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Beryl Markham - wikipedia <H1> Beryl Markham </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Beryl Markham </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Beryl Markham in 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Beryl Clutterbuck 26 October 1902 Ashwell , Rutland , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 3 August 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 83 ) Nairobi , Kenya , Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Writer , pilot , horse trainer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable works </Th> <Td> West with the Night </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beryl Markham ( née Clutterbuck , 26 October 1902 -- 3 August 1986 ) was a British - born Kenyan aviator ( one of the first bush pilots ) , adventurer , racehorse trainer and author . She was the first woman to fly solo , non-stop across the Atlantic from east to west . She wrote about her adventures in her memoir , West with the Night . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early years </Li> <Li> 2 Record flight </Li> <Li> 3 Rediscovery </Li> <Li> 4 Authorship controversy </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy and honors </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early years ( edit ) </H2> <P> Markham was born in the village of Ashwell , in the county of Rutland , England , the daughter of Charles Baldwin Clutterbuck , an accomplished horse trainer , and Clara Agnes ( née Alexander ) Clutterbuck ( 1878 -- 1952 ) . She had an older brother , Richard Alexander `` Dickie '' Clutterbuck ( 1900 -- 1927 ) . When she was four years old , her father moved the family to Kenya , which was then colonial British East Africa . He purchased a farm in Njoro near the Great Rift Valley , and worked for Hugh Cholmondeley . Although her mother disliked the isolation there and promptly returned to England , Markham stayed in Kenya with her father , where she spent an adventurous childhood learning , playing , and hunting with the local children . Later , after both women had spent time back in England , Markham and her mother , now Kirkpatrick , had returned to Kenya , living near each other in the small expatriate community . Markham would greet her two new half - brothers , but never quite forgave her mother . </P> <P> On her family 's farm , she developed her knowledge of and love for horses . At 18 years old , she became the first licensed female racehorse trainer in Africa and rapidly became a successful and renowned figure among the racing community of Kenya . She trained six winners of the Kenya Derby . </P> <P> Adventurous , independent thinking , and beautiful , Markham was admired and described as a noted non-conformist , even in a colony known for its colourful eccentrics . She was married three times , taking the name Markham from her second husband , the wealthy Mansfield Markham , with whom she had a son , Gervase . She had a public affair in 1929 with Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , the son of George V , but the Windsors allegedly cut the romance short . She also had an affair with Hubert Broad , who was later named by Mansfield Markham as a co-respondent in his 1937 divorce from Beryl . After her Atlantic crossing , she returned to be with Broad , who was also a great influence in her flying career . </P> <P> She befriended the Danish writer Karen Blixen during the years that Baroness Blixen was managing her family 's coffee farm in the Ngong hills outside Nairobi . When Blixen 's romantic connection with the hunter and pilot Denys Finch Hatton was winding down , Markham started her own affair with him . He invited her to tour game lands on what turned out to be his fatal flight , but Markham supposedly declined because of a premonition of her flight instructor , British pilot Tom Campbell Black . </P> <P> Inspired and coached by Tom Campbell Black , with whom she had a long - term affair , Markham took up flying . She worked for some time as a bush pilot , spotting game animals from the air and signaling their locations to safaris on the ground . She also mingled with the notorious Happy Valley set . </P> <H2> Record flight ( edit ) </H2> Beryl Markham , circa 1930 . <P> Markham was the first woman to successfully fly across the Atlantic from east to west non-stop . Strong headwinds made the westward trip more difficult than the east - bound flights by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart . ( The first east - west non-stop transatlantic crossing by an aeroplane was made in 1928 by the Bremen , a German Junkers W33 type aircraft , from Baldonnel Airfield in County Dublin , Ireland. ( 14 ) On 18 August 1932 Jim Mollison made the first east - to - west solo trans - Atlantic flight ; flying from Portmarnock in Ireland to Pennfield , New Brunswick , Canada in a de Havilland Puss Moth. ( 15 ) ) </P> <P> When Markham decided to take on the Atlantic crossing , no female pilot had yet flown non-stop from Europe to New York , and no woman had made the westward flight solo , though several had died trying . Markham hoped to claim both records . On 4 September 1936 , she took off from Abingdon , England . After a 20 - hour flight , her Vega Gull , The Messenger , suffered fuel starvation due to icing of the fuel tank vents , and she crash - landed at Baleine Cove on Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . She became the first person to make it from England to North America non-stop from east to west . She was celebrated as an aviation pioneer . </P> <P> Markham chronicled her many adventures in her memoir , West with the Night , published in 1942 . Despite strong reviews in the press , the book sold modestly , and then quickly went out of print . After living for many years in the United States , Markham moved back to Kenya in 1952 , becoming for a time the most successful horse trainer in the country . </P> <H2> Rediscovery ( edit ) </H2> <P> Markham 's memoir lingered in obscurity until 1982 , when California restaurateur George Gutekunst read a collection of Ernest Hemingway 's letters , including one in which Hemingway lavishly praised Markham 's writing ( if not Markham herself ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> `` Did you read Beryl Markham 's book , West with the Night ? ... She has written so well , and marvelously well , that I was completely ashamed of myself as a writer . I felt that I was simply a carpenter with words , picking up whatever was furnished on the job and nailing them together and sometimes making an okay pig pen . But this girl , who is to my knowledge very unpleasant and we might even say a high - grade bitch , can write rings around all of us who consider ourselves as writers ... it really is a bloody wonderful book . '' </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Intrigued , Gutekunst read West with the Night and became so enamored of Markham 's prose that he helped persuade a California publisher , North Point Press , to re-issue the book in 1983 . The re-release of the book launched a remarkable final chapter in the life of the eighty - year - old Markham , who was lauded for her three final years as a great author as well as flyer . </P> <P> When found in Kenya by AP East Africa correspondent Barry Shlachter , Markham was living in poverty . She had recently been badly beaten during a burglary at her house near the Nairobi racetrack , where she still trained thoroughbreds . The success of the re-issue of West with the Night provided enough income for Markham to finish her life in relative comfort . Earlier , she had been supported by a circle of friends and owners of race horses she trained into her 80s . The book became a surprising best - seller , spurred by the 1986 broadcast of a public television documentary about Markham 's life , World Without Walls : Beryl Markham 's African Memoir , produced by Gutekunst , Shlachter , Joan Saffa , Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery in collaboration with KQED - TV in San Francisco . Gutekunst and Shlachter had approached the station to co-operate on the documentary , directed by Andrew Maxwell - Hyslop . British actress Diana Quick was the voice of Markham in readings from her memoir and Shlachter conducted the interviews . CNN Africa correspondent Gary Streiker did the filming for the well - reviewed , award - winning PBS program . </P> <P> Markham died in Nairobi in 1986 . Her short stories were posthumously collected in The Splendid Outcast , with an introduction by Mary S. Lovell . A tale from West with the Night was excerpted and illustrated by Don Brown as a children 's book , The Good Lion . In 1988 , CBS aired the biographical miniseries , Beryl Markham : A Shadow on the Sun , with Stefanie Powers in the title role . </P> <H2> Authorship controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Critics raised questions as to whether Markham was the true , or sole author of West with the Night , when her ex-husband made claims to the book . Evidence abounds that she was indeed the sole author ; copies of the manuscripts sent to her editor prior to Beryl meeting her ex-husband quickly silenced the critics and his claims . Criticism of this sort was often made of women writers during a time of little respect for a woman 's success . </P> <P> Author Mary S. Lovell visited Markham in Nairobi and interviewed her extensively shortly before Markham 's death , in preparation for her biography , Straight On Till Morning ( 1987 ) . From her research , Lovell concluded that Markham was the sole author , although Schumacher made some basic edits to the manuscript . Instead , Lovell suggests Antoine de Saint Exupéry , another of Markham 's lovers , may have served as inspiration for Markham 's clear , elegant language and storytelling style . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the film adaptation of Blixen 's memoir , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Markham is represented as an outspoken , horse - riding tomboy named Felicity . </Li> <Li> 1986 , a United States public television documentary about Markham 's life , World Without Walls : Beryl Markham 's African Memoir , was produced by Gutekunst , Shlachter , Joan Saffa , Stephen Talbot and Judy Flannery in collaboration with KQED - TV . </Li> <Li> Stefanie Powers portrayed her in a made - for - TV film called Beryl Markham : In The Shadow of the Sun in 1988 . </Li> <Li> In the BBC - TV series , Heat of the Sun ( 1998 ) , set in 1930s Kenya , the character of Emma Fitzgerald , an independent aviator played by Susannah Harker , appears to be modelled after Markham . </Li> <Li> A novel written by Paula McLain about Markham 's life , Circling the Sun , was released in 2015 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy and honors ( edit ) </H2> <P> The International Astronomical Union has named the impact crater Markham , on the planet Venus , after her . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovell , Mary S. , Straight on Till Morning

Beryl Markham flew across the Atlantic in

When did beryl markham fly across the atlantic?

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Parable of the pearl - wikipedia <H1> Parable of the pearl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Parable of the Hidden Treasure ( left ) paired with the Parable of the Pearl ( right ) on a stained glass window in Scots ' Church , Melbourne . <P> The Parable of the Pearl ( also called the Pearl of Great Price ) is one of the parables of Jesus . It appears in Matthew 13 : 45 - 46 and illustrates the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven . It is the penultimate parable in Matthew 13 , just before the Parable of the Dragnet . </P> <P> It immediately follows the Parable of the Hidden Treasure , which has a similar theme . It does not appear in the other synoptic gospels but a version of this parable does appear in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas , Saying 76 . The parable has been depicted by artists such as Domenico Fetti . </P> <P> The parable reads as follows : </P> <P> Again , the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man , seeking goodly pearls : Who , when he had found one pearl of great price , went and sold all that he had , and bought it . </P> -- Matthew 13 : 45 - 46 , King James Version <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Interpretation </Li> <Li> 2 Gospel of Thomas </Li> <Li> 3 Depictions </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Interpretation ( edit ) </H2> The Pearl of Great Price , by Domenico Fetti , 17th century . <P> This parable is generally interpreted as illustrating the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven . Anglican bishop Charles Ellicott notes that : </P> <P> `` the caprices of luxury in the Roman empire had given a prominence to pearls , as an article of commerce , which they had never had before , and have probably never had since . They , rather than emeralds and sapphires , were the typical instance of all costliest adornments ( Matthew 7 : 6 ; 1 Timothy 2 : 9 ) . The story of Cleopatra and the fact that the opening of a new pearl market was one of the alleged motives which led the Emperor Claudius to invade Britain , are indications of the value that was then set on the `` goodly pearls '' of the parable `` , </P> <P> and theologian John Nolland likewise notes that pearls at that time had a greater value than they do today , , and it thus has a similar theme to its partner , the parable of the Hidden Treasure . Nolland comments that it shares with that parable the notions of `` good fortune and demanding action in attaining the kingdom of heaven '' , but adds in this case the notion of `` diligent seeking '' . </P> <P> The valuable pearl is the `` deal of a lifetime '' for the merchant in the story . However , those who do not believe in the kingdom of heaven enough to stake their whole future on it are unworthy of the kingdom . </P> <P> This interpretation of the parable is the inspiration for a number of hymns , including the anonymous Swedish hymn Den Kostliga Pärlan ( O That Pearl of Great Price ! ) , which begins : </P> <P> O that Pearl of great price ! have you found it ? Is the Savior supreme in your love ? O consider it well , ere you answer , As you hope for a welcome above . Have you given up all for this Treasure ? Have you counted past gains as but loss ? Has your trust in yourself and your merits Come to naught before Christ and His cross ? </P> <P> A less common interpretation of the parable is that the merchant represents Jesus , and the pearl represents the Christian Church . This interpretation would give the parable a similar theme to that of the Parable of the Lost Sheep , the Lost Coin , and the Prodigal Son . </P> <P> The phrase `` Pearl of Great Price '' has also been interpreted more widely to apply to things of great value in a number of religious contexts . For example , it is the title of a selection of Mormon writings . Pope Pius XII used the phrase to describe virginity . </P> <P> The pearl itself is a beautiful , single entity , formed through suffering in the heart of the oyster ( in the same way that believers endure lack of wealth or comfort ) and like the Church , will be put on display in a coming day . Unlike precious stones which must be cut and polished to reveal their clarity and beauty , the pearl is perfect as it comes from the oyster . </P> Anonymous , 1900 <H2> Gospel of Thomas ( edit ) </H2> <P> A version of the parable also appears in the Gnostic Gospel of Thomas ( Saying 76 ) : </P> <P> Jesus said , `` The Father 's kingdom is like a merchant who had a supply of merchandise and found a pearl . That merchant was prudent ; he sold the merchandise and bought the single pearl for himself . So also with you , seek his treasure that is unfailing , that is enduring , where no moth comes to eat and no worm destroys . '' </P> -- Gospel of Thomas 76 , Patterson / Meyer translation <P> This work 's version of the parable of the Hidden Treasure appears later ( Saying 109 ) , rather than immediately preceding , as in Matthew . However , the mention of a treasure in Saying 76 may reflect a source for the Gospel of Thomas in which the parables were adjacent , so that the original pair of parables has been `` broken apart , placed in separate contexts , and expanded in a manner characteristic of folklore . '' In Gnostic thought the pearl may represent Christ or the true self . In the Gnostic Acts of Peter and the Twelve , found with the Gospel of Thomas in the Nag Hammadi library , the travelling pearl merchant Lithargoel is eventually revealed to be Jesus . </P> <H2> Depictions ( edit ) </H2> <P> There have been several depictions of the New Testament parable in art , including works by Domenico Fetti , John Everett Millais , and Jan Luyken . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Five Discourses of Matthew </Li> <Li> Life of Jesus in the New Testament </Li> <Li> Ministry of Jesus </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Matthew 13 , accessed 15 January 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gospel of Thomas : Lamb translation and Patterson / Meyer translation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellicott 's Commentary for Modern Readers on Matthew 13 , accessed 15 January 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Nolland , The Gospel of Matthew : A commentary on the Greek text , Eerdmans , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2389 - 0 , pp. 565 -- 566 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig S. Keener , A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew , Eerdmans , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3821 - 9 , p. 392 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Cyber Hymnal , O That Pearl of Great Price ! </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herbert Lockyer , All the Parables of the Bible , Zondervan , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 310 - 28111 - 3 , p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII , Sacra Virginitas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Homiletic review , Volume 52 ' ( 1 ) ' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brad H. Young , The Parables : Jewish Tradition and Christian Interpretation , Hendrickson Publishers , 2008 , ISBN 1 - 59856 - 303 - 3 , pp. 202 -- 206 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Noel Freedman , Allen C. Myers , and Astrid B. Beck , Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2400 - 5 , p. 1041 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Parable of the Pearl at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jesus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historicity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chronology of Jesus </Li> <Li> Genealogy of Jesus </Li> <Li> Historical Jesus <Ul> <Li> Quest for the historical Jesus </Li> <Li> portraits </Li> <Li> sources </Li> <Li> Josephus on Jesus </Li> <Li> Tacitus mention </Li> <Li> Mara bar Serapion letter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Historicity <Ul> <Li> Gospels </Li> <Li> race and appearance </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birth <Ul> <Li> Nativity </Li> <Li> Mary </Li> <Li> Joseph </Li> <Li> Flight into Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Childhood </Li> <Li> Unknown years </Li> <Li> Baptism </Li> <Li> Temptation </Li> <Li> Apostles <Ul> <Li> selecting </Li> <Li> Great Commission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ministry </Li> <Li> Sermon on the Mount <Ul> <Li> Plain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prayers <Ul> <Li> Lord 's Prayer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parables </Li> <Li> Miracles </Li> <Li> Transfiguration </Li> <Li> Homelessness </Li> <Li> Last Supper </Li> <Li> Passion <Ul> <Li> arrest </Li> <Li> trial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Crucifixion <Ul> <Li> sayings on the cross </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tomb </Li> <Li> Resurrection </Li> <Li> Ascension </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Testament </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gospels <Ul> <Li> Matthew </Li> <Li> Mark </Li> <Li> Luke </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Gospel harmony </Li> <Li> Oral gospel traditions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Life of Jesus in the New Testament </Li> <Li> Historical background of the New Testament </Li> <Li> New Testament places associated with Jesus </Li> <Li> Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Language of Jesus </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christianity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christ </Li> <Li> Christianity </Li> <Li> Christology </Li> <Li> Depictions of Jesus <Ul> <Li> art </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jesus in Christianity <Ul> <Li> pre-existence </Li> <Li> incarnation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Relics associated with Jesus </Li> <Li> Scholastic Lutheran Christology </Li> <Li> Second Coming </Li> <Li> Session of Christ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other views </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brothers of Jesus </Li> <Li> Jesuism </Li> <Li> Jesus in comparative mythology </Li> <Li> Christ myth theory </Li> <Li> Jesus in Islam <Ul> <Li> Ahmadiyya </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jesus in Scientology </Li> <Li> Judaism 's view of Jesus <Ul> <Li> in the Talmud </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Master Jesus </Li> <Li> Religious perspectives on Jesus </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Parables of Jesus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canonical Gospels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barren Fig Tree </Li> <Li> Budding Fig Tree </Li> <Li> Counting the cost </Li> <Li> Drawing in the Net </Li> <Li> Faithful Servant </Li> <Li> Friend at Night </Li> <Li> Good Samaritan </Li> <Li> Good Shepherd </Li> <Li> Great Banquet </Li> <Li> Growing Seed </Li> <Li> Hidden Treasure </Li> <Li> Lamp </Li> <Li> Leaven </Li> <Li> Lost Coin </Li> <Li> Lost Sheep </Li> <Li> Master and Servant </Li> <Li> Mustard Seed </Li> <Li> New Wine into Old Wineskins </Li> <Li> Pearl </Li> <Li> Pharisee and the Publican </Li> <Li> Prodigal Son </Li> <Li> Rich Fool </Li> <Li> Rich man and Lazarus </Li> <Li> Scribe </Li> <Li> Sheep and Goats </Li> <Li> Sower </Li> <Li> Strong Man </Li> <Li> Talents or minas </Li> <Li> Tares </Li> <Li> Ten Virgins

In the Bible, the pearl symbolizes

What does the pearl symbolize in the bible?

6618861498865762011

Boom ( P.O.D. Song ) - wikipedia <H1> Boom ( P.O.D. Song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Boom '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by P.O.D. </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Satellite </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single , 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2001 at Bay 7 in Valley Village , California and Sparky Dark in Calabasas , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nu metal </Li> <Li> rap metal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Atlantic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Noah Bernardo , Marcos Curiel , Traa Daniels , Sonny Sandoval </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Howard Benson , P.O.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> P.O.D. singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> `` Satellite '' ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> `` Satellite '' ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Boom '' is a song by American rock band P.O.D. It was released in May 2002 as the third single from their second major label studio album Satellite . While it did not chart as well as the album 's previous singles , the song has appeared significantly in film and television . `` Boom ( The Crystal Method remix ) '' was included on the remix album Community Service and as a bonus track on the special edition re-release of Satellite available August 27 , 2002 . A limited edition , gatefold picture disc of the single was also available in the UK . </P> <P> Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , `` Boom '' was the only P.O.D. song included on the list of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel Communications . </P> <P> The single 's release followed a highly successful yet dark , brooding tone in `` Youth of the Nation '' . Guitarist Marcos Curiel stated , `` We wanted to go back to the spirit we had with ' Alive ' and have a song that encourages people to be happy and thankful that they 're alive ... We wanted to say , ' Let 's not forget how to have fun this time . ' ' Boom ' is just raw , in your face . When we play it live , the crowd just goes nuts . Fists are in the air and the pit 's going . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Content </Li> <Li> 2 Video </Li> <Li> 3 In pop culture </Li> <Li> 4 Awards <Ul> <Li> 4.1 2002 San Diego Music Awards </Li> <Li> 4.2 2003 GMA Dove Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Track listing </Li> <Li> 6 Chart and sales </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Boom '' has often served as the opening song at P.O.D. 's concerts . The song 's lyrics revolve around the band and their San Diego background , describing the group 's rise to popularity with lines like `` rock the masses , from Madrid to Calabasas . '' However , the explosive , multitracked `` Boom ! '' of the chorus gives the song its impact and versatility as a soundtrack piece . In contrast to P.O.D. 's more faith - oriented tracks , `` Boom '' has been described by vocalist Sonny Sandoval as `` just a fun rock song . '' </P> <H2> Video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` Boom '' was recorded in the first quarter of 2002 and directed by Gavin Bowden , debuting in May with heavy rotation on MTV2 and MMUSA . It is an unusual video for P.O.D. in its obvious sense of humor ; `` Boom '' revolves around a table tennis ( aka : Ping Pong ) tournament between the band , dressed in orange jumpsuits , and a Swedish team played by fellow Christian metal group Blindside . The latter group was heavily supported by P.O.D. during this time and signed by them under the Elektra Records subsidiary , 3 Points . The teams are evenly matched until Traa Daniels performs a comically impressive move to win the game , enraging their opponents . </P> <P> Regarding the video , Curiel stated , `` The funny thing is , people take us really seriously . We are a serious band , but we know that , at times , we do n't have to take ourselves so seriously . We have fun . That 's why we went ahead and did a video like ' Boom . ' We wanted to show people that we could have fun . They have a movie out now called Balls of Fury , but we did that same topic back in the day . '' </P> <P> The music video for `` Boom '' was No. 8 on TVU 's 50 Best Videos of All Time list . </P> <H2> In pop culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The song appeared in the films Grind and Here Comes the Boom in addition to an episode of Brooklyn Nine - Nine . </Li> <Li> It was used by WWE for their Saturday Night 's Main Event program from 2006 to 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2002 San Diego Music Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Song of the Year </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2003 GMA Dove Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hard Music Recorded Song of the Year </Li> </Ul> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Boom </Li> <Li> Set it Off ( Tweaker Mix ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood ( Live ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Chart and sales ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2002 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon `` P.O.D. To Drop ' Boom , ' DVD '' MTV.com ( December 6 , 2001 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DiBiase , John P.O.D. , Blindside , Lacuna Coil , Hazen Street JesusFreakHideout.com ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moring , Mark `` Time to Testify '' ChristianityToday.com ( January 23 , 2006 ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blatt , Mitchell `` P.O.D. Interview : Back Together , New Album in April '' Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . JuicedSportsBlog.com ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on April 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferfuson , LaToya `` Brooklyn Nine - Nine gets `` weird '' in its escape from Coral Palms `` avclub.com ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on September 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- P.O.D. -- Boom '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- P.O.D. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Boom '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` P.O.D. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. Album & Song Chart History : Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> P.O.D. </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sonny Sandoval </Li> <Li> Wuv Bernardo </Li> <Li> Traa Daniels </Li> <Li> Marcos Curiel </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Jason Truby </Li> <Li> Gabe Portillo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snuff the Punk ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Brown ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Fundamental Elements of Southtown ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Satellite ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Payable on Death ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Testify ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> When Angels & Serpents Dance ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Murdered Love ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Awakening ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Payable on Death Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits : The Atlantic Years </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Warriors EP </Li> <Li> The Warriors EP , Volume 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Southtown '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock the Party ( Off the Hook ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Alive '' </Li> <Li> `` Youth of the Nation '' </Li> <Li> `` Boom '' </Li> <Li> `` Satellite '' </Li> <Li> `` Sleeping Awake '' </Li> <Li> `` Will You '' </Li> <Li> `` Change the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Goodbye for Now '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Linkin Park and Friends -- Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boom_(P.O.D._song)&oldid=791936210 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> P.O.D. songs </Li> <Li> 2002 singles </Li> <Li> Songs about California </Li> <Li> Theme music </Li> <Li> 2001 songs </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Noah Bernardo </Li> <Li> Songs written by Marcos Curiel </Li> <Li> Songs written by Traa Daniels </Li> <Li> Songs written by Sonny Sandoval </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Howard Benson </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 11 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By

The song "Here Comes the Boom" was released in

When did the song here comes the boom come out?

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Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty - Wikipedia <H1> Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of Archie 600 ( Oct 2009 ) . Art by Stan Goldberg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Archie Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> October 2009 -- April 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Romantic comedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title ( s ) </Th> <Td> Archie # 600 -- 606 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Creative team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Uslan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stan Goldberg </Li> <Li> Bob Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600 -- 606 . In issues # 600 -- 602 , the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper . In Issues # 603 -- 605 , the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica . Issue # 606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Plot <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Proposal '' <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` The Wedding '' <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` It 's Twins ! '' <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Part 4 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Will You Marry Me ? '' <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Part 5 : Archie Marries Betty : `` You May Kiss The Bride ! '' <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Part 6 : Archie Marries Betty : `` Happily Ever After '' <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.7 Epilogue : Archie Gets Married : `` Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow '' <Ul> <Li> 2.7. 1 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Spin - offs <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Life with Archie : The Married Life </Li> <Li> 3.2 Archie Marries Valerie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In May 2009 , Archie Comics released plans for what they would call `` The Archie Story Of The Century '' and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600 , the first issue of a six - part story arc detailing their engagement , marriage and life together . The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie 's choice . The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie 's life with Veronica , and the second half would show his life with Betty . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Part 1 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the proposal '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` The Proposal '' is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600 . The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation . </P> Synopsis ( edit ) <P> The night before the gang 's graduation from Riverdale High , The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes . Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college , he takes a walk down Memory Lane ... literally . Archie realizes he 's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions . After traveling through a yellow wood , Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads . He chooses the left one and `` saves the right one for another day . '' Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation . Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen 's jacket but one that reads `` State U '' on the back . His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son 's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he 's still excited he 's graduating from college . Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house . He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives , but both accept growing up . </P> <P> After a successful graduation , Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining . Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father 's company in either London or Hong Kong . As for the rest of the gang , Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle 's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne , New Jersey . Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics , Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out . Finally , Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City . </P> <P> After the party , Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents . A few weeks later , he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica . He proposes to her in `` Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness . Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction . Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan . Eventually , Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge , who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries . Without any other jobs lined up , Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen . </P> <P> The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals , but also concerned with Betty 's well being . In the end , Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor . Instead of answering , Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed . </P> <H3> Part 2 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` the wedding '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` The Wedding '' is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge . </P> Synopsis ( edit ) <P> Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen , Reggie Mantle , Moose Mason , Dilton Doiley , and best man Jughead Jones . Meanwhile , Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump , Ethel Muggs , and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa . Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there . However , Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica 's maid of honor is cemented . Betty brings along a `` friend '' of hers named Henry who works with her . Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door . On the eve of the wedding , Archie and Veronica discuss their future . </P> <P> The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned . All of Riverdale is attending the wedding . Before the ceremony , Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him . He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her , but then Veronica moved to town . Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend . Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another . </P> <P> The wedding goes smoothly . Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches . Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully , but happily . At the reception , Archie and Veronica share their first dance to `` Sugar , Sugar '' , speeches are made , the cake is cut , and the bouquet is tossed . Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears . Veronica catches up to her to make sure she 's okay . Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges . </P> <P> One year later , Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises . Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he 's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales . It 's obvious that he 's running himself ragged with work . When he comes home exhausted , Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé . Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move , until Veronica announces that she 's pregnant and he promptly faints . </P> <H3> Part 3 : Archie Marries Veronica : `` it 's twins ! '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` It 's Twins '' is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602 . The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins . </P> Synopsis ( edit ) <P> Archie announces Veronica 's pregnancy to his parents , Fred and Mary . At that moment , Jughead , Reggie , and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to `` Little Archie '' or `` Little Veronica 's '' life . Archie then breaks

In the TV show Riverdale, Archie ultimately ends up with

Does archie end up with betty or veronica in riverdale?

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English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $7 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $80.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . </P> <P> I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $80 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . </P> <P> Years later , Millard is in high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . </P> <P> Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant and Michael W. Smith . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . </P> <P> Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . </P> <P> After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard <Ul> <Li> Brody Rose as Young Bart </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father </Li> <Li> Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother </Li> <Li> Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend <Ul> <Li> Taegen Burns as Young Shannon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager </Li> <Li> Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher </Li> <Li> Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant </Li> <Li> Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith </Li> <Li> Mark Furze as Nathan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of April 22 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $79.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $80.4 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . </P> <P> The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . </P> <P> The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April

In the movie "I Can Only Imagine", the role of Amy Grant was played by

Who played amy grant i i can only imagine?

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Natural - language processing - wikipedia <H1> Natural - language processing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about language processing by computers . For the processing of language by the human brain , see Language processing in the brain . An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page , an example of an application where natural - language processing is a major component . <P> Natural - language processing ( NLP ) is an area of computer science and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human ( natural ) languages , in particular how to program computers to fruitfully process large amounts of natural language data . </P> <P> Challenges in natural - language processing frequently involve speech recognition , natural - language understanding , and natural - language generation . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Statistical natural - language processing ( SNLP ) </Li> <Li> 3 Major evaluations and tasks <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Syntax </Li> <Li> 3.2 Semantics </Li> <Li> 3.3 Discourse </Li> <Li> 3.4 Speech </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The history of natural - language processing generally started in the 1950s , although work can be found from earlier periods . In 1950 , Alan Turing published an article titled `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '' which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence . </P> <P> The Georgetown experiment in 1954 involved fully automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English . The authors claimed that within three or five years , machine translation would be a solved problem . However , real progress was much slower , and after the ALPAC report in 1966 , which found that ten - year - long research had failed to fulfill the expectations , funding for machine translation was dramatically reduced . Little further research in machine translation was conducted until the late 1980s , when the first statistical machine translation systems were developed . </P> <P> Some notably successful natural - language processing systems developed in the 1960s were SHRDLU , a natural - language system working in restricted `` blocks worlds '' with restricted vocabularies , and ELIZA , a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist , written by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 and 1966 . Using almost no information about human thought or emotion , ELIZA sometimes provided a startlingly human - like interaction . When the `` patient '' exceeded the very small knowledge base , ELIZA might provide a generic response , for example , responding to `` My head hurts '' with `` Why do you say your head hurts ? '' . </P> <P> During the 1970s , many programmers began to write `` conceptual ontologies '' , which structured real - world information into computer - understandable data . Examples are MARGIE ( Schank , 1975 ) , SAM ( Cullingford , 1978 ) , PAM ( Wilensky , 1978 ) , TaleSpin ( Meehan , 1976 ) , QUALM ( Lehnert , 1977 ) , Politics ( Carbonell , 1979 ) , and Plot Units ( Lehnert 1981 ) . During this time , many chatterbots were written including PARRY , Racter , and Jabberwacky . </P> <P> Up to the 1980s , most natural - language processing systems were based on complex sets of hand - written rules . Starting in the late 1980s , however , there was a revolution in natural - language processing with the introduction of machine learning algorithms for language processing . This was due to both the steady increase in computational power ( see Moore 's law ) and the gradual lessening of the dominance of Chomskyan theories of linguistics ( e.g. transformational grammar ) , whose theoretical underpinnings discouraged the sort of corpus linguistics that underlies the machine - learning approach to language processing . Some of the earliest - used machine learning algorithms , such as decision trees , produced systems of hard if - then rules similar to existing hand - written rules . However , part - of - speech tagging introduced the use of hidden Markov models to natural - language processing , and increasingly , research has focused on statistical models , which make soft , probabilistic decisions based on attaching real - valued weights to the features making up the input data . The cache language models upon which many speech recognition systems now rely are examples of such statistical models . Such models are generally more robust when given unfamiliar input , especially input that contains errors ( as is very common for real - world data ) , and produce more reliable results when integrated into a larger system comprising multiple subtasks . </P> <P> Many of the notable early successes occurred in the field of machine translation , due especially to work at IBM Research , where successively more complicated statistical models were developed . These systems were able to take advantage of existing multilingual textual corpora that had been produced by the Parliament of Canada and the European Union as a result of laws calling for the translation of all governmental proceedings into all official languages of the corresponding systems of government . However , most other systems depended on corpora specifically developed for the tasks implemented by these systems , which was ( and often continues to be ) a major limitation in the success of these systems . As a result , a great deal of research has gone into methods of more effectively learning from limited amounts of data . </P> <P> Recent research has increasingly focused on unsupervised and semi-supervised learning algorithms . Such algorithms are able to learn from data that has not been hand - annotated with the desired answers , or using a combination of annotated and non-annotated data . Generally , this task is much more difficult than supervised learning , and typically produces less accurate results for a given amount of input data . However , there is an enormous amount of non-annotated data available ( including , among other things , the entire content of the World Wide Web ) , which can often make up for the inferior results . </P> <P> In recent years , there has been a flurry of results showing deep learning techniques achieving state - of - the - art results in many natural - language tasks , for example in language modeling , parsing , and many others . </P> <H2> Statistical natural - language processing ( snlp ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the so - called `` statistical revolution '' in the late 1980s and mid 1990s , much natural - language processing research has relied heavily on machine learning . </P> <P> Formerly , many language - processing tasks typically involved the direct hand coding of rules , which is not in general robust to natural - language variation . The machine - learning paradigm calls instead for using statistical inference to automatically learn such rules through the analysis of large corpora of typical real - world examples ( a corpus ( plural , `` corpora '' ) is a set of documents , possibly with human or computer annotations ) . </P> <P> Many different classes of machine learning algorithms have been applied to natural - language processing tasks . These algorithms take as input a large set of `` features '' that are generated from the input data . Some of the earliest - used algorithms , such as decision trees , produced systems of hard if - then rules similar to the systems of hand - written rules that were then common . Increasingly , however , research has focused on statistical models , which make soft , probabilistic decisions based on attaching real - valued weights to each input feature . Such models have the advantage that they can express the relative certainty of many different possible answers rather than only one , producing more reliable results when such a model is included as a component of a larger system . </P> <P> Systems based on machine - learning algorithms have many advantages over hand - produced rules : </P> <Ul> <Li> The learning procedures used during machine learning automatically focus on the most common cases , whereas when writing rules by hand it is often not at all obvious where the effort should be directed . </Li> <Li> Automatic learning procedures can make use of statistical inference algorithms to produce models that are robust to unfamiliar input ( e.g. containing words or structures that have not been seen before ) and to erroneous input ( e.g. with misspelled words or words accidentally omitted ) . Generally , handling such input gracefully with hand - written rules -- or more generally , creating systems of hand - written rules that make soft decisions -- is extremely difficult , error - prone and time - consuming . </Li> <Li> Systems based on automatically learning the rules can be made more accurate simply by supplying more input data . However , systems based on hand - written rules can only be made more accurate by increasing the complexity of the rules , which is a much more difficult task . In particular , there is a limit to the complexity of systems based on hand - crafted rules , beyond which the systems become more and more unmanageable . However , creating more data to input to machine - learning systems simply requires a corresponding increase in the number of man - hours worked , generally without significant increases in the complexity of the annotation process . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Major evaluations and tasks ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a list of some of the most commonly researched tasks in natural - language processing . Note that some of these tasks have direct real - world applications , while others more commonly serve as subtasks that are used to aid in solving larger tasks . </P> <P> Though natural - language processing tasks are closely intertwined , they are frequently subdivided into categories for convenience . A coarse division is given below . </P> <H3> Syntax ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Lemmatization </Dt> <Dt> Morphological segmentation </Dt> <Dd> Separate words into individual morphemes and identify the class of the morphemes . The difficulty of this task depends greatly on the complexity of the morphology ( i.e. the structure of words ) of the language being considered . English has fairly simple morphology , especially inflectional morphology , and thus it is often possible to ignore this task entirely and simply model all possible forms of a word ( e.g. `` open , opens , opened , opening '' ) as separate words . In languages such as Turkish or Meitei , a highly agglutinated Indian language , however , such an approach is not possible , as each dictionary entry has thousands of possible word forms . </Dd> <Dt> Part - of - speech tagging </Dt> <Dd> Given a sentence , determine the part of speech for each word . Many words , especially common ones , can serve as multiple parts of speech . For example , `` book '' can be a noun ( `` the book on the table '' ) or verb ( `` to book a flight '' ) ; `` set '' can be a noun , verb or adjective ; and `` out '' can be any of at least five different parts of speech . Some languages have more such ambiguity than others . Languages with little inflectional morphology , such as English , are particularly prone to such ambiguity . Chinese is prone to such ambiguity because it is a tonal language during verbalization . Such inflection is not readily conveyed via the entities employed within the orthography to convey intended meaning . </Dd> <Dt> Parsing </Dt> <Dd> ( see also :

The art of learning from text objects or speech is known as

Art of learning from text objects or speech?

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Tiger Zinda Hai - Wikipedia <H1> Tiger Zinda Hai </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tiger Zinda Hai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ali Abbas Zafar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Aditya Chopra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Ali Abbas Zafar Neelesh Misra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Salman Khan Katrina Kaif </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Salman Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Songs : Vishal - Shekhar Background score : Julius Packiam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Marcin Laskawiec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Rameshwar S. Bhagat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Yash Raj Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Yash Raj Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 161 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Hindi Urdu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> ₹ 210 crore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> ₹ 552 crore </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tiger Zinda Hai ( English : Tiger Is Alive ) , also known as TZH , is a 2017 Hindi action thriller film co-written and directed by Ali Abbas Zafar . The film stars Salman Khan , Katrina Kaif and Sajjad Delfrooz in leading roles , with Angad Bedi , Kumud Mishra , Nawab Shah , Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal in supporting roles . The film is the sequel to the 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger and the second installment of the Tiger film series , and is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL . </P> <P> The first look of the poster was revealed by Salman Khan through his official Twitter account on 18 October 2017 on the occasion of Diwali . The official trailer was released on 7 November . The film was released on 22 December 2017 . With a budget of ₹ 2.1 billion ( US $33 million ) , it is the most expensive Hindi film ( alongside Yash Raj 's Thugs of Hindostan ) and one of the most expensive Indian films of all time . It has grossed more than ₹ 5.5 billion ( US $86 million ) at the box office , becoming a major commercial success and one of the highest - grossing Indian films of all time . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards , Tom Struthers won the Filmfare Award for Best Action . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Marketing and release </Li> <Li> 5 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6 Box office </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 8 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Eight years have passed since the events of Ek Tha Tiger and the whereabouts of Tiger and Zoya are not known . In Ikrit , Syria , 40 nurses -- 25 Indian and 15 Pakistani -- are held hostage in their own hospital by Abu Usman , the head of ISC , a terrorist organisation . The chairman of the Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) , Shenoy , feels that only Tiger would be able to rescue the nurses and that too within a period of 7 days as the United States will launch an airstrike within 7 days to kill Usman . Presently , Tiger and Zoya live in Innsbruck , Austria and have a son , Junior . </P> <P> Shenoy and his deputy , Karan manage to find Tiger and requests him to undertake the mission . Although hesitant at first , Tiger agrees after Zoya asks him to carry out the mission for his country . Tiger and three other RAW agents Azaan , Namit and Rakesh travel to Syria . Meanwhile , Zoya comes to know of the Pakistani nurses held hostage along with the Indians and joins Tiger with two other ISI members Abrar and Javed . </P> <P> On the day of the airstrike , Tiger managed to rescue the nurses from the hospital . Meanwhile , Abu Usman holds Zoya hostage and captures Tiger , who is put into a poison chamber . Tiger , Zoya and the nurses flee after Tiger defeats Abu Usman and his troops . Tiger and Zoya go into hiding once again due to Tiger 's belief that the RAW will never forgive him for deserting them , but tells Shenoy he will always be there if his country is in trouble . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Salman Khan as Avinash `` Tiger '' Singh Rathore </Li> <Li> Katrina Kaif as Zoya </Li> <Li> Sajjad Delafrooz as Abu Usman </Li> <Li> Paresh Rawal as Firdauz aka Tohbaan </Li> <Li> Angad Bedi as Namit </Li> <Li> Kumud Mishra as Rakesh </Li> <Li> Girish Karnad as Shenoy </Li> <Li> Neha Hinge as Maria </Li> <Li> Gavie Chahal as Captain Abrar </Li> <Li> Danish Bhatt as Captain Javed </Li> <Li> Anupriya Goenka as Poorna </Li> <Li> Anant Vidhaat Sharma as Karan </Li> <Li> Ivan Rodrigues as India 's Ambassador to Iraq </Li> <Li> Nawab Shah as Pawan </Li> <Li> Zachary Coffin as Gary </Li> <Li> Casey Shannon as Sam Jacobs </Li> <Li> Siddhartha Basu as Indian Defense Minister . </Li> <Li> Rohit KaduDeshmukh as Rohit </Li> <Li> Paresh Pahuja as Azaan </Li> <Li> Najmeddin Al Hadad as Hakim </Li> <Li> Vibhoutee Sharma as Jiya </Li> <Li> Sartaaj Kakkar as Junior </Li> <Li> Jineet Rath as Hasaan </Li> <Li> Anjana Om Kashyap as Herself ( Indian TV Reporter ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production </H2> <P> Filming took place in Abu Dhabi , Austria , Greece and Morocco . The last song of the movie was shot in the Aegean island of Naxos , Greece in October 2017 . Iranian actor Sajjad Delafrooz was roped in to play the role of Abu Usman , leader of terrorist organisation ISC . Sajjad Delafrooz had worked in the 2015 Hindi film Baby . </P> <P> The film 's production budget is reportedly ₹ 210 crore ( US $33 million ) , or ₹ 140 crore ( US $22 million ) excluding Salman Khan 's fees . This would make it one of the most expensive Yash Raj Films productions , along with Dhoom 3 , Sultan and Thugs of Hindostan . </P> <H2> Marketing and release </H2> <P> The film 's trailer was released on 6 November 2017 . Within 24 hours , it broke many records for Hindi film trailers on YouTube , with more than 29 million views , 480 thousand likes and 250 thousand shares . On 11 November , it became the most liked film trailer on YouTube with 700 thousand likes , surpassing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) then . The record was later surpassed by the trailer of Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) with about 2 million likes . </P> <P> The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide . The film received U / A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification . Despite having a song featuring Pakistani singer Atif Aslam , the film has not been given No - Objection Certificate by Central Board of Film Censors in Pakistan , stating the reason as was said for Ek Tha Tiger that `` The image of Pakistan and its law enforcement agencies '' have been compromised . </P> <P> Tiger Zinda Hai was in controversy on its release and faced protests from Valmiki community , when Salman Khan allegedly made a casteist slur , where he compared his dancing skills to a sanitation worker , `` or `` bhangi '' in a dance show . Shilpa Shetty also laughed along with him , and said that she also looked like one . Valmiki group is made up of a cluster of dalit communities -- a few of whom are Bhangi , Mehtar , Chuhra , Lal Beghi and Halalkhor . Valmiki commmunity filed a legal case against both actors for hurting their sentiments . </P> <P> Maharashtra Navnirman Sena also unsuccessfully protested urging Mumbai multiplexes to promote Marathi film Deva instead of Tiger Zinda Hai . Their leaders raised issue about the loss of screens to Marathi films like Deva and Ek Atrangi which released alongside . </P> <H2> Critical reception </H2> <P> Tiger Zinda Hai opened to generally favourable reviews . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars , and said `` Salman is the lifeline , the real treasure of Tiger Zinda Hai . He sinks his teeth into the character and , in several sequences , peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore . Katrina is in solid form , in action sequences specifically . Commands attention . '' Umesh Punwani of Koimoi gave 4 stars , and said `` Katrina Kaif is brilliant ! She has very few dialogues , and no that 's not the reason she 's good . Working amazingly well with her expressions , she has turned into an athlete for this one . Performing few major action sequences , she is flawless . '' Aarti Jhurani of The National gave 4 stars , and said `` While logic is not a very important factor in Khan 's films , emotions certainly are , and the director made sure to hit all the soft spots -- from patriotism to Indo - Pakistan bonding to a multitude of cheesy dialogues -- which is a smart move , and sure to bring in both Indian and Pakistani audiences . '' Lasyapriya Sundaram of The Times of India gave 3.5 stars , and said `` The film is visually stunning in parts and Salman Khan plays Tiger with roaring confidence and dialogues packed with punch . Of course , his fans get a true - blue Salman Khan moment when he bares his torso . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave 3.5 stars , and said `` It may look like a Hollywood action thriller , but at its heart , Tiger Zinda Hai is an unabashed masala movie . The heady mixture of an international looking action film and the regular tropes of Hindi cinema make it a pleasing watch . '' </P> <P> Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave 3 stars , and said `` Ali Abbas Zafar smoothly takes Ek Tha Tiger franchise ahead by telling a real story and inserting whole lot of drama and thrill . The film also touches upon relationships between India and Pakistan but subtly . The biggest hiccup of the film is its length . '' Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave 3 stars , and said `` The film has some thrilling action , while logic and subtlety are sacrificed at the altar of spectacle and sentiment . Katrina gets some terrific action moments and she executes them well , but make no mistake , the heavy lifting here is left to Salman Khan , and he 's clearly up for the challenge . '' </P> <P> Raja Sen of NDTV India gave 2.5 stars , and said `` Tiger Zinda Hai breaks for intermission at a point when most self - respecting action films would have rushed into the climax . Long before the finish eventually rolled around , I found myself wishing Tiger would croak just so I could make it out alive . '' Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave 2.5 stars , and said `` It 's better for the filmmakers to set a character trajectory that matches the star 's current image rather than basking in the glory of the past . '' Anna M.M. Vetticad of Firstpost gave 2.5 stars , stating that both Salman Khan

The villain in Tiger Zinda Hai was played by

Who played the villain in tiger zinda hai?

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From Under the Cork Tree - wikipedia <H1> From Under the Cork Tree </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> From Under the Cork Tree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Studio album by Fall Out Boy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 3 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 2004 -- January 2005 in Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop punk </Li> <Li> emo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 43 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Neal Avron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Fall Out Boy chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue ( 2004 ) My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue 2004 </Td> <Td> From Under the Cork Tree ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> Infinity on High ( 2007 ) Infinity on High 2007 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alternative cover </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from From Under the Cork Tree </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' Released : April 12 , 2005 </Li> <Li> `` Dance , Dance '' Released : October 17 , 2005 </Li> <Li> `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' Released : June 6 , 2006 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From Under the Cork Tree is the second studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy . It was released on May 3 , 2005 , through Island Records as the band 's major label debut . The music was composed by lead vocalist and guitarist Patrick Stump , with all lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz , continuing the band 's songwriting approach they took for some songs on their prior 2003 effort Take This to Your Grave . Neal Avron handled production duties . Commenting on the record 's lyrical themes , Wentz said the lyrics were about `` the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life . '' In support of their release the group headlined tours worldwide and played at various music festivals . For their Black Clouds and Underdogs tour the album was re-released as From Under the Cork Tree ( Limited `` Black Clouds and Underdogs '' Edition ) , featuring new songs and remixes . </P> <P> The album was Fall Out Boy 's breakthrough mainstream success . Spearheaded by the lead single `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' , the album debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 68,000 first week sales , a position it stayed at for two non-consecutive weeks , earning the band their first top ten album and becoming their longest charting and best - selling album . It logged fourteen weeks in the top twenty out of its seventy - eight chart weeks . The album as well as its singles won several awards and achieved Double Platinum status . It has sold over 2.5 million albums in the United States as of 2007 , and over 3 million worldwide . As of February 2013 Cork Tree has 2.7 million US sales . The album produced two hugely popular hit singles , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' and `` Dance , Dance '' peaking at No. 8 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively and receiving regular radio play at both Pop and Alternative stations . In 2005 the album was ranked eighteenth on the `` Top 100 best - selling albums of the year in the US '' with 1,654,320 sales and at No. 43 on IFPI 's list of the `` Top 50 Best Selling Albums of 2005 '' worldwide . Internationally it impacted in the UK and Canada . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Recording and production </Li> <Li> 3 Composition <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Music </Li> <Li> 3.2 Lyrics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Title and artwork </Li> <Li> 5 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Commercial performance <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Singles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8 Song notes </Li> <Li> 9 Personnel </Li> <Li> 10 Charts </Li> <Li> 11 Certifications </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fall Out Boy formed near Chicago , Illinois in 2001 . The band debuted with a self - released demo in the same year , and in 2002 released a split EP with Project Rocket through Uprising Records . A first mini-album , Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend was recorded in 2002 but released in 2003 by Uprising against the band 's wishes . Both releases helped Fall Out Boy gain notoriety on the internet and attention from record labels . The band signed with indie label Fueled by Ramen and received an advance from major label Island Records , which financed the production of Take This to Your Grave . Grave became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase . Fall Out Boy returned to the studio in November 2004 to begin work on a new album . </P> <P> However , the group suffered a setback in February 2005 after Wentz 's anxieties about creating a new record culminated in a suicide attempt . Wentz explained , `` It was overwhelming . I was either totally anxious or totally depressed . It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop . I was racked with self - doubt . '' After undergoing therapy , Wentz rejoined the band and headed to Burbank , California to record the album . </P> <H2> Recording and production ( edit ) </H2> <P> From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank , California , and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time . The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album . In contrast to Take This to Your Grave 's rushed recording schedule , Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree . It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics , continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave . Stump felt that this process was much more `` smooth '' as every member was able to focus on their individual strengths . He explained : `` We have n't had any of those moments when I play the music and he 'll say , ' I do n't like that , ' and he 'll read me lyrics and I 'll say , ' I do n't like those lyrics . ' It 's very natural and fun . '' Despite this , the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album , constantly scrapping new material . Two weeks before recording sessions began , the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more , including the album 's first single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' . </P> <P> The chorus of `` Sugar We 're Goin Down '' was nearly thrown away by the group 's label , but it was ultimately salvaged . Wentz recalled , `` Our label told us the chorus was too wordy and the guitars were too heavy and that the radio was n't going to play it . '' Island Records also intervened when the band wanted to title the album 's first track `` My Name is David Ruffin And These Are The Temptations '' . Wentz stated `` Our label said , ' You 're going to get sued for doing that , ' and our lawyer said , ' You 're definitely going to get sued for doing that , ' which totally sucked . So we said , ' OK , why do n't we immortalize you in a song ? ' '' The group subsequently retitled the song `` Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Would n't Get Sued '' . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stump served as the primary composer for From Under the Cork Tree . He said of the album 's musical style : `` We experimented quite a bit with all sorts of stuff . Some metal , some folk , some R&B . But ultimately , your band sounds like your band . You can put those things in it , but it 's still going to sound like you . '' Niyaz Pirani of The Orange County Register referred to `` Dance , Dance '' as `` pop - punk - meets - swing - dance glory '' . </P> <H3> Lyrics ( edit ) </H3> <P> On earlier works , Stump collaborated with Wentz on the lyrics . For From Under the Cork Tree and albums thereafter , Wentz handled all the lyrical duties . He called them `` more introspective '' than the group 's previous album . `` Take This To Your Grave was very reactionary , '' says Wentz . `` It was like this person does this to you . But part of growing up is understanding that if you end up in the same situation over and over again you probably have to examine your own self and wonder whether that 's one of the reasons that you have ended up in the same situation repeatedly . This time the lyrics were more about the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life . '' He also said of his lyrics , `` This is where we 're going to be a year from now , and this is what you 're going to be saying about us . '' Wentz described `` I 've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea that Says You Should Shut Your Mouth ( Summer Song ) '' as `` looking in the mirror and not feeling safe in your own skin '' . </P> <P> The band wanted to create a record that was `` a lot more developed , '' Wentz said . `` When we did Take This to Your Grave , we were really young , we had two weeks to do it and it was like , make it or break it , this is your only shot . This time we had more time to sit with the songs and make them work and more of a chance to plan things out . To us , we 're throwing the fight , but we did n't write a record that 's throwing a fight . We wrote a record that means a lot to us but maybe is n't going to mean a lot to the people who are hyping us as the next big thing . And that 's fine . We do n't want to be the saviors of anything -- we just want to be ourselves . We made a record we really like , and that 's all we ever wanted . Fall Out Boy have never been about goals or ambitions . We started out just for fun , and it became this huge thing . In 2007 , it emerged that the band had reached an out of court settlement with American Nightmare vocalist Wesley Eisold , over the use of his poetry in some songs from From Under

The album "Under the Cork Tree" was released on

When did under the cork tree come out?

7732521529054562311

Division of Korea - wikipedia <H1> Division of Korea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel , later along the demarcation line Detail of the DMZ <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prehistory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeulmun </Li> <Li> Mumun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Gojoseon </Td> <Td> ? -- 108 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jin state </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proto -- Three Kingdoms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buyeo </Li> <Li> Goguryeo </Li> <Li> Okjeo </Li> <Li> Dongye </Li> <Li> Samhan <Ul> <Li> Ma </Li> <Li> Byeon </Li> <Li> Jin </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Han Commanderies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Three Kingdoms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Goguryeo </Td> <Td> 37 BC -- 668 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baekje </Td> <Td> 18 BC -- 660 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silla </Td> <Td> 57 BC -- 935 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaya confederacy </Td> <Td> 42 -- 562 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North -- South States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Later Silla ( Unified Silla ) </Td> <Td> 668 -- 935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Balhae </Td> <Td> 698 -- 926 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Later Three Kingdoms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Later Baekje </Td> <Td> 892 -- 936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taebong ( Later Goguryeo ) </Td> <Td> 901 -- 918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Later Silla </Td> <Td> 668 -- 935 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unitary dynastic period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Goryeo </Td> <Td> 918 -- 1392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseon </Td> <Td> 1392 -- 1897 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean Empire </Td> <Td> 1897 -- 1910 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colonial period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Japanese rule </Td> <Td> 1910 -- 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Provisional Government </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division of Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Military Governments </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> 1948 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 1948 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Language </Li> <Li> Military ( Goguryeo ) </Li> <Li> Monarchs </Li> <Li> Naval </Li> <Li> Science and technology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korea portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II , ending the Empire of Japan 's 35 - year rule over Korea in 1945 . The United States and the Soviet Union occupied two parts of the country , with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel . </P> <P> With the onset of the Cold War , negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent , unified Korea . In 1948 , UN-supervised elections were held in the US - occupied south only . The anti-communist Syngman Rhee won the election while Kim Il - Sung was appointed as the leader of North Korea by Joseph Stalin . This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea , which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in North Korea . The United States supported the South , the Soviet Union supported the North , and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula . </P> <P> The subsequent Korean War , which lasted from 1950 to 1953 , ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) up to the present day . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 End of World War II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Post-World War II <Ul> <Li> 2.1 US occupation of South Korea </Li> <Li> 2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea </Li> <Li> 2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Korean War </Li> <Li> 4 Geneva Conference and NNSC </Li> <Li> 5 Post-armistice relations </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Korea under Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Korea under Japanese rule <P> When the Russo - Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan , and was annexed by Japan in 1910 . The Korean king Gojong was removed . In the following decades , nationalist and radical groups emerged , mostly in exile , to struggle for independence . Divergent in their outlooks and approaches , these groups failed to unite in one national movement . The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition . </P> <H3> End of World War II ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World War II <P> In November 1943 , Franklin Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai - shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan 's colonies , and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force . In the declaration after this conference , Korea was mentioned for the first time . The three powers declared that they were , `` mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea , ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent . '' Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea , but did not obtain agreement from the other powers . Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . Stalin did not disagree , but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short . </P> Regional movement of Soviet forces in 1945 <P> At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe . On August 8 , 1945 , three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe , and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan . Soviet troops advanced rapidly , and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea . On August 10 , 1945 two young officers -- Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel -- were assigned to define an American occupation zone . Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared , they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel . They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control . No experts on Korea were consulted . The two men were unaware that forty years before , Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel . Rusk later said that had he known , he `` almost surely '' would have chosen a different line . The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone . To the surprise of the Americans , the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division . The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 ( approved on 17 August 1945 ) for the surrender of Japan . </P> <P> Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north - east of the country , and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan . On August 24 , the Red Army reached Pyongyang . </P> <P> General Abe Nobuyuki , the last Japanese Governor - General of Korea , had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand - over of power . Throughout August , Koreans organized people 's committee branches for the `` Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence '' ( CPKI , 조선 건국 준비 위원회 ) , headed by Lyuh Woon - hyung , a left - wing politician . On September 6 , 1945 , a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea . </P> <H2> Post-world War II ( edit ) </H2> South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945 . <P> In December 1945 , at the Moscow Conference , the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union , the US , the Republic of China , and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead - up to independence . Many Koreans demanded independence immediately ; however , the Korean Communist Party , which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party , supported the trusteeship . </P> <P> A Soviet - US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration , but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship . Meanwhile , the division between the two zones deepened . The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics , and a transfer of population between North and South . In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit . </P> <H3> US occupation of South Korea ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States Army Military Government in Korea Lyuh Woon - hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16 , 1945 <P> With the American government fearing Soviet expansion , and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum , the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times . </P> <P> On September 7 , 1945 , General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs , and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day . The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , which had operated from China , sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge , but he refused to meet with them . Likewise , Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People 's Republic of Korea and its People 's Committees , and outlawed it on 12 December . </P> <P> In September 1946 , thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government . This uprising was quickly defeated , and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly . </P> <P> The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee , who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US , became the most prominent politician in the South . Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south . On July 19 , 1947 , Lyuh Woon - hyung , the last senior politician committed to left - right dialogue , was assassinated by a right - winger . </P> <P> The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left - wing insurgents . Over the course of the next few years , between 30,000 and 100,000 people were killed . </P> <H3> Soviet occupation of North Korea ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Soviet Civil

Korea separated into North and South in

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reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud , although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case . The black bar is one angstrom ( 6990100000000000000 ♠ 10 m or 6990100000000000000 ♠ 100 pm ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Smallest recognized division of a chemical element </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Mass range : </Td> <Td> 6973167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 × 10 to 6975452000000000000 ♠ 4.52 × 10 kg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electric charge : </Td> <Td> zero ( neutral ) , or ion charge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diameter range : </Td> <Td> 62 pm ( He ) to 520 pm ( Cs ) ( data page ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Components : </Td> <Td> Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element . Every solid , liquid , gas , and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms . Atoms are very small ; typical sizes are around 100 picometers ( a ten - billionth of a meter , in the short scale ) . </P> <P> Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics -- as if they were billiard balls , for example -- gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects . Through the development of physics , atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict the behavior . </P> <P> Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus . The nucleus is made of one or more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons . Protons and neutrons are called nucleons . More than 99.94 % of an atom 's mass is in the nucleus . The protons have a positive electric charge , the electrons have a negative electric charge , and the neutrons have no electric charge . If the number of protons and electrons are equal , that atom is electrically neutral . If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons , then it has an overall negative or positive charge , respectively , and it is called an ion . </P> <P> The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force . The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force , the nuclear force , which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another . Under certain circumstances , the repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force , and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus , leaving behind a different element : nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation . </P> <P> The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs : for example , all copper atoms contain 29 protons . The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element . The number of electrons influences the magnetic properties of an atom . Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules . The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of atomic theory <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Atoms in philosophy </Li> <Li> 1.2 First evidence - based theory </Li> <Li> 1.3 Brownian motion </Li> <Li> 1.4 Discovery of the electron </Li> <Li> 1.5 Discovery of the nucleus </Li> <Li> 1.6 Discovery of isotopes </Li> <Li> 1.7 Bohr model </Li> <Li> 1.8 Chemical bonding explained </Li> <Li> 1.9 Further developments in quantum physics </Li> <Li> 1.10 Discovery of the neutron </Li> <Li> 1.11 Fission , high - energy physics and condensed matter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Structure <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Subatomic particles </Li> <Li> 2.2 Nucleus </Li> <Li> 2.3 Electron cloud </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Properties <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Nuclear properties </Li> <Li> 3.2 Mass </Li> <Li> 3.3 Shape and size </Li> <Li> 3.4 Radioactive decay </Li> <Li> 3.5 Magnetic moment </Li> <Li> 3.6 Energy levels </Li> <Li> 3.7 Valence and bonding behavior </Li> <Li> 3.8 States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Identification </Li> <Li> 5 Origin and current state <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Formation </Li> <Li> 5.2 Earth </Li> <Li> 5.3 Rare and theoretical forms <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Superheavy elements </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Exotic matter </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Sources </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History of atomic theory </H2> Main article : Atomic theory <H3> Atoms in Philosophy </H3> Main article : Atomism <P> The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old idea , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . As a result , their views on what atoms look like and how they behave were incorrect . They also could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , when the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that only the concept of atoms could explain . </P> <H3> First evidence - based theory </H3> Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . <P> In the early 1800s , John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers ( the law of multiple proportions ) . For instance , there are two types of tin oxide : one is 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen and the other is 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . This means that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen . 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 , a ratio of small whole numbers . This common pattern in chemistry suggested to Dalton that elements react in whole number multiples of discrete units -- in other words , atoms . In the case of tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . </P> <P> Dalton also believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbs different gases in different proportions . For example , he found that water absorbs carbon dioxide far better than it absorbs nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences between the masses and configurations of the gases ' respective particles , and carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . </P> <H3> Brownian motion </H3> <P> In 1827 , botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically , a phenomenon that became known as `` Brownian motion '' . This was thought to be caused by water molecules knocking the grains about . In 1905 , Albert Einstein proved the reality of these molecules and their motions by producing the first Statistical physics analysis of Brownian motion . French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein 's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms , thereby conclusively verifying Dalton 's atomic theory . </P> <H3> Discovery of the electron </H3> The Geiger -- Marsden experiment Top : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Bottom : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . <P> The physicist J.J. Thomson measured the mass of cathode rays , showing they were made of particles , but were around 1800 times lighter than the lightest atom , hydrogen . Therefore , they were not atoms , but a new particle , the first subatomic particle to be discovered , which he originally called `` corpuscle '' but was later named electron , after particles postulated by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 . He also showed they were identical to particles given off by photoelectric and radioactive materials . It was quickly recognized that they are the particles that carry electric currents in metal wires , and carry the negative electric charge within atoms . Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work . Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible , ultimate particles of matter . Thomson also incorrectly postulated that the low mass , negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom in a uniform sea of positive charge . This became known as the plum pudding model . </P> <H3> Discovery of the nucleus </H3> Main article : Geiger - Marsden experiment <P> In 1909 , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the direction of Ernest Rutherford , bombarded a metal foil with alpha particles to observe how they scattered . They expected all the alpha particles to pass straight through with little deflection , because Thomson 's model said that the charges in the atom are so diffuse that their electric fields could not affect the alpha particles much . However , Geiger and Marsden spotted alpha particles being deflected by angles greater than 90 ° , which was supposed to be impossible according to Thomson 's model . To explain this , Rutherford proposed that the positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center of the atom . Rutherford compared his findings to one firing a 15 - inch shell at a sheet of tissue paper and it coming back to hit the person who fired it . </P> <H3> Discovery of isotopes </H3> <P> While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element . J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases , which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes . </P> <H3> Bohr model </H3> The Bohr model of the atom , with an electron making instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' from one orbit to another . This model is obsolete . Main article : Bohr model <P> In 1913 the physicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits , and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon . This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable ( given that normally , charges in acceleration , including circular motion , lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation , see synchrotron radiation ) and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete spectra . </P> <P> Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr 's theory . These results refined Ernest Rutherford 's and Antonius Van den Broek 's model , which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its ( atomic )

The discovery of the atom is attributed to

Who discovered the atom and in what year?

-2930493607495363881

of the esophageal mucosa . </P> <H3> Nerve supply ( edit ) </H3> <P> The esophagus is innervated by the vagus nerve and the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk . The vagus nerve has a parasympathetic function , supplying the muscles of the esophagus and stimulating glandular contraction . Two sets of nerve fibers travel in the vagus nerve to supply the muscles . The upper striated muscle , and upper esophageal sphincter , are supplied by neurons with bodies in the nucleus ambiguus , whereas fibers that supply the smooth muscle and lower esophageal sphincter have bodies situated in the dorsal motor nucleus . The vagus nerve plays the primary role in initiating peristalsis . The sympathetic trunk has a sympathetic function . It may enhance the function of the vagus nerve , increasing peristalsis and glandular activity , and causing sphincter contraction . In addition , sympathetic activation may relax the muscle wall and cause blood vessel constriction . Sensation along the esophagus is supplied by both nerves , with gross sensation being passed in the vagus nerve and pain passed up the sympathetic trunk . </P> <H3> Gastro - esophageal junction ( edit ) </H3> <P> The gastro - esophageal junction ( also known as the esophagogastric junction ) is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach , at the lower end of the esophagus . The pink color of the esophageal mucosa contrasts to the deeper red of the gastric mucosa , and the mucosal transition can be seen as an irregular zig - zag line , which is often called the z - line . Histological examination reveals abrupt transition between the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach . Normally , the cardia of the stomach is immediately distal to the z - line and the z - line coincides with the upper limit of the gastric folds of the cardia ; however , when the anatomy of the mucosa is distorted in Barrets esophagus the true gastro - eshophageal junction can be identified by the upper limit of the gastric folds rather than the mucosal transition . The functional location of the lower oesophageal sphincter is generally situated about 3 cm ( 1.2 in ) below the z - line . </P> <H3> Microanatomy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gastrointestinal wall H&E stain of a biopsy of the normal esophageal wall , showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium of the esophageal wall . Histological section of the gastro - esophageal junction , with a black arrow indicating the junction . <P> The human esophagus has a mucous membrane consisting of a tough stratified squamous epithelium without keratin , a smooth lamina propria , and a muscularis mucosae . The epithelium of the esophagus has a relatively rapid turnover , and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food . In many animals the epithelium contains a layer of keratin , representing a coarser diet . There are two types of glands , with mucus - secreting esophageal glands being found in the submucosa , and esophageal cardiac glands , similar to cardiac glands of the stomach , located in the lamina propria and most frequent in the terminal part of the organ . The mucus from the glands gives a good protection to the lining . The submucosa also contains the submucosal plexus , a network of nerve cells that is part of the enteric nervous system . </P> <P> The muscular layer of the esophagus has two types of muscle . The upper third of the esophagus contains striated muscle , the lower third contains smooth muscle , and the middle third contains a mixture of both . Muscle is arranged in two layers : one in which the muscle fibers run longitudinal to the esophagus , and the other in which the fibers encircle the esophagus . These are separated by the myenteric plexus , a tangled network of nerve fibers involved in the secretion of mucus and in peristalsis of the smooth muscle of the esophagus . The outermost layer of the esophagus is the adventitia in most of its length , with the abdominal part being covered in serosa . This makes it distinct from many other structures in the gastrointestinal tract that only have a serosa . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> In early embryogenesis , the esophagus develops from the endodermal primitive gut tube . The ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac . During the second week of embryological development , as the embryo grows , it begins to surround parts of the sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries . Over time , these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract : the celiac artery , superior mesenteric artery , and inferior mesenteric artery . The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the midgut , hindgut and foregut . </P> <P> The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut . Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines . The esophagus develops as part of the foregut tube . The innervation of the esophagus develops from the pharyngeal arches . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Swallowing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Food is ingested through the mouth and when swallowed passes first into the pharynx and then into the esophagus . The esophagus is thus one of the first components of the digestive system and the gastrointestinal tract . After food passes through the esophagus , it enters the stomach . When food is being swallowed , the epiglottis moves backward to cover the larynx , preventing food from entering the trachea . At the same time , the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes , allowing a bolus of food to enter . Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus . These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth , and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself . Along with peristalsis , the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes . </P> <H3> Reducing gastric reflux ( edit ) </H3> <P> The stomach produces gastric acid , a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion . Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters help to prevent reflux ( backflow ) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus , protecting the esophageal mucosa . In addition , the acute angle of His and the lower crura of the diaphragm helps this sphincteric action . </P> <H2> Gene and protein expression ( edit ) </H2> <P> About 20,000 protein - coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal esophagus . Some 250 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the esophagus with less than 50 genes being highly specific . The corresponding esophagus - specific proteins are mainly involved in squamous differentiation such as keratins KRT13 , KRT4 and KRT6C . Other specific proteins that help lubricate the inner surface of esophagus are mucins such as MUC21 and MUC22 . Many genes with elevated expression are also shared with skin and other organs that are composed of squamous epithelia . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main conditions affecting the esophagus are described here . For a more complete list , see esophageal disease . </P> <H3> Inflammation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Esophagitis <P> Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis . Reflux of gastric acids from the stomach , infection , substances ingested ( for example , corrosives ) , some medications ( such as bisphosphonates ) , and food allergies can all lead to esophagitis . Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the yeast candida albicans that may occur when a person is immunocompromised . As of 2014 the cause of some forms of esophagitis , such as eosinophilic esophagitis , is not known . Esophagitis can cause painful swallowing and is usually treated by managing the cause of the esophagitis - such as managing reflux or treating infection . </P> <H3> Barrett 's esophagus ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Barrett 's esophagus <P> Prolonged esophagitis , particularly from gastric reflux , is one factor thought to play a role in the development of Barrett 's esophagus . In this condition , there is metaplasia of the lining of the lower esophagus , which changes from stratified squamous epithelia to simple columnar epithelia . Barrett 's esophagus is thought to be one of the main contributors to the development of esophageal cancer . </P> <H3> Cancer ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Esophageal cancer <P> There are two main types of cancer of the esophagus . Squamous cell carcinoma is a carcinoma that can occur in the squamous cells lining the esophagus . This type is much more common in China and Iran . The other main type is an adenocarcinoma that occurs in the glands or columnar tissue of the esophagus . This is most common in developed countries in those with Barrett 's esophagus , and occurs in the cuboidal cells . </P> <P> In its early stages , esophageal cancer may not have any symptoms at all . When severe , esophageal cancer may eventually cause obstruction of the esophagus , making swallowing of any solid foods very difficult and causing weight loss . The progress of the cancer is staged using a system that measures how far into the esophageal wall the cancer has invaded , how many lymph nodes are affected , and whether there are any metastases in different parts of the body . Esophageal cancer is often managed with radiotherapy , chemotherapy , and may also be managed by partial surgical removal of the esophagus . Inserting a stent into the esophagus , or inserting a nasogastric tube , may also be used to ensure that a person is able to digest enough food and water . As of 2014 , the prognosis for esophageal cancer is still poor , so palliative therapy may also be a focus of treatment . </P> <H3> Varices ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Esophageal varices <P> Esophageal varices are swollen twisted branches of the azygous vein in the lower third of the esophagus . These blood vessels anastomose ( join up ) with those of the portal vein when portal hypertension develops . These blood vessels are engorged more than normal , and in the worst cases may partially obstruct the esophagus . These blood vessels develop as part of a collateral circulation that occurs to drain blood from the abdomen as a result of portal hypertension , usually as a result of liver diseases such as cirrhosis . This collateral circulation occurs because the lower part of the esophagus drains into the left gastric vein , which is a branch of the portal vein . Because of the extensive venous plexus that exists between this vein and other veins , if portal hypertension occurs , the direction of blood drainage in this vein may reverse , with blood draining from the portal venous system , through the plexus . Veins in the plexus may engorge and lead to varices . </P> <P> Esophageal varices often do not have symptoms until they rupture . A ruptured varix is considered a medical emergency , because varices can bleed a lot . A bleeding varix may cause a person to vomit blood , or suffer shock . To deal with a ruptured varix , a band may be placed around the bleeding blood vessel , or a small amount of a clotting agent may be injected near the bleed . A surgeon may also try to use a small inflatable balloon to apply pressure to stop

The purpose of the muscles that line the esophagus is to

What is the purpose of the muscles that line the esophagus?

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Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Wonder ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Wonder </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Stephen Chbosky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Hoberman </Li> <Li> Todd Lieberman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Thorne </Li> <Li> Steve Conrad </Li> <Li> Stephen Chbosky </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Wonder by R.J. Palacio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Julia Roberts </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson </Li> <Li> Jacob Tremblay </Li> <Li> Izabela Vidovic </Li> <Li> Mandy Patinkin </Li> <Li> Daveed Diggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Marcelo Zarvos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Don Burgess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Mark Livolsi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lionsgate </Li> <Li> Mandeville Films </Li> <Li> Participant Media </Li> <Li> Walden Media </Li> <Li> TIK Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Lionsgate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 113 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $20 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $218.8 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay . The film follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate and has grossed over $218 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main cast members </Li> <Li> 2.2 Other cast members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a fifth - grade boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan . He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous ( 27 ) surgeries , Auggie had been homeschooled by his mother Isabel , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep , a private school , for the start of middle school . At first , Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body , but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack Will . </P> <P> During Halloween , Auggie wears an old GhostFace mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his Boba Fett costume . Unrecognized , he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was only pretending to be friends with Auggie . Feeling betrayed , Auggie wants to quit Beecher Prep and go back to homeschooling , but his older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to another friend , a girl named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the term `` Ghost Face '' as a clue ; Jack is shocked when it suddenly dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the GhostFace costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian. When Julian wants Jack to switch partners to be with him in a science fair project Jack refuses . When Julian asks Jack does he want to work with that `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by Mr. Browne and Ms. Petosa . Jack is suspended for two days , and decides not to get Julian suspended to knowing it would not be fair. He later writes an apology letter to Mr. Tushman . Auggie , over winter break , requests Jack 's Minecraft coordinates , which Jack sends . Jack apologizes to Auggie , and Auggie accepts . </P> <P> During the rest of the school year , Auggie is repeatedly bullied by Julian and his group ; they leave hurtful notes on his desk and tape to his locker their class picture with Auggie photoshopped out . When Mr. Tushman later confronts Julian and his parents using all the notes and the doctored picture as evidence , Julian 's mother proclaims that she had had Auggie edited out of the photo to make it look more presentable to her friends at home ; she then says that the school should not be inclusive and that Auggie does not belong there . But despite her threats to pull their funding from the school , Tushman suspends Julian for two days . Julian showed remorse to Tushman for his actions to Auggie . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend , Miranda , ignores her ; in the process , she meets Justin , a friendly boy with whom she forms a close friendship , which later develops into a romantic relationship . Later , Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of Our Town , with Justin as the lead actor . </P> <P> Later on , Isabel and Nate find out that Via 's play is coming around , and Via never told them about it , and they get into a fight with Auggie overhearing everything . Auggie later confronts his mom and his sister , who brush it off . Auggie then accuses them of lying and storms off to his room , and then Daisy starts to whimper . Via then rushes up to Auggie 's room telling him that Daisy is sick . They say goodbye to Isabel who meets Nate at the hospital . They then return that night without the dog , implying that Daisy was put to sleep . </P> <P> On the night of the play , Miranda , the lead actress and Via 's former best friend , pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . After the play , everyone , including Miranda and Justin , go home to the Pullmans and eat pizza to celebrate . </P> <P> During a school trip to a nature reserve , when Auggie and Jack are accosted and threatened by a group of seventh graders from another school , several of their classmates come to their defense . At the year 's end during the graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out ; Auggie receives a standing ovation , and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie , and Isabel commenting on him being a wonder . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main cast members ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman </Li> <Li> Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman </Li> <Li> Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman <Ul> <Li> Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Noah Jupe as Jack Will </Li> <Li> Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans </Li> <Li> Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody </Li> <Li> Millie Davis as Summer Dawson </Li> <Li> Ty Consiglio as Amos Conti </Li> <Li> Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury </Li> <Li> James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin </Li> <Li> Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman </Li> <Li> Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne </Li> <Li> Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa </Li> <Li> Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas </Li> <Li> Nadji Jeter as Justin </Li> <Li> Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other cast members ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will </Li> <Li> Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas </Li> <Li> Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Albans </Li> <Li> Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans </Li> <Li> Erika McKitrick as Ella </Li> <Li> Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg </Li> <Li> Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz </Li> <Li> Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley </Li> <Li> Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca </Li> <Li> William Dickinson as Eddie </Li> <Li> Emma Tremblay as Michelle </Li> <Li> Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan </Li> <Li> Armen Bagdasrov as Danny </Li> <Li> Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela </Li> <Li> Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge </Li> <Li> Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . </P> <P> On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . </P> <P> Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . </P> <P> Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . </P> <P> Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017

The movie Wonder is based

Who is the movie wonder based off of?

