Datasets:

gmongaras

/

BERT_Base_Cased_128_Dataset

like 0

The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission.[SEP]Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county.

Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county.[SEP]United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v.

United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v.[SEP]Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, to implement the principle of "one man, one vote".

Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, to implement the principle of "one man, one vote".[SEP]Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties.

Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties.[SEP]The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas.

The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas.[SEP]The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution.

The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution.[SEP]Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city.

Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city.[SEP]A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance."

A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance."[SEP]Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol.

Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol.[SEP]The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state.

The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state.[SEP]A total of 25 of the 67 counties are "dry counties" which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales.

A total of 25 of the 67 counties are "dry counties" which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales.[SEP]Politics During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope.

Politics During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope.[SEP]In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud, and intimidation.

In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud, and intimidation.[SEP]After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution.

After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution.[SEP]Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites.

Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites.[SEP]By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000.

By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000.[SEP]The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law.

The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law.[SEP]From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas.

From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas.[SEP]As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation.

As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation.[SEP]Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement, when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform.

Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement, when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform.[SEP]Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation.

Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation.[SEP]Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights.

Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights.[SEP]In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections.

In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections.[SEP]Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards.

Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards.[SEP]In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact.

In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact.[SEP]In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.

In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.[SEP]In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.

In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.[SEP]there are a total of 3,589,839 registered voters, with 3,518,285 active, and the others inactive in the state.

there are a total of 3,589,839 registered voters, with 3,518,285 active, and the others inactive in the state.[SEP]In a 2020 study, Alabama was ranked as the 12th most difficult state for citizens to vote.

In a 2020 study, Alabama was ranked as the 12th most difficult state for citizens to vote.[SEP]State elections With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state.

State elections With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state.[SEP]For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.

For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.[SEP]Since the mid- to late 20th century, however, white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party.

Since the mid- to late 20th century, however, white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party.[SEP]In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office.

In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office.[SEP]Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office.

Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office.[SEP]Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats.

Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats.[SEP]In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper Sr.

In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper Sr.[SEP]Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court.

Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court.[SEP]The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.

The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.[SEP]In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices.

In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices.[SEP]Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education.

Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education.[SEP]In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years.

In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years.[SEP]The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission, was defeated in 2012.

The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission, was defeated in 2012.[SEP]Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise.

Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise.[SEP]The three GOP lieutenant governors are Steve Windom (1999–2003), Kay Ivey (2011–2017), and Will Ainsworth (2019–present).

The three GOP lieutenant governors are Steve Windom (1999–2003), Kay Ivey (2011–2017), and Will Ainsworth (2019–present).[SEP]Local elections Many local offices (county commissioners, boards of education, tax assessors, tax collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats.

Local elections Many local offices (county commissioners, boards of education, tax assessors, tax collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats.[SEP]Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary.

Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary.[SEP]Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.

Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.[SEP]Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts.

Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts.[SEP]The current split is 35 Democrats, 31 Republicans, and one Independent Fayette.

The current split is 35 Democrats, 31 Republicans, and one Independent Fayette.[SEP]However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties.

However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties.[SEP]The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.

The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.[SEP]the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in Morgan County, Alabama, and ten African-American sheriffs.

the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in Morgan County, Alabama, and ten African-American sheriffs.[SEP]Federal elections The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville.

Federal elections The state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville.[SEP]Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election.

Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election.[SEP]In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.[SEP]Primary and secondary education

Primary and secondary education[SEP]Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education.

Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education.[SEP]Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.

Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.[SEP]Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund.

Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund.[SEP]In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education.

In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education.[SEP]That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.

That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.[SEP]In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.

In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.[SEP]While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states.

While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states.[SEP]According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).

According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).[SEP]The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.

The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.[SEP]Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.

Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.[SEP]The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed by only Mississippi and Arkansas.

The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed by only Mississippi and Arkansas.[SEP]Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities.

Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities.[SEP]Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education.

Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education.[SEP]Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.

Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.[SEP]The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.

The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016.[SEP]Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries.

Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries.[SEP]The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.

The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.[SEP]Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).

Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).[SEP]According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).

According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).[SEP]According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four tier one universities (University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville).

According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four tier one universities (University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville).[SEP]Major newspapers include Birmingham News, Mobile Press-Register, and Montgomery Advertiser.

Major newspapers include Birmingham News, Mobile Press-Register, and Montgomery Advertiser.[SEP]Major television network affiliates in Alabama include:

Major television network affiliates in Alabama include:[SEP]Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams.

Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams.[SEP]The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events.

The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events.[SEP]It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America.

It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America.[SEP]Also, the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races.

Also, the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races.[SEP]The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980.

The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980.[SEP]Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship (PGA Tour), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic (LPGA Tour), and The Tradition (Champions Tour).

Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship (PGA Tour), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic (LPGA Tour), and The Tradition (Champions Tour).[SEP]College sports College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference.

College sports College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference.[SEP]Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation.

Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation.[SEP]Bryant–Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America.

Bryant–Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America.[SEP]Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451.

Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451.[SEP]Legion Field is home of the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl.

Legion Field is home of the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl.[SEP]Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646.

Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646.[SEP]In 2009, Bryant–Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.

In 2009, Bryant–Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.[SEP]Major airports with sustained operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL) and Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (GAD).

Major airports with sustained operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL) and Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (GAD).[SEP]For rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.

For rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.[SEP]I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee.

I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee.[SEP]In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden.

In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden.[SEP]A sixth route, I-685, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery.

A sixth route, I-685, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery.[SEP]A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422.

A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422.[SEP]Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, I-222 has been proposed, as well.

Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, I-222 has been proposed, as well.[SEP]Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as U.S. Route 11 (US-11), US-29, US-31, US-43, US-45, US-72, US-78, US-80, US-82, US-84, US-90, US-98, US-231, US-278, US-280, US-331, US-411, and US-431.

Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as U.S. Route 11 (US-11), US-29, US-31, US-43, US-45, US-72, US-78, US-80, US-82, US-84, US-90, US-98, US-231, US-278, US-280, US-331, US-411, and US-431.[SEP]There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Northport/Tuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and Northport; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.