotiations. Conventio has in addition the meaning of an assembly and is a word that literally translates sumbasis, an ancient Greek word for treaty. Sumbainō had the meaning of coming to an agreement but also of walking together, just like in the Latin convenio. Walking together along the same path or in the same direction is a good metaphor for agreement, though in practice it was also meant literally, like the walking together of comrades to the assembly, battlefield, or exile. There were other words for treaty in ancient Greek, such as sumphōnia, the harmony of speaking with a "common voice" about an issue, depicting people in great solidarity and symphony, or sunthēkē, which meant literally the composition of words, emphasizing the textual or synthetic sense of an agreement. But the most formal and solemn treaty was called spondē, meaning literally "libation," which included the calling of the gods to witness the treaty and the taking of the oaths that sanctified it. Unlike other agreements, the breaking of a spondē was not just an illegal or immoral act, but a sacrilege. The move to the term treaty signifies a change from the usual metaphors of agreement but also a turn toward secularization in international relations and law. In the sense of a contract between states the first recorded use of treete is in 1430. But as a technical term of international law the word is commonly employed from the end of the seventeenth century onward (Oxford English Dictionary ). Interestingly, the introduction of the term follows the end of the Thirty Years' War and the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which is supposed to have secularized international norms and practice and provided the foundation of the modern (European) interstate system. Typically, the only state that made

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] and still makes the point of not using the name treaty for its legally binding international agreements is the Holy See. In diplomatic practice, bilateral treaties signed with the Vatican are called concordats, and canonists have gone to great pains to show that the "nature of concordats" bears practical similarities—but is not identical—to that of treaties. A concordat refers to a cordial agreement, a union of wills, the successful meeting of hearts and minds in Christian harmony. The concordat is supposed to pass its provisions spiritually, requires no diplomatic "handling," and its conclusion is avoided by the Holy See if it foresees complications in the ratification process from the other side. It is a euphemism through which papal treaty practice is rendered sui generis, supposed always to operate in concord, thus rhetorically separating itself from the worldly bargaining and crude pursuit of national interest associated with conventional treaty-making. Note also that in concordat practice, the Holy See emulates the discourse of the new covenant, which in Christian cosmology constitutes "the treaty of treaties," rendering all other sacred or secular agreements false or insignificant by comparison. It was the messianic advent of Jesus Christ that brought forth the "new covenant," bypassing and superceding the collective oath of the faithful to keep the "old covenant." As taken up in the Epistle to the Hebrews—which is precisely a call to reject the old and accept the new covenant—the old covenant requires command ethics and rabbinic enforcement, whereas the new one inscribes the divine laws in the minds and hearts of the people in concordat style (see sidebar). The story of rendering the old covenant obsolete following the declaration of a momentous happening or new revelation has ironically established a pattern in secular treaty law, and specifically in the employment of the principle of clausula rebus sic stantibus, the "clause of things standing thus." This clause renders a treaty obsolete if there is a significant change in the conditions under which it was first concluded. The principle is a late-sixteenth-century invention

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] coined by Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), a Protestant theologian and international jurist, in De iure belli libri tres. By mixing religious and legal discourse, oath-taking and treaty (foedus ) ratification, Gentili suggests that there is in every treaty a silent assumption, an understanding (intelligitur ) or mental reservation (subintelligi ) of a clausula rebus sic stantibus (pp. 244–245, 599). This is only the case among Christian rulers, for Gentili doubts the legal durability of treaties concluded with untrustworthy infidel rulers (nec fidere infidelibus potes ) on scriptural qua moral grounds: "For although the impious oath of an infidel may be accepted, yet what trust can be put in an unbeliever" (p. 660). That a tacit understanding of termination exists when circumstances fundamentally change reinforces the privilege of "mortal gods," but highly complicates the binding status of treaties between them. Not surprisingly, in actual diplomatic practice, statesmen from Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) to Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) considered the denouncement of or abrogation from a treaty as the solemn and inalienable right of state sovereignty. Taken to its logical conclusion, clausula rebus sic standibus poses a fundamental challenge to the principle of pacta sunt servanta, the treaty's defining characteristic. Still, the rebus sic standibus principle became part of customary international law and was codified—albeit in a more restrictive form because of its common abuse—in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 62). Examining how the concept of treaty developed as a basic form of inter-and cross-cultural handling requires consideration of its ideological affinities to the concept of trade. These affinities are lexically quite striking, more so in the French words for treaty and trade, traité