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Round steak - wikipedia <H1> Round steak </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Round steak <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> American beef cuts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Beef steak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cookbook : Round steak Media : Round steak </Td> </Tr> </Table> A raw top round steak in a pan <P> A round steak is a beef steak from the `` round '' , the rear leg of the cow . The round is divided into cuts including the eye ( of ) round , bottom round , and top round , with or without the `` round '' bone ( femur ) , and may include the knuckle ( sirloin tip ) , depending on how the round is separated from the loin . This is a lean cut and it is moderately tough . Lack of fat and marbling makes round dry out when cooked with dry - heat cooking methods like roasting or grilling . Round steak is commonly prepared with slow moist - heat methods including braising , to tenderize the meat and maintain moisture . The cut is often sliced thin , then dried or smoked at low temperature to make jerky . </P> <P> Rump cover , with its thick layer of accompanying fat , is considered one of the best ( and most flavorful ) beef cuts in many South American countries , particularly Brazil and Argentina . This specific cut does not tend to be found elsewhere , however . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Topside and Silverside </Li> <Li> 2 Dishes </Li> <Li> 3 Common preparations </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Topside and Silverside ( edit ) </H2> <P> British cuts Topside and Silverside together roughly replace the American Round cut . New Zealand cuts also use these terms ( or sometimes `` Outside Round '' for Silverside ) . </P> <H2> Dishes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bresaola : Air - dried salted beef made with round steak </Li> <Li> London broil : Bias - cut roasted steak , commonly made with round steak </Li> <Li> Italian beef : Thinly sliced round steak cooked in stock </Li> <Li> Rinderbraten : Round steak stuffed with pork fat and spices </Li> <Li> Steak and Guinness pie : Round steak with Guinness stout , bacon , and onions , in pie crust </Li> </Ul> <H2> Common preparations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ground round or beef mince : a type of ground beef made from round steak and trimmings from the primal round ; this is also the name of a U.S. restaurant chain , Ground Round </Li> <Li> Accordion cut : cutting on alternating sides and stretching to make a thinner overall steak </Li> <Li> Butterflying : cutting through the center , leaving a small hinge of meat , and unfolding to create a thinner steak </Li> <Li> Swiss steak : preparing by making a series of small cuts with a bladed roller or pounding flat , also called Swissing , cubing or tenderizing </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of steak dishes </Li> <Li> Popeseye steak </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cooking Tips - Beef and lamb New Zealand '' . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications '' . ( 687 KiB ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cuts of beef </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chuck </Li> <Li> Rib </Li> <Li> Short loin </Li> <Li> Sirloin </Li> <Li> Tenderloin </Li> <Li> Top sirloin </Li> <Li> Bottom sirloin </Li> <Li> Round </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brisket </Li> <Li> Plate </Li> <Li> Flank </Li> <Li> Shank </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Beef and veal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentine beef </Li> <Li> Beef cattle </Li> <Li> Cow - calf operation </Li> <Li> Feeder cattle </Li> <Li> Kobe beef </Li> <Li> Organic beef </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blade steak </Li> <Li> Brisket </Li> <Li> Chateaubriand steak </Li> <Li> Chuck steak </Li> <Li> Fajita </Li> <Li> Filet mignon </Li> <Li> Flank steak </Li> <Li> Flap steak </Li> <Li> Hanger steak </Li> <Li> Plate </Li> <Li> Ranch steak </Li> <Li> Restructured steak </Li> <Li> Rib eye </Li> <Li> Rib steak </Li> <Li> Round </Li> <Li> Rump </Li> <Li> Short loin </Li> <Li> Short ribs </Li> <Li> Shoulder tender </Li> <Li> Sirloin </Li> <Li> Top sirloin </Li> <Li> Skirt steak </Li> <Li> Spare ribs </Li> <Li> Standing rib roast </Li> <Li> Strip </Li> <Li> Shank </Li> <Li> T - bone </Li> <Li> Tenderloin </Li> <Li> Tri-tip </Li> <Li> Trotters </Li> <Li> Tail </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jerky </Li> <Li> Aged </Li> <Li> Bresaola </Li> <Li> Cabeza </Li> <Li> Corned beef </Li> <Li> Frankfurter Rindswurst </Li> <Li> Ground </Li> <Li> Montreal smoked </Li> <Li> Pastrami </Li> <Li> Meat extract </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Offal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brain </Li> <Li> Heart </Li> <Li> Tongue </Li> <Li> Tendon </Li> <Li> Tripas </Li> <Li> Tripe </Li> <Li> Testicles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beefsteak <Ul> <Li> List of steak dishes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Blanquette de veau </Li> <Li> Beef Wellington </Li> <Li> Beef bourguignon </Li> <Li> Beef bun </Li> <Li> Beef Manhattan </Li> <Li> Beef noodle soup </Li> <Li> Beef on weck </Li> <Li> Beef Stroganoff </Li> <Li> Boiled beef </Li> <Li> Bulgogi </Li> <Li> Calf 's liver and bacon </Li> <Li> Cheesesteak </Li> <Li> Chicken fried steak </Li> <Li> Cordon bleu </Li> <Li> Dendeng </Li> <Li> Feu </Li> <Li> French dip </Li> <Li> Ginger beef </Li> <Li> Galbi </Li> <Li> Gored gored </Li> <Li> Gyūdon </Li> <Li> Hamburg steak </Li> <Li> Hortobágyi palacsinta </Li> <Li> Iga penyet </Li> <Li> Italian beef </Li> <Li> Jellied veal </Li> <Li> Karađorđeva šnicla </Li> <Li> Kitfo </Li> <Li> London broil </Li> <Li> Mongolian beef </Li> <Li> Neobiani </Li> <Li> Ossobuco </Li> <Li> Pot roast </Li> <Li> Pozharsky cutlet </Li> <Li> P'tcha </Li> <Li> Ragout fin </Li> <Li> Rawon </Li> <Li> Rendang </Li> <Li> Roast beef <Ul> <Li> Roast beef sandwich </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Salisbury steak </Li> <Li> Saltimbocca </Li> <Li> Sha cha beef </Li> <Li> Shooter 's sandwich </Li> <Li> Steak and kidney pudding </Li> <Li> Steak Diane </Li> <Li> Steak and eggs </Li> <Li> Steak and oyster pie </Li> <Li> Steak au poivre </Li> <Li> Tartare </Li> <Li> Tafelspitz </Li> <Li> Tongseng </Li> <Li> Veal Milanese </Li> <Li> Veal Orloff </Li> <Li> Veal Oscar </Li> <Li> Vitello tonnato </Li> <Li> Wallenbergare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related meats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American bison </Li> <Li> Beefalo </Li> <Li> Water buffalo </Li> <Li> Żubroń </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy </Li> <Li> Beef hormone controversy </Li> <Li> Beef ring </Li> <Li> Carcass grade </Li> <Li> Darkcutter </Li> <Li> Meat on the bone </Li> <Li> Ractopamine - Beef </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> USA beef imports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_steak&oldid=826024338 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cuts of beef </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 粵語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 19 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The eye of the round roast comes from

Where does eye of the round roast come from?

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Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) - wikipedia <H1> Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Let Me Love You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Encore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 5 August 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EDM </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Interscope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Grigahcine </Li> <Li> Justin Bieber </Li> <Li> Andrew Watt </Li> <Li> Ali Tamposi </Li> <Li> Brian Lee </Li> <Li> Louis Bell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> DJ Snake ( also exec . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> DJ Snake singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Justin Bieber singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Cold Water '' ( 2016 ) Cold Water 2016 </Td> <Td> `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) Let Me Love You2016 </Td> <Td> `` Deja Vu '' ( 2016 ) Deja Vu 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Let Me Love You '' is a song recorded by French electronic music producer DJ Snake , taken as the third single from his debut studio album , Encore ( 2016 ) . It featured vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber and Singh H Spot . The artists co-wrote the song with Andrew Watt , Ali Tamposi , Brian Lee , and Louis Bell , while the song 's production was handled by DJ Snake . The song was released on 5 August 2016 , through Interscope Records . Its music video was released on November 29 , 2016 , on YouTube . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 4 Charts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Weekly charts <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Original version </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Remix featuring R. Kelly </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Certifications </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Let Me Love You '' is written in the key of C minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute in common time . The song follows a chord progression of Cm7 -- E ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ , and Bieber 's vocals span from C to C . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for the song was released on 29 November 2016 . Rolling Stone magazine referred to the video as `` Bonnie and Clyde with a twist '' as it shows a few takes with a couple engaging in a high speed chase , a run in with a head boss and a makeout session in the getaway car . In the end , it is revealed that the action sequences are part of a video simulation and the players on the other side are in fact a kid and an unkempt adult male with virtual reality devices on . This video was directed by James Lees . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , `` Let Me Love You '' debuted at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated 27 August 2016 . The single opened at number - one on Digital Songs with 113,000 downloads , becoming DJ Snake 's first and Bieber 's sixth number - one on the chart . On the issue dated 1 October 2016 , `` Let Me Love You '' advanced six places to reach number six , becoming DJ Snake 's third top 10 and Bieber 's twelfth top 10 single . It reached number four the following week . </P> <P> The remix of the song with the collaboration of American R&B singer R. Kelly debuted at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 on the issue dated 14 January 2017 . The remix opened at number 11 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs with 25,000 downloads . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> Original version ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina Digital Songs ( CAPIF ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colombia ( National - Report ) </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Remix featuring R. Kelly ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( MAHASZ ) </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 280,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 6 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 120,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden

The song "Let Me Love You" is sung by

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movement to form a new four - team league of Toronto , Ottawa and the two Montreal teams . The Toronto representative offered to allow the Arena Gardens to manage the Torontos and lease the players . </P> <P> There then followed a period of speculation in the newspapers as to whether Quebec would play in the new season and what would be the league organization . One name for the new league was speculated : the `` National Professional Hockey League '' . If Quebec could play then the Toronto players would be dispersed ; if Quebec could not play then the Toronto players would be loaned to a temporary Toronto franchise . Representatives of Ottawa , Quebec , and the Montreal teams met on November 22 , 1917 , but adjourned without a decision . </P> <P> On November 26 , 1917 , representatives of the Ottawa , Quebec , and Montreal NHA clubs met at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal . The decision to start a new league was finalized and announced . The decision was made to start a new league , the National Hockey League , with the following provisions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Constitution and rules the same as the NHA </Li> <Li> Frank Calder elected president and secretary </Li> <Li> M.J. Quinn of Quebec was named honorary president </Li> <Li> Franchises were granted to Ottawa , Canadiens , Wanderers , </Li> <Li> Quebec players to be dispersed among the other teams </Li> </Ul> <P> A Toronto franchise was to be operated ' temporarily ' by the Arena Gardens while the Toronto ownership situation was resolved . The franchise used the players of the Blueshirts , including those who had been transferred to other NHA teams for the second half of the 1916 -- 17 NHA season . While Livingstone agreed to a lease of the team , the NHL owners did not intend to share any revenues from the players . Livingstone would sue for the team 's revenues in 1918 . George Kennedy , owner of the Canadiens , would later say : </P> <P> `` The Toronto players belong as a body to the National Hockey League , for they were only loaned to the Toronto Arena Company , though Livingstone tried to make the Arena Company believe that he controlled those players '' </P> <P> The team played without a nickname for the season . </P> <P> According to Holzman , the NHL itself was intended to operate temporarily until the Toronto NHA franchise was resolved . The NHA had a pending lawsuit against the 228th Battalion , and could or would not fold until after that was heard . </P> <H3> Quebec dispersal draft ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to McFarlane , the owners of the Quebec franchise asked $200 per man selected ; but the amount received by the franchise is not recorded . The Wanderers took four players , but overlooked great Joe Malone , who was picked up by the Canadiens , who also took Joe Hall . Odie Cleghorn and Sprague Cleghorn joined the Wanderers , but Sprague broke a leg and was sidelined . </P> <H3> Rule changes ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 9 , 1918 , the league decided to allow goaltenders to drop to the ice surface in order to make saves . This was the first implemented and amended rule change in the National Hockey League . It was done in response to Ottawa 's Clint Benedict constantly falling to make saves . According to NHL president Frank Calder , `` As far as I am concerned they can stand on their head ( s ) . '' </P> <H2> Regular season ( edit ) </H2> <P> The new league faced stiff competition for players from a number of other leagues including the Pacific Coast Hockey Association . Also , filling rosters was a challenge because the talent pool was decimated by World War I . </P> <P> The Wanderers were in trouble from the start of the season . They won their home opener but drew only 700 fans . The Wanderers then lost the next three games and owner Lichtenhein threatened to withdraw from the league unless he could get some players . Although they could have acquired Joe Malone in the draft , they turned to the PCHA and signed goaltender Hap Holmes . They also obtained permission to sign such players as Frank Foyston , Jack Walker and others if they could do so . The Wanderers loaned Holmes to the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA , but he eventually found his way back to the NHL when Seattle loaned him to Toronto . </P> Ruins of Montreal Arena <P> A league meeting was planned to deal with the situation , but on January 2 , 1918 , the matter was resolved when the Montreal Arena burned down , leaving the Canadiens and Wanderers homeless . The Canadiens moved into the 3,250 seat Jubilee Rink . The Hamilton arena offered to provide a home for the Wanderers , but Lichtenhein disbanded the team on January 4 , after the other clubs refused to give him any players . The remaining three teams would complete the season . </P> <P> The last active player from the inaugural season was Reg Noble , who retired following the 1933 Stanley Cup playoffs . </P> <H3> Highlights ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first game of the season , and in league history , featured the visiting Montreal Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators 7 - 4 , with Joe Malone scoring five of Montreal 's seven goals . On the same night a game featured the unnamed Toronto team versus the Wanderers . Montreal 's Dave Ritchie scored the first goal in NHL history and Harry Hyland had four goals ( the league 's first hat trick ) in the Wanderers ' 10 -- 9 victory , which would be their only one in the NHL ; Player - coach Art Ross earned the league 's first penalty . The game in Montreal was played in front of only 700 fans . </P> <P> On January 28 , when the Canadiens visited Toronto , players Alf Skinner and Joe Hall got into a stick - swinging duel . Both players received match penalties , $15 fines and were arrested by the Toronto Police for disorderly conduct , for which they received suspended sentences . </P> <P> In February , Ken Randall of Toronto was suspended pending payment of $35 in fines to the league . He brought $32 in paper money and 300 pennies . The pennies were refused . He tossed his bag of pennies onto the ice prior to the game against Ottawa , and one of the Ottawa players banged it with his stick , scattering the pennies around the ice . The game was delayed while the pennies were picked up . </P> <H3> Final standings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> First Half <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto Hockey Club </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ottawa Senators </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montreal Wanderers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Second Half <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto Hockey Club </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ottawa Senators </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : GP = Games Played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold . The Wanderers defaulted scheduled games against the Canadiens ( Jan. 2 , 1918 ) and Toronto ( Jan. 5 , 1918 ) , when their arena burned down . These appear as losses in the standings , but the games were not played . </P> <P> Wanderers defaulted scheduled games against the Canadiens ( Jan. 2 , 1918 ) and Toronto ( Jan. 5 , 1918 ) , when their arena burned down . These appear as losses in the standings , but the games were not played . </P> <P> `` The league did not accept the Wanderers ' resignation immediately , electing to wait and see whether the team showed up for its scheduled match in Toronto on Saturday January 5 ... The deadline did expire , and the once - powerful team that had been known as the Little Men of Iron was thrown onto the scrap heap of hockey history . The Wanderers ' scheduled games of January 2 and 5 were officially recorded in the standings as victories for their respective opponents , the Canadiens and Torontos . '' -- Holzman . </P> <H2> Playoffs ( edit ) </H2> <H3> NHL championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> Montreal had won the first half of the NHL split season and Toronto had won the second half . The two teams then played a two - game total goals series for the NHL championship . The series saw lots of fighting involving Bert Corbeau and Newsy Lalonde . Toronto won the series and advanced to the Stanley Cup final . </P> <P> Toronto vs. Montreal Canadiens </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Away </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Home </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 11 </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 13 </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montreal Canadiens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Toronto wins total goals series 10 -- 7 for the O'Brien Cup . </P> <H3> Stanley Cup series ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1918 Stanley Cup Finals 1917 -- 18 season Toronto Arenas . Top row , from left : Rusty Crawford , Harry Meeking , Ken Randall , Corbett Denneny , Harry Cameron . Middle row , from left : Dick Carroll , Jack Adams , Charles Querrie , Alf Skinner , Frank Carroll . Bottom row , from left : O'Brien Cup , Harry Mummery , Harry `` Hap '' Homes , Reg Noble , Stanley Cup . <P> The championship series was played at Arena Gardens in Toronto . The games alternated between seven - man PCHA rules and NHL six - man rules . Toronto won all three games played under NHL rules , and Vancouver won the two games played under PCHA rules . Although Vancouver 's Mickey MacKay was described as sensational in the fifth and deciding game , it was Corbett Denneny of Toronto who scored the winning goal and Toronto won the Stanley Cup . </P> <P> Vancouver Millionaires vs. Toronto </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Away </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Home </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 20 </Td> <Td> Vancouver Millionaires </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 23 </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vancouver Millionaires </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 26 </Td> <Td> Vancouver

The first NHL hockey game was played in

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used functions , such as volume and brightness controls , along with toggles for enabling Wi - Fi , Bluetooth , Airplane mode , and for using the rear camera 's flash LED as a flashlight . </P> <P> iTunes Radio , an Internet radio service , is also included on the iPhone 5S . It is a free , ad - supported service available to all iTunes users , featuring Siri integration on iOS . Users are able to skip tracks , customise stations , and purchase the station 's songs from iTunes Store . Users can also search through their history of previous songs . </P> <H2> Apple accessories ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the keynote , Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5 that is made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside . This case was announced along with iPhone 5C 's case , both of which are the first cases Apple has announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers . </P> <P> Docks for both the iPhone 5S and 5C were found on the Apple online store after the announcement . Because of the casing difference between the iPhone 5S and 5C , they have separate docks , each made specifically for each respective phone . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The iPhone 5S received a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators . Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review , saying that Touch ID `` sounds like a gimmick , but it 's a real advance , the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices , '' and labeled it `` the best smartphone on the market . '' David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID , but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated , and `` maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over . '' He focused much of his review on iOS 7 , which he believed was the biggest change of the device over previous generations , praising new Siri features , Control Center , and AirDrop . In an editorial , Pogue stated that iOS 7 was the biggest change in the iPhone series , citing utilitarian interface changes as the main contributor to this . Scott Stein of CNET criticized the lack of design change over iPhone 5 and said that although the iPhone 5S `` is not a required upgrade , but it 's easily the fastest and most advanced Apple smartphone to date . '' Although praised the new iPhone for its camera , 64 - bit A7 chip , M7 motion - chip , and fingerprint scanning capabilities , some investors thought that the iPhone 5S , although a notable improvement over the iPhone 5 , was still relatively unchanged from its predecessor , and worried that the iPhone line had become a stagnant , dull product . Apple 's share price fell 5.4 % after the launch to close at a month low of $467.71 on the NASDAQ . </P> <P> Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said `` looks may not be different from the iPhone 5 , but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day - to - day activities normal for a smartphone user , '' and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone . Etherington suggested that the 64 - bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it . Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64 - bit processor . Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone 's A7 processor , describing it as `` seriously impressive '' , and stated that it was the most `` futureproof of any iPhone ever launched . As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof , if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any . '' Scott Lowe of IGN also speaking highly of its 64 - bit processor , `` which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4 , accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32 % and 38 % in CPU benchmarks . '' The debut of Apple 's 64 - bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise , particularly Qualcomm whose own 64 - bit system - on - chip was not released until 2015 . </P> <P> Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time . The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5 , while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance / features thanks to its new 64 - bit A7 processor , as well as extra storage space , all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C ( US $650 versus US $550 in March 2014 ) . This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range , respectively ; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9 GB available to the user after installing iOS 8 . Furthermore , the 5C 's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost - cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5 's aluminum / glass case ; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish . </P> <P> As of 2015 -- 16 , there were still a significant number of customers who preferred the 4 - inch screen size of iPhone 5S , which remained the second-most popular iPhone after the iPhone 6 and ahead of the iPhone 6S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 , even as that form factor was succeeded as the flagship iPhone by the redesigned larger display 4.7 / 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 and 6 Plus back in September 2014 . Furthermore , the 5 and 5S design was regarded as `` long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general '' ( with the 5S 's gold finish adding a premium touch to the 5 's already well - regarded look ) , while the succeeding 6 and 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it `` felt a little bit wrong , as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap '' . The iPhone 5 was described as `` elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together . It felt streamlined , yet substantial , which is different from iPhone 6 , which feels substantial in size alone . Plus , unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6 , iPhone 5 did n't really look like anything else on the market at the time '' . However , the iPhone 5 / 5S design was not suited to scaling up , in contrast to the iPhone 6 / 6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6 / 6S Plus phablet models . When Apple discontinued the iPhone 5S , it was replaced by the iPhone SE which outwardly appears almost identical to the 5S even as the SE 's internal hardware has been upgraded significantly . </P> <H3> Commercial reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days , setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales , with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C . After the first day of release , 1 % of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss , while 0.3 % were iPhone 5Cs . Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day , compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010 , and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days . This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously . The first - day release in China also contributed to the record sales result . </P> <P> On launch day , major in - stock shortages were reported in most stores , across all countries where the iPhone 5S initially went on sale . A great many customers in line outside Apple Stores worldwide were left disappointed due to severe shortages across all 5S models , with the gold model in particular being in highly limited supply . While this situation eased in the US in the days following the launch , other countries reported receiving few restocks . Some commentators questioned how Apple handled the initial release , as online pre-orders were not offered for the iPhone 5S , meaning large numbers of people queuing outside physical stores , with most in line not receiving a unit . In the US , Apple offered an online reservation system , so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores , and order for pickup . Online orders were also in short supply on launch day , with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from `` 7 - 10 working days '' to `` October '' in all countries , within hours of online orders being taken . </P> <P> The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , and T - Mobile in September 2013 in the United States , outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4 . According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners , the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two - to - one margin during its September release , confirming Apple CEO Tim Cook 's view that the high - end smartphone market was not reaching a point of market saturation . While commentators viewed the 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand , the 5S was viewed as a massive success . Apple admitted that it had failed to anticipate the sales ratio , leading to an overstocking of the 5C and shortages of the 5S . </P> <P> Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S , on March 25 , 2014 , Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units . By May 2014 , despite having been on the market for eight months , the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40 % , with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units . The Galaxy S5 's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile , as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4 , in the first quarter of their releases , had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively . </P> <H3> Impact of Touch ID ( edit ) </H3> See also : Touch ID § Impact <P> A number of technology writers , including Adrian Kingsley - Hughes and Kevin Roose of New York believed that the fingerprint scanning functionality of the iPhone 5S could help spur the adoption of the technology as an alternative to passwords by mainstream users ( especially in `` bring your own device '' scenarios ) , as fingerprint - based authentication systems have only enjoyed wider usage in enterprise environments . However , citing research by biometrics engineer Geppy Parziale , Roose suggested that the CMOS - based sensor could become inaccurate

The iPhone 5s has a

How many inches is the iphone 5s screen?

1626619710468103467

Apoptosis - Wikipedia <H1> Apoptosis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Apoptosis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> An etoposide - treated DU145 prostate cancer cell exploding into a cascade of apoptotic bodies . The sub images were extracted from a 61 - hour time - lapse microscopy video , created using quantitative phase - contrast microscopy . The optical thickness is color - coded . With increasing thickness , color changes from gray to yellow , red , purple and finally black . See the video at The Cell : An Image Library </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D017209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Apoptosis ( from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις `` falling off '' ) is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms . Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes ( morphology ) and death . These changes include blebbing , cell shrinkage , nuclear fragmentation , chromatin condensation , chromosomal DNA fragmentation , and global mRNA decay . The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis . For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14 , approximately 20 to 30 billion cells die a day . </P> <P> In contrast to necrosis , which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury , apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism 's lifecycle . For example , the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis . Unlike necrosis , apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage to them . </P> <P> Because apoptosis can not stop once it has begun , it is a highly regulated process . Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways . In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress , while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells . Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases , which are proteases , or enzymes that degrade proteins . The two pathways both activate initiator caspases , which then activate executioner caspases , which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately . </P> <P> Research on apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s . In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon , defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases . Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy , whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation , such as cancer . Some factors like Fas receptors and caspases promote apoptosis , while some members of the Bcl - 2 family of proteins inhibit apoptosis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Discovery and etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Activation mechanisms <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Intrinsic pathway </Li> <Li> 2.2 Extrinsic pathway </Li> <Li> 2.3 Apoptosis model in amphibians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Negative regulators of apoptosis </Li> <Li> 4 Proteolytic caspase cascade : Killing the cell <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Apoptotic cell disassembly </Li> <Li> 4.2 Removal of dead cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Pathway knock - outs </Li> <Li> 6 Methods for distinguishing apoptotic from necrotic ( necroptotic ) cells </Li> <Li> 7 Implication in disease <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Defective pathways <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Dysregulation of p53 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Inhibition <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 HeLa cell </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Treatments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Hyperactive apoptosis <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Treatments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 HIV progression </Li> <Li> 7.5 Viral infection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Plants </Li> <Li> 9 Caspase - independent apoptosis </Li> <Li> 10 Apoptosis protein subcellular location prediction </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Discovery and etymology ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of apoptosis research <P> German scientist Karl Vogt was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842 . In 1885 , anatomist Walther Flemming delivered a more precise description of the process of programmed cell death . However , it was not until 1965 that the topic was resurrected . While studying tissues using electron microscopy , John Foxton Ross Kerr at University of Queensland was able to distinguish apoptosis from traumatic cell death . Following the publication of a paper describing the phenomenon , Kerr was invited to join Alastair R. Currie , as well as Andrew Wyllie , who was Currie 's graduate student , at University of Aberdeen . In 1972 , the trio published a seminal article in the British Journal of Cancer . Kerr had initially used the term programmed cell necrosis , but in the article , the process of natural cell death was called apoptosis . Kerr , Wyllie and Currie credited James Cormack , a professor of Greek language at University of Aberdeen , with suggesting the term apoptosis . Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14 , 2000 , for his description of apoptosis . He shared the prize with Boston biologist H. Robert Horvitz . </P> <P> For many years , neither `` apoptosis '' nor `` programmed cell death '' was a highly cited term . Two discoveries brought cell death from obscurity to a major field of research : identification of components of the cell death control and effector mechanisms , and linkage of abnormalities in cell death to human disease , in particular cancer . </P> <P> The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner , Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis . The genes were identified by studies in the nematode C. elegans and homologues of these genes function in humans to regulate apoptosis . </P> John E. Sulston won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2002 , for his pioneering research on apoptosis . <P> In Greek , apoptosis translates to the `` falling off '' of leaves from a tree . Cormack , professor of Greek language , reintroduced the term for medical use as it had a medical meaning for the Greeks over two thousand years before . Hippocrates used the term to mean `` the falling off of the bones '' . Galen extended its meaning to `` the dropping of the scabs '' . Cormack was no doubt aware of this usage when he suggested the name . Debate continues over the correct pronunciation , with opinion divided between a pronunciation with the second p silent ( / æpəˈtoʊsɪs / ap - ə - TOH - sis ) and the second p pronounced ( / eɪ pəpˈtoʊsɪs / ) , as in the original Greek . In English , the p of the Greek - pt - consonant cluster is typically silent at the beginning of a word ( e.g. pterodactyl , Ptolemy ) , but articulated when used in combining forms preceded by a vowel , as in helicopter or the orders of insects : diptera , lepidoptera , etc . </P> <P> In the original Kerr , Wyllie & Currie paper , there is a footnote regarding the pronunciation : </P> <P> `` We are most grateful to Professor James Cormack of the Department of Greek , University of Aberdeen , for suggesting this term . The word `` apoptosis '' ( ἀπόπτωσις ) is used in Greek to describe the `` dropping off '' or `` falling off '' of petals from flowers , or leaves from trees . To show the derivation clearly , we propose that the stress should be on the penultimate syllable , the second half of the word being pronounced like `` ptosis '' ( with the `` p '' silent ) , which comes from the same root `` to fall '' , and is already used to describe the drooping of the upper eyelid . '' </P> <H2> Activation mechanisms ( edit ) </H2> Control Of The Apoptotic Mechanisms <P> The initiation of apoptosis is tightly regulated by activation mechanisms , because once apoptosis has begun , it inevitably leads to the death of the cell . The two best - understood activation mechanisms are the intrinsic pathway ( also called the mitochondrial pathway ) and the extrinsic pathway . The intrinsic pathway is activated by intracellular signals generated when cells are stressed and depends on the release of proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria . The extrinsic pathway is activated by extracellular ligands binding to cell - surface death receptors , which leads to the formation of the death - inducing signaling complex ( DISC ) . </P> <P> A cell initiates intracellular apoptotic signaling in response to a stress , which may bring about cell suicide . The binding of nuclear receptors by glucocorticoids , heat , radiation , nutrient deprivation , viral infection , hypoxia and increased intracellular calcium concentration , for example , by damage to the membrane , can all trigger the release of intracellular apoptotic signals by a damaged cell . A number of cellular components , such as poly ADP ribose polymerase , may also help regulate apoptosis . </P> <P> Before the actual process of cell death is precipitated by enzymes , apoptotic signals must cause regulatory proteins to initiate the apoptosis pathway . This step allows those signals to cause cell death , or the process to be stopped , should the cell no longer need to die . Several proteins are involved , but two main methods of regulation have been identified : the targeting of mitochondria functionality , or directly transducing the signal via adaptor proteins to the apoptotic mechanisms . An extrinsic pathway for initiation identified in several toxin studies is an increase in calcium concentration within a cell caused by drug activity , which also can cause apoptosis via a calcium binding protease calpain . </P> <H3> Intrinsic pathway ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mitochondria are essential to multicellular life . Without them , a cell ceases to respire aerobically and quickly dies . This fact forms the basis for some apoptotic pathways . Apoptotic proteins that target mitochondria affect them in different ways . They may cause mitochondrial swelling through the formation of membrane pores , or they may increase the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and cause apoptotic effectors to leak out . They are very closely related to intrinsic pathway , and tumors arise more frequently through intrinsic pathway than the extrinsic pathway because of sensitivity . There is also a growing body of evidence indicating that nitric oxide is able to induce apoptosis by helping to dissipate the membrane potential of mitochondria and therefore make it more permeable . Nitric oxide has been implicated in initiating and inhibiting apoptosis through its possible action as a signal molecule of subsequent pathways that activate apoptosis . </P> <P> Mitochondrial proteins known as SMACs ( second mitochondria - derived activator of caspases ) are released into the cell 's cytosol following the increase in permeability of the mitochondria membranes . SMAC binds to proteins that inhibit apoptosis ( IAPs ) thereby deactivating them , and preventing the IAPs from arresting the process and therefore allowing apoptosis to proceed . IAP also normally suppresses the activity of a group of cysteine proteases called caspases , which carry out the degradation of the cell . Therefore , the actual degradation enzymes can be seen to be indirectly regulated by mitochondrial permeability . </P> <P> Cytochrome c is also released from mitochondria due to formation of a channel , the mitochondrial apoptosis - induced channel ( MAC ) , in the outer mitochondrial membrane , and serves a regulatory function as it precedes morphological change associated with apoptosis . Once cytochrome c is released it binds with

The signals for apoptosis come

Where do the signals for apoptosis come from?

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List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia <H1> List of Australian capital cities </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1927 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital . </P> <P> Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for its jurisdiction . In each state and internal territory , the capital is also the jurisdiction 's most populous city . </P> <P> The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> State and Territory Capitals of Australia <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> City Population </Th> <Th> State / Territory Population </Th> <Th> Percentage of State / Territory population in capital city </Th> <Th> Date of statehood </Th> <Th> Capital since </Th> <Th> Image </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia and Australian Capital Territory </Td> <Td> Canberra </Td> <Td> 403,468 </Td> <Td> 403,468 </Td> <Td> 100.00 % </Td> <Td> Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New South Wales </Td> <Td> Sydney </Td> <Td> 5,029,768 </Td> <Td> 7,759,274 </Td> <Td> 64.82 % </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> Skyline of the Sydney central business district </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> 4,725,316 </Td> <Td> 6,179,249 </Td> <Td> 76.47 % </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> <Td> 1851 </Td> <Td> The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queensland </Td> <Td> Brisbane </Td> <Td> 2,360,241 </Td> <Td> 4,848,877 </Td> <Td> 48.68 % </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Australia </Td> <Td> Perth </Td> <Td> 2,022,044 </Td> <Td> 2,558,951 </Td> <Td> 79.02 % </Td> <Td> 1829 </Td> <Td> 1829 </Td> <Td> View of Perth CBD skyline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Australia </Td> <Td> Adelaide </Td> <Td> 1,324,279 </Td> <Td> 1,713,054 </Td> <Td> 77.31 % </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> View of Adelaide Skyline . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tasmania </Td> <Td> Hobart </Td> <Td> 224,462 </Td> <Td> 517,588 </Td> <Td> 43.37 % </Td> <Td> 1825 </Td> <Td> 1826 </Td> <Td> View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Territory </Td> <Td> Darwin </Td> <Td> 145,916 </Td> <Td> 245,740 </Td> <Td> 59.38 % </Td> <Td> Has not attained Statehood </Td> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> View of Darwin CBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capital cities of Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> National and ACT Canberra </P> </Td> <Td> <P> NSW Sydney </P> </Td> <Td> <P> NT Darwin </P> </Td> <Td> <P> QLD Brisbane </P> </Td> <Td> <P> SA Adelaide </P> </Td> <Td> <P> TAS Hobart </P> </Td> <Td> <P> VIC Melbourne </P> </Td> <Td> <P> WA Perth </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of cities in Australia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Australia articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Archaeology </Li> <Li> European Exploration </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> 1788 -- 1850 </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Since 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitutional </Li> <Li> Diplomatic </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Federation </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Indigenous </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> Railway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Continent </Li> <Li> Deserts </Li> <Li> Environment <Ul> <Li> issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> <Li> Forests </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Protected areas </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> States and Territories </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Courts </Li> <Li> Elections <Ul> <Li> Donations </Li> <Li> Electoral system </Li> <Li> Parties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal budget </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Governor - General </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> Intersex </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Transgender </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Intelligence and security </Li> <Li> Law <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> <Li> Enforcement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> National debt </Li> <Li> Parliament </Li> <Li> Public Service </Li> <Li> Women <Ul> <Li> Government leaders </Li> <Li> Government ministers </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Dollar ( currency ) </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Gross state product </Li> <Li> Home ownership <Ul> <Li> Public housing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Household income </Li> <Li> Manufacturing </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> Mining </Li> <Li> Poverty </Li> <Li> Reserve Bank </Li> <Li> Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Superannuation </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> Telecommunications </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Welfare system </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> Health care </Li> <Li> Homelessness </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Arts </Li> <Li> Australian English </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Dance </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Public holidays </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_capital_cities&oldid=836673277 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Australian capital cities </Li> <Li> Demographics of Australia </Li> <Li> Lists of capitals of country subdivisions </Li> <Li> Lists of cities in Australia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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The first capital city of Australia was

What was the first capital city of australia?

-6651263409055988535

2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia <H1> 2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals site </Th> <Td> American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 2nd Final Four ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semifinalists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut Huskies ( 18th Final Four ) </Li> <Li> Stanford Cardinal ( 13th Final Four ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winning coach </Th> <Td> Dawn Staley ( 1st title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MOP </Th> <Td> A'ja Wilson ( South Carolina ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` 2016 </Td> <Td> 2018 '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2017 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday , March 17 to Sunday , April 2 , 2017 , with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas , Texas on March 31 and April 2 . This was the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday , rather than Sunday and Tuesday . South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship . </P> <P> Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues </Li> <Li> 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Automatic qualifiers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Tournament seeds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tournament records </Li> <Li> 4 Games <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Bridgeport Regional , Bridgeport , CT <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Bridgeport Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Oklahoma City Regional , Oklahoma City , OK <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Oklahoma City Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Lexington Regional , Lexington , KY <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Lexington Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Stockton Regional , Stockton , CA <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 First round </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Bracket </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Stockton Regional Final </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Final four <Ul> <Li> 5.1 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 National Semifinals </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 National Championship </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Final Four All - Tournament Team </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Record by conference </Li> <Li> 7 Media coverage <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Television <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Studio host and analysts </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Broadcast assignments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 . The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament . </P> <P> First and Second Rounds </P> <Ul> <Li> March 17 and 19 <Ul> <Li> Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) </Li> <Li> Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) </Li> <Li> Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) </Li> <Li> Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) </Li> <Li> Gill Coliseum , Corvallis , Oregon ( Host : Oregon State University ) </Li> <Li> Humphrey Coliseum , Mississippi State , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) </Li> <Li> Memorial Coliseum , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Xfinity Center , College Park , Maryland ( Host : University of Maryland ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> March 18 and 20 <Ul> <Li> Bramlage Coliseum , Manhattan , Kansas ( Host : Kansas State University ) </Li> <Li> Cameron Indoor Stadium , Durham , North Carolina ( Host : Duke University ) </Li> <Li> Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) </Li> <Li> Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) </Li> <Li> Hec Edmundson Pavilion , Seattle , Washington ( Host : University of Washington ) </Li> <Li> KFC Yum ! Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) </Li> <Li> Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> Watsco Center , Coral Gables , Florida , ( Host : University of Miami ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) </P> Bridgeport Oklahoma City Lexington Stockton Dallas 2017 NCAA Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) ( Hover over city to see link to arena ) <Ul> <Li> March 24 -- 27 <Ul> <Li> Bridgeport Regional , Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut ( Hosts : Fairfield University and University of Connecticut ) </Li> <Li> Oklahoma City Regional , Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Oklahoma ) </Li> <Li> Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Stockton Regional , Stockton Arena , Stockton , California ( Host : University of the Pacific ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) </P> <Ul> <Li> March 31 and April 2 <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ As the # 2 seed in their region , Stanford University was entitled to host the First and Second Round at Maples Pavilion but was unable to do so due to a scheduling conflict . As a result , hosting rights reverted to the next - highest seed in Stanford 's pod of four teams , # 7 Kansas State . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) </H2> Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format <P> Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 13 via ESPN . </P> <P> The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . </P> <P> A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . </P> <P> The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 . </P> <H3> Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Appearance </Th> <Th> Last bid </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 24th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> America East </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 29th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic 10 </Td> <Td> Dayton </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic Sun </Td> <Td> Florida Gulf Coast </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big 12 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big East </Td> <Td> Marquette </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Sky </Td> <Td> Montana State </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big South </Td> <Td> UNC Asheville </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 25th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big West </Td> <Td> Long Beach State </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonial </Td> <Td> Elon </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Never </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C - USA </Td> <Td> WKU </Td> <Td> 19th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horizon </Td> <Td> Green Bay </Td> <Td> 17th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivy </Td> <Td> Penn </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MAAC </Td> <Td> Quinnipiac </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MAC </Td> <Td> Toledo </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MEAC </Td> <Td> Hampton </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri Valley </Td> <Td> Drake </Td> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mountain West </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northeast </Td> <Td> Robert Morris </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio Valley </Td> <Td> Belmont </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 31st </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patriot </Td> <Td> Bucknell </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 14th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern </Td> <Td> Chattanooga </Td> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southland </Td> <Td> Central Arkansas </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SWAC </Td> <Td> Texas Southern </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> Never </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Summit </Td> <Td> Western Illinois </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sun Belt </Td> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Coast </Td> <Td> Gonzaga </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WAC </Td> <Td> New Mexico State </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tournament seeds ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Bridgeport Regional -- Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut <Tr> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> School </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Berth type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> American </Td> <Td> 32 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Auto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> 27 -- 5 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> 30 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Auto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> Pac 12 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 8 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> 21 -- 11 </Td> <Td> At - large </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> Big 12 </Td> <Td>

The winner of the women's 2017 NCAA basketball tournament was

Who won the womens 2017 ncaa basketball tournament?

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Daylight saving Time in Canada - wikipedia <H1> Daylight saving Time in Canada </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 By province or territory <Ul> <Li> 2.1 British Columbia </Li> <Li> 2.2 Nunavut </Li> <Li> 2.3 Ontario </Li> <Li> 2.4 Quebec </Li> <Li> 2.5 Saskatchewan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> Daylight saving time ( DST ) is observed in all ten Canadian provinces and three territories . However , there are exceptions within several provinces and the territory of Nunavut , including most of Saskatchewan , which observes Central Standard Time year - round even though the province is in the Mountain Zone , effectively putting it on DST year - round . Under the Canadian Constitution , laws related to timekeeping are a purely provincial or territorial matter . </P> <P> In regions where daylight saving time is used , it commences on the second Sunday of March , and standard time restarts on the first Sunday in November . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Five Canadian cities , by local ordinance , used Daylight Saving Time before 1918 : Brandon , Manitoba and Winnipeg , Manitoba ( already in 1916 ) as well as Halifax , Nova Scotia , Hamilton , Ontario , and Montreal , Quebec . St. John 's , Newfoundland ( now Newfoundland and Labrador ) , which did not become part of Canada until 1949 , also used DST before 1918 . </P> <P> In practice , since the late 1960s DST across Canada has been closely or completely synchronized with its observance in the United States to promote consistent economic and social interaction . When the United States extended DST in 1987 to the first Sunday in April , all DST - observing Canadian provinces followed suit to mimic the change . </P> <P> The latest United States change ( Energy Policy Act of 2005 ) , adding parts of March and November starting in 2007 , was adopted by the various provinces and territories on the following dates : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ontario , Manitoba - October 20 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Quebec - December 5 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Prince Edward Island - December 6 , 2005 </Li> <Li> New Brunswick - December 23 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Alberta - February 2 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Northwest Territories - March 4 , 2006 </Li> <Li> British Columbia - March 31 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia - April 25 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Yukon - July 14 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Newfoundland and Labrador - November 20 , 2006 , but officially announced on January 18 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Nunavut - February 19 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Saskatchewan - no official action taken , as most of the province does not change their clocks back in winter , but the small parts that have historically observed ' DST ' near Alberta and Manitoba are presumed to be authorized to have the start and end dates the same as Alberta and Manitoba . </Li> </Ul> <H2> By province or territory ( edit ) </H2> <H3> British Columbia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most of British Columbia ( BC ) is on Pacific Time and observes DST . However , there are two main exceptions : </P> <P> Part of the Peace River Regional District of BC ( including the communities of Chetwynd , Dawson Creek , Hudson 's Hope , Fort St. John , Taylor and Tumbler Ridge ) is on Mountain Time and does not observe DST . This means that the region 's clocks are the same as those in Calgary and Edmonton in the winter , they are the same as those in Vancouver in the summer . The residents of Fort Nelson have voted to also stay on year - round MST since 2015 . </P> <P> The East Kootenay region of south - eastern BC ( including the communities of Cranbrook , Fernie , Golden and Invermere ) is on Mountain Time and observes DST . This means that the region is always on the same time as Calgary ; much of the region gets television by way of rebroadcasters of Calgary stations . One exception in this region is Creston , which observes MST year round . Clocks in Creston match those in Calgary in the winter , and Vancouver in the summer . </P> <H3> Nunavut ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the rest of Nunavut observes DST , Southampton Island including Coral Harbour remain on Eastern Standard Time throughout the year . The Kitikmeot Region including Cambridge Bay observes DST but is on Mountain Time . </P> <H3> Ontario ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most of Ontario uses DST . Pickle Lake , Atikokan and New Osnaburgh , three communities located within the Central Time Zone in northwestern Ontario , observe Eastern Standard Time all year long . </P> <H3> Quebec ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most of Quebec observes DST . However , the eastern reaches of Quebec 's North Shore , east of 63 ° west longitude , are in the Atlantic Time Zone , but do not observe DST ( see exception , below ) . The effect is that in summer their clocks match those of the rest of the province , while in November , their clocks are rejoined by their Atlantic Standard Time neighbours . Although places east of 63 ° west are officially on Atlantic Time , local custom is to use Eastern Time as far east as the Natashquan River . Those communities observe DST , including all of Anticosti Island , which is bisected by the 63rd meridian . </P> <P> The Magdalen Islands observe Atlantic Time including DST . </P> <H3> Saskatchewan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Time in Saskatchewan <P> Although the entire province is geographically within the MST ( UTC - 7 ) zone , the province is officially part of the Central time zone ( UTC - 6 ) . As a result , while most of Saskatchewan does not change clocks spring and fall , it technically observes DST year round . This means that clocks in most of the province match clocks in Winnipeg during the winter and Calgary and Edmonton during the summer . This time zone designation was implemented in 1966 , when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in order to standardize time province - wide . </P> <P> The charter of the city of Lloydminster , which is bisected by the Saskatchewan -- Alberta boundary , gives it a special exemption . Lloydminster and the immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan observe Mountain Time year - round , with officially sanctioned seasonal daylight saving time ( which in the summer , puts it in sync with the rest of Saskatchewan ) . This is to keep clocks on the Saskatchewan side in sync with those on the Alberta side ; Alberta mandates the use of daylight saving time province - wide . Along the Manitoba border , the small , remote Saskatchewan towns of Denare Beach and Creighton unofficially observe Central Daylight Time during the summer , thereby keeping the same time as larger neighbouring Manitoba communities . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Time in Canada </Li> <Li> Daylight saving time by country </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ National Research Council http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doris Chase Doane , Time Changes in Canada and Mexico , 2nd edition , Professional Astrologers , Inc. , 1972 - 1975 , p. 9 , 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nunavut News / North `` Nunavut to follow new seasonal time standard '' ( unofficial , cached version ) Archived March 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reaburn , Adam ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` Fort Nelson to change time one last time this March '' . Energeticcity.ca . Fort St. John . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> North American Time zone maps and border data , including Daylight Saving observance </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Daylight saving time in the Americas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> French Guiana </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> US Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada&oldid=815358566 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Daylight saving time in Canada </Li> <Li> Daylight saving time by country </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 10 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Canada switches to daylight saving time on

When does canada switch to daylight savings time?

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Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland , 20 miles south of Baltimore in the state capital . </P> <H3> Civilian career ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ryan 's story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit . While managing clients ' portfolios , he began to invest his own money , banking on a tip he had received from an uncle about the workers ' takeover of the Chicago and North Western Railway , making about $6 million off his $100,000 initial investment . He did so well that one of Merrill Lynch 's senior vice presidents , Joe Muller , came to Baltimore to have dinner with him , with the objective of inviting him to the firm 's New York City headquarters near Wall Street . Also present is Muller 's daughter Caroline , nicknamed Cathy , then a senior medical student at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . They immediately fall in love and get engaged . One night , while having dinner with his fiancée , Ryan throws out his back . Cathy takes him directly to Dr. Stanley Rabinowitz , professor of neurosurgery at famed Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , to be evaluated . Rabinowitz later operates on Ryan 's back and cures his chronic pain in relatively short order ( in a later novel , the surgeon is credited as Sam Rosen , a doctor introduced in Without Remorse ) . Ryan subsequently persuades the government to terminate his disability checks . Cathy later becomes an ophthalmic surgeon at the Wilmer Eye Institute of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and a Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins . </P> <P> After creating a net worth of $8 million , Ryan left the firm after four years and enrolled at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. for six doctoral courses in history . He does a brief stint at the Center for Strategic and International Studies , then accepts a position at the U.S. Naval Academy as a civilian professor of history . </P> <H3> First CIA work ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following a recommendation from Father Tim O'Riley , a Jesuit priest and professor at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , to a Central Intelligence Agency contact , Ryan was asked to work as a consultant for the agency , although officially employed by the MITRE Corporation . He agreed and spent several months at agency headquarters in Langley , Virginia , where he wrote a paper entitled `` Agents and Agencies '' , in which he maintained that state - sponsored terrorism is an act of war . He also invented the canary trap , a method for exposing an information leak , which involves giving different versions of a sensitive document to each of a group of suspects and seeing which version is leaked . By ensuring that each copy of the document differs slightly in its wording , if any copy is leaked , then it is possible to determine the informant 's identity . </P> <P> These accomplishments come to the attention of U.S. Navy Vice Admiral James Greer , the CIA 's Deputy Director for Intelligence . The expertise of Ryan 's report , plus the application , persuaded Greer to offer him a permanent job in the CIA , but Ryan declined . </P> <P> While Ryan was still teaching at the Naval Academy , his family ( wife and new daughter Sally ) and he take a trip to London for research and vacationing . After spending the day sifting through Royal Navy archives doing research for a book on the British naval war in the Indian Ocean during World War II , Ryan walks to meet his family at a park . As he joins them , members of the Ulster Liberation Army ( ULA ) , an ultraviolent Maoist offshoot of the Marxist Provisional Irish Republican Army , led by Kevin O'Donnell , coincidentally attack a passing car containing the heir to the British throne , the Prince of Wales and his family in front of the Ryans . Ryan is wounded while intervening in the attack and foils their plan , killing one of the gunmen and capturing another . Ryan is later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as an honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ; in the books , some British characters call him `` Sir John '' , but honorary knights are not permitted to use the style of `` Sir '' , but his American colleagues and friends delight in teasing him so . </P> <P> Sean Miller , the Irish gunman he captured , vows revenge on Ryan and his family ( only in the movie , not the book ) , but since he is going to Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight , the threat seems unrealistic . Ryan returns to the U.S. and the Naval Academy . When later O'Donnell and the ULA liberate Miller on his way to prison in a paddy wagon ( killing both police officers and civilians in the process ) , the Ryans become the target of their revenge -- particularly Miller 's . A few months later after some additional training in a Libyan desert terrorist base when his gang of Irish extremist thugs show up at the Ryan family home at Peregrine Cliff facing Chesapeake Bay and put Jack , his family and best friend Robbie Jackson through a harrowing experience . </P> <H3> CIA career ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Patriot Games , Greer comes to Ryan and asks him to rejoin the CIA permanently as an analyst to help track down the terrorists . He declines initially , only to accept it after a failed ULA attack on the Ryans mildly wounds his pregnant wife , but severely injures his daughter outside her school . Later , while Ryan hosts the Prince and Princess of Wales at his waterfront home on Chesapeake Bay , south of Annapolis in Maryland , the IRA conducts another attack against him , which Ryan , the Prince , and close friend , Navy Commander Robert Jackson foil . Following the incident and arrests of the ULA members and Miller ( whom Ryan nearly executes with his Browning Hi Power ) , Ryan is taken to the Naval Academy hospital , where he arrives just in time for the birth of Jack Ryan Jr. , his second child . </P> <P> In Red Rabbit , Ryan 's first CIA assignment is to London as a member of a liaison group to the British Secret Intelligence Service . The first order of business focuses on a mission to assist the defection of a KGB communications - center officer who has discovered that longtime KGB director Yuri Andropov ( 1914 - 1984 , head of KGB 1967 - 82 , later General Secretary of USSR 1982 - 1984 ) , had ordered Pope John Paul II 's attempted assassination . Although Ryan and a small team of British agents helps the `` Rabbit '' and his family get to the West , they fail to prevent the attack on the Pope ( which actually happened in real life in 1981 ) . Nevertheless , the Pope is only wounded and his would - be assassin captured , while the British agents execute his Bulgarian handler . `` Rabbit 's '' defection proves to be a major coup for both the American and British intelligence agencies . Ryan soon afterward suggests a nonmilitary long - term strategy to help hasten the Soviet Union 's collapse and the end of the half - century long Cold War . </P> <P> In The Hunt for Red October , Captain First Rank Marko Ramius , the Soviet Navy 's top submarine commander , takes command of the Красный Октябрь ( Krasny Oktyabr , or in English , Red October ) , the newest Typhoon - class ballistic missile submarine , with which he plans to defect with his officers . Having briefly met Captain Ramius at an embassy function several years before , Ryan is asked by Admiral Greer to brief the President 's National Security Adviser Jeffrey Pelt and his staff in his first trip to the White House on Ramius ' background and the deadly new capabilities of Red October 's ' secret revolutionary silent jet propulsion drive system . Ryan recognizes that the renegade ethnic Lithuanian captain may want to change sides rather than attack the West and works to establish contact with him at sea while onboard the tailing American submarine USS Dallas and work to get him and his sub secretly to the U.S. , eventually succeeding . </P> <P> In The Cardinal of the Kremlin , Ryan is reassigned to Langley , at CIA headquarters . He becomes Greer 's assistant with the official title of Special Assistant to the Deputy Director for Intelligence . Greer is grooming him for bigger and better positions , maybe even his own job when the veteran spy finally retires . Ryan is sent to Moscow as part of the American strategic nuclear weapons reduction ( START ) negotiations team . There , he meets Sergey Golovko , a rising star in the KGB hierarchy , and becomes entangled in a complex web related to both the race to develop `` Star Wars '' space - based laser anti-missile defensive technology and engineer another defection , this time compromising the KGB director to save the CIA 's highest informant in the USSR , Agent `` CARDINAL '' , better known as Colonel Misha Filitov . Although they initially meet as adversaries -- at one time literally at gunpoint -- Golovko respects him as a worthy adversary and in later books befriends him , calling him `` Ivan Emmetovich '' , giving him a Russian - style patronymic based on his father 's name , Emmet . </P> <P> In Clear and Present Danger , Ryan is promoted to acting DDI when Greer is hospitalized with cancer . Despite this , he is not made aware of a highly covert and illegal CIA operation encouraged by the President claiming domestic drug abuse was a `` clear and present danger '' to American security , and approved by corrupt National Security Advisor Admiral Cutter . This operation targets Colombian drug lords in South America using military assets of small mobile heavily armed special forces squads and occasional precision air strikes with sophisticated `` smartbombs '' , in what is usually considered a law enforcement area . Ryan works with the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) to rescue a small group of American soldiers cut off in Colombia , forcing him to miss Greer 's funeral . Also in this operation , he first met the U.S. government operative John Clark , with whom he would become friends . Around this time , Ryan also runs afoul of Elizabeth Elliott , international affairs advisor to then - presidential candidate Governor of Ohio J. Robert Fowler , and one of Cathy Ryan 's former professors . </P> <P> In The Sum of All Fears , Ryan reaches his highest post at the CIA , Deputy Director of Central Intelligence . His career is jeopardized when Fowler becomes President and Elizabeth Elliott , Fowler 's lover / manipulator , becomes National Security Advisor . They not only deny Ryan any credit for an innovative Middle East peace plan ( basically turning Jerusalem into a Vatican - like city co-ruled by three Christian , Jewish , and Arab / Muslim mayors ) , but also panic when Iranian and former East German terrorists detonate a nuclear bomb in Denver during the Super Bowl and nearly plunge the world into a Soviet - American nuclear war . Ryan defuses the nuclear crisis by commandeering the Washington - Moscow hot line and convincing the Soviet Premier ( through his friend Golovko ) that the crisis is a setup . He then refuses to confirm Fowler 's order to launch a

In the novel Patriot Games, Jack Ryan lives in

Where does jack ryan live in patriot games?

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Objective correlative - wikipedia <H1> Objective correlative </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> An objective correlative is a literary term referring to an objective as well symbolic article used to correlate explicit , rather than implicit , access to traditionally inexplicable concepts such as emotion or color . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Theory </Li> <Li> 2 Origin of terminology </Li> <Li> 3 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 4 Examples </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Theory ( edit ) </H2> <P> The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot , who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics . Helping define the objective correlative , Eliot 's essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , republished in his book The Sacred Wood : Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare 's incomplete development of Hamlet 's emotions in the play Hamlet . Eliot uses Lady Macbeth 's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : `` The artistic ' inevitability ' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion ... . '' , as a contrast to Hamlet . According to Eliot , the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him . The objective correlative 's purpose is to express the character 's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory : An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as `` ... perhaps little more than the ancient distinction ( first made by Plato ) between mimesis and diegesis ... . '' ( 28 ) . According to Formalist critics , this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author 's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work . The `` occasion '' of E. Montale is a further form of correlative . </P> <H2> Origin of terminology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston ( 1779 - 1843 ) , was introduced by T.S. Eliot , rather casually , into his essay `` Hamlet and His Problems '' ( 1919 ) ; its subsequent vogue in literary criticism , Eliot said , astonished him . In `` Hamlet and His Problems '' , Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an `` objective correlative '' ; in other words , a set of objects , a situation , a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion ; such that when the external facts , which must terminate in sensory experience , are given , the emotion is immediately evoked . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as `` most certainly an artistic failure '' : Eliot felt that Hamlet 's strong emotions `` exceeded the facts '' of the play , which is to say they were not supported by an `` objective correlative '' . He acknowledged that such a circumstance is `` something which every person of sensibility has known '' ; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically , `` Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him '' . </P> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> One possible criticism of Eliot 's theory includes his assumption that an author 's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only . This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb 's `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory '' with these words : `` Eliot argues that there is a verbal formula for any given state of emotion which , when found and used , will evoke that state and no other . '' </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <P> A famous haiku by Yosa Buson entitled , The Piercing Chill I Feel illustrates the use of objective correlative within poetry : </P> <P> The piercing chill I feel : </P> <P> my dead wife 's comb , in our bedroom , </P> under my heel ... <P> In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys , songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me . He makes reference to T.S. Eliot 's topic , `` the Objective Correlative '' , as the subject being every girl , or any girl . In adherence to this reference , the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience , and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation , and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Affect </Li> <Li> Pathetic fallacy </Li> <Li> Thing theory </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. `` '' Hamlet and His Problems . '' The Sacred Wood `` . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Objective Correlative , March 31 , 2015 , retrieved April 26 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eastwood , Clint ( Director ) ( June 20 , 2014 ) . Jersey Boys ( Motion picture ) . United States : MK Films , Malpaso Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barry , Peter : Beginning Theory . An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory . 2nd ed . New York : Manchester University Press , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Eliot , T.S. `` Hamlet and His Problems . '' 5 April . 2007 . http://www.bartleby.com/200/sw9.html . </Li> <Li> Goldfarb , David A. `` New Reference Works in Literary Theory . '' Conference : a journal of philosophy and theory , 1995 . 9 April 2007 . http://www.echonyc.com/~goldfarb/encyc.htm . </Li> <Li> Heehler , Tom . The Well - Spoken Thesaurus : The Objective Correlative and Barbara Kingsolver . Sourcebooks , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Vivas , Eliseo , The Objective Correlative of T.S. Eliot , reprinted in Critiques and Essays in Criticism , ed . Robert W. Stallman ( 1949 ) . </Li> <Li> Witkoski , Michael . `` The bottle that is n't there and the duck that ca n't be heard : The ' subjective correlative ' in commercial messages . '' Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education . Vol. 3 . Toronto : Toronto Press , 2003 . 9 April 2007 . http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue11/witkoskifulltext.html . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Objective Correlative at Literary Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> ( 5 ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Objective_correlative&oldid=830704450 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Literary theory </Li> <Li> T.S. Eliot </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The famous objective correlative theory was given by

Who gave the famous objective co relative theory?

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Lee Thompson Young - wikipedia <H1> Lee Thompson Young </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lee Thompson Young </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Young in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1984 - 02 - 01 ) February 1 , 1984 Columbia , South Carolina , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) ( aged 29 ) Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Multiple gunshot suicide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Lakeview Memorial Gardens York , South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1998 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lee Thompson Young ( February 1 , 1984 -- August 19 , 2013 ) was an American actor . He was known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) . His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles ( 2010 -- 14 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Death </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography </Li> <Li> 6 Accolades </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life </H2> <P> Young was born in Columbia , South Carolina , the son of Velma Elaine ( née Love ) and Tommy Scott Young . He was in the second grade when his parents ' marriage ended , and he went to live with his mother . At age ten , he portrayed Martin Luther King in a play called A Night of Stars and Dreams by Dwight Woods , and the Phillis Wheatley Repertory Theater of Greenville , South Carolina . It was then that Young decided he wanted to become an actor . </P> <H2> Career </H2> <P> Young moved to New York City in June 1996 , but it was not until the next year that he auditioned for the part of Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson . He filmed the pilot and found out in June 1998 from the Disney Channel that the show had been picked up ; it later went on to become a Disney Channel Original Movie in June 2001 . Young also starred in Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) , another Disney Channel Original Movie , as Sam Sterling . The movie was successful , but he did not reprise the role in the sequel , Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) . </P> <P> After the cancellation of The Famous Jett Jackson , Young had guest spots in the CBS series The Guardian . He also had a part in the movie Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) , portraying Chris Comer , and a part in the Jamie Foxx movie Redemption : The Stan Tookie Williams Story ( 2004 ) . Lee appeared on UPN 's TV drama series South Beach , and he portrayed Victor Stone ( known in DC Comics as Cyborg ) in a fifth - season episode of the television series Smallville , in 2006 ; which character he reprised in the Season Six episode `` Justice '' ( airdate January 18 , 2007 ) , and again in the Season Nine finale `` Salvation '' ( airdate May 14 , 2010 ) . </P> <P> Young appeared in the feature film Akeelah and the Bee ( 2006 ) , playing Akeelah 's brother Devon . He played National Guard rookie , Delmar , in The Hills Have Eyes 2 ( 2007 ) . In 2009 , Young played a cocky surgical intern in the hit comedy show Scrubs . It is revealed that his character was an overweight child . The character becomes involved in a romance with one of the medical interns . </P> <P> Young played the role of Al Gough , an FBI agent , in the ABC television drama FlashForward . He was written off the show in episode 7 , when his character committed suicide to prevent the death of an innocent civilian . His last acting role was playing Barry Frost , partner of Jane Rizzoli ( Angie Harmon ) on the TNT drama Rizzoli & Isles , and he made an appearance on the Fox drama The Good Guys as the brother and business partner of an arms dealer . </P> <H2> Personal life </H2> <P> Young graduated with Honors from the University of Southern California , where he majored in Cinematic Arts and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . Young enjoyed writing and wrote the screenplay for the 2007 short film Mano . </P> <H2> Death </H2> <P> On August 19 , 2013 , Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles . Police were called to do a well - being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment , where he was found dead . His manager stated the actor had committed suicide . Police confirmed the cause of death as a self - inflicted gunshot wound . Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder , for which he had been taking medication , and had been suffering from depression before his death . </P> <P> After funeral services at Inglewood Park Cemetery , Young was interred at Lakeview Memorial Garden , York , South Carolina . A three - hour memorial service was held on the Paramount Studios lot . </P> <P> Young 's family launched the Lee Thompson Young Foundation in an effort to help remove the stigma surrounding mental illness . </P> <H2> Filmography </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Friday Night Lights </Td> <Td> Chris Comer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Akeelah and the Bee </Td> <Td> Devon Anderson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Hills Have Eyes 2 , The The Hills Have Eyes 2 </Td> <Td> Delmar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Mano </Td> <Td> Machito </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bastard </Td> <Td> Passenger 1 </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Just an American </Td> <Td> Curtiss Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Famous Jett Jackson , The The Famous Jett Jackson </Td> <Td> Jett Jackson / Silverstone </Td> <Td> Lead role ( 65 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Johnny Tsunami </Td> <Td> Sam Sterling </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Jett Jackson : The Movie </Td> <Td> Jett Jackson / Silverstone </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Philly </Td> <Td> Steven Hicks </Td> <Td> Episode : `` There 's No Business Like No Business '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Guardian , The The Guardian </Td> <Td> Levi Mooney </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Jake 2.0 </Td> <Td> Prince Malik Namir </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Prince and the Revolution '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> The Jersey </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Origins : Part 2 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Redemption : The Stan Tookie Williams Story </Td> <Td> Charles Becnel </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Proud Family , The The Proud Family </Td> <Td> Teen Bebe ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Twins to Tweens '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Xiaolin Showdown </Td> <Td> Jermaine ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Kevin Hill </Td> <Td> Levi </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> South Beach </Td> <Td> Alex Bauer </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Smallville </Td> <Td> Victor Stone / Cyborg </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Five Year Plan </Td> <Td> Mutabi </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles </Td> <Td> Agent Stewart </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Heavy Metal '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Scrubs </Td> <Td> Derek </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Lincoln Heights </Td> <Td> Julian </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Bully for You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> FlashForward </Td> <Td> Al Gough </Td> <Td> 8 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Good Guys , The The Good Guys </Td> <Td> Eric Williams </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Small Rooms '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Rizzoli & Isles </Td> <Td> Det . Barry Frost </Td> <Td> Main role ( 56 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Event , The The Event </Td> <Td> Corporal Bell </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> CSI : NY </Td> <Td> Kelvin Moore </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Unwrapped '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Accolades </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Association </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominated work </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Young Artist Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Drama or Comedy Series -- Leading Young Actor </Td> <Td> The Famous Jett Jackson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series -- Leading Young Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Drama Series -- Leading Young Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gemini Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holleman , Joey ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Columbia native turned TV star takes own life '' . The State . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young Biography ( 1984 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young : Brilliant young actor and a gentle soul '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' ' Mano ' ' ( 2008 ) , a film by Brad Tiemann '' . Cinema.theiapolis.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Actor Lee Thompson Young found dead at age 29 '' . The Las Vegas Sun . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lee Thompson Young Ex-Disney Superstar Dead '' . TMZ . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Thompson Young found dead '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woo , Kelly ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Former Disney Channel Star Lee Thompson Young Found Dead '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Dillon ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Thompson Young suffered from bipolar disorder before suicide : coroner 's report '' . The New York Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^

The actor who played Frost on Rizzoli and Isles

What happened to the actor who played frost on rizzoli and isles?

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</Li> <Li> 1.2 Patriarchs </Li> <Li> 1.3 Major archbishops </Li> <Li> 1.4 Cardinals </Li> <Li> 1.5 Primates </Li> <Li> 1.6 Metropolitans </Li> <Li> 1.7 Archbishops </Li> <Li> 1.8 Diocesan bishops <Ul> <Li> 1.8. 1 Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.9 Other bishops </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Ordinaries and local ordinaries </Li> <Li> 3 Presbyterate <Ul> <Li> 3.1 In general </Li> <Li> 3.2 Priests in service outside their diocese </Li> <Li> 3.3 Positions within a diocese at diocesan level </Li> <Li> 3.4 Vicars Forane or Deans </Li> <Li> 3.5 Parish priest / pastor </Li> <Li> 3.6 Assistant priests / parochial vicars </Li> <Li> 3.7 Honorary titles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Diaconate </Li> <Li> 5 Laity </Li> <Li> 6 Religious </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Bishop ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) <P> The bishops , who possess the fullness of orders , and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate , are as a body ( the College of Bishops ) considered the successors of the Apostles and are `` constituted Pastors in the Church , to be the teachers of doctrine , the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance '' and `` represent the Church . '' In the year 2012 , there were 5,133 Catholic bishops ; at the end of 2014 , there were 5,237 Catholic bishops . The Pope himself is a bishop ( the bishop of Rome ) and traditionally uses the title `` Venerable Brother '' when writing formally to another bishop . </P> <P> The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese . Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries , because they have what canon law calls ordinary ( i.e. not delegated ) authority for a diocese . These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches . Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries ( auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops ) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church , such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia . </P> <P> Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems . Decisions in certain fields , notably liturgy , fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences . The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two - thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See . </P> <P> Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops , though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required . Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders ; even when a bishop retires from his active service , he remains a bishop , since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent . On the other hand , titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration , and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination . </P> <P> Sacramentally , all bishops are equal . According to jurisdiction , office , and privileges , however , various ranks are distinguished , as indicated below . All bishops are `` vicars of Christ '' . </P> <H3> Pope ( bishop of Rome ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pope Pope Francis , bishop of Rome <P> The pope is the bishop of Rome . He is also , by virtue of that office : </P> <P> Vicar of Jesus Christ , Successor of the Prince of the Apostles , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church , Patriarch of the Latin Church , Primate of Italy , Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province , Sovereign of the Vatican City State , Servant of the servants of God . </P> Offices and titles ( edit ) <P> `` Pope '' is a pronominal honorific , not an office or a title , meaning `` Father '' ( the common honorific for all clergy ) . The honorific `` pope '' was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West , and is known in Greek as far back as Homer 's Odyssey ( 6 : 57 ). ( 18 ) In the East , `` pope '' is still a common form of address for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church , and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria . Pope Marcellinus ( d . 304 ) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title `` pope '' used of him . From the 6th century , the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. ( 18 ) From the early 6th century , it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome , a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century , when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome. ( citation needed ) </P> <P> As bishop of the Church of Rome , he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church , Saint Peter and Saint Paul . As such , the Church of Rome , and its bishop , has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers , the other bishops , as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers , the other apostles . The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age , and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church . </P> <P> The Catechism of the Catholic Church , quoting the Second Vatican Council 's document Lumen gentium , states : `` The pope , Bishop of Rome and Peter 's successor , ' is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful . ' '' Communion with bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as `` Roman Catholic '' , though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology ( ecclesiology ) . </P> <P> Three other of the pope 's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome . As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical , juridical , and theological patrimony of Rome , the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church . According to no less than Pope Benedict XVI , there has been much ' confusion ' between the pope 's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals , that this `` failure to distinguish '' between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions lead in time to the `` extreme centralization of the Catholic Church '' and the schism between East and West . </P> <P> As the first local Church of Italy , the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops ' Conference . </P> <P> The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome , so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province . </P> <P> As a bishop , the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ . This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries , reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries , and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council . </P> <P> The pope resides in Vatican City , an independent state within the city of Rome , set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy . As popes were sovereigns of the papal states ( 754 -- 1870 ) , so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929 . </P> <P> Interestingly , ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See , which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted . The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia . The term `` Holy See '' ( i.e. of Rome ) is generally used only of Pope and curia , because the Code of Canon Law , which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see ( diocese ) of Rome itself , necessarily uses the term in this technical sense . </P> <P> Finally , the title `` Servant of the servants of God '' was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great , a reminder that in Christianity , leadership is always about service / ministry ( diakonia ) . </P> <P> The style of address for the bishop of Rome is `` His Holiness '' . </P> Election ( edit ) <P> The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis . This deals with the powers , from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor 's election , of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia ; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope ; and with the place , time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors , a meeting known as a conclave . This word is derived from Latin com - ( together ) and clavis ( key ) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences , a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision . </P> <P> Like all bishops , the pope has the option of resigning , though unlike other bishops , it is not required . The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 , Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 . Approximately 10 % of all popes left or were removed from office before death . </P> <H3> Patriarchs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The heads of some autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches ( dioceses ) have the title of Patriarch . </P> <P> The pope , as patriarch of the Latin Church , is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West , leading to the relatively short - lived title Patriarch of the West ( in use 1863 -- 2006 ) . Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church . </P> <P> The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ( Coptic Catholic Church ) </Li> <Li> The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Melkite Greek Catholic Church ) </Li> <Li> The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch ( Maronite Church ) </Li> <Li> The Syrian Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Syrian Catholic Church ) </Li> <Li> The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia ( Armenian Catholic Church ) </Li> <Li> The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia ( Chaldean Catholic Church ) </Li> </Ul> <P> These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church , including metropolitans , but also directly over all the faithful . Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops , with the exceptions laid down by the Pope . The honorary title prefixed to their names is `` His Beatitude '' . </P> <P> There are also titular patriarchs in the

In the early Christian church, the highest ranking official was

Who was the highest ranking official in the early christian church?

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Keep Calm and Carry On - Wikipedia <H1> Keep Calm and Carry On </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Keep Calm '' redirects here . For the novel , see Keep Calm ( novel ) . This article is about the poster . For the Stereophonics album , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( album ) . For the TV series episode , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( Supernatural ) . The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster <P> Keep Calm and Carry On was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II . The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public , threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities . Although 2.45 million copies were printed , and although the Blitz did in fact take place , the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books , a bookshop in Alnwick . It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies , and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products . </P> <P> Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude , and remaining calm in adversity -- the poster has become recognised around the world . It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Design and production </Li> <Li> 1.2 Later developments </Li> <Li> 1.3 Rediscovery and commercialisation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Trademark claims </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Imitations </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Design and production ( edit ) </H3> `` Freedom Is in Peril '' `` Your Courage '' <P> The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939 . It was produced as part of a series of three `` Home Publicity '' posters ( the others read `` Your Courage , Your Cheerfulness , Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory '' and `` Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might '' ) . Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a `` Tudor Crown '' ( a symbol of the state ) . They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event of a wartime disaster , such as mass bombing of major cities using high explosives and poison gas , which was widely expected within hours of an outbreak of war . </P> <P> A career civil servant named A.P. Waterfield came up with `` Your Courage '' as `` a rallying war - cry that will bring out the best in everyone of us and put us in an offensive mood at once '' . Others involved in the planning of the early posters included : John Hilton , Professor of Industrial Relations at Cambridge University , responsible overall as Director of Home Publicity ; William Surrey Dane , managing director at Odhams Press ; Gervas Huxley , former head of publicity for the Empire Marketing Board ; William Codling , controller of HMSO ; Harold Nicolson , MP ( often misspelled as `` Nicholson '' in paperwork ) ; W.G.V. Vaughan , who became Director of the General Production Division ( GPD ) ; H.V. Rhodes , who later wrote an occasional paper on setting up a new government department ; Ivison Macadam ; `` Mr Cruthley '' ; and `` Mr Francis '' . Ernest Wallcousins was the artist tasked with creating the poster designs . </P> <P> Detailed planning for the posters had started in April 1939 and the eventual designs were prepared after meetings between officials from the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury on 26 June 1939 and between officials from the Ministry of Information and HMSO on 27 June 1939 . Roughs of the poster were completed on 6 July 1939 , and the final designs were agreed by the Home Secretary Samuel Hoare , 1st Viscount Templewood on 4 August 1939 . Printing began on 23 August 1939 , the day that Nazi Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and the posters were ready to be placed up within 24 hours of the outbreak of war . </P> <P> Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August 1939 and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display . It was instead decided that copies of the poster should remain in `` cold storage '' for use after serious air raids ( with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril ) . Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940 , but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign . An October 1940 edition of the Yorkshire Post records the poster being hung in a shop in Leeds . </P> <P> The remainder of the Ministry of Information publicity campaign was cancelled in October 1939 following criticism of its cost and impact . Many people claimed not to have seen the posters ; while those who did see them regarded them as patronising and divisive . Design historian Susannah Walker regards the campaign as `` a resounding failure '' and reflective of a misjudgement by upper - class civil servants of the mood of the people . </P> <P> The typeface is often assumed to be Gill Sans , which is very close though not exact ( see the terminals of the ' C ' , for example ) . The lettering was likely hand drawn by a now - unknown designer . </P> <H3> Later developments ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late May and early June 1941 , 14,000,000 copies of a leaflet entitled `` Beating the Invader '' were distributed with a message from Prime Minister Winston Churchill . The leaflet begins `` If invasion comes ... '' and exhorts the populace to `` Stand Firm '' and `` Carry On '' . The two phrases do not appear in one sentence , as they applied to different segments of the population depending on their circumstances , with those civilians finding themselves in areas of fighting ordered to stand firm ( i.e. , stay put ) and those not in areas of fighting ordered to carry on ( i.e. , continue vital war work ) . Each mandate is identified as a `` great order and duty '' should invasion come . The leaflet then lists 14 questions and answers on practical measures to be taken . </P> <H3> Rediscovery and commercialisation ( edit ) </H3> Shop display of `` Keep Calm '' merchandise , including the original slogan and variants such as `` Keep Calm and Drink Tea '' . <P> In 2000 , Stuart Manley , co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick , Northumberland , was sorting through a box of used books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' posters . The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register ; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies . Other companies followed suit , and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products . Mary Manley later commented , `` I did n't want it trivialised ; but of course now it 's been trivialised beyond belief . '' </P> <P> In early 2012 , Barter Books debuted an informational short film , The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On , providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase . </P> <P> The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism : the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude and remaining calm in adversity . Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen `` not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness , but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis '' . She goes on to point out , however , that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production , and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part . </P> <H3> Trademark claims ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In August 2011 , it was reported that a UK - based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU , CTM No : 009455619 and also in the United States No : 4066622 . after failing to obtain registration of the slogan as a trademark in the United Kingdom . They issued a take - down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products . Questions have been raised as to whether the registration could be challenged , as the slogan had been widely used before registration and is not recognisable as indicating trade origin . An application has been submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct , to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words are too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights , but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries . The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States and Canada . </P> A 2009 parody of the poster `` Keep Calm and Candy On '' painted on boards covering smashed windows of a sweet shop in Birmingham during the 2011 England riots <H2> Imitations ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the popularity of the poster in various media has grown , innumerable parodies , imitations and co-optations have also appeared , making it a notable meme . Messages range from the cute to the overtly political , typically with references to other aspects of popular culture ranging from the royal wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William to the Super Mario video games . Examples have included `` Now Panic and Freak Out '' ( with an upside - down crown ) , `` Get Excited and Make Things '' ( with a crown incorporating spanners ) , `` Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake '' ( with a cupcake icon ) , `` Do n't Panic and Fake a British Accent '' , `` Keep Calm and Hate Apple '' ( with the Windows logo ) , `` Keep Calm and Hate Microsoft '' ( with the Apple logo ) , `` Keep Clam and Gary On '' ( a SpongeBob SquarePants - themed parody ) , `` Keep Calm and Call Batman '' ( with the Batman logo ) , `` Keep Calm and Switch to Linux '' ( with Tux ) and `` Keep Spending and Carry On Shopping '' . In March -- April 2012 , the British pop - rock band McFly undertook a theatre tour entitled `` The Keep Calm and Play Louder Tour '' , promoted with a poster closely based on that of 1939 . In late 2012 and early 2013 , the `` Save Lewisham Hospital '' campaign ( a protest against proposed cuts in services at University Hospital Lewisham ) made widespread use of a poster with the slogan `` Do

The "Keep Calm and Carry On" phrase originated from

Where did the keep calm thing come from?

