answers.input_text: short
answers.span_text: Selim I
questions: who ruled the ottoman empire in the 1500s
name: Ottoman Empire
contexts: Ottoman Empire دولت عليه عثمانیه ‎ Devlet - i ʿAlīye - i ʿOsmānīye The Exalted Ottoman State c. 1299 -- 1922 / 1923 Flag ( 1844 -- 1922 ) Coat of arms ( 1882 design ) Motto دولت ابد مدت ‎ Devlet - i Ebed - müddet `` The Eternal State '' Anthem ( various ) ( during 1808 -- 1922 ) The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in Europe , under Sultan Mehmed IV . Capital Söğüt ( c. 1299 -- 1335 ) Bursa ( 1335 -- 1363 ) Edirne ( 1363 -- 1453 ) Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) ( 1453 -- 1922 ) Languages Ottoman Turkish ( official ) many others Religion Sunni Islam Madhab : Hanafi Creed : Maturidi Government Absolute monarchy ( c. 1299 -- 1876 ) ( 1878 -- 1908 ) ( 1920 -- 1922 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1876 -- 1878 ) ( 1908 -- 1920 ) Sultan c. 1299 -- 1323 / 4 Osman I ( first ) 1918 -- 1922 Mehmed VI ( last ) Caliph 1512 -- 1520 Selim I ( first ) 1922 -- 1924 Abdülmecid II ( last ) Grand Vizier 1320 -- 1331 Alaeddin Pasha ( first ) 1920 -- 1922 Ahmet Tevfik Pasha ( last ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies History Founded c. 1299 Interregnum 1402 -- 1414 Transformation to empire 1453 1st Constitutional 1876 -- 1878 2nd Constitutional 1908 -- 1920 Raid on the Sublime Porte 23 January 1913 Sultanate abolished 1 November 1922 Republic of Turkey established 29 October 1923 Caliphate abolished 3 March 1924 Area 1683 5,200,000 km ( 2,000,000 sq mi ) 1914 1,800,000 km ( 690,000 sq mi ) Population 1856 est . 35,350,000 1906 est . 20,884,000 1912 est . 24,000,000 Currency Akçe , Para , Sultani , Kuruş , Lira Preceded by Succeeded by Sultanate of Rum Adal Sultanate Anatolian beyliks Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Bosnia Second Bulgarian Empire Serbian Despotate Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Mamluk Sultanate Hafsid dynasty Hospitallers of Tripolitania Kingdom of Tlemcen Empire of Trebizond Principality of Samtskhe Turkish Prov . Gov . Hellenic Republic Caucasus Viceroyalty Bosnia and Herzegovina Revolutionary Serbia Albania Kingdom of Romania Principality of Bulgaria OETA Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Hejaz French Algeria British Cyprus French Tunisia Italian Libya