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] and traite, respectively. This is not surprising when one recalls how the conclusion of treaties was an important means through which Western trade expanded, initially in the East and then globally. During this period we saw the development of the terms "treaty port" and "treaty national." Treaty ports were established all over the coasts of East Asia and along navigable waterways too, through treaties between Western nations and the rulers of China, Japan, Korea, and Siam. The treaty ports regime allowed for the establishment of self-administered foreign settlements for the purposes of trade, settlements that enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy. The main provision was that foreign or treaty nationals enjoyed extraterritoriality and were therefore deemed to be outside the jurisdiction of the country they actually resided in, thus being legally accountable only to their respective consular courts. Though treaty ports and nationals were not limited to the east coast of Asia, and could be found also in the Ottoman Empire and Morocco, it was in China that they reached unparalleled proportions to the bitterness of the local elite that was forced to capitulate. There was a time that up to eighteen countries, not only Western powers but also Mexico, Brazil, and Peru, signed such treaties with China, in the first instance for the promotion of trade, but in the longer term infiltrating the region culturally and politically through missionaries and consuls. In the sense of "worldly handling," treaties were also used as an instrument for colonial expansion. Note, parenthetically, that formal treaties were not always employed, especially with regard to the colonization of Africa, or the Spanish conquests of America, which were "legalized" through the Papal Bull Inter caetera (1493). The latter gave the "illustrious sovereigns" of Castile the exclusive right to acquire all the land they had discovered or might discover in the future one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands. In terms of local instruments, the Spanish morally and practically dispossessed indigenous peoples through a legal caricature, the Requerimiento, a Eurocentric and Christocentric document on the history and state of the world, read to the nat

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] ives and asking them to accept it by submitting to Spanish sovereignty or be made to submit. Nonetheless, treaties with the natives were often employed by colonial powers when commercial, political, or military interests so demanded. Such treaties were textually very basic, written in paternalistic discourse, and indirectly legitimated colonial occupation and governance in exchange for vague promises of protection of native life, possession, and culture. Their current "anomalous" status in terms of legal claims and retrospective enforcement has become a hotly contested issue in, among other places, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Covenants Old and New Had that first covenant been faultless, there would have been no occasion to look for a second to replace it. But God finds fault with his people when he says, "The time is coming, says the Lord, when I shall conclude a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their forefathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt; because they did not abide by the terms of that covenant, and so I abandoned them, says the Lord. For this is the covenant I shall make with Israel after those days, says the Lord: I shall set my laws in their understanding and write them on their hearts; I shall be their God, and they will be my people. They will not teach one another, each saying to his fellow-citizen and his brother, "Know the Lord!" For all of them will know me, high and low alike; I shall pardon their wicked deeds, and their sins I shall remember no more." By speaking of a new covenant, he has pronounced the first one obsolete; and anything that is becoming obsolete and growing old will shortly disappear. source: Hebrews 8:7–13, in The Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha. Perhaps a paradigmatic treaty between a colonial power and an indigenous community is the Treaty of Waitangi (1840), concluded between Britain and the Maori chiefs of New Zealand (see sidebar). This treaty is interesting because it has been retros

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] pectively enforced, albeit reluctantly and selectively, through a 1975 New Zealand Act of Parliament and currently forms the basis of a number of claims by Maori groups for partial restitution and nondiscrimination. Still, the treaty's terms and processes expose the catachrestic political environment within which colonial treaty-making was taking place. For a start, there are significant differences between the English and the Maori texts of the treaty as well as differences in the understanding of the concepts used within. The English text included a provision that the Maori chiefs were "claiming authority over the Tribes and Territories which are specified after our respective names," a passage that is missing from the Maori text. The Maori translations for "government" (kawanatanga ) did not have the Western conception of the exercise of sovereignty, nor did "rights and duties" (tikanga ) have the notion of the pursuit of individual claims and obligations outside the remit of local custom (see www.archives.govt.nz/holdings/treaty_frame.html). There are also variations between the original Maori text and the eight copies in Maori opened for signature. The more than five hundred signatures to the treaty were a "cumulative process," added by different chiefs on different copies at different locations in New Zealand. In addition, not all copies bear a government seal. Some chiefs signed on unknown dates and without any witnesses. Some signatories have not been identified. Others signed without any clarification on the text of what representative authority they had, if any. The "Confederation of the Chiefs" referred to in the treaty was instigated by the British Resident in 1835 and only covered the north of the country. What is more, some important chiefs and tribes rejected the treaty and refused to sign, yet found themselves bound by it. As a leading legal authority implies, even using the most "generous" and "creative" interpretation of the provisions of the treaty, the Maori people cannot overcome the biases of the initial colonial policy through which they were "legally" dispossessed of their lands and polities (Brownlie). Ironically, recent human rights treaties of which