221756811657202124

NFL Game Pass - wikipedia <H1> NFL Game Pass </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> NFL Game Pass is a subscription based audio and video service which allows users to hear and watch live and archived National Football League ( NFL ) games via a Internet connection . For users in North America , only out - of - market preseason games can be viewed live ; full replays of all the games become available on demand after their original live broadcasts end . Live preseason , regular season , and postseason games are available to international users . </P> <P> The NFL originally offered different subscription packages . NFL Audio Pass , formerly NFL Field Pass , was an Internet radio out - of - market sports package that provided live and archived audio broadcasts of NFL games . NFL Game Rewind provided archived games for users in North America to watch . And the original NFL Game Pass package offered live and archived preseason , regular season , and postseason games to international users . All of these packages were integrated into a single NFL Game Pass platform prior to the 2015 season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 NFL Audio Pass <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Free previews </Li> <Li> 2.2 Broadcast availability </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Developments </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to 2002 , NFL.com offered free broadcasts of its NFL games by special agreement with approximately 20 of its member teams . However , about the same time as the first Internet radio bust , the NFL decided to join the RealOne SuperPass system , a subscription multimedia service that provided various channels from major broadcast providers for a fee ( hence the word `` Pass '' in the name ) . RealNetworks no longer manages NFL Audio Pass . </P> <H2> NFL Audio Pass ( edit ) </H2> <P> NFL Audio Pass provided audio feeds from the flagship English - language radio stations of all 32 NFL teams , broadcasting every preseason , regular season , and postseason game . To direct listeners to the service , the NFL had banned local affiliates from streaming NFL games on the Internet , although several stations still broadcast the games anyway and enforcement of this ban is inconsistent . </P> <P> NFL Audio Pass coverage of the Super Bowl was unique . Because the NFL only allows one station to air a local broadcast for each team in the contest , NFL Audio Pass and Sirius Satellite Radio were the only options for those who want to listen to their home team but live outside of the flagship station 's listening range . In addition to the team broadcasts , the NFL Audio Pass Super Bowl package included various foreign language broadcasts , live feeds from the stadium PA announcer , archives , and `` press box '' stat play - by - play . </P> <H3> Free previews ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the past , from spring until August 1 , NFL Field Pass opened up its archives to `` free preview . '' All games from the past years were available for free during this window , as is live coverage of the NFL Draft and other live multimedia . This was not the case in 2009 , though the free preview returned in 2010 . Until its demise in 2007 , NFL Europe live video broadcasts were also available on the service . </P> <H3> Broadcast availability ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to 2009 , the national radio broadcasts on the Westwood One network ( including the Pro Bowl , a Westwood One exclusive ) were not available on NFL Field Pass . As part of a renegotiation of the broadcast contract , national Westwood One games , including all prime - time games , the Pro Bowl , and all playoff games , became available on Field Pass beginning in the 2009 NFL season . ( Westwood One 's Sunday afternoon doubleheader broadcasts , which are negotiated with individual teams separately from the national package , remain unavailable on NFL Audio Pass , as do those of the rival Sports USA Radio Network and Compass Media Networks . ) Spanish - language broadcasts from Univision Radio and United Stations Radio Networks are also now available on NFL Audio Pass , although they are available for free on the Univision - NFL joint project , NFLatino.com . </P> <H2> Developments ( edit ) </H2> <P> An Internet television spinoff service , NFL Game Pass , debuted in 2008 for online users outside of North America . </P> <P> NFL Field Pass and Game Pass during the 2009 season had a major outage on the season 's opening Sunday ( September 13 ) which left its subscribers without access to the service . </P> <P> NFL Field Pass was renamed NFL Audio Pass prior to the 2010 season . </P> <P> Starting with the 2015 season , Game Pass became available in North America , replacing the similar NFL Game Rewind service . 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Replays become available on NFL Game Pass

When do replays become available on nfl game pass?

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Jurassic World Evolution - wikipedia <H1> Jurassic World Evolution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jurassic World Evolution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Frontier Developments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Frontier Developments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Brookes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Andrew Fletcher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> June 12 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Business simulation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Single - player </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments . The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World , and is scheduled for release on June 12 , 2018 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 2 Development and release </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation game that allows the player to construct a Jurassic World dinosaur theme park with attractions and research facilities . The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , previously featured in the films Jurassic Park and Jurassic World , as well as the surrounding islands of the fictional Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago . The player 's ultimate goal is to develop five - star parks across all islands . The game features approximately 40 dinosaur species at launch . Dr. Ian Malcolm assists the player through the game , and players will meet other key figures representing three branches of the park 's development : entertainment , security and science . Each of these characters will push their agenda at the players , trying to convince players to develop the park in accordance to their advice . They give players `` contracts '' to complete , which are a series of goals and objectives . These contracts add narrative to the game , as well as rewards and reputation in their respective domains . Players can also access the INGEN Database to know more about the lore of the game 's world . Entertainment , security and science all feeds into the parks ' ratings . The five islands , each with different characteristics and challenges , will gradually unlock with sufficient park ratings . </P> <P> Essential buildings and facilities featured in the game include the Expedition center , which sends palaeontologists to fossil dig sites so as to obtain dinosaurs DNA content . DNA sequencing unlocks new dinosaurs and updates their statistics , such as lifespan . With sufficient DNA content , players can use the Hammond Research Center to breed and incubate the dinosaurs . Players can also improve the gene of the dinosaurs and evolve them by integrating the DNA of modern species into these dinosaurs gene to fill their gaps . These modifications to dinosaurs ' DNA will change the dinosaurs base statistics , such as their level of aggressiveness to their appearance . Players need to build enclosures to contain dinosaurs for visitors ' viewing . The needs of different dinosaurs , such as the type of food they eat and the extent of the social interactions they require , must be met to keep them healthy and satisfied . The game features a terrain tool which allows players to modify the environment , such as planting trees and creating water sources . Dinosaurs , controlled by artificial intelligence , will interact with each other and with the environment . For instance , they will attack a competing species when they meet with each other . </P> <P> Players also need to construct various entertainment rides , as well as amenities such as restaurants and shops to please the guests . An example of tourist attraction is the Gyrosphere and the monorail from Jurassic World . Players can also use the game 's photo mode to take pictures of dinosaurs , which also help the park to earn money and publicity . As the construction and expansion of the park , and the incubation of dinosaurs require a large sum of money , entertainment branch is the main source of the park 's income . Each entertainment facilities and amenities come with their own management system , with players being able to set and adjust entry fees as well as the amount of staff present in each facility . </P> <P> There are various emergency situations that may happen in the park , ranging from power failures , unpredictable weather , to dinosaurs breakouts , which must be addressed by players in order to ensure guests ' safety and happiness . Players can build an ACU Center and a Ranger Station , which are responsible for maintaining the park 's security , from sedating and transporting dinosaurs to fixing fences . Players can also control vehicles such as helicopters and 4x4 trucks to do certain tasks . Players can also play as the enclosure maintenance staff from a first - person perspective . Emergency shelters which protect the guests , as well as other security structures like power network redundancies and storm warning centers , can be built . Many of these security facilities can be upgraded to strengthen their efficiency when dealing with emergencies . </P> <H2> Development and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World . Michael Brookes was the game 's director , while Andrew Fletcher was the lead designer . Universal Pictures provided the developers with dinosaur models from the films for a high level of detail . Universal also provided reference materials , including audio . To aid in creating the game , the development team closely watched the films and read Michael Crichton 's novels , Jurassic Park and The Lost World , and also read various fan theories . In addition , Universal and the team had discussions about various elements regarding the game . For the game , Jeff Goldblum reprised his role as Ian Malcolm from earlier Jurassic Park films . Bryce Dallas Howard and B.D. Wong also reprised their roles from Jurassic World . On 20 August 2017 , the game was announced during Gamescom 2017 . Later , on October 7 , footage showcasing the in - game engine was revealed during the first annual Frontier Expo . As of March 2018 , Brookes had been working on the game for just over a year . </P> <P> The game is scheduled for a digital release for PC , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018 , coinciding with the theatrical release of the film 's sequel , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version are scheduled for release on 3 July 2018 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Life finds a way . Jurassic World Evolution might just be the game that the movies deserve '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World park sim coming from Planet Coaster developer '' . Polygon . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Wants To Show You The Best Dinosaurs You 've Ever Seen '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution has 40 dinosaur species , including Indominus Rex '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For Jurassic World Evolution '' . Game Informer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joho , Jess ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic ' World Evolution ' is the dino video game of our childhood dreams '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World Evolution - First Official Gameplay Demo '' . Frontier Developments . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chiodini , Johnny ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution finds a way to be refreshingly different '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houghton , David ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Build your own park , farm custom dinosaurs , pull out the tranq gun when it all goes wrong '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dransfield , Ian ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` How to build your own dinosaur park in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Red Bull . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rougeau , Michael ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Is A Chaotic Sandbox For Dinosaur Management Mayhem '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Mixes Theme Park Sims With Jurassic Park '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Sunday 's Microsoft Gamescom livestream brought with it a surprise reveal , as a new game based on Jurassic World was announced . Called Jurassic World Evolution , it tasks players with running their own Jurassic World park . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( 1 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution 's Developers Share New Details '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution : Creative Director Michael Brookes Interview '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard and BD Wong Will Also Be in Jurassic World Evolution '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( 20 August 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 : Jurassic World Evolution Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` A First Look At Jurassic World Evolution '' . Kotaku Australia . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Austin , Mark ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Get your first look at the dinosaurs in the new ' Jurassic World Evolution ' game '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution Gets Official Digital , Physical Release Date : Life finds a way on June 12 and July 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jurassic Park video games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurassic Park </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NES </Li> <Li> Super NES </Li> <Li> Genesis </Li> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> PC </Li> <Li> Rampage Edition </Li> <Li> Arcade </Li> <Li> Pinball </Li> <Li> Interactive </Li> <Li> 2 : The Chaos

The new Jurassic World game is coming out on

When is the new jurassic world game coming out?

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Triple Entente - wikipedia <H1> Triple Entente </H1> Jump to : navigation , search European military alliances prior to World War I <P> The Triple Entente ( from French entente ( ɑ̃tɑ̃t ) `` friendship , understanding , agreement '' ) refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire , the French Third Republic , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente on 31 August 1907 . The understanding between the three powers , supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal , was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . </P> <P> However , Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I and joined the Entente instead in the Treaty of London ( 1915 ) . </P> <P> Historians continue to debate the importance of the alliance system as one of the causes of World War I . At the start of World War I in 1914 , all three Triple Entente members entered it as Allied Powers against the Central Powers : Germany and Austria - Hungary . </P> <P> However , the Triple Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defense . Thus , Britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions in the 1914 July Crisis . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Franco - Russian Alliance </Li> <Li> 1.2 Entente cordiale </Li> <Li> 1.3 Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Britain </Li> <Li> 3 France </Li> <Li> 4 Russia </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Otto von Bismarck planned to isolate France diplomatically ; he feared that France 's revanchist aspirations might make it attempt to regain its losses suffered in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments , which the conservative rulers found unsettling , such as the First International . </P> <P> However , the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria - Hungary , mainly over the Balkans , where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence . </P> <P> The situation in the Balkans , especially in the wake of the Serbo - Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo - Turkish War , prevented the League from being renewed in 1887 . </P> <P> In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France , Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 . The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out . </P> <P> The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck ′ s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890 . That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia . </P> <H3> Franco - Russian Alliance ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890 , Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country 's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco - Russian Alliance in 1894 . </P> <H3> Entente cordiale ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1904 , Britain and France signed a series of agreements , the Entente cordiale , mostly in solving colonial disputes . </P> <P> That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism , as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy . </P> <P> The Entente , unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted , `` The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance . For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all . For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind , a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries , but which may be , or become , so vague as to lose all content '' . </P> <H3> Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia , nicknamed The Great Game . </P> <H2> Britain ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the last decade of the nineteenth century , Britain continued its policy of `` splendid isolation '' , with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire . However , by the early 1900s , the German threat had increased dramatically , and in Britain thought it was in need of allies . For most of the 19th century , Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals , but with the growing threat of Germany , policy began to change for several reasons : </P> <Ol> <Li> France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904 , the Entente cordiale . The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism . </Li> <Li> Russia was defeated in the Russo - Japanese War , which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere . France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance . </Li> <Li> Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism . Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy . Britain , traditionally having control of the seas , saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy . </Li> <Li> In 1907 , the Anglo - Russian Entente was agreed , which attempted to resolve a series of long - running disputes over Persia , Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway , which would help German expansion in the Near East . </Li> </Ol> <H2> France ( edit ) </H2> Main article : French Third Republic <P> During the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 1871 , Prussia defeated the Second French Empire , resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic . In the Treaty of Frankfurt , Prussia forced France to cede Alsace - Lorraine to the new German Empire . Ever since , relations had been poor . </P> <P> France , worried about the escalating military development of Germany , began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression . Also , France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco - Russian Alliance , which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance . France ′ s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace - Lorraine . </P> A 1914 Russian poster in which the upper inscription reads `` agreement '' . The uncertain Britannia ( right ) and Marianne ( left ) look to the determined Mother Russia ( centre ) to lead them in the coming war . <H2> Russia ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Russian Empire <P> Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers , but it was also the most backward economically . Russia shared France ′ s worries about Germany . After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army , Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles , a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia 's exports . </P> <P> There was also Russia 's long history of rivalry with Austria - Hungary . Austria - Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , greatly angering Russia , which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world ( Pan-Slavism ) . Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro . </P> <P> Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo - Japanese War , a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy . To counter its enemies militarily and politically , Russia sought to revive the Franco - Russian Alliance . </P> <P> Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan , the alliance was valuable in the European theatre . Russia also signed the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance . </P> <P> The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe 's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides . Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East . In turn , prominent French and British journalists , academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful . Mistrust persisted even during wartime , with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917 . An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction . Also , France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World War I portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Allies of World War I </Li> <Li> Central Powers ( allies of Germany in World War I ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 - 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) ch 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger 2002 , p. 216 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gildea 2003 , p. 237 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henig 2002 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 247 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holborn 1982 , p. 249 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holborn 1982 , pp. 304 - 305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reinsurance Treaty </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton , K.A. ( 1977 ) . `` Great Britain and France , 1911 -- 1914 '' . In Hinsley , F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21347 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiona K. Tomaszewski , A Great Russia : Russia and the Triple Entente , 1905 to 1914 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gareth Russell ( 2014 ) . The Emperors : How Europe 's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War . Amberley . pp. 164 -- 65 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew , Christopher . Théophile Délcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale , 1898 -- 1905 ( 1968 ) . </Li> <Li> Clark , Christopher . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe went to war in 1914 ( 2012 ) , pp. 124 -- 35 , 190 - 96 , 293 - 313 , 438 - 42 , 498 - 505 . </Li> <Li> Fay , Sidney Bradshaw . The Origins of the World War ( 2nd ed. 1934 ) vol 1 pp 105 -- 24 , 312 - 42 , vol 2 pp 277 -- 86 , 443

The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France was known as

What was the alliance between great britian russia and france known as?

-6924600758326460563

death penalty system in the state . Kitzhaber 's successor , Governor Kate Brown , affirmed her commitment to the moratorium . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Legal process </Li> <Li> 2 Capital crimes </Li> <Li> 3 Early history </Li> <Li> 4 List of individuals executed since 1978 </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Legal process ( edit ) </H2> <P> Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury : 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty , unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict . </P> <P> But if the prosecution seeks the death penalty , the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous . </P> <P> In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial , a life sentence is issued , even if a single juror opposed death ( there is no retrial ) . </P> <P> The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency , including capital cases . </P> <P> The method of execution is lethal injection . </P> <P> The men 's death row is located , and executions are carried out , at the Oregon State Penitentiary . Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution . </P> <H2> Capital crimes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Aggravated murder is the only crime punishable by death in Oregon . It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances : </P> <Ol> <Li> The defendant committed the murder pursuant to an agreement that the defendant receive money or other thing of value for committing the murder . </Li> <Li> The defendant solicited another to commit the murder and paid or agreed to pay the person money or other thing of value for committing the murder . </Li> <Li> The defendant committed murder after having been convicted previously in any jurisdiction of any homicide , the elements of which constitute the crime of murder or manslaughter as defined by Oregon statutes . </Li> <Li> There was more than one murder victim in the same criminal episode . </Li> <Li> The homicide occurred in the course of or as a result of intentional maiming or torture of the victim . </Li> <Li> The victim of the intentional homicide was a person under the age of 14 years . </Li> <Li> The victim was a police officer , correctional , parole and probation officer or other person charged with the duty of custody , control , or supervision of convicted persons , a member of the Oregon State Police , judicial officer , juror , or witness in a criminal proceeding , employee or officer of a court of justice , or a member of the State Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision and the murder was related to the performance of the victim 's duties in the justice system . </Li> <Li> The defendant committed murder by means of explosives . </Li> <Li> The defendant personally and intentionally committed the homicide in course of furtherance of another specified felony such as rape . </Li> <Li> The murder was committed in an effort to conceal the commission of a crime , or to conceal the identity of the perpetrator of a crime . </Li> <Li> The murder was committed after the defendant had escaped from a state , county , or municipal penal or correctional facility and before recapture . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Early History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government , apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850 , came on April 18 , 1851 , when William Kendall was hanged in Salem . Kendall 's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court . </P> <P> Since 1904 , about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City , tried and sentenced to hang . Before their execution on June 3 , 1850 , the leader , Tiloukaikt , accepted Catholic last rites . Tiloukaikt spoke on the gallows , `` Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people ? So we die to save our people . '' Capital punishment was made explicitly legal by statute in 1864 , and executions have been carried out exclusively at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem since 1904 . The death penalty was outlawed between 1914 and 1920 , again between 1964 and 1978 , and then again between a 1981 Oregon Supreme Court ruling and a 1984 ballot measure . </P> <P> Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914 , to repeal the death penalty , by a margin of 50.04 % . The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West . However , the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56 % of voters favoring its use . From 1864 to 1931 , executions were carried out by hanging . However , beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy , on January 30 , 1939 , Oregon began using lethal gas in gas - chamber executions . The state executed seventeen men in this manner . The last of these gas - inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962 , with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey . In 1964 voters passed Measure 1 , a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment , with 60 % of voters approving . Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later . </P> <P> Voters reenacted the death penalty in the general election of 1978 , by statute ; Measure 8 required the death penalty in certain murder cases . Measure 8 was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1981 , on the grounds that it denied defendants the right to be tried by a jury of their peers . </P> <P> In 1984 , Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal . Measure 7 , a statutory measure passed in the same year , required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder . </P> <P> In 1988 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Penry v. Lynaugh affected the Oregon death penalty , because Oregon 's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case . Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following Penry ; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death . </P> <P> In 2000 , the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon 's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign . Cesar Barone , Conan Wayne Hale , Jesse Caleb Compton , and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad . </P> <P> Between 1904 and 1994 , 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon , and 58 of those were executed . </P> <H2> List of individuals executed since 1978 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978 . Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date of execution </Th> <Th> Victim </Th> <Th> Governor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Douglas Franklin Wright </Td> <Td> September 6 , 1996 </Td> <Td> William Marks and 2 others </Td> <Td> John Kitzhaber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry Charles Moore </Td> <Td> May 16 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Oregon ballot measures </Li> <Li> List of death row inmates in Oregon </Li> <Li> Crime in Oregon </Li> <Li> Law of Oregon </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mapes , Jeff ( February 2015 ) . `` Kate Brown says she opposes death penalty but refuses to rule out executions on her watch '' . OREGONLIVE . Oregonlive / The Oregonian . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 136.450 - Number of jurors required for verdict '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 163.150 - Sentencing for aggravated murder ; proceedings ; issues for jury '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oregon Constitution - Article V - Sec. 14 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon execution chamber </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capital Punishment in Oregon - Statistics . '' Oregon Department of Corrections . Retrieved on February 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.095 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163 , includes legal definition of aggravated murder </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Terry , John . Oregon 's Trails - ' Necktie Parties ' does justice to legal hangings in Oregon . The Oregonian , 6 November 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horner , John B. ( 1919 ) . Oregon : Her History , Her Great Men , Her Literature . Press of the Gazette - Times . p. 313 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History of Capital Punishment in Oregon '' . Oregon.gov . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christianson , Scott ( 26 July 2011 ) . The Last Gasp : The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber . University of California Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0520271210 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oregon Blue Book : Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1980 - 1987 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danks , Holly ( January 20 , 2000 ) . `` Benetton features Oregon killers '' . The Oregonian . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of Capital Punishment in Oregon from Oregon.gov </Li> <Li> Death penalty in Oregon , from the Oregon Encyclopedia </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capital punishment in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Federal Government </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> <Li> Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> American Samoa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists of individuals executed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Federal Government </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky

The death penalty was reinstated in Oregon in

When was the death penalty reinstated in oregon?

2862391704407185252

ICQ - wikipedia <H1> ICQ </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see ICQ ( disambiguation ) . <Table> ICQ LLC <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mirabilis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mail.Ru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initial release </Th> <Td> November 15 , 1996 ; 20 years ago ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 10.0 Build 12094 / June 27 , 2016 ; 15 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Repository </Th> <Td> github.com/mailru/icqdesktop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written in </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Linux : C++ , C </Li> <Li> Java ME : Java </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Windows Phone , Linux , Symbian , Java ME , Web platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Instant messaging client </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Adware ; Linux version under Apache license 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> icq.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996 . The name ICQ derives from the English phrase `` I Seek You '' . Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998 , and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010 . </P> <P> The ICQ client application and service were initially released in November 1996 and the client was freely available to download . Users could register an account and would be assigned a number , like a phone number , for others to be able to contact them ( users could also provide handles ) . ICQ was the first stand - alone instant messenger and the first online instant messenger service -- while real - time chat was not in itself new to the internet ( IRC being the most common platform at the time ) , the concept of a fully centralized service with individual user accounts focused on one - on - one conversations set the blueprint for later instant messaging services like AIM , and its influence is seen in modern social media applications . </P> <P> At its peak around 2001 , ICQ had more than 100 million accounts registered . At the time of the Mail.Ru acquisition in 2010 , there were around 42 million daily users . Since 2013 , ICQ has 11 million monthly users . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Features <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Additional products </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 UIN </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Privacy and copyright </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pressure on alternative clients </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Clients </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ICQ features include offline user messaging , multi-user chats , free daily - limited SMS sending , resumable file transfers , greeting cards , multiplayer games and a searchable user directory . Users can use emoticons while chatting with other users . </Li> <Li> ICQ6 was launched on April 17 , 2007 , and offered a single communication platform that combines the various user options : instant messaging services , free SMS from ICQ to mobile , voice and video communication . The software 's sounds were created by the Israeli psychedelic trance duo Infected Mushroom . Among the new additional features in ICQ6 are Quick IM , which allows users to send a short message without opening a conversation window , a `` follow me '' service directly to the user 's mobile , a multi-chat service and support for Zlango , the animated icons language . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Additional products ( edit ) </H3> <P> ICQ provides all users additional services and content products : </P> <Ol> <Li> ICQ TV -- An online video magazine . The magazine broadcasts content for teens 24 / 7 . </Li> <Li> ICQ SIM Card ( together with United Mobile ) -- A SIM card that enables users traveling across Europe to use their cellular telephones while paying a discount price . </Li> <Li> ICQ Game Center -- A games platform that enables the user to play with and / or against other users . Available by clicking a button in the contact list . </Li> <Li> ICQ2Go -- A web instant messaging option for users who can not download the program onto their computers or use it on the networks they are accessing ( for various reasons , like security restrictions or firewalls ) . </Li> <Li> ICQ for Mac ( Beta ) -- Released in February 2010 , a version of the client that was developed using the Adobe AIR platform , making it usable on additional operating systems which support the AIR runtime , such as Linux . </Li> </Ol> <P> Also , users can choose and select their own avatars for their profile pages . In this way , they can protect their privacy . </P> <H2> UIN ( edit ) </H2> <P> ICQ users are identified and distinguished from one another by UIN , or User Identification Numbers , distributed in sequential order . The UIN was invented by Mirabilis , as the user name assigned to each user upon registration . Issued UINs started at ' 10,000 ' ( 5 digits ) and every user receives a UIN when first registering with ICQ . As of ICQ6 users are also able to log in using the specific e-mail address they associated with their UIN during the initial registration process . Unlike other instant messaging software or web applications , on ICQ the only permanent user info is the UIN , although it is possible to search for other users using their associated e-mail address or any other detail they have made public by updating it in their account 's public profile . In addition the user can change all of his or her personal information , including screen name and e-mail address , without having to re-register . Since 2000 ICQ and AIM users are able to add each other to their contact list without the need for any external clients . As a response to UIN theft or sale of attractive UINs , ICQ started to store email addresses previously associated with a UIN . As such UINs that are stolen can sometimes be reclaimed . This applies only if ( since 1999 onwards ) a valid primary email address was entered into the user profile . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The founding company of ICQ , Mirabilis , was established in June 1996 by five Israelis : Yair Goldfinger , Sefi Vigiser , Amnon Amir , Arik Vardi , and Arik 's father Yossi Vardi . They recognized that many people were accessing the internet through non-UNIX operating systems , such as Microsoft Windows , and those users were unfamiliar with established chat technologies , e.g. IRC . </P> <P> The technology Mirabilis developed for ICQ was distributed free of charge . The technology 's success encouraged AOL to acquire Mirabilis on June 8 , 1998 , for $287 million up front and $120 million in additional payments over three years based on performance levels . At the time this was the highest price ever paid to purchase an Israeli technology company . In 2002 AOL successfully patented the technology . </P> <P> After the purchase the product was initially managed by Ariel Yarnitsky and Avi Shechter . ICQ 's management changed at the end of 2003 . Under the leadership of the new CEO , Orey Gilliam , who also assumed the responsibility for all of AOL 's messaging business in 2007 , ICQ resumed its growth ; it was not only a highly profitable company , but one of AOL 's most successful businesses . Eliav Moshe replaced Gilliam in 2009 and became ICQ 's managing director . </P> <P> In April 2010 , AOL sold ICQ to Digital Sky Technologies , headed by Alisher Usmanov , for $187.5 million . While ICQ was displaced by AOL Instant Messenger , Google Talk , and other competitors in the U.S. and many other countries over the 2000s , it remained the most popular instant messaging network in Russian - speaking countries , and an important part of online culture . Popular UINs demanded over 11,000 rubles in 2010 . </P> <P> In September of that year , Digital Sky Technologies changed its name to Mail.Ru Group . Since the acquisition , Mail.ru has invested in turning ICQ from a desktop client to a mobile messaging system . As of 2013 , around half of ICQ 's users were using its mobile apps , and in 2014 , the number of users began growing for the first time since the purchase . </P> <P> In March 2016 the source code of the client was released under the Apache license released on github.com . </P> <H3> Development history ( edit ) </H3> ICQ 's original logo ( 1999 - 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> ICQ 99a / b the first releases that were widely available . </Li> <Li> ICQ 2000 incorporated into Notes and Reminder features . </Li> <Li> ICQ 2001 included server - side storage of the contact list , allowing for its synchronization on multiple computers . </Li> <Li> On December 19 , 2002 , AOL Time Warner announced that ICQ had been issued a United States patent for instant messaging . </Li> <Li> ICQ 2002 was the last completely advertising - free ICQ version . </Li> <Li> ICQ Pro 2003b was the first ICQ version to use the ICQ protocol version 10 . However , ICQ 5 and 5.1 use version 9 of the protocol . ICQ 2002 and 2003a used version 8 of the ICQ protocol . Earlier versions ( ICQ 2001b and all ICQ clients before it ) used ICQ protocol version 7 . </Li> <Li> ICQ 4 and later ICQ 5 ( released on Monday , February 7 , 2005 ) , were upgrades on ICQ Lite . One addition was Xtraz , which offers games and features intended to appeal to younger users of the Internet . ICQ Lite was originally an idea to offer the lighter users of instant messaging an alternative client which was a smaller download and less resource - hungry for relatively slow computers . </Li> <Li> ICQ 5 introduced skins support . There are few official skins available for the current ICQ 5.1 at the official website ; however , a number of user - generated skins have been made available for download . </Li> <Li> ICQ 6 , released on April 17 , 2007 , was the first major update since ICQ 4 . The user interface has been redesigned using Boxely , the same rendering engine used in AIM Triton . This change adds new features such as the ability to send IMs directly from the client 's contact list . ICQ has recently started forcing users of v5. 1 to upgrade to version 6 ( and XP ) . Those who do not upgrade will find their older version of ICQ does not start up . Although the upgrade to version 6 should be seen as a positive thing , some users may find that useful features such as sending multiple files at one time is no longer supported in the new version . At the beginning of July 2008 , a network upgrade forced users to stop using ICQ 5.1 - applications that identified themselves as ICQ 5 , such as Pidgin , were forced to identify themselves as ICQ 6 . There seems to be no alternative for users other than using a different IM program or patching ICQ 5.1 with a special application . </Li> <Li> ICQ 7.0 , released on January

ICQ was

What was icq as related to instant messaging?

-8195710660897273976

The Riveras - wikipedia <H1> The Riveras </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Riveras </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chiquis Rivera </Li> <Li> Jacqie Campos </Li> <Li> Michael Marin </Li> <Li> Jenicka Lopez </Li> <Li> Juan Angel Lopez </Li> <Li> Miguel Campos </Li> <Li> Jaylah Hope Yanez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 27 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Janney Marin </Li> <Li> Edward Paige </Li> <Li> Liane Su </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blank Paige Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC Universo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Love Jenni </Li> <Li> Chiquis ' N Control </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Riveras is an American reality television series that airs on UNIVERSO . The show is a spin - off of I Love Jenni . The series follows the five children of late Mexican - American singer Jenni Rivera as they begin to pursue their dreams and continue to honor Rivera 's legacy . The series debuted on October 16 , 2016 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background and Development </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Special </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background and development ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the death of singer Jenni Rivera , I Love Jenni ran its third and final season on NBC Universo ( then known as mun2 ) . The final episodes of the third season focused on Rivera 's five children as they deal with life after her passing . The final season of I Love Jenni was the most - watched original mun2 original program . It finished as the fifth most - watched program with Hispanic females 18 - 49 and seventh most watched series with Hispanic adults 18 - 49 </P> <P> In May 2016 , Telemundo and UNIVERSO announced The Riveras as an upcoming series on UNIVERSO as well as other Jenni Rivera related programming . </P> <P> On November 6 , 2017 , during the finale of Mariposa de Barrio on Telemundo , UNIVERSO announced that a third season would premiere in 2018 . </P> <P> On March 1 , 2018 , UNIVERSO announced that The Riveras has been picked up for a fourth season set to premiere in 2019 . </P> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <P> The series stars the five children of singer Jenni Rivera : Chiquis , Jacqie , Michael , Jenicka , and Juan Angel , as they pursue their dreams and honor their mother 's legacy . Viewers see how they manage their mother 's enterprise featuring her music , tequila , fashion line , and love foundation . The show features archive footage of Jenni Rivera from I Love Jenni and Chiquis ' N Control . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> TBA </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Nueva Cabeza de Familia '' </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Little Divas '' </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Movin ' On '' </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Señor Madre '' </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Birds & Boss Bees '' </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Get Your Geek On '' </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Mi Padre '' </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Growing Pains '' </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Paloma Negra '' </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Mud Is Thicker Than Water '' </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` L.A.M.A.S. '' </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Million Dollar Mexican '' </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bright Lights , Big Sisters '' </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Butt Stops Here '' </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Divine Inspiration '' </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Día de los Muertos '' </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Cup is Half Empty '' </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Day After Tomorrow '' </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Mex in the City '' </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Talking Rivera '' </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` El amor no vive aquí '' </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tu eres el Juan que quiero '' </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Casamenteras '' </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` ¿ Juntos o por separado ? '' </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Chiquis se lleva una sorpresa '' </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Conmoción '' </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Pónle un anillo '' </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> SPECIAL ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Remembering Jenni , Our Mom '' </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> The Rivera family , their friends and fans celebrate the life of Jenni Rivera to commemorate the fifth anniversary of her departure , with her best moments and stories never before told . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mun2 Has Largest Third Quarter Primetime Delivery Among Total Viewers '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2013 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Riveras ' Reality Show : Chiquis Rivera And Family 's Life To Air On NBC Universo '' . Latin Times . May 16 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telemundo & NBC Universo Announce New Music Programming & Series at Upfronts '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jenni Rivera 's Family Is Coming Back To TV With New Reality Series '' . Latina . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JENNI RIVERA 'S CHILDREN CELEBRATE THE LIFE OF THEIR MOTHER WITH A ONE - HOUR SPECIAL `` REMEMBERING JENNI , OUR MOM '' ON UNIVERSO SAT. , DEC . 9 AT 7PM / 6C `` . nbcuniversal.com . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Riveras&oldid=838093025 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American reality television series </Li> <Li> Mexican reality television series </Li> <Li> 2016 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2017 American television series endings </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3>

Season 3 of The Riveras starts on

When does season 3 of the riveras start?

-7186555013910059700

Rivers in Himachal Pradesh - Wikipedia <H1> Rivers in Himachal Pradesh </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins . The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab , the Ravi , the Beas , the Sutlej and the Yamuna . These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall . They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation . </P> Beas river and mountains as seen from Van Vihar , Manali Beas River in Himachal Pradesh <P> The Beas rises in the Pir Panjal range near the Rohtang Pass and flows about 256 kilometres ( 159 mi ) in Himachal Pradesh . The river is formed by a numerous of tributaries ; the major tributaries are the Parbati , the Hurla , the Sainj , the Uhl , the Suheti , the Luni , the Banganga and the Chaki . The northern and eastern tributaries of the river are snow fed and perennial , while the southern ones are seasonal . During the month of August , increase in the inflow sometimes results in floods . </P> <P> The Chandrabhaga or Chenab ( Vedic name Askni ) , the largest river ( in terms of volume of water ) is formed after the meeting of two streams namely , Chandra and Bhaga at Tandi , in Lahaul . It flows 122 kilometres ( 76 mi ) and covers an area of 7,500 square kilometres ( 2,900 sq mi ) . in Himachal , before entering Kashmir . The Chandra passes through the barren tribal land . </P> <P> The Ravi is born in Bara Banghal , Kangra district as a joint stream formed by the glacier fead Bhadal and Tantgari . The river is about 158 kilometres ( 98 mi ) long and has a catchment area of nearly 5,451 square kilometres ( 2,105 sq mi ) . Chamba lies on its right bank . </P> Sutlej Valley from Rampur ca . 1857 Giri River , Nahan , district Sirmaur , Himachal Pardesh <P> The Satluj originates in distant Tibet . The river cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges and crosses the Indo - Tibetan border ( near Shipkila ) . Then the river Spiti joins Satluj from the north . Passing through gorges it emerges from the mountains at Bhakra . The catchment area of Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is about 20,000 square kilometres ( 7,700 sq mi ) . </P> <P> The Yamuna has its origin in Yamunotri in Uttarkashi district , Uttarakhand . Its total catchment area in Himachal Pradesh is 2,320 square kilometres ( 900 sq mi ) . Its tributaries are the Tons , the Giri and the Bata . </P> <P> The Ghaggar river originates in the village of Dagshai in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh at an elevation of 1,927 metres ( 6,322 ft ) above mean sea level and flows through Punjab and Haryana states into Rajasthan ; just southwest of Sirsa , Haryana and by the side of Talwara Lake in Rajasthan . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ General outline of rivers in Himachal @ webindia123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shanker Sharma , Hari ; Kalwar , S.C. ( 2005 ) . Geomorphology and Environmental Sustainability : Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor H.S. Sharma . Concept Publishing Company . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 028 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sarasvati : Tracing the death of a river '' . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of Himachal Pradesh </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Capital : Shimla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Education </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prehistory and protohistory </Li> <Li> Early history </Li> <Li> Mughal rule </Li> <Li> British rule </Li> <Li> Freedom struggle </Li> <Li> Kangra - Lambagraon </Li> <Li> Punjab Hill States agency </Li> <Li> Guge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arts and crafts </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Traditional dances </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chief Ministers </Li> <Li> Governors </Li> <Li> High Court </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Vidhan Sabha </Li> <Li> High Court </Li> <Li> Raj Bhavan </Li> <Li> Police </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts and divisions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Kangra division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chamba </Li> <Li> Kangra </Li> <Li> Una </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mandi division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bilaspur </Li> <Li> Hamirpur </Li> <Li> Kullu </Li> <Li> Lahul and Spiti </Li> <Li> Mandi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shimla division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kinnaur </Li> <Li> Shimla </Li> <Li> Sirmaur </Li> <Li> Solan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shimla </Li> <Li> Solan </Li> <Li> Nahan </Li> <Li> Mandi </Li> <Li> Sundar Nagar </Li> <Li> Dharamsala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Animal husbandry </Li> <Li> Industry </Li> <Li> Social services </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Protected areas </Li> <Li> Highest point </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Great Khali </Li> <Li> 14th Dalai Lama </Li> <Li> Mohit Chauhan </Li> <Li> Prem Kumar Dhumal </Li> <Li> Anupam Kher </Li> <Li> Kangana Ranaut </Li> <Li> Preity Zinta </Li> <Li> Sukh Ram </Li> <Li> Anurag Thakur </Li> <Li> James Quinton </Li> <Li> Norah Richards </Li> <Li> Anuj Sharma </Li> <Li> Ruskin Bond </Li> <Li> Pratibha Singh </Li> <Li> Kaul Singh Thakur </Li> <Li> Virbhadra Singh </Li> <Li> Kaul Singh Thakur </Li> <Li> Shanta Kumar </Li> <Li> more </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Images </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Picture gallery </Li> <Li> Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bilaspur -- Manali -- Leh line </Li> <Li> Rohtang Tunnel </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_in_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=811961958 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Rivers of Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Lists of rivers of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from April 2017 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from April 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 02 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Chandra and Bhaga rivers meet at the place

Chandra and bhaga river meets at the place?

5159269365845846211

American Civil War - Wikipedia <H1> American Civil War </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Union victory </P> <Ul> <Li> Dissolution of the Confederate States </Li> <Li> U.S. territorial integrity preserved </Li> <Li> Slavery abolished </Li> <Li> Beginning of the Reconstruction Era </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Confederate States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade </P> and others </Td> <Td> <P> Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg </P> and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 2,200,000 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Union Army </Li> <Li> Union Marines </Li> <Li> Union Navy </Li> <Li> Revenue Service </Li> </Ul> 698,000 ( peak ) </Td> <Td> <P> 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Confederate army </Li> <Li> Confederate marines </Li> <Li> Confederate navy </Li> </Ul> 360,000 ( peak ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons </P> <P> 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured </P> Total : 828,000 + casualties </Td> <Td> <P> 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons </P> <P> 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured </P> Total : 864,000 + casualties </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Theaters of the American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Union blockade </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Lower Seaboard </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Pacific Coast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . As a result of the long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . </P> <P> Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal to the U.S. ( including the border states where slavery was legal ) were known as the Union or the North . </P> <P> The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House , followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead , a higher number than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined ( at least until approximately the Vietnam War ) . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems , railroads , mills and houses . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Prelude to war </Li> <Li> 2 Causes of secession <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Slavery </Li> <Li> 2.2 Sectionalism </Li> <Li> 2.3 Protectionism </Li> <Li> 2.4 States ' rights </Li> <Li> 2.5 Territorial crisis </Li> <Li> 2.6 National elections <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Outbreak of the war <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Secession crisis </Li> <Li> 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter </Li> <Li> 3.3 Attitude of the border states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 War <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Mobilization <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Motivation </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Prisoners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Naval war <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Union blockade <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Rivers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Eastern theater </Li> <Li> 4.4 Western theater </Li> <Li> 4.5 Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> 4.6 End of the war <Ul> <Li> 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia </Li> <Li> 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Diplomacy </Li> <Li> 6 Union victory and aftermath <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Results </Li> <Li> 6.2 Costs </Li> <Li> 6.3 Emancipation <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue </Li> <Li> 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.4 Texas v. White </Li> <Li> 6.5 Reconstruction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Memory and historiography <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Lost Cause </Li> <Li> 7.2 Beardian historiography </Li> <Li> 7.3 Battlefield preservation </Li> <Li> 7.4 Civil War commemoration </Li> <Li> 7.5 Technological significance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 In works of culture and art <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Literature </Li> <Li> 8.2 Film </Li> <Li> 8.3 Song </Li> <Li> 8.4 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 10.3 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Prelude to War </H2> <P> In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . </P> <P> Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . </P> <P> Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . </P> <P> The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . </P> <H2> Causes of secession </H2> Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War <P> The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by

The participants in the American Civil War were the

Who took part in the american civil war?

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Flag of India - wikipedia <H1> Flag of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . <Table> India <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> National flag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 2 : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designed by </Th> <Td> Pingali Venkayya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . </P> <P> By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . </P> <P> Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Design and construction details </Li> <Li> 2 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Manufacturing process </Li> <Li> 5 Protocol <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Display </Li> <Li> 5.2 Half - mast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Design and construction details </H2> <Table> Sizes of the National Flag <Tr> <Th> Flag size </Th> <Th> Length and width ( mm ) </Th> <Th> Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6300 × 4200 </Td> <Td> 1295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3600 × 2400 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2700 × 1800 </Td> <Td> 555 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1800 × 1200 </Td> <Td> 370 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1350 × 900 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 900 × 600 </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 450 × 300 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 225 × 150 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 150 × 100 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . </P> <Table> Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours <Tr> <Th> Colour </Th> <Th> X </Th> <Th> Y </Th> <Th> Z </Th> <Th> Brightness </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India saffron ( Kesari ) </Td> <Td> 0.538 </Td> <Td> 0.360 </Td> <Td> 0.102 </Td> <Td> 21.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 0.313 </Td> <Td> 0.319 </Td> <Td> 0.368 </Td> <Td> 72.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India green </Td> <Td> 0.288 </Td> <Td> 0.395 </Td> <Td> 0.317 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . </P> <H2> Symbolism </H2> Flag of India , New Delhi <P> Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . </P> <P> A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History </H2> <P> A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . </P> Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 <P> In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . </P> Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . <P> The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of

The national flag of India was adopted

When was the national flag of india adopted?

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2498 -- 2345 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sixth Dynasty </Td> <Td> VI </Td> <Td> 2345 -- 2181 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Intermediate ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Seventh Dynasty </Td> <Td> VII </Td> <Td> spurious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eighth Dynasty </Td> <Td> VIII </Td> <Td> 2181 -- 2160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ninth Dynasty </Td> <Td> IX </Td> <Td> 2160 -- 2130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> X </Td> <Td> 2130 -- 2040 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Eleventh Dynasty </Td> <Td> XI </Td> <Td> 2134 -- 2061 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle Kingdom ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Late Eleventh Dynasty </Td> <Td> XI </Td> <Td> 2061 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twelfth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XII </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1803 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thirteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XIII </Td> <Td> 1803 -- 1649 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fourteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XIV </Td> <Td> 1705 -- 1690 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Second Intermediate ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Fifteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XV </Td> <Td> 1674 -- 1535 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sixteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XVI </Td> <Td> 1660 -- 1600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abydos Dynasty </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1650 -- 1600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seventeenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XVII </Td> <Td> 1580 -- 1549 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Kingdom ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Eighteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XVIII </Td> <Td> 1549 -- 1292 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nineteenth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XIX </Td> <Td> 1292 -- 1189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twentieth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XX </Td> <Td> 1189 -- 1077 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third Intermediate ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - first Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXI </Td> <Td> 1069 -- 945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - second Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXII </Td> <Td> 945 -- 720 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - third Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXIII </Td> <Td> 837 -- 728 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - fourth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXIV </Td> <Td> 732 -- 720 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - fifth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXV </Td> <Td> 732 -- 653 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Late Period ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - sixth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXVI </Td> <Td> 672 -- 525 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - seventh Dynasty ( 1st Persian Period ) </Td> <Td> XXVII </Td> <Td> 525 -- 404 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - eighth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXVIII </Td> <Td> 404 -- 398 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - ninth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXIX </Td> <Td> 398 -- 380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thirtieth Dynasty </Td> <Td> XXX </Td> <Td> 380 -- 343 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thirty - first Dynasty ( 2nd Persian Period ) </Td> <Td> XXXI </Td> <Td> 343 -- 332 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ptolemaic ( Hellenistic ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Argead Dynasty </Td> <Td> 332 -- 305 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ptolemaic Kingdom </Td> <Td> 323 -- 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The New Kingdom of Egypt , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire , is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC , covering the 18th , 19th , and 20th Dynasties of Egypt . Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC . The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period . It was Egypt 's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power . </P> <P> The later part of this period , under the 19th and 20th Dynasties ( 1292 -- 1069 BC ) , is also known as the Ramesside period . It is named after the 11 Pharaohs that took the name Ramesses , after Ramesses I , the founder of the 19th Dynasty . </P> <P> Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period , the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt proper , and during this time Egypt attained its greatest territorial extent . Similarly , in response to very successful 17th century attacks during the Second Intermediate Period by the powerful Kingdom of Kush , the rulers of the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and to hold wide territories in the Near East . In the north , Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern - day Syria . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 18th Dynasty </Li> <Li> 2 19th Dynasty </Li> <Li> 3 20th Dynasty </Li> <Li> 4 Gallery </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 18th Dynasty ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt <P> The 18th Dynasty contained some of Egypt 's most famous Pharaohs , including Ahmose I , Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Amenhotep III , Akhenaten and Tutankhamun . Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt 's external trade by sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt . </P> <P> Thutmose III ( `` the Napoleon of Egypt '' ) expanded Egypt 's army and wielded it with great success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors . This resulted in a peak in Egypt 's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III . During the reign of Thutmose III ( c. 1479 -- 1425 BC ) , Pharaoh , originally referring to the king 's palace , became a form of address for the person who was king . </P> <P> One of the best - known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV , who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten , a representation of the Egyptian god , Ra . His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history 's first instance of monotheism . Akhenaten 's wife , Nefertiti , contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion . Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten . Akhenaten 's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history . Under his reign , in the 14th century BC , Egyptian art flourished under a distinctive style . ( See Amarna Period . ) </P> <P> Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty , the situation had changed radically . Aided by Akhenaten 's apparent lack of interest in international affairs , the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan to become a major power in international politics -- a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with during the 19th Dynasty . </P> <H2> 19th Dynasty ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt <P> Ramesses II ( `` the Great '' ) sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty . His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh , where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II . Ramesses was caught in history 's first recorded military ambush , although he was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin ( possibly mercenaries in the employ of Egypt ) . The outcome of the battle was undecided , with both sides claiming victory at their home front , and ultimately resulting in a peace treaty between the two nations . Egypt was able to obtain wealth and stability under Ramesses ' rule of over half a century . His immediate successors continued the military campaigns , although an increasingly troubled court -- which at one point put a usurper ( Amenmesse ) on the throne -- made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control of the territories . </P> <P> Ramesses II was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines ; the tomb he built for his sons , many of whom he outlived , in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Egyptian and Hittite Empires , around the time of the Battle of Kadesh . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> 20th Dynasty ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt <P> The last `` great '' pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses III , a 20th Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II . </P> <P> In the eighth year of his reign the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea . Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles ( the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta ) . He incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan . Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states , such as Philistia , in this region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire . He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt 's Western Delta in his sixth year and eleventh year respectively . </P> <P> The heavy cost of this warfare slowly drained Egypt 's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia . The severity of the difficulties is indicated by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during the 29th year of Ramesses III 's reign , when the food rations for Egypt 's favored and elite royal tomb - builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned . Air pollutants prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC . One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland but the dating of this remains disputed . </P> <P> Rameses III 's death was followed by years of bickering among his heirs . Three of his sons ascended the throne successively as Ramesses IV , Rameses VI and Rameses VIII . Egypt was increasingly beset by droughts , below - normal flooding of the Nile , famine , civil unrest and official corruption . The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty , Ramesses XI , grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt , and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Rameses XI 's death . Smendes eventually founded the 21st Dynasty at Tanis . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> <P> Relief of a Nobleman , c. 1295 -- 1070 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Queen Ahmose - Nefertari </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hatshepsut as a Sphinx . Daughter of Thutmose I , she ruled jointly as her stepson 's ( Thutmose III ) co-regent . She soon took the throne for herself , and declared herself pharaoh . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Queen Hatshepsut 's Temple at Deir el - Bahari , was called Djeser - Djeseru , meaning the Holy of Holies , in ancient times . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Thutmosis III , a military man and member

The most important new religious figure of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt was

What was the most important new religious figure of the new kingdom of ancient egypt?

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2.1 Action potential generation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Requirements for effective pumping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 ECG <Ul> <Li> 3.1 SA node : P wave </Li> <Li> 3.2 AV node and bundles : PR interval </Li> <Li> 3.3 Purkinje fibers / ventricular myocardium : QRS complex </Li> <Li> 3.4 Ventricular repolarization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Arrhythmia <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Speed </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Physiological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pacemakers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Overview of the system of electrical conduction which maintains the rhythmical contraction of the heart <P> Electrical signals arising in the SA node ( located in the right atrium ) stimulate the atria to contract and travel to the atrioventricular node ( AV node ) , which is located in the interatrial septum . After a delay , the stimulus diverges and is conducted through the left and right bundle of His to the respective Purkinje fibers for each side of the heart , as well as to the endocardium at the apex of the heart , then finally to the ventricular epicardium . </P> <P> On the microscopic level , the wave of depolarization propagates to adjacent cells via gap junctions located on the intercalated disc . The heart is a functional syncytium ( not to be confused with a true `` syncytium '' in which all the cells are fused together , sharing the same plasma membrane as in skeletal muscle ) . In a functional syncytium , electrical impulses propagate freely between cells in every direction , so that the myocardium functions as a single contractile unit . This property allows rapid , synchronous depolarization of the myocardium . While advantageous under normal circumstances , this property can be detrimental , as it has potential to allow the propagation of incorrect electrical signals . These gap junctions can close to isolate damaged or dying tissue , as in a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Embryologic evidence of generation of the cardiac conduction system illuminates the respective roles of this specialized set of cells . Innervation of the heart begins with a brain only centered parasympathetic cholinergic first order . It is then followed by rapid growth of a second order sympathetic adrenergic system arising from the formation of the thoracic spinal ganglia . The third order of electrical influence of the heart is derived from the vagus nerve as the other peripheral organs form . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Action potential generation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cardiac action potential <P> Cardiac muscle has some similarities to neurons and skeletal muscle , as well as important unique properties . Like a neuron , a given myocardial cell has a negative membrane potential when at rest . Stimulation above a threshold value induces the opening of voltage - gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell . The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization characteristic of an action potential . Like skeletal muscle , depolarization causes the opening of voltage - gated calcium channels and release of Ca from the t - tubules . This influx of calcium causes calcium - induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum , and free Ca causes muscle contraction . After a delay , potassium channels reopen , and the resulting flow of K out of the cell causes repolarization to the resting state . </P> <P> There are important physiological differences between nodal cells and ventricular cells ; the specific differences in ion channels and mechanisms of polarization give rise to unique properties of SA node cells , most important , the spontaneous depolarizations necessary for the SA node 's pacemaker activity . </P> <H3> Requirements for effective pumping ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to maximize efficiency of contractions and cardiac output , the conduction system of the heart has : </P> <Ul> <Li> Substantial atrial to ventricular delay . This will allow the atria to completely empty their contents into the ventricles ; simultaneous contraction would cause inefficient filling and backflow . The atria are electrically isolated from the ventricles , connected only via the AV node which briefly delays the signal . </Li> <Li> Coordinated contraction of ventricular cells . The ventricles must maximize systolic pressure to force blood through the circulation , so all the ventricular cells must work together . <Ul> <Li> Ventricular contraction begins at the apex of the heart , progressing upwards to eject blood into the great arteries . Contraction that squeezes blood towards the exit is more efficient than a simple squeeze from all directions . Although the ventricular stimulus originates from the AV node in the wall separating the atria and ventricles , the Bundle of His conducts the signal to the apex . </Li> <Li> Depolarization propagates through cardiac muscle very rapidly . Cells of the ventricles contract nearly simultaneously . </Li> <Li> The action potentials of cardiac muscle are unusually sustained . This prevents premature relaxation , maintaining initial contraction until the entire myocardium has had time to depolarize and contract . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Absence of tetany . After contracting , the heart must relax to fill up again . Sustained contraction of the heart without relaxation would be fatal , and this is prevented by a temporary inactivation of certain ion channels . </Li> </Ul> <H2> ECG ( edit ) </H2> See also : Electrocardiogram The ECG complex . P =P wave , PR = PR interval , QRS = QRS complex , QT = QT interval , ST = ST segment , T = T wave Principle of ECG formation . Note that the red lines represent the depolarization wave , not bloodflow . <P> An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart . </P> <H3> SA node : P wave ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under normal conditions , electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node , the cardiac pacemaker . This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium , and through Bachmann 's bundle to the left atrium , stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract . The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave . </P> <P> As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria , it travels via specialized pathways , known as internodal tracts , from the SA node to the AV node . </P> <H3> AV node and bundles : PR interval ( edit ) </H3> <P> The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system . Without this delay , the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time , and blood would n't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles . The delay in the AV node forms much of the PR segment on the ECG , and part of atrial repolarization can be represented by PR segment . </P> <P> The distal portion of the AV node is known as the bundle of His . The bundle of His splits into two branches in the interventricular septum : the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch . The left bundle branch activates the left ventricle , while the right bundle branch activates the right ventricle . </P> <P> The left bundle branch is short , splitting into the left anterior fascicle and the left posterior fascicle . The left posterior fascicle is relatively short and broad , with dual blood supply , making it particularly resistant to ischemic damage . The left posterior fascicle transmits impulses to the papillary muscles , leading to mitral valve closure . As the left posterior fascicle is shorter and broader than the right , impulses reach the papillary muscles just prior to depolarization , and therefore contraction , of the left ventricle myocardium . This allows pre-tensioning of the chordae tendinae , increasing the resistance to flow through the mitral valve during left ventricular contraction . This mechanism works in the same manner as pre-tensioning of car seatbelts . </P> <H3> Purkinje fibers / ventricular myocardium : QRS complex ( edit ) </H3> <P> The two bundle branches taper out to produce numerous Purkinje fibers , which stimulate individual groups of myocardial cells to contract . </P> <P> The spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium produces the QRS complex on the ECG . </P> <P> Atrial repolarization occurs and is masked during the QRS complex by ventricular depolarization on the ECG . </P> <H3> Ventricular repolarization ( edit ) </H3> <P> The last event of the cycle is the repolarization of the ventricles . It is the restoring of the resting state . In the ECG , repolarization includes the J point , ST - segment , and T - and U-waves . </P> <P> The transthoracically measured PQRS portion of an electrocardiogram is chiefly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system . The T ( and occasionally U ) waves are chiefly influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system guided by integrated brainstem control from the vagus nerve and the thoracic spinal accessory ganglia . </P> <P> An impulse ( action potential ) that originates from the SA node at a relative rate of 60 - 100bpm is known as normal sinus rhythm . If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate less than 60bpm , the heart rhythm is known as sinus bradycardia . If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate exceeding 100bpm , the consequent rapid heart rate is sinus tachycardia . These conditions are not necessarily bad symptoms , however . Trained athletes , for example , usually show heart rates slower than 60bpm when not exercising . If the SA node fails to initialize , the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart . The AV junction consists of the AV node , the bundle of His and the surrounding area ; it has a regular rate of 40 to 60bpm . These `` junctional '' rhythms are characterized by a missing or inverted P - Wave . If both the SA node and the AV junction fail to initialize the electrical impulse , the ventricles can fire the electrical impulses themselves at a rate of 20 to 40bpm and will have a QRS complex of greater than 120 ms . This is necessary for the heart to be in good function . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Arrhythmia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cardiac arrhythmia <P> An ' arrhythmia ' refers to an abnormal rhythm or speed of rhythm of the heartbeat . An abnormal rhythm or speed is defined as one which is not physiological . </P> Speed ( edit ) Main articles : Bradycardia and Tachycardia <P> A resting heart that beats slower than 60 beats per minute , or faster than 100 beats per minute , is regarded as having an arrhythmia . A heartbeat slower than 60 beats per minute is known as bradycardia , and a heartbeat faster than 100 is known as a tachycardia . </P> Physiological ( edit ) <P> Some individuals , for example trained athletes , may have heart beats slower than 60 beats per minute when not exercising . If the SA node fails to initialize , the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart . The AV junction `` surrounds '' the AV node ( the AV node is not able to initialize its own impulses ) and has a regular rate of 40 to 60 bpm . These `` junctional '' rhythms are characterized by a missing or inverted P - Wave . If both the SA node and the AV junction fail to initialize the electrical impulse , the ventricles can fire the electrical impulses themselves at a rate of 20 to 40 bpm and will have a QRS complex of greater than 120 ms . </P> <H3> Pacemakers ( edit ) </H3> Main article

The SA node begins electrical signaling

When does the sa node begin electrical signaling?

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Traveling Wilburys - Wikipedia <H1> Traveling Wilburys </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Traveling Wilburys </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Traveling Wilburys in May 1988 ( top : Jeff Lynne , Tom Petty ; bottom : Roy Orbison , Bob Dylan , George Harrison ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Malibu , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Folk rock , country rock , roots rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1988 ( 1988 ) -- 1991 ( 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Wilbury </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> The Beatles , Electric Light Orchestra , Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.travelingwilburys.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> George Harrison Jeff Lynne Tom Petty Bob Dylan Roy Orbison </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Traveling Wilburys ( sometimes shortened to the Wilburys ) were a British - American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan , George Harrison , Jeff Lynne , Roy Orbison , and Tom Petty . The band recorded two albums , the first in 1988 and the second in 1990 , though Orbison died before the second was recorded . </P> <P> The project 's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer - songwriters . Their debut album Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 proved an enduring critical success , in 1989 and 1990 winning accolades such as a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 1988 -- 91 <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 `` Handle with Care '' and band formation </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Debut album </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Orbison 's death , `` Nobody 's Child '' and Vol. 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 After the Wilburys </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Legacy and influence </Li> <Li> 3 Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book </Li> <Li> 4 Line - ups </Li> <Li> 5 Discography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Studio albums </Li> <Li> 5.2 Box sets </Li> <Li> 5.3 Singles </Li> <Li> 5.4 Other charted songs </Li> <Li> 5.5 Collaborations between members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Sources </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> None of this would 've happened without him . It was George 's band -- it was always George 's band and it was a dream he had for a long time . -- Tom Petty <P> George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988 . When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album , Harrison replied : `` What I 'd really like to do next is ... to do an album with me and some of my mates ... It 's this new group I got ( in mind ) : it 's called the Traveling Wilburys , I 'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again . '' According to Jeff Lynne , who co-produced Cloud Nine , Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album , which began in early January 1987 . When discussing who the other members might be , Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison . The term `` Wilbury '' also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions . Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment , Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne , `` We 'll bury ' em in the mix . '' Thereafter , they used the term for any small error in performance . Harrison first suggested `` the Trembling Wilburys '' as the group 's name ; at Lynne 's suggestion , they amended it to `` Traveling Wilburys '' . </P> <P> During his Rockline interview , Harrison voiced his support for Dylan , at a time when the latter was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career . Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987 , when Petty and his band , the Heartbreakers , toured Europe as Dylan 's backing group . The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year . There , Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock ' n ' roll , and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became the latter 's debut solo album , Full Moon Fever , and writing songs with Orbison , Lynne 's longtime musical hero , for his comeback album , Mystery Girl . According to Petty , Harrison 's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create `` the perfect little band '' , but the criteria for inclusion was governed most by `` who you could hang out with '' . The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python . Harrison , who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s , particularly appreciated Orbison 's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe . </P> <H3> 1988 -- 91 ( edit ) </H3> `` Handle with Care '' and band formation ( edit ) <P> The band came together in April 1988 , when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out . At that time , Warner Bros. Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B - side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine , `` This Is Love '' . During a meal with Lynne and Orbison , Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session , which he then arranged to take place at Dylan 's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice . Petty 's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty 's house and invited him to attend also . </P> <P> Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing , the ensemble completed the track , which they titled `` Handle with Care '' after a label on a box in Dylan 's garage . When Harrison presented the recording to Warner Bros. , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as `` filler '' on a European single . In Petty 's recollection , Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band , and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan , who also agreed to join . That night , Harrison , Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage . In Petty 's description , Orbison performed an `` unbelievable show '' , during which `` we 'd punch each other and go , ' He 's in our band , too . ' ... We were all so excited . '' </P> Debut album ( edit ) From my point of view , I just tried to preserve our relationship . I worked so hard to make sure that all the guys who were in that band , and consequently on record and film , that their friendship was n't abused . Just to preserve our friendship -- that was the underlying contribution , I think , that I was trying to do . -- George Harrison <P> The band members decided to create a full album together , Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 . Video footage of the creative process was partly shot by British photographer NJ Latham and later edited by Harrison . The album was recorded primarily over a ten - day period in May 1988 to allow for Dylan 's limited availability as he prepared for his upcoming US tour . These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart , in Los Angeles . The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart 's kitchen ; once each song 's basic track had been written and recorded there ( with accompaniment from a drum machine ) , the group recorded their vocals in another room , usually after dinner each night . Petty recalled that , as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan 's , Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him : `` We know that you 're Bob Dylan and everything , but we 're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else . '' Dylan replied : `` Well , great . Believe it or not , I 'm in awe of you guys , and it 's the same for me . '' While most of the songs had a primary composer , all of the band members were creative equals . Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys ' `` leader and manager '' , and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive . As the group 's producers , Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions , with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part . The two producers then flew back to England ; Lynne recalls that , throughout the flight , he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse , acoustic - based tracks into completed recordings . Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison 's studio , FPSHOT , with `` Sideburys '' Jim Keltner ( drums ) , Jim Horn ( saxophones ) and Ray Cooper ( percussion ) . Harrison described the band 's sound as `` skiffle for the 1990s '' . </P> <P> The album was released on 18 October 1988 . Distributed by Warner Bros. , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison 's Dark Horse label , in the interests of maintaining the group identity . Over the months following the end of recording in the summer , contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner 's and the record companies representing Dylan , Petty , Lynne and Orbison . As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison 's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release , Columbia , Dylan 's label , presented the main stumbling block . In the album credits , the `` Wilburys '' joke was extended further , with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half - brothers -- sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury , Sr. During promotion for the album , Orbison played along with the mock history , saying : `` Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder , but I remember him as a Baptist minister . '' </P> <P> Vol. 1 was a critical and commercial success , and revitalised the careers of Dylan , Orbison and Petty . As Harrison had intended , the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop , acid house and synthesised pop ; author Alan Clayson likens its release to `` a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal '' . The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple - platinum certification for sales in the United States . It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo

The artists in the Traveling Wilburys were Tom Petty, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, George Harrison, and

Who are the artists in the traveling wilburys?

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<Li> 4.4 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sequel </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Queen Gorgo of Sparta tells her men about the Battle of Marathon , in which King Darius of Persia was killed by General Themistocles of Athens ten years earlier . Darius 's son , Xerxes , witnesses his father 's death , and is advised to not continue the war , since only `` the gods can defeat the Greeks '' . Darius 's naval commander , Artemisia , claims that Darius ' last words were in fact a challenge and sends Xerxes on a journey through the desert . Xerxes finally reaches a cave and bathes in an otherworldly liquid , emerging as the 8 - feet tall `` god - King '' . He returns to Persia and declares war on Greece to avenge his father . </P> <P> As Xerxes 's forces advance towards Thermopylae , Themistocles meets with the council and convinces them to provide him with a fleet to engage the Persians at the sea . Themistocles then travels to Sparta to ask King Leonidas for help , but is informed by Dilios that Leonidas is consulting the Oracle , and Gorgo is reluctant to side with Athens . Themistocles later reunites with his old friend Scyllas , who infiltrated the Persian troops and learned Artemisia was born Greek , but defected to Persia as her family was raped and murdered by Greek hoplites and she was taken as a sex slave , and subsequently left for dead in the streets . She was rescued and adopted by a Persian emissary . Her lust for vengeance gained the attention of King Darius and he made her a naval commander after she killed many of his enemies . Themistocles also learns that Leonidas has marched to fight the Persians with only 300 men . </P> <P> Themistocles leads his fleet of fifty warships and several thousand men , which include Scyllas , Scyllas 's son Calisto and Themistocles ' right - hand man Aeskylos to the Aegean Sea , starting the Battle of Artemisium . They ram their ships into the Persian ships , charge them , slaughtering several soldiers before retreating from the sinking Persian ships . The following day , the Greeks feign a retreat and lead a group of Persian ships into a crevice , where they become stuck . The Greeks charge the Persian ships from the cliffs above and kill more Persians . Impressed with Themistocles ' skills , Artemisia brings him onto her ship where she seduces him , in an attempt to lure him to the Persian side as her second - in - command . He refuses , causing her to push him aside and swear revenge on him . </P> <P> The Persians spill tar into the sea and send suicide bombers to swim to and board the Greek ships with their flame bombs . Artemisia and her men fire flaming arrows and torches to ignite the tar , but an Athenian manages to kill one of the Persians , who falls into the tar carrying a torch , causing ships from both sides to explode . Themistocles is thrown into the sea by an explosion and nearly drowns before being rescued by Aeskylos , and stands by Scyllas 's side as he succumbs to his injuries . Believing Themistocles to be dead , Artemisia and her forces withdraw . After recovering from his injuries , Themistocles learns that only a few hundred of his warriors and six of his ships survived the disastrous attack executed by Artemisia . </P> <P> Daxos , an Arcadian general , tells Themistocles that Leonidas and his 300 men have been killed after Ephialtes betrays the Greeks to Xerxes . Themistocles returns to Athens and confronts Ephialtes . The deformed Spartan traitor reveals that Xerxes plans to attack and burn Athens to the ground . Ephialites is regretful of his actions , and is welcoming death . Themistocles spares him instead , so he can warn Xerxes that the Greek forces are gathering at Salamis . He then visits Gorgo in Sparta while she is mourning Leonidas 's death to ask for her help , but she is too overcome with grief . Before leaving , Themistocles returns Leonidas 's sword , which had been delivered to him by Ephialtes under Xerxes 's orders , and urges Gorgo to avenge Leonidas . </P> <P> In Athens , Xerxes 's army is laying waste when Ephialtes arrives to deliver Themistocles ' message . Upon learning he is alive , Artemisia leaves to ready her entire navy for battle . Xerxes suggests a more cautious plan but she still leaves for battle , ignoring Xerxes 's advice . The remaining Greek ships charge into the Persians ships , and the two armies battle , beginning the decisive Battle of Salamis . Themistocles and Artemisia fight , which ends in a stalemate with both receiving severe injuries . </P> <P> At this moment Gorgo , who had been narrating the tale to the Spartans , arrives at the battle along with ships from numerous Greek city states including Delphi , Thebes , Olympia , Arcadia , and Sparta , all of them uniting against the surrounded Persians . Daxos leads the Arcadian army while Themistocles urges Artemisia to surrender . Xerxes , watching the battle from a cliff , turns his back on her , acknowledging his naval defeat and continues the march of his army . Artemisia tries to kill Themistocles one last time but is killed as he stabs her through the stomach . While Dilios leads the Greek assault , Themistocles and Gorgo take a moment to silently acknowledge one another 's alliance as the remaining Persians attempt a counter-attack . The three then charge at the opposing Persians with the whole Greek army . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sullivan Stapleton as Themistocles </Li> <Li> Eva Green as Artemisia <Ul> <Li> Caitlin Carmichael as 8 - year - old Artemisia </Li> <Li> Jade Chynoweth as 13 - year - old Artemisia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lena Headey as Queen Gorgo </Li> <Li> Rodrigo Santoro as King Xerxes </Li> <Li> Jack O'Connell as Calisto </Li> <Li> Hans Matheson as Aeschylus </Li> <Li> Callan Mulvey as Scyllias </Li> <Li> David Wenham as Dilios </Li> <Li> Andrew Tiernan as Ephialtes </Li> <Li> Yigal Naor as Darius I </Li> <Li> Andrew Pleavin as Daxos </Li> <Li> Ben Turner as General Artaphernes </Li> <Li> Ashraf Barhom as General Bandari </Li> <Li> Peter Mensah as Artemisia 's trainer / Persian messenger </Li> <Li> Gerard Butler as King Leonidas ( flashback ) <Ul> <Li> Additionally , a computer - generated facsimile is used to represent Leonidas in a separate scene . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Michael Fassbender as Stelios ( flashback ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June 2008 , producers Gianni Nunnari , Mark Canton , and Bernie Goldmann revealed that work had begun on a sequel to 300 . Legendary Pictures announced that Frank Miller , who wrote the 1998 comic book limited series on which the film 300 was based , was writing a follow - up graphic novel , and Zack Snyder , co-screenwriter and director of 300 , was interested in directing the adaptation , but instead chose to develop and direct the Superman reboot Man of Steel . Noam Murro directed instead , while Snyder produced . The film was centered on the Greek leader Themistocles , portrayed by Australian actor Sullivan Stapleton . During pre-production , the film was titled 300 : Battle of Artemisium ( although this was widely misreported as `` Battle of Artemisia '' ) ; the film was retitled 300 : Rise of an Empire in September 2012 . </P> <P> Principal photography commenced in early July 2012 at the Nu Boyana Film Studios in Sofia , Bulgaria . On May 10 , 2013 , it was announced the film 's release date would be pushed back from August 2 , 2013 , to March 7 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> 300 : Rise of an Empire grossed $106.6 million in North America and $231 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $337.6 million , against a production budget of $110 million . </P> <P> In North America , the film opened to number one in its first weekend with $45 million . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number two , grossing an additional $19.2 million . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number five , grossing $8.5 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number nine , grossing $4.2 million . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> 300 : Rise of an Empire received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 43 % based on 180 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's bound to hit some viewers as an empty exercise in stylish gore , and despite a gonzo starring performance from Eva Green , 300 : Rise of an Empire is a step down from its predecessor . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 48 out of 100 score , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> Todd Gilchrist of The Wrap gave the film a negative review , saying `` Rise of an Empire lacks director Snyder 's shrewd deconstruction of cartoonish hagiography , undermining the glorious , robust escapism of testosterone - fueled historical reenactment with an underdog story that 's almost too reflective to be rousing . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Although Gerard Butler 's star has significantly fallen due to the 17 mediocre films he 's made since 300 , it must be admitted that he 's missed here . '' Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` This highly entertaining time - filler lacks the mythic resonances that made 300 feel like an instant classic , but works surprisingly well on its own terms . '' Guy Lodge of Time Out gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` It 's flesh and carnage that the audience is here to see , and Murro delivers it by the glistening ton , pausing only for stray bits of backstory . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` The film works as a high - tech boy - fantasy successor to Conan the Barbarian . '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` Rise of an Empire is not great by any stretch of the imagination , but it 's very impressive in its single - minded dedication to creating a moviegoing experience designed to totally engulf its audience . '' James Rocchi of Film.com gave the film a zero out of ten , saying `` Long on crimson spurts of blood but low on character , larded with production value but bereft of any other kind of it , 300 : Rise of an Empire is a 3D joke . '' </P> <P> James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` The lack of a creative driver behind the film leads to a level of fundamental dissatisfaction . The movie delivers all the necessary elements but their impact is dull . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave

In the movie "300: Rise of an Empire", the role of Artemisia is played by

Who plays artemisia in 300 rise of an empire?

-2240707199092999031

List of most streamed songs on Spotify - wikipedia <H1> List of most streamed songs on Spotify </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Having been streamed over 1.5 billion times , `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran ( pictured ) is the most streamed song on Spotify . <P> This list of most - streamed songs on Spotify contains the top 100 songs with the most streams of all time , as derived from Spotify charts . As of January 2018 , six songs have exceeded 1 billion streams , with Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' ranked in the top position . </P> <P> Prior to February 2014 , Spotify 's most streamed song was `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons ; it was overtaken by Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' , which became the first song to hit 200 million streams on February 27 , 2014 . `` Wake Me Up '' held the streaming record for over a year before being surpassed on May 22 , 2015 by Sheeran 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' , which became the first song to hit 500 million streams on October 12 , 2015 . A month later , however , it was surpassed by Major Lazer and DJ Snake 's `` Lean On '' , featuring MØ , which held the streaming record for 11 months until Drake 's `` One Dance '' , featuring Wizkid and Kyla , overtook it on October 15 , 2016 . `` Shape of You '' overtook `` One Dance '' on September 21 , 2017 . </P> <P> As of January 201 , the artists with the most singles in the top 100 are Justin Bieber , with a total of 8 singles ( 3 solo and 5 featured ) , and The Chainsmokers and The Weeknd each with 5 singles . </P> <P> As of January 2018 , Ed Sheeran is the only artist to have 2 singles pass 1 billion streams on Spotify , with `` Shape of You '' and `` Thinking Out Loud '' . </P> <P> The fastest song to reach a billion streams on Spotify is `` Shape of You '' , doing so in 153 days . </P> <H2> Top songs ( Edit ) </H2> <H3> Globally ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The following table lists the top 100 most streamed songs on Spotify , with streams rounded to millions , as well as the artist ( s ) , the album it is currently published to Spotify on , and the date it was originally published to Spotify . </P> <P> For a Spotify Playlist of the Top 100 ( Updated Weekly ) , Click here . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Song name </Th> <Th> Artist ( s ) </Th> <Th> Album </Th> <Th> Streams ( Millions ) </Th> <Th> Publication date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> ÷ </Td> <Td> 1,546 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` One Dance '' </Td> <Td> Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla </Td> <Td> Views </Td> <Td> 1,386 </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Closer '' </Td> <Td> The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey </Td> <Td> Collage EP </Td> <Td> 1,193 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Lean On '' </Td> <Td> Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ </Td> <Td> Peace Is the Mission </Td> <Td> 1,072 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Sorry '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Purpose </Td> <Td> 1,014 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Thinking Out Loud '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> × </Td> <Td> 1,010 </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Love Yourself '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Purpose </Td> <Td> 991 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Despacito ( Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> <Td> 979 </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Let Me Down '' </Td> <Td> The Chainsmokers featuring Daya </Td> <Td> Collage EP </Td> <Td> 964 </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Took a Pill in Ibiza ( Seeb Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Mike Posner </Td> <Td> At Night , Alone . </Td> <Td> 952 </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Starboy '' </Td> <Td> The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk </Td> <Td> Starboy </Td> <Td> 892 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` What Do You Mean ? '' </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Purpose </Td> <Td> 885 </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Let Me Love You '' </Td> <Td> DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Encore </Td> <Td> 885 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Cold Water '' </Td> <Td> Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber and MØ </Td> <Td> Non album single </Td> <Td> 865 </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Cheap Thrills '' </Td> <Td> Sia </Td> <Td> This Is Acting </Td> <Td> 830 </Td> <Td> December 17 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Cheerleader ( Felix Jaehn Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> OMI </Td> <Td> Me 4 U </Td> <Td> 808 </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Photograph '' </Td> <Td> Ed Sheeran </Td> <Td> × </Td> <Td> 807 </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Stressed Out '' </Td> <Td> Twenty One Pilots </Td> <Td> Blurryface </Td> <Td> 803 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Uptown Funk '' </Td> <Td> Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> Uptown Special </Td> <Td> 801 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` 7 Years '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Graham </Td> <Td> Lukas Graham </Td> <Td> 793 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Stitches '' </Td> <Td> Shawn Mendes </Td> <Td> Handwritten </Td> <Td> 776 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` This Is What You Came For '' </Td> <Td> Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> <Td> 770 </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` Hello '' </Td> <Td> Adele </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 770 </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' </Td> <Td> The Weeknd </Td> <Td> Beauty Behind the Madness </Td> <Td> 769 </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` Faded '' </Td> <Td> Alan Walker </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> <Td> 766 </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` Work from Home '' </Td> <Td> Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign </Td> <Td> 7 / 27 </Td> <Td> 763 </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` Despacito '' </Td> <Td> Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> <Td> 762 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 . </Td> <Td> `` Take Me to Church '' </Td> <Td> Hozier </Td> <Td> Hozier </Td> <Td> 750 </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . </Td> <Td> `` Work '' </Td> <Td> Rihanna featuring Drake </Td> <Td> ANTI </Td> <Td> 750 </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' </Td> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> <Td> TROLLS : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Td> <Td> 738 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . </Td> <Td> `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' </Td> <Td> James Arthur </Td> <Td> Back from the Edge </Td> <Td> 735 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . </Td> <Td> `` See You Again '' </Td> <Td> Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth </Td> <Td> Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . </Td> <Td> `` Something Just Like This '' </Td> <Td> The Chainsmokers and Coldplay </Td> <Td> Memories ... Do Not Open </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . </Td> <Td> `` Treat You Better '' </Td> <Td> Shawn Mendes </Td> <Td> Illuminate </Td> <Td> 719 </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . </Td> <Td> `` Stay with Me '' </Td> <Td> Sam Smith </Td> <Td> In the Lonely Hour </Td> <Td> 714 </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 . </Td> <Td> `` Light It Up ( Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Major Lazer featuring Nyla and Fuse ODG </Td> <Td> Peace Is the Mission ( Extended ) </Td> <Td> 709 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 . </Td> <Td> `` Heathens '' </Td> <Td> Twenty One Pilots </Td> <Td> Suicide Squad : The Album </Td> <Td> 693 </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 . </Td> <Td> `` Hotline Bling '' </Td> <Td> Drake </Td> <Td> Views </Td> <Td> 691 </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 . </Td> <Td> `` Where Are Ü Now '' </Td> <Td> Jack Ü with Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü </Td> <Td> 688 </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 . </Td> <Td> `` Let Her Go '' </Td> <Td> Passenger </Td> <Td> All the Little Lights </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 . </Td> <Td> `` Panda '' </Td> <Td> Desiigner </Td> <Td> New English </Td> <Td> 679 </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 . </Td> <Td> `` HUMBLE . '' </Td> <Td> Kendrick Lamar </Td> <Td> DAMN . </Td> <Td> 679 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 . </Td> <Td> `` All of Me '' </Td> <Td> John Legend </Td> <Td> Love in the Future </Td> <Td> 677 </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 . </Td> <Td> `` Rockabye '' </Td> <Td> Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 . </Td> <Td> `` Unforgettable '' </Td> <Td> French Montana featuring Swae Lee </Td> <Td> Jungle Rules </Td> <Td> 669 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 . </Td> <Td> `` Me , Myself & I '' </Td> <Td> G - Eazy and Bebe Rexha </Td> <Td> When It 's Dark Out </Td> <Td> 668 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 . </Td> <Td> `` Radioactive '' </Td> <Td> Imagine Dragons </Td> <Td> Night Visions </Td> <Td> 666 </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 . </Td> <Td> `` Chandelier '' </Td> <Td> Sia </Td> <Td> 1000 Forms of Fear </Td> <Td> 665 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 . </Td> <Td> `` The Hills '' </Td> <Td> The Weeknd </Td> <Td> Beauty Behind the Madness </Td> <Td> 661 </Td> <Td> May 27

The most played artist on Spotify is

Who is the most played artist on spotify?

7084829719647229622

4.2 Replacement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Biochemical changes in cellular injury </Li> <Li> 6 DNA damage and repair <Ul> <Li> 6.1 DNA damage </Li> <Li> 6.2 Repair of DNA damages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Physical agents such as heat or radiation can damage a cell by literally cooking or coagulating their contents . </Li> <Li> Impaired nutrient supply , such as lack of oxygen or glucose , or impaired production of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) may deprive the cell of essential materials needed to survive . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Targets ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most notable components of the cell that are targets of cell damage are the DNA and the cell membrane . </P> <Ul> <Li> DNA damage : In human cells , both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and other radiations can cause DNA damage , resulting in as many as one million individual molecular lesions per cell per day . </Li> <Li> Membrane damage : damage to the cell membrane disturbs the state of cell electrolytes , e.g. calcium , which when constantly increased , induces apoptosis . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types of damage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some cell damage can be reversed once the stress is removed or if compensatory cellular changes occur . Full function may return to cells but in some cases a degree of injury will remain . </P> <H3> Sub-lethal ( reversible ) ( edit ) </H3> Cellular swelling ( edit ) <P> Cellular swelling ( or cloudy swelling ) may occur due to cellular hypoxia , which damages the sodium - potassium membrane pump ; it is reversible when the cause is eliminated . Cellular swelling is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells . When it affects many cells in an organ , it causes some pallor , increased turgor , and increase in weight of the organ . On microscopic examination , small clear vacuoles may be seen within the cytoplasm ; these represent distended and pinched - off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum . This pattern of non-lethal injury is sometimes called hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration . Hydropic degeneration is a severe form of cloudy swelling . It occurs with hypokalemia due to vomiting or diarrhea . </P> <P> The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Blebbing </Li> <Li> Blunting </Li> <Li> distortion of microvilli </Li> <Li> loosening of intercellular attachments </Li> <Li> mitochondrial changes </Li> <Li> dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum </Li> </Ul> Fatty change ( edit ) <P> The cell has been damaged and is unable to adequately metabolize fat . Small vacuoles of fat accumulate and become dispersed within cytoplasm . Mild fatty change may have no effect on cell function ; however more severe fatty change can impair cellular function . In the liver , the enlargement of hepatocytes due to fatty change may compress adjacent bile canaliculi , leading to cholestasis . Depending on the cause and severity of the lipid accumulation , fatty change is generally reversible . Fatty Change is also known as fatty degeneration , fatty metamorphosis , or fatty steatosis . </P> <H3> Lethal ( edit ) </H3> Necrosis ( edit ) <P> Necrosis is characterised by cytoplasmic swelling , irreversible damage to the plasma membrane , and organelle breakdown leading to cell death . The stages of cellular necrosis include pyknosis ; clumping of chromosomes and shrinking of the nucleus of the cell , karyorrhexis ; fragmentation of the nucleus and break up of the chromatin into unstructured granules , and karyolysis ; dissolution of the cell nucleus . Cytosolic components that leak through the damaged plasma membrane into the extracellular space can incur an inflammatory response . </P> <P> There are six types of necrosis : </P> <Ul> <Li> Coagulative necrosis </Li> <Li> Liquefactive necrosis </Li> <Li> Caseous necrosis </Li> <Li> Fat necrosis </Li> <Li> Fibroid necrosis </Li> <Li> Gangrenous necrosis </Li> </Ul> Apoptosis ( edit ) <P> Apoptosis is the programmed cell death of superfluous or potentially harmful cells in the body . It is an energy dependent process mediated by proteolytic enzymes called caspases , which trigger cell death through the cleaving of specific proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus . The dying cells shrink and condense into apoptotic bodies . The cell surface is altered so as to display properties which lead to rapid phagocytosis by macrophages or neighbouring cells . Unlike necrotic cell death , neighbouring cells are not damaged by apoptosis as cytosolic products are safely isolated by membranes prior to undergoing phagocytosis . In the average adult between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis . Inhibition of apoptosis can result in a number of cancers , autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases , and viral infections . Hyperactive apoptosis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases , hematologic diseases , and tissue damage . Keshav Rathour </P> <H2> Repair ( edit ) </H2> <P> When a cell is damaged the body will try to repair or replace the cell to continue normal functions . If a cell dies the body will remove it and replace it with another functioning cell , or fill the gap with connective tissue to provide structural support for the remaining cells . The motto of the repair process is to fill a gap caused by the damaged cells to regain structural continuity . Normal cells try to regenerate the damaged cells but this can not always happen . Asexual reproduction is what repairs cells </P> <H3> Regeneration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Regeneration of parenchyma cells , or the functional cells , of an organism . The body can make more cells to replace the damaged cells keeping the organ or tissue intact and fully functional . </P> <H3> Replacement ( edit ) </H3> <P> When a cell can not be regenerated the body will replace it with stromal connective tissue to maintain tissue / organ function . Stromal cells are the cells that support the parenchymal cells in any organ . Fibroblasts , immune cells , pericytes , and inflammatory cells are the most common types of stromal cells . </P> <H2> Biochemical changes in cellular injury ( edit ) </H2> <P> ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) depletion is a common biological alteration that occurs with cellular injury . This change can happen despite the inciting agent of the cell damage . A reduction in intracellular ATP can have a number of functional and morphologic consequences during cell injury . These effects include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Failure of the ATP dependent pumps ( Na + / K + pump and Ca 2 + pump ) , resulting in a net influx of Na + and Ca 2 + ions and osmotic swelling . </Li> <Li> ATP - depleted cells begin to undertake anaerobic metabolism to derive energy from glycogen which is known as ' glycogenolysis ' . </Li> <Li> A consequent decrease in the intracellular pH of the cell arises , which mediates harmful enzymatic processes . </Li> <Li> Early clumping of nuclear chromatin then occurs , known as ' pyknosis ' , and leads to eventual cell death . </Li> </Ul> <H2> DNA damage and repair ( edit ) </H2> <H3> DNA damage ( edit ) </H3> <P> DNA damage ( or RNA damage in the case of some virus genomes ) appears to be a fundamental problem for life . As noted by Haynes , the subunits of DNA are not endowed with any peculiar kind of quantum mechanical stability , and thus DNA is vulnerable to all the `` chemical horrors '' that might befall any such molecule in a warm aqueous medium . These chemical horrors are DNA damages that include various types of modification of the DNA bases , single - and double - strand breaks , and inter-strand cross-links ( see DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) . DNA damages are distinct from mutations although both are errors in the DNA . Whereas DNA damages are abnormal chemical and structural alterations , mutations ordinarily involve the normal four bases in new arrangements . Mutations can be replicated , and thus inherited when the DNA replicates . In contrast , DNA damages are altered structures that can not , themselves , be replicated . </P> <P> Several different repair processes can remove DNA damages ( see chart in DNA repair ) . However , those DNA damages that remain un-repaired can have detrimental consequences . DNA damages may block replication or gene transcription . These blockages can lead to cell death . In multicellular organisms , cell death in response to DNA damage may occur by a programmed process , apoptosis . Alternatively , when a DNA polymerase replicates a template strand containing a damaged site , it may inaccurately bypass the damage and , as a consequence , introduce an incorrect base leading to a mutation . Experimentally , mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in Homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) . </P> <P> In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , DNA genomes are vulnerable to attack by reactive chemicals naturally produced in the intracellular environment and by agents from external sources . An important internal source of DNA damage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) formed as byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism . For eukaryotes , oxidative reactions are a major source of DNA damage ( see DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) and Sedelnikova et al . ) . In humans , about 10,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day . In the rat , which has a higher metabolic rate than humans , about 100,000 oxidative DNA damages occur per cell per day . In aerobically growing bacteria , ROS appear to be a major source of DNA damage , as indicated by the observation that 89 % of spontaneously occurring base substitution mutations are caused by introduction of ROS - induced single - strand damages followed by error - prone replication past these damages . Oxidative DNA damages usually involve only one of the DNA strands at any damaged site , but about 1 -- 2 % of damages involve both strands . The double - strand damages include double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) and inter-strand crosslinks . For humans , the estimated average number of endogenous DNA DSBs per cell occurring at each cell generation is about 50 . This level of formation of DSBs likely reflects the natural level of damages caused , in large part , by ROS produced by active metabolism . </P> <H3> Repair of DNA damages ( edit ) </H3> <P> Five major pathways are employed in repairing different types of DNA damages . These five pathways are nucleotide excision repair , base excision repair , mismatch repair , non-homologous end joining and homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) ( see chart in DNA repair ) and reference . Only HRR can accurately repair double strand damages , such as DSBs . The HRR pathway requires that a second homologous chromosome be available to allow recovery of the information lost by the first chromosome due to the double - strand damage . </P> <P> DNA damage appears to play a key role in mammalian aging , and an adequate level of DNA repair promotes longevity ( see DNA damage theory of aging and reference . ) . In addition , an increased incidence of DNA damage and / or reduced DNA repair cause an increased risk of cancer ( see Cancer , Carcinogenesis and Neoplasm ) and reference ) . Furthermore , the ability of HRR to accurately and efficiently repair double - strand DNA damages likely played a key role in the evolution of sexual reproduction ( see Evolution of sexual reproduction and reference . In extant eukaryotes , HRR during meiosis provides the major benefit of maintaining fertility . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cellular adaptation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (

The term that describes the replacement of damaged cells to mend a tissue is

Which term describes the replacement of damaged cells to mend a tissue?

-7521086178060626112

, from ἅμα , which means , `` at once , at the same time '' . From this comes the secondary sense of `` single '' , since folding double produces a unity . It is in this latter sense that it appears in modern genetics . διπλόος diplóos means `` duplex '' or `` two-fold '' . Diploid therefore means `` duplex - shaped '' ( compare ' humanoid ' , `` human - shaped '' ) . </P> <P> Eduard Strasburger , coined the terms haploid and diploid in 1905 : </P> <P> Schließlich wäre es vielleicht erwünscht , wenn den Bezeichnungen Gametophyt und Sporophyt , die sich allein nur auf Pflanzen mit einfacher und mit doppelter Chromosomenzahl anwenden lassen , solche zur Seite gestellt würden , welche auch für das Tierreich passen . Ich erlaube mir zu diesem Zwecke die Worte Haploid und Diploid , bezw . haploidische und diploidische Generation vorzuschlagen . </P> <P> Some authors suggest that Strasburger based the terms on Weismann 's conception of the id ( or germ plasm ) , hence haplo - id and diplo - id . The two terms were brought into the English language from German through William Henry Lang 's 1908 translation of an 1906 textbook by Strasburger and colleagues . </P> <P> Technically , ploidy refers to the nucleus . Though at times authors may report the total ploidy of all nuclei present within the cell membrane of a syncytium , usually the ploidy of the nuclei present will be described . For example , a fungal dikaryon with two haploid nuclei is distinguished from the diploid in which the chromosomes share a nucleus and can be shuffled together . Nonetheless , because in most situations there is only one nucleus , it is commonplace to speak of the ploidy of a cell . </P> <H2> Case studies ( edit ) </H2> <P> It is also possible on rare occasions for the ploidy to increase in the germline , which can result in polyploid offspring and ultimately polyploid species . This is an important evolutionary mechanism in both plants and animals . As a result , it becomes desirable to distinguish between the ploidy of a species or variety as it presently breeds and that of an ancestor . The number of chromosomes in the ancestral ( non-homologous ) set is called the monoploid number ( x ) , and is distinct from the haploid number ( n ) in the organism as it now reproduces . Both numbers n , and x , apply to every cell of a given organism . </P> <P> Common wheat is an organism where x and n differ . It has six sets of chromosomes , two sets from each of three different diploid species that are its distant ancestors . The somatic cells are hexaploid , with six sets of chromosomes , 2n = 6x = 42 ( where the monoploid number x = 7 and the haploid number n = 21 ) . The gametes are haploid for their own species , but triploid , with three sets of chromosomes , by comparison to a probable evolutionary ancestor , einkorn wheat . </P> <P> Tetraploidy ( four sets of chromosomes , 2n = 4x ) is common in plants , and also occurs in amphibians , reptiles , and insects . For example , species of Xenopus ( African toads ) form a ploidy series , featuring diploid ( X. tropicalis , 2n = 20 ) , tetraploid ( for example X. laevis , 4n = 36 ) , octaploid ( for example X. wittei , 8n = 72 ) and dodecaploid ( for example X. ruwenzoriensis , 12n = 108 ) species . </P> <P> Over evolutionary time scales in which chromosomal polymorphisms accumulate , these changes become less apparent by karyotype - for example , humans are generally regarded as diploid , but the 2R hypothesis has confirmed two rounds of whole genome duplication in early vertebrate ancestors . </P> <P> Ploidy can also differ with life cycle . In some insects it differs by caste . In humans , only the gametes are haploid , but in the Australian bulldog ant , Myrmecia pilosula , a haplodiploid species , haploid individuals of this species have a single chromosome , and diploid individuals have two chromosomes . In Entamoeba , the ploidy level varies from 4n to 40n in a single population . Alternation of generations occurs in many plants . </P> <P> Some studies suggest that selection is more likely to favor diploidy in host species and haploidy in parasite species . </P> <H2> Haploid and monoploid ( edit ) </H2> 1. Haploid organism are on the left and Diploid organism on the right . 2. This is an haploid egg carrying the dominant purple gene . 3. This is a haploid sperm carrying the recessive blue gene . 4. This is a diploid sperm carrying the recessive blue gene . 5. This is an diploid egg carrying the dominant purple gene . 6. This is the short lived diploid state of haploid organisms . 7. This is the first stage of a zygote which has just been fertilized by a sperm . 8. The spores released by the diploid structure either express the mothers dominate gene or the fathers recessive gene . 9 . The baby 's cells express the dominant or recessive . <P> The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is haploid if it has a single set of chromosomes , each one not being part of a pair . By extension a cell may be called haploid if its nucleus is haploid , and an organism may be called haploid if its body cells ( somatic cells ) are haploid . The number of chromosomes in a single set is called the haploid number , given the symbol n . If the number of chromosomes in the set is 1 ( n = 1 ) then the nucleus ( or cell , organism ) may be called monoploid . </P> <P> Gametes ( sperm and ova ) are haploid cells . The haploid gametes produced by most organisms combine to form a zygote with n pairs of chromosomes , i.e. 2n chromosomes in total . The chromosomes in each pair , one of which comes from the sperm and one from the egg , are said to be homologous . Cells and organisms with pairs of homologous chromosomes are called diploid . For example , most animals are diploid and produce haploid gametes . During meiosis , sex cell precursors have their number of chromosomes halved by randomly `` choosing '' one member of each pair of chromosomes , resulting in haploid gametes . Because homologous chromosomes usually differ genetically , gametes usually differ genetically from one another . </P> <P> All plants and many fungi and algae switch between a haploid and a diploid state , with one of the stages emphasized over the other . This is called alternation of generations . Most fungi and algae are haploid during the principal stage of their lifecycle , as are plants like mosses . Most animals are diploid , but male bees , wasps , and ants are haploid organisms because they develop from unfertilized , haploid eggs , while females ( workers and queens ) are diploid , making their system haplodiploid . </P> <P> In some cases there is evidence that the n chromosomes in a haploid set have resulted from duplications of an originally smaller set of chromosomes . This `` base '' number -- the number of apparently originally unique chromosomes in a haploid set -- is called the monoploid number , also known as basic or cardinal number , or fundamental number . As an example , the chromosomes of common wheat are believed to be derived from three different ancestral species , each of which had 7 chromosomes in its haploid gametes . The monoploid number is thus 7 and the haploid number is 3 × 7 = 21 . In general n is a multiple of x . The somatic cells in a wheat plant have six sets of 7 chromosomes : three sets from the egg and three sets from the sperm which fused to form the plant , giving a total of 42 chromosomes . As a formula , for wheat 2n = 6x = 42 , so that the haploid number n is 21 and the monoploid number x is 7 . The gametes of common wheat are considered to be haploid , since they contain half the genetic information of somatic cells , but they are not monoploid , as they still contain three complete sets of chromosomes ( n = 3x ) . </P> <P> In the case of wheat , the origin of its haploid number of 21 chromosomes from three sets of 7 chromosomes can be demonstrated . In many other organisms , although the number of chromosomes may have originated in this way , this is no longer clear , and the monoploid number is regarded as the same as the haploid number . Thus in humans , x = n = 23 . </P> <H2> Diploid ( edit ) </H2> For other uses , see Diploid ( crystallography ) . <P> Diploid cells have two homologous copies of each chromosome , usually one from the mother and one from the father . All or nearly all mammals are diploid organisms . The suspected tetraploid ( possessing four chromosome sets ) plains viscacha rat ( Tympanoctomys barrerae ) and golden vizcacha rat ( Pipanacoctomys aureus ) have been regarded as the only known exceptions ( as of 2004 ) . However , some genetic studies have rejected any polyploidism in mammals as unlikely , and suggest that amplification and dispersion of repetitive sequences best explain the large genome size of these two rodents . All normal diploid individuals have some small fraction of cells that display polyploidy . Human diploid cells have 46 chromosomes ( the somatic number , 2n ) and human haploid gametes ( egg and sperm ) have 23 chromosomes ( n ) . Retroviruses that contain two copies of their RNA genome in each viral particle are also said to be diploid . Examples include human foamy virus , human T - lymphotropic virus , and HIV . </P> <H2> Homoploid ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Homoploid '' means `` at the same ploidy level '' , i.e. having the same number of homologous chromosomes . For example , homoploid hybridization is where the offspring have the same ploidy level as the two parental species . This contrasts with a common situation in plants where chromosome doubling accompanies , or happens soon after hybridization . Similarly , homoploid speciation contrasts with polyploid speciation . </P> <H2> Zygoidy and azygoidy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Zygoidy is the state where the chromosomes are paired and can undergo meiosis . The zygoid state of a species may be diploid or polyploid . In the azygoid state the chromosomes are unpaired . It may be the natural state of some asexual species or may occur after meiosis . In diploid organisms the azygoid state is monoploid . ( see below for dihaploidy ) </P> <H2> Polyploidy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Polyploidy <P> Polyploidy is the state where all cells have multiple sets of chromosomes beyond the basic set , usually 3 or more . Specific terms are triploid ( 3 sets ) , tetraploid ( 4 sets ) , pentaploid ( 5 sets ) , hexaploid ( 6 sets ) , heptaploid or septaploid ( 7 sets ) octoploid ( 8 sets ) , nonaploid ( 9 sets ) , decaploid ( 10 sets ) , undecaploid ( 11 sets ) , dodecaploid ( 12 sets ) , tridecaploid ( 13 sets ) , tetradecaploid ( 14 sets ) etc . Some higher ploidies include hexadecaploid ( 16 sets ) , dotriacontaploid ( 32 sets ) , and tetrahexacontaploid ( 64 sets ) , though Greek terminology may be set aside for readability in cases of higher

Haploid cells are found in the human body in

Where are haploid cells found in the human body?

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The Opposition with Jordan Klepper - Wikipedia <H1> The Opposition with Jordan Klepper </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Opposition w / Jordan Klepper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy , news satire , talk show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jordan Klepper </Li> <Li> Stuart Miller </Li> <Li> Trevor Noah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Chuck O'Neil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Jordan Klepper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Ty Segall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 94 ( as of April 19 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jordan Klepper </Li> <Li> Stuart Miller </Li> <Li> Trevor Noah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hotel Pennsylvania , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 21 mins ( excl . commercials ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ark Angel Comedy Partners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Comedy Central </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 HDTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> The Daily Show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Opposition with Jordan Klepper is an American late - night talk and news satire program that premiered on Comedy Central on September 25 , 2017 . The show is hosted by comedian Jordan Klepper , a former correspondent on The Daily Show , and satirizes right - wing politics . It airs each Monday through Thursday at 11 : 30 pm ( EST ) , following The Daily Show . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cast </Li> <Li> 1.2 Writers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jordan Klepper served as a correspondent on The Daily Show for three years . Klepper 's segments on the show received positive reviews . During his time on the show , he substituted for Trevor Noah in October 2016 . In April 2017 , Comedy Central announced that Klepper would host a new show , debuting in the fall , that would follow The Daily Show . In July 2017 , the title of the show was revealed to be The Opposition with Jordan Klepper , and had a premiere scheduled for September 25 , 2017 . </P> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <P> Klepper serves as host . The show has `` citizen journalists '' , which is a concept similar to The Daily Show 's correspondents : Josh Sharp , Aaron Jackson , Laura Grey , Kobi Libii , Niccole Thurman and Tim Baltz . </P> <H3> Writers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show is written by Jordan Klepper , Ian Berger , Owen Parsons , Russ Armstrong , Kristen Acimovic , River Clegg , Chelsea Davison , Chelsea Devantez , Pia Glenn , Asher Perlman , Justin Tyler , Steve Waltien , Seth Weitberg , Keisha Zollar . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The Opposition with Jordan Klepper episodes <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Metacritic , season one of The Opposition with Jordan Klepper has an average weighted score of 56 out of 100 , based on 4 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 71 % based on 7 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominees </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> GLAAD Media Award </Td> <Td> Outstanding Talk Show Episode for `` Danica Roem '' </Td> <Td> Jordan Klepper , Stuart Miller , Trevor Noah </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moraes , Lisa de ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Daily Show ' Spinoff Starring Jordan Klepper Gets Title & Premiere Date on Comedy Central -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan native Jordan Klepper debuts as ' Daily Show ' correspondent Detroit Free Press '' . freep.com . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Daily Show ' correspondent Jordan Klepper talks about new gig Inside TV EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sims , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Is Jordan Klepper the Future of Comedy Central ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Jordan Klepper of ' The Daily Show ' Is Getting His Own Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Comedy Central 's ' The Opposition With Jordan Klepper ' Announces Team Of Citizen Journalists '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Here 's the Writing Staff for Comedy Central 's ' The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ' splitsider.com September 19 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Opposition with Jordan Klepper reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Opposition With Jordan Klepper : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` GLAAD Media Awards : The Complete List of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Opposition with Jordan Klepper on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Comedy Central original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Former </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Afterdrive ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Clash ! ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Comedy Central Presents ( 1998 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist ( 1995 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Exit 57 ( 1995 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Frank Leaves for the Orient ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Higgins Boys and Gruber ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Make Me Laugh ( 1997 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> The Man Show ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1991 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Night After Night with Allan Havey ( 1991 -- 92 ) </Li> <Li> Politically Incorrect ( 1994 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Premium Blend ( 1997 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Pulp Comics ( 1997 -- 99 ) </Li> <Li> Short Attention Span Theater ( 1991 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Sports Monster ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Strangers with Candy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Unnaturals ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Upright Citizens Brigade ( 1998 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Vacant Lot ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Viva Variety ( 1997 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Vs. ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1997 -- 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Body Shop ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Atom TV ( 2008 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> BattleBots ( 2000 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Beat the Geeks ( 2001 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Blue Collar TV ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Chappelle 's Show ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Chocolate News ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> The Comedians of Comedy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Con ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Contest Searchlight ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Crank Yankers ( 2002 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Crossballs : The Debate Show ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Drawn Together ( 2004 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Distraction ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Dog Bites Man ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Freak Show ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Friday Night Stand - Up with Greg Giraldo ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Futurama ( 2008 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Gerhard Reinke 's Wanderlust ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Graham Norton Effect ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Halfway Home ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Hollow Men ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> I 'm with Busey ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Important Things with Demetri Martin ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Insomniac with Dave Attell ( 2001 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> The Jeff Dunham Show ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Kid Notorious ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Let 's Bowl ( 2001 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Lewis Black 's Root of All Evil ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Lil ' Bush ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Live at Gotham ( 2006 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Michael & Michael Have Issues ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Mind of Mencia ( 2005 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Primetime Glick ( 2001 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> Reality Bites Back ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Reno 911 ! ( 2003 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> The Sarah Silverman Program ( 2007 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Girlfriend ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Shorties Watchin ' Shorties ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Showbiz Show with David Spade ( 2005 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Stella ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Straight Plan for the Gay Man ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Strip Mall ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Too Late with Adam Carolla ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Travel Sick ( 2001 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Trigger Happy TV ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> TV Funhouse ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Wanda Does It ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Weekends at the D.L. ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> @ midnight with Chris Hardwick ( 2013 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Adam DeVine 's House Party ( 2013 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> The Ben Show ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Benson Interruption ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Big Lake ( 2010 )

The opposition with Jordan Klepper is filmed at

Where is the opposition with jordan klepper filmed?

9049835265123264510

Olivia ( Twelfth Night ) - wikipedia <H1> Olivia ( Twelfth Night ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Olivia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Twelfth Night character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Olivia in mourning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> William Shakespeare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Role </Th> <Td> Major character </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Olivia is a fictional character from William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night , believed to have been written around 1600 or 1601 . She is at the centre of the various plots , both the comedic and the romantic . She has various suitors . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Character interpretation </Li> <Li> 3 Depictions in film and on stage <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Stage </Li> <Li> 3.2 Film </Li> <Li> 3.3 Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Olivia is a beautiful lady of noble birth who lives in Illyria . Before the play begins , she has recently lost her brother who was her guardian after her father died . This loss has made her grief - stricken and she has refused to see anyone who does not reside in her household , and declared that she will be in mourning for seven years ( The element itself , till seven years ' heat , Shall not behold her face at ample view ) . </P> Malvolio and Olivia A Priest , Olivia , and Sebastian <P> Because of her wealth and beauty Olivia attracts various men who wish to marry her . The play begins with the Duke of Illyria , Orsino , pining away over his love for Olivia while she refuses to accept him as a suitor . Sir Andrew has been invited to her household by Sir Toby , and Andrew hopes to use his stay to make Olivia his bride . Malvolio uses his position as steward to gain her affections . </P> <P> Despite all of the rumpus going on at her home , Olivia refuses all visitors until Orsino sends his new page , the protagonist of the play , Viola , to call on her . </P> <P> Viola has been recently shipwrecked and she has taken on the disguise of a boy so that she may work for Orsino with no one knowing her true identity . During the shipwreck , Viola lost her brother , Sebastian , and she believes that he has died . </P> <P> Olivia quickly descends in love with the witty Cesario ( Viola 's name when she is in disguise ) because Cesario is unafraid of saying what he / she is thinking , even though Cesario never says anything nice to Olivia ( except , of course , when speaking Orsino 's messages ) . Cesario also compliments Olivia on her beauty , something that helps heal Olivia 's heart from the losses she has recently incurred . </P> <P> Olivia attempts to woo the young Cesario / Viola and repeatedly asks / lures him to come back to her estate by using various tricks and problems . Olivia eventually comes to the conclusion that she must marry him . However , in a case of mistaken identity , she marries Viola 's twin brother , Sebastian . All ends well however , because Sebastian and his sister are extremely similar . </P> <P> The climax of the play takes place at Olivia 's estate . It is here that Olivia and Sebastian are hastily married , Viola and Sebastian rediscover each other , Malvolio is rescued , and Orsino proposes to Viola . </P> <H2> Character interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Olivia is involved in all three of the main plots of the play : Orsino 's love for her brings Cesario to her estate , Olivia 's love for Cesario pleads her into marriage with Sebastian , and the entire plot with Sir Toby , Sir Andrew , and Malvolio revolves around Andrew and Malvolio 's supposed love for her . </P> <P> Olivia falls in love with Cesario very quickly and decides that , despite her previous declaration of mourning , she will marry him . This brings to question Olivia 's sexuality , as Duke Orsino notes Cesario is `` semblative a woman 's part '' , despite her male attire . </P> <H2> Depictions in film and on stage ( edit ) </H2> <P> One of Shakespeare 's most popular plays , Twelfth Night has been produced for both the stage and film multiple times . </P> <H3> Stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2009 , Shakespeare in the Park put on a production starring Anne Hathaway as Viola and Audra McDonald as Olivia . </P> <P> In 2014 , Mark Rylance played the role in an all - male production that ran in repertory with Richard III ( in which Rylance played the title role ) . He won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Olivia . </P> <P> In 2017 / 18 , Kara Tointon played the role at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford - upon - Avon . </P> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the first film version of the play , made in 1910 , Julia Swayne Gordon depicted Lady Olivia . </P> <P> Helena Bonham Carter played Olivia in Trevor Nunn 's film , Twelfth Night . </P> <P> In 2006 the play was adapted into a modern retelling titled She 's the Man , starring Amanda Bynes as Viola and Laura Ramsey as Olivia . </P> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> Helen Menken played the role of Olivia in a 1937 radio adaptation . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare Reference Center </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allan , Davin ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Twelfth Night : What You Will Not '' . Literatured . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ She 's the Man , DreamWorks , 17 March 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Guide to Twelfth Night </Li> <Li> Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night , or What You Will </Li> <Li> Analysis of Major Characters in Twelfth Night </Li> <Li> Synopsis of Twelfth Night </Li> <Li> Summary of Twelfth Night and Characters </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viola </Li> <Li> Orsino </Li> <Li> Olivia </Li> <Li> Sebastian </Li> <Li> Malvolio </Li> <Li> Maria </Li> <Li> Sir Toby Belch </Li> <Li> Sir Andrew Aguecheek </Li> <Li> Feste </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> On screen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1980 ( TV ) </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 ( TV ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( TV ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Your Own Thing ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Music Is ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Play On ! ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Illyria ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> All Shook Up ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Just One of the Guys ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Motocrossed ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> She 's the Man ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opera </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Viola ( unfinished ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story within a story </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Grace '' ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivia_(Twelfth_Night)&oldid=819017658 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Characters in Twelfth Night </Li> <Li> Female Shakespearean characters </Li> <Li> Fictional lords and ladies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 22 : 52 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Olivia secures the love of the man she believes to be Cesario

How does olivia secure the love of the man she believes to be cesario?

390660943990140780

Bobby Anderson ( actor ) - wikipedia <H1> Bobby Anderson ( actor ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Bobby Anderson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bobby Anderson ( left ) with young Mary and Violet in It 's a Wonderful life ( 1946 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Robert James Anderson ( 1933 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1933 Hollywood , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 75 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Cancer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> Bobbie Anderson Bob Anderson Robert J. Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor / Television producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1940 -- 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Victoria Anderson ( ? - June 6 , 2008 ; his death ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Robert James Anderson ( March 6 , 1933 -- June 6 , 2008 ) was an American actor and television producer , most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It 's a Wonderful Life . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Partial filmography </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bobby Anderson was born in Hollywood , to a showbiz family . He was the son of Eugene Randolph Anderson , an assistant director and production manager , and Marie Augusta Fleischer , and his brothers and cousins were editors and production managers in their own right . He was also the nephew , by marriage , of directors William Beaudine and James Flood , both of whom were married to Anderson 's mother 's sisters . Anderson 's film career as an actor was brief . He appeared in the TV show Spin and Marty , and he made his last film in 1956 . </P> <P> Anderson enlisted in the Navy during the Korean War , serving as a photographer on aircraft carriers . After his time in the Navy , he went on to work behind the scenes in assistant directing , then later production with Disney , Warner Bros. , Universal , HBO , United Artists , Columbia , and 20th Century Fox on such films and TV shows as The Apartment , Hawaii , The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter , Code Red , Police Story , and Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . </P> <P> He also worked as a line producer and production consultant for films such as Passenger 57 , Demolition Man and Heat . </P> <P> He died of cancer at age 75 at his home in Palm Springs , California . He is survived by his wife Victoria ; sons John , Robert , and Joseph ; daughters Kathleen , Debora , and Heidi ; and 11 grandchildren . </P> <H2> Partial filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> The Grapes of Wrath </Td> <Td> Hungry Boy </Td> <Td> Film debut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Lee Danfield - Age 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Young People </Td> <Td> Jerry Dakin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Mystery of the 13th Guest </Td> <Td> Harold as a Child </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Tender Comrade </Td> <Td> Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> A Tree Grows in Brooklyn </Td> <Td> Augie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry </Td> <Td> Child </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Colorado Pioneers </Td> <Td> Parish Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Gentleman Joe Palooka </Td> <Td> Young Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> It 's a Wonderful Life </Td> <Td> Little George </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Fabulous Texan </Td> <Td> Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Bishop 's Wife </Td> <Td> Defense Captain </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Ruthless </Td> <Td> Horace Vendig as Child </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Silver River </Td> <Td> Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Kidnapped </Td> <Td> Ransome - Cabin Boy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Samson and Delilah </Td> <Td> Boy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> A Place in the Sun </Td> <Td> Eagle Scout </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Born to the Saddle </Td> <Td> Ricky Summers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaden , Chuck ( Spring 2009 ) . `` Necrology for 2008 '' . Nostalgia Digest . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yahoo ! News Archived June 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Anderson , 75 , Child Actor , Is Dead '' . New York Times . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Robert Anderson on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States Navy portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Anderson_(actor)&oldid=817606579 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1933 births </Li> <Li> 2008 deaths </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American male child actors </Li> <Li> American naval personnel of the Korean War </Li> <Li> Deaths from cancer in California </Li> <Li> Male actors from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> United States Navy sailors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 13 : 09 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

In the classic film "It's a Wonderful Life," young George Bailey is played by

Who is young george bailey in it's a wonderful life?

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Battle of Stirling bridge - wikipedia <H1> Battle of Stirling bridge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Battle of Stirling Bridge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the First War of Scottish Independence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Old Stirling Bridge with the Abbey Craig and Wallace Monument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 11 September 1297 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Stirling Bridge , Stirling , Scotland 56 ° 07 ′ 54 '' N 3 ° 55 ′ 57 '' W  /  56.1317046 ° N 3.9325905 ° W  / 56.1317046 ; - 3.9325905 Coordinates : 56 ° 07 ′ 54 '' N 3 ° 55 ′ 57 '' W  /  56.1317046 ° N 3.9325905 ° W  / 56.1317046 ; - 3.9325905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Scottish victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Scotland </Td> <Td> Kingdom of England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Wallace Andrew de Moray ( WIA ) </Td> <Td> Earl of Surrey Hugh de Cressingham † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 5,300 to 6,300 men </P> <Ul> <Li> ~ 300 cavalry </Li> <Li> ~ 5,000 to 6,000 infantry </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> 9,000 men </P> <Ul> <Li> ~ 2,000 cavalry </Li> <Li> ~ 7,000 infantry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> <P> 100 cavalry killed </P> 5,000 infantry killed </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> First War of Scottish Independence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> First Berwick </Li> <Li> Dunbar </Li> <Li> Lanark </Li> <Li> Stirling Bridge </Li> <Li> Falkirk </Li> <Li> Roslin </Li> <Li> Happrew </Li> <Li> Stirling Castle </Li> <Li> Methven </Li> <Li> Dalrigh </Li> <Li> Turnberry </Li> <Li> Loch Ryan </Li> <Li> Glen Trool </Li> <Li> Loudoun Hill </Li> <Li> Slioch </Li> <Li> Inverurie </Li> <Li> Buchan </Li> <Li> Pass of Brander </Li> <Li> Bannockburn </Li> <Li> Campaign in Ireland </Li> <Li> Moiry Pass </Li> <Li> Connor </Li> <Li> Kells </Li> <Li> Skerries </Li> <Li> Skaithmuir </Li> <Li> Second Berwick </Li> <Li> Faughart </Li> <Li> Myton </Li> <Li> Arbroath Declaration </Li> <Li> The Great Raid of 1322 </Li> <Li> Old Byland </Li> <Li> Corbeil Treaty </Li> <Li> Stanhope Park </Li> <Li> Edinburgh - Northampton Treaty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Scottish Independence Wars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Third </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence . On 11 September 1297 , the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne , 6th Earl of Surrey , and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling , on the River Forth . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 The main battle </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 4 The battle in fiction </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Earl of Surrey had won a victory over the aristocracy of Scotland at the Battle of Dunbar . However , by August 1297 Moray and Wallace controlled almost all of Scotland north of the Forth , except for Dundee . Surrey marched north with an army from Berwick to relieve Dundee . The town of Stirling was the key entry point to the north of Scotland . </P> <H2> The main battle ( edit ) </H2> <P> The earl arrived at the narrow , wooden bridge over the River Forth near Stirling Castle and determined that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there . So he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations , and to reconnoiter the area . On 10 September Warenne gave orders to cross the river the next day . At dawn the English and Welsh infantry started to cross only to be recalled due to the fact that Warenne had overslept . </P> <P> The Scots arrived first and encamped on Abbey Craig which dominated the soft , flat ground north of the river . The English force of English , Welsh and Scots knights , bowmen and foot soldiers camped to the south of the river . Sir Richard Lundie , a Scots knight who joined the English after the Capitulation of Irvine , offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a ford two miles upstream , where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time . Hugh Cressingham , King Edward 's treasurer in Scotland , persuaded the Earl to reject this advice and order a direct attack across the bridge . </P> <P> The small bridge was only broad enough to allow two horsemen to cross abreast , but offered the safest river crossing as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of Flanders Moss lay to the west . The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry made their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September . It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross . </P> <P> Wallace and Moray waited , according to the Chronicle of Hemingburgh , until `` as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome '' . When a substantial number of the troops had crossed ( possibly about 2,000 ) the attack was ordered . The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry before counterattacking the English infantry . They gained control of the east side of the bridge , and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross . Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat , most of the outnumbered English on the east side were probably killed . A few hundred may have escaped by swimming across the river . Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle . </P> The present - day Stirling Bridge <P> Surrey , who was left with a pitiful contingent of archers , had remained to the south of the river and was still in a strong position . The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth , denying the triumphant Scots a passage to the south , but his confidence was gone . After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Tweng , an English knight from Yorkshire , Surrey ordered the bridge 's destruction and retreated towards Berwick , leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels . James Stewart , the High Steward of Scotland , and Malcolm , Earl of Lennox , whose forces had been part of Surrey 's army , observing the carnage to the north of the bridge , withdrew . Then the English supply train was attacked at The Pows , a wooded marshy area , by James Stewart and the other Scots lords , killing many of the fleeing soldiers . </P> <P> The location of Stirling Bridge at the date of the battle is believed to lie about 180 yards upstream from the 15th century stone that still crosses the river today . Four stone piers have been found underwater just north ( 56 ° 07 ′ 45 '' N 3 ° 56 ′ 12 '' W  /  56.1290916 ° N 3.936764 ° W  / 56.1290916 ; - 3.936764 ) and at an angle to the extant 15th - century bridge , along with man - made stonework on one bank in line with the piers . The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen causeway leading from the Abbey Craig , atop which the Wallace Monument is now located , to the northern end of the bridge . The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009 . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Stirling Bridge from the south bank of the River Forth with the Wallace Monument in the background <P> The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a shattering defeat for the English : it showed that under certain circumstances infantry could be superior to cavalry . It was some time , though , before this lesson was fully absorbed . </P> <P> Contemporary English chronicler Walter of Guisborough recorded the English losses in the battle as 100 cavalry and 5,000 infantry killed . Scottish casualties in the battle are unrecorded , with the exception of Andrew Moray . He appears to have been injured in the battle and died of his injuries around November . </P> <P> Hugh de Cressingham 's body was reportedly subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces for souvenirs of the victory . The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had `` a broad strip ( of Cressingham 's skin ) ... taken from the head to the heel , to make therewith a baldrick for his sword '' . </P> <P> Wallace went on to lead a destructive raid into northern England which did little to advance the Scots objectives , however the raids frightened the English army and stalled their advance . By March 1298 he had emerged as Guardian of Scotland . His glory was brief , for King Edward himself was coming north from Flanders . The two men finally met on the field of Falkirk in the summer of 1298 , where Wallace was defeated . </P> <H2> The battle in fiction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The exploits of Wallace were passed on to posterity mainly in the form of tales collected and recounted by the poet Blind Harry , the Minstrel ( d. 1492 ) whose original , probably oral sources were never specified . Blind Harry was active some two hundred years after the events described in his The Acts and Deeds of the Illustrious and Valiant Champion Sir William Wallace , c. 1470 . The tales were designed to entertain the court of James IV ( r. 1488 -- 1513 ) and are undoubtedly a blend of fact and fiction . Like most of his episodes , Blind Harry 's account of the battle of Stirling Bridge is highly improbable , for example his use of figures of a biblical magnitude for the size of the participating armies . Nevertheless , his highly dramatised and graphic account of the battle fed the imaginations of subsequent generations of Scottish schoolchildren . Here is his description : </P> <P> On Saturday they ( Moray and Wallace ) rode on to the bridge , which was of good plain board , well made and jointed , having placed watches to see that none passed from the army . Taking a wright , the most able workman there , he ( Wallace ) ordered him to saw the plank in two at the mid streit ( middle stretch ) , so that no - one might walk over it . He then nailed it up quickly with hinges , and dirtied it with clay , to cause it to appear that nothing had been done . The other end he so arranged that it should lie on three wooden rollers , which were so placed

The Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 was won by

Who won the battle of stirling bridge 1297?

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the subject . </P> <P> Throughout the week , Brad and Dusty 's co-dad relationship is put to the test by Kurt 's meddling . Meanwhile , Dusty tries to get close to his stepdaughter , Adrianna , but she does n't like him and repeatedly tells him that he is n't her father . Sara also tries to bond with Karen but is taken aback by some of Karen 's actions , like shoplifting clothes from a store . Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door . He gets made fun of it by Megan and Adrianna . </P> <P> The next day , the family goes out to take the kids to see Santa . While there , Kurt convinces Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun , which he does ask for . Brad and Sara tell Dylan that a shotgun for hunting means that a poor innocent animal will lose its life . This convinces Dylan to change his mind , but Megan instead decides she wants to go hunting . While out hunting the next day , Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder , sending him to the hospital . </P> <P> At the hospital , Dusty and Kurt begin to bond after they almost begin fighting when Kurt tries to leave the hospital . That night , Brad , Dusty , Don & Kurt go to an improv comedy club where the four men are relaxing and having a good time watching the show . Kurt gets up to go get another drink at the bar . Dusty sees Kurt picking up a woman at the bar and leaves with her . Brad enters Don into the improv show , and Dusty chooses a topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of an improv skit . As the skit progresses , it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life . The audience believes that this is all part of the show , even when Brad tries to tell the audience that it is not . </P> <P> The next day , Brad confronts Dusty . After Dusty reveals that he chose the infidelity subject for the improv game because he wanted to get back at Brad , because of how Brad has a good relationship with Don . Brad says he knows that is why Dusty chose that particular topic and to get back at Dusty ; Brad has invited Adrianna 's real dad , Roger , to the cabin for Christmas . </P> <P> That evening , the entire family takes part in a Christmas manger representation . Brad gets into a fight with Dusty after Brad wants to play Joseph , which Dusty is currently playing . This breaks out in front of a crowd that is watching . Instead of Dusty fighting Brad , he almost comes to blows with Roger . </P> <P> The next morning , Christmas Day , the families all pack up to leave . On their way out of town , the families are forced back to town on account of a blizzard . They are forced to take shelter at a movie theater . With every other movie being sold out , due to the huge influx of business from other families seeking shelter at the theater , both families go to see the last movie available : Missile Tow , a fictitious Liam Neeson holiday action film . </P> <P> When the power cuts off during the movie , the families go to the lobby where each man confronts their father about the secrets , lies , and attitudes . Don confronts Brad about not telling him the truth about his divorce , while Dusty tries to talk to Kurt . When Dylan sees the girl he has a crush on , is also there at the theater , he is teased again by Megan and Adrianna . After remembering some advice given to him by Kurt , Dylan walks toward her to kiss her . All of a sudden , he does n't kiss her , but instead kisses Adrianna , his stepsister . Roger gets freaked out and attempts to leave with Adrianna , but is confronted by Dusty . He deduces that the reason why Adrianna has n't warmed up to him is that he has never told her that he loves her , which he does . He also tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well since he is also part of the family . Roger almost leaves without Adrianna , but has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of Do They Know It 's Christmas ? and decides to stay . Don and Brad also reconcile . </P> <P> Sometime later , at the airport , Don and Kurt are preparing to leave to head back to their respective homes . Kurt heads with Don up the terminal escalators , where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they 're going to spend New Years in Las Vegas . </P> <P> As Brad 's mom 's flight arrives , Dusty and Brad discover that Brad 's new stepdad is Chesley `` Sully '' Sullenberger , the pilot of the `` Miracle on the Hudson '' flight . Brad and Dusty remember that they watched the film `` Sully '' together not too long ago and Brad appears to be welcoming towards him . Brad runs down the terminal and says that Sully will never replace his father , because Sully has only one great personal story , whereas his father has thousands of stories . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker </Li> <Li> Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron </Li> <Li> Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron </Li> <Li> John Lithgow as Don Whitaker </Li> <Li> Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker </Li> <Li> John Cena as Roger </Li> <Li> Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron </Li> <Li> Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron </Li> <Li> Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron </Li> <Li> Didi Costine as Adrianna </Li> <Li> Chesley Sullenberger as himself </Li> <Li> Liam Neeson as himself </Li> <Li> Bill Burr as Jerry </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In April 2016 , the sequel was announced , with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles , Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script , and Anders directing . In January 2017 , it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters ' fathers in the film . The two were later confirmed to star , along with Linda Cardellini , John Cena , Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez , reprising their roles . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began on March 20 , 2017 . Scenes were filmed in Concord , Massachusetts , Framingham , Massachusetts , and Great Barrington , Massachusetts . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was released in the United States on November 10 , 2017 . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Daddy 's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD on February 20 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Daddy 's Home 2 grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $76.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $180.4 million , against a production budget of $69 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , Daddy 's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $10.7 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters , up from the $1.2 million made by the first film . It went on to debut to $29.7 million , finishing second at the box office , behind holdover Thor : Ragnarok ( $57 million ) . In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million ( a drop of 51.3 % ) , finishing 4th behind Justice League , Wonder and Thor : Ragnarok . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 19 % based on 111 reviews , and an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic comedy that 's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment , Daddy 's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film 's sloppiness and laziness , saying , `` Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force . The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps , and almost none of them land , stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they 're straining to sell . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars , saying : `` After enduring last week 's lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas , I would have bet it would be many a year before we 'd see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny . I sit corrected . '' </P> <P> Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` I found the sequel better than the original -- the writing sharper , the jokes fresher and smarter , the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging . I mentioned this to my incredulous wife , who said , ' So you 're saying it 's the Godfather , Part 2 of the Daddy 's Home series ' . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Subject </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Golden Raspberry Awards </Td> <Td> Worst Actor </Td> <Td> Mark Wahlberg </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worst Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell & Mark Wahlberg Set ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel At Paramount '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson , John Lithgow Circling ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson and John Lithgow Join ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Cena Back For ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' ( PDF

In the movie Daddy's Home 2, the role of Dylan is played by

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Tablets of stone - wikipedia <H1> Tablets of stone </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For funeral or commemorative tablets carved in stone , see Stele . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Ten Commandments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I am the LORD thy God </Li> <Li> No other gods before me </Li> <Li> No graven images or likenesses </Li> <Li> Not take the LORD 's name in vain </Li> <Li> Remember the sabbath day </Li> <Li> Honour thy father and thy mother </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not kill </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not commit adultery </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not steal </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not bear false witness </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not covet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tablets of Stone </Li> <Li> Ritual Decalogue </Li> <Li> Catholic theology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Tables of the Law as they are widely known in English , or Tablets of Stone , Stone Tablets , or Tablets of Testimony ( in Hebrew : לוחות הברית Luchot HaBrit - `` the tablets ( of ) the covenant '' ) in the Hebrew Bible , were the two pieces of stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments when Moses ascended Mount Sinai as written in the Book of Exodus . Exodus 31 : 18 refers to the tablets as the `` Tablets of ( the ) Testimony '' . </P> <P> According to the Bible , there were two sets . The first , inscribed by God , ( Exodus 31 : 18 ) were smashed by Moses when he was enraged by the sight of the Children of Israel worshipping a golden calf ( Exodus 32 : 19 ) and the second were later cut by Moses and rewritten by God . ( Exodus 34 : 1 ) </P> <P> According to traditional teachings of Judaism in the Talmud , they were made of blue sapphire stone as a symbolic reminder of the sky , the heavens , and ultimately of God 's throne . Many Torah scholars , however , have opined that the Biblical `` sapir '' was , in fact , the lapis lazuli ( see Exodus 24 : 10 , lapis lazuli is a possible alternate rendering of `` sapphire '' the stone pavement under God 's feet when the intention to craft the tablets of the covenant is disclosed Exodus 24 : 12 ) . </P> <P> According to the bible , both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant ( the Aron Habrit in Hebrew ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Appearance of the tablets </Li> <Li> 2 Content </Li> <Li> 3 Christian replicas </Li> <Li> 4 In the Qur'an </Li> <Li> 5 Gallery </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Appearance of the tablets ( edit ) </H2> A popular image of the Tablets as rounded - off rectangles bears little relationship with religious traditions about their appearance . In this case , the Ten Commandments are represented by the first ten letters of the Hebrew alphabet , which in Hebrew usage may be used interchangeably with the numbers 1 - 10 . Rectangular tablets passed down by the Hand of God in the 10th century Byzantine Leo Bible . <P> In recent centuries the tablets have been popularly described and depicted as round - topped rectangles but this has little basis in religious tradition . According to Rabbinic tradition , they were rectangles , with sharp corners , and indeed they are so depicted in the 3rd century paintings at the Dura - Europos Synagogue and in Christian art throughout the 1st millennium , drawing on Jewish traditions of iconography . </P> <P> The rounded tablets appear in the Middle Ages , following in size and shape contemporary hinged writing tablets for taking notes ( with a stylus on a layer of wax on the insides ) . For Michelangelo and Andrea Mantegna they still have sharp corners ( see gallery ) , and are about the size found in Rabbinic tradition . Later artists such as Rembrandt tended to combine the rounded shape with the larger size . While , as mentioned above , Rabbinic tradition teaches that the tablets were squared , according to some authorities , the Rabbis themselves approved of rounded depictions of the tablets in replicas so that the replicas would not exactly match the historical tablets . </P> <P> According to the Talmud , the length and width of each of the Tablets was six Tefachim , and each was three Tefachim thick - respectively roughly 20 and ten inches , though they tend to be shown larger in art . Also according to tradition , the words were not engraved on the surface , but rather were bored fully through the stone . </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Jewish religious tradition , the arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways . Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel said that each tablet contained five commandments , `` but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other '' . Because the commandments establish a covenant , it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets . This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt , in which a copy was made for each party . But the tablets may have contained not only the Ten Commandments but also additional precepts and words as can be inferred from the verses Exodus 31 : 18 , Exodus 34 : 1 , Exodus 34 : 27 - 28 . </P> <H2> Christian replicas ( edit ) </H2> <P> Replicas of the tablets , known as tabots or sellats , are a vital part of the practice of Ethiopian Orthodox Church , which claims that the original Ark of the Covenant is kept in the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum . </P> <H2> In the qur'an ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Musa </Li> <Li> Mūsa ٰمُوسَى </Li> <Li> Moses </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ten Commandments </Li> <Li> Tawrat </Li> <Li> Ṣuḥuf Mūsā </Li> <Li> ( Biblical and Quranic narratives </Li> <Li> Prophets and messengers in Islam </Li> <Li> Golden calf </Li> <Li> Asiya </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Balaam </Li> <Li> Samiri </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ulu'l azm prophets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Islam portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Moses in Islam and Islamic ethics § Moral commandments <P> The Quran states that tablets were given to Moses , without quoting their contents explicitly : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` And We ordained laws for him in the tablets in all matters , both commanding and explaining all things , ( and said ) : ' Take and hold these with firmness , and enjoin thy people to hold fast by the best in the precepts : soon shall I show you the homes of the wicked , - ( How they lie desolate ) . ' '' ( Quran 7 : 145 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> These tablets are not broken in the Quran , but picked up later : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` When Moses came back to his people , angry and grieved , he said : ' Evil it is that ye have done in my place in my absence : did ye make haste to bring on the judgment of your Lord ? ' He put down the tablets , seized his brother by ( the hair of ) his head , and dragged him to him ... '' ( Quran 7 : 150 ) . `` When the anger of Moses was appeased , he took up the tablets : in the writing thereon was guidance and Mercy for such as fear their Lord . '' ( Quran 7 : 154 ) . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Round corners , 13th century , France </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Round corners , c. 1390 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sharp corners by Michelangelo </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Andrea Mantegna , c. 1461 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Moses receiving the tablets of stone , written by God 's finger </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tablet ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Tabot , a replica of the Tablets of Stone used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church </Li> <Li> World 's largest book , a stone book the pages of which are inscribed stone tablets </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ See : Staples , W.E. , `` Lapis Lazuli '' , in The Interpreter 's Dictionary of the Bible , vol. 3 , p. 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bava Batra 14a . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Except for a variant tradition where a scroll is shown , only known from Christian examples . ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See HaQoton , Reb Chaim `` Squared vs. Rounded Tablets '' ( also available on academia.edu ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bava Batra 14a . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabbi Ishmael . Horowitz - Rabin ( ed . ) , ed . Mekhilta . pp. 233 , Tractate de -- ba -- Hodesh , 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Margaliot , Dr. Meshulam ( July 2004 ) . `` What was Written on the Two Tablets ? '' . Bar - Ilan University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adam Clarke Commentary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Raffaele , `` Keepers of the Lost Ark ? '' Smithsonian Magazine , December 2007 ( accessed 9 April 2011 ) </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ten Commandments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commandments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I am the Lord thy God </Li> <Li> Thou shalt have no other gods before me </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain </Li> <Li> Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy </Li> <Li> Honour thy father and thy mother </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not kill </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not commit adultery </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not steal </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour </Li> <Li> Thou shalt not covet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ten Commandments : The Musical </Li> <Li> K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments </Li> <Li> Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) </Li> <Li> 2007 film </Li> <Li> 2010 film </Li> <Li> The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) </Li> <Li> The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) </Li> <Li> The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 613 Mitzvot </Li> <Li> Alternatives </Li> <Li> Catholic theology </Li> <Li> Finger of God </Li> <Li> Ritual Decalogue </Li> <Li> Seven Laws of Noah </Li> <Li> Tablets of Stone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ark of the Covenant topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moses </Li> <Li> Kohanim </Li> <Li> High Priest of Israel </Li> <Li> Israelites </Li> <Li> Levites </Li> <Li> Bezalel </Li> <Li> Tribe of Judah </Li> <Li> Oholiab </Li> <Li> Kehath </Li> <Li> Tribe of Levi </Li> <Li> Jeremiah </Li> <Li> Joshua </Li> <Li> Samuel </Li> <Li> Solomon </Li> <Li> Menelik I </Li> </Ul>

The tablet of the Ten Commandments is located

Where is the tablet of the ten commandments?

-2209447596927875442

bus in New York City <P> The bus lines have drawn scrutiny from law enforcement authorities for possible connections to Chinese organized crime gangs . In 2003 and 2004 , a number of bus arsons , driver assaults , murders , and other gang violence in New York City were linked to the possible infiltration of Asian organized crime gangs into the industry . </P> <P> Among the crimes believed to have been associated with gang activity was a deadly shooting in May 2003 , on a busy street , which may have been in retaliation for a driver having backed his bus into a rival ; as revenge , two buses were set on fire in 2004 . There was a fatal stabbing in October 2003 , as well as another , unrelated stabbing in 2004 . In January 2004 , the boyfriend of a bus worker was lethally shot in what appeared to be a bus feud , and in March 2004 , a Chinatown bus operator was killed in another fatal shooting . In a June 2004 incident tied to criminal gangs , two people -- a Chinatown bus driver and a bystander -- were murdered in a bar in Flushing , Queens , and another was shot in the leg . The accused shooter was arrested in Toronto in 2011 and extradited to the United States . After the 2004 shootings , the New York City Police Department started enforcing Chinatown bus rules more strictly . </P> <P> In 2008 , the New York Post linked the `` Banya Organization '' gang with Chinatown buses . The gang allegedly inflicted brutal beatings to coerce private bus and van companies , who were not identified . In 2013 , police confiscated 254 guns and arrested 19 people in the largest gun - smuggling ring in New York City 's history ; the suspects were accused of shipping guns from North Carolina and South Carolina to the Northern United States via Chinatown buses . On the most part , however , crime between bus operators and employees has mostly subsided . </P> <H2> Vehicles ( edit ) </H2> Double Happiness # 222 at Herald Square . <P> The fleet used by various Chinabus companies can vary greatly from new coaches to older , pre-owned coaches , and with a few notable exceptions such as Eastern Shuttle and routes to Boston , not all units are branded with the operator name other than required USDOT markings . </P> <P> With the exception of Eastern Shuttle and services to Boston ( all of which use clearly marked buses ) , many Chinatown bus companies use wet leases to provide overflow capacity during the weekend . Some smaller companies use wet leases to provide their core capacity . Typically , a bus ( and a driver ) would be chartered from a tour bus operator , a practice also used by mainstream companies such as Greyhound Lines during peak service . </P> <H2> Service ( edit ) </H2> Bus ticket saleswoman at the corner of East Broadway and Forsyth Street in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan 's Chinatown . <P> Chinatown buses typically run nonstop express service between the departure and destination points . This typically results in shorter travel times . For instance , the trip from State College , Pennsylvania , to New York City takes about four hours on the Chinatown bus , compared to more than seven hours on Greyhound . However , although the Chinatown buses are often cheaper than alternative modes of transport like Amtrak and airplanes , they are also slower ; for example , Amtrak and airplanes take about 2.75 to 3.5 hours to travel from New York City to Washington , D.C. , while Chinatown buses take 4 to 5 hours . These intercity buses run at least 2,500 weekly trips . </P> <P> Many competitors offer discount prices that undercut the major bus lines . Typical fares between East Coast cities range from $10 to $20 , compared to major curbside bus lines ( which typically cost between $1 and $25 ) , terminal - operated bus lines ( which cost between $14 and $35 ) , and Amtrak ( which costs about $100 . ) The industry has become highly competitive with companies offering hourly service between major cities . The Appalachian extensions of these lines tend to offer less of a price advantage ; for example , in August 2006 , one - way fares from New York to Pittsburgh on the Chinese - owned All State were $35 compared with $45 advance through Greyhound Lines , while tickets from State College , Pennsylvania , to New York were $35 , compared to $46 for Greyhound . Chinatown buses also charge flat fees , while other intercity buses may vary pricing based on demand . Low prices led to high demand for many Chinatown bus routes , and although a single round trip can incur hundreds of dollars in expenses , a fully booked bus can net at least $340 in profits per round trip after these expenses are paid . </P> <P> Often , ticket booths are walk - up windows on the street , or are located inside restaurants and bakeries throughout a given Chinatown community , although it is not uncommon for tickets to be sold on the street directly . Some lines even simply collect cash payment after passengers have boarded the bus . However , tickets are often sold online , either by the bus companies themselves or by portals and print - outs of confirmation emails are used as tickets . Except in Boston , the lines rarely use stations of their own . Passengers are usually directed to wait along a given curbside for the arrival of the bus , although many companies offer waiting areas at or near the pickup points . Several bus stops are also near major hotels and in the parking areas of major Chinese supermarkets . In New York , several bus lines pick up passengers on a stretch of Forsyth Street at the foot of the Manhattan Bridge in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan 's Chinatown . Since 1998 , when the New York City Department of Transportation marked the strip a bus layover area , the sidewalk between Division Street and East Broadway has served as a de facto terminal for the Chinatown buses . </P> <P> Most operators of Chinatown bus lines have traditionally been Fujianese . Often , buses do not follow their scheduled timetables , and many buses are often unreliable , sometimes skipping scheduled stops altogether . In addition , since there are no advertisements and often no websites for these bus lines , knowledge of such bus lines is often spread verbally . </P> <H2> Destinations and routes ( edit ) </H2> Schematic of the main Eastern US Chinatown Bus Lines as of 2010 , centralized in New York City as the hub <P> In addition to in Boston and in the various Chinatowns in the New York metropolitan area within New York City and Long Island , several bus line companies also link to the Chinatowns of Edison , New Jersey ; Cherry Hill Mall ; Philadelphia ; Washington , D.C. ; Baltimore ; Atlanta ; and to the casinos of Atlantic City . Buses also go to Ohio , Michigan , Rhode Island , Virginia , and Florida . However , Chinatown buses also stop at smaller , predominately non-Chinese areas such as in North Carolina and South Carolina . On the West Coast , buses link the Chinatowns of the San Francisco Bay Area ; Los Angeles Chinatown and the San Gabriel Valley ; and Las Vegas ' Chinatown and casinos . In the I - 5 corridor in California , similar services are found in the Hispanic community and provide transportation to / from Baja California in Mexico . Often , the Chinatown bus lines enable Chinese immigrants , mainly restaurant workers , to be transported cheaply along the coasts . In total , the buses travel within 24 U.S. states and Canada . </P> <P> Many Chinatown buses have their base of operation in New York City , and it has been proposed to build a Chinatown bus hub there . New York - to - Boston Chinatown buses generally use the Massachusetts Turnpike from Boston to I - 84 , and then follow I - 84 to I - 91 to I - 95 . As I - 95 approaches New York , several routings are possible depending on the traffic situation . Some drivers use the Throgs Neck Bridge to reach the Long Island Expressway , then to the Brooklyn - Queens Expressway , and then Manhattan Bridge to Canal Street . Other drivers use the Whitestone Bridge . Most drivers use the Triborough Bridge when traffic is not congested , and reach the Brooklyn - Queens Expressway via Astoria Boulevard . </P> <P> In Philadelphia , the Independence Transportation Center was built in part due on a 2007 survey by the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation , which concluded that many tourists arrived by bus and that some Chinatown buses disruptively parked on the street . People living closer to Chinatown bus stops in Philadelphia 's Chinatown were more likely to complain about the buses . Similarly , in Washington , D.C. , interim bus loading regulations were enacted in 2008 due to complaints about disruptive bus layovers . In Boston in 2004 , the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority required Chinatown buses to make stops inside South Station and to have permits . Although Fung Wah Bus Transportation was often ticketed for curbside parking offenses in Boston , they eventually became one of two Chinatown buses headquartered in South Station ( besides Lucky Star Bus ) because the fines for curbside parking were becoming higher than the South Station terminal fees . </P> <P> Besides the routes within the major North Eastern cities , several Chinatown buses have daily routes that run from New York City to Miami . The majority of the trip uses I - 95 , and the buses stop near major destinations in the Southern United States . A couple of routes also go to Ohio . In order to save time , the buses never go into the city , but instead stop at gas stations and rest stops along I - 95 . </P> <P> Chinatown buses often go from major cities to casinos . Some ' Casino Buses ' use I - 395 to make an intermediate stop at Foxwoods Resort Casino between the Massachusetts Turnpike and I - 95 . An example of this can also be found in the Southern United States where tour companies offer bus services from Houston 's Chinatown to Lake Charles area casinos . In Canada , ' Casino Buses ' are offered between Toronto and Niagara Falls , Ontario . </P> <H2> Safety ( edit ) </H2> Passengers waiting to board the Travel Pack bus in Manhattan , departing for Boston . <P> Chinatown buses have been involved in numerous accidents over the years , and there have been 34 intercity bus accidents across the United States in 2001 -- 2011 . On a 2006 safety scale of 0 to 100 , where 0 was the safest and 100 the most dangerous , Chinatown bus lines were ranked as between 71 and 99 , while Greyhound Lines got a very safe rating of 0 . Often , `` calculations of safety and risk are inverted , '' according to a 2013 City University of New York study . Statistically , the curbside Chinatown buses are often more dangerous than buses that originate from terminals . Still , many travelers were not discouraged . However , intercity bus accidents are quite rare . </P> <P> After the murders in 2003 -- 4 , officials had begun randomly checking buses for operational problems . In March 2011 , two fatal crashes -- the World Wide Tours bus crash on Interstate 95 in New York , and a New Jersey Turnpike crash -- led officials to confiscate six

The Chinatown bus stops in NYC at

Where does the chinatown bus stop in nyc?

3581703127157842174

Right to Buy - wikipedia <H1> Right to Buy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Right to Buy scheme is a policy in the United Kingdom ( with the exception of Scotland since August 1 , 2016 ) which gives secure tenants of councils and some housing associations the legal right to buy , at a large discount , the council house they are living in . There is also a Right to Acquire for assured tenants of housing association homes built with public subsidy after 1997 , at a smaller discount . About 1,500,000 homes in the UK have been sold in this manner since the introduction of the scheme in 1980 . </P> <P> Supporters claim that the programme has given millions of households a tangible asset , secured their families ' finances and -- by releasing cash to repay local authority debt -- helped improve the public finances . Critics claim that the policy compounded a housing shortage for people of low income , initiated a national house price bubble , and led ultimately to what is commonly recognised as the displacement and social cleansing of traditional communities . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Thatcher policies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Right to Buy rules after 2005 </Li> <Li> 3 Recent changes </Li> <Li> 4 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Council - type housing stock in Weaverham , now mostly owner - occupied <P> Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants , but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare . </P> <P> The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the house they live in , in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost . Later , the Conservative - controlled Greater London Council ( GLC ) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler , its Chairman of Housing , to create a general sales scheme . Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing , and supported a free - market approach . GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s , but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977 . They proved extremely popular . Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher ( MP for Finchley ) who made the right to buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally . The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto , but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates , as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell . </P> <P> In the meantime , council house sales to tenants began to increase . Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970 ; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972 . </P> <H3> Thatcher policies ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979 , the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980 . Michael Heseltine , in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment , was in charge of implementing the legislation . Some 6,000,000 people were affected ; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit . Heseltine noted that `` no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people '' . He said the right to buy had two main objectives : to give people what they wanted , and to reverse the trend of ever - increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual . </P> <P> He said : `` There is in this country a deeply ingrained desire for home ownership . The Government believe that this spirit should be fostered . It reflects the wishes of the people , ensures the wide spread of wealth through society , encourages a personal desire to improve and modernise one 's own home , enables parents to accrue wealth for their children and stimulates the attitudes of independence and self - reliance that are the bedrock of a free society . '' </P> <P> The sale price of a council house was based on its market valuation but also included a discount of between 33 % and 50 % , to reflect the rents paid by tenants and also to encourage take - up . According to a government survey in 1988 , the average discount that had been offered was 44 % . Mortgages involved no down payments . The legislation gave council tenants the right to buy their council house at a discounted value , depending on how long they had been living in the house , with the proviso that if they sold their house before a minimum period had expired they would have to pay back a proportion of the discount . The sales were an attractive deal for tenants ; hundreds of thousands of homes were sold . The policy became one of the major points of Thatcherism . </P> <P> The policy proved immediately popular . Some local Labour - controlled councils were opposed , but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases , and gave them half the proceeds . Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England . </P> <P> Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities , but the government restricted authorities ' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared , rather than spending it on building more homes . The effect was to reduce the council housing stock , especially in areas where property prices were high , such as London and the south - east of England . </P> <P> 200,000 council houses were sold to their tenants in 1982 . By 1987 , more than 1,000,000 council houses in the UK had been sold to their tenants , although the number of council houses purchased by tenants declined during the 1990s . </P> <P> The Labour Party was initially against the sales , and pledged to oppose them at the 1983 general election , but then dropped its official opposition to the scheme in 1985 . However , at the 1987 general election , the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme . </P> <P> When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election , it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock ; this included almost the whole of London . </P> <H2> Right to Buy rules after 2005 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005 . Five years ' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify , and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell . Such owners now had to approach their previous landlord ( council or housing association ) and offer them `` first right of refusal '' . If the previous landlord was no longer in existence , for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business , then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority . </P> <P> The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months . The Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage - selling . </P> <P> The FCA 's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis - selling from brokers and solicitors alike . Each had their own agenda and many were actively charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client 's discount . Fortunately , the above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control . </P> <P> In 2009 , the Localis think tank suggested , as part of a review of principles for social housing reform , that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers , which could be part - earned through being a good tenant . </P> <P> The qualifying period changed from 5 years to 3 years ( edited rbcdd3117 in 2018 ) </P> <H2> Recent changes ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference , David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing . Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal . </P> <P> As of 2 April 2012 , the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £ 75,000 or 60 % of the house value ( 70 % for a flat ) depending on which is lower . In March 2013 , the maximum discount in London was increased to £ 100,000 . </P> <P> The maximum amount of discount changes annually wef April 2017 it changed to £ 78,600.00 ( edited 2018 rbc dd3117 ) </P> <P> The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September ( see separate document from the Right to Buy Team , Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government . </P> <P> As the CPI in September 2017 was 3 % the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018 / 19 will be £ 80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018 . Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts ( £ 78,600 ) . In summary discount is a maximum of £ 80,900.00 from April 2018 ( rbcdd3117 ) </P> <P> The aim of the scheme is , for every additional home sold , a new home will be built for ' affordable rent ' at up to 80 % of market rent , aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list . The five year tenancy criterion will remain , and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale , part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back . </P> <P> The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will if enacted extend right - to - buy to housing association tenants . </P> <P> In July 2013 , the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017 . It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing ( Scotland ) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016 . </P> <P> In the summer of 2017 , the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales . This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017 . </P> <H2> Criticisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons : </P> <Ul> <Li> Speculating investors were able to buy up council properties through deferred transaction agreements , hastening the rise in property costs ; </Li> <Li> Commercially and socially valuable council assets being sold at below their market value or replacement cost ; </Li> <Li> The remaining stock of council housing was concentrated in undesirable areas with little employment opportunity , further isolating and stigmatising the tenants . </Li> </Ul> <P> A report published in January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley , From Right to Buy to Buy to Let , showed that 36

The Right to Buy scheme started in

When did the right to buy scheme start?