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] they are not a party may provide a better basis for recognition The Treaty of Waitangi, 1840 Victoria, the Queen of England, in her concern to protect the chiefs and subtribes of New Zealand and in her desire to preserve their chieftainship and their lands to them and to maintain peace and good order considers it just to appoint an administrator one who will negotiate with the people of New Zealand to the end that their chiefs will agree to the Queen's Government being established over all parts of this land and (adjoining) islands and also because there are many of her subjects already living on this land and others yet to come. So the Queen desires to establish a government so that no evil will come to Maori and European living in a state of lawlessness. So the Queen has appointed me, William Hobson, a captain in the Royal Navy to be Governor for all parts of New Zealand (both those) shortly to be received by the Queen and (those) to be received hereafter and presents to the chiefs of the Confederation chiefs of the subtribes of New Zealand and other chiefs these laws set out here. The chiefs of the Confederation and all the chiefs who have not joined that Confederation give absolutely to the Queen of England for ever the complete government over their land. The Queen of England agrees to protect the chiefs, the subtribes and all the people of New Zealand in the unqualified exercise of their chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures. But on the other hand the Chiefs of the Confederation and all the Chiefs will sell land to the Queen at a price agreed to by the person owning it and by the person buying it (the latter being) appointed by the Queen as her purchase agent. For this agreed arrangement therefore concerning the Government of the Queen, the Queen of England will protect all the ordinary people of New Zealand and will give them the same rights and duties of citizenship as the people of England. (Signed) W. HOBSON Consul and Lieutenant-Governor So we, the chiefs of the Confederation and of the subtribes of New Zealand meeting here at Waitangi having seen the shape of these words which we accept and

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] agree to record our names and our marks thus. Was done at Waitangi on the sixth of February in the year of our Lord 1840. source: Literal translation of the Maori text of the Treaty as proposed by Sir Hugh Kawharu; quoted from Ian Brownlie, Treaties and Indigenous Peoples, pp. 6–7. of their claims than the treaty they signed as "independent" and "sovereign" people. In practice, of course, indigenous groups use a combination of the original bilateral and recent multilateral treaties to support their claims. Such cases illustrate that the modern idea of treaty developed within but also beyond the parameters of international legal history. In global practice, and from a non-Western perspective, treaties of particular historical periods could be seen as instruments for the aggressive promotion of commercial and imperial interests. In this sense, their primary aim was less the creation of legally binding commitments and more the economic and political infiltration of territories whose population status was legally defined through the treaty in ways that made this possible. As unequal devices and cover-ups through which Western global hierarchy was legitimated and reinforced, such historical treaties provide an antinomy to their conventional legal purpose as currently understood. Yet there are specific conceptual and practical limitations that need to—and perhaps cannot—be overcome in transforming a treaty into a politically neutral instrument. For example, as the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 2.1a) and treaty specialists outline, the designation of an agreement as a "treaty" does not in itself render it into a treaty, if written in contrary spirit and terminology. Similarly, the designation of an agreement by a nontreaty name (including memorandum of understanding) does not mean that it is automatically not a treaty, if parties textually display intention to be bound, yet decide not to go through the usual legal motions. In short, almost anything is technically possible given that the status of international agreements, in the final analysis, always depends on the definition whims of sovereign agents. That is why legal attempts to progressively develop the concept of treaty by extending it to all kinds of agreements that create binding obligations, and thus challenging the dev