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Card security code - wikipedia <H1> Card security code </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The card security code is located on the back of MasterCard , Visa , Discover , Diners Club , and JCB credit or debit cards and is typically a separate group of three digits to the right of the signature strip . On American Express cards , the card security code is a printed , not embossed , group of four digits on the front towards the right . <P> A card security code ( CSC ; also called card verification data ( CVD ) , card verification number , card verification value ( CVV ) , card verification value code , card verification code ( CVC ) , verification code ( V - code or V code ) , or signature panel code ( SPC ) ) is a security feature for `` card not present '' payment card transactions instituted to reduce the incidence of credit card fraud . </P> <P> The CSC is in addition to the bank card number which is embossed or printed on the card . The CSC is used as a security feature , in situations where a PIN can not be used . The PIN is not printed or embedded on the card but is manually entered by the cardholder during point - of - sale ( card present ) transactions . Contactless card and chip cards may electronically generate their own code , such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV . </P> <P> CSC was originally developed in the UK as an 11 character alphanumeric code by Equifax employee Michael Stone in 1995 . After testing with the Littlewoods Home Shopping group and NatWest bank , the concept was adopted by APACS ( the UK Association of Payment Clearing Services ) and streamlined to the three - digit code known today . MasterCard started issuing CVC2 numbers in 1997 and Visa in the United States issued them by 2001 . American Express started to use the CSC in 1999 , in response to growing internet transactions and card member complaints of spending interruptions when the security of a card has been brought into question . </P> <P> In 2016 , a new e-commerce technology called Motioncode was introduced , designed to automatically refresh the CVV code to a new one every hour or so . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 Types of codes </Li> <Li> 3 Location of code </Li> <Li> 4 Security benefits </Li> <Li> 5 Limitations </Li> <Li> 6 Generation of CSC </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The codes have different names : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` CID '' : `` Card Id '' , `` Card Identification Number '' , or `` Card Identification Code '' -- Discover , American Express ( four digits on front of card ) </Li> <Li> `` CSC '' or `` Card Security Code '' -- debit cards , American Express ( three digits on back of card ) </Li> <Li> `` CVC2 '' or `` Card Validation Code '' -- MasterCard </Li> <Li> `` CVD '' or `` Card Verification Data '' -- Discover , sometimes used as the common acronym for this kind of code </Li> <Li> `` CVE '' or `` Elo Verification Code '' -- Elo in Brazil </Li> <Li> `` CVN2 '' or `` Card Validation Number 2 '' -- China UnionPay </Li> <Li> `` CVV2 '' or `` Card Verification Value 2 '' -- Visa </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types of codes ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are several types of security codes : </P> <Ul> <Li> The first code , called CVC1 or CVV1 , is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions . The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant . This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point - of - sale ( card present ) device and is verified by the issuer . A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied , then the code is still valid . ( See credit card fraud § skimming . ) </Li> <Li> The second code , and the most cited , is CVV2 or CVC2 . This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail , fax , telephone or Internet . In some countries in Western Europe , card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person . </Li> <Li> Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes , such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Location of code ( edit ) </H2> <P> The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed , not embossed like the card number , on the signature strip on the back of the card . On American Express cards , the card security code is the four digits printed ( not embossed ) on the front towards the right . The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat . </P> <Ul> <Li> American Express cards have a four - digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number . </Li> <Li> Diners Club , Discover , JCB , MasterCard , and Visa credit and debit cards have a three - digit card security code . The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card . </Li> <Li> New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip . This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Security benefits ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a security measure , merchants who require the CVV2 for `` card not present '' payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized . This way , if a database of transactions is compromised , the CVV2 is not included , and the stolen card numbers are less useful . Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code , therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web - based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers , expiration dates , and other information still lack the CVV2 code . </P> <P> The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI DSS ) also prohibits the storage of CSC ( and other sensitive authorisation data ) post transaction authorisation . This applies globally to anyone who stores , processes or transmits card holder data . Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card , it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant . However , some merchants in North America , such as Sears and Staples , require the code . For American Express cards , this has been an invariable practice ( for `` card not present '' transactions ) in European Union ( EU ) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005 . This provides a level of protection to the bank / cardholder , in that a fraudulent merchant or employee can not simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for `` card not present '' purchases over the phone , mail order or Internet . To do this , a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it , which is more likely to arouse the cardholder 's suspicion . </P> <P> Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession . Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card , or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card . </P> <H2> Limitations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The use of the CSC can not protect against phishing scams , where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website . The growth in phishing has reduced the real - world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device . There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number ( perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt ) and gives this information to the victims ( lulling them into a false sense of security ) before asking for the CSC ( which is all that the phisher needs ) . </Li> <Li> Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time ( after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized ) , a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction . Payment gateways , however , have responded by adding `` periodic bill '' features as part of the authorization process . </Li> <Li> Some card issuers do not use the CSC . However , transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants , and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder . </Li> <Li> It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction , hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers . </Li> <Li> It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Generation of CSC ( edit ) </H2> <P> The CSC for each card ( form 1 and 2 ) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued . It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date ( two fields printed on the card ) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer , and decimalising the result . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Credit card fraud </Li> <Li> ISO 8583 ( data element # 44 carries the Security Code response ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ American Express usually uses the four - digit code on the front of the card , referred to as the Card Identification Code ( CID ) , but also has a three - digit code on the back of the card , referred to as the Card Security Code ( CSC ) . American Express also sometimes refers to a `` Unique Card Code '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIBC MasterCard - MasterCard SecureCode '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This card is being rolled out by French banks to eliminate fraud '' . thememo.com. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Do I need to do anything before using my Gift Card or Business Gift Card ? , `` four digit Card Identification Code ( CID ) located on the front of the Card , three digit Card Security Code ( CSC ) on the back of the Card '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Card Security Features '' ( PDF ) . Visa . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li>

A CVV code on a Visa gift card is

What is a cvv code on a visa gift card?

2536150218240275989

See You in September - wikipedia <H1> See You in September </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` See You in September '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Tempos </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Bless You My Love '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Climax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sid Wayne , Sherman Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jack Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Tempos singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` See You in September '' ( 1959 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Crossroads of Love '' ( 1959 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` See You in September '' ( 1959 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Crossroads of Love '' ( 1959 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` See You in September '' is a song written by Sid Wayne and Sherman Edwards . The song was first recorded by the Pittsburgh vocal group The Tempos . This first version peaked at number 23 in the summer of 1959 . The most popular version of `` See You In September '' was the version by The Happenings in 1966 , when it reached number three . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 The Happenings version </Li> <Li> 3 Other versions </Li> <Li> 4 Use in popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sid Wayne would recall the song 's inception : `` I was in the habit of going from my home on Long Island every day to Brill Building , on Tin Pan Alley ( to ) meet with different songwriters there . We 'd eat at Jack Dempsey 's or The Turf Restaurant and then we 'd go up to one of the publishers ' offices and work in the piano room . We 'd sit around saying to each other , ' What do you want to write today ? A hit or a standard ? ' '' At 11 a.m. on a Friday in June 1959 Wayne thus met up with Sherman Edwards : `` he said , ' What do you want to write ? ' ' I 'd like to write a song called See You in September , '' ' I said . We talked it back and forth and I think I may have contributed part of the opening music , but with Sherman it did n't matter , because he could throw me back half the lyric -- that 's how he worked . I think probably by two in the afternoon we got the song finished . It needed to be written ; it was like boiling inside of us . '' </P> <P> By 4 : 30 p.m. that day , Wayne and Edwards had reworked their composition , simplifying it so as to appeal to the teen demographic , and proceeded to make the rounds of publishers to pitch the song which , after one rejection , met with an enthusiastic reception from Jack Gold , owner of the local Paris label , who by 8 p.m. had telephoned the Tempos in their hometown of Pittsburgh . The group had been flown into New York City by the next day , Saturday . Sid Wayne : `` By Monday the record was cut ( with the Billy Mure orchestra ) , test pressings were Thursday , and by Friday the song was played on WNEW in New York . The thing took off like wildfire ... Five hundred dollars to split between the two of us ( ie . Wayne & Edwards ) ... was a damn good week 's pay in 1961 . '' </P> <P> In fact , the Tempos ' `` See You in September '' failed to become a hit in the New York City area and despite breaking in San Francisco in June 1959 , the single did not reach the national charts until that July . Despite a subsequent swift ascent of the Billboard Hot 100 , the single 's momentum fell sharply at the end of August 1959 with a resultant # 23 peak . Although overshadowed by the Happenings ' # 3 remake , the Tempos ' version of `` See You in September '' did gain considerable currency in 1973 by virtue of its inclusion on the American Graffiti soundtrack . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mike Lazo ( top tenor ) , Jim Drake , Tom Monito , Gene Schachter </Li> </Ul> <H2> The Happenings version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` See You in September '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Happenings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Happenings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` He Thinks He 's a Hero '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> B.T. Puppy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sid Wayne , Sherman Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Tokens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Happenings singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Girls on the Go '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` See You in September '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` Go Away Little Girl '' ( 1966 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Girls on the Go '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` See You in September '' ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> `` Go Away Little Girl '' ( 1966 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bob Miranda of the Happenings recalls that he and the other members of the group considered the original version of `` See You in September '' , which was `` sort of a slow Cha - Cha ( to be ) a great song and kind of a bad record . We always looked for that . If you want to revise something and put your own sound to it , I think you should look for a great song that was not a great record . '' Recorded in the spring of 1966 , the Happenings ' version of `` See You in September '' was produced by Bob Crewe for the B.T. Puppy label , though the label credits the producer to `` Bright Tunes Productions . '' The song 's arrangement -- by Herb Bernstein -- recalled both the recordings of the Tokens ( who owned B.T. Puppy ) and the Four Seasons . Breaking out in Boston , where the track reached the Top Ten that June , `` See You in September '' accrued enough national support to enter the Billboard Hot 100 that July to reach that chart 's Top Ten the third week of August 1966 . Despite peaking at # 3 the first week of September 1966 , the single had enough staying power to remain in the Top Ten throughout the rest of the month . That December , the Happenings were awarded a Gold disc for `` See You in September '' 's selling a million units . The single became a hit in Brazil , appearing at # 1 on the chart for Rio de Janeiro in January 1967 . In June 1967 the Happenings were invited to participate in the Sanremo Music Festival , where they performed it in Italian as `` Aria de settembre '' . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the period between the original recording of `` See You in September '' by the Tempos in 1959 and the # 3 hit version by the Happenings in 1966 , the song was remade in classic doo - wop style by the Quotations in April 1962 ; according to Quotations member Harvey Hersh : `` Verve ( the group 's label ) released the record in August which pretty much destroyed any chance of air play . '' </P> <P> 1962 also saw a cover of the song on the album The Things We Did Last Summer by Shelley Fabares . </P> <P> In 1963 , Bobby Rydell recorded the song for his album Wild ( Wood ) Days . Also in 1963 , the Chiffons recorded a version of the song for their He 's So Fine album ; the track was reprised on their 1966 Sweet Talkin ' Guy album . </P> <P> Mike Clifford had a September 1964 single release of the song but as the B - side of the non-charter `` One By One The Roses Died '' . </P> <P> In the UK , where the Happenings ' single was released on Fontana Records in August 1966 and fell short of UK Singles Chart , `` See You in September '' was recorded the same month by The Symbols , a male quartet from East London signed by Edward Kassner of President Records specifically to cover the Happenings ' hit . Featuring Keith Mansfield on orchestral arrangement / conducting duties , the Symbols ' version reached # 19 on the Radio London Fab 40 , without ranking on the UK Singles Chart . Distribution problems reportedly also factoring into its lack of chart impact , although the Symbols remained with President providing the label with successful covers of older American hits `` Bye Bye Baby '' and `` The Best Part of Breaking Up '' ; and their guitarist , Mick Clarke , would be a founding member of The Rubettes . `` See You in September '' was also recorded by Gerry and the Pacemakers . </P> <P> In 1966 , in Hong Kong , this song was covered by local pop group Teddy Robin and the Playboys on their LP album Not All Lies ! . </P> <P> The Association and Frankie Valli also had hits with the song . </P> <P> In 1972 , a remake of the song by the Mike Curb Congregation reached # 15 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart . Julie Budd also remade the song that year , with her version successful enough in Argentina to justify a South American tour in the spring of 1973 . </P> <P> In August 1979 , a version by Debby Boone was issued as a single to coincide with the release of the Debby Boone album ( which did not feature `` See You in September '' ) . This version charted at # 41 C&W and # 45 Adult Contemporary . Also in 1979 Cisse ( fi ) remade `` See You in September '' for his Summer Party album . </P> <P> In November 1966 , Olivier Despax ( fr ) recorded a French - language version of the song in London for release on Barclay Records . That same year the Spanish rendering `` Te veré en septiembre '' was

The song "Will I See You in September" was sung by

Who sang will i see you in september?

2936402326207785693

New Jersey Drive - wikipedia <H1> New Jersey Drive </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> New Jersey Drive </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical Release Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Nick Gomez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Larry Meistrich </Li> <Li> Bob Gosse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Nick Gomez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sharron Corley </Li> <Li> Gabriel Casseus </Li> <Li> Saul Stein </Li> <Li> Gwen McGee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Adam Kimmel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Tracy Granger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> 40 Acres and a Mule </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Gramercy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 19 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 98 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $3,565,508 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> New Jersey Drive is a 1995 crime drama film about joy riding black teenagers in 1990s Newark , New Jersey , then known as the `` car theft capital of the world '' . </P> <P> The film was written and directed by Nick Gomez . The executive producer was Spike Lee . </P> <P> Roger Ebert gave the film three stars . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sharron Corley as Jason Petty </Li> <Li> Gabriel Casseus as Midget </Li> <Li> Saul Stein as Emil Roscoe </Li> <Li> Donald Faison as Tiny Dime </Li> <Li> Heavy D as Bo - Kane </Li> <Li> Roscoe Orman as Judge </Li> <Li> Michael Pincus as Emil Roscoe 's Cousin - Curly </Li> <Li> Christine Baranski as Prosecutor </Li> <Li> Paul Schulze as Booking Sergeant </Li> <Li> Arthur Nascarella as Mr. Chop Shop </Li> </Ul> <P> Gwen McGee as Renee Petty </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Album </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Peak chart positions </Th> <Th> Certifications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. </Th> <Th> U.S. R&B </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> New Jersey Drive , Vol. 1 <Ul> <Li> Released : March 28 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Label : Tommy Boy </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US : Gold </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> New Jersey Drive , Vol. 2 <Ul> <Li> Released : April 11 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Label : Tommy Boy </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-jersey-drive-1995 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> New Jersey Drive on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Jersey Drive . boxofficemojo.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Nick Gomez </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Laws of Gravity ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> New Jersey Drive ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Illtown ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Drowning Mona ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Final Jeopardy ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lizzie Borden Took an Ax ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Drive&oldid=830830214 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1995 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s crime drama films </Li> <Li> American crime drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Hood films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Nick Gomez </Li> <Li> 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films </Li> <Li> Films set in New Jersey </Li> <Li> Films shot in New Jersey </Li> <Li> Culture of Newark , New Jersey </Li> <Li> Gramercy Pictures films </Li> <Li> African - American films </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 05 : 12 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The movie New Jersey Drive is about

What is the movie new jersey drive about?

3022939638183417538

List of Formula One Grand Prix winners - wikipedia <H1> List of Formula One Grand Prix winners </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Formula One </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Current season ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> History of Formula One </Li> <Li> Formula One racing </Li> <Li> Formula One regulations </Li> <Li> Formula One cars </Li> <Li> Formula One engines </Li> <Li> Formula One tyres </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lists ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Drivers <Ul> <Li> ( GP winners </Li> <Li> Polesitters </Li> <Li> Fastest laps </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Champions </Li> <Li> Numbers ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Constructors <Ul> <Li> ( GP winners </Li> <Li> Champions ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Grands Prix </Li> <Li> Circuits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Race Promoters ' Trophy winners </Li> <Li> Points scoring systems </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> National colours </Li> <Li> Sponsorship liveries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Racing flags </Li> <Li> Red - flagged races </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Female drivers </Li> <Li> TV broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Fatalities </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Records ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Drivers </Li> <Li> Constructors </Li> <Li> Engines </Li> <Li> Tyres </Li> <Li> Races </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organisations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> FIA </Li> <Li> FIA World Motor Sport Council </Li> <Li> Formula One Group </Li> <Li> Formula One Constructors ' Association </Li> <Li> Formula One Teams Association </Li> <Li> Grand Prix Drivers ' Association </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Formula One , abbreviated to F1 , is the highest class of open - wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) , motorsport 's world governing body . The `` formula '' in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform . The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix , held usually on purpose - built circuits , and in a few cases on closed city streets . The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo . Each winner is presented with a trophy and the results of each race are combined to determine two annual Championships , one for drivers and one for constructors . The World Championship for Drivers is held since 1950 , after the Formula One standard was agreed upon in 1946 . The Constructors ' Championship was added for the 1958 season and has been awarded ever since . </P> <P> Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories , having won 91 times . Lewis Hamilton is second with 62 wins and Alain Prost is third with 51 wins . Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last . He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix , and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix , a span of 14 years , 1 month and 1 day . Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins -- more than six - and - a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix . Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win -- coming five years , seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix . Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins , having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix . Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix ; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix ; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix . </P> <P> As of the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , out of the 759 drivers who started a Grand Prix , there have been 107 different Formula One Grand Prix winners . The first Grand Prix winner was Giuseppe Farina at the 1950 British Grand Prix , and the most recent driver to score their first Grand Prix win was Valtteri Bottas . </P> <P> This list includes the winners of the Indianapolis 500 race between 1950 and 1960 , as they formed part of the World Championships , even though they were not run by Formula One regulations , nor are they referred to as Grands Prix . </P> Michael Schumacher won a record 91 Grands Prix during his career . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 By driver </Li> <Li> 2 By nationality </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> By driver ( edit ) </H2> <P> All figures correct as of the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix </P> <Table> Key <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Driver competed in the 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bold </Td> <Td> Formula One World Champion </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Formula One Grand Prix Winners <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Driver </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Seasons active </Th> <Th> First win </Th> <Th> Last win </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Th> Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher </Th> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 2006 2010 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> 1992 Belgian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2006 Chinese Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Hamilton , Lewis Lewis Hamilton </Th> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> 2007 Canadian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2017 United States Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Th> Prost , Alain Alain Prost </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1991 1993 </Td> <Td> 1981 French Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1993 German Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Th> Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> 2008 Italian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2017 Brazilian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Th> Senna , Ayrton Ayrton Senna </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1993 Australian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Th> Alonso , Fernando Fernando Alonso </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2001 2003 -- </Td> <Td> 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2013 Spanish Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Mansell , Nigel Nigel Mansell </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1992 1994 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> 1985 European Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1994 Australian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Stewart , Jackie Jackie Stewart </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> 1965 Italian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1973 German Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Clark , Jim Jim Clark </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> 1962 Belgian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1968 South African Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Th> Lauda , Niki Niki Lauda </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1979 1982 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> 1974 Spanish Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1985 Dutch Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Th> Fangio , Juan Manuel Juan Manuel Fangio </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1951 1953 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> 1950 Monaco Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1957 German Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Th> Piquet , Nelson Nelson Piquet </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> 1980 United States Grand Prix West </Td> <Td> 1991 Canadian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Th> Rosberg , Nico Nico Rosberg </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> 2012 Chinese Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2016 Japanese Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Hill , Damon Damon Hill </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1998 Belgian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Th> Häkkinen , Mika Mika Häkkinen </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> 1997 European Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2001 United States Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Th> Räikkönen , Kimi Kimi Räikkönen </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2009 2012 -- </Td> <Td> 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2013 Australian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Moss , Stirling Stirling Moss </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> 1955 British Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1961 German Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Button , Jenson Jenson Button </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Th> Brabham , Jack Jack Brabham </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> 1959 Monaco Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1970 South African Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Hill , Graham Graham Hill </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> 1962 Dutch Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1969 Monaco Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Th> Fittipaldi , Emerson Emerson Fittipaldi </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> 1970 United States Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1975 British Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Th> Ascari , Alberto Alberto Ascari </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> 1951 German Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1953 Swiss Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Th> Coulthard , David David Coulthard </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> 1995 Portuguese Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2003 Australian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Th> Andretti , Mario Mario Andretti </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1972 1974 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> 1971 South African Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1978 Dutch Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Th> Reutemann , Carlos Carlos Reutemann </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> 1974 South African Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1981 Belgian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Th> Jones , Alan Alan Jones </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> 1977 Austrian Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Th> Villeneuve , Jacques Jacques Villeneuve </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 1996 European Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 1997 Luxembourg Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Th> Barrichello , Rubens Rubens Barrichello </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> 2000 German Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2009 Italian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Th> Massa , Felipe Felipe Massa </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2002 2004 -- </Td> <Td> 2006 Turkish Grand Prix </Td> <Td> 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Th> Peterson , Ronnie Ronnie Peterson </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> 1973 French Grand

The driver who has won the most F1 Grand Prix is

Who has won the most f1 grand prix?

6148488566924614969

Rajya Sabha - Wikipedia <H1> Rajya Sabha </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For Current list of Rajya Sabha members , see List of current members of the Rajya Sabha . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E  /  28.61667 ° N 77.20833 ° E  / 28.61667 ; 77.20833 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rajya Sabha Council of States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Emblem of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Upper house of the Parliament of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term limits </Th> <Td> 6 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman ( Vice-President ) </Th> <Td> Venkaiah Naidu , Independent Since 11 August 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Chairman </Th> <Td> P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader of the House </Th> <Td> Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader of the Opposition </Th> <Td> Ghulam Nabi Azad , INC Since 8 June 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> <P> 245 </P> <Ul> <Li> 233 Elected </Li> <Li> 12 Nominated </Li> </Ul> 5 Vacant ( 5 Elected Seats ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political groups </Th> <Td> <P> Government coalition ( 84 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 84 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> BJP ( 56 ) </Li> <Li> JD ( U ) ( 10 ) </Li> <Li> TDP ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> SAD ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> SS ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> JKPDP ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> BPF ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> NPF ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> SDF ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Opposition Parties ( 161 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 63 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> INC ( 57 ) </Li> <Li> DMK ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> IUML ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> KC ( M ) ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> RJD ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> INLD ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> JD ( S ) ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Unaligned Parties ( 74 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> SP ( 18 ) </Li> <Li> AIADMK ( 13 ) </Li> <Li> AITC ( 12 ) </Li> <Li> BJD ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> CPI ( M ) ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> BSP ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> NCP ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> TRS ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> CPI ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> JMM ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> YSRCP ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Others ( 19 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Nominated ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> Independents ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Vacant ( 5 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voting system </Th> <Td> Single transferable vote </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last election </Th> <Td> 21 July and 08 August 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next election </Th> <Td> Indian Rajya Sabha elections , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Chamber of Rajya Sabha , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> rajyasabha.nic.in </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members , and current laws have provision for 245 members . Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes , while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Members sit for staggered six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years . </P> <P> The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions , and unlike the Lok Sabha , the lower house of Parliament , is not subject to dissolution . However , the Rajya Sabha , like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President . The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha , except in the area of supply , where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers . In the case of conflicting legislation , a joint sitting of the two houses can be held . However , since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha , the former would normally hold the greater power . Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare , and in the history of the Republic , only three such joint - sessions have been held ; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act . </P> <P> The Vice-President of India ( currently , Venkaiah Naidu ) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha , who presides over its sessions . The Deputy Chairman , who is elected from amongst the house 's members , takes care of the day - to - day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman . The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952 . The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha . </P> <P> Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Qualifications </Li> <Li> 2 Limitations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Money bills </Li> <Li> 2.2 Joint Sitting of the Parliament </Li> <Li> 2.3 No - confidence motion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Powers <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Union - States Relations </Li> <Li> 3.2 Creation of All - India Services </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Membership and composition <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Membership by party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Officers <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Leader of the House </Li> <Li> 5.2 Leader of the Opposition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Secretariat </Li> <Li> 7 Media </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Qualifications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament . A member of the Rajya Sabha must : </P> <Ul> <Li> Must be a citizen of India . </Li> <Li> Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution . </Li> <Li> Must be at least 30 years old . </Li> <Li> Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation . </Li> <Li> Must have their name present on the voters ' list . </Li> <Li> Cannot be a proclaimed criminal . </Li> <Li> Cannot be an insolvent , i.e. he / she should not be in debt that he / she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his / her financial expenses . </Li> <Li> Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India . </Li> <Li> Should not be of unsound mind . </Li> <Li> Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science . However , they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution . </P> <H2> Limitations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison . </P> <H3> Money bills ( edit ) </H3> <P> Money bills , as defined in the Constitution of India Act 110 , can only be introduced in Lok Sabha . When Lok Sabha passes a money bill , and transmits it to Rajya Sabha , Rajya Sabha has only fourteen days to return the bill ( with or without amendments ) to Lok Sabha . If Rajya Sabha fails to return the bill in fourteen days , that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses . Also , if Lok Sabha rejects any ( or all ) of the amendments proposed by Rajya Sabha , the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament in the form Lok Sabha finally passes it . Hence , Rajya Sabha can not stall , or amend , a money bill without Lok Sabha 's concurrence on the same . </P> <H3> Joint sitting of the Parliament ( edit ) </H3> <P> Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases . A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house , has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months , or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it . Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha , Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament . A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Also , because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government , which already has a majority in Lok Sabha , the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority . </P> <P> Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity , and have been convened three times in last 69 years , for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act , the latest time being in 2002 : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1961 : Dowry Prohibition Act , 1958 </Li> <Li> 1978 : Banking Services Commission ( Repeal ) Act , 1977 </Li> <Li> 2002 : Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 </Li> </Ul> <H3> No - confidence motion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Unlike the Lok Sabha , a member of the Rajya Sabha can not bring to the house a no - confidence motion against the government . </P> <H2> Powers ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Indian federal structure , Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature ( Hence the name , Council of States ) . Hence , Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union . </P> <H3> Union - States relations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States ( States List ) . However , this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two - thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament . The union government can not make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha . </P> <H3> Creation of all - India Services ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rajya Sabha , by a two - thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All - India Services common to

The present Rajya Sabha Speaker of India is

Who is the present rajya sabha speaker of india?

-2089785063079408873

List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series that has aired on E ! since October 14 , 2007 . The series has aired thirteen seasons , and focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian -- Jenner family . Its premise was originated with Ryan Seacrest , who additionally serves as an executive producer . The series focuses on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian . </P> <P> It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian , their mother Kris Jenner , their step - parent Caitlyn Jenner , their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kourtney 's now ex-boyfriend , Scott Disick . Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season , though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons , and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé . In seasons eight and nine , Caitlyn 's children Brody and Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah became recurring cast members . </P> <P> Keeping Up with the Kardashians is often criticized for emphasizing the `` famous for being famous '' concept and appearing to fabricate aspects of its storyline . The series has produced the spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , I Am Cait , Kocktails with Khloé , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . </P> <P> As of January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) , 210 original episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians have aired concluding the fourteen seasons . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 2.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2.11 Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 2.12 Season 12 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.13 Season 13 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2.14 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Specials </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 8 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 11 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 11 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 9 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 17 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 11 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 13 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 14 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 14 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Watching You '' </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Bruce and Kris Jenner celebrate their anniversary . Kim buys them a stripper pole as a gift , and the youngest Jenner plays on it . Kim appears on The Tyra Banks Show . Kourtney deals with relationship drama . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Managing Mom '' </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Kim and Kris , her manager , argue over the management of Kim 's appearances and schedule . Meanwhile , Kris hires a nanny , Bree , who is not as appropriate and nanny - decent as she hoped . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Brody in the House '' </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Kourtney , Kim and Khloé go to Mexico for a Girls Gone Wild photo shoot without telling Bruce , afraid that he would disapprove . When he finds out , he leaves his son Brody Jenner to look after Kylie and Kendall while he heads to Mexico to confront them . Unfortunately , leaving Brody with his daughters creates even more chaos . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Birthday Suit '' </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Playboy magazine contacts Kris , asking her to tell Kim that they want her to be on the cover of their December 2007 issue . Kim is hesitant at first , but Kris encourages her . To show Kris what a difficult decision it is , Kim proposing trading places and plays Kris ' manager and setting her mom up for a semi-nude shoot . Kim gets the skimpiest outfit she can . Kris 's best picture is her topless , in an American flag towel / blanket . Kris enjoys the shoot , surprising Kim . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Remembering Dad '' </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> The family remembers Robert Kardashian on his death anniversary . Khloé , not dealing well with the anniversary , gets drunk and ends up arrested for a DUI . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` You Are So Pregnant Dude '' </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Kourtney , Kim and Khloé are about to leave for Las Vegas when Kourtney has a pregnancy scare . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie ask their dad for a puppy , which causes a disagreement between their parents . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Helping Hand '' </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Rob gets set up on a date but catches his sisters spying on him . Khloé and Kourtney find out that a homeless man , Shorty , is living behind their store D-A-S-H , and clean up his appearance . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Price of Fame '' </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Scandalous photos of Kourtney surface , scaring and humiliating Kim , who already feels like she really messed up with her sex tape . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kim Becomes a Diva '' </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> The family think that Kim is slowly becoming a diva . Kourtney finds shocking texts in Scott 's Blackberry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rob 's New Girlfriend '' </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Rob falls in love with pop star Adrienne Bailon , a Cheetah Girl , but is left depressed when she leaves for India for three months to shoot a film . After consulting a nutritionist , Kris decides to build a chicken coop so the family will have healthier eggs from chickens they raise themselves . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Khloé Wants to Act '' </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Despite Kim 's disapproval , Khloé decides to pursue an acting career . Meanwhile , Bruce receives a fashion makeover . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kris the Cheerleader '' </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Members of the Old School Crew contact Kris : they want her to be a cheerleader . Kris is worried about auditioning , especially after a knee injury . Meanwhile , Khloé has a woman - to - woman talk with Kendall , with help from Kim , Kourtney , and Kylie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Khloé 's Blind Dates '' </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Kim and Kourtney , worried about Khloé being single , start an online - dating profile for her . Khloé gets angry but goes along with the speed dates . Meanwhile , Bruce teaches Kendall

The latest series of Keeping Up with the Kardashians is

Latest series of keeping up with the kardashians?

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Laura Haddock - wikipedia <H1> Laura Haddock </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Laura Haddock </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Haddock in 2015 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Laura Jane Haddock ( 1985 - 08 - 21 ) 21 August 1985 ( age 32 ) Enfield , London , England , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citizenship </Th> <Td> British </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sam Claflin ( m . 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Laura Jane Haddock ( born 21 August 1985 ) is an English actress . She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest , Lucrezia in Da Vinci 's Demons , Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers : The Last Knight . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Stage </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born in Enfield , London and raised in Harpenden , Hertfordshire ( where she attended St George 's School ) , She left school at the age of 17 and moved to London to study drama . She trained at Arts Educational School in Chiswick . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Haddock made her television debut in the television pilot Plus One , part of the Comedy Showcase 2008 . Her other television credits include The Palace , My Family , The Colour of Magic , Marple : A Pocket Full of Rye and Honest , playing the lead role of Kacie Carter . She also appeared in the pilot episode of Life Is Wild , the American version of Wild at Heart . She also starred in adverts for dot tel . Haddock played the lead role of Natasha in the ITV1 comedy drama Monday Monday , and appears in series two and three of How Not to Live Your Life , replacing previous female lead Sinéad Moynihan . </P> <P> In 2011 , she appeared in the Cinemax / Sky TV drama Strike Back : Project Dawn for two episodes playing the kidnapped daughter of an illegal arms dealer . She starred as Lucrezia Donati , the mistress of Lorenzo de ' Medici and lover of Leonardo da Vinci in the 2013 series Da Vinci 's Demons . Haddock 's theatre credits include Famous Last , which formed part of the 2009 Sky Arts Theatre Live ! project , and Rutherford & Son at Northern Stage . In 2014 , she portrayed Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy , a role she reprised in its 2017 sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . She appears in the ITV series , The Level , and played Vivian Wembley in the Michael Bay film Transformers : The Last Knight , which was released on 21 June 2017 . </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Haddock married actor Sam Claflin in July 2013 after dating for two years . On 5 November 2015 , at The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 London premiere , it was revealed that Claflin and Haddock were expecting their first child . Haddock gave birth to their child , a son Pip , on 10 December 2015 . The couple welcomed a daughter in January 2018 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Captain America : The First Avenger </Td> <Td> Fangirl </Td> <Td> Credit as Autograph Seeker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Inbetweeners Movie </Td> <Td> Alison </Td> <Td> Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Storage 24 </Td> <Td> Nikki </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> House Cocktail </Td> <Td> The Beautiful </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> Meredith Quill </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> A Wonderful Christmas Time </Td> <Td> Cherie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Superbob </Td> <Td> June </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> Meredith Quill </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Transformers : The Last Knight </Td> <Td> Viviane Wembly </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> My Family </Td> <Td> Melanie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Life Begins at Fifty '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Comedy Showcase </Td> <Td> Nicky </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Plus One '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> The Colour of Magic </Td> <Td> Bethan </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Marple : A Pocket Full of Rye </Td> <Td> Miss Grosvenor </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Honest </Td> <Td> Kacie Carter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Palace </Td> <Td> Lady Arabella Worthesley Wolsey </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Monday Monday </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> How Not to Live Your Life </Td> <Td> Samantha </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Strike Back : Project Dawn </Td> <Td> Dr. Clare Somersby </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rage of the Yeti </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Upstairs Downstairs </Td> <Td> Beryl Ballard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Missing </Td> <Td> Susan Grantham </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Dancing on the Edge </Td> <Td> Josephine </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Interviewing Louis '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Ripper Street </Td> <Td> Lady Vera </Td> <Td> Episode 6 : `` The Incontrovertible Truth '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Da Vinci 's Demons </Td> <Td> Lucrezia Donati </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Luther </Td> <Td> Megan Cantor </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Musketeers </Td> <Td> Pauline </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Level </Td> <Td> Hayley Svrcek </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Stage ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Famous Last </Td> <Td> Treena </Td> <Td> Orange Tree Theatre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Rutherford and Son </Td> <Td> Mary </Td> <Td> Northern Stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Old Jimmy 's Daughter </Td> <Td> Billy </Td> <Td> The Great Theatre of Holland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Association </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Work </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Empire Awards </Td> <Td> Best Female Newcomer </Td> <Td> The Inbetweeners Movie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Detroit Film Critics Society </Td> <Td> Best Ensemble </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Nevada Film Critics Society </Td> <Td> Best Ensemble Cast </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Phoenix Film Critics Society </Td> <Td> Best Ensemble Acting </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Central Ohio Film Critics Association </Td> <Td> Best Ensemble </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Critics ' Choice Television Awards </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries </Td> <Td> Luther </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Barham , Alexandra ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Magical chance for actress '' . Times Series . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wilde , Jon ( 7 March 2008 ) . `` What a catch : How a girl called Laura Haddock is becoming a very big fish indeed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Food : Laura Haddock and Eleanor Wylde '' . OK !. 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Monday Press Pack '' ( PDF ) . ITV / Talkback Thames . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's Demons -- A STARZ Original Series -- CasIt '' . Starz.com. 28 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Starz 's ' Da Vinci 's Demons ' Casts British Actress as its Leading Lady '' . The Hollywood Reporter . In 2014 Haddock starred in the movie A Wonderful Christmas Time ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sky Arts -- Sky Arts Theatre Live ! -- The Plays Archived 8 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 13 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blagden , Jane ( 5 August 2009 ) . `` North East Premiere for Rutherford & Son '' . What 's on Stage . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin : `` I 'm very gentlemanly '' `` . Yahoo . 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Becky Freeth ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` The Hunger Games ' Sam Claflin reveals he 's expecting his first child as he coos over pregnant wife Laura Haddock at Mockingjay -- Part 2 premiere '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin and Laura Haddock Welcome First Child , a son named Pip '' . People . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen and Leon , Anya ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Sam Claflin and Laura Baddock Welcome Second Child '' . People.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Musketeers ' Series 3 Episode 1 Release Date , Set Photos ; New Cast , Characters Joining in 2016 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Laura Haddock on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Haddock . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 294019721 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2012159404 </Li> <Li> GND : 1058113496 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 184305136 </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : 75e55a05 - 4879 - 455e - 9cdc - 5d05dfdb4ad1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved

Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy 2 is played by

Who plays meredith quill in guardians of the galaxy 2?

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Jonathan Cheban - wikipedia <H1> Jonathan Cheban </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jonathan Cheban </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> c. 1974 ( age 42 -- 43 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> Fort Lee High School </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Hofstra University </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reality - TV star </Li> <Li> entrpreneur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keeping Up with the Kardashians </Li> <Li> The Spin Crowd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jonathan Cheban ( born c. 1974 ) is a reality - television star and entrepreneur . He is noted for his recurring role on the show Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its spinoffs . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 In the media </Li> <Li> 4 Other ventures </Li> <Li> 5 Personal life </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cheban , the only child of a real - estate agent mother and a diamond - dealer father who died in 2011 , grew up in Fort Lee , New Jersey and attended Fort Lee High School before he graduated from Hofstra University with a communications degree in 1995 . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> After graduation , Cheban began working for publicist Peggy Siegal at her firm in New York . At one point , music manager Benny Medina called Siegal to work on Sean Combs ' 29th birthday party . When Siegal rejected the offer despite Cheban 's urging , Cheban accepted the job himself . Cheban left Siegal and formed his own PR firm with two other publicists . However , he split with his partners in 2001 and founded his own public relations firm , CommandPR . </P> <H2> In the media ( edit ) </H2> Cheban ( left ) with Kim and Kourtney Kardashian in 2010 <P> Cheban first gained public attention with his appearance on the reality show Keeping Up with the Kardashians , appearing as a friend of the Kardashian sisters . He subsequently appeared in several episodes of the show 's spin - offs , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Kourtney and Kim Take Miami and Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons . </P> <P> In 2010 , Cheban starred in his own reality show , The Spin Crowd , chronicling the lives of Cheban , Simon Huck and their employees at his firm . Cheban 's vision for the show was to provide viewers with a glimpse into how the media - saturated world around them is shaped , stating , `` I 've seen shows about funeral homes , bounty hunters , hospitals , cops and fishermen , and they 've all been given the opportunity to give insight on their jobs and the reality of their careers . Why not tell the story of what people care most about -- the magazines , websites and press they surround themselves with every day ? '' The series was executive produced by Kim Kardashian . It was canceled after one season due to poor ratings . </P> <P> Cheban 's relationship with Kim Kardashian has remained in the public spotlight . In 2012 , Cheban made a short video spoofing himself as someone living in the shadow of Kardashian 's fame . </P> <H2> Other ventures ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2008 , Cheban launched his own clothing line , Kritik . Cheban also has designed jewelry for RichRocks . In late 2012 , Cheban opened Sushi MiKasa , a restaurant in Miami . On November 24 , 2013 , Cheban also co-hosted Coca - Cola Red Carpet Live ! , a pre-show to the 2013 American Music Awards . In January 2014 , Cheban launched a new product called Glam Screen , which is both a protective cover for a smart phone , as well as an HD mirror . </P> <P> In 2014 , Cheban launched TheDishh , an entertainment and lifestyle website that features what Cheban and his team consider to be the highest quality foods , gadgets and entertainment . </P> <P> In February 2015 , Cheban opened the fast food restaurant Burger Bandit in Lynbrook , New York , on Long Island . </P> <P> In January 2016 , Cheban entered the Celebrity Big Brother house in the UK , to compete as a housemate on its 17th season . He voluntarily left the show within days . </P> <P> In 2017 , Cheban appeared on the second season of UK 's `` Celebs Go Dating '' . </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> In late 2012 , Cheban began dating stylist Anat Popovsky after meeting her while filming Kourtney and Kim Take Miami . However , Cheban signed on as a single man on the second episode of the seventh season of Millionaire Matchmaker , which aired on December 12 , 2013 on Bravo . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee , Esther ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Jonathan Cheban , Kim Kardashian 's Friend , on Millionaire Matchmaker '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 ... the reality star , 39 ... ( M ) y dad passed away two years ago . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hancock , Noelle ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Art of the Schmooze '' . New York Observer . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Lauren M. `` Jonathan Cheban : PR King '' . Los Angeles Confidential . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spin Crowd , The ( E ! ) '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban : I 'm Kim Kardashian 's BEST Friend ! '' . Funny or Die . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban Launches Kritik Clothing `` . Fashionwashere.net. April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban Teams Up With RichRocks To Launch His First Jewelry Collection ! '' . Hollywood Life . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban to Open Sushi MiKasa at Shelborne - Fall Tracking - Eater Miami '' . Miami.eater.com . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presenters Announced for the `` 2013 American Music Awards '' Airing Live Sunday , November 24th At 8 PM ET / PT on ABC '' ( Press release ) . Dick Clark Productions . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet Glam Screen , the smartphone cover that doubles as a mirror '' . Yahoo . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horgan , Richard . `` Jonathan Cheban Builds Out The Dishh '' . Media Bistro . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcus , ERIC ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Burger Bandit opens in Lynbrook '' . Newsday . New York City / Long Island . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban Leaves U.K. Celebrity Big Brother , Citing Concerns for His ' Mental Stability ' '' . People . January 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban Date Night -- Reality Star Spotted Out With Girlfriend '' . Hollywood Life . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Cheban and Girlfriend Anat Popovsky 's European Getaway Brought Them Even Closer Together '' . E ! News UK . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Jonathan Cheban Looks for Love on Bravo 's Millionaire Matchmaker '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Founder of website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Keeping Up with the Kardashians </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kris Jenner </Li> <Li> Caitlyn Jenner </Li> <Li> Kourtney Kardashian </Li> <Li> Kim Kardashian </Li> <Li> Khloé Kardashian </Li> <Li> Rob Kardashian </Li> <Li> Kendall Jenner </Li> <Li> Kylie Jenner </Li> <Li> Brody Jenner </Li> <Li> Brandon Jenner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adrienne Bailon </Li> <Li> Reggie Bush </Li> <Li> Jonathan Cheban </Li> <Li> Scott Disick </Li> <Li> Malika Haqq </Li> <Li> Kris Humphries </Li> <Li> Leah Jenner </Li> <Li> French Montana </Li> <Li> Lamar Odom </Li> <Li> Tyga </Li> <Li> Kanye West </Li> <Li> Blac Chyna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kourtney and Kim Take Miami </Li> <Li> Kourtney and Kim Take New York </Li> <Li> Khloé & Lamar </Li> <Li> Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons </Li> <Li> Bromance </Li> <Li> Dash Dolls </Li> <Li> I Am Cait </Li> <Li> Rob & Chyna </Li> <Li> Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian </Li> <Li> Life of Kylie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Princes of Malibu </Li> <Li> Kris </Li> <Li> Sex with Brody </Li> <Li> Kocktails with Khloé </Li> <Li> The Spin Crowd </Li> <Li> Kingin ' with Tyga </Li> <Li> Hollywood Divas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( ( Category : People from Fort Lee , New Jersey ) </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Cheban&oldid=806735307 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American chief executives </Li> <Li> Hofstra University alumni </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> American public relations people </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> No local image but image on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 20 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The guy who frequently appears on Keeping Up with the Kardashians is

Who is the guy on keeping up with the kardashians?

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The Englishman who Went up a hill but Came down a mountain - wikipedia <H1> The Englishman who Went up a hill but Came down a mountain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Christopher Monger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Bob Weinstein Harvey Weinstein Sarah Curtis Sally Hibbin Robert Jones Scott Maitland Paul Sarony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Ifor David Monger Ivor Monger Christopher Monger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hugh Grant </Li> <Li> Tara Fitzgerald </Li> <Li> Colm Meaney </Li> <Li> Ian McNeice </Li> <Li> Ian Hart </Li> <Li> Kenneth Griffith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <P> Stephen Endelman </P> Gwalia Male Choir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Vernon Layton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> David Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Miramax Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 May 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 12 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> 4 August 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 04 ) ( UK ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 99 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $10,904,930 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 British film with a story by Ifor David Monger and Ivor Monger , written and directed by Christopher Monger . It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival . </P> <P> The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff 's Well , in the old county of Glamorgan , and its neighbouring Garth Hill . Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area , it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr - ym - Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys . The Welsh Male Voice Choir used to provide background music throughout the film was , in fact , the London - based Gwalia Male Choir . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Welsh language </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film is set in 1917 ( with World War I in the background ) , and revolves around two English cartographers , the pompous Garrad ( Ian McNeice ) and his junior , Anson ( Hugh Grant ) . They arrive at the fictional Welsh village of Ffynnon Garw ( ( ˈfɪn. nɔn ˈɡa. rʊ ) `` Rough Fountain '' or `` Rough Spring '' in Welsh ) to measure its `` mountain '' -- only to cause outrage when they conclude that it is only a hill because it is slightly short of the required 1000 feet ( 305 m ) in height . The villagers , aided and abetted by the wily Morgan the Goat ( Colm Meaney ) and the Reverend Mr Jones ( Kenneth Griffith ) ( who after initially opposing the scheme , grasps its symbolism in restoring the community 's war - damaged self - esteem ) , conspire with Morgan to delay the cartographers ' departure while they build an earth mound on top of the hill to make it high enough to be considered a mountain . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hugh Grant as Reginald Anson </Li> <Li> Ian McNeice as George Garrad </Li> <Li> Tara FitzGerald as Elizabeth / Betty from Cardiff </Li> <Li> Colm Meaney as Morgan the Goat </Li> <Li> Ian Hart as Johnny Shellshocked </Li> <Li> Robert Pugh as Williams the Petroleum </Li> <Li> Kenneth Griffith as the Reverend Robert Jones </Li> <Li> Ieuan Rhys as Sgt Thomas </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> In regard to its humorous and affectionate description of the locals , the film has often been compared with Waking Ned , a comedy film written and directed by Kirk Jones . The movie has resulted in a stream of visitors climbing to the summit of The Garth , and the Pentyrch History Society and the local community council have erected a notice on the mountain to explain its real historical significance . </P> <H2> Welsh language ( edit ) </H2> <P> One of the most obscure jokes in the film occurs when a mechanic is asked about a nondescript broken part he has removed from a car , and replies `` Well I do n't know the English word , but in Welsh we call it a be'chi'ngalw . '' In Welsh , be'chi'ngalw is a placeholder name , like `` whatchamacallit '' or `` thingamajig '' in English . This is made obvious in the novel of the film . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 13th episode of Veggie Tales , `` King George and the Ducky , '' contained a brief parody of The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain entitled The Englishman Who Went up a Hill and Came Down with All the Bananas . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> English - language accents in film -- Welsh </Li> <Li> Mynydd Graig Goch , a member of the Moel Hebog group of summits . This is a Snowdonia hill that became a mountain in September 2008 when it was measured by three Welshmen with GPS equipment and found to be 30 inches taller than was thought , thereby exceeding the height required to classify it as a 2000 - ft mountain by six inches . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 19th Moscow International Film Festival ( 1995 ) '' . MIFF . Archived from the original on 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A book was written about ' Ffynnon Garw ' which was made into a film ' The Englishman who went up a hill and came down a mountain ' . The location of Ffynnon Garw rather implies it is The Garth . This story is a good one but fictional . To set the record straight the Pentyrch History Society and Community Council have put up an information notice near the summit . '' pentyrch.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geiriadur yr Academi / The Welsh Academy English - Welsh Dictionary , University of Wales Press , p. 1661 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Survey turns hill into a mountain '' . BBC News . 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` The Welshmen who went up a hill , but came down a mountain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Englishman Who Went Up A Hill -- Backsights Magazine ( Surveyors Historical Society ) , originally published in Professional Surveyor , Nov. / Dec. 1998 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Englishman_who_Went_up_a_Hill_but_Came_down_a_Mountain&oldid=824683868 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1995 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> British films </Li> <Li> British romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> 1990s romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> Films set in Wales </Li> <Li> Films directed by Christopher Monger </Li> <Li> Films set in 1917 </Li> <Li> Films shot at Pinewood Studios </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2016 </Li> <Li> Use British English from June 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 21 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The film "An Englishman Who Went Up a Hill" was filmed on location in

Locations for the film an englishman who went up a hill?

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Chota Nagpur division - wikipedia <H1> Chota Nagpur division </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For disambiguation , see Chota Nagpur ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Chota Nagpur Division South - West Frontier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Division of British India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← </Td> <Td> 1854 -- 1947 </Td> <Td> → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> </P> <P> Flag </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> 1858 map of the Bengal Presidency with the ' South - West Frontier States ' in the SW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> History </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Creation of the division </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence of India </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 70,161 km ( 27,089 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 4,900,429 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Density </Td> <Td> 69.8 / km ( 180.9 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Chota Nagpur Plateau area . Political Divisions. 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India map section . <P> Chota Nagpur Division , also known as the South - West Frontier , was an administrative division of British India . It included most of the present - day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of West Bengal , Orissa , and Chhattisgarh . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Administration <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Districts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area . The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries , and was annexed to the Bengal Presidency , the largest province of British India . After the Kol rebellion of 1831 - 2 , the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal , and every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the Governor - General of India for the South - West Frontier . </P> <P> In 1854 the designation of South - West Frontier Agency was changed to Chota Nagpur and it began to be administered as a Non-regulation province under the Lieutenant Governor of the then Bihar . In 1855 - 56 there was the great uprising of the Santhals against the British but was brutally suppressed . was changed to Chota Nagpur by Act XX of that year , and was administered thereafter as a non-regulation province under the Lieutenant - Governor of Bengal Presidency . The title of the chief administrative officer was changed from Agent to Commissioner , and the officers in charge of the districts became Deputy Commissioners . The Commissioner exercised general control over the Chota Nagpur States . The present Divisional Commissioner is Shri . Surendra Singh Meena of the Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) </P> <P> Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912 . In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa , and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency . </P> <H2> Administration ( edit ) </H2> <P> The administrative headquarters of the division was at Ranchi . The total area of the division was 27,101 square miles ( 70,161 km . ) , and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901 . In 1901 Hindus constituted 68.5 % of the total population , animists 22.7 % , Muslims 5.7 % , Christians 2.9 % , and 853 Jains . The Chota Nagpur States , a group of princely states , was under the political authority of the division 's commissioner . </P> <H3> Districts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The division included five districts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hazaribagh </Li> <Li> Ranchi </Li> <Li> Palamu </Li> <Li> Manbhum </Li> <Li> Singhbhum </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chota Nagpur Tributary States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Ron ( 2001 ) . New Indian States , Princely States Report , January 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter , William Wilson , Sir , et al. ( 1908 ) . Imperial Gazetteer of India , Volume 12 . 1908 - 1931 ; Clarendon Press , Oxford . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Chota Nagpu Tributary '' . Bengal District Gazetteers : B Volume : Statistics , 1900 - 1901 to 1910 - 11 . Bihar and Orissa Govt . Press . 1905 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 23 ° 00 ′ N 85 ° 00 ′ E  /  23.000 ° N 85.000 ° E  / 23.000 ; 85.000 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Divisions of the British Raj </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Berar Division </Li> <Li> Ceded and Conquered Provinces </Li> <Li> Cis - Sutlej states </Li> <Li> Chhattisgarh Division </Li> <Li> Chota Nagpur Division </Li> <Li> Delhi Territory </Li> <Li> Jubbulpore Division </Li> <Li> Marri - Bugti Country </Li> <Li> Medak Gulshanabad Division </Li> <Li> Nerbudda Division </Li> <Li> Northern Circars </Li> <Li> Orissa Division </Li> <Li> Saugor and Nerbudda Territories </Li> <Li> Sind Division </Li> <Li> Trucial States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agencies of British India </Li> <Li> British rule in Burma </Li> <Li> Districts of British India </Li> <Li> Provinces of British India </Li> <Li> List of princely states of British India ( alphabetical ) </Li> <Li> Residencies of British India </Li> <Li> Subdivisions of British India </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution of the British Empire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Indian State of Jharkhand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Capital : Ranchi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Highest point </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kolhan </Li> <Li> North Chotanagpur </Li> <Li> Palamu </Li> <Li> Santhal Pargana </Li> <Li> South Chotanagpur </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts and divisions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Palamu Division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Garhwa </Li> <Li> Palamu </Li> <Li> Latehar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Chotanagpur Division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chatra </Li> <Li> Hazaribagh </Li> <Li> Giridih </Li> <Li> Koderma </Li> <Li> Dhanbad </Li> <Li> Bokaro </Li> <Li> Ramgarh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Chotanagpur Division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ranchi </Li> <Li> Lohardaga </Li> <Li> Gumla </Li> <Li> Simdega </Li> <Li> Khunti </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kolhan Division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> West Singhbhum </Li> <Li> Seraikela Kharsawan </Li> <Li> East Singhbhum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Santhal Pargana Division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deoghar </Li> <Li> Jamtara </Li> <Li> Dumka </Li> <Li> Godda </Li> <Li> Pakur </Li> <Li> Sahebganj </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jamshedpur </Li> <Li> Dhanbad </Li> <Li> Ranchi </Li> <Li> Bokaro </Li> <Li> Hazaribagh </Li> <Li> Deoghar </Li> <Li> Chaibasa </Li> <Li> Medininagar </Li> <Li> Dumka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chota_Nagpur_Division&oldid=815182854 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> States and territories established in 1854 </Li> <Li> States and territories disestablished in 1947 </Li> <Li> Divisions of British India </Li> <Li> History of Jharkhand </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 07 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Bihar bifurcated from Bengal and some parts of Chota Nagpur merged into Bengal in

When did bihar bifurcate from bengal and some parts of chota nagpur merged into bengal?

-458159261891926107

, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Volcanic activity </Li> <Li> 2 Ski fields </Li> <Li> 3 Weather </Li> <Li> 4 Glaciers </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Volcanic activity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ruapehu is largely composed of andesite and began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars ( mudflows ) that damaged skifields . </P> <P> Between major eruptions , warm acidic Crater Lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 1945 eruption and aftermath </Dt> </Dl> <P> The 1945 eruption emptied Crater Lake and dammed the outlet with tephra . The crater slowly refilled with water , until on 24 December 1953 the tephra dam collapsed causing a lahar in the Whangaehu River . The lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster , with the loss of 151 lives , when the Tangiwai railway bridge across the Whangaehu River collapsed while the lahar was in full flood , just before an express train crossed it . </P> <P> It was already known that the river had partially undermined one of the bridge piers and the lahar finished the job , causing the bridge to collapse . Although warned of the collapsed bridge , the train driver was unable to stop the train in time and six of the carriages fell into the river . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 1995 - 96 eruptions </Dt> </Dl> <P> Spectacular eruptions occurred during 1995 and 1996 . Ruapehu had been showing signs of increased activity since late November 1994 , with elevated Crater Lake temperatures and a series of eruptions that increased in intensity over about nine months . Several lahars were observed , both in the Whangaehu River and other areas of the mountain , between 18 September and 25 September 1995 , indicating Crater Lake was being emptied by the eruptions . </P> <P> The Department of Conservation immediately issued hazard warnings and advised people to keep off the mountain , thus ending the ski season . The eruption cloud disrupted air travel , occasionally closing airports and the central North Island airspace . Black sand - like ash fell on surrounding farmland and stock had to be moved . The ash also entered streams and was washed into the pen stocks and turbines of the Rangipo power station causing rapid corrosion on the turbine blades which had to be rebuilt . Episodic eruptions continued until the end of November 1995 . </P> <P> Within hours of a major eruption during the night being reported on 25 September 1995 , news media were trying to get live video of the eruption and amateur photographers had published eruption images on the World Wide Web . A web camera , dubbed the world 's first `` Volcano Cam '' , was set up . Since then Ruapehu has been monitored by at least one and sometimes several volcano cams . </P> Crater Lake & Tahurangi , the highest peak ( top right ) . The 1996 tephra dam ( bluish dark area at lake edge directly below Tahurangi ) . Photo 2016 <P> Another , smaller , eruption phase began on the morning of 17 June 1996 . Despite a series of small eruptions that spread thin layers of ash across both Whakapapa and Turoa ski areas , the ski fields opened for the 1996 season . Turoa closed on 29 September -- earlier than usual , while Whakapapa stayed open until Labour Weekend . </P> <P> After the 1996 eruption it was recognised that a catastrophic lahar could again occur when Crater Lake bursts the volcanic ash dam blocking the lake outlet . This is the same mechanism that caused the 1953 lahar . The lake gradually filled with snowmelt and had reached the level of the hard rock rim by January 2005 . The lahar finally occurred on 18 March 2007 ( see below ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2006 eruption </Dt> </Dl> <P> Ruapehu erupted at 10.30 pm on 4 October 2006 . The small eruption created a volcanic earthquake at a magnitude of 2.8 , sending a water plume 200 m into the air and 6 - m waves crashing into the wall of the crater . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2007 lahar </Dt> </Dl> Fresh lahar channels scar Ruapehu 's eastern slopes , 2007 . <P> On 18 March 2007 , the tephra dam which had been holding back Crater Lake burst , sending a lahar down the mountain . An estimated 1.4 million cubic metres of mud , rock , and water travelled down the Whangaehu river . The Department of Conservation had received warning signals from the lahar warning system ( ERLAWS ) at around 10 : 30 that morning and closed all major roads in the area , preventing thousands of motorists from travelling , and shut down the main rail system for the North Island . The river banks held and no spill overs occurred . No serious damage was done and no one was injured . One family was trapped for around 24 hours after the lahar swept away the access route to their home . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2007 eruption </Dt> </Dl> <P> At about 8 : 20 p.m. on 25 September 2007 , a hydrothermal eruption occurred without warning . William Pike , a 22 - year - old primary school teacher , had a leg crushed by a rock during the eruption and a rescue operation was mounted to rescue him from the Dome Shelter near the crater . The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter , landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off . </P> <P> Two lahars that travelled down the mountain activated warning signals from the lahar warning system and prompted the evacuation of some ski lodges on the mountain and the closure of roads in the area . The eruption was accompanied by a 7 - minute - long earthquake , measuring 2.9 on the Richter Scale . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2008 warnings </Dt> </Dl> <P> On 2 May 2008 , a level - 1 warning was issued after GNS scientists who were monitoring the lake found irregular signs of volcanic activity . This included increased chemical changes , gases and temperature . The warning was used to let visitors know the potential of an explosion was higher than usual and could happen at any time . This could also be a follow - up to the previous year 's 2007 eruption . </P> <P> A GeoNet New Zealand Bulletin was released on 21 July 2008 stating that `` the current phase of volcano unrest appears to be over , however Ruapehu remains an active volcano . Future eruptions may occur without warning . '' However the level has remained at 1 , where it has been since 1997 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2011 warnings </Dt> </Dl> <P> On 5 April 2011 Geonet changed Mount Ruapehu 's Volcanic Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow ( elevated unrest above the known background ) . Ruapehu 's Volcanic Alert Level remained at level 1 ( signs of volcanic unrest ) . The Volcanic Aviation Colour Code was changed because a sustained period of high water temperatures in the Crater Lake ( approximately 38 - 39 ° C ) was observed and because changes were observed in volcanic gas output , seismic activity and Crater Lake water chemistry . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2012 warnings </Dt> </Dl> <P> On 16 November , GNS Science volcanologists warned that pressure was likely building up beneath Crater Lake , and that an eruption in the coming weeks or months is more likely than normal . The aviation colour code was raised from green to yellow . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 2016 warnings </Dt> </Dl> <P> On 29 April , Geonet issued a volcanic alert reporting that Crater Lake 's temperature has risen to 40 ° C , up from 25 ° C in mid-April . An earthquake swarm has also been recorded under Crater Lake . On 11 May the volcanic alert level was raised to level 2 and the aviation colour code was changed from green to yellow . </P> <H2> Ski fields ( edit ) </H2> Turoa ski field . <P> Ruapehu has two commercial ski fields , Whakapapa on the northern side and Turoa on the southern slope . They are the two largest ski fields in New Zealand , with Whakapapa the larger . The club Tukino field is on the east of the mountain and is open to the public . The season is generally from June to October but depends on snow and weather conditions . </P> <P> Both ski fields are accessible by car and chairlifts , with beginners ' to advanced skiing slopes . Whakapapa has five chair lifts with limited accommodation and refreshments available at Top o ' the Bruce ( the car park at the top of Bruce Road ) and at the entry to Whakapapa , and elsewhere on the mountain . Alpine huts are provided for trampers and climbers . These are mainly owned by private clubs . </P> <H2> Weather ( edit ) </H2> <P> Weather conditions can be changeable over the day , and mountain visitors are advised to be prepared and carry basic survival equipment . Although severe weather is unusual and generally forecast , it has claimed several lives over the years , including a party of five NZ Army soldiers and one RNZN naval rating , caught in a week - long storm while undergoing winter survival training in 1990 . The same storm also trapped an experienced Japanese mountaineer when the weather unexpectedly closed in on him , but he built a snow cave and sheltered in it until he was rescued days later . </P> Mount Ruapehu , January 2002 . <P> On 5 July 2003 , about 350 skiers and 70 skifield staff were trapped on the mountain overnight at Top o ' the Bruce when a sudden snow storm blew up and within a few minutes made the access road too dangerous to descend . They spent the night in relative comfort and all descended safely the next morning . Such rapidly changing conditions are typical of the weather on New Zealand mountains . </P> <P> Again on Saturday 26 July 2008 , skiers and staff were trapped on the mountain overnight when a fast approaching storm caused the skifield to be closed at 10 : 30 a.m. and made the road too dangerous for cars without chains or 4WD to leave the area . By 3 p.m. there were still over 100 cars in the Whakapapa car park and those who had not been able to leave by that point were told to settle in for the night . All cars were able to leave safely the next morning . </P> <H2> Glaciers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The glaciers on Mount Ruapehu are the only glaciers in the North Island . They are all small , less than 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) in length . There are eighteen glaciers including one within the crater ; the largest are the Mangatoetoenui , Summit Plateau and Whangaehu Glaciers . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2>

Mount Ruapehu last erupted

When was the last time mount ruapehu erupted?

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and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . </Li> <Li> Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . </Li> <Li> Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . </Li> <Li> Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . </Li> <Li> Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . </Li> <Li> Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . </Li> <Li> Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . </Li> <Li> Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . </Li> <Li> Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . </Li> <Li> Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cast notes ( edit ) </H3> <P> ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . </P> <P> ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . </P> <P> Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . </P> <P> By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . </P> <P> Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . </P> <P> Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . </P> <P> According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . </P> <P> The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . </P> <P> Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) <P> When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . </P> <P> Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . </P> <P> On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . </P> <P> Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated

The 2017 film "Beauty and the Beast" was filmed at

Where was 2017 beauty and the beast filmed?

5874093358022821909

California Insurance Commissioner - wikipedia <H1> California Insurance Commissioner </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Insurance Commissioner of California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> California State Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Incumbent Dave Jones since January 3 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Department of Insurance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> The Honorable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> Four years , two term limit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> John Garamendi 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> Proposition 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> California Department of Insurance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> California Insurance Commissioner is an elected executive office position in California . The officeholder is in charge of the California Department of Insurance . </P> <P> The current Insurance Commissioner is Democrat Dave Jones . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Duties </Li> <Li> 2 Office </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Duties ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oversees and directs all functions of the Department of Insurance . </Li> <Li> Licenses , regulates , and examines insurance companies . </Li> <Li> Answers public questions and complaints regarding the insurance industry . </Li> <Li> Enforces the laws of the California Insurance Code and adopts regulations to implement the laws . </Li> <Li> The mission is to ensure vibrant markets where insurers keep their promises and the health and economic security of individuals , families , and businesses are protected . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Office ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988 , the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991 . Previously , the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor . The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance . Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2 , 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner . </P> <P> The Insurance Commissioner does not oversee the majority of Health Plans and Health Insurance . HMO Health Plans and PPO Plans offered by Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of California are overseen by the California Department of Managed Health Care . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Term </Th> <Th> Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Garamendi </Td> <Td> January 7 , 1991 -- January 2 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Quackenbush </Td> <Td> January 2 , 1995 -- July 10 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Clark Kelso </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2000 -- September 17 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry W. Low </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2000 -- January 6 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Garamendi </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2003 -- January 8 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Poizner </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Jones </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission of California Department of Insurance '' . California Department of Insurance . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorn , David ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Insurance Regulation Shifted Toward Health Plan Regulator '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AsianWeek.com </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> California Department of Insurance </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> California statewide elected officials </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Governor </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor </Li> <Li> Attorney General </Li> <Li> Secretary of State </Li> <Li> Treasurer </Li> <Li> Controller </Li> <Li> Insurance Commissioner </Li> <Li> Superintendent of Public Instruction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Insurance_Commissioner&oldid=791843495 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> California Insurance Commissioners </Li> <Li> State constitutional officers of California </Li> <Li> 1991 establishments in California </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2007 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 20 : 48 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The proposition that made the insurance commissioner an elected position is

What proposition made the insurance commissioner an elected position?

6787462403220370958

Game seven - wikipedia <H1> Game seven </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Game 7 '' redirects here . For the song by T.I. , see We Want Smoke . <P> A game seven is the final game of a best of seven series . This game can occur in the postseasons for Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( League Championship Series and World Series ) , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( all rounds of the NBA playoffs ) , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ( all rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs ) . </P> <P> The game is generally played at the site of the team holding the home advantage across the series . </P> <P> The nature of a best - of - seven series requires that the series be tied at three games apiece going into game seven , such that either team can take the series ( advancing further in the playoffs or winning the championship ) by winning the game . Because of this decisive nature , game sevens add an element of drama to their sports . </P> <P> Aside from North American sports leagues , game sevens are also a fixture in many other sports around the world , mostly in baseball , basketball , and ice hockey leagues . Most codes of football do not employ a best - of - seven series ( or any best - of - x series in general ) , hence game sevens are not played in those leagues . </P> <P> Some playoff rounds ( such as MLB 's current Division Series ) are played in a best of five format , such that game five has similar qualities to those described above , though the suspense and drama have less time to build in a shorter series . Furthermore , the World Series of 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 were played in a best of nine format , though none of the four went to a decisive game nine . </P> <P> The game seven is comparable to a final or to a single game in a single - elimination tournament or to a one - game playoff . The game is equivalent to the Super Bowl game in the National Football League in that the game 's winner is the league 's champion for the season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Examples <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Major League Baseball <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 World Series </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 League Championship Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 National Hockey League </Li> <Li> 1.3 National Basketball Association </Li> <Li> 1.4 Chinese Professional Baseball League </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Comebacks </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Major League Baseball ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the MLB Postseason , game seven can occur in the League Championship Series and the World Series ( the divisional series are best of five ) . In the World Series , there have been 39 decisive game sevens ( of the four World Series that were contested on a best - of - nine basis , none went to a game nine , though all four included a non-decisive game seven ) . </P> World Series ( edit ) <P> World Series that were decided on a game seven : All extra inning game sevens involve three franchises each with two appearances , the New York / San Francisco Giants ( losing both ) , the Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins ( winning both ) and the Cleveland Indians ( losing both ) . Home teams are 19 -- 20 in game sevens . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Bennett Park , Detroit </Td> <Td> Rookie Babe Adams tosses a six hit shutout for his third win of the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 F / 10 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> This decisive contest was actually game eight , as game two had ended in a tie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Washington Senators </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 F / 12 </Td> <Td> Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> Longest game seven in innings . In the 12th , Muddy Ruel doubled after a dropped foul popfly by Giants catcher Hank Gowdy . Ruel scored on a game - winning RBI double by Earl McNeely . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Washington Senators </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Forbes Field , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh became the first team in a best of seven to win the series when trailing three games to one . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland Alexander strikes out Tony Lazzeri with the bases loaded to end the seventh and preserve the Cardinals lead . Two innings later Babe Ruth is caught stealing to end the World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Athletics </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Last postseason game for the Athletics while based in Philadelphia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Navin Field , Detroit </Td> <Td> Dizzy Dean 's second win , a six - hit shutout on one day of rest , gives the Cardinals the title . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Crosley Field , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> This game was over in a snappy 1 : 47 while a sacrifice bunt and sacrifice fly scored the winning runs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> Chicago Cubs </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Wrigley Field , Chicago </Td> <Td> Cubs last World Series appearance until 2016 . See also : Curse of the Billy Goat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Sportsman 's Park III , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Enos Slaughter 's famous mad dash scored the deciding run to win the game and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> This was the Series that featured Cookie Lavagetto 's pinch - hit that spoiled Bill Bevens ' no - hit bid and Al Gionfriddo 's catch to rob Joe DiMaggio of a home run . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City </Td> <Td> Billy Martin 's game saving infield catch preserves the Yankees lead and helps win the game and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> Dodgers ' only championship in Brooklyn . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Dodgers </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City </Td> <Td> Jackie Robinson 's final Major League game . Last postseason game at Ebbets Field and Dodgers ' last postseason game before moving to Los Angeles . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Braves </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City </Td> <Td> The Braves ' only championship in Milwaukee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Braves </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> County Stadium , Milwaukee </Td> <Td> The Yankees win their 18th World Series title after being down three games to one . This was the Braves ' last postseason game in Milwaukee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 10 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Forbes Field , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> Bill Mazeroski hit the walk - off home run to win the Pirates the championship . Last postseason game in Forbes Field . Last postseason game for Yankees ' manager Casey Stengel . Highest scoring game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> San Francisco Giants </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Candlestick Park , San Francisco </Td> <Td> With runners on second and third and two outs , Willie McCovey 's line drive to Bobby Richardson ended the game . First game seven that ended with a 1 - 0 score . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> New York Yankees </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium I , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> The Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 . Last postseason game at Busch Stadium I . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Dodgers </Td> <Td> Minnesota Twins </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Metropolitan Stadium , Bloomington , Minnesota </Td> <Td> Pitching through immense pain and on two days rest , Sandy Koufax throws a 3 hit shutout to win the Series and World Series MVP . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> Bob Gibson wins his third game of the Series and also homers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Detroit Tigers </Td> <Td> St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri </Td> <Td> Mickey Lolich out - duels Bob Gibson . The Tigers rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . First game seven loss by the Cardinals in the World Series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Pirates </Td> <Td> Baltimore Orioles </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Memorial Stadium , Baltimore </Td> <Td> The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Oakland Athletics </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Riverfront Stadium , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> The A 's first championship in Oakland . The A 's were the last American League team to win a World Series game seven on the road until 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Oakland Athletics </Td> <Td> New York Mets </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California </Td> <Td> Bert Campaneris and Reggie Jackson hit the only Oakland home runs in this game to set the tone for victory and the series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Reds </Td> <Td> Boston Red Sox </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston </Td> <Td> One night after Carlton Fisk 's famous home run , the Reds rebound to take the Series

The 7th game of the World Series is played

Where is the 7th game of the world series played?

-3428106355897335676

There are two types of birth certificates : </P> <P> A full certificate , titled ' CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY ' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register , giving all the recorded details . Information includes ; name , sex , date and place of birth of the child , father 's name , place of birth and occupation , mother 's name , place of birth , maiden name and occupation . Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mothers maiden name , before 1969 do not show the details of the parents ' place of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation . </P> <P> The short certificate , titled ' CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH ' , shows the child 's full name , sex , date and place of birth . It does not give any particulars of the parents ; therefore it is not proof of parentage . A short birth certificate is issued , free of charge , at the time of registration . </P> <P> Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided . Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted . </P> <P> The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee . They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars . If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India . </P> <P> For official purposes , other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate , such as Matriculation certificates . Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport . </P> <P> By law since 1969 , Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act . Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned . Specific rules vary by state , region and municipality . </P> <P> In Delhi , for example , births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution , or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home . After registration , a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority . Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children , and undocumented orphans . Overseas births can also be registered . </P> <P> Some municipalities , such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed , and verified online . </P> <H2> Russia ( edit ) </H2> A Russian birth certificate issued on April 2011 <P> Earlier testimony was a small book format - bound , now it 's just a page format B5 , provided with water marks . The certificate has a series and number . </P> <P> Blank insert is made in Russian . In the case of being issued in one of the country 's republics , its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model , approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation . </P> <H3> Filling ( edit ) </H3> <P> A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment ( typewriters , computers ) . When filling in the form is carried handwritten way , all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black . If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black . The quality of paste , ink , dye , used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period . When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches , blots and erasures , cuts . </P> <P> Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate ( e.g. , the consulate ) . Signature of the registrar should have a transcript ( initials and surname ) and sealed with the official seal . </P> <P> Currently , information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request . By default , this column is empty </P> <P> When making a citizenship , a special insert is issued to the birth certificate . In testimony Stamp . </P> <P> February 6 , 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled , on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child 's citizenship . This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents . </P> <P> Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary . </P> <H3> The procedure for obtaining ( edit ) </H3> <P> The birth certificate of the child 's parents can get ( not deprived of parental rights ) , itself a child of full age , guardian or caregiver . Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar , ZAGS ( Russian : ЗАГС ) . </P> <P> With the loss of the certificate , a new document is issued by the registry office ( ZAGS ) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application . </P> <H2> United states ( edit ) </H2> See also : United States nationality law , Citizenship in the United States , and Birthright citizenship in the United States <P> In the U.S. , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states , capital district , territories and former territories . Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship , so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport . However , the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens ( who are also eligible for citizenship ) , including births on military bases in foreign territory . </P> <P> The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics . From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates , collected vital statistics on a national basis , and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics . In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service . Unlike the British system of recording all births in `` registers '' , the states file an individual document for each and every birth . </P> <P> The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births . However , states are free to create their own forms . As a result , neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states . These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator , which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar , who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request . </P> <H3> Types of certified copies issued ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to the Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Inspector General , as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates . The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service 's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000 . </P> Acceptance of short forms ( edit ) <P> In the case of applying for a U.S. passport , not all legitimate government - issued birth certificates are acceptable : </P> <P> A certified birth certificate has a registrar 's raised , embossed , impressed or multicolored seal , registrar 's signature , and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar 's office , which must be within 1 year of your birth . Please note , some short ( abstract ) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes . </P> <P> Beginning April 1 , 2011 , all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant 's parent ( s ) . </P> <P> The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California . There have been reports of a high instance of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico , and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant . The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal , was no longer considered a secure document , and have not been issued in California since 2001 . </P> Other forms ( edit ) <P> Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn . However , these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship , and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications . Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates , when in reality they hold little legal value . </P> Birth certificates in cases of adoptions ( edit ) <P> In the United States , when an adoption is finalized , the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual 's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents , and replacing the birth parents ' names with the adoptive parents . In those cases , adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request . Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized . Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates , while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction . Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances . </P> <H2> China ( edit ) </H2> <P> The People 's Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on January 1 , 1996 . Birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition , which was adopted since January 1 , 2014 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Birth registration in Ancient Rome </Li> <Li> Birth registration campaign in Liberia </Li> <Li> Closed adoption </Li> <Li> Death certificate </Li> <Li> Identity card </Li> <Li> Marriage license </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Vital record </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vital Records Registration Handbook Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( Jacksonville , FL : Florida Office of Vital Statistics , 2007 ) 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us '' Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( UK General Registry Office ) , accessed August 2009 , . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brumberg , H.L. ; Dozor , D. ; Golombek , S.G. ( June 2012 ) . `` History of the birth certificate : from inception to the future of electronic data '' . Journal of Perinatology. 32 : 407 -- 411 . doi : 10.1038 / jp. 2012.3 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine

Birth certificates are most often completed by

Birth certificates are most often completed by the department?

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Valley of the Dolls - wikipedia <H1> Valley of the Dolls </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Valley of the Dolls ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Valley of the Dolls <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First Hardcover Edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Jacqueline Susann </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1966 ( Bernard Geis Associates ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 442 pp ( hardcover edition ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 978 - 0802135193 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Every Night , Josephine ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> The Love Machine </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Valley of the Dolls is the first novel by American writer Jacqueline Susann . Published in 1966 , the book was the biggest selling novel of its year . To date , it has sold more than 31 million copies , making it one of the best - selling works in publishing history . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Background </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The novel tells the story of three young women who become fast friends in the turbulent post-war worlds of Broadway and Hollywood : Anne Welles , a reserved New England beauty who sees New York as the romantic city of her dreams ; Neely O'Hara , an ebullient vaudevillian with a talent she does n't fully understand ; and Jennifer North , a sweet - natured showgirl who wants only to be loved . As life becomes difficult , each woman grows increasingly dependent on `` dolls , '' the amphetamines and barbiturates which , for a time , seem to help . </P> <P> Crossing their paths are such people as Helen Lawson , a brilliant but ruthless Broadway legend ; Lyon Burke , a magnetic but self - centered theatrical attorney ; Tony Polar , a child - like but sexually aggressive pop singer ; Kevin Gillmore , a powerful but lovesick cosmetics tycoon ; and Ted Casablaca , a potent but opportunistic fashion designer . </P> <P> Over the course of twenty eventful years ( 1945 -- 1965 ) , each of the women strives to ascend the Mount Everest of her dreams , only to find herself back in the valley of the dolls . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Susann had apparently been thinking about the novel for some time . Some years earlier , she had begun a show business novel , Underneath the Pancake , with her friend , actress Beatrice Cole ( c. 1910 -- 1999 ) . Later , she considered writing a novel about drug usage in show business to be called The Pink Dolls . </P> <P> Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef , with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland , Carole Landis , Dean Martin , and Ethel Merman . In 1973 , after publication of her third novel , Susann said , `` They can keep calling it that ( roman a clef ) . It 'll only make my books sell , I do n't care . '' Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme : `` Then I start asking , what kind of a personality ? And because I have a good ear , I unconsciously pick up certain people . '' </P> <P> Susann dedicated the book to her poodle , Josephine , and to her husband , Irving Mansfield . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The book was published by Bernard Geis Associates on February 10 , 1966 , and `` took off like a Cape Canaveral space shot . '' </P> <P> Although Publishers Weekly , in an advance review , called the novel `` big , brilliant and sensational '' ( if `` poorly written '' ) , the book received largely negative reviews . Gloria Steinem panned the book in The New York Herald Tribune as did the reviewer in The New York Times . Time magazine called it the `` Dirty Book of the Month , '' and said , `` it might more accurately be described as a highly effective sedative , a living doll . '' </P> <P> Despite the poor reviews , the book was a commercial juggernaut . On May 8 , 1966 , in its ninth week on the list , the book reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller List , where it remained for 28 consecutive weeks . With a total of 65 weeks on the list , the book became the best selling novel of 1966 . By the time of Susann 's death in 1974 , it had entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling novel in publishing history , with more than 17 million copies sold . By 2016 , the book had sold more than 31 million copies . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1967 the book was adapted into a film of the same name , directed by Mark Robson ( Peyton Place ) , and starring Barbara Parkins ( as Anne ) , Patty Duke ( Neely ) , Paul Burke ( Lyon ) , Sharon Tate ( Jennifer ) , and Susan Hayward ( Helen ) . The movie was written by Helen Deutsch ( National Velvet ) and Dorothy Kingsley ( Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ) , and produced by Robson and David Weisbart . Reviews were scathing , but the film was an enormous box - office hit , becoming the sixth most popular of the year with $44 million at the domestic box office . Susann , who had a cameo as a news reporter , hated the film , reportedly telling director Robson that it was `` a piece of shit . '' </P> <P> The novel was adapted for television in 1981 as Jacqueline Susann 's Valley of the Dolls , a mini-series executive - produced by Susann 's widower Irving Mansfield and directed by Walter Grauman . This version stars Catherine Hicks , Lisa Hartman , and Veronica Hamel . In 1994 a late - night , syndicated television soap opera , Valley of the Dolls , ran for one season and 65 episodes . The premise was a loose adaptation of the novel . BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 15 - episode dramatisation scripted by Yvonne Antrobus over three weeks in August and September 2005 . It was part of the Woman 's Hour programme 's ongoing fifteen - minute daily drama slot , and has been rebroadcast several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra in three 70 - minute omnibus episodes . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The 20th - Century American Bestsellers Database : 1960s . University of Virginia , via Publishers Weekly , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Symonds , Alexandria . ' Valley of the Dolls , ' by the numbers . T : The New York Times Style Magazine . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Best Seller . Encyclopedia Britannica . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seaman , Barbara . Lovely Me : The Life of Jacqueline Susann . 2nd ed . ( New York : Seven Stories Press , 1996 ) , p. 197 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seaman . Lovely Me , p. 251 - 252 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Amy Fine . Once Was Never Enough . Vanity Fair , January 2000 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin . Jackie Susann Picks Up the Marbles . The New York Times , August 12 , 1973 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susann , Jacqueline . Valley of the Dolls . ( New York : Bernard Geis Associates , 1966 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniels , Mary . Susann 's Best Love Story a Private Affair . Chicago Tribune . August 15 , 1976 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mansfield , Irving and Jean Libman Block . Life with Jackie . ( New York : Bantam Books , 1983 ) , p. 132 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seaman , Lovely Me , p. 314 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fremont - Smith , Eliot . Thank You , Franz Kafka ! The New York Times . February 4 , 1966 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Books : Dirty Book of the Month . Time . April 22 , 1966 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adult New York Times Best Seller Lists for 1966 . Hawes Publications . ( n.d. ) Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , Laurie . Jacqueline Susann Dead at 53 ; Novelist Wrote ' Valley of Dolls ' . The New York Times . September 23 , 1974 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seaman . Lovely Me , p. 349 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top Grossing Films of 1967 . Listal . June 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , David B . This Day in Jewish History 1974 : Jacqueline Susann , Who Knew What You Really Want to Read , Dies . Haaretz . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Lawsuit Threatens Lee Daniels ' ' Valley of the Dolls ' TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radio Listings </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Radio omnibus edition catalogue entry </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Valley of the Dolls The official website , run by the estate of Jacqueline Susann . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jacqueline Susann </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Every Night , Josephine ! ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Valley of the Dolls ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Love Machine ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Once Is Not Enough ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Dolores ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Yargo ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Valley of the Dolls ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Love Machine ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Once Is Not Enough ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Valley of the Dolls ( TV series , 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Is n't She Great </Li> <Li> Jacqueline Susann 's Open Door </Li> <Li> Just This Once </Li> <Li> Irving Mansfield </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_of_the_Dolls&oldid=799961415 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 American novels </Li> <Li> American LGBT novels </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Debut novels </Li> <Li> Feminist literature </Li> <Li> Hollywood novels </Li> <Li> Novels about actors </Li> <Li> Novels by Jacqueline Susann </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li>

The novel "Valley of the Dolls" is based on

Who is the valley of the dolls based on?

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Widget ( beer ) - wikipedia <H1> Widget ( beer ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Guinness floating widget Guinness beer bottle widget <P> A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer 's head . The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness . The `` floating widget '' is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere , approximately 3 cm in diameter ( similar in appearance to table tennis ball , but smaller ) with at least one small hole and a seam . The `` rocket widget '' is found in bottles , 7 cm in length with the small hole at the bottom . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Method </Li> <Li> 3 Development </Li> <Li> 4 Beer glass widget </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Draught Guinness , as it is known today , was first produced in 1964 . With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home , Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979 . It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an `` initiator '' device , which looked rather like a syringe , to make it work . </P> <H2> Method ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen , which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed , forcing gas and beer into the widget 's hollow interior through a tiny hole -- the less beer the better for subsequent head quality . In addition , some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide . Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration . </P> <P> The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed , which increases the creaminess of the head . This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension , which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles . Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide , as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head . </P> <P> When the can is opened , the pressure in the can quickly drops , causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole . This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer . The result , when the can is then poured out , is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid . </P> <P> This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts . In the case of these draught beers , which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide , the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap . The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> Expired British Patent No 1266351 , filed 27 January 1969 Diagram of Acorn Can <P> In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness 's St James 's Gate brewery in Dublin , Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand , developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment . It was patented in British Patent No 1266351 , filed 27 January 1969 , with a complete specification published 8 March 1972 . </P> <P> Development work on a can system under Project ACORN ( Advanced Cans Of Rich Nectar ) focused on an arrangement whereby a false lid underneath the main lid formed the gas chamber ( see diagram below right ) . </P> <P> Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold , and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators . Subsequently , Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company 's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention , under the direction of Alan Forage . </P> Development sequence for canned draught Guinness Development sequence for bottled draught Guinness <P> The design of an internal compartment that could be readily inserted during the canning process was devised by Alan Forage and William Byrne , and work started on the widget during the period 1984 -- 85 . The plan was to introduce a plastic capsule into the can , pressurise it during the filling process and then allow it to release this pressure in a controlled manner when the can was opened . This would be sufficient to initiate the product and give it the characteristic creamy head . However , Tony Carey observed that this resulted in beer being forced into the widget during pressurisation , which reduced the quality of the head . He suggested overcoming this by rapidly inverting the can after the lid was seamed on . This extra innovation proved successful . </P> <P> The first samples sent to Dublin were labelled `` Project Dynamite '' , which caused some delay before customs and excise would release the samples . Because of this the name was changed to Oaktree in recognition of the earlier ACORN project . Another name that changed was `` inserts '' ; the operators called them `` widgets '' almost immediately after they arrived on site , a name that has now stuck with the industry . </P> <P> The development of ideas continued and more than one hundred alternatives were considered . The blow - moulded widget was to be pierced with a laser and a blower was then necessary to blow away the plume created by the laser burning through the polypropylene . This was abandoned and instead it was decided to gas - exchange air for nitrogen on the filler , and produce the inserts with a hole in place using straightforward and cheaper injection - moulding techniques . </P> <P> Commissioning began January 1988 , with a national launch date of March 1989 . This first - generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can . This method worked fine if the beer was served cold ; when served warm the can would overflow when opened . The floating widget , which Guinness calls the `` Smoothifier '' , was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem . </P> <P> The diagrams on the left show the development sequences for canned and bottled draught Guinness from 1969 to 1988 . </P> <P> The idea for the widget soon became popular . John Smith 's started to include widgets in their cans in 1994 and many beer brands in the UK now use widgets , often alongside regular carbonated products . </P> <P> Although patented by Guinness , the widget was actually invented by John Lunn , MD of Mclennons of Birmingham , who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken , so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy 's . Lunn then later invented a third widget , the floating one , with two one - way valves , which is the widget that all brewers use now . </P> <H2> Beer glass widget ( edit ) </H2> Circular widget etched in the base of a standard pint glass Comparison of bubbles formed in a glass containing a widget ( left ) and one with a smooth base ( right ) . <P> The term widget glass can be used to refer to a laser - etched pattern at the bottom of a beer glass which aids the release of carbon dioxide bubbles . The pattern of the etching can be anything from a simple circular or chequered design to a logo or text . </P> <P> The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point , allowing the CO to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it , thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer . This has become increasingly popular with Fosters , Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Daithí Ó hAnluain ( 17 December 2001 ) . `` Foaming Over Guinness in a Bottle '' . Wired . Cork , Ireland . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Nicholas ; John Kuzniarski ( 3 August 1993 ) . `` CA Patent 1320934 - Gas Dissolving Method '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Widget Glass '' . www.probertencyclopaedia.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Carey & Hildebrand , Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers , UK Patent 1266351 , published 8 March 1972 -- the original invention behind the modern widget . </Li> <Li> Forage , et al. , `` Beverage package and a method of packaging a beverage containing gas in solution '' . United States Patent 4,832,968. 23 May 1989 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widget_(beer)&oldid=811290957 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Beer vessels and serving </Li> <Li> Industrial gases </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 18 : 23 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

There is a ball in Guinness beer

Why is there a ball in guinness beer?

-4879672631592131847

Paul Hogan - wikipedia <H1> Paul Hogan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Paul Hogan , see Paul Hogan ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Paul Hogan AM </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1939 - 10 - 08 ) 8 October 1939 ( age 78 ) Lightning Ridge , New South Wales , Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Santa Barbara , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , producer , writer , comedian , television presenter , businessman , labourer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1971 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Net worth </Th> <Td> US $ 28 million ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Noelene Edwards ( m . 1958 ; div. 1981 ) & ( m . 1982 ; div. 1990 ) Linda Kozlowski ( m . 1990 ; div. 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lauren </Li> <Li> Brett </Li> <Li> Scott </Li> <Li> Todd </Li> <Li> Clay </Li> <Li> Chance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Paul Hogan , AM ( born 8 October 1939 ) is an Australian comedian , actor and television presenter . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael `` Crocodile '' Dundee in Crocodile Dundee ( 1986 ) , the first in the Dundee film franchise . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Honours </Li> <Li> 4 Personal life <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Tax problems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Acting </Li> <Li> 5.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 5.3 Producing </Li> <Li> 5.4 Himself </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Paul Hogan was born in Lightning Ridge , New South Wales , Australia . He worked as a rigger on the Sydney Harbour Bridge . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hogan 's first public appearance was on Australian television , the Nine Network 's amateur talent program New Faces in 1971 . Hogan had observed to his Harbour Bridge workmates that the program 's entertainment value relied significantly on the judges ridiculing and belittling the performers , and suggested the judges deserved similar treatment . Hogan inveigled his way onto the program by claiming to be a `` tap - dancing knife - thrower '' . Hogan appeared on stage in his work boots , holding kitchen knives ; he performed a rudimentary shuffle , threw the knives onto the floor and proceeded to make a series of jokes at the judges ' expense . Strong positive response from the viewing public saw Hogan invited back for repeated performances on New Faces ; in another of these , he proposed to `` play the shovels '' , which consisted of banging two shovels together a few times before making a series of jokes . Hogan 's natural ability as a comedic performer attracted the attention of Mike Willesee , host of Nine 's news magazine program A Current Affair . Willesee offered Hogan regular appearances on the show , during which Hogan would make humorous comment on some issue of the day . During this time Hogan befriended Current Affair producer John Cornell , who became Hogan 's manager and business partner . </P> <P> Hogan followed this with his own comedy sketch program The Paul Hogan Show , which he produced and wrote , and in which he played characters with Cornell and Delvene Delaney . The series , which ran for 60 episodes between 1973 and 1984 , was popular in his native country and South Africa , and showcased his trademark lighthearted but laddish ocker humour . Hogan won the 1973 TV Week Logie Award for ' Best New Talent ' . The early series was on Channel Seven and by 1975 , it was screened on Channel Nine where it remained until the end of 1984 . </P> <P> In the 1970s , he advertised Winfield cigarettes in television , print and billboard advertisements in which he wore a formal dinner suit . These ads always ended with the catchphrase `` Anyhow , have a Winfield '' . During the early 1980s , Hogan filmed a series of television ads promoting the Australian tourism industry , which aired in the United States . An advertisement with the phrase `` shrimp on the barbie '' which aired from 1984 , was particularly successful . </P> <P> In 1985 , Hogan starred as an Australian World War I ' digger ' named Pat Cleary in the critically acclaimed mini-series Anzacs which aired on the Nine Network . Cleary was described as the quintessential Aussie larrikin and series writer John Dixon wrote the part of Cleary with Hogan in mind . The series included a `` who 's who '' of Australian television and film actors of the day including Jon Blake , Andrew Clarke , Megan Williams , Tony Bonner , Bill Kerr , Ilona Rodgers , Vivean Gray and Robert Coleby . </P> <P> Throughout the decade , he appeared on British TV in advertisements for Foster 's Lager , in which he played an earthy Australian abroad in London . The character 's most notable line ( spoken incredulously at a ballet performance ) `` Struth , there 's a bloke down there with no strides on ! '' , followed Hogan for years , and the popularity of its `` fish out of water '' humour was repeated with his next endeavour . In another advertisement from the same Foster 's series , Hogan 's character is approached in a London Tube station by a Japanese tourist who asks , ' Do you know the way to Cockfosters ? ' ( referring to an area in North London ) , to which Hogan replies ( with a puzzled look on his face ) : `` Drink it warm , mate . '' </P> <P> Hogan 's breakout role was that of Mick `` Crocodile '' Dundee in the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee . Hogan also co-wrote the movie , which was a massive critical and commercial success in many countries . He won the 1987 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and was also nominated for Best Actor at the BAFTAs . The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award , a BAFTA and a Saturn Award . Along with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn , Hogan co-hosted the 59th Academy Awards , also in 1987 . Hogan again portrayed Mick Dundee in the sequel Crocodile Dundee II , released in 1988 . Hogan was also executive producer and co-writer with his son , Brett . Although less popular than the first Crocodile Dundee film with critics , it was also a commercial success . The character made him popular in the United States , with phrases like , `` That 's not a knife ... that 's a knife ! '' entering the lexicon , though Hogan was troubled that the character was perceived as a cross between Chuck Norris and John Rambo , and turned down roles similar to those due to their violent nature , commenting : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The movie scene is screaming out for the movie hero who does n't kill 75 people ... less of those commandos , terminators , ex-terminators and squashers . Mick 's a good role model . There 's no malice in the fellow and he 's human . He 's not a wimp or a sissy just because he does n't kill people . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the early 1990s , a Paramount executive pitched a concept of a Crocodile Dundee / Beverly Hills Cop crossover movie . Hogan refused the starring role in the hit film Ghost , choosing instead to make Almost an Angel ( 1990 ) . In 1994 Hogan co-produced , wrote and starred in the Western comedy film Lightning Jack . In 1996 Hogan starred in a remake of the 1963 film Flipper , a family - friendly movie about a dolphin . In 1998 he co-starred in the made - for - TV drama Floating Away , an adaptation of the Tim Sandlin book Sorrow Floats . Hogan played ' Shane ' , a recovering alcoholic . </P> <P> In the late 1990s and early 2000s , he was featured in advertisements for the Subaru Outback . In 2001 , Hogan returned to the role that made him famous with Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles . </P> <P> In 2004 , Hogan starred in the Australian - produced comedy film Strange Bedfellows , about two firemen pretending to be in a homosexual relationship for financial benefit . Strange Bedfellows was written and directed by Hogan 's friend Dean Murphy and was the highest - grossing Australian - made film of 2004 . 2005 saw the release of Paul Hogan - Stand Up Hoges , a DVD compilation of Hogan 's favourite live performances throughout his career . In 2009 , Hogan starred in another of Murphy 's films , Charlie & Boots , a road - movie concerning the relationship between a father ( Hogan ) and son ( Shane Jacobson ) . It was the second - highest grossing Australian - made film of 2009 , after Mao 's Last Dancer . </P> <P> In 2013 , 2014 and 2015 Hogan embarked on live stand - up performances throughout Australia . The 2013 An Evening with Hoges tour featured capital cities only but the 2014 tour Hoges : One Night Only featured 25 locations including regional Australia . 2015 's Hoges : Live saw shows in Hobart , Melbourne and Sydney only . Some of this material was shown in the 2014 documentary Hanging with Hoges , in which Hogan was interviewed about his life and career by Shane Jacobson . </P> <P> In 2016 Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award for an outstanding contribution to the Australian screen . Hogan joked he 'd only ever been a `` one - hit wonder '' . </P> <H2> Honours ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1985 , Hogan was named Australian of the Year . </P> <P> In 1986 he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia ( AM ) `` for service to tourism and entertainment '' . </P> <P> in 1987 Hogan won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy for Crocodile Dundee . </P> <P> In 2016 Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award , the highest honour of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts ( AACTA ) , for outstanding services to the Australian screen . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hogan and his first wife , Noelene Edwards , married in 1958 . They separated and divorced in 1981 and remarried less than one year later . A second divorce , initiated in 1986 , was considered one of Australia 's ugliest celebrity divorces . Hogan married his Crocodile Dundee co-star Linda Kozlowski in 1990 . He has five children with his first wife and one with his second wife . In October 2013 , Kozlowski filed for divorce from Hogan , citing irreconcilable differences . He is an Australian Republican . </P> <H3> Tax problems ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hogan has been named as one of a group in connection to a A $300 million Australian tax fraud investigation called Operation Wickenby , investigating 23 companies for allegedly using overseas companies to hide income . In July 2008 , Hogan commented to Network Ten that he had `` paid plenty of tax '' in Australia and that he had nothing to fear from the Australian Taxation Office investigation . </P> <P> In October 2008 , Hogan scored a

The actor who played Crocodile Dundee was

Who was the actor who played crocodile dundee?

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Myofascial trigger point - wikipedia <H1> Myofascial trigger point </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the `` tender points '' , used for fibromyalgia diagnosis . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Trigger point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Classification and external resources </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Rheumatology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 10 </Th> <Td> M62. 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Myofascial trigger points , also known as trigger points , are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle . They are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers . They are a topic of ongoing controversy , as there is limited data to inform a scientific understanding of the phenomenon . Accordingly , a formal acceptance of myofascial `` knots '' as an identifiable source of pain is more common among bodyworkers , physical therapists , chiropractors , and osteopathic practitioners . Nonetheless , the concept of trigger points provides a framework which may be used to help address certain musculoskeletal pain . </P> <P> The trigger point model states that unexplained pain frequently radiates from these points of local tenderness to broader areas , sometimes distant from the trigger point itself . Practitioners claim to have identified reliable referred pain patterns which associate pain in one location with trigger points elsewhere . There is variation in the methodology for diagnosis of trigger points and a dearth of theory to explain how they arise and why they produce specific patterns of referred pain . </P> <P> Compression of a trigger point may elicit local tenderness , referred pain , or local twitch response . The local twitch response is not the same as a muscle spasm . This is because a muscle spasm refers to the entire muscle contracting whereas the local twitch response also refers to the entire muscle but only involves a small twitch , no contraction . </P> <P> Among physicians , various specialists might use trigger point therapy . These include physiatrists ( physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation ) , family medicine , and orthopedics . Osteopathic as well as chiropractic schools also include trigger points in their training . Other health professionals , such as athletic trainers , occupational therapists , physiotherapists , acupuncturists , massage therapists and structural integrators are also aware of these ideas and many of them make use of trigger points in their clinical work as well . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 Diagnosis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Imaging </Li> <Li> 2.2 Myofascial pain syndrome </Li> <Li> 2.3 Misdiagnosis of pain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Pathophysiology </Li> <Li> 4 Treatment <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Physical muscle treatment </Li> <Li> 4.2 Trigger - point - injection </Li> <Li> 4.3 Risks </Li> <Li> 4.4 Efficacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Overlap with acupuncture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term `` trigger point '' was coined in 1942 by Dr. Janet Travell to describe a clinical finding with the following characteristics : </P> <Ul> <Li> Pain related to a discrete , irritable point in skeletal muscle or fascia , not caused by acute local trauma , inflammation , degeneration , neoplasm or infection . </Li> <Li> The painful point can be felt as a nodule or band in the muscle , and a twitch response can be elicited on stimulation of the trigger point . </Li> <Li> Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patient 's complaint of pain , and the pain radiates in a distribution typical of the specific muscle harboring the trigger point . </Li> <Li> The pain can not be explained by findings on neurological examination . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Diagnosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Practitioners do not agree on what constitutes a trigger point , but the assessment typically considers symptoms , pain patterns and manual palpation . Usually there is a taut band in muscles containing trigger points , and a hard nodule can be felt . Often a twitch response can be felt in the muscle by running your finger perpendicular to the muscle 's direction ; this twitch response often activates the `` all or nothing '' response in a muscle that causes it to contract . Pressing on an affected muscle can often refer pain . Clusters of trigger points are not uncommon in some of the larger muscles , such as the gluteus group ( gluteus maximus , gluteus medius , and gluteus minimus ) . Often there is a heat differential in the local area of a trigger point . </P> <P> A 2007 review of diagnostic criteria used in studies of trigger points concluded that </P> <Dl> <Dd> there is as yet limited consensus on case definition in respect of MTrP pain syndrome . Further research is needed to test the reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria . Until reliable diagnostic criteria have been established , there is a need for greater transparency in research papers on how a case of MTrP pain syndrome is defined , and claims for effective interventions in treating the condition should be viewed with caution . </Dd> </Dl> <P> A 2009 review of nine studies examining the reliability of trigger point diagnosis found that physical examination could not be recommended as reliable for the diagnosis of trigger points . </P> <H3> Imaging ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 2008 review in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of two recent studies concludes they present findings that can reduce some of the controversy surrounding the cause and identification of myofascial trigger points ( MTPs ) . The study by Chen on the use of magnetic resonance elastography ( MRE ) imaging of the taut band of an MTP in an upper trapezius muscle may present a convincing demonstration of the cause of MTP symptoms . MRE is a modification of existing magnetic resonance imaging equipment to image stress produced by adjacent tissues with different degrees of tension . This report presents an MRE image of the taut band that shows the V - shaped signature of the increased tension compared with surrounding tissues . Results were all consistent with the concept that taut bands are detectable and quantifiable with MRE imaging . The findings in the subjects suggest that the stiffness of the taut bands in patients with myofascial pain may be 50 % greater than that of the surrounding muscle tissue . The findings suggest that MRE can quantitate asymmetries in muscle tone that could previously only be identified subjectively by examination . </P> <P> In the study by Shah and associates , they have shown the feasibility of continuous , in vivo recovery of small molecules from soft tissue without harmful effects . With this technique , they have been able to investigate the biochemistry of muscle in subjects with myofascial trigger points and to contrast this with that of the noninvolved muscle . </P> <H3> Myofascial pain syndrome ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main innovation of Travell 's work was the introduction of the myofascial pain syndrome concept ( myofascial referring to the fascia that surrounds and permeates muscle ) . This is described as a focal hyperirritability in muscle that can strongly modulate central nervous system functions . Travell and followers distinguish this from fibromyalgia , which is characterized by widespread pain and tenderness and is described as a central augmentation of nociception giving rise to deep tissue tenderness that includes muscles . Studies estimate that in 75 -- 95 percent of cases , myofascial pain is a primary cause of regional pain . Myofascial pain is associated with muscle tenderness that arises from trigger points , focal points of tenderness , a few millimeters in diameter , found at multiple sites in a muscle and the fascia of muscle tissue . Biopsy tests found that trigger points were hyperirritable and electrically active muscle spindles in general muscle tissue . </P> <H3> Misdiagnosis of pain ( edit ) </H3> <P> The misdiagnosis of pain is the most important issue taken up by Travell and Simons . Referred pain from trigger points mimics the symptoms of a very long list of common maladies , but physicians , in weighing all the possible causes for a given condition , rarely consider a myofascial source . The study of trigger points has not historically been part of medical education . Travell and Simons hold that most of the common everyday pain is caused by myofascial trigger points and that ignorance of that basic concept could inevitably lead to false diagnoses and the ultimate failure to deal effectively with pain . </P> <H2> Pathophysiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Activation of trigger points may be caused by a number of factors , including acute or chronic muscle overload , activation by other trigger points ( key / satellite , primary / secondary ) , disease , psychological distress ( via systemic inflammation ) , homeostatic imbalances , direct trauma to the region , collision trauma ( such as a car crash which stresses many muscles and causes instant trigger points ) radiculopathy , infections and health issues such as smoking . </P> <P> Trigger points form only in muscles . They form as a local contraction in a small number of muscle fibers in a larger muscle or muscle bundle . These in turn can pull on tendons and ligaments associated with the muscle and can cause pain deep within a joint where there are no muscles . The integrated hypothesis theory states that trigger points form from excessive release of acetylcholine which produces sustained depolarization of muscle fibers . Indeed , the trigger point has an abnormal biochemical composition with elevated concentrations of acetylcholine , noradrenaline and serotonin and a lower pH . These sustained contractions of muscle sarcomeres compresses local blood supply restricting the energy needs of the local region . This crisis of energy produces sensitizing substances that interact with some nociceptive ( pain ) nerves traversing in the local region which in turn can produce localized pain within the muscle at the neuromuscular junction ( Travell and Simons 1999 ) . When trigger points are present in muscles there is often pain and weakness in the associated structures . These pain patterns in muscles follow specific nerve pathways and have been readily mapped to allow for identification of the causative pain factor . Many trigger points have pain patterns that overlap , and some create reciprocal cyclic relationships that need to be treated extensively to remove them . </P> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Physical muscle treatment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Therapists may use myotherapy ( deep pressure as in Bonnie Prudden 's approach , massage or tapotement as in Dr. Griner 's approach ) , mechanical vibration , pulsed ultrasound , electrostimulation , ischemic compression , trigger - point - injection ( see below ) , dry - needling , `` spray - and - stretch '' using a cooling ( vapocoolant ) spray , Low Level Laser Therapy and stretching techniques that invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system . Practitioners may use elbows , feet or various tools to direct pressure directly upon the trigger point , to avoid overuse of their hands . </P> <P> A successful treatment protocol relies on identifying trigger points , resolving them and , if all trigger points have been deactivated , elongating the structures affected along their natural range of motion and length . In the case of muscles , which is where most treatment occurs , this involves stretching the muscle using combinations of passive , active , active isolated ( AIS ) , muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , and proprioceptive

Trigger points are located

Where are trigger points located in the body?

-6867022576468538792

2007 ICC World Twenty20 - wikipedia <H1> 2007 ICC World Twenty20 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 2007 ICC World Twenty20 <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 11 September -- 24 September </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administrator ( s ) </Th> <Td> International Cricket Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cricket format </Th> <Td> Twenty20 International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournament format ( s ) </Th> <Td> Group stage and Knockout </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host ( s ) </Th> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> India ( 1st title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> Pakistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> 12 ( from 16 entrants ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Matches played </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Player of the series </Th> <Td> Shahid Afridi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most runs </Th> <Td> Matthew Hayden ( 265 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most wickets </Th> <Td> Umar Gul ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> www.icc-cricket.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2009 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2007 ICC World Twenty20 was the inaugural Twenty20 cricket world championship , contested in South Africa from 11 to 24 September 2007 . Twelve teams took part in the thirteen - day tournament -- the ten Test - playing nations and the finalists of the 2007 WCL Division One tournament : Kenya and Scotland . India won the tournament , beating Pakistan in the final . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Rules and regulations </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification </Li> <Li> 3 Squads </Li> <Li> 4 Group Stages <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Group A </Li> <Li> 4.2 Group B </Li> <Li> 4.3 Group C </Li> <Li> 4.4 Group D </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Super 8s <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Group E </Li> <Li> 5.2 Group F </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Knockout stages <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 6.2 Final </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Records and statistics </Li> <Li> 8 Venues </Li> <Li> 9 Match officials </Li> <Li> 10 Media coverage </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Rules and regulations ( edit ) </H2> ICC World T20 2007 BAN vs RSA <P> During the group stage and Super Eight , points were awarded to the teams as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="1"> Results </Th> <Th colspan="1"> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Win </Td> <Td> 2 points </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Result </Td> <Td> 1 point </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loss </Td> <Td> 0 points </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In case of a tie ( i.e. , both teams score exactly the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings ) , a bowl - out decided the winner . This was applicable in all stages of the tournament . The bowl - out was used to determine the result of only one game in this tournament -- the Group D game between India and Pakistan on 14 September ( scorecard ) . </P> <P> Within each group ( both group stage and Super Eight stage ) , teams were ranked against each other based on the following criteria : </P> <Ol> <Li> Higher number of points </Li> <Li> If equal , higher number of wins </Li> <Li> If still equal , higher net run rate </Li> <Li> If still equal , lower bowling strike rate </Li> <Li> If still equal , result of head to head meeting . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> See also : 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One <P> By finishing first and second in the 2007 WCL Division One , Kenya and Scotland qualified for the World Twenty20 . </P> <H2> Squads ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2007 ICC World Twenty20 squads <H2> Group stages ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 12 participant teams were divided into four groups of three teams each . The groups were determined based on the rankings of the teams in Twenty20 as of 1 March 2007 . The top two teams from each group went through to the second stage of the tournament . </P> <P> All times given are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) </P> <H3> Group a ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> NR </Th> <Th> NRR </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> A1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 0.974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> A3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 0.149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Indies </Td> <Td> A2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> − 1.233 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Group A saw the only exit of a seeded team when the West Indies were eliminated after losing both their matches . Their first loss came after Chris Gayle 's record 117 runs was not enough to prevent South Africa from winning . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 11 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> West Indies 205 / 6 ( 20 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa 208 / 2 ( 17.4 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Gayle 117 ( 57 ) Johan van der Wath 2 / 33 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herschelle Gibbs 90 ( 55 ) Fidel Edwards 1 / 21 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Africa won by 8 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Daryl Harper ( Aus ) Player of the match : Chris Gayle ( WI ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Vernon Philander , Morne Morkel ( both SA ) and Ramnaresh Sarwan , Fidel Edwards ( both WI ) all made their T20I debuts . </Li> <Li> Chris Gayle became the first person to hit a century in an official Twenty20 International . He also scored the most sixes in one innings of Twenty20 with 10 . </Li> <Li> The West Indian first - wicket partnership of 145 between Chris Gayle and Devon Smith was the highest in Twenty20 international cricket . </Li> <Li> The West Indies beat their own record of giving away the most extras in a Twenty20 match , with 28 ( 4 leg - byes , 23 wides and a no - ball ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 13 September 10 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> West Indies 164 / 8 ( 20 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh 165 / 4 ( 18 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Devon Smith 51 ( 52 ) Shakib Al Hasan 4 / 34 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aftab Ahmed 62 ( 49 ) Ramnaresh Sarwan 2 / 10 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh won by 6 wickets Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Mark Benson ( Eng ) and Nigel Llong ( Eng ) Player of the match : Mohammad Ashraful ( Ban ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> South Africa and Bangladesh qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 15 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh 144 ( 20.0 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa 146 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aftab Ahmed 36 ( 14 ) Shaun Pollock 3 / 40 ( 3.3 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Graeme Smith 41 ( 34 ) Abdur Razzak 2 / 26 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Africa won by 7 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Morne Morkel ( SA ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Group B ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> NR </Th> <Th> NRR </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> B1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 0.987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> B2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 0.209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> B3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> − 1.196 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Group B started with World Champions Australia being defeated by Zimbabwe , Brendan Taylor scored 64 ( not out ) and saw the Africans home with one ball to spare . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 12 September 18 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Australia 138 / 9 ( 20 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe 139 / 5 ( 19.5 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Hodge 35 ( 22 ) Elton Chigumbura 3 / 20 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brendan Taylor 64 * ( 46 ) Stuart Clark 2 / 22 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe won by 5 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Tony Hill ( NZ ) Player of the match : Brendan Taylor ( Zim ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Tatenda Taibu , Vusi Sibanda , Tawanda Mupariwa ( Zim ) and Brad Hodge , Mitchell Johnson ( cricketer ) ( both Aus ) all made their T20I debuts . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 13 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> England 188 / 9 ( 20 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe 138 / 8 ( 20 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kevin Pietersen 79 ( 37 ) Elton Chigumbura 4 / 31 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brendan Taylor 47 ( 39 ) Dimitri Mascarenhas 3 / 18 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> England won by 50 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Luke Wright , Darren Maddy and Chris Schofield ( Eng ) all made their T20I debuts . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 14 September 14 : 00 ( scorecard ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> England 135 all out ( 20 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Australia 136 / 2 ( 14.5 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Flintoff 31 ( 19 ) Nathan Bracken 3 / 16 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Matthew Hayden 67 * ( 43 ) Andrew Flintoff 1 / 25 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Australia won by 8 wickets Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Asad Rauf ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( SA ) Player of the match : Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Australia and England qualified for the Super 8s as a result of this match . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Group C ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> NR </Th> <Th> NRR </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> C2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 4.721 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> C1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> + 2.396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> C3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> − 8.047 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the first match Kenya scored the lowest

The last over of the 2007 World Twenty20 that India won was bowled by

Who bowled the last over of the 2007 world twenty20 that india won?

8451264603946634151

Ambulatory care - wikipedia <H1> Ambulatory care </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Ambulatory care or outpatient care is medical care provided on an outpatient basis , including diagnosis , observation , consultation , treatment , intervention , and rehabilitation services . This care can include advanced medical technology and procedures even when provided outside of hospitals . </P> Public ambulatory care facility in Maracay , Venezuela , providing primary care for ambulatory care sensitive conditions . <P> Ambulatory care sensitive conditions ( ACSC ) are health conditions where appropriate ambulatory care prevents or reduces the need for hospital admission ( or inpatient care ) , such as diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . </P> <P> Many Medical Investigations and treatments for acute and chronic illnesses and preventive health care can be performed on an ambulatory basis , including minor surgical and medical procedures , most types of dental services , dermatology services , and many types of diagnostic procedures ( e.g. blood tests , X-rays , endoscopy and biopsy procedures of superficial organs ) . Other types of ambulatory care services include emergency visits , rehabilitation visits , and in some cases telephone consultations . </P> <P> Ambulatory care services represent the most significant contributor to increasing hospital expenditures and to the performance of the health care system in most countries , including most developing countries . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Settings </Li> <Li> 2 Conditions </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Settings ( edit ) </H2> <P> Health care organizations use different ways to define the nature of care provided as `` ambulatory '' versus inpatient or other types of care . </P> <P> Sites where ambulatory care can be delivered include : </P> <P> </P> An examination room in a doctor 's office . <Ul> <Li> Doctor 's surgeries ( known as doctor 's offices in American English ) : This is the most common site for the delivery of ambulatory care in many countries , and usually consists of a physician 's visit . Physicians of many specialties deliver ambulatory care . These physicians include specialists in family medicine , internal medicine , obstetrics , gynaecology , cardiology , gastroenterology , endocrinology , ophthalmology , and dermatology . </Li> <Li> Clinics : Including ambulatory care clinics , polyclinics , ambulatory surgery centers , and urgent care centers . <Ul> <Li> In the United States , the Urgent Care Association of America ( UCAOA ) estimates that over 15,000 urgent care centers deliver urgent care services . These centers are designed to evaluate and treat conditions that are not severe enough to require treatment in a hospital emergency department but still require treatment beyond normal physician office hours or before a physician appointment is available . </Li> <Li> In Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union , Feldsher health stations are the main site for ambulatory care in rural areas . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hospitals : Including emergency departments and other hospital - based services such as same day surgery services and mental health services . <Ul> <Li> Hospital emergency departments : Some visits to emergency departments result in hospital admission , so these would be considered emergency medicine visits rather than ambulatory care . Most visits to hospital emergency departments , however , do not require hospital admission . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Non-medical institution - based settings : Including school and prison health ; vision , dental and pharmaceutical care . </Li> <Li> Non-institution settings : For example , mass childhood immunization campaigns using community health workers . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Conditions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ambulatory care sensitive conditions ( ACSC ) are illnesses or health conditions where appropriate ambulatory care prevents or reduces the need for hospital admission . Appropriate care for an ACSC can include one or more planned revisits to settings of ambulatory care for follow - up , such as when a patient is continuously monitored or otherwise advised to return when ( or if ) symptoms appear or reappear . </P> <P> Relatively common ACSC include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> asthma </Li> <Li> angina </Li> <Li> diabetes ( complications ) </Li> <Li> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease </Li> <Li> pelvic inflammatory disease </Li> <Li> hypertension </Li> <Li> Chronic pain , Pain management </Li> <Li> gastroenteritis </Li> <Li> gangrene </Li> <Li> ear - nose - throat ( ENT ) infections </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> congestive heart failure </Li> <Li> epilepsy </Li> <Li> influenza , pneumonia and other vaccine - preventable diseases </Li> <Li> tuberculosis </Li> <Li> iron deficiency anemia </Li> <Li> urinary tract infections </Li> <Li> cellulitis </Li> <Li> dental conditions . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hospitalization for an ACSC is considered to be a measure of access to appropriate primary health care , including preventive and disease management services . While not all admissions for these conditions are avoidable , appropriate ambulatory care could help prevent their onset , control an acute episode , or manage a chronic disease or condition. : For Medicaid - covered and uninsured U.S. hospital stays in 2012 , six of the top ten diagnoses were ambulatory care sensitive conditions . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Primary care </Li> <Li> Reason for encounter </Li> <Li> Health care provider </Li> <Li> Ambulatory care nursing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-ambulatory-care.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart.asp?articlekey=2218 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Osler Health System . What is `` Ambulatory Care '' ? Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saskatoon Health Region . Programs & Services : Ambulatory Care . Archived 2011 - 09 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary . Ambulatory care . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Canadian Institute for Health Information , Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions . Accessed 14 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Canadian Institute for Health Information , Comprehensive Ambulatory Care Classification System . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Karpiel MS . `` Using patient classification systems to identify ambulatory care costs . '' CBS Business Network . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berman P. `` Organization of ambulatory care provision : a critical determinant of health system performance in developing countries . '' Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 2000 , 78 ( 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verran JA . `` Testing a classification instrument for the ambulatory care setting . '' Research in Nursing & Health , 9 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 87 , December 1986 - doi : 10.1002 / nur. 4770090404 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberta Health and Wellness . Alberta Ambulatory Care Reporting Manual . Edmonton , April 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shabarova Z . Primary Health Care in the NIS : Soviet Primary Health Care system review . Archived 2012 - 04 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 25 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . Concept : Ambulatory Care Sensitive ( ACS ) Conditions . Published September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 14 from http://mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca/viewConcept.php?conceptID=1023 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Commonwealth Fund ( date unknown ) . Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care -- Sensitive Conditions . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 14 from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Performance-Snapshots/Overuse-of-Health-Care-Services/Hospitalizations-for-Ambulatory-Care--8211-Sensitive-Conditions.aspx . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lui CK , Wallace SP , A common denominator : calculating hospitalization rates for ambulatory care -- sensitive conditions in California . Prev Chronic Dis 2011 ; 8 ( 5 ) : A102 . Accessed April 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zahid Ansari1 et al. , Patient characteristics associated with hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in Victoria , Australia . BMC Health Services Research 2012 , 12 : 475 doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6963 - 12 - 475 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lopez - Gonzalez L , Pickens GT , Washington R , Weiss AJ ( October 2014 ) . `` Characteristics of Medicaid and Uninsured Hospitalizations , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 183 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambulatory care . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Urgent Care Association of America </Li> <Li> Journal of Ambulatory Pediatrics </Li> <Li> Diagnosing and treating the ailments of outpatient facilities </Li> <Li> High use of ambulatory care as indication of problems obtaining access to appropriate primary care </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Medicine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialties and subspecialties </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Surgery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cardiac surgery </Li> <Li> Cardiothoracic surgery </Li> <Li> Colorectal surgery </Li> <Li> Eye surgery </Li> <Li> General surgery </Li> <Li> Neurosurgery </Li> <Li> Oral and maxillofacial surgery </Li> <Li> Orthopedic surgery </Li> <Li> Hand surgery </Li> <Li> Otolaryngology ( ENT ) </Li> <Li> Pediatric surgery </Li> <Li> Plastic surgery </Li> <Li> Reproductive surgery </Li> <Li> Surgical oncology </Li> <Li> Thoracic surgery </Li> <Li> Transplant surgery </Li> <Li> Trauma surgery </Li> <Li> Urology <Ul> <Li> Andrology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vascular surgery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Internal medicine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Allergy / Immunology </Li> <Li> Angiology </Li> <Li> Cardiology </Li> <Li> Endocrinology </Li> <Li> Gastroenterology <Ul> <Li> Hepatology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Geriatrics </Li> <Li> Hematology </Li> <Li> Hospital medicine </Li> <Li> Infectious disease </Li> <Li> Nephrology </Li> <Li> Oncology </Li> <Li> Pulmonology </Li> <Li> Rheumatology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Obstetrics and gynaecology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gynaecology </Li> <Li> Gynecologic oncology </Li> <Li> Maternal -- fetal medicine </Li> <Li> Obstetrics </Li> <Li> Reproductive endocrinology and infertility </Li> <Li> Urogynecology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Diagnostic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Radiology <Ul> <Li> Interventional radiology </Li> <Li> Nuclear medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pathology <Ul> <Li> Anatomical pathology </Li> <Li> Clinical pathology </Li> <Li> Clinical chemistry </Li> <Li> Clinical immunology </Li> <Li> Cytopathology </Li> <Li> Medical microbiology </Li> <Li> Transfusion medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Other specialties </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Addiction medicine </Li> <Li> Adolescent medicine </Li> <Li> Anesthesiology </Li> <Li> Dermatology </Li> <Li> Disaster medicine </Li> <Li> Diving medicine </Li> <Li> Emergency medicine <Ul> <Li> Mass - gathering medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Family medicine </Li> <Li> General practice </Li> <Li> Hospital medicine </Li> <Li> Intensive - care medicine </Li> <Li> Medical genetics </Li> <Li> Neurology <Ul> <Li> Clinical neurophysiology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Occupational medicine </Li> <Li> Ophthalmology </Li> <Li> Oral medicine </Li> <Li> Pain management </Li> <Li> Palliative care </Li> <Li> Pediatrics <Ul> <Li> Neonatology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Physical medicine and rehabilitation ( PM&R ) </Li> <Li> Preventive medicine </Li> <Li> Psychiatry </Li> <Li> Public health </Li> <Li> Radiation oncology </Li> <Li> Reproductive medicine </Li> <Li> Sexual medicine </Li> <Li> Sleep medicine </Li> <Li> Sports medicine </Li> <Li> Transplantation medicine </Li> <Li> Tropical medicine <Ul> <Li> Travel medicine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Venereology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medical education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Medical school </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery </Li> <Li> Bachelor of Medical Sciences </Li> <Li> Master of Medicine </Li> <Li> Master of Surgery </Li> <Li> Doctor of Medicine </Li> <Li> Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine </Li> <Li> MD -- PhD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related

Ambulatory is a term used in healthcare to describe

Ambulatory is a term used in health care to describe?

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Egypt eyalet - wikipedia <H1> Egypt eyalet </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Eyalet of Egypt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> إيالة مصر ( in Arabic ) Eyalet - i Mısr ( in Ottoman Turkish ) Mısır Eyaleti ( in Turkish ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Eyalet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1517 -- 1867 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Flag Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> The Eyalet of Egypt in 1833 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Capital </Td> <Td> Cairo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Languages </Td> <Td> Arabic , Turkish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Religion </Td> <Td> Sunni Islam ( official ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Government </Td> <Td> Eyalet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Governor - General </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1517 </Td> <Td> Yunus Pasha ( first ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1863 -- 1867 </Td> <Td> Isma'il Pasha ( last ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Grand Vizier </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1857 -- 1858 </Td> <Td> Zulfiqar Pasha ( first ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1866 -- 1867 </Td> <Td> Muhammad Pasha ( last ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Historical era </Td> <Td> Early modern period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Battle of Ridaniya </Td> <Td> 22 January 1517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> French Campaign </Td> <Td> 1798 -- 1801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rise of Muhammad Ali </Td> <Td> 1801 -- 1805 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Conquest of Sudan </Td> <Td> 1820 -- 1822 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Egyptian -- Ottoman War </Td> <Td> 1831 -- 1833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Khedivate proclaimed </Td> <Td> 8 June 1867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1700 est . </Td> <Td> 2,335,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1867 est . </Td> <Td> 6,076,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Currency </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Piastre ( until 1834 ) </Li> <Li> Pound ( 1834 -- 1867 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamluk Sultanate ( Cairo ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sennar ( sultanate ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emirate of Diriyah </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Khedivate of Egypt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emirate of Nejd </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hejaz Vilayet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Today part of </Td> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Djibouti Israel Palestine Jordan Lebanon Libya Saudi Arabia South Sudan Sudan Syria Somalia Turkey Yemen Greece Uganda Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Chad Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> ^ a . Arabic became the sole official language in 1863 . <P> ^ b . Figures are taken from the Populstat.info website . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Eyalet of Egypt was the result of the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 , following the Ottoman -- Mamluk War ( 1516 -- 1517 ) and the absorption of Syria into the Empire in 1516 . Egypt was administered as an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish : ایالت مصر ‎ ‎ Eyālet - i Mıṣr ) from 1517 until 1867 , with an interruption during the French occupation of 1798 to 1801 . </P> <P> Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control , due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks , the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries . As such , Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces of Napoleon I in 1798 . After the French were expelled , power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha , an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt . </P> <P> Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province . It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867 . Isma'il Pasha and Tewfik Pasha governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882 . Nevertheless , the Khedivate of Egypt ( 1867 -- 1914 ) remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914 , when it was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the decision of the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire to join the First World War on the side of the Central Powers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early Ottoman period <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 1527 to 1610 </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 1623 to 1656 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Later Ottoman period <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 1707 to 1755 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 1766 to 1798 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 French occupation <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Object of invasion </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Battle of the Nile </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Defeat of the Turkish army </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 Assassination </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Egypt under Muhammad Ali <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Muhammad Ali 's seizure of power </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Campaign against the Saudis ( 1811 -- 1818 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Reforms ( 1808 -- 1823 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 Economy </Li> <Li> 1.4. 5 Invasion of Libya and Sudan ( 1820 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 6 Expansion into Somalia ( 1821 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 7 Ahmad Revolt ( 1824 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 8 Greek campaign ( 1824 -- 1828 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 9 War with the Sultan ( 1831 -- 1841 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 10 End of Muhammad Ali 's rule </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Muhammad Ali 's successors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> 3 List of rulers <Ul> <Li> 3.1 List of Ottoman governors of Egypt ( 1517 -- 1805 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty ( 1805 -- 1914 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 List of Grand Viziers of Egypt ( 1857 -- 1878 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early Ottoman period ( edit ) </H3> The Eyalet in 1609 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of Egypt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Prehistoric Egypt </Td> <Td> pre -- 3150 BC </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ancient Egypt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early Dynastic Period </Td> <Td> 3150 -- 2686 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Old Kingdom </Td> <Td> 2686 -- 2181 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1st Intermediate Period </Td> <Td> 2181 -- 2055 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle Kingdom </Td> <Td> 2055 -- 1650 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd Intermediate Period </Td> <Td> 1650 -- 1550 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Kingdom </Td> <Td> 1550 -- 1069 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd Intermediate Period </Td> <Td> 1069 -- 744 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kushite Egypt </Td> <Td> 744 -- 656 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt </Td> <Td> 664 -- 525 BC </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Classical antiquity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Achaemenid Egypt </Td> <Td> 525 -- 404 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt </Td> <Td> 404 -- 398 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt </Td> <Td> 398 -- 380 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt </Td> <Td> 380 -- 343 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Achaemenid Egypt </Td> <Td> 343 -- 332 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt </Td> <Td> 332 -- 30 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roman and Byzantine Egypt </Td> <Td> 30 BC -- 641 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sasanian Egypt </Td> <Td> 619 -- 629 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Middle Ages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rashidun Egypt </Td> <Td> 641 -- 661 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Umayyad Egypt </Td> <Td> 661 -- 750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbasid Egypt </Td> <Td> 750 -- 935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tulunid Egypt </Td> <Td> 868 -- 905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ikhshidid Egypt </Td> <Td> 935 -- 969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fatimid Egypt </Td> <Td> 969 -- 1171 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ayyubid Egypt </Td> <Td> 1171 -- 1250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mamluk Egypt </Td> <Td> 1250 -- 1517 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Early modern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ottoman Egypt </Td> <Td> 1517 -- 1867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French occupation </Td> <Td> 1798 -- 1801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt under Muhammad Ali </Td> <Td> 1805 -- 1882 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khedivate of Egypt </Td> <Td> 1867 -- 1914 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Modern Egypt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British occupation </Td> <Td> 1882 -- 1922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sultanate of Egypt </Td> <Td> 1914 -- 1922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Egypt </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic </Td> <Td> 1953 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> After the conquest of Egypt in 1517 , the Ottoman Sultan Selim I left the country . Grand Vizier Yunus Pasha was awarded the governorship of Egypt . However , the sultan soon discovered that Yunus Pasha had created an extortion and bribery syndicate , and gave the office to Hayır Bey , the former Mamluk governor of Aleppo , who had contributed to the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Marj Dabiq . </P> <P> The history of early Ottoman Egypt is a competition for power between the Mamluks and the representatives of the Ottoman Sultan . </P> <P> The register by which a great portion of the land was a fief of the Mamluks was left unchanged , allowing the Mamluks to quickly return to positions of great influence . The Mamluk emirs were to be retained in office as heads of 12 sanjaks , into which Egypt was divided ; and under the next sultan , Suleiman I , two chambers were created , called the Greater Divan and Lesser Divan , in which both the army and the ecclesiastical authorities were represented , to aid the pasha by their deliberations . Six regiments were constituted by the conqueror Selim for the protection of Egypt ; to those Suleiman added a seventh , of Circassians . </P> <P> It was the practice of the Sublime Porte to change the governor of Egypt at very short intervals , after a year or less . The fourth governor , Hain Ahmed Pasha , hearing that orders for his execution had come from Constantinople , endeavoured to make himself an independent ruler and had coins struck in his own name . His schemes were frustrated by two of the emirs whom he had imprisoned and who , escaping from their confinement , attacked him in his bath and attempted to kill him ; although Ahmed Pasha escaped wounded , he was soon captured and executed by the Ottoman sultan 's forces . </P> 1527 to 1610 ( edit ) <P> In 1527 , the first survey of Egypt under the Ottomans was made , the official copy of the former registers having perished by fire ; this new

The Ottoman governors who led Egypt in the years following the Napoleonic wars were

Who was the ottoman governor who led egypt in the years following the napoleonic wars?

4075061692712596480

Independence Day ( United States ) - wikipedia <H1> Independence Day ( United States ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Fourth of July '' and `` 4th of July '' redirect here . For the date , see July 4 . For other uses , see Independence Day ( disambiguation ) . For other related material , see Fourth of July ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Independence Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Displays of fireworks , such as these over the Washington Monument in 1986 , take place across the United States on Independence Day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> The Fourth of July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> National </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> The day in 1776 that the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> Fireworks , family reunions , concerts , barbecues , picnics , parades , baseball games </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> July 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next time </Th> <Td> July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annual </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Independence Day , also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth , is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation , the United States of America , and were no longer part of the British Empire . The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier , on July 2 . </P> <P> Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks , parades , barbecues , carnivals , fairs , picnics , concerts , baseball games , family reunions , and political speeches and ceremonies , in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history , government , and traditions of the United States . Independence Day is the National Day of the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Observance </Li> <Li> 3 Customs </Li> <Li> 4 Celebration gallery </Li> <Li> 5 Notable celebrations </Li> <Li> 6 Other countries </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> During the American Revolution , the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2 , when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule . After voting for independence , Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence , a statement explaining this decision , which had been prepared by a Committee of Five , with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author . Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration , finally approving it two days later on July 4 . A day earlier , John Adams had written to his wife Abigail : </P> <P> The second day of July , 1776 , will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America . I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival . It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance , by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade , with shows , games , sports , guns , bells , bonfires , and illuminations , from one end of this continent to the other , from this time forward forever more . </P> <P> Adams 's prediction was off by two days . From the outset , Americans celebrated independence on July 4 , the date shown on the much - publicized Declaration of Independence , rather than on July 2 , the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress . </P> <P> Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , even though Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day . Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption , on August 2 , 1776 , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . </P> <P> Coincidentally , both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States , died on the same day : July 4 , 1826 , which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration . Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence , James Monroe , another Founding Father who was elected as President , also died on July 4 , 1831 . He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence . Calvin Coolidge , the 30th President , was born on July 4 , 1872 ; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day . </P> <H2> Observance </H2> <Ul> <Li> In 1777 , thirteen gunshots were fired in salute , once at morning and once again as evening fell , on July 4 in Bristol , Rhode Island . Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar : an official dinner for the Continental Congress , toasts , 13 - gun salutes , speeches , prayers , music , parades , troop reviews , and fireworks . Ships in port were decked with red , white , and blue bunting . </Li> <Li> In 1778 , from his headquarters at Ross Hall , near New Brunswick , New Jersey , General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute ( feu de joie ) . Across the Atlantic Ocean , ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris , France . </Li> </Ul> American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon <Ul> <Li> In 1779 , July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday , July 5 . </Li> <Li> In 1781 , the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . </Li> <Li> In 1783 , Moravians in Salem , North Carolina , held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy . This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today . </Li> <Li> In 1870 , the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . </Li> <Li> In 1938 , Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Customs </H2> An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Fireworks on Independence Day in Goleta , California . <P> Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays . Similar to other summer - themed events , Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors . Independence Day is a federal holiday , so all non-essential federal institutions ( such as the postal service and federal courts ) are closed on that day . Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation 's heritage , laws , history , society , and people . </P> <P> Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue ; many take advantage of the day off and , in some years , a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends . Decorations ( e.g. , streamers , balloons , and clothing ) are generally colored red , white , and blue , the colors of the American flag . Parades are often held in the morning , before family get - togethers , while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks , fairgrounds , or town squares . </P> <P> The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations , marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece . In New England , towns competed to build towering pyramids , assembled from barrels and casks . They were lit at nightfall , to usher in the celebration . The highest were in Salem , Massachusetts ( on Gallows Hill , the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials ) , where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted , with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels . These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded . The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries , and is still practiced in some New England towns . </P> <P> Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` God Bless America '' , `` America the Beautiful , '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee , '' `` This Land Is Your Land , '' `` Stars and Stripes Forever , '' and , regionally , `` Yankee Doodle '' in northeastern states and `` Dixie '' in southern states . Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 . </P> Independence Day Parade in Washington , D.C. <P> Firework shows are held in many states , and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show . Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed . In addition , local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed . Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns . On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks , but professional displays ( such as those at sports events ) may still take place , if certain safety precautions have been taken . </P> <P> A salute of one gun for each state in the United States , called a `` salute to the union , '' is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base . </P> <P> In 2009 , New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country , with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded . It generally holds displays in the East River . Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan ; in San Diego over Mission Bay ; in Boston on the Charles River ; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River ; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay ; and on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. </P> <P> During the annual Windsor - Detroit International Freedom Festival , Detroit , Michigan hosts one of the world 's largest fireworks displays , over the Detroit River , to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor , Ontario 's celebration of Canada Day . </P> <P> The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year , as many people use what is often a three - day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips . </P> <H2> Celebration gallery </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> In addition to a fireworks show , Miami , Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red , white and blue color scheme on Independence Day </P> </Li> <Li> <P>

The United States won its independence from

Who did the united states win its independence from?

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America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 8 ) - wikipedia <H1> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 8 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 8 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cycle 8 cast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The CW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> <P> February 28 ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) -- May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Additional information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tyra Banks </Li> <Li> Nigel Barker </Li> <Li> J. Alexander </Li> <Li> Twiggy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of contestants </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Jaslene Gonzalez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Cycle chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Cycle 7 Next → Cycle 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Season summary </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The eighth cycle of America 's Next Top Model aired from February 28 , 2007 to May 16 , 2007 , and was the second season of the series to be aired on The CW network . </P> <P> The international destination during this cycle was Sydney , Australia . The winner , similar to all of the cycles aired on The CW network , received representation by Elite Model Management , a cover & six - page spread within Seventeen magazine , and a US $100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics . </P> <P> The cycle 's promotional tagline was `` Welcome To The Jungle , Ladies '' and the promotional theme songs were both Danity Kane 's `` One Shot '' and Shiny Toy Guns ' `` Le Disko . '' </P> <P> The winner was 20 - year - old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago , Illinois , who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7 , but was not cast . Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance . </P> <P> The cycle 's finale episode attracted more than 6.6 million viewers , a record for both the franchise and the CW . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Contestants </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Girl Who Wo n't Stop Talking </Li> <Li> 2.2 The Girls Go To Prom </Li> <Li> 2.3 The Girl Who Cries All The Time </Li> <Li> 2.4 The Girl Who Changes Her Attitude </Li> <Li> 2.5 The Girl Who Takes Credit </Li> <Li> 2.6 The Girl Who Gets Thrown In The Pool </Li> <Li> 2.7 The Girl Who Impresses Pedro </Li> <Li> 2.8 The Girls Go Down Under </Li> <Li> 2.9 The Girl Who Picks A Fight </Li> <Li> 2.10 The Girl Who Blames The Taxi Driver </Li> <Li> 2.11 The Girl Who Does Not Want To Dance </Li> <Li> 2.12 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Summaries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Call - out order </Li> <Li> 3.2 Photo Shoot Guide </Li> <Li> 3.3 Other cast members </Li> <Li> 3.4 Makeovers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Post-Top Model careers </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Contestants ( edit ) </H2> <P> ( ages stated are at start of contest ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Finish </Th> <Th> Place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kathleen DuJour </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York </Td> <Td> Episode 2 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha Francis </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Pinson , Alabama </Td> <Td> Episode 3 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cassandra Watson </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Seattle , Washington </Td> <Td> Episode 4 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felicia Provost </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> Episode 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diana Zalewski </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Garfield , New Jersey </Td> <Td> Episode 6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah VonderHaar </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Lake Zurich , Illinois </Td> <Td> Episode 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whitney Cunningham </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> West Palm Beach , Florida </Td> <Td> Episode 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jael Strauss </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan </Td> <Td> Episode 9 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brittany Hatch </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Savannah , Georgia </Td> <Td> Episode 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dionne Walters </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Montgomery , Alabama </Td> <Td> Episode 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renee DeWitt </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Maui , Hawaii </Td> <Td> Episode 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natasha Galkina </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Dallas , Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaslene Gonzalez </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Girl Who Wo n't Stop Talking ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired February 28 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Nigel Barker </Li> <Li> Special guests : Johnta Austin , Jermaine Dupri , Russell Baer , Marc Ecko , Phillip Bloch </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girls Go To Prom ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired March 7 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Carlos Rios </Li> <Li> Special guests : Roy Campbell , Hallie Bowman </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Cries All The Time ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired March 14 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Joseph Cultice </Li> <Li> Special guests : Neeko , Roxanna Floyd , Carissa Rosenberg </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Changes Her Attitude ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired March 21 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal </Li> <Li> Special guest : Benny Ninja </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Jael Strauss </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Takes Credit ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired March 28 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Richard Reinsdorf </Li> <Li> Special guests : Cathy Gould , Deda Coben , Raven ( drag queen ) </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Whitney Cunningham </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Gets Thrown In The Pool ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired April 4 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Kareem Black </Li> <Li> Special guests : 50 Cent , Melrose Bickerstaff , Nicole Richie , Paris Hilton , Beverly Johnson , Nancy Josephson , Nikki Haskell , Larry Sanitsky , Benny Medina , Tia Mowry , Tamera Mowry , Bill Maher , Markus Klinko and Indrani , Jennifer Weiderman </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Impresses Pedro ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired April 11 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Matthew Jordan Smith </Li> <Li> Special guests : Tia Mowry , Efren Ramirez , Rebecca Epley , Kim Stolz , Joanie Dodds , Michelle Deighton , Bre Scullark , Michelle Babin , Amanda Babin , Shannon Stewart , Christian Marc </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girls Go Down Under ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired April 18 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured commercial director : Simon Higgins </Li> <Li> Special guests : April Wilkner , Erika Heynatz , Gary Riotto , Nick Hudson </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Picks A Fight ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired April 25 , 2007 </P> <H3> The Girl Who Blames The Taxi Driver ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired May 2 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Michael Omm </Li> <Li> Special guests : Jodhi Meares , Priscilla Leighton Clark , Wayne Cooper , Lill Boyd , Anna Hewett , Tina Kalivas , Jayson Brunsdon , Arabella Ramsay , Alice McCall , Kit Willow , David Sciola , Brad Rope , Adrian Allen , Tamati Williams , Samuel Sirena </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Natasha Galkina </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Does Not Want To Dance ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired May 9 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Kane Skennar </Li> <Li> Special guests : Carissa Rosenberg , Uncle Max , Calita Murray , Justin Schwarz , Sharon Williams </Li> <Li> CoverGirl of the Week : Jaslene Gonzalez </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model ( edit ) </H3> <P> First aired May 16 , 2007 </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Jim De Yonker </Li> <Li> Special guests : CariDee English , Brent Poer , Sarah - Jane Clarke , Heidi Middleton , Carissa Rosenberg </Li> </Ul> <H2> Summaries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Call - Out order ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Order </Th> <Th colspan="13"> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Kathleen </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Felicia </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Felicia </Td> <Td> Diana </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Cassandra </Td> <Td> Diana </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Samantha </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Felicia </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Samantha </Td> <Td> Cassandra </Td> <Td> Cassandra </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Renee </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Diana </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Jael </Td> <Td> Natasha </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Brittany </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Whitney </Td> <Td> Jaslene </Td> <Td> Dionne </Td> <Td> Diana </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The winner of Season 8 of America's Next Top Model was

Who won season 8 of america's next top model?

5341150184415317980

British Indian Association - wikipedia <H1> British Indian Association </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Bengal in 1857 was not prepared for systematic political efforts for the achievement of a well - defined political programme . There were , however , bold adventurers who could perceive dimly the inevitable trend in India 's political evolution . Harish Chandra Mukherjee wrote in the Hindu Patriot on 14 January 1858 , in connection with the proposal for transferring the government of India to the Crown : `` Can a revolution in the Indian government be authorised by Parliament without consulting the wishes of vast millions of men for whose benefit it is proposed to be made ? The reply must be in the negative . The time has nearly come when all Indian questions must be solved by Indians . '' Sengupta , Nitish <P> The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851 . Its formation was a major event of 19th - century India . Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored . It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future . </P> <P> The first committee of the association was composed of : Raja Radhakanta Deb -- President , Raja Kalikrishna Deb -- Vice-President , Debendranath Tagore -- secretary , Digambar Mitra -- Asst Secretary , members -- Raja Staya Saran Ghosal , Harakumar Tagore , Prasanna Coomar Tagore , Ramanath Tagore , Jay Krishna Mukerjee , Asutosh Deb , Harimohan Sen , Ramgopal Ghosh , Umesh Chandra Dutta ( Rambagan ) , Krishna Kishore Ghosh , Jagadananda Mukhopadhyay , Peary Chand Mitra , and Sambhunath Pandit . </P> <P> Most of the early leaders of the British Indian Association were conservatives by tradition and temperament , although there were some progressive like Ramgopal Ghosh and Peary Chand Mitra . </P> <P> It was formed by the amalgamation of the Landholders ' Society and the Bengal British India Society . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Landholders ' Society </Li> <Li> 2 British India Society </Li> <Li> 3 Objectives and extent of British Indian Association </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Landholders ' Society ( edit ) </H2> It gave to the people the first lesson in the art of fighting constitutionally for their rights , and taught them manfully to assert their claims and give expression to their opinions . Ostensibly , it advocated the rights of zamindars , but as their rights were intimately bound up with those of the ryots , the one can not be separated from the other . Mitra , Rajendra Lal <P> The Zamindari Association , which was later renamed Landholders ' Society , was established in 1838 by Dwarkanath Tagore , Prasanna Kumar Tagore , Radhakanta Deb , Ramkamal Sen and Bhabani Charan Mitra . </P> <P> It has been described as `` the first organisation of Bengal with distinct political object . '' The society virtually became defunct after the death of Dwarkanath Tagore . </P> <H2> British India Society ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British India Society was set up in 1839 in England primarily as a result of the efforts of William Adam , who had come to India and befriended Ram Mohan Roy . On his return to England he took up India 's cause . Others involved were George Thompson , William Ednis , and Major General Briggs . They organised meetings and enlightened people about conditions in India . In 1841 , it started publishing a newspaper named British Indian Advocate , edited by Professor William Adam </P> <P> In 1842 , Dwarkanath Tagore went to England , accompanied by Chandramohan Chatterjee and Paramananda Maitra , . It was the second visit abroad by educated Indians and the first since that of Ram Mohan Roy . Dwarkanath Tagore returned from England with George Thompson . His oratory charmed everybody and drew in Young Bengal members such as Ramgopal Ghosh , Tarachand Chakrabarti and Peary Chand Mitra . </P> <P> As a result of the efforts of George Thompson the Bengal British India Society was founded on 20 April 1843 . The object of the society was to secure the welfare , and advance the interests of all classes , but it would `` adopt and recommend such measures only as are consistent with pure loyalty to the person and government of the reigning sovereign of the British dominions . '' </P> <P> Its first executive committee consisted of four Europeans and eleven Indians with George Thompson as President , GF Remfry and Ramgopal Ghosh as Vice-Presidents , Peary Chand Mitra as Secretary . The members on the committee were Tarachand Chakrabarti , Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee , Brojonath Dhar , Krishna Mohan Banerjee , Hari Mohan , Govind Chandra Sen , Chandra Sekhar Deb , Shyama Charan Sen and Satkari Datta . There were people like Ramtanu Lahiri , also associated in some way . </P> <P> In 1849 , John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune prepared drafts of certain legislative efforts aimed at bringing the British - born subjects of the crown under the jurisdiction of the British East India Company , but the Europeans named these bills the Black Acts and opposed them tooth and nail . This opposition led Indians to think that their fortunes were not linked to those of the Europeans and that they needed associations of Indians to take care of their interests . Moreover , some changes were anticipated with the possible termination of the Company 's charter . Ramgopal Ghosh and Digamber Mitra played a particularly significant role in the formation of the British Indian Society . </P> <H2> Objectives and extent of British Indian Association ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the early years the activities of the association consisted mainly of submissions of petitions to the Government and to the British Parliament on grievances . There was an inherent trust in the good intentions of the rulers . The association sought to take up issues on behalf of all sections of society but occasionally it made conscious efforts to protect the right of the landed aristocracy . Despite its shortcomings , it was the only association of Indians which took up their causes and represented to the government . </P> <P> From the very beginning , the British Indian Association had an all - India outlook . Associations were formed in different parts of the country and they maintained correspondence with each other . Its first annual report noted with satisfaction the formation at Poona , Madras and Bombay successively of associations of similar nature , `` though they elected to carry on operations independently . '' In Lucknow , Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee established the Awadh British Indian Association in 1871 and campaigned for the formation of a provincial government with equal number of nominated and elected legislators . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British Indian Association has been roundly criticised by subsequent political stalwarts . Ambika Charan Mazumdar , a Congress President , wrote : `` Constructive policy they had none and seldom , if ever , they laid down any programme of systematic action for the political advancement of the country . '' </P> <P> Bipin Chandra Pal complained that it had failed to cover the country with a network of branches . </P> <P> However , the British Indian Association played a catalytic role in building up political consciousness in India and more effective organisations followed . The Indian Association was formed in 1876 , and the Indian National Congress in 1885 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sengupta , Nitish K. ( 2001 ) . History of the Bengali - speaking People . Ubs Pub Distributors Limited . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7476 - 355 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj , ( in Bengali ) 1903 / 2001 , New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd. , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , pp. 115 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sastri , Sivanath , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khan , BR ( 2012 ) . `` Zamindari Association , The '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sastri , Sivanath , p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , p. 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , pp. 101 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khan , BR ( 2012 ) . `` Bengal British India Society '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri , Sivanath , p. 114 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mahmood , ABM ( 2012 ) . `` British Indian Association , The '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sengupta , Subodhchandra ( 1998 ) . Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85626 - 65 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sengupta , Nitish , p. 290 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bengali renaissance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sri Aurobindo </Li> <Li> Atul Prasad Sen </Li> <Li> Rajnarayan Basu </Li> <Li> Jagadish Chandra Bose </Li> <Li> Subhash Chandra Bose </Li> <Li> Satyendra Nath Bose </Li> <Li> Bethune </Li> <Li> Upendranath Brahmachari </Li> <Li> Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay </Li> <Li> Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay </Li> <Li> Akshay Kumar Datta </Li> <Li> Henry Derozio </Li> <Li> Alexander Duff </Li> <Li> Michael Madhusudan Dutt </Li> <Li> Romesh Chunder Dutt </Li> <Li> Anil Kumar Gain </Li> <Li> Dwarkanath Ganguly </Li> <Li> Kadambini Ganguly </Li> <Li> Monomohun Ghose </Li> <Li> Ramgopal Ghosh </Li> <Li> Aghore Nath Gupta </Li> <Li> David Hare </Li> <Li> Kazi Nazrul Islam </Li> <Li> Eugène Lafont </Li> <Li> Ashutosh Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Harish Chandra Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Ramakrishna Paramahamsa </Li> <Li> Gour Govinda Ray </Li> <Li> Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury </Li> <Li> Raja Ram Mohan Roy </Li> <Li> Meghnad Saha </Li> <Li> Akshay Chandra Sarkar </Li> <Li> Mahendralal Sarkar </Li> <Li> Brajendra Nath Seal </Li> <Li> Girish Chandra Sen </Li> <Li> Keshub Chandra Sen </Li> <Li> Haraprasad Shastri </Li> <Li> Debendranath Tagore </Li> <Li> Rabindranath Tagore </Li> <Li> Satyendranath Tagore </Li> <Li> Jnanadanandini Devi </Li> <Li> Sitanath Tattwabhushan </Li> <Li> Brahmabandhav Upadhyay </Li> <Li> Ram Chandra Vidyabagish </Li> <Li> Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan </Li> <Li> Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar </Li> <Li> Swami Vivekananda </Li> <Li> Paramahansa Yogananda </Li> <Li> Begum Rokeya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adi Dharm </Li> <Li> Bengali literature </Li> <Li> Bengali poetry </Li> <Li> Bengali music </Li> <Li> Brahmo Samaj </Li> <Li> British Raj </Li> <Li> British Indian Association </Li> <Li> History of Bengal </Li> <Li> Nazrul geeti </Li> <Li> Rabindra Nritya Natya </Li> <Li> Rabindra Sangeet </Li> <Li> Sambad Prabhakar </Li> <Li> Socialism in Bengal </Li> <Li> Swadeshi </Li> <Li> Satyagraha </Li> <Li> Tattwabodhini Patrika </Li> <Li> Tagore family </Li> <Li> Bangiya Sahitya Parishad </Li> <Li> Young Bengal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Institutions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anandamohan College </Li> <Li> Asiatic Society </Li> <Li> Banga Mahila Vidyalaya </Li> <Li> Bangabasi College </Li> <Li> Bethune College

The first political society started under British rule in India was

The first political society started under british rule in india was?