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] ious uses of "soft law," may be important but can only go so far. Soft law is an expedient diplomatic practice that is likely to continue, exploiting the space between the "hard" obligations of treaty making and the dubious legality of nontreaty commitments, "creatively" mixing the two when politically necessary, establishing concomitant duties of varying degrees. This is not to belittle the usefulness and importance of treaties in creating contractual obligations that can be recognized if parties to a treaty agree (a current prerequisite under international law) to take disputes over validity and interpretation before an international tribunal or the International Court of Justice. It should be remembered, however, that treaties, like the one done in Waitangi, have also been an instrument to obliterate an international legal personality and deny an international locus standi, by creating internal rather than external treaty obligations, which can always be bypassed by new domestic law. From this perspective, as a means of both constituting and erasing international legal subjectivity, treaties have been essential in reproducing state sovereignty, through which humans invariably benefit or suffer. See also International Order ; Peace ; War . Aust, Anthony. Modern Treaty Law and Practice. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Brownlie, Ian. Treaties and Indigenous Peoples. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992. Cicero. De officiis. Translated by Walter Miller. London: Heinemann, 1913. Deloria, Vine, and David E. Wilkins. Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of Treaty Ports, 1842–1854. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964. Gentili, Alberico. De iure belli libri tres. Translated by John C. Rolfe. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933. Herodotus. Histories. Rev.

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] ed. Translated by Alfred Denis Godley. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938. Hillgenberg, Hartmut. "A Fresh Look at Soft Law." European Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (1999): 499–516. Klabbers, Jan. The Concept of Treaty in International Law. Boston: Kluwer, 1996. Ovid. Metamorphoses. Rev. ed. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984. The Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Satow, Ernest. A Guide to Diplomatic Practice. London: Longmans, 1957. Sinclair, I. M. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1984. Costas M. Constantinou "Treaty." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 16, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/treaty "Treaty." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. . Retrieved December 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/treaty A compact made between two or more independent nations with a view to the publicwelfare. A treaty is an agreement in written form between nation-states (or international agencies, such as the united nations, that have been given treaty-making capacity by the states that created them) that is intended to establish a relationship governed by international law. It may be contained in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments such as an exchange of diplomatic notes. Various terms have been used for such an agreement, including treaty, convention, protocol,

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] declaration, charter, covenant, pact, act, statute, exchange of notes, agreement, modus vivendi ("manner of living" or practical compromise), and understanding. The particular designation does not affect the agreement's legal character. Though a treaty may take many forms, an international agreement customarily includes four or five basic elements. The first is the preamble, which gives the names of the parties, a statement of the general aims of the treaty, and a statement naming the plenipotentiaries (the persons invested with the power to negotiate) who negotiated the agreement and verifying that they have the power to make the treaty. The substance of the treaty is contained in articles that describe what the parties have agreed upon; these articles are followed by an article providing for ratification and the time and place for the exchange of ratifications. At the end of the document is a clause that states "in witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have affixed their names and seals" and a place for signatures and dates. Sometimes additional articles are appended to the treaty and signed by the plenipotentiaries along with a declaration stating that the articles have the same force as those contained in the body of the agreement. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, of the U.S. Constitution gives the president the power to negotiate and ratify treaties, but he must obtain the advice and consent of the Senate (in practice solicited only after negotiation); two-thirds of the senators present must concur. Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution forbids the states to enter into a "treaty, alliance, or confederation," although they may enter into an "agreement or compact" with other states, domestic or foreign, but only with the consent of Congress. The U.S. Supreme Court, in Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416, 40 S. Ct. 382, 64 L. Ed. 641 (1920), established that U.S. treaties are superior to state law. Acts of Congress, however, are equivalent to a treaty