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Additionally , it is a serious problem in the pediatric population due to their inherent toxicity and the availability of these in the home when prescribed for bed - wetting and depression . In the event of a known or suspected overdose , medical assistance should be sought immediately . </P> <P> A number of treatments are effective in a TCA overdose . </P> <P> An overdose on TCA is especially fatal as it is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract in the alkaline conditions of the small intestines . As a result , toxicity often becomes apparent in the first hour after an overdose . However , symptoms may take several hours to appear if a mixed overdose has caused delayed gastric emptying . </P> <P> Many of the initial signs are those associated to the anticholinergic effects of TCAs such as dry mouth , blurred vision , urinary retention , constipation , dizziness , and emesis ( or vomiting ) . Due to the location of norepinephrine receptors all over the body , many physical signs are also associated with a TCA overdose : </P> <Ol> <Li> Anticholinergic effects : altered mental status ( e.g. , agitation , confusion , lethargy , etc . ) , resting sinus tachycardia , dry mouth , mydriasis ( pupil dilation ) , fever </Li> <Li> Cardiac effects : hypertension ( early and transient , should not be treated ) , tachycardia , orthostasis and hypotension , arrhythmias ( including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation , most serious consequence ) / ECG changes ( prolonged QRS , QT , and PR intervals ) </Li> <Li> CNS effects : syncope , seizure , coma , myoclonus , hyperreflexia </Li> <Li> Pulmonary effects : hypoventilation resulting from CNS depression </Li> <Li> Gastrointestinal effects : decreased or absent bowel sounds </Li> </Ol> <P> Treatment of TCA overdose depends on severity of symptoms : </P> <P> Initially , gastric decontamination of the patient is achieved by administering , either orally or via a nasogastric tube , activated charcoal pre-mixed with water , which adsorbs the drug in the gastrointestinal tract ( most useful if given within 2 hours of drug ingestion ) . Other decontamination methods such as stomach pumps , gastric lavage , whole bowel irrigation , or ( ipecac induced ) emesis , are not recommended in TCA poisoning . </P> <P> If there is metabolic acidosis , intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate is recommended by Toxbase.org , the UK and Ireland poisons advice database ( TCAs are protein bound and become less bound in more acidic conditions , so by reversing the acidosis , protein binding increases and bioavailability thus decreases -- the sodium load may also help to reverse the Na+ channel blocking effects of the TCA ) . </P> <H2> Interactions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The TCAs are highly metabolised by the cytochrome P450 hepatic enzymes . Drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 ( for example cimetidine , methylphenidate , fluoxetine , antipsychotics , and calcium channel blockers ) may produce decreases in the TCAs ' metabolism , leading to increases in their blood concentrations and accompanying toxicity . Drugs that prolong the QT interval including antiarrhythmics such as quinidine , the antihistamines astemizole and terfenadine , and some antipsychotics may increase the chance of ventricular dysrhythmias . TCAs may enhance the response to alcohol and the effects of barbiturates and other CNS depressants . Side effects may also be enhanced by other drugs that have antimuscarinic properties . </P> <H2> Pharmacology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The majority of the TCAs act primarily as SNRIs by blocking the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) and the norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) , respectively , which results in an elevation of the synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters , and therefore an enhancement of neurotransmission . Notably , with the sole exception of amineptine , the TCAs have negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter ( DAT ) , and therefore have no efficacy as dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( DRIs ) . Both serotonin and norepinephrine have been highly implicated in depression and anxiety , and it has been shown that facilitation of their activity has beneficial effects on these mental disorders . </P> <P> In addition to their reuptake inhibition , many TCAs also have high affinity as antagonists at the 5 - HT ( 5 - HT and 5 - HT ) , 5 - HT , 5 - HT , α - adrenergic , and NMDA receptors , and as agonists at the sigma receptors ( σ and σ ) , some of which may contribute to their therapeutic efficacy , as well as their side effects . The TCAs also have varying but typically high affinity for antagonising the H and H histamine receptors , as well as the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors . As a result , they also act as potent antihistamines and anticholinergics . These properties are often beneficial in antidepressants , especially with comorbid anxiety , as it provides a sedative effect . </P> <P> Most , if not all , of the TCAs also potently inhibit sodium channels and L - type calcium channels , and therefore act as sodium channel blockers and calcium channel blockers , respectively . The former property is responsible for the high mortality rate upon overdose seen with the TCAs via cardiotoxicity . It may also be involved in their efficacy as analgesics , however . </P> <H3> Binding profiles ( edit ) </H3> See also : Tetracyclic antidepressant § Binding profiles <P> The binding profiles of various TCAs and some metabolites in terms of their affinities ( K , nM ) for various receptors and transporters are as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Compound </Th> <Th> SERT </Th> <Th> NET </Th> <Th> DAT </Th> <Th> 5 - HT </Th> <Th> 5 - HT </Th> <Th> 5 - HT </Th> <Th> 5 - HT </Th> <Th> 5 - HT </Th> <Th> α </Th> <Th> α </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> mACh </Th> <Th> σ </Th> <Th> σ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amineptine </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000 -- 1,400 </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> 74,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> ≥ 13,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> > 100,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amitriptyline </Td> <Td> 2.8 -- 4.3 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 35 </Td> <Td> 3,250 </Td> <Td> ≥ 450 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 23 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 65 -- 141 </Td> <Td> 93 -- 123 </Td> <Td> 4.4 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 114 -- 690 </Td> <Td> 196 -- 1,460 </Td> <Td> 0.5 -- 1.1 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amoxapine </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 4,310 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 6.0 -- 50 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 2,600 </Td> <Td> 3.6 -- 160 </Td> <Td> 7.9 -- 25 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Butriptyline </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,360 </Td> <Td> 5,100 </Td> <Td> 3,940 </Td> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 570 </Td> <Td> 4,800 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clomipramine </Td> <Td> 0.14 -- 0.28 </Td> <Td> 38 -- 54 </Td> <Td> ≥ 2,190 </Td> <Td> ≥ 7,000 </Td> <Td> 27 -- 36 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> 3.2 -- 38 </Td> <Td> ≥ 535 </Td> <Td> 78 -- 190 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 31 </Td> <Td> 209 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 546 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Desipramine </Td> <Td> 18 -- 163 </Td> <Td> 0.63 -- 3.5 </Td> <Td> 3,190 </Td> <Td> ≥ 6,400 </Td> <Td> 115 -- 350 </Td> <Td> 244 -- 748 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> > 1,000 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 130 </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,379 </Td> <Td> 3,400 </Td> <Td> 60 -- 110 </Td> <Td> 1,550 </Td> <Td> 66 -- 198 </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,990 </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,610 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dibenzepin </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,500 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1,950 </Td> <Td> 1,750 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dosulepin </Td> <Td> 8.6 -- 78 </Td> <Td> 46 -- 70 </Td> <Td> 5,310 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 419 </Td> <Td> 2,400 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 3.6 -- 4.0 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 25 -- 26 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doxepin </Td> <Td> 68 -- 210 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 58 </Td> <Td> ≥ 4,600 </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 27 </Td> <Td> 8.8 -- 200 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 28 -- 1,270 </Td> <Td> 360 </Td> <Td> 0.09 -- 1.23 </Td> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 80 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imipramine </Td> <Td> 1.3 -- 1.4 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 37 </Td> <Td> 8,500 </Td> <Td> ≥ 5,800 </Td> <Td> 80 -- 150 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 190 -- 209 </Td> <Td> > 1,000 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 3,100 </Td> <Td> 620 -- 726 </Td> <Td> 7.6 -- 37 </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 332 -- 520 </Td> <Td> 327 -- 2,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iprindole </Td> <Td> ≥ 1,620 </Td> <Td> 1,260 </Td> <Td> 6,530 </Td> <Td> 2,800 </Td> <Td> 217 -- 280 </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 2,300 </Td> <Td> 8,600 </Td> <Td> 6,300 </Td> <Td> 100 -- 130 </Td> <Td> 200 -- 8,300 </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lofepramine </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 5.4 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> 4,600 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2,700 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> 245 -- 360 </Td> <Td> 4,270 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 2,520 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maprotiline </Td> <Td> 5,800 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 9,400 </Td> <Td> 350 -- 665 </Td> <Td> 0.79 -- 2.0 </Td> <Td> 776 </Td> <Td> 570 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norclomipramine </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0.45 </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> <Td> 19,000 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> <Td> 1,200 </Td> <Td> 450 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northiaden </Td> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2,539 </Td> <Td> 2,623 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 950 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nortriptyline </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 1.8 -- 4.4 </Td> <Td> 1,140 </Td> <Td> 294 </Td> <Td> 5.0 -- 41 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2,030 </Td> <Td> 2,570 </Td> <Td> 3.0 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 646 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opipramol </Td> <Td> ≥ 2,200 </Td> <Td> ≥ 700 </Td> <Td> ≥ 3,000 </Td> <Td> > 10,000 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> ND </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 6,100

An example of a tricyclic antidepressant is

What is an example of a tricyclic antidepressant?

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ball coming in from behind . Turned in midair and grabbed the ball . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Abraham , Winston Winston Abraham </Td> <Td> North Melbourne </Td> <Td> North Melbourne vs. Port Adelaide , round 18 , Manuka Oval </Td> <Td> An overhead mark over Port 's Brendon Lade . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Lappin , Matthew Matthew Lappin </Td> <Td> Carlton </Td> <Td> Carlton vs. Essendon , round 1 , Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> A courageous overhead mark over the pack in the opening match of the season over Judd Lalich . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Modra , Tony Tony Modra ^ </Td> <Td> Fremantle </Td> <Td> Fremantle vs. Geelong , round 1 , Subiaco Oval </Td> <Td> From within a pack , Tony Modra rose on the back of his opponent to take a spectacular , from the kick by team mate Ashley Prescott . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Moorcroft , Gary Gary Moorcroft </Td> <Td> Essendon </Td> <Td> Essendon vs. Western Bulldogs , round 14 , Telstra Dome </Td> <Td> An overhead mark at full stretch after leaping onto and then springing a further metre into the air off the Western Bulldogs player , Brad Johnson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Brown , Jonathan Jonathan Brown </Td> <Td> Brisbane </Td> <Td> Hawthorn vs. Brisbane , round 17 , Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> A courageous chest mark running with the flight of the ball , launching into the oncoming Jade Rawlings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Tarrant , Chris Chris Tarrant </Td> <Td> Collingwood </Td> <Td> Collingwood vs. Geelong , round 18 , Telstra Dome </Td> <Td> A towering chest mark over Geelong defenders , Matthew Scarlett and Max Rooke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sampi , Ashley Ashley Sampi </Td> <Td> West Coast </Td> <Td> West Coast vs. Melbourne , round 7 , Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> Rose high with a chest mark over Paul Wheatley and Adem Yze , landing catlike on his feet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> McPharlin , Luke Luke McPharlin </Td> <Td> Fremantle </Td> <Td> Fremantle vs. West Coast , round 3 , Subiaco Oval </Td> <Td> A chest mark at knee height on the shoulders of an opponent in a pack of players . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Ottens , Brad Brad Ottens </Td> <Td> Geelong </Td> <Td> Geelong vs. Sydney , round 5 , Telstra Stadium </Td> <Td> A high flying mark in a pack over Darren Jolly who cushioned Ottens ' fall causing additional ' hang - time ' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Newton , Michael Michael Newton </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> Melbourne vs. Kangaroos , round 17 , Telstra Dome </Td> <Td> High leap in Melbourne 's forward fifty over David Neitz and Kangaroos defenders , Glenn Archer and Leigh Brown . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Lloyd , Matthew Matthew Lloyd </Td> <Td> Essendon </Td> <Td> Essendon vs. Melbourne , round 18 , Melbourne Cricket Ground </Td> <Td> A screamer over a pack of five players late in the third quarter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Burton , Brett Brett Burton </Td> <Td> Adelaide </Td> <Td> Carlton vs. Adelaide , round 22 , Etihad Stadium </Td> <Td> Jumped early on a pack consisting of team mate Kurt Tippett and Carlton 's Ruckman , Matthew Kreuzer , and received an extra lift off of Carlton backman Bret Thornton to take the mark on his chest . Commentator Dwayne Russell dubbed it one of the marks of the century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jurrah , Liam Liam Jurrah </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne , round 21 , AAMI Stadium </Td> <Td> Huge leap over a contest between Melbourne 's Jack Watts and Port Adelaide 's , Nick Salter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Krakouer , Andrew Andrew Krakouer </Td> <Td> Collingwood </Td> <Td> Collingwood vs. Adelaide , round 9 , Etihad Stadium </Td> <Td> Very high leap on the shoulders of Adelaide 's Luke Thompson . The decision created outrage the football community , as the unanimous view of players , fans , the media , and even Krakouer himself was that Andrew Walker of the Carlton Football Club was robbed of the award and deserved to win for his mark in round 18 against Essendon , which received international media attention . <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Howe , Jeremy Jeremy Howe * </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> Melbourne vs. Sydney , round 8 , SCG </Td> <Td> Huge screamer over Heath Grundy . One of Howe 's many high marks throughout the 2012 season . Howe taking a contender for mark of the year was almost a weekly occurrence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Elliott , Jamie Jamie Elliott * </Td> <Td> Collingwood </Td> <Td> Collingwood vs. Port Adelaide , round 14 , AAMI Stadium </Td> <Td> Jumped through a pack of several players to take a spectacular chest mark . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Wingard , Chad Chad Wingard * </Td> <Td> Port Adelaide </Td> <Td> Port Adelaide vs. St Kilda , round 12 , Adelaide Oval </Td> <Td> Jumped high above Sean Dempster , falling backwards as he took the mark above his head . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Naitanui , Nic Nic Naitanui * </Td> <Td> West Coast </Td> <Td> West Coast vs. Geelong , round 9 , Patersons Stadium </Td> <Td> Jumped high in a pack with Mark Blicavs , Jared Rivers and teammate Callum Sinclair . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Daw , Majak Majak Daw * </Td> <Td> North Melbourne </Td> <Td> Collingwood vs. North Melbourne , round 18 , Etihad Stadium </Td> <Td> Used Collingwood 's , Jonathan Marsh as a springboard to take the ball over his head . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Daniher , Joe Joe Daniher * </Td> <Td> Essendon </Td> <Td> St. Kilda vs. Essendon , round 17 , Etihad Stadium </Td> <Td> Used St Kilda 's Jake Carlisle as a springboard and took a large pack mark over his head in the forward pocket . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AFL Mark of the year '' . droppunt.com.au . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Jack 's Mark of the year '' . afl.com.au . Archived from the original on 6 September 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Childs , Kevin ; Weiniger , Peter ; Dunn , Roger ; Hutchinson , Alex ; Cash , Damien ; Duhengoh , Ron ( 1996 ) . editors : John Ross , Garrie Hutchinson , ed. 100 Years of Australian Football 1897 - 1996 ( 1st ed . ) . Ringwood , Victoria , Australia : Penguin Books Australia Ltd - The Viking Press . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 1854714343 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harding , Mike ( 3 May 1995 ) . `` Bare , Bald and Blue '' . Sports Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AFL Mark of the year '' . droppunt.com . Archived from the original on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` About Mark of the Year '' . afl.com.au . Archived from the original on 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McLeod , Andrew ; Jaques , Trevor D. ( 2006 ) . Australian Football : Steps to Success . Human Kinetics . p. 192 pages . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 6005 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WWOS - Footy Show Section , Almost Football Legends '' . ninemsn network . Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Almost Football Legends '' ( PDF ) . Nine Network Australia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 December 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFL - Miracle Marks ( 2000 ) '' . michaeldvd.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Broad , Ben ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` You beauty ! Jezza made an AFL legend '' . AFL.com.au . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toyota AFL Mark and Goal of the Year '' . afl.com.au . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sayer , Max . `` The AFL and The History Of Australian Football '' . Full Points Publications . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Berlin Crocodiles - AU football Club '' . Berlin Australian Football Club e.V. ( BAFC ) . Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Main , Jim ; Ryan , Peter ( 5 July 2007 ) . `` Look back in wonder '' . BigPond and AFL . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Jon ( 24 September 2008 ) . `` 1978 VFL Grand Final : A lesson in positive thinking '' . The Herald Sun . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1980 Season Scores and Results '' . rleague.com . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geoff Raines - that was then '' . Geocities - Yahoo . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1986 Season Scores and Results '' . rleague.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1987 Season Scores and Results '' . rleague.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fitzroy 's Last Hurrah '' . www.fullpointsfooty.net . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nicky Winmar - Saints hall of fame '' . St. Kilda Football Club - saints.com.au - Official Website of the St Kilda AFL Football Club . Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Modra - footystamps.com '' . www.footystamps.com. 2006 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Hart of the Adelaide Crows Player Profile and AFL stats '' . ProWess Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Past Marks ' of the year '' . droppunt.com . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 AFL MARK OF THE YEAR '' . droppunt.com . Archived from the original on 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Courtney ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Over the top courage the mark of Brisbane Lions ' Jonathan Brown '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark of the Year

The winner of the Mark and Goal of the Year in 2017 was

Who won mark and goal of the year 2017?

-7080588382173537347

Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia <H1> Philadelphia Eagles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) </Li> <Li> American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> Midnight green , Silver , Black , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Fly , Eagles Fly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Swoop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Don Smolenski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Howie Roseman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Doug Pederson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Birds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Eastern : 1960 </Li> <Li> NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 13 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 </Li> <Li> NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 25 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . </P> <P> The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </P> <P> The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . </P> <P> The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1931 -- 1960 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1961 -- 1975 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1976 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1985 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX </Li> <Li> 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 3 2016 <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Season records </Li> <Li> 3 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 New York Giants </Li> <Li> 3.2 Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> 3.3 Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Logo and uniforms </Li> <Li> 5 Training camp </Li> <Li> 6 Fight song </Li> <Li> 7 Fans <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Devotion </Li> <Li> 7.2 Bad behavior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Eagles cheerleaders </Li> <Li> 9 Current roster </Li> <Li> 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) </Li> <Li> 11 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.4 75th anniversary team </Li> <Li> 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) </Li> <Li> 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Franchise records <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Passing </Li> <Li> 12.2 Rushing </Li> <Li> 12.3 Receiving </Li> <Li> 12.4 Other </Li> <Li> 12.5 Returning </Li> <Li> 12.6 Defense </Li> <Li> 12.7 Exceptional performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Coaches of note <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Current staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Radio and television <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Media and cultural reference </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 18 Sources </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history </H2> Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles <H3> 1931 -- 1960 </H3> `` Concrete Charlie '' <P> Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . </P> <P> In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . </P> <P> To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . </P> <P> The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . </P> <P> In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . </P> <P> After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . </P> <P> In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers

The last time the Philadelphia Eagles won the Super Bowl was in

When's the last time philly won the superbowl?

7917739999298880581

</H3> <P> There is debate about what the word `` happiness '' may have meant in 1776 . Current usage focuses on pleasant , positive emotions and having needs satisfied , whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been `` prosperity , thriving , wellbeing '' . </P> <H3> Lockean roots hypothesis ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1689 , Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting `` property '' , which he defined as a person 's `` life , liberty , and estate '' . In A Letter Concerning Toleration , he wrote that the magistrate 's power was limited to preserving a person 's `` civil interest '' , which he described as `` life , liberty , health , and indolency of body ; and the possession of outward things '' . He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that `` the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness '' . </P> <P> According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson 's thought in Locke 's doctrine , Jefferson replaced `` estate '' with `` the pursuit of happiness '' , although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the `` pursuit of happiness '' to refer primarily or exclusively to property . Under such an assumption , the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave , and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government . </P> <H3> Virginia Declaration of rights ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12 , 1776 , speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which `` the fundamental natural rights of mankind '' were expressed at the time . </P> <P> That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights , of which , when they enter into a state of society , they can not , by any compact , deprive or divest their posterity ; namely , the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the means of acquiring and possessing property , and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . </P> -- Virginia Declaration of Rights <P> Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of `` property '' as a goal of government . It is noted that Franklin found property to be a `` creature of society '' and thus , he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society . </P> <H3> Alternative hypotheses ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1628 , Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England , his commentary on Thomas de Littleton , that `` It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law , Life , Liberty , Dower . '' At common law , dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property . </P> <P> Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged . Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind : </P> <P> If , in reality , courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity , the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds , not in him on whom it is bestowed ; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character . If this be the good of the individual , it is likewise that of mankind ; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain ; but supposes , in the highest degree , as possessed by ourselves , that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world . </P> -- Adam Ferguson , An Essay on the History of Civil Society <P> The 17th - century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well - being of our fellow humans is essential to the `` pursuit of our own happiness '' . Locke never associated natural rights with happiness , but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium . William Wollaston 's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the `` truest definition '' of `` natural religion '' as being `` The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth '' . An English translation of Jean - Jacques Burlamaqui 's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the `` noble pursuit '' of `` true and solid happiness '' in the opening chapter discussing natural rights . Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson 's phrase . </P> <H2> Comparable mottos worldwide ( edit ) </H2> <P> Other tripartite mottos include `` liberté , égalité , fraternité '' ( liberty , equality , fraternity ) in France ; `` Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit '' ( unity , justice and liberty ) in Germany and `` peace , order , and good government '' in Canada . It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights : `` life , liberty , security of the person '' ( this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights , which added `` enjoyment of property '' to the list ) . </P> <P> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III , Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan , and in President Ho Chi Minh 's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . An alternative phrase `` life , liberty , and property '' , is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights , a resolution of the First Continental Congress . The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments can not deprive any person of `` life , liberty , or property '' without due process of law . Also , Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads , `` Everyone has the right to life , liberty , and security of person '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence : Rough Draft '' . USHistory.org . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Scanned image of the Jefferson 's `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence , written in June 1776 , including all the changes made later by John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee , and by Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 2009 ) . The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . pp. 7 -- 22 . ISBN 0674036069 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dube , Ann Marie ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions . Pennsylvania : U.S. National Park Service . OCLC 44638441 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths To Be Self Evident ... '' U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Julian P. , ed. ( 1950 ) . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson . Volume 1 : 1760 -- 1776 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 243 -- 47 . OCLC 16353926 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence '' . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khoddam , Rubin ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` What 's Your Definition of Happiness ? '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Scott Barry ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Differences between Happiness and Meaning in Life '' . Scientific American . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fountain , Ben ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` Two American Dreams : how a dumbed - down nation lost sight of a great idea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , Timothy J. ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` What About That Pursuit of Happiness ? '' . Philly.com via Gettysburg College . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1988 ) ( 1689 ) . Laslett , Peter , ed . Two Treatises of Government . Cambridge , NY : Cambridge University Press . Sec. 87 , 123 , 209 , 222 . ISBN 052135448X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1983 ) ( 1689 ) . Tully , James H. , ed . A Letter Concerning Toleration . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Publishing . p. 26 . ISBN 091514560X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1975 ) ( 1689 ) . Nidditch , Peter H. , ed . Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . Book 2 , Chapter 21 , Section 51 . ISBN 0198245955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuckert , Michael P. ( 1996 ) . The Natural Rights Republic . Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 73 -- 85 . ISBN 0268014809 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corbett , Ross J. ( 2009 ) . The Lockean Commonwealth . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . ISBN 1438427948 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pangle , Thomas L. ( 1988 ) . The Spirit of Modern Republicanism . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226645401 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Alan ( 2009 ) . Interpreting the Founding ( 2nd ed . ) . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700617051 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rahe , Paul A. ( 1994 ) ( 1992 ) . Republics Ancient & Modern , Volume 3 ; Inventions of Prudence : Constituting the American Regime . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 19 . ISBN 080784473X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 2009 ) . The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 78 . ISBN 0674036069 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . Jefferson & Madison . New York , NY : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 17 , 103 -- 04 . ISBN 0945612486 . Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence , but does not trace it back to Locke , and in general downplays Jefferson 's debts to Locke . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin ( 2006 ) . Skousen , Mark , ed . The Compleated Autobiography . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 033 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up

The right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness is guaranteed in

Is the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness in the constitution?

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Albatross ( metaphor ) - wikipedia <H1> Albatross ( metaphor ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up albatross around one 's neck in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( February 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The word albatross is sometimes used metaphorically to mean a psychological burden that feels like a curse . </P> <P> It is an allusion to Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( 1798 ) . In the poem , an albatross starts to follow a ship -- being followed by an albatross was generally considered a sign of good luck . However , the titular mariner shoots the albatross with a crossbow , which is regarded as an act that will curse the ship ( which indeed suffers terrible mishaps ) . Even when they are too thirsty to speak , the ship 's crew let the mariner know through their glances that they blame his action for the curse . The albatross is then literally hung around the mariner 's neck by the crew to symbolize his guilt in killing the bird . Thus , the albatross can be both an omen of good or bad luck , as well as a metaphor for a burden to be carried as penance . </P> <P> The symbolism used in the Coleridge poem is its highlight . For example : </P> <P> Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks Had I from old and young ! Instead of the cross , the Albatross About my neck was hung . </P> <P> This sense is catalogued in the Oxford English Dictionary from 1936 and 1955 , but it seems only to have entered general usage in the 1960s , or possibly as early as 1959 . </P> <P> Also , the word albatross is used in Letter II , Volume One of Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , in which Robert Walton is speaking to his sister and states , `` ... but I shall kill no albatross ... '' , an allusion quite clearly referring to the poem by her close acquaintance , Coleridge . The novel was first published in 1818 , long before the term was introduced into the Oxford Dictionary . </P> <P> Charles Baudelaire 's collection of poems Les Fleurs du mal contains a poem entitled L'Albatros about men on ships who catch the albatrosses for sport . In the final stanza , he goes on to compare the poets to the birds -- exiled from the skies and then weighed down by their giant wings , till death . </P> <P> Finally , in Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick , there is a reference to Coleridge 's albatross which is extended to fit the narrative 's focus on the symbolic connotations of whiteness . </P> <P> See The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture . Even in the poem Snake by D.H. Lawrence he mentions the killing of Albatross by the mariner . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Film </Li> <Li> 2 Music <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Musical </Li> <Li> 2.2 Songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Television </Li> <Li> 4 Books </Li> <Li> 5 Video games </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Film ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the 1939 film `` The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes '' starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce , Professor Moriarty George Zucco baits Holmes by mailing him a drawing of a man with an albatross hung around his neck . </Li> <Li> In the 1940 film The Sea Hawk starring Errol Flynn , Albatross is the name of Captain Thorpe 's pirate ship . </Li> <Li> In the 1979 film The Fog by John Carpenter , a radio - station promo is possessed by ghostly forces to speak out and the word albatross is used to tell of the curse on Antonio Bay . </Li> <Li> In the 1996 Ridley Scott film White Squall , a fictionalized account of the Ocean Academy 's ship Albatross , the ship 's captain Christopher Sheldon makes mention of the albatross being a very good omen which `` embodied the spirits of lost sailors '' . `` Only bad luck if you kill one , '' he added . </Li> <Li> In the 2003 film Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World , as the wind picks up and the ship finally breaks out of the doldrums , an albatross is spotted following the ship . When an attempt is made to shoot the bird , the ship 's doctor is shot instead . </Li> <Li> In the 2005 Joss Whedon film Serenity , Malcolm Reynolds , the captain of Serenity defends the notion that River Tam is an albatross to the crew and later to the Operative . He says that the albatross was good luck until `` some idiot killed it '' . When Malcolm is speaking , he then adds to Inara , `` Yes , I 've read a poem . Try not to faint '' in a reference to the Coleridge poem . At the end of the film , he calls River `` Little Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The 2011 film Albatross , by Niall MacCormick . </Li> <Li> In the 2014 film Against the Sun , Gene shoots an albatross , which they eat . Chief Dixon is notably upset about this , saying , `` I ca n't believe you shot an albatross . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> In music journalism , the term albatross is sometimes used metaphorically to describe the mixed blessing and curse of a song that becomes so popular it overshadows the rest of the artist 's work . </P> <H3> Musical ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The musical Thoroughly Modern Millie refers to the albatross in a song called `` Forget About the Boy '' . </Li> <Li> The musical Kinky Boots refers to the albatross in a song called `` Not My Father 's Son '' . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Songs ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( alphabetized by artist ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Aaron Lewis in the song `` Lost and Lonely '' sings about `` I 'm an albatross hanging around my own neck '' . </Li> <Li> Aesop Rock references the albatross on the song `` Dorks '' </Li> <Li> The band Alesana has a song called `` Heavy Hangs The Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> The band Attalus has a song called `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The metalcore band Anterrabae has a song titled `` An Albatross Around the Neck '' . </Li> <Li> Swedish DJ AronChupa has a song titled `` I 'm an Albatraoz '' which uses the albatross as an inexplicable metaphor for female empowerment . </Li> <Li> The band Badflower references the albatross in the song `` Animal '' . </Li> <Li> South Korean boy group B.A.P have a song titled `` Albatross '' on their 5th EP Carnival . </Li> <Li> The band Bastille references the albatross in the song `` The Weight of Living Pt. 1 '' . </Li> <Li> Bert Weedon has a song called `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The band Besnard Lakes has a song called `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The Canadian rock band Big Wreck has an album titled Albatross containing the lead single also titled `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> American singer / songwriter Carolyne Mas has a song titled `` King of the U-Turn '' that uses an albatross as a metaphor . </Li> <Li> The band Brave Saint Saturn has a song titled `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The rock band Chevelle uses albatross as a metaphor in the song `` Face to the Floor '' . </Li> <Li> The post-hardcore band Chiodos has a song titled `` We Swam From Albatross , The Day We Lost Kailey Cost '' . </Li> <Li> The band The Classic Crime has an album titled Albatross . </Li> <Li> The band Clutch refers to an `` Albatross on your neck '' in the song `` ( In The Wake of ) The Swollen Goat '' on the Blast Tyrant album . </Li> <Li> The mathcore band Converge has a song called `` Albatross '' , in the album `` Petitioning the Empty Sky ' . </Li> <Li> Corrosion Of Conformity refers to the albatross in the song `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> Demon Hunter uses albatross as a metaphor in the song `` Cross to Bear '' . </Li> <Li> The band Erra uses albatross as a metaphor in the song `` Dreamwalkers '' . </Li> <Li> The band Foals have a song titled `` Albatross '' . Using the metaphor `` You 've got an albatross around your neck '' </Li> <Li> The band Foxing has an album called `` The Albatross '' . And reference the word albatross on the songs `` Bloodhound '' , and `` Tom Bley '' . </Li> <Li> The band Floater has a song titled `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> The band Flogging Molly uses reference to the wearing of the albatross in their song `` Rebels of the Sacred Heart '' . </Li> <Li> The band Fleetwood Mac has a song entitled `` Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> Gorillaz refers to the albatross in the song `` Hip Albatross '' , as a metaphor for the burden of the undead . </Li> <Li> The band God Street Wine in the song `` Epiphany '' . </Li> <Li> In Graham Parker and The Rumour 's B - side single Mercury Poisoning , the song opens with `` No more pretending now , the albatross is dying in its nest '' . </Li> <Li> The indie rock band Guided By Voices reference wearing an albatross around the neck on the song `` Peep - Hole '' from the album Bee Thousand . </Li> <Li> The heavy metal band Iron Maiden references the albatross in their song `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' , which is based on the poem of the same title by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . </Li> <Li> Jeff Williams ' song `` Bad Luck Charm '' contains the line `` I 'm a cursed black cat , I 'm an albatross , I 'm a mirror broken , Sad to say , I 'm your bad luck charm '' . </Li> <Li> Josh Ritter refers to a lingering albatross in his song `` Monster Ballad '' . The characters are lost in the desert after having been lost at sea . </Li> <Li> Judy Collins uses albatross as a metaphor in the song , `` Albatross '' in 1967 . </Li> <Li> The Anglo - Dutch experimental rock band The Legendary Pink Dots references an albatross in the song `` Twilight Hour '' , a song with strong reference itself to the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . </Li> <Li> The Little River Band has a song called `` Cool Change '' , which contains the line : `` Albatross and the Whale are my brother '' . </Li> <Li> Peruvian singer - songwriter Natasha Luna has a song called `` Waltz for an Albatross '' , inspired by Baudelaire 's poem . </Li> <Li> Christian Emocore band mewithoutYou references the albatross in their song `` Bear 's Vision of St. Agnes '' . </Li> <Li> Mt . St. Helens Vietnam Band has a song called `` Albatross , Albatross , Albatross '' . </Li> <Li> Nightwish refers to albatross in their song `` The Islander '' . </Li> <Li> Owl City refers to the albatross in the song `` Hello Seattle '' . </Li> <Li> Pink Floyd refers to the albatross in the song `` Echoes

In "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," the albatross is a symbol of

The rime of the ancient mariner albatross symbolism?

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0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 80.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 69.1 </Td> <Td> 87.2 </Td> <Td> 128.4 </Td> <Td> 162.7 </Td> <Td> 191.2 </Td> <Td> 217.3 </Td> <Td> 210.7 </Td> <Td> 205.5 </Td> <Td> 177.8 </Td> <Td> 117.5 </Td> <Td> 81.3 </Td> <Td> 68.6 </Td> <Td> 1,717.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Météo France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Infoclimat.fr ( humidity , snowy days 1961 -- 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Population ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2018 , the inner population of the city was of 221,272 inhabitants , the Rennes intercommunal structure connecting Rennes with 42 nearby suburbs ( named Rennes Métropole ) counted 450,593 inhabitants and the metropolitan area counted over 72000 inhabitants . </P> <P> Rennes has the second fastest - growing metropolitan area in France after Toulouse and before Montpellier , Bordeaux and Nantes . </P> <P> The inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais in French . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1770 </Th> <Td> 23,143 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1790 </Th> <Td> 25,160 </Td> <Td> + 8.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1793 </Th> <Td> 30,160 </Td> <Td> + 19.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Td> 25,904 </Td> <Td> − 14.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1806 </Th> <Td> 29,225 </Td> <Td> + 12.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1821 </Th> <Td> 29,589 </Td> <Td> + 1.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1831 </Th> <Td> 27,340 </Td> <Td> − 7.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1836 </Th> <Td> 35,552 </Td> <Td> + 30.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1841 </Th> <Td> 37,895 </Td> <Td> + 6.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1846 </Th> <Td> 39,218 </Td> <Td> + 3.5 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1851 </Th> <Td> 39,505 </Td> <Td> + 0.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1856 </Th> <Td> 45,664 </Td> <Td> + 15.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1861 </Th> <Td> 45,483 </Td> <Td> − 0.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1866 </Th> <Td> 48,283 </Td> <Td> + 6.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1872 </Th> <Td> 52,044 </Td> <Td> + 7.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1876 </Th> <Td> 57,177 </Td> <Td> + 9.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1881 </Th> <Td> 60,974 </Td> <Td> + 6.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1886 </Th> <Td> 66,139 </Td> <Td> + 8.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1891 </Th> <Td> 69,232 </Td> <Td> + 4.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1896 </Th> <Td> 69,937 </Td> <Td> + 1.0 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1901 </Th> <Td> 74,676 </Td> <Td> + 6.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1906 </Th> <Td> 75,640 </Td> <Td> + 1.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1911 </Th> <Td> 79,372 </Td> <Td> + 4.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1921 </Th> <Td> 82,241 </Td> <Td> + 3.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1926 </Th> <Td> 83,418 </Td> <Td> + 1.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1931 </Th> <Td> 88,659 </Td> <Td> + 6.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1936 </Th> <Td> 98,538 </Td> <Td> + 11.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1946 </Th> <Td> 113,781 </Td> <Td> + 15.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1954 </Th> <Td> 124,122 </Td> <Td> + 9.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Td> 151,948 </Td> <Td> + 22.4 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> 180,943 </Td> <Td> + 19.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 198,305 </Td> <Td> + 9.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1982 </Th> <Td> 194,656 </Td> <Td> − 1.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 197,536 </Td> <Td> + 1.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Td> 206,229 </Td> <Td> + 4.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td> 206,604 </Td> <Td> + 0.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td> 209,860 </Td> <Td> + 1.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> 213,454 </Td> <Td> + 1.7 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sights ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rennes is classified as a city of art and history . </P> <H3> Historic centre ( edit ) </H3> <P> The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts . There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to the 1720 fire , which destroyed most of the timber framed houses in the northern part of the city . The rebuilding was done in stone , on a grid plan . The southern part , the poorest at this time , was not rebuilt . </P> <P> Due to the presence of the parlement de Bretagne , many `` hôtels particuliers '' were built in the northern part , the richest in the 18th century . Most of the monuments historiques can be found there . </P> <P> Colourful traditional half - timbered houses are situated primarily along the roads of Saint - Sauveur , Saint - Georges , de Saint - Malo , Saint - Guillaume , des Dames , du Chapitre , Vasselot , Saint - Michel , de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ - Jacquet , des Lices , Saint - Anne and Rallier - du - Baty . </P> The parlement de Bretagne and city hall area ( edit ) <P> The Parlement de Bretagne ( Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany , Breton : Breujoù Breizh ) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes . It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration . It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal . The plaza around is built on the classical architecture . </P> <P> On the west , the Place de la Mairie ( City Hall Plaza , Plasenn Ti Kêr ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> City Hall </Li> <Li> Opera </Li> </Ul> <P> On the east , at the end of the Rue Saint - Georges with traditional half - timbered houses : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1920s Saint George Municipal Pool , with mosaics </Li> <Li> Saint George Palace , and its garden </Li> </Ul> <P> On the south - east : </P> <Ul> <Li> Saint - Germain square <Ul> <Li> Saint - Germain Church </Li> <Li> Saint - Germain footbridge , 20th century wood and metal construction to link the plaza with Émile Zola Quay , across the Vilaine River . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Saint Germain 's church </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Opera of Rennes </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Saint Georges Palace </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rennes 's city hall </P> </Li> </Ul> The Place des Lices and Cathedral area ( edit ) <P> The Place des Lices is lined by hôtels particuliers with the place Railler - du - Baty , is the location of the weekly big market , the marché des Lices . </P> <P> Near the Rennes Cathedral ( cathédrale Saint - Pierre de Rennes ) is the Rue du Chapitre : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hôtel de Blossac </Li> <Li> There are 16th century polychrome wooden busts on the façade of 20 , Rue du Chapitre . </Li> </Ul> <P> On this era are the former St. Yves chapel , now the tourism office and a museum about the historical development of Rennes and the Basilica Saint - Sauveur </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Place des Lices with the roof top of Les Halles Martenot seen in on the left , and the hôtels particuliers on the right . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rue du Chapitre </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gate of the Hôtel de Blossac </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Basilique Saint - Sauveur </P> </Li> </Ul> Remains of the ramparts ( edit ) <P> Built from the 3rd to the 12th centuries , the ramparts were largely destroyed between the beginning of the 16th century and the 1860s . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Portes mordelaises . The street crossing this gate comes from the Place des Lices and ends at the cathedral </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Tour Duchesne </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Place Railler - du - Baty </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Map of the remaining ramparts in Rennes </P> </Li> </Ul> Place Saint - Anne area ( edit ) <P> Place Saint - Anne ( Plasenn Santez - Anna ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Saint - Aubin Church , built in the beginning of the 20th century </Li> <Li> Location of a former 14th century hospital </Li> <Li> Jacobite convent , the futur convention centre ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> South - western , La Rue Saint - Michel nicknamed Rue de La Soif ( Road of Thirst ) because there are bars all along this street . </P> <P> South - eastern , the Champ - Jacquet square , with Renaissance buildings and a statue of mayor Jean Leperdit ripping up a conscription list . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Place Saint - Anne </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jacobite convent , vieved from the Place Saint - Anne </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Saint - Michel street </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Medieval houses at Champ - Jacquet </P> </Li> </Ul> East : Thabor Park area ( edit ) <P> Area of Saint - Melaine square </P> <Dl> <Dt> Notre - Dame - en - Saint - Melaine basilica , </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tower and transept from the 11th century Benedictine abbey of Saint - Melaine </Li> <Li> 14th century Gothic arcades </Li> <Li> 17th century colonnade </Li> <Li> Bell tower topped with a gilded Virgin Mary ( 19th century ) </Li> <Li> 17th century cloister </Li> </Ul> <P> Jardin botanique du Thabor ( formal French garden , orangerie , rose garden , aviary ) a botanical garden on 10 hectares of land , built between 1860 and 1867 . </P> <P> 17th century promenade `` la Motte à Madame '' , and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Notre - Dame - en - Saint - Melaine basilica , viewed from the parc du Thabor </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Main gate of the parc du Thabor </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rue de Paris Thabor entrance </P> </Li> </Ul> South city centre ( edit ) <P> The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th centuries constructions . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Maison des Carmes </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lycée Zola </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Toussaints church </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Palais du commerce </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> South of the Vilaine ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola , by the Vilaine River . </P> <P> Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle , and was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc . It houses the Brittany Museum ( Musée de Bretagne ) , the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors , and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium . </P> <P> At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales , a covered market from 1922 , with one part converted into contemporary art gallery . </P> <P> The Mercure Hotel is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré - Botté , which was the prior location of Ouest - Éclair , and then of Ouest - France ,

The most famous building in Rennes is the

What is the most famous building in rennes?

14177645587273144

Evolution of the horse - wikipedia <H1> Evolution of the horse </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This image shows a representative sequence , but should not be construed to represent a `` straight - line '' evolution of the horse . Reconstruction , left forefoot skeleton ( third digit emphasized yellow ) and longitudinal section of molars of selected prehistoric horses Skeletal evolution <P> The evolution of the horse , a mammal of the family Equidae , occurred over a geologic time scale of 50 million years , transforming the small , dog - sized , forest - dwelling Eohippus into the modern horse . Paleozoologists have been able to piece together a more complete outline of the evolutionary lineage of the modern horse than of any other animal . Much of this evolution took place in North America , where horses originated but became extinct about 10,000 years ago . </P> <P> The horse belongs to the order Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) , the members of which all share hooved feet and an odd number of toes on each foot , as well as mobile upper lips and a similar tooth structure . This means that horses share a common ancestry with tapirs and rhinoceroses . The perissodactyls arose in the late Paleocene , less than 10 million years after the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . This group of animals appears to have been originally specialized for life in tropical forests , but whereas tapirs and , to some extent , rhinoceroses , retained their jungle specializations , modern horses are adapted to life on drier land , in the much harsher climatic conditions of the steppes . Other species of Equus are adapted to a variety of intermediate conditions . </P> <P> The early ancestors of the modern horse walked on several spread - out toes , an accommodation to life spent walking on the soft , moist grounds of primeval forests . As grass species began to appear and flourish , the equids ' diets shifted from foliage to grasses , leading to larger and more durable teeth . At the same time , as the steppes began to appear , the horse 's predecessors needed to be capable of greater speeds to outrun predators . This was attained through the lengthening of limbs and the lifting of some toes from the ground in such a way that the weight of the body was gradually placed on one of the longest toes , the third . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of research </Li> <Li> 2 Before odd - toed ungulates <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Phenacodontidae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Eocene and Oligocene : early equids <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Eohippus </Li> <Li> 3.2 Orohippus </Li> <Li> 3.3 Epihippus </Li> <Li> 3.4 Mesohippus </Li> <Li> 3.5 Miohippus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Miocene and Pliocene : true equines <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Kalobatippus </Li> <Li> 4.2 Parahippus </Li> <Li> 4.3 Merychippus </Li> <Li> 4.4 Hipparion </Li> <Li> 4.5 Pliohippus </Li> <Li> 4.6 Dinohippus </Li> <Li> 4.7 Plesippus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Modern horses <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Equus </Li> <Li> 5.2 Genome sequencing </Li> <Li> 5.3 Pleistocene extinctions </Li> <Li> 5.4 Return to the Americas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Details <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Toes </Li> <Li> 6.2 Teeth </Li> <Li> 6.3 Coat color </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History of research ( edit ) </H2> Extinct equids restored to scale . Left to right : Mesohippus , Neohipparion , Eohippus , Equus scotti and Hypohippus . <P> Wild horses were known since prehistory from central Asia to Europe , with domestic horses and other equids being distributed more widely in the Old World , but no horses or equids of any type were found in the New World when European explorers reached the Americas . When the Spanish colonists brought domestic horses from Europe , beginning in 1493 , escaped horses quickly established large feral herds . In the 1760s , the early naturalist Buffon suggested this was an indication of inferiority of the New World fauna , but later reconsidered this idea . William Clark 's 1807 expedition to Big Bone Lick found `` leg and foot bones of the Horses '' , which were included with other fossils sent to Thomas Jefferson and evaluated by the anatomist Caspar Wistar , but neither commented on the significance of this find . </P> <P> The first Old World equid fossil was found in the gypsum quarries in Montmartre , Paris , in the 1820s . The tooth was sent to the Paris Conservatory , where it was identified by Georges Cuvier , who identified it as a browsing equine related to the tapir . His sketch of the entire animal matched later skeletons found at the site . </P> <P> During the Beagle survey expedition , the young naturalist Charles Darwin had remarkable success with fossil hunting in Patagonia . On 10 October 1833 , at Santa Fe , Argentina , he was `` filled with astonishment '' when he found a horse 's tooth in the same stratum as fossil giant armadillos , and wondered if it might have been washed down from a later layer , but concluded this was `` not very probable '' . After the expedition returned in 1836 , the anatomist Richard Owen confirmed the tooth was from an extinct species , which he subsequently named Equus curvidens , and remarked , `` This evidence of the former existence of a genus , which , as regards South America , had become extinct , and has a second time been introduced into that Continent , is not one of the least interesting fruits of Mr. Darwin 's palæontological discoveries . '' </P> <P> In 1848 , a study On the fossil horses of America by Joseph Leidy systematically examined Pleistocene horse fossils from various collections , including that of the Academy of Natural Sciences , and concluded at least two ancient horse species had existed in North America : Equus curvidens and another , which he named Equus americanus . A decade later , however , he found the latter name had already been taken and renamed it Equus complicatus . In the same year , he visited Europe and was introduced by Owen to Darwin . </P> Restoration of Eurohippus parvulus , a mid - to late Eocene equid of Europe ( Museum für Naturkunde , Berlin ) <P> The original sequence of species believed to have evolved into the horse was based on fossils discovered in North America in the 1870s by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh . The sequence , from Eohippus to the modern horse ( Equus ) , was popularized by Thomas Huxley and became one of the most widely known examples of a clear evolutionary progression . The horse 's evolutionary lineage became a common feature of biology textbooks , and the sequence of transitional fossils was assembled by the American Museum of Natural History into an exhibit that emphasized the gradual , `` straight - line '' evolution of the horse . </P> <P> Since then , as the number of equid fossils has increased , the actual evolutionary progression from Eohippus to Equus has been discovered to be much more complex and multibranched than was initially supposed . The straight , direct progression from the former to the latter has been replaced by a more elaborate model with numerous branches in different directions , of which the modern horse is only one of many . George Gaylord Simpson in 1951 first recognized that the modern horse was not the `` goal '' of the entire lineage of equids , but is simply the only genus of the many horse lineages to survive . </P> <P> Detailed fossil information on the distribution and rate of change of new equid species has also revealed that the progression between species was not as smooth and consistent as was once believed . Although some transitions , such as that of Dinohippus to Equus , were indeed gradual progressions , a number of others , such as that of Epihippus to Mesohippus , were relatively abrupt in geologic time , taking place over only a few million years . Both anagenesis ( gradual change in an entire population 's gene frequency ) and cladogenesis ( a population `` splitting '' into two distinct evolutionary branches ) occurred , and many species coexisted with `` ancestor '' species at various times . The change in equids ' traits was also not always a `` straight line '' from Eohippus to Equus : some traits reversed themselves at various points in the evolution of new equid species , such as size and the presence of facial fossae , and only in retrospect can certain evolutionary trends be recognized . </P> <H2> Before odd - toed ungulates ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Phenacodontidae ( edit ) </H3> Restoration of Phenacodus <P> Phenacodontidae is the most recent family in the order Condylarthra believed to be the ancestral to the odd - toed ungulates . It contains the genera Almogaver , Copecion , Ectocion , Eodesmatodon , Meniscotherium , Ordathspidotherium , Phenacodus and Pleuraspidotherium . The family lived from the Early Paleocene to the Middle Eocene in Europe and were about the size of a sheep , with tails making slightly less than half of the length of their bodies and unlike their ancestors , good running skills for eluding predators . </P> <H2> Eocene and Oligocene : early equids ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Eohippus ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eohippus <P> Eohippus appeared in the Ypresian ( early Eocene ) , about 52 mya ( million years ago ) . It was an animal approximately the size of a fox ( 250 -- 450 mm in height ) , with a relatively short head and neck and a springy , arched back . It had 44 low - crowned teeth , in the typical arrangement of an omnivorous , browsing mammal : three incisors , one canine , four premolars , and three molars on each side of the jaw . Its molars were uneven , dull , and bumpy , and used primarily for grinding foliage . The cusps of the molars were slightly connected in low crests . Eohippus browsed on soft foliage and fruit , probably scampering between thickets in the mode of a modern muntjac . It had a small brain , and possessed especially small frontal lobes . </P> Eohippus , with left forefoot ( third metacarpal colored ) and tooth ( a enamel ; b dentin ; c cement ) detailed <P> Its limbs were long relative to its body , already showing the beginnings of adaptations for running . However , all of the major leg bones were unfused , leaving the legs flexible and rotatable . Its wrist and hock joints were low to the ground . The forelimbs had developed five toes , of which four were equipped with small proto - hooves ; the large fifth `` toe - thumb '' was off the ground . The hind limbs had small hooves on three out of the five toes , while the vestigial first and fifth toes did not touch the ground . Its feet were padded , much like a dog 's , but with the small hooves in place of claws . </P> <P> For a span of about 20 million years , Eohippus thrived with few significant evolutionary changes . The most significant change was in the teeth , which began to adapt to its changing diet , as these early Equidae shifted from a mixed diet of fruits and foliage to one focused increasingly on browsing foods . During the Eocene , an Eohippus species ( most likely Eohippus angustidens ) branched out into various new types of Equidae . Thousands of complete , fossilized skeletons of these animals have been found in the Eocene layers of North American strata

Equus, the genus to which modern horses belong, first appeared in the fossil record in the

When did equus first appear in fossil record?

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head . The last pearl is located at the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas , where the three eat lotus flowers , which make them forget their reason for being there . They stay in the casino for five days until Poseidon speaks in Percy 's mind , helping Percy return to his senses . Percy frees Grover and Annabeth from the effects of the flowers and they flee , discovering that the casino is run by the Lotus - Eaters , and they had been keeping people captive since ancient times . With all three pearls , Percy , Grover , and Annabeth head into the Underworld , the portal to which is located in Hollywood . </P> <P> In the Underworld , they meet Hades and Persephone . Though Percy tells Hades that he does not have the lightning bolt , Hades finds it hidden inside Luke 's shield , revealing that Luke is the lightning thief . Persephone knocks Hades unconscious with the lightning bolt to get her revenge on him for imprisoning her for all eternity and hands the bolt to Percy . However , because they only have three pearls , Grover remains with Persephone to allow Percy 's mother to leave . Percy , Annabeth , and Sally teleport to the Empire State Building but are attacked by Luke , who wants to destroy Mount Olympus to secure the demigods ' place as the new rulers of Western Civilization . After a fight across Manhattan , Percy defeats and apparently kills Luke and returns the lightning bolt to Zeus , who forgives Percy and allows Poseidon to briefly speak with his son . The film ends with Percy and Annabeth reuniting with Grover , furloughed from Hades and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to Percy 's senior protector . Percy and Annabeth are reunited , and they nearly kiss but Annabeth tricks Percy and they continue to train . </P> <P> In the post-credits scene , Ugliano is kicked out of the apartment by Sally . He decides to get a beer on his way out , but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator . He breaks the lock anyway and is turned to stone and killed by Medusa 's head inside , on a serving plate . One of her snakes blurs the screen , revealing the movie 's end . The sound of Ugliano turning to stone is heard while the screen is black . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members Logan Lerman plays the titular character . <Ul> <Li> Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson , the demigod son of Poseidon </Li> <Li> Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood , Percy 's protector , a satyr </Li> <Li> Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase , the demigod daughter of Athena , and Percy 's romantic foil </Li> <Li> Jake Abel as Luke Castellan , the demigod son of Hermes </Li> <Li> Sean Bean as Zeus , god of the sky , thunder , lightning , king of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus and brother of Poseidon and Hades . He blames Percy for stealing his bolt . </Li> <Li> Kevin McKidd as Poseidon , Percy 's father , god of the seas , earthquakes , horses and brother of Zeus and Hades </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan as Hades , god of the Underworld , the dead , riches and brother of Zeus and Poseidon </Li> <Li> Melina Kanakaredes as Athena , Annabeth 's mother , goddess of crafts , domestic arts , strategic warfare , peace and wisdom </Li> <Li> Rosario Dawson as Persephone , goddess of springtime and wife of Hades </Li> <Li> Dylan Neal as Hermes , Luke 's father , god of trade , thieves , travelers , sports , athletes , and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus . </Li> <Li> Erica Cerra as Hera , goddess of birth , family , marriage , women and queen of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus , sister and wife of Zeus </Li> <Li> Stefanie von Pfetten as Demeter , goddess of agriculture , fertility , and the harvest , sister of Zeus and mother of Persephone </Li> <Li> Dimitri Lekkos as Apollo , god of the sun , light , knowledge , healing , plague and darkness , the arts , music , poetry , prophecy , archery , and twin brother of Artemis </Li> <Li> Ona Grauer as Artemis , goddess of the hunt , virginity , the moon , and all animals , and twin sister of Apollo </Li> <Li> Serinda Swan as Aphrodite , goddess of love , beauty , wife of Hephaestus and lover of Ares </Li> <Li> Conrad Coates as Hephaestus , god of fire , forge , blacksmiths , craftsmen and husband of Aphrodite </Li> <Li> Ray Winstone as Ares , god of war , lover of Aphrodite ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Luke Camilleri as Dionysus , god of wine , celebrations , ecstasy , and theatre </Li> <Li> Uma Thurman as Medusa , a gorgon cursed by Athena </Li> <Li> Pierce Brosnan as Chiron , also known as Mr. Brunner , a centaur who trains heroes at Camp Half - Blood , the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , and Hera </Li> <Li> Maria Olsen as Mrs. Dodds / Alecto , a Fury , servant to Hades </Li> <Li> Julian Richings as Charon , ferryman of the River Styx , servant to Hades </Li> <Li> Catherine Keener as Sally Jackson , Percy 's mother </Li> <Li> Joe Pantoliano as Gabe Ugliano , Percy 's stepfather </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Chris Columbus is the film 's director and producer . <P> In June 2004 , 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book . In April 2007 , director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project . Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver . Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee , that has a full - scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens . Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25 , 2009 , in Mission , British Columbia . Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn , New York during the first week of August 2009 . Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009 . Christophe Beck composed the score . Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind . `` I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles , sort of the perfect cast for these roles , because hopefully , God willing , we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters '' . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film opened on February 12 , 2010 , in 3,356 theaters ; its opening weekend box - office results totaled $31,236,067 in the U.S. , finishing at # 3 below The Wolfman , which opened at # 2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine 's Day , which opened at # 1 with $56,260,707 . The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre , posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter , Chronicles of Narnia , or Lord of the Rings series . As of September 14 , 2010 , it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world , bringing it to $226,497,209 . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a 49 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 142 collected reviews , with an average score of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff , Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast , a speedy plot , and plenty of fun with Greek mythology . '' It also holds a Metacritic score of 47 out of 100 , based on 31 sampled reviews , indicating `` mixed to average reviews . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` standard Hollywood product ... unadventurous and uninteresting '' . The reviewer for The Washington Post thought `` the movie suffers by taking itself a little too seriously . It 's not just that it 's a lot less funny than the book . It 's also a lot less fun '' . On BBC Radio 5 , Mark Kermode criticized the similarity of the film to director Chris Columbus 's Harry Potter films , likening it to a Harry Potter parody book and dubbing it Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins . This comment later sparked a satirical fan creation with precisely that title , narrated by Stephen Fry . </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category / Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 MTV Movie Awards </Td> <Td> Breakthrough Performance <P> Logan Lerman </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Fight <P> Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards 2010 </Td> <Td> Choice Movie Actress : Fantasy <P> Rosario Dawson </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice : Breakout Female <P> Alexandra Daddario </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice : Breakout Male <P> Logan Lerman </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice : Fight <P> Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37th Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Younger Actor <P> Logan Lerman </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 Scream Awards </Td> <Td> Best Cameo <P> `` Rosario Dawson '' </P> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Christophe Beck </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 59 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> ABKCO Records </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All music composed by Christophe Beck . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Prelude '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` The Minotaur '' </Td> <Td> 5 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Chiron '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Victory '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` The Fury '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Dyslexia '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` The Hydra '' </Td> <Td> 6 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Medusa '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Son of Poseidon '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` The Parthenon '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Hollywood '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Lost Souls '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Fighting Luke , Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 54 </Td>

The Percy Jackson and the Olympians movie was filmed in

Where was percy jackson and the olympians filmed?

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years 2 months 20 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases , according to common law . </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1789 </Td> <Td> December 15 , 1791 </Td> <Td> 2 years 2 months 20 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail , as well as cruel and unusual punishment . </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1789 </Td> <Td> December 15 , 1791 </Td> <Td> 2 years 2 months 20 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution . </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1789 </Td> <Td> December 15 , 1791 </Td> <Td> 2 years 2 months 20 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution . </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1789 </Td> <Td> December 15 , 1791 </Td> <Td> 2 years 2 months 20 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11th </Td> <Td> Makes states immune from suits from out - of - state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders ; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity . </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1794 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 1795 </Td> <Td> 11 months 3 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> Revises presidential election procedures by having the President and Vice President elected together as opposed to the Vice President being the runner up . </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1803 </Td> <Td> June 15 , 1804 </Td> <Td> 6 months 6 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13th </Td> <Td> Abolishes slavery , and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1865 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 1865 </Td> <Td> 10 months 6 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14th </Td> <Td> Defines citizenship , contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause , the Due Process Clause , the Equal Protection Clause , and deals with post -- Civil War issues . </Td> <Td> June 13 , 1866 </Td> <Td> July 9 , 1868 </Td> <Td> 2 years 0 months 26 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15th </Td> <Td> Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color or previous condition of servitude . </Td> <Td> February 26 , 1869 </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1870 </Td> <Td> 11 months 8 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16th </Td> <Td> Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census . </Td> <Td> July 12 , 1909 </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1913 </Td> <Td> 3 years 6 months 22 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17th </Td> <Td> Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote . </Td> <Td> May 13 , 1912 </Td> <Td> April 8 , 1913 </Td> <Td> 10 months 26 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18th </Td> <Td> Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States . ( Repealed December 5 , 1933 , via 21st Amendment . ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 1917 </Td> <Td> January 16 , 1919 </Td> <Td> 1 year 0 months 29 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19th </Td> <Td> Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . </Td> <Td> June 4 , 1919 </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1920 </Td> <Td> 1 year 2 months 14 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20th </Td> <Td> Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President ( January 20 ) and Senators and Representatives ( January 3 ) end and begin . </Td> <Td> March 2 , 1932 </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 10 months 21 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21st </Td> <Td> Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories . </Td> <Td> February 20 , 1933 </Td> <Td> December 5 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 9 months 15 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22nd </Td> <Td> Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president : a person can not be elected president more than twice , and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected can not be elected more than once . </Td> <Td> March 24 , 1947 </Td> <Td> February 27 , 1951 </Td> <Td> 3 years 11 months 6 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23rd </Td> <Td> Grants the District of Columbia electors ( the number of electors being equal to the least populous state ) in the Electoral College . </Td> <Td> June 16 , 1960 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 1961 </Td> <Td> 9 months 12 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24th </Td> <Td> Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax . </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1962 </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1964 </Td> <Td> 1 year 4 months 27 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25th </Td> <Td> Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , as well as responding to Presidential disabilities . </Td> <Td> July 6 , 1965 </Td> <Td> February 10 , 1967 </Td> <Td> 1 year 7 months 4 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26th </Td> <Td> Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1971 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1971 </Td> <Td> 3 months 8 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27th </Td> <Td> Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives . </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1789 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 1992 </Td> <Td> 202 years 7 months 10 days </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` Y '' indicates that the state ratified the amendment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` N '' indicates that the state rejected the amendment and has not ratified it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` Y '' indicates that the state 's ratification of the amendment came after the state had officially rejected it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` Y '' indicates that after officially ratifying the amendment the state rescinded that ratification , but later re-ratified it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` -- '' indicates that the state did not complete action on the amendment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="20"> `` '' indicates that the amendment was ratified before that state joined the Union . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State ( in order of statehood ) </Th> <Th> 1 -- 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td>

The last amendment to the Constitution was passed on

When was the last amendment to the constitution passed?

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Remittance - wikipedia <H1> Remittance </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the transfer of money by migrant workers . For a payment sent by a customer to a business , see remittance advice . For an allowance sent to an exiled person on condition that they do not return home , see remittance man . Remittance advertising in Oxford Street , London with Polish and Russian <P> A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country . Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries . Workers ' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows , especially with regard to labour - exporting countries . In 2014 , $436 billion went to developing countries , setting a new record . Overall global remittances totaled $582 billion in 2015 . Some countries , such as India and China , receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates and diaspora . In 2014 , India received an estimated $70 billion and China an estimated $64 billion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Global extent <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Top recipient countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 By region <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Asia <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 India </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Jordan </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Philippines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Latin America and the Caribbean </Li> <Li> 2.3 North America <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Africa <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Nigeria </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Somalia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Overview </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Dynamics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Emergencies </Li> <Li> 4.2 Potential security concerns </Li> <Li> 4.3 Economic benefits for developing countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Global extent ( edit ) </H2> <P> Remittances are playing an increasingly large role in the economies of many countries . They contribute to economic growth and to the livelihoods of those countries . According to World Bank estimates , remittances will total US $ 585.1 billion in 2016 , of which US $ 442 billion went to developing countries that involved 250 million migrant workers . For some individual recipient countries , remittances can be as high as a third of their GDP . </P> <H3> Top recipient countries ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Top recipient countries of remittances ( in billions of US Dollar ) <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Remittances 2012 </Th> <Th> Remittances 2013 </Th> <Th> Remittances 2014 </Th> <Th> Remittances 2015 </Th> <Th> Remittances 2016 </Th> <Th> Remittances 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 68.82 </Td> <Td> 69.97 </Td> <Td> 70.97 </Td> <Td> 72.20 </Td> <Td> 62.7 </Td> <Td> 65.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 57.99 </Td> <Td> 59.49 </Td> <Td> 61.49 </Td> <Td> 63.90 </Td> <Td> 61.0 </Td> <Td> 62.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 24.61 </Td> <Td> 26.70 </Td> <Td> 27.90 </Td> <Td> 29.80 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 23.37 </Td> <Td> 23.02 </Td> <Td> 24.50 </Td> <Td> 25.70 </Td> <Td> 28.5 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 14.01 </Td> <Td> 14.63 </Td> <Td> 17.80 </Td> <Td> 20.10 </Td> <Td> 19.8 </Td> <Td> 22.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 20.63 </Td> <Td> 20.89 </Td> <Td> 20.88 </Td> <Td> 20.89 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 19.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 19.24 </Td> <Td> 17.83 </Td> <Td> 19.83 </Td> <Td> 20.40 </Td> <Td> 16.6 </Td> <Td> 18.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 14.24 </Td> <Td> 13.86 </Td> <Td> 15.10 </Td> <Td> 15.80 </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> <Td> 13.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 10.00 </Td> <Td> 11.00 </Td> <Td> 11.80 </Td> <Td> 12.30 </Td> <Td> 13.4 </Td> <Td> 12.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : These are the largest 15 recipient countries of remittances only for the year 2013 . World Bank data is used for all countries and years . </P> <P> As a share of GDP , the top recipients of remittances in 2013 were Timor - Leste ( 216.6 % ) , Tajikistan ( 42.1 % ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 31.5 % ) , Nepal ( 28.8 % ) , Moldova ( 24.9 % ) , Lesotho ( 24.4 % ) , Samoa ( 23.8 % ) , Haiti ( 21.1 % ) , Armenia ( 21.0 % ) , The Gambia ( 19.8 % ) , Liberia ( 18.5 % ) , Lebanon ( 17.0 % ) , Honduras ( 16.9 % ) , El Salvador ( 16.4 % ) , Kosovo ( 16.1 % ) , Jamaica ( 15.0 % ) and Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 8.82 % , which is 1.540 billion $ for 2017 on 31 December 2017 conversion rate between € and US $ ) . </P> <H2> By region ( edit ) </H2> <P> The US has been the leading source of remittances globally in every year since 1983 . Russia , Saudi Arabia , and Switzerland have been the next largest senders of remittances since 2007 . </P> <H3> Asia ( edit ) </H3> <P> A majority of the remittances have been directed to Asian countries like India ( approx . 62.7 billion USD in 2016 ) , China ( approx . 61.0 billion USD in 2016 ) , the Philippines ( approx . 29.9 billion USD in 2016 ) , Pakistan ( 19.8 billion USD in 2016 ) and more . </P> <P> Most of the remittances happen by the conventional channel of agents , like Western Union , Ria Money Transfer , MoneyGram , UAE Exchange , and similar . However , with the increasing relevance and reach of the Internet , online and mobile phone money transfers have grown significantly . Several companies such as Everex are exploring blockchain ( the technology underlying cryptocurrencies such as BitCoin and Ethereum ) to create descentralized microfinance and remittance services , cutting transaction fees and offering extremely competitive rates , while at the same time including underbanked individuals ( people without a bank account ) to the world economy . </P> India ( edit ) Main article : Remittances to India Jordan ( edit ) <P> The flow of remittances to Jordan experienced rapid growth during the 1970s and 1980s when Jordan started exporting skilled labour to the Persian Gulf . These remittances represent an important source of funding for many developing countries , including Jordan . According to the World Bank data on remittances , with about 3 billion USD in 2010 Jordan ranked at 10th place among all developing countries . Jordan ranked among the top 20 recipients of remittances for the preceding decade . In addition , the Arab Monetary Fund ( AMF ) statistics in 2010 indicate that Jordan was the third biggest recipient of remittances among Arab countries after Egypt and Lebanon . The host countries that have absorbed most of the Jordanian expatriates are Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates , where the available data indicate that about 90 % of Jordanian migrants are working in the Persian Gulf . </P> Philippines ( edit ) A common shop for remittance in Angeles City , Philippines . <P> According to a World Bank Study , the Philippines is the second largest recipient for remittances in Asia . It was estimated in 1994 that migrants sent over US $2.6 billion back to the Philippines through formal banking systems . With the addition of money sent through private finance companies and return migrants , the 1994 total was closer to US $6 billion annually . </P> <P> The total is estimated to have grown by 7.8 per cent annually to reach US $21.3 billion in 2010 . Remittances are a reliable source of revenue for the Philippines , accounting for 8.9 per cent of the country 's GDP . </P> <P> The Estrada administration in 2000 declared it `` The Year of Overseas Filipino Worker in the Recognition of the Determination and Supreme Self - Sacrifice of Overseas Filipino Workers . '' This declaration connects monetary remittances of overseas workers as the top foreign - exchange earnings in the Philippines . </P> <H3> Latin America and the Caribbean ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Latin America and the Caribbean , remittances play an important role in the economy of the region , totaling over 66.5 billion USD in 2007 , with about 75 % originating in the United States . This total represents more than the sum of Foreign direct investment and official development aid combined . In seven Latin American and Caribbean countries , remittances even account for more than 10 % of GDP and exceed the dollar flows of the largest export product in almost every country in the region . </P> <P> Percentages ranged from 2 % in Mexico , to 18 % in El Salvador , 21 % in Honduras , and up to 30 % in Haiti . The Inter American Development Bank 's Multilateral Investment Fund ( IDB - MIF ) has been the leading agency on regional remittance research . </P> <P> Mexico received remittance inflows of almost US $24 billion in 2007 , 95 % of which originated in the US . </P> <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> United States ( edit ) Main article : Remittances from the United States <P> A 2004 study found that over 60 % of the 16.5 million Latin American - born adults who resided in the United States at the time of the survey regularly sent money home . The remittances sent by these 10 million immigrants were transmitted via more than 100 million individual transactions per year and amounted to an estimated $30 billion during 2004 . Each transaction averaged about $150 -- $250 , and , because these migrants tended to send smaller amounts more frequently than others , their remittances had a higher percentage of costs due to transfer fees . </P> <P> Migrants sent approximately 10 % of their household incomes ; these remittances made up a corresponding 50 -- 80 % of the household incomes for the recipients . Significant amounts of remittances were sent from 37 U.S. states , but six states were identified as the `` traditional sending '' states : New York ( which led the group with 81 % of its immigrants making regular remittances ) , California , Texas , Florida , Illinois , and New Jersey . The high growth rate of remittances to Mexico ( not the total amount ) is unlikely to continue . In fact , according to the Mexican central bank , remittances grew just 0.6 during the first six months of 2007 , as compared to 23 % during the same period in 2006 . Experts attribute the slowdown to a contraction in the U.S. construction industry , tighter border controls , and a crackdown in the U.S. on illegal immigration . </P> <P> Remittance culture in the United States has contributed to the formation of `` micro-geographies '' , tightly knit networks that integrate U.S. communities with communities throughout Latin America , such as migrants from Oaxaca , Mexico , who have settled in Venice Beach , California . Oaxacans not only send money back to their communities , but they also travel back and forth extensively . </P> <P> As of recently , remittances from the United States to Latin America have been on the decline . While there were USD 69.2 billion worth of remittances sent in 2008 , that figure has fallen to $58.9 billion for 2011 . This trend is a result of many factors including the global recession , more economic opportunity in Latin American countries , and rising fees charged by coyotes to smuggle immigrants across the border . </P> <P> The pattern of migration has changed from a circular flow , in which immigrants work in the United States for a

Sending money home to one's native country is an example of

Sending money home to the native country is an example of?

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The Perks of Being a Wallflower - wikipedia <H1> The Perks of Being a Wallflower </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For the film adaptation , see The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) . <Table> The Perks of Being a Wallflower <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Stephen Chbosky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Young adult / Epistolary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Pocket Books ( original cover ) MTV Books ( movie cover version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> February 1 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Paperback ) and Audiobook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 256 ( first edition paperback ) 224 ( regular edition paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 671 - 02734 - 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 40813072 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 813 /. 54 21 + + + + + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> PS3553. H3469 P47 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming - of - age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky which was first published on February 1 , 1999 , by Pocket Books . Set in the early 1990s , the novel follows Charlie , an introverted teenager , through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb . The novel details Charlie 's unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood , and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family . </P> <P> Chbosky took five years to develop and publish The Perks of Being a Wallflower , creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories . The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence , including introversion , sexuality , and drug use , while also making several references to other literary works , films , and pop culture in general . </P> <P> Although Chbosky 's first book was a commercial success , it was banned in some American schools for its content . In 2012 , he adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman , Ezra Miller and Emma Watson . The film boosted the novel 's sales , and the book reached The New York Times Best Seller list . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Background and writing </Li> <Li> 3 Style and themes </Li> <Li> 4 Publication and reception </Li> <Li> 5 Film adaptation </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story begins with a quiet , sensitive 15 - year - old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient . Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental . He discusses his first year at high school , grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past : the suicide of his only middle - school friend , Michael Dobson , a year before , and the death of his favorite aunt , Helen , during his early childhood . </P> <P> His English teacher , who encourages Charlie to call him Bill , notices Charlie 's passion for reading and writing , and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports . Although he is a wallflower , Charlie is befriended by two seniors : Patrick and Sam . Patrick is secretly dating Brad , a closeted football player , and Sam is Patrick 's stepsister . Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her . It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child , and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him . </P> <P> In parallel , Charlie witnesses his sister 's boyfriend hit her across the face , but she forbids him from telling their parents . He eventually mentions the occurrence to Bill , who tells Charlie 's parents about it . Charlie 's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents ' wishes . Eventually , he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone . His sister breaks up with her boyfriend , after which her and Charlie 's relationship begins to improve significantly . </P> <P> Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick 's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco , alcohol and other drugs . At a party Charlie trips on LSD . He can not control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen , who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift . He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow . At a regular Rocky Horror Picture Show performance , Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam 's boyfriend Craig , who is unavailable . Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship . The relationship ends , however , during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room . He kisses Sam , and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response . Following this , Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while , and the rest of the friend group shuns him . His flashbacks of Aunt Helen return . </P> <P> Patrick and Brad 's relationship is discovered by Brad 's abusive father , and Brad disappears from school for a few days . Upon returning , Brad is cold and mean towards Patrick , while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him . However , when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick 's sexuality in public , Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick . Charlie joins in the fight to help Patrick , and breaks it up , regaining the respect of Sam and her friends . Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes , but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad . Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship . </P> <P> As the school year ends , Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends -- especially Sam , who is leaving for a summer college - preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her . When Charlie helps her pack , they talk about his feelings for her ; she is angry that he never acted on them . They begin to engage sexually , but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam . Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of him being molested by his Aunt Helen as a little boy . Charlie shows signs of PTSD from the incident and the revelation of his abuse helps the reader understand his view of relationships and love . </P> <P> In an epilogue , Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father . After being admitted to a mental hospital , it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young , and his love for her ( and empathy for her troubled youth ) caused him to repress his traumatic memories . This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book . In two months Charlie is released , and Sam and Patrick visit him . In the epilogue , Sam , Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he felt infinite . </P> <P> Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past : `` Even if we do n't have the power to choose where we come from , we can still choose where we go from there '' . Charlie decides to `` participate '' in life , and his letter - writing ends . </P> <H2> Background and writing ( edit ) </H2> Author Stephen Chbosky at the San Diego Comic - Con in 2006 <P> Chbosky first conceived random ideas , including `` a kid standing up in a tunnel '' , a girl he likes , and parties he goes to . After five years with these elements in mind , he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life . He was experiencing an unpleasant breakup of his own , which led him to ask , `` Why good people let themselves get treated so badly ? '' The author tried to answer the question with the sentence `` we accept the love we think we deserve '' . This answer meant to be an advice to remark that one is in charge of one 's life as he is referring to self love , encompassing one 's life and hope for the future , and not just romantic love . </P> <P> The story began when Chbosky was in school , evolving from another book on which he was working . In that book he wrote the sentence , `` I guess that 's just one of the perks of being a wallflower '' , which led him to realize `` that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find . '' Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college , and within ten weeks he completed the story . He rewrote it into two more drafts , concluding the published version in the summer of 1998 . </P> <P> Charlie , whom Chbosky has said is `` ( his ) hope in the form of a character '' , is loosely based on the author . In the novel , Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh . The other characters were manifestations of people Chbosky had known throughout his life ; Chbosky focused on people 's struggles and what they are passionate about , attempting to pin down the very nature of each of the characters The characters of Sam and Patrick were an `` amalgamate and celebration '' of several people Chbosky has met ; Sam was based on girls who confided in him , and Patrick was `` all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity . '' </P> <H2> Style and themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience ; during his senior year in high school , Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him . A year and a half later , Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor . By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character , Chbosky found `` the most intimate way '' to talk directly to the reader . He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive , `` to convey the highs and lows of being young -- one day , you 're on top of the world and you 've had the greatest of times '' . </P> <P> Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and nostalgia . According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine , Chbosky captures the ``

In the Perks of Being a Wallflower movie, Charlie writes letters to

Who was charlie writing to in perks of being a wallflower movie?