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] . Thus, if a treaty and a law of Congress are inconsistent, the one later in time prevails. The Court has never found a treaty to be unconstitutional, and few treaties have been challenged. In general, the Court views a dispute over a treaty as a political question outside its jurisdiction. Traditionally, international law required treaties to be ratified in the same form by all parties. Consequently, reservations or amendments proposed by one party had to be accepted by all. Because of the large number of participating states, this unanimity rule has proved difficult to enforce in modern multilateral treaties sponsored by international agencies for the purpose of creating legal regimes or codifying rules of international law. Where agreement exists on the essential elements of a treaty, international law increasingly is allowing reservations as to minor points not unanimously accepted. Treaties for which ratification is specified come into effect upon the exchange of ratifications between the parties or upon deposit of the ratifications with a designated party or international agency, such as the Secretariat of the United Nations. A treaty may be terminated in accordance with specifications in the treaty or by consent of the parties. War between the parties does not invariably terminate treaties, as some treaties are made to regulate the conduct of hostilities and treatment of prisoners. Other treaties may be suspended for the duration of the hostilities and then resumed. An unjustified, unilateral abrogation of a treaty may give rise to possible international claims for any injury suffered by the other parties. Treaties are usually interpreted according to the ordinary sense of their words in context and the apparent purposes to be achieved. If the meaning of the language is unclear or there is doubt that it expresses the intention of the parties, the work product of the negotiation process may be consulted as well as other extrinsic evidence. "Treaty." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 16, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty "Treaty." West's Encyclopedia

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] of American Law. . Retrieved December 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty treaty, in international law, formal agreement between sovereign states or organizations of states. The term treaty is ordinarily confined to important formal agreements, while less formal international accords are called conventions, acts, declarations, or protocols. A treaty ordinarily deals with the rights and duties of nations, but treaties may also grant specific rights to private individuals. Although treaties deal with a great variety of subjects, they are commonly classified under a few heads. Political treaties deal with (among other things) alliances, war, cessions of territory, and rectification of boundaries. Commercial treaties may govern fisheries, navigation, tariffs, and monetary exchange. Legal treaties concern extradition of criminals, patent and copyright protection, and the like. Treaties are designed to regularize the intercourse of nations, and, as such, they are the source of most international law. In some countries treaties are a part of the law of the land and are binding upon all persons. In the United States the Supreme Court has held that a treaty automatically abrogates any state or federal statute in conflict with it. Treaties have existed ever since states came into existence. Records survive of Mesopotamian treaties dating before 3000 BC, and in the Old Testament many treaties are mentioned. The Greeks and the Romans had elaborate ceremonials to emphasize the sanctity of treaties, and many current treaty practices have classical antecedents. Negotiation, Ratification, and Interpretation A treaty is negotiated by duly accredited representatives of the executive branch of the government; for the United States negotiations are ordinarily conducted by officials of the Dept. of State under the authority of the President. The preliminaries are not usually open to the public, but the record of all protocol (i.e., the minutes) is preserved for use in case the treaty provisions require subsequent interpretation. Technical experts draft the text, which the government representatives then

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] sign. The treaty is next ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their regular practice. In the United States the Constitution requires that a treaty must be approved by two thirds of the Senate (executive agreements, however, which are undertaken through the President's powers and do not need the Senate's approval, account for a large number of the international agreements of the United States). It has been argued that such wartime agreements as those made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference were in effect secret treaties. A treaty comes into effect when the ratifications are formally exchanged. Members of the United Nations are required to register their treaties with that organization (following the like practice of the League of Nations), and a treaty that has not been registered may not be invoked before a UN agency. If treaties between UN members conflict with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, the Charter takes precedence. The interpretation of treaties, like that of all legal documents, may present great difficulties. There is no tribunal with compulsory and final jurisdiction to interpret a treaty; parties may, however, voluntarily submit a dispute to the International Court of Justice (World Court) or the Permanent Court of Arbitration (Hague Tribunal). Treaties may come to an end in various ways. Most provide for a date of expiration or a time at which notice to terminate must be given if the treaty is not to continue in effect for another specified period. Treaties terminate if one of the signatory states becomes politically extinct or (in the case of political treaties) if the parties are at war with one another. The outbreak of war need not necessarily bring a treaty to an end, however, and provisions compatible with a state of hostilities remain in force, as long as they are not expressly terminated. Treaties relating to the laws of war, of course, remain in effect during hostilities. A treaty may be terminated by mutual consent, and breach of a treaty by one party entitles the other to abrogate it. See H. Blix, Treaty-making Power (1960); P. Reuter, Introduction to the Law of Treaties (1989);

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

In modern diplomatic practice, a treaty is a formal written agreement between states (though recently also [...] A. D. McNair, The Law of Treaties (rev. ed. 1986); J. A. Grenville and B. Wasserstein, The Major International Treaties Since 1945 (1988). "treaty." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 16, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty "treaty." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Retrieved December 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/treaty "treaty." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 16, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/treaty-1 "treaty." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Retrieved December 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/treaty-1 trea·ty / ˈtrētē/ • n. (pl. -ties) a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries. "treaty." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 16, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/treaty-0 "treaty." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Retrieved December 16,

<urn:uuid:56e75d67-bbfd-492f-a83b-43ae707a17f5>

Click images for captions It is not extravagant to say that our present form of civilization is dependent upon refrigeration. – Golden Book Magazine, 1931.1 Chilean grapes, Alaskan cod, Nebraskan beef, and nearly every vegetable grown under the California sun are at supermarket shoppers’ fingertips. The variety, abundance, and year-round availability of perishable foods are a modern marvel, made possible by the “cold chain”—an uninterrupted series of refrigerated vehicles and storage facilities that keep food within an ideal temperature range. Even before distributors began using mechanical refrigeration in the late 1800s, rail cars, steamships, and warehouses were cooled with ice to keep food from spoiling over long journeys from producers to consumers. Today, the cold chain allows perishable food to be transported to and from all corners of the globe.1 When international food imports first entered U.S. markets, they were all the rage. In the 1930s, one upscale New York restaurant chain boasted on its menu about the mileage traveled by its exotic produce. The ingredients in their vegetable salad, they claimed, had traveled a cumulative 22,250 miles.1 Today, restaurants are more likely to take pride in local ingredients. Consumers are paying more attention to where their food comes from, partly out of concern over environmental impacts of long-distance transport. How far food travels, however, may not be as important as what people eat, how food is produced, and why it is transported long distances in the first place. Why food is transported long distances Click images for captions There are some valid reasons to transport food long distances, including: Feeding densely populated areas: According to one estimate, if all the agricultural land in New York state were devoted to feeding New York City’s population of 8 million2, there would be only enough food to feed half the city—with nothing left for the rest of the state.3 One adult eats roughly one ton of food per year. Where there are a lot of people in one place, there may not be enough local farmland to support them all. Out-of-season variety: In northern latitudes, most food production is suspended through the cold season. If people in those regions ate only

<urn:uuid:40297215-820b-4ed9-a543-a9f5e74e7055>

Click images for captions It is not extravagant to say that our present form of [...] local food, their options would be very limited unless they preserve fruits and vegetables to last the winter. Some households are doing just that, but it requires effort and planning. Otherwise, shipping food from Florida, California, Central and South America, and other southern locales can provide people with year-round variety and nutritional diversity over the winter months. Allowing regions to focus on their strengths: Some regions are better at producing certain foods than others. Vermont, for example, has a short growing season, rolling hills, and rocky soil—less than ideal conditions for growing many crops but suitable for raising dairy cows.4 From an economic standpoint, it makes sense for Vermont’s farmers to focus on the products they are best suited for. In fact, they produce far more milk and dairy products than are consumed within Vermont,5 and export the surplus to other states. Other states, in turn, export to Vermont the foods they are best at producing. Other reasons have to do with the nature of the food distribution industry (see below). Food distributors provide a bridge between the people who produce food and those who sell it. They gather products from farmers and food processors, store them in warehouses, and then transport them to retail and wholesale buyers. Large businesses like supermarkets, chain restaurants, and food service providers for schools, hospitals, and other institutions rely on distributors to help acquire the many foods and ingredients they need to operate. A supermarket, for example, does not have time to purchase from hundreds of different farmers and processors to stock their shelves. One farmer, meanwhile, rarely produces enough food to make it worthwhile for a large business to purchase directly from them. A distributor brings together goods from many different producers and processors so they can be sold in bulk. Food distributors are also part of the reason foods are transported long distances. Larger, more competitive distributors may buy only from large farms that provide a steady supply of goods at the lowest prices—even if those farms are halfway across the globe.6,7 This competition for lower prices can drive smaller farmers out of business, while making regions more dependent on food from faraway places. For example, in 1870, all the apples eaten in Iowa were grown by Iowa farmers; by 1

<urn:uuid:40297215-820b-4ed9-a543-a9f5e74e7055>