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The Real thing ( story ) - wikipedia <H1> The Real thing ( story ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The Real Thing '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First book publication </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Henry James </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Short story </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published in </Th> <Td> Black and White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication type </Th> <Td> Periodical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Magazine ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> April 16 , 1892 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The Real Thing '' is a short story by Henry James , first syndicated by S.S. McClure in multiple American newspapers and then published in the British publication Black and White in April 1892 and the following year as the title story in the collection , The Real Thing and Other Stories published by Macmillan . This story , often read as a parable , plays with the reality - illusion dichotomy that fascinated James , especially in the later stages of his career . For the illustrator who narrates the story , the genuine article proves all too useless for his commercial purposes . The story portrays the unfortunate victims of a society in which reality and representation are closely intertwined in ways that make art a difficult project to untangle the two . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Major themes </Li> <Li> 3 Critical evaluation </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The narrator , an unnamed illustrator and aspiring painter , hires a faded genteel couple , the Monarchs , as models , after they have lost most of their money and must find some line of work . They are the `` real thing '' in that they perfectly represent the aristocratic type , but they prove inflexible for the painter 's work . He comes to rely much more on two lower - class subjects who are nevertheless more capable , Oronte , an Italian , and Miss Churm , a lower - class Englishwoman . </P> <P> The illustrator finally has to get rid of the Monarchs , especially after his friend and fellow artist Jack Hawley criticizes the work in which the Monarchs are represented . Hawley says that the pair has hurt the narrator 's art , perhaps permanently . In the final line of the story the narrator says he is `` content to have paid the price -- for the memory . '' </P> <H2> Major themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> James plays with the exact meaning of `` the real thing '' throughout the story 's plot , which was suggested to him by George du Maurier . The Monarchs may be the real thing when it comes to country - house visits and drawing - room conversation , but Oronte and Miss Churm are just as much the genuine article for professional modeling . Late in the story the Monarchs desperately try to keep their jobs by actually becoming servants to the narrator , Miss Churm , and Oronte , in a superb example of Jamesian chiasmus . </P> <P> Commentators have noted a bit of fantasy wish - fulfillment in the tale . The painter is hired to illustrate a series of novels by `` the rarest of the novelists -- who , long neglected by the multitudinous vulgar and dearly prized by the attentive ( ... ) had had the happy fortune of seeing , late in life , the dawn and then the full light of a higher criticism -- an estimate in which , on the part of the public , there was something really of expiation . '' James 's own most laudatory criticism would come only posthumously . </P> <H2> Critical evaluation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Critics have generally praised what one of them called `` one of James neatest tales ... important as poignant fiction , aesthetic parable , antiaristocratic satire , and sunken autobiography . '' That James was able to fit so complex a subject into under ten thousand words was a genuine triumph of his by now completely mature technique . </P> <P> James does not make the parable into an arid demonstration of a debating point . The characters all come alive as fully individualized creations . The incompetent Monarchs are sympathetic , and the narrator himself is memorable for his increasingly desperate but ultimately futile attempts to help them . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Johanningsmeier , Charles . `` How Real American Readers Originally Experienced James 's ' The Real Thing . ' '' The Henry James Review . 27.1 Winter 2006 : 75 - 99 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht ( New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8044 - 2957 - X </Li> <Li> A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale ( New York : Greenwood Press 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 25846 - 5 </Li> <Li> Tales of Henry James : The Texts of the Tales , the Author on His Craft , Criticism . Eds . Christof Wegelin and Henry Wonham ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 97710 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Real Thing </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> First book publication of `` The Real Thing '' ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Author 's preface to the New York Edition text of `` The Real Thing '' ( 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Note on the texts of `` The Real Thing '' at the Library of America web site </Li> <Li> The Real Thing public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Thing_(story)&oldid=831227036 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Short stories by Henry James </Li> <Li> 1892 short stories </Li> <Li> Works originally published in American newspapers </Li> <Li> Short stories about artists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 13 : 50 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Henry James' "The Real Thing" is about

What is henry james the real thing about?

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2015 Australian Open -- men 's Singles - wikipedia <H1> 2015 Australian Open -- men 's Singles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Men 's Singles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2015 Australian Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champion </Th> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Final score </Th> <Td> 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Draw </Th> <Td> 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seeds </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> boys </Td> <Td> girls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doubles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> mixed </Td> <Td> boys </Td> <Td> girls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legends </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WC Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> quad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WC Doubles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> <Td> quad </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2014 </Td> <Td> Australian Open </Td> <Td> 2016 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : 2015 Australian Open <P> Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion , but he lost in the semifinals to Novak Djokovic . Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic contested the final for the third time , having met for the title in 2011 and 2013 with Djokovic winning both times . </P> <P> Djokovic went on to win his fifth Australian Open title by defeating Murray once again , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 . The defeat saw Murray lose the Australian Open final for the fourth time in his career , becoming the first man in the Open Era to achieve four runner - up finishes in Melbourne . </P> <P> Roger Federer 's streak of eleven consecutive Australian Open semifinals ended when he lost to Andreas Seppi in the third round . The defeat marked Federer 's earliest exit from the tournament since 2001 . </P> <P> Nick Kyrgios became the first teenager to reach the Australian Open quarterfinals since Andrei Cherkasov in 1990 and the first Australian to reach that round since Lleyton Hewitt in 2005 . Kyrgios also became the first teenager to reach a second Grand Slam quarterfinal since Rafael Nadal in 2006 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Seeds </Li> <Li> 2 Qualifying </Li> <Li> 3 Wildcards </Li> <Li> 4 Draw <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Key </Li> <Li> 4.2 Finals </Li> <Li> 4.3 Top half <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Section 1 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Section 2 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Section 3 </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Section 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Bottom half <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Section 5 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Section 6 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Section 7 </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Section 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Nationalities in the field </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Seeds ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) </Dd> <Dd> 02 . Roger Federer ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 03 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 04 . Stan Wawrinka ( Semifinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 05 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 06 . Andy Murray ( Final ) </Dd> <Dd> 07 . Tomáš Berdych ( Semifinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 08 . Milos Raonic ( Quarterfinals ) </Dd> <Dd> 09 . David Ferrer ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 10 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 11 . Ernests Gulbis ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 12 . Feliciano López ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 13 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 14 . Kevin Anderson ( Fourth round ) </Dd> <Dd> 15 . Tommy Robredo ( First round , retired because of a leg injury ) </Dd> <Dd> 16 . Fabio Fognini ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 17 . Gaël Monfils ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 18 . Gilles Simon ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 19 . John Isner ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 20 . David Goffin ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 21 . Alexandr Dolgopolov ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 22 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 23 . Ivo Karlović ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 24 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 25 . Julien Benneteau ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 26 . Leonardo Mayer ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 27 . Pablo Cuevas ( First round ) </Dd> <Dd> 28 . Lukáš Rosol ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 29 . Jérémy Chardy ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 30 . Santiago Giraldo ( Second round ) </Dd> <Dd> 31 . Fernando Verdasco ( Third round ) </Dd> <Dd> 32 . Martin Kližan ( Second round , retired ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . </P> <H2> Qualifying ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2015 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying <H2> Wildcards ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2015 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries <H2> Draw ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Key ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Q = Qualifier </Li> <Li> WC = Wild Card </Li> <Li> LL = Lucky Loser </Li> <Li> Alt = Alternate </Li> <Li> SE = Special Exempt </Li> <Li> PR = Protected Ranking </Li> <Li> w / o = Walkover </Li> <Li> r = Retired </Li> <Li> d = Defaulted </Li> </Ul> <H3> Finals ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Quarterfinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Semifinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Final </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Milos Raonic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stan Wawrinka </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stan Wawrinka </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Kei Nishikori </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="16"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Tomáš Berdych </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Tomáš Berdych </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nick Kyrgios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Top half ( edit ) </H3> Section 1 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> First Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Second Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Third Round </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Fourth Round </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> A Bedene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Kuznetsov </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Kuznetsov </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A Ramos - Viñolas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Soeda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> F Verdasco </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> E Ymer </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G Soeda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J Ward </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> F Verdasco </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> F Verdasco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> J Isner </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td colspan="9"> </Td> <Td> </Td>

The winner of the men's single title of the Australia Open on 1 February 2015 was

Who won the men's single title of australia open on 1 february 2015?

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Greg Wise - wikipedia <H1> Greg Wise </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Greg Wise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Wise at the London Film Festival premiere of Saving Mr. Banks , October 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Matthew Gregory Wise ( 1966 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1966 ( age 51 ) Newcastle upon Tyne , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1992 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Emma Thompson ( m . 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Matthew Gregory Wise ( born 15 May 1966 ) is an English actor and producer . He has appeared in many British television works , as well as several feature films ( notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> He was born to architect parents in Newcastle upon Tyne , and was educated at the independent St Peter 's School , York . He went to Heriot - Watt University to study architecture and performed with the Edinburgh University Theatre Company . Wise then moved to Glasgow where he studied drama at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama . He then travelled in the Far East . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> Greg Wise , 2009 <P> His television work includes four BBC period dramas : The Moonstone with Keeley Hawes , The Buccaneers alongside Carla Gugino , Madame Bovary with Frances O'Connor , The Riff Raff Element in 1992 and 1993 , and as Sir Charles Maulver in the 2007 five - part series Cranford . In 1999 he starred as Marshall in ITV 's seven - part drama Wonderful You alongside his future mother - in - law Phyllida Law and future brother - in - law Richard Lumsden . Recently he filmed a number of readings of love scenes from a selection of classic and modern love scenes , from Thomas Hardy 's Tess of the d'Urbervilles to Kiran Desai 's The Inheritance of Loss for The Carte Noire Readers . In 2011 , he appeared in Hallmark Channel 's Honeymoon for One , starring Nicollette Sheridan . </P> <P> He is also the producer of the 2010 BBC / Masterpiece production The Song of Lunch starring his wife , actress Emma Thompson , and Alan Rickman . Greg Wise made his theatrical return starring in Brad Fraser 's Kill Me Now at Park Theatre in Finsbury Park , London from Thursday 19 February -- Sunday 29 March 2015 . In July 2015 , Wise played the role of emotionally distanced father Gilbert Aldridge in the BBC 's two - part television adaptation of Sadie Jones ' debut novel The Outcast . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> He has been married to actor Emma Thompson since 2003 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains a list of works that does not follow the Manual of Style for lists of works ( often , though not always , due to being in reverse - chronological order ) and may need cleanup . Please improve this article if you can . ( October 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walking On Sunshine </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Doug </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Three Days in Havana </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Harry Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Effie Gray </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> John Ruskin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morris : A Life with Bells On </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Miloslav Villandry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Disappeared </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Jake Ryan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Cock and Bull Story </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Greg </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Minister Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Every Seven Years </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boyfriend </Td> <Td> short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Five Moons Plaza </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Francesco Doni </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny English </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Agent One </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hills Like White Elephants </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> The American </Td> <Td> short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Discovery of Heaven </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Delius </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mad Cows </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Alex </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Josh Sinclair </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judas Kiss </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ben Dyson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Moonstone , a BBC TV film </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Franklin Blake </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sense and Sensibility </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> John Willoughby </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Feast of July </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Arch Wilson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Modus ( 2017 TV series ) - Warren Schifford </Li> <Li> The Crown ( 2016 TV series ) - Lord Louis Mountbatten </Li> <Li> Galavant ( 2016 TV series ) - Arnold Galavant </Li> <Li> The Outcast ( 2015 TV mini-series ) - Gilbert Aldridge . </Li> <Li> Homefront ( 2012 TV mini-series ) - Major Pete Bartham </Li> <Li> Honeymoon for One ( 2011 TV film ) - Sean </Li> <Li> Law & Order : UK ( 2011 TV series episode 32 : Crush ) </Li> <Li> The Song of Lunch ( 2010 TV film ) - Producer </Li> <Li> Cranford ( 2009 TV Series ) - Sir Charles Maulver </Li> <Li> Place of Execution ( 2008 TV film ) </Li> <Li> Agatha Christie 's Marple ( 2007 TV film : Towards Zero ) </Li> <Li> Elizabeth David : A Life in Recipes ( 2006 TV film ) - Peter Higgins </Li> <Li> Trial & Retribution Sins of the Father ( 2006 TV film ) - John Harrogate </Li> <Li> Number 13 ( 2006 TV episode ) - BBC Ghost Stories for Christmas </Li> <Li> According to Bex ( 2005 TV series ) - Charles Mathers </Li> <Li> Hornblower , Loyalty episode . ( 2003 TV film ) - Major Côtard </Li> <Li> Sirens ( 2002 TV film ) - Oliver Rice </Li> <Li> Madame Bovary ( 2000 TV film ) - Rodolphe ( episodes 2 , 3 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderful You ( 1999 TV mini-series ) - Marshall , chartered accountant </Li> <Li> Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 1998 TV film ) - Red Knight </Li> <Li> House of Frankenstein 1997 ( 1997 TV film ) - Crispian Grimes </Li> <Li> Hospital ! ( 1997 TV film ) - Dr. Jim Nightingale </Li> <Li> The Place of the Dead ( 1997 TV film ) - Corporal Hugh Brittan </Li> <Li> Tales from the Crypt ( TV series ) * * Fatal Caper ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Buccaneers ( 1995 TV mini-series ) - Guy Thwaite </Li> <Li> Feast of July ( 1995 ) - Arch Wilson </Li> <Li> Taggart ( TV series ) * * Hellfire ( 1994 ) - Gregg Martin </Li> <Li> The Riff Raff Element ( 1993 TV series ) - Alister </Li> <Li> Typhon 's People ( 1993 TV film ) - Cato Macgill / Adam Prime </Li> <Li> Covington Cross ( TV series ) * * Pilot ( 1992 ) - Henry of Gault </Li> <Li> A Masculine Ending ( 1992 TV film ) - Jamie Baird </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://old.bedlamtheatre.co.uk/people/4867 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Carte Noire Readers </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press Association </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honeymoon for One '' . Hallmark Channel . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - The Song of Lunch '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2010 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` BBC One : The Outcast : Episode 1 credits '' . http://www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Greg Wise on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 38002167 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no00036703 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 0965 0542 </Li> <Li> GND : 129580864 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb16577717n ( data ) </Li> <Li> BNE : XX1606005 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Wise&oldid=828946002 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 births </Li> <Li> English male film actors </Li> <Li> English male television actors </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> People educated at St Peter 's School , York </Li> <Li> Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama </Li> <Li> People from Newcastle upon Tyne </Li> <Li> Emma Thompson </Li> <Li> Alumni of the University of Edinburgh </Li> <Li> 20th - century English male actors </Li> <Li> 21st - century English male actors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 errors : external links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Use British English from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles contravening the Manual of Style for lists of works </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 18 : 45 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The role of Mr. Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility was played by

Who played mr. willoughby in sense and sensibility?

595679971659806668

her butterfly form , she travels through various dimensions but fails to close any of her portals , which Marco and Hekapoo have been dealing with . Hekapoo discovers that Star can not control her form and power , but Marco convinces her to not tell the high - council . He also reveals the truth to Star who thanks him for his help . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47b </Th> <Td> 12b </Td> <Td> `` Deep Dive '' </Td> <Td> Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Star decides to find out what is causing her transformations into her Butterfly form in her sleep and she enlists Janna 's help to do so . They attach a camera to her head in her sleep . It is revealed the Star is attracted to a portal but as she passes through the camera is knocked off and Marco begins to panic . Star wakes up in the realm of magic where she meets the First - Born , a unicorn of her own creation when she purified her magic from Toffee 's taint . Star begins to lose focus and her memories as she enjoys her time in the Realm of Magic . Marco in a last ditch attempt , uses Star 's wand and activates the All - seeing eye spell and manages to contact Star and brings her back to her senses . After returning Star is able to enter in and out of her butterfly form at will . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Monster Bash '' </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Star decides to hold a party that unites both Mewmans and Monsters at an old palace , but when guests start disappearing one by one under unknown circumstances , she and Marco investigate . They soon discover in the palace 's underground chamber that Mina Loveberry has been camping out capturing unsuspecting monsters to keep order . At the same time , Miss Heinous barges in on them to get her revenge on Marco , only for her to recognize the chamber was once her old nursery as a young child . In a stunning revelation to Star and Marco , Mina explains that Miss Heinous is - in actuality - Eclipsa 's daughter Meteora , thus making her a Butterfly . Before Mina can capture Meteora , Star demands to know more , but it leads to a conflict between the two . The party guests flee as the Magic High Commission raid the palace , leaving Star only further curious about these turn of events . Miss Heinous is last seen fleeing into the woods where she readopts her true name as Meteora . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49a </Th> <Td> 14a </Td> <Td> `` Stump Day '' </Td> <Td> Tyler Chen </Td> <Td> Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 0.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Stump Day is a holiday in Mewni where the people thank the stump , a literal tree stump that was pivotal in the formation of their kingdom . Star 's birthday falls on Stump day , but she never celebrates it as she says that they must pray to the stump , but Marco decides to hold her birthday anyway , as no one except Star believes that the Stump is real . However it proves to be real and attack them as they did not thank it that day . However it leaves , as soon as midnight passes since Stump Day ends , sparing their lives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49b </Th> <Td> 14b </Td> <Td> `` Holiday Spellcial '' </Td> <Td> Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 314 </Td> <Td> 0.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> The Spells within Star 's wand are ready to celebrate Stump Day , but they are all nervous about Star 's new spell , Seeing - Eye , who says nothing and watches everyone . Spider in a Top Hat attempts to make sure it gets along with the others , but Seeing - Eye only ruins the situation by telling the truth to everyone , and revealing their dark and shameful secrets . He eventually reveals Spider 's secret which is where he vented his frustrations at all the other spells when no one would get along with each other , and just as everyone is leaving , Seeing - Eye understands its mistakes , and remedies the situation by showing other truthful scenes where everyone is expressing their love for each other . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50a </Th> <Td> 15a </Td> <Td> `` The Bogbeast of Boggabah '' </Td> <Td> Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 315 </Td> <Td> 0.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Star tells Moon about Meteora , but her claims are dismissed . River then forces her to go on a hunt for the Bogbeast of Boggabah with him . Star is warned by a ' Bogbeast veteran ' to listen for the bogbeasts song . Star and River then go through several rituals that Star rushes causing them to have to start over . That night Star hears the bogbeast 's song and rushes after it getting trapped in mud . River then reveals that she is the Bogbeast as she is impulsive and runs headfirst into situations . Having learned to keep impulsiveness in check , Star decides to stay for a bog party instead of going straight to Moon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50b </Th> <Td> 15b </Td> <Td> `` Total Eclipsa the Moon '' </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 315 </Td> <Td> 0.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Moon grows curious over Star 's claims about Eclipsa 's daughter . According to the Butterfly Family book Eclipsa 's daughter 's is called Festivia . However , Eclipsa claims to have never heard of her . To find out the truth , Moon and Eclipsa team up and secretly infiltrate the Magical Archives , where the entire history of the Butterfly family is held . They eventually find Eclipsa 's scroll only to discover anything about her daughter was rewritten . They then flee back to the castle after Moon accidentally trips the alarm . Eclipsa becomes concerned about her daughter , but Moon assures her they 'll find what happened to her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51a </Th> <Td> 16a </Td> <Td> `` Butterfly Trap '' </Td> <Td> Sabrina Cotugno </Td> <Td> Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Eclipsa 's trial begins . Moon uses the Truth or Punishment Cube and allows every member of the Magic High Commission to ask Eclipsa one question . However , it soon becomes a mock - trial where everything Eclipsa says is used against her . About to be declared guilty , it 's revealed that she is allowed to ask them a question as well . She then asks the Commission about Meteora , who they deny to have any knowledge about . However , the cube reveals that they are lying and forces them to reveal the truth : Eclipsa 's ex-husband , King Shastacan , had them replace her with Festivia , who was actually a peasant . It 's then revealed that Moon , Eclipsa and Star were suspicious of the Commission and set - up the whole trial . Outraged that they are not the true royal family , Star frees Eclipsa and runs off . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51b </Th> <Td> 16b </Td> <Td> `` Ludo , Where Art Thou ? '' </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Ludo 's brother Dennis stumbles upon dimensional scissors at their family home , so he decides to use it to find his brother . Ludo 's minions Spider and Eagle volunteer by venturing into each portal , but to no success in finding him . Spider senses something in one portal , so Dennis ventures into it and finds Ludo having a mental breakdown in a makeshift home with their parents made up of various objects to keep himself company . Dennis unsuccessfully tries various ways to convince Ludo to come home , but Ludo ultimately comes to realize that he 's just not ready to return home yet . Dennis wishes him the best and returns to his own dimension , leaving Ludo pondering over Star and Marco . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52a </Th> <Td> 17a </Td> <Td> `` Is Another Mystery '' </Td> <Td> Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Marco comes across a message from Buff Frog that he 's leaving Mewni along with his children and other fellow monsters , so Star and Tom venture to his swamp where he tells them that there 's no room for them on Mewni anymore due to the discrimination of their kind escalating . Although they try to persuade them otherwise - including Tom expressing his half - monster heritage - Buff Frog ultimately decides to depart , but reassures Tom and Star that he will stay vigilant if he is ever needed by them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52b </Th> <Td> 17b </Td> <Td> `` Marco Jr . '' </Td> <Td> Brett Varon </Td> <Td> Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson </Td> <Td> Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 0.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> Marco and Star return to Earth to find out

Star vs. the Forces of Evil is coming back on

When is star vs the forces of evil coming back 2018?

-353209775069332597

Santa Claus - wikipedia <H1> Santa Claus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Santa '' redirects here . For other uses , see Santa ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the legendary character . For other uses , see Santa Claus ( disambiguation ) . 1881 illustration by Thomas Nast who , along with Clement Clarke Moore 's poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , helped to create the modern image of Santa Claus The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to children 's Christmas wishes . <P> Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Kris Kringle , Father Christmas , or simply Santa , is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well - behaved ( `` good '' or `` nice '' ) children on Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day ( 25 December ) . The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas ( a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver of Myra ) , the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas ( himself also based on Saint Nicholas ) . Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan , who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . </P> <P> Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly , joyous , white - bearded man -- sometimes with spectacles -- wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs , white - fur - cuffed red trousers , a red hat with white fur and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children . This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast . This image has been maintained and reinforced through song , radio , television , children 's books , films , and advertising . </P> <P> Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world , categorizing them according to their behavior ( `` good '' and `` bad '' , or `` naughty '' and `` nice '' ) and to deliver presents , including toys , and candy to all of the well - behaved children in the world , and coal to all the misbehaved children , on the single night of Christmas Eve . He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves , who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole , and his flying reindeer , who pull his sleigh . He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole , and often laughing in a way that sounds like `` ho ho ho '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Predecessor figures <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> 1.2 Father Christmas </Li> <Li> 1.3 Dutch , Belgian and Swiss folklore </Li> <Li> 1.4 Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2.2 19th century </Li> <Li> 2.3 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 Traditions and rituals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Chimney tradition </Li> <Li> 4.2 Christmas Eve rituals </Li> <Li> 4.3 Ho , ho , ho </Li> <Li> 4.4 Home </Li> <Li> 4.5 Parades , department stores , and shopping malls </Li> <Li> 4.6 Letter writing to Santa </Li> <Li> 4.7 Santa tracking , Santa websites and email to and from Santa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Calvinist and Puritan opposition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Opposition under state atheism </Li> <Li> 5.3 Symbol of commercialism </Li> <Li> 5.4 Controversy about deceiving children </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Related figures in folklore </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Predecessor figures </H2> <H3> Saint Nicholas </H3> A 13th - century depiction of St. Nicholas from Saint Catherine 's Monastery , Sinai Main article : Saint Nicholas <P> Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th - century Greek Christian bishop of Myra ( now Demre ) in Lycia , a province of the Byzantine Empire , now in Turkey . Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor , in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes . He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity . In continental Europe ( more precisely the Netherlands , Belgium , Austria , the Czech Republic and Germany ) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes . </P> <P> The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy . In 1087 , the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint . The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his relics were taken to Bari where they are kept to this day . A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout . Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas ' skeleton , leaving all the minor fragments in the grave . These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice , where a church to St. Nicholas , the patron of sailors , was built on the San Nicolò al Lido . This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice , which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton . Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups , from archers , sailors , and children to pawnbrokers . He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow . </P> <P> During the Middle Ages , often on the evening before his name day of 6 December , children were bestowed gifts in his honour . This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children , which moved in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24th and 25 December . So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus . The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by Martin Luther as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas , to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints . Martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts . But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people . </P> <H3> Father Christmas </H3> `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' , an illustration by John Leech made for Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) . Main article : Father Christmas <P> Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII , when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur . He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas , bringing peace , joy , good food and wine and revelry . As England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December , the Father Christmas celebration was moved to the 25th of December to coincide with Christmas Day . The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of ' good cheer ' . His physical appearance was variable , with one famous image being John Leech 's illustration of the `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' in Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning , sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace . </P> <H3> Dutch , belgian and Swiss folklore </H3> See also : Sinterklaas and Saint Nicholas Sinterklaas , Netherlands ( 2009 ) on his horse called Slecht Weer Vandaag or Amerigo <P> In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas , Santa 's presumed progenitor . Santa Claus is known as de Kerstman in Dutch ( `` the Christmas man '' ) and Père Noël ( `` Father Christmas '' ) in French . But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift - giver in December ; 36 % of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself ( December 6 ) , whereas Christmas ( December 25 ) is used by another 21 % to give presents . Some 26 % of the Dutch population gives presents on both days . In Belgium , Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children , whereas on Christmas Day , all ages may receive presents . Sinterklaas ' assistants are called `` Zwarte Pieten '' ( in Dutch , `` Pères Fouettard '' in French ) , so they are not elves . In Switzerland , Pères Fouettard accompanies Père Noël in the French speaking region , while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the Swiss German region . Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children . </P> <H3> Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization </H3> An 1886 depiction of the long - bearded Norse god Odin by Georg von Rosen <P> Prior to Christianization , the Germanic peoples ( including the English ) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule ( Old English geola or giuli ) . With the Christianization of Germanic Europe , numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas . During this period , supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency , such as the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan ( Norse Odin ) , bearing ( among many names ) the names Jólnir , meaning `` Yule figure '' , and Langbarðr , meaning `` long - beard '' , in Old Norse . </P> <P> Wodan 's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets , including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides ( compare Odin 's horse Sleipnir ) or his reindeer in North American tradition . Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that `` the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas , whose day is the 25th of December , owes much to Odin , the old blue - hooded , cloaked , white - bearded Giftbringer of the north , who rode the midwinter sky on his eight - footed steed Sleipnir , visiting his people with gifts . ( ... ) Odin , transformed into Father Christmas , then Santa Claus , prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild , became a leading player on the Christmas stage . '' </P> <P> In Finland they still use Joulupukki or the Christmas Goat . </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Origins </H3> <P> Pre-modern representations of the gift - giver from Church history and folklore , notably St Nicholas ( known in Dutch as Sinterklaas ) , merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English - speaking world as `` Santa Claus '' ( a phonetic derivation of `` Sinterklaas '' ) . </P> <P> In the English and later British colonies of North America , and later in the United States , British and Dutch

The character of Santa Claus is based on

Who is the character of santa claus based on?

5173446072294307095

Geoffrey Zakarian </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Beau MacMillan </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Aired : November 20 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> Episode 5 : storytelling ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman 's Challenge : `` New York on a Plate '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The chefs create a culinary story based on a postcard drawing of New York City landmarks . Because he won the previous Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Chiarello is given the choice of landmarks . The chefs have 20 minutes to shop at the Grand Central Market and 45 minutes to cook for six people ( the original four judges , along with Iron Chef Marc Forgione and Chef Charlie Palmer ) at the Grand Central Terminal . The two least successful chefs are sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Landmark Order : </P> <Ol> <Li> Statue of Liberty : Chef Chiarello </Li> <Li> Times Square : Chef Zakarian </Li> <Li> Broadway : Chef Samuelsson </Li> <Li> Empire State Building : Chef Guarnaschelli </Li> <Li> Central Park : Chef Burrell </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridge : Chef Falkner </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> WINNER : Anne Burrell </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> BOTTOM TWO : Marcus Samuelsson and Elizabeth Falkner </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Secret Ingredient Showdown : Bagels </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Marcus Samuelsson </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Aired : November 27 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> Episode 6 : risk ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman 's Challenge : `` Food Auction '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The Chairman takes the chefs to an auction house in Chelsea , where they each place bids on the shortest amount of time in which they think they can create a dish with each ingredient presented . The fifth ingredient is given to the last remaining chef after all the other ingredients have been won . The chef with the last ingredient gets five minutes less than the lowest bid on any other ingredient . The lowest bid is 25 minutes by Chefs Chiarello and Falkner , therefore giving Chef Guarnaschelli 20 minutes to cook a leg of lamb . By winning the last Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Burrell is allowed to be the fourth taster and the least successful chef selected by Chef Burrell ( Chef Zakarian ) is sent to the Secret Ingredient Showdown along with the other least successful chef chosen by the three regular judges . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Ingredient Order : </P> <Ol> <Li> Canned Sardines : Chef Burrell ( 50 minutes ) </Li> <Li> Wagyu Beef : Chef Zakarian ( 30 minutes ) </Li> <Li> Maine Lobster : Chef Chiarello ( 25 minutes ) </Li> <Li> Tuna Jerky : Chef Falkner ( 25 minutes ) </Li> <Li> Leg of Lamb : Chef Guarnaschelli ( 20 minutes ) </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> WINNER : Elizabeth Falkner </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> BOTTOM TWO : Anne Burrell and Geoffrey Zakarian </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Secret Ingredient Showdown : Ponzu and Panko Bread Crumb Dessert </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Geoffrey Zakarian </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Anne Burrell </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Aired : December 4 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> Episode 7 : Passion ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman 's Challenge : `` Hamptons Beach Cookout '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The competitors cater a beach cookout for 20 guests , plus the judges , at the Montauk Yacht Club . The chefs are given $500 and two hours to source their own ingredients . Once completed , each chef is given two hours to prepare a three course seafood tasting menu that demonstrates their passion for food . Because she won the previous Chairman 's Challenge , Chef Falkner is given a 15 minute head start and a ride in a speedboat to her first location to gather ingredients . A winner is declared for this challenge , the least successful chef is eliminated , and the two remaining chefs go to the Secret Ingredient Showdown in Kitchen Stadium . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> WINNER ( advances to the Finale ) : Geoffrey Zakarian </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Alex Guarnaschelli </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Secret Ingredient Showdown : Three - Bite Crackers and Wine Appetizer Course </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION : Elizabeth Falkner </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Michael Chiarello </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Aired : December 11 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> Episode 8 : pressure ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman 's Challenge : `` Holiday Meal '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Chefs Falkner and Zakarian face a pressure - filled finale in Kitchen Stadium , where the secret ingredients are : Beef Crown Roast , Candy Canes , Clementines , Acorn & Butternut Squash , Salt Cod , Brussels Sprouts , Unfiltered Apple Cider and Parsnips . They must create three Christmas theme dishes with those ingredients for guest judges Bobby Flay and Masaharu Morimoto along with the regular three judges and the Chairman . During the course of the battle , the Chairman 's first surprise forces the chefs to use cranberries as another theme ingredient they must create a dish with . Also , he gives them the choice of one former competitor to cook with for 15 minutes on each side of the kitchen , and they both choose Chef Guarnaschelli . The Chairman 's second surprise given to the chefs is to create a frozen dessert using the ice cream machine . The Chairman 's final surprise is for each chef to make a `` holiday - themed '' cocktail served in a martini glass . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> WINNER : Geoffrey Zakarian </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> ELIMINATED : Elizabeth Falkner </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Aired : December 18 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Season 5 : 2012 : Redemption ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Contestants ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Duskie Estes ( chef and owner of Zazu Restaurant and Farm , Bovolo and Black Pig Meat Company in Sonoma County , California ) ; Redemption from Season 3 </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Falkner ( Owner of Citizen Cake and Orson , San Francisco ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Honey in Season 3 . Also has appeared on Food Network Challenge ; Redemption from Season 4 </Li> <Li> Alex Guarnaschelli ( Chef and Owner , Butter and The Darby , New York ; Host , Alex 's Day Off , Judge , Chopped ) ; lost to Cat Cora in Battle Farmers ' Market in Season 5 ; Redemption from Season 4 </Li> <Li> Spike Mendelsohn ( Chef and Owner , Good Stuff Eatery , Washington D.C. ; Host , Kelsey & Spike Cook ( Food2.com ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Prosciutto in Season 8 ; Redemption from Season 4 </Li> <Li> Nate Appleman ( Executive Chef and partner , Pulino 's Bar and Pizzeria , New York City ) ; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Suckling Pig in Season 7 ; Redemption from Season 2 </Li> <Li> Amanda Freitag ( Executive Chef , The Harrison , New York City ) ; lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Alaskan King Crab in Season 7 ; Judge , Chopped ; Redemption from Season 2 </Li> <Li> Eric Greenspan ( Executive Chef and owner , The Foundry on Melrose , Los Angeles ) ; beat Bobby Flay in Battle Goose in Season 8 ; Redemption from Season 2 </Li> <Li> Jehangir Mehta ( Executive Chef and owner , Graffiti , New York City ) ; lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Coconut in Season 7 ; Redemption from Season 2 </Li> <Li> Marcel Vigneron ( Owner of the catering company Modern Global Tasting , Los Angeles , California ) </Li> <Li> Tim Love ( Executive Chef and owner , The Lonesome Dove Western Bistro , Fort Worth , Texas ) ; beat Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Chile in Season 4 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Judges ( edit ) </H3> <P> The judges for this season are : Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian , restaurateur Donatella Arpaia , and food writer Simon Majumdar . </P> <H3> Contestant progress ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th colspan="2;"> 8 </Th> <Th> Comments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Challenge </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guarnaschelli </Th> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> The Next Iron Chef </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Freitag </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td> Elim : Respect </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appleman </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Passion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vigneron </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Transcendence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mehta </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Fusion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Falkner </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Risk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mendelsohn </Th> <Td> CO </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Transformation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greenspan </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Simplicity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estes </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Innovation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Love </Th> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> Elim : Resourcefulness </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> ( WIN ) The chef won the series . </Dd> <Dd> ( WIN ) The chef won the chairman 's challenge . </Dd> <Dd> ( CO ) The chef competed in and won the cook - off . </Dd> <Dd> ( OUT ) The chef lost that week 's elimination challenge and cook - off and was eliminated from the competition . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> Episode 1 : resourcefulness ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Chairman 's Challenge : `` Resourcefulness '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Chefs are brought to a beach and given an ingredient that they struggled with in a previous competition . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Ingredients </Dd> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Alex Guarnaschelli : Lobster </Li> <Li> Amanda Freitag : Shiitake Mushrooms </Li> <Li> Duskie Estes : Calamari </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Falkner : Black Garlic </Li> <Li> Eric Greenspan : Grasshoppers </Li> <Li> Jehangir Mehta : Buffalo </Li> <Li> Marcel Vigneron : Avocado </Li> <Li> Nate Appleman : Banana </Li> <Li> Spike Mendelsohn : Scallops </Li> <Li> Tim Love : Kale </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> WINNER : Alex Guarnaschelli </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> BOTTOM TWO : Spike Mendelsohn and Tim Love </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Secret Ingredient Showdown : Pineapple </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The chefs have 30 minutes to create a dish featuring pineapple . Chef Love creates a dish of grilled quail , fried kale , and pickled pineapple . Chef Mendelsohn creates a Vietnamese

The winner of the next Iron Chef Super Chefs competition will be

Who wins the next iron chef super chefs?

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any parent can get behind . That 's a far cry from a typical Nicki Minaj verse . '' The Observer editor Kitty Empire wrote in an assessment , `` With the exception of their persuasive No 1 single , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , their songs are n't wildly distinctive . '' `` What Makes You Beautiful '' won the BRIT Award for Best British Single at the 2012 Brit Awards , which was held on 21 February 2012 . The song also won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Music : Love Song at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> One Direction performing `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at their Up All Night Tour , 2012 <P> `` What Makes You Beautiful '' performed considerably well worldwide , but especially so in the British Isles , debuting at number 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 15 September 2011 ; its B - side , `` Na Na Na '' also entered at number 27 . The single topped the chart for four consecutive weeks . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' became the fourteenth best - selling single of 2011 on the Irish Singles Chart . In the UK , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' received the highest ever number of pre-orders for a Sony Music Entertainment single . It sold 82,000 copies in its first two days , a figure which rose to 100,000 by the third day . It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 1 on 18 September 2011 , shifting 153,965 copies that week -- the highest first - week UK sales for any song in 2011 at the time . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' also debuted at number 1 on the Scottish Singles Chart . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' was the 20th best - selling single of 2011 , moving 540,000 copies , and was the 92nd best - selling single of the 21st century in the UK by May 2012 . It has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the UK . </P> <P> In Belgium , the song debuted at number 44 on both the Flemish Ultratop 50 and the Wallonian Ultratip ; it peaked at numbers 8 and 19 , respectively . Accumulating twenty - two weeks on the French Singles Chart , it debuted at number 83 and peaked at number 38 . In Finland , the single debuted and peaked at number 20 . On the top sixty Swedish Sverigetopplistan , the single debuted at number 49 , peaked at number 29 , and spent twenty - four weeks on that chart . It was certified quadruple platinum by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) , denoting sales of 80,000 copies . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' debuted at number 15 and peaked at number 7 on the Australian Singles Chart . The single spent twenty - five weeks in the Australian Singles Chart top twenty . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' has been certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting sales of 420,000 units . `` Na Na Na '' also appeared on the Australian Singles Chart of 28 November 2011 at number 84 . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , the single entered at number 16 , and peaked at number 2 in its fourth and fifth weeks . The song spent eleven consecutive weeks in the chart 's top ten . It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting sales of 30,000 units . </P> <P> The single debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 9 , while bowing at number 2 on the Canadian Hot Digital Songs Chart with 19,000 downloads sold , the biggest debut for a first time charted artist since the Stereos 's `` Summer Girl '' entered at number two in June 2009 . The single peaked at number 7 on the Canadian Hot 100 and has been certified quadruple platinum by Music Canada , denoting sales of 320,000 copies . In the United States , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' became the highest Billboard Hot 100 debut for a British act since 1998 . On 1 March 2012 , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28 , whilst bowing at number 12 on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 132,000 digital downloads in its first week . On the week ending 21 April 2012 , `` What Makes You Beautiful '' peaked at number 4 . As of 30 June 2012 , the single had spent thirteen consecutive weeks in the Billboard Hot 100 top ten . The song also became a chart success on other Billboard charts , reaching the top five on the Mainstream Top 40 , Adult Pop Songs , and Hot 100 Airplay charts , whilst topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . The track sold 3,881,000 copies in the United States in 2012 , becoming the best - selling song by a boy band in digital history . The song was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 21 February 2013 , and it has sold 4.8 million copies in the US as of June 2016 . `` What Makes You Beautiful '' has sold over 7 million copies worldwide . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` What Makes You Beautiful '' was directed by John Urbano . Filmed over two days in July 2011 , it premiered on 19 August 2011 . On each of the five days preceding the video 's premiere , One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online . Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes , and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere . The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu , California beach intercut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan . During the second verse , a group of three girls joins the band at the beach ; in Styles ' bridge solo , he intimately sings to one girl , Madison McMillin , individually . During the final choruses the band and girls are shown sitting around a fire , lighting sparklers and taking photographs . On video sharing website MUZU TV , the video was the fourth most - watched music video of 2011 in the UK . The video won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video and Most Share - Worthy Video , and earned the group the award for Best New Artist on 6 September 2012 . As of April 2018 , the music video has received 940 million Vevo and YouTube views . </P> <H2> Live PERFORMANCES ( edit ) </H2> Malik and Payne performing `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012 <P> One Direction performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' for the first time on Red or Black ? on 10 September 2011 . The performance started with hosts Ant & Dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance , and cut to a video of One Direction boarding a London Tube carriage full of fans , as the studio version of the song began playing . Each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket . The band and fans disembarked the tube and made their way to the television studio , where the remainder of the song was sung live . After the song , Styles caught a numbered ticket raining onstage . The number corresponded to a ticket held by a fan from the tube ; the colour of the fan 's shirt was the correct answer for the Red or Black ? challenge . The band performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' after its B - side , `` Na Na Na '' , at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011 . The band also performed the song to open telethon Children in Need 2011 on 19 November 2011 . After `` Gotta Be You '' and `` One Thing '' , One Direction performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball on 4 December 2011 , at The O Arena . They performed a medley of `` She Makes Me Wanna '' and `` What Makes You Beautiful '' with JLS on The X Factor 's eighth series final on 10 December 2011 . The group performed `` One Thing '' and `` What Makes You Beautiful '' on Dancing on Ice on 5 February 2012 . </P> <P> In Italy , the band performed the song at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012 . In France , they performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' on Le Grand Journal on 22 February 2012 . In the United States , One Direction performed the song along with `` More than This '' and `` One Thing '' for the first time on The Today Show at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012 . An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza . Melissa Lonner , senior entertainment producer for The Today Show , said : `` One Direction is relatively unknown with no hits yet . They basically exploded , and all the adults are saying , ' Who are these people , and how do they know about it ? ' '' . They also performed the song at the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards on 31 March 2012 . One Direction performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' on the NBC comedy television show Saturday Night Live on 7 April 2012 , and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara . In Australia , they performed `` One Thing '' and `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at the 54th Logie Awards , where they also presented an award for `` Most Popular New Female Talent '' on 15 April 2012 . On 12 August 2012 , One Direction performed `` What Makes You Beautiful '' at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London , which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics . It was included on the set list of the group 's headlining sold - out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012 . One Direction performed the song on two of their major concert tours : Up All Night Tour ( 2011 -- 12 ) and Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) . Also this song added in Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) & On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) . The second verse of the song had originally been sung by Malik . After Malik 's departure , Payne took his verse . In 2017 , Harry performed the song on his first solo tour . </P> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The song was covered for American television series Glee by Kevin McHale , Chord Overstreet , Harry Shum , Jr. , Samuel Larsen , and Damian McGinty in the episode titled `` Prom - asaurus '' . It was first aired on 8 May 2012 , and is the 19th episode of the third season . Their characters Artie Abrams ( McHale ) , Sam Evans ( Overstreet ) , Mike Chang ( Shum ) , Joe Hart ( Larsen ) , and Rory Flanagan ( McGinty ) , covered the song in the episode , performing a choreographed dance routine to it . Sarah Maloy of Billboard acknowledged , `` Screaming girls and choreographed boy band moves are , of course , in no short supply . '' Maloy described Glee 's version as `` barely changing the sound or style of the original version . ''

One Direction's music video for "What Makes You Beautiful" was filmed in

Where was one direction what makes you beautiful filmed?

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without symptoms . Preventive antibiotics , however , are still frequently used in those who have been exposed and are at high risk of severe disease ( such as infants ) . </P> <H3> Vaccine ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing illness and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . The vaccine saved an estimated half a million lives in 2002 . </P> <P> The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71 -- 85 % effective , with greater effectiveness for more severe strains . Despite widespread vaccination , however , pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today `` one of the most common vaccine - preventable diseases in Western countries '' . The 21st - century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines . </P> <P> Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity ; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years . This covers childhood , which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis . </P> <P> An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children aged 1 -- 9 years to infants , adolescents , and adults , with adolescents and adults acting as reservoirs for B. pertussis and infecting infants with fewer than three doses of vaccine . </P> <P> Infection induces incomplete natural immunity that wanes over time . A 2005 study said estimates of the duration of infection - acquired immunity range from 7 to 20 years and the different results could be the result of differences in levels of circulating B. pertussis , surveillance systems , and case definitions used . The study said protective immunity after vaccination wanes after 4 -- 12 years . Vaccination exemption laws appear to increase cases . </P> <P> Both WHO and the CDC found that the acellular pertussis vaccines were effective at prevention of the disease , but had a limited impact on infection and transmission , meaning that vaccinated people could act as asymptomatic reservoirs of infection . </P> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The antibiotics erythromycin , clarithromycin , or azithromycin are typically the recommended treatment . Newer macrolides are frequently recommended due to lower rates of side effects . Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP / SMX ) may be used in those with allergies to first - line agents or in infants who have a risk of pyloric stenosis from macrolides . </P> <P> A reasonable guideline is to treat people age > 1 year within 3 weeks of cough onset and infants age < 1 year and pregnant women within 6 weeks of cough onset . If the person is diagnosed late , antibiotics will not alter the course of the illness , and even without antibiotics , they should no longer be spreading pertussis . Antibiotics when used early decrease the duration of infectiousness , and thus prevent spread . Short - term antibiotics ( azithromycin for 3 -- 5 days ) are as effective as long - term treatment ( erythromycin 10 -- 14 days ) in eliminating B. pertussis with fewer and less severe side effects . </P> <P> People with pertussis are infectious from the beginning of the catarrhal stage ( a runny nose , sneezing , low - grade fever , symptoms of the common cold ) through the third week after the onset of paroxysms ( multiple , rapid coughs ) or until 5 days after the start of effective antimicrobial treatment . </P> <P> Effective treatments of the cough associated with this condition have not been developed . </P> <H2> Prognosis ( edit ) </H2> Disability - adjusted life year for pertussis per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004 . No data Less than 50 50 -- 100 100 -- 150 150 -- 200 200 -- 250 250 -- 300 300 -- 350 350 -- 400 400 -- 450 450 -- 500 500 -- 550 More than 550 <P> Common complications include pneumonia , bronchitis , encephalopathy , earache , and seizures . Most healthy older children and adults fully recover , but those with comorbid conditions have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality . </P> <P> Infection in newborns is particularly severe . Pertussis is fatal in an estimated 1.6 % of hospitalized US infants under one year of age . First - year infants are also more likely to develop complications , such as : pneumonia ( 20 % ) , encephalopathy ( 0.3 % ) , seizures ( 1 % ) , failure to thrive , and death ( 1 % ) -- perhaps due to the ability of the bacterium to suppress the immune system . Pertussis can cause severe paroxysm - induced cerebral hypoxia , and 50 % of infants admitted to hospital suffer apneas . Reported fatalities from pertussis in infants increased substantially from 1990 to 2010 . </P> <H2> Epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> Whooping cough deaths per million persons in 2012 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 5 6 -- 32 33 -- 38 39 -- 44 45 -- 79 <P> Worldwide , whooping cough affects around 16 million people yearly . One estimate for 2013 stated it resulted in about 61,000 deaths -- down from 138,000 deaths in 1990 . Another estimated 195,000 child deaths yearly from the disease worldwide . This is despite generally high coverage with the DTP and DTaP vaccines . Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine - preventable deaths worldwide . About 90 % of all cases occur in developing countries . </P> <P> Before vaccines , an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S. , with peaks reported every two to five years ; more than 93 % of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age . The actual incidence was likely much higher . After vaccinations were introduced in the 1940s , pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976 . Incidence rates have increased since 1980 . In 2015 , rates in the United States were 20,762 people . </P> <P> Pertussis is the only vaccine - preventable disease that is associated with increasing deaths in the U.S. The number of deaths increased from four in 1996 to 17 in 2001 , almost all of which were infants under one year . In Canada , the number of pertussis infections has varied between 2,000 and 10,000 reported cases each year over the last ten years , and it is the most common vaccine - preventable illness in Toronto . </P> <P> In 2009 Australia reported an average of 10,000 cases a year , and the number of cases had increased . In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004 . </P> <H3> US outbreaks ( edit ) </H3> An epidemiologist tests blood samples for pertussis during a 2010 outbreak . <P> In 2010 ten infants in California died , and health authorities declared an epidemic encompassing 9,120 cases . They found that doctors had failed to correctly diagnose the infants ' condition during several visits . Statistical analysis identified significant overlap in communities with a cluster of nonmedical child exemptions and cases . The number of exemptions varied widely among communities , but tended to be highly clustered . In some schools , more than three - fourths of parents filed for vaccination exemptions . The data suggest vaccine refusal based on nonmedical reasons and personal belief exacerbated the outbreak . Other factors included reduced duration of the current vaccine and that most vaccinated adults and older children had not received a booster shot . </P> <P> In April and May 2012 pertussis was declared to be at epidemic levels in Washington , with 3,308 cases . In December 2012 Vermont declared an epidemic of 522 cases . Wisconsin had the highest incidence rate , with 3,877 cases , although it did not make an official epidemic declaration . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Discovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> B. pertussis was discovered in 1906 by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou , who also developed the first serology and vaccine . Efforts to develop an inactivated whole - cell vaccine began soon after B. pertussis was cultured that year . In the 1920s , Louis W. Sauer developed a weak vaccine for whooping cough at Evanston Hospital ( Evanston , IL ) . In 1925 Danish physician Thorvald Madsen was the first to test a whole - cell vaccine on a wide scale . Madsen used the vaccine to control outbreaks in the Faroe Islands in the North Sea . </P> <H3> Vaccine ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1932 an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta , Georgia , prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease . Over the next six years her work was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association , and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company , she developed the first pertussis vaccine . In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering , Loney Gordon , and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole - cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine . To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component , Japanese scientist Yuji Sato developed an acellular vaccine consisting of purified haemagglutinins ( HAs : filamentous strep throat and leukocytosis - promoting - factor HA ) , which are secreted by B. pertussis . Sato 's acellular pertussis vaccine was used in Japan starting in 1981 . Later versions of the acellular vaccine in other countries consisted of additional defined components of B. pertussis and were often part of the DTaP combination vaccine . </P> <H3> Controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1970s and 1980s , a controversy erupted related to the question of whether the whole - cell pertussis component caused permanent brain injury in rare cases , called pertussis vaccine encephalopathy . Despite this allegation , doctors recommended the vaccine due to the overwhelming public health benefit , because the claimed rate was very low ( one case per 310,000 immunizations , or about 50 cases out of the 15 million immunizations each year in the United States ) , and the risk of death from the disease was high ( pertussis killed thousands of Americans each year before the vaccine was introduced ) . No studies showed a causal connection , and later studies showed no connection of any type between the DPT vaccine and permanent brain injury . The alleged vaccine - induced brain damage proved to be an unrelated condition , infantile epilepsy . In 1990 , the Journal of the American Medical Association called the connection a `` myth '' and `` nonsense '' . </P> <P> However , before that point , criticism of the studies showing no connection and a few well - publicized anecdotal reports of permanent disability that were blamed on the DPT vaccine gave rise to 1970s anti-DPT movements . Negative publicity and fear - mongering caused the immunization rate to fall in several countries , including the UK , Sweden , and Japan . A dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis followed . </P> <P> In the United States , low profit margins and an increase in vaccine - related lawsuits led many manufacturers to stop producing the DPT vaccine by the early 1980s . In 1982 , the television documentary DPT : Vaccine Roulette depicted the lives of children whose severe disabilities were incorrectly blamed on the DPT vaccine by reporter Lea Thompson . The ensuing negative publicity led to many lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers . By 1985 , vaccine manufacturers had difficulty obtaining liability insurance . The price of DPT vaccine skyrocketed , leading providers to curtail purchases , limiting availability . Only one manufacturer remained in the US by the end of 1985 . To correct the situation , Congress in

They started vaccinating for whooping cough in

When did they start vaccinating for whooping cough?

-5269403993925950076

Majority Leader of the New York State Senate - wikipedia <H1> Majority Leader of the New York State Senate </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Majority Leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate . The position usually coincides with the title of Temporary President of the State Senate , who presides over the session of the State Senate if the Lieutenant Governor of New York ( who is ex officio President of the State Senate ) is absent . The Temporary President of the State Senate becomes Acting Lieutenant Governor for the remainder of the unexpired term in case of a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor . In case of a vacancy in the offices of both the governor and lieutenant governor at the same time , the Temporary President of the State Senate becomes Acting Governor . If the double vacancy occurs until three months before the mid-term state elections , a special election for Governor of New York and Lieutenant Governor is held . If the double vacancy occurs later , the Temporary President of the State Senate acts as governor until the end of the unexpired term . The Temporary President of the State Senate retains both his majority leadership and his seat in the State Senate while acting as lieutenant governor or governor . </P> <P> There was a lengthy dispute over the leadership of the Senate during June and July 2009 . On June 8 , 2009 , Democrats Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada , Jr. , joined the 30 Republican members of the State Senate to attempt to issue a motion to replace current Majority Leader Malcolm Smith with Minority Leader Dean Skelos . Following the precedent of 1913 , the temporary presidency and the majority leadership would have been separated again under this scenario . Since the office of Lieutenant Governor fell vacant after Lt. Gov. David Paterson succeeded to the governorship upon Gov. Eliot Spitzer 's resignation , the majority leaders ( Bruno , Skelos and Smith ) have acted as lieutenant governors . The motions put forward on June 8 also sought to select Pedro Espada as Temporary President of the State Senate , which would have installed him as acting lieutenant governor . The Democrats have disputed the legitimacy of the motions put forward on June 8 . The New York State Senate has been providing a running update of the legal proceedings since June 11 , 2009 . The dispute ended July 9 , 2009 , when Senator Espada announced he would return to the Democratic caucus and take on the position of majority leader , while it was also announced that former majority leader Malcolm Smith had assumed the title of president pro tempore , and John Sampson would serve as Democratic conference leader with the understanding he would assume the presidency at an undetermined future date . Following the 2010 election and the Republican victory in the Senate , Senator Dean Skelos from Long Island served as both Temporary President and Majority Leader , but resigned in May 2015 in the midst of corruption charges . The current majority leader , or president , is John J. Flanagan . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Presidents pro tempore 1874 - 1938 </Li> <Li> 3 Majority Leaders since 1939 </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The position of President pro tempore of the New York State Senate was created as a standing office by a constitutional amendment in 1873 . The President pro tempore was elected for the duration of the biennial senatorial term which comprised two sessions , the first in an even - numbered year , the other in the following odd - numbered year . </P> <P> Before this time , a President pro tempore was elected only in case of vacancy ( the President pro tem acting as lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term ) , or if the lieutenant governor was absent . In practice , this new arrangement transferred much power from the lieutenant governor to the President pro tempore , whose political position became comparable to that of the Speaker of the New York State Assembly . </P> <P> After the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer in October 1913 , Lt. Gov. Martin H. Glynn became governor , and President pro tempore Robert F. Wagner became acting lieutenant governor . At the time Wagner -- as acting lieutenant governor -- was considered to be President of the Senate and it was deemed necessary to elect another member as President pro tempore / Majority Leader , and John F. Murtaugh was chosen . </P> <P> The precedent of 1913 -- 14 caused some confusion after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace in 1943 . It was unclear if the Majority Leader had to give up his post upon becoming acting lieutenant governor , and if such an acting lieutenant governor became President of the Senate for the remainder of the unexpired term . </P> <P> Traditionally , the positions of acting lieutenant governor and acting governor were considered to be tied to the post of Majority Leader . This means that if the Majority Leader resigns , or is ousted from office , or if the majority changes and a new Majority Leader is chosen , the offices of acting lieutenant governor or acting governor were transferred at the same time to the new Majority Leader . </P> <H2> Presidents pro tempore 1874 - 1938 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> President pro tem </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William H. Robertson </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1874 </Td> <Td> July 23 , 1881 </Td> <Td> resigned his seat during his fourth term to accept appointment as Collector of the Port of New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis McCarthy </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> July 23 , 1881 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1881 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> vacant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1882 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1882 </Td> <Td> John C. Jacobs was the candidate of the Democratic majority but , due to the split of the Democrats , no President pro tem was chosen by a senate with 14 regular Democrats , 3 Tammany men and 15 Republicans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John C. Jacobs </Td> <Td> Democrat </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1883 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1883 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis McCarthy </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1884 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1885 </Td> <Td> Acting Lieutenant Governor 1885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edmund L. Pitts </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 4 , 1886 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1887 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry R. Low </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1888 </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1888 </Td> <Td> died in office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacob Sloat Fassett </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1889 </Td> <Td> August 1 , 1891 </Td> <Td> vacated his seat during his second term when appointed Collector of the Port of New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacob A. Cantor </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 1892 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1893 </Td> <Td> Minority Leader 1888 - 1891 and 1894 -- 1898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles T. Saxton </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1894 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1894 </Td> <Td> vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edmund O'Connor </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1895 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1895 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timothy E. Ellsworth </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1896 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1902 </Td> <Td> three terms ( 1896 -- 98 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1901 -- 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Raines </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1903 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 1909 </Td> <Td> Acting Lieutenant Governor 1906 ; died in office during his fourth term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jotham P. Allds </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1910 </Td> <Td> February 23 , 1910 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term ; resigned during bribery investigation , later found guilty by Senate vote </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H. Cobb </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> March 11 , 1910 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1910 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1910 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert F. Wagner </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 1911 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 1914 </Td> <Td> two terms ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1913 - 1914 ; Minority Leader 1915 - 1918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John F. Murtaugh </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 6 , 1914 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1914 </Td> <Td> chosen Majority Leader while Acting Lt. Gov. Wagner continued as Temporary President / Acting Lieutenant Governor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elon R. Brown </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1915 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1918 </Td> <Td> two terms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Henry Walters </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1919 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1920 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clayton R. Lusk </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1921 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1922 </Td> <Td> Acting Lieutenant Governor 1922 ; Minority Leader 1923 - 1924 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Walker </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 1923 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1924 </Td> <Td> Minority Leader 1919 - 1922 and 1925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Knight </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 1925 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 1931 </Td> <Td> vacated his seat during his fourth term when appointed U.S. Judge for the Western District of NY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George R. Fearon </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> April 9 , 1931 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1932 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John J. Dunnigan </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 4 , 1933 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1938 </Td> <Td> three terms ; Minority Leader 1931 - 1932 and 1939 -- 1944 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Majority leaders since 1939 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Majority Leader </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perley A. Pitcher </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 3 , 1939 </Td> <Td> February 20 , 1939 </Td> <Td> Minority Leader 1937 - 1938 ; died in office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe R. Hanley </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> February 27 , 1939 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1943 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected twice ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1942 and 1943 ; vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin F. Feinberg </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 4 , 1944 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 1949 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected three times ; vacated his seat when appointed Chairman of the Public Service Commission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur H. Wicks </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> March 30 , 1949 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1953 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected twice , then resigned ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walter J. Mahoney </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 6 , 1954 </Td> <Td> December 31 , 1964 </Td> <Td> elected for the remainder of the term , then re-elected five times ; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph Zaretzki </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1965 </Td>

The New York State Senate Majority Leader is

Who is the new york state senate majority leader?

8308557182013290945

Core ( optical fiber ) - Wikipedia <H1> Core ( optical fiber ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The structure of a typical single - mode fiber . 1 . Core 8 μm diameter 2 . Cladding 125 μm dia . 3 . Buffer 250 μm dia . 4 . Jacket 400 μm dia . Light propagating in a multi-mode fiber <P> The core of a conventional optical fiber is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fiber 's length . The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower index of refraction , typically a cladding of a different glass , or plastic . Light travelling in the core reflects from the core - cladding boundary due to total internal reflection , as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is less than the critical angle . As a result , the fiber transmits all rays that enter the fiber with a sufficiently small angle to the fiber 's axis . The limiting angle is called the acceptance angle , and the rays that are confined by the core / cladding boundary are called guided rays . </P> <P> The core is characterized by its diameter or cross-sectional area . In most cases the core 's cross-section should be circular , but the diameter is more rigorously defined as the average of the diameters of the smallest circle that can be circumscribed about the core - cladding boundary , and the largest circle that can be inscribed within the core - cladding boundary . This allows for deviations from circularity due to manufacturing variation . </P> <P> Another commonly quoted statistic for core size is the mode field diameter . This is the diameter at which the intensity of light in the fiber falls to some specified fraction of maximum ( usually 1 / e ≈ 13.5 % ) . For single - mode fiber , the mode field diameter is larger than the physical diameter of the core , because the light penetrates slightly into the cladding as an evanescent wave . </P> <P> The three most common core sizes are : </P> <Ul> <Li> 9 μm diameter ( single - mode ) </Li> <Li> 50 μm diameter ( multi-mode ) </Li> <Li> 62.5 μm diameter ( multi-mode ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Buffer ( optical fiber ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Insulation / circuits . Lake Publishing Corporation . 1978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The FOA Reference For Fiber Optics - Optical Fiber '' . www.thefoa.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article related to telecommunications is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Core_(optical_fiber)&oldid=811212183 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Fiber optics </Li> <Li> Telecommunications stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 05 : 31 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The core of an optical fiber has a

The core of an optical fiber has a?

-2522076069840987893

his problems out . In the last episode , it is revealed that Cory is actually short for ' Cornelius ' . He is not fond of this fact , yet he ends up forgetting about it and going on with his life . </P> <P> Cory struggled in high school , where he often had trouble with bullies and has less - than - stellar study habits . Cory 's personality changes somewhat as he gets older . For the first few years , he 's a slacker and just barely a better student than Shawn . One major difference between Cory and Shawn is that Cory seems to get more worked up or neurotic about random things , whereas Shawn is more laid back . If Cory does not want to do something school - related , he will make a big production about the fact that he does not want to do it , and how unnecessary he finds it ; whereas Shawn will just not do it , preferring to fall asleep or make paper airplanes . During the junior and senior years in high school , Cory becomes a hard working student , able to raise his GPA in addition earning an adequate SAT score to get accepted into colleges . As the series progresses , Cory 's `` slacker '' tendencies diminish , and his neuroses increase , along with his pessimism and paranoia . This leads Cory to occasionally develop an inferiority complex ; such as Shawn gets better ideas than him when participating their high school 's work study program , meeting art prodigy Alexandra Nechita , and Topanga gets a better job than this after they got married . </P> <P> When Cory and Topanga begin their relationship , many women seem to be attracted to Cory , which Shawn explains as girls being attracted to men who are off the market . In the past , Cory has kissed other women while with Topanga ; Lauren ( Linda Cardellini ) , whom Cory develops an affectionate bond with at a ski resort , led to him being suffered indecision between the two women and break up with Topanga for a while until they reconcile , and a college girl almost had sex with him once . </P> <P> By the end of the series , Cory , Topanga , and their friends eventually left Philadelphia for an internship that Topanga got with a law firm in New York City , and by the time of the events of Girl Meets World , Cory has had two children with Topanga , a daughter named Riley plus a son named Auggie . Cory is , at this point in his life , a seventh - grade history teacher and his daughter is also in his class . In this spin - off series , Cory , who is now matured and experienced , plays the similar role as his father Alan and George Feeny had ; mentoring his children and their friends about life , while still learning his craft as a young teacher ( akin to Jonathan Turner ) . </P> <H3> Mr. Feeny ( edit ) </H3> <P> George Hamilton Feeny ( William Daniels ) Throughout the series , Feeny tries his best to guide young Cory , Shawn , and their friends as they encounter problems in their lives on their road to adulthood . He first appears on the show as their grade - school teacher . He eventually becomes their principal , and lastly college professor ( teaching such diverse courses as archaeology , English literature , and quantum physics ) . Cory mentions more than once that Feeny is the only teacher he has ever had since kindergarten . Later on in the show , Mr. Feeny becomes the mentor and idol of Eric Matthews . Feeny is a Boston native and enjoys gardening . He delivers the final line of Boy Meets World dialogue in the series finale , directed to an empty classroom just vacated by his beloved students : `` I love you all . Class dismissed . '' </P> <P> Mr. Feeny was once married to a woman named Lillian , who died before the series began . Although Feeny had dated another teacher named Elizabeth from Boston off - screen for 15 years , a conversation with Eric made him to realize that , despite that he and his romantic partner each believed that they are not married because of their careers ; they simply do not love each other . He later marries Dean Lila Bolander ( played by William Daniels ' real - life wife Bonnie Bartlett ; the duo similarly portrayed spouses on St. Elsewhere ) , whom he finds success after his relationship with Elizabeth and competition with Dean Bolander 's ex-husband Dr. Curtis Kincaid ( Francis X . McCarthy ) for her affection . </P> <P> He makes a brief cameo at the end of the Girl Meets World pilot episode as a figment of Cory 's imagination , telling him , `` Well done , Mr. Matthews '' , and Topanga likens Cory to him in a later episode . The character made two appearances in the second season , and appeared again in the third and final season . </P> <H3> Amy Matthews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Amy Matthews ( Betsy Randle ) is the wife of Alan Matthews and the mother of Eric , Cory , Morgan , and Joshua Matthews . During the earlier years of the show , Amy was a real estate agent and eventually became an art gallery worker toward the end of the show . </P> <P> Amy often plays counterpoint to Alan in giving their children discipline and guidance . In dealing with Eric , she always discourages `` babying '' him , whereas several episodes involving Cory see a much more gentle and motherly Amy . </P> <H3> Eric Matthews ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eric Matthews ( Boy Meets World ) <P> Eric Randall Matthews ( Will Friedle ) is the elder brother of Cory , Morgan , and Joshua Matthews . He began the show as a suave , popular young man , who constantly went out on dates . He was originally portrayed as the stereotypical elder brother . Eric 's character changed mid-series from preppy elder brother to `` crazy , moronic brother '' . During the fourth season , Eric takes a year off from school when he does n't get into a college of his choice . </P> <P> Eric often plays off his hero and mentor , Mr. Feeny . Though Eric and Feeny are not originally seen as having a close relationship , the two develop a bond , that -- at least in Eric 's mind -- is one of love . It was even implied once that Eric likes to tell people ( such as Rachel ) that Feeny is his grandfather . This culminates at the end of the fifth season when Eric sings a rousing of `` To Sir , With Love '' at Cory 's high school graduation . Eric is also the creator of the `` Feeny call '' , and even makes a talking doll for Feeny to `` make the call '' , so Feeny will not miss him when he moves to New York with the others . </P> <P> Eric is actually highly intelligent , and Feeny mentions that Eric can get passing grades in his sleep ( in fact , he once did ) . He compares this to Cory who , though lacking Eric 's natural intelligence , makes up for it by being hard - working when he wants to be , and thus succeeds . Eric , on the other hand , is too lazy and immature to be anything but a ridiculous `` goof - off '' , to the annoyance of his family and Mr. Feeny , in addition lacking confidence to his own capability to succeed academically . In Girl Meets World , Cory mentions that Eric is the only person he knows who can do the impossible , and later Jack Hunter asks if he 's still an `` idiot genius '' . </P> <P> During the later years , storylines involving Eric became stranger and wackier , often bending the rules of reality itself , such as an episode where Eric continually tries to sneak up on Topanga by using many disguises and crazy situations . The change from a girl - crazy cool - conscious teenager ( the first half of the series ) to a scatter - brained odd - ball ( the second half of the series ) was a drastic change . Eric often provides comic relief in tough situations throughout the series . It is hinted that he is a fan of the raunchy animated comedy South Park , as he has made references to the program , by doing voice impressions of Cartman and other South Park characters on different occasions . </P> <P> On the contrary , Eric has appeared sensitive when it comes to matters of family and friends , as in the episode `` Brotherly Shove '' , where Eric feels rejected by Cory when he was not asked to help clean out the garage , which was filled with memories from their childhood . Also , in the episodes `` The War '' and `` Seven the Hard Way '' , the audience realizes that Eric finds friendship a serious matter and values it more than anything , apparent in his quote , `` Lose one friend , lose all friends . Lose yourself . '' At one point be befriends a young orphaned boy named Tommy and wants to adopt him , but ultimately decides against it , so Tommy can live with a family that can better support him . Upon graduating college in the series finale , Eric decides to get a new lease on life , and in doing so : he moves to New York City with his brother , sister - in law , and Shawn . </P> <P> During the interim between the events of Boy Meets World and the sequel series Girl Meets World , Eric moves upstate , and is elected mayor of ( the fictional ) St. Upidtown , on the Quebec border . By his own admission , he has no understanding whatsoever of the town 's political problems , but the electorate trust him because of his handling of their personal issues . Topanga intentionally mispronounces the municipality 's name by disregarding the period and space , thus rendering it `` Stupidtown '' . </P> <P> Initially , Friedle declined to reprise his role in the sequel series Girl Meets World , but later became a recurring character ; Eric made his initial appearance in the season 2 episode `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' ; when Cory 's daughter Riley and her best friend Maya have a major argument that threatens to destroy their friendship , Eric is called in by Cory to mediate and he successfully reconciles the girls . The episode title is a reference to the Boy Meets World Season 7 episode `` Seven the Hard Way '' ; and he again administers his `` Lose one friend ... '' mantra . Early plans for the sequel had Eric 's son , Troy , being a prominent part of the cast ; the role of the teenage relative is instead filled by Cory and Eric 's youngest brother , Joshua ( now portrayed by Uriah Shelton ) . </P> <P> At the end of `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' , a TV news anchor reports a major political blunder by Jefferson Davis Graham , a six - term Senator from New York , wrecking his chances of re-election , unless he can find someone even more incompetent to run against him , and the anchor hints at the prospective opponent by showing a picture of Eric ( in his guru garb ) . In the later episode

On the popular TV show Boy Meets World, Cory's older brother was played by

Who played cory's older brother on boy meets world?

5848606121024203154

Rockstar ( Nickelback song ) - wikipedia <H1> Rockstar ( Nickelback song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Rockstar '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Nickelback </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album All the Right Reasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> May 2005 ; Mountain View Studios , Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Roadrunner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chad Kroeger </Li> <Li> Ryan Peake </Li> <Li> Mike Kroeger </Li> <Li> Daniel Adair </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Nickelback singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Far Away '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Rockstar '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` If Everyone Cared '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Far Away '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Rockstar '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` If Everyone Cared '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Nickelback UK singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Savin ' Me '' ( 2006 ) Savin ' Me 2006 </Td> <Td> `` Rockstar '' ( 2006 ) Rockstar2006 </Td> <Td> `` Photograph ( re-release ) '' ( 2008 ) Photograph ( re-release ) 2008 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Billy Gibbons / ZZ Top singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` 36 - 22 - 36 '' ( 2000 ) 36 - 22 - 362000 </Td> <Td> `` Rockstar '' ( 2007 ) Rockstar2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Rockstar '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Rockstar '' is the fifth U.S. single by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their fifth album , All the Right Reasons ( 2005 ) . It was initially only released in the United States and Canada , and has since been re-released worldwide . The lyrics feature the pretentious , materialistic desires of a wannabe rockstar , who craves money , cars and women . Spoken - word vocals between each verse are provided by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top . </P> <P> `` Rockstar '' is Nickelback 's most popular single , peaking at number two in the United Kingdom and being certified Platinum . It has also sold 4.5 million copies in the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 2 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4 Track listing </Li> <Li> 5 Pop culture references </Li> <Li> 6 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 6.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 6.3 Decade - end charts </Li> <Li> 6.4 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Release history </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rolling Stone ranked `` Rockstar '' at number 100 in their list of the 100 best songs of 2007 . Aside from its praise from Rolling Stone and popularity , some have even labeled it one of the worst songs of all time . `` Rockstar '' was listed at number 2 in BuzzFeed 's list of the 30 worst songs ever written stating that `` If aliens came to earth and asked why everyone hates Nickelback so much , this song would be a perfect explanation . '' A 2008 Popjustice poll voted `` Rockstar '' as the worst single of the year . The Guardian 's Peter Robinson claimed that the song was `` ... a Smack the Pony skit without the laughter track ; ironic , given that Rockstar is one of the most unintentionally hilarious songs of the last few years . It is also one of most confusing . '' He concluded his review by stating , `` In summary , this song makes literally no sense and is the worst thing of all time . '' </P> <P> The song has been used to mock the band . The first panel of a 2008 Cyanide and Happiness webcomic shows Kroeger performing the chorus , only for one of the strip 's characters to come in in the second panel and say `` yes you do , Chad Kroeger . Yes you do '' to Kroeger 's apparent dejection . In August of that year , the song appeared in a commercial for British sofa retailer DFS in the United Kingdom featuring actors miming it while playing air guitar in front of sofas . Four months later , the advert was recognized as one of the worst of all time by a Scottish newspaper . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the song 's original release `` Far Away '' was more successful on the Billboard Hot 100 and U.S. Pop charts , while `` Rockstar '' instead found moderate success on the rock charts . It peaked at # 4 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and # 37 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . It entered the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 54 , during its original run . </P> <P> The song was re-shipped to radio for ads on 5 June 2007 , and a video was made to accompany the re-release . After its re-release , became active on most charts again , reaching new peaks on numerous charts like the Hot 100 , the Adult Top 40 , and Pop 100 . It re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number forty - seven on week ending date July 7 , 2007 . It also registered on charts it had previously failed to do on first release , such as the Pop 100 Airplay . `` Rockstar '' is now the band 's best selling digital single to date in the United States , with digital sales there at 4,229,000 as of July 2013 . On 12 September 2007 , `` Rockstar '' reached a new peak of # 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 , faring better than `` Far Away '' . It became Nickelback 's third Top 10 hit from All the Right Reasons , and their fifth career Top Ten on the Hot 100 overall . `` Rockstar '' reached its 3,000,000 downloads mark in the U.S. in May 2009 and became the best selling rock single of the 21st century before `` How You Remind Me '' . It reached 4 million in sales in the U.S. in June 2012 , making it the band 's best selling hit in that country . As of January 2015 , the song has sold 4.5 million copies in the US . </P> <P> `` Rockstar '' was a major success in the United Kingdom , where it peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart , becoming the most successful single overall of Nickelback 's career in Britain . The song was released in physical form there after becoming popular online and climbing into the top 50 on downloads alone . Over two years after the release of All the Right Reasons , it became the band 's biggest hit in the country , selling 587,000 copies . `` Rockstar '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on October 21 , 2007 ― week ending date October 27 , 2007 ― and lasted almost nine months on the chart . On August 10 , 2008 ― week ending date August 16 , 2008 ― the song re-entered the chart . The release of `` Rockstar '' also helped All the Right Reasons achieve a top 10 position in the UK Albums Chart for the first time , becoming their third top 10 album there . It also pushed sales of the album there from under 200,000 to over half a million . It became the United Kingdom 's fifth biggest selling single of 2008 . In August 2008 , the song re-entered the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart at number 27 , and stayed there for an extra four weeks , taking its total of weeks in the top 40 up to 35 . The song remained on the chart for 50 consecutive weeks , before falling off in October 2008 . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When the song was first released in August 2006 , a music video was not made for the single . Dori Oskowitz , who directed the band 's `` If Everyone Cared '' video , returned to direct the music video for the song 's re-release . </P> Filming outside the Reichstag in Berlin on 23 July 2007 <P> The video features celebrities and anonymous people lip synching to the lyrics . The non-celebrities are filmed around the world , in front of iconic landmarks , such as Times Square in New York , Millennium Park in Chicago , Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles , St Pauls and Tower Bridge in London , the Opera House and Harbour Bridge in Sydney , and the Brandenburger Tor and Reichstag in Berlin . On screen celebrities include multiple shots of Billy Gibbons ( who voices his lines in the song ) , Chuck `` The Iceman '' Liddell , Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , Eliza Dushku , Dominique Swain , Gene Simmons , Wayne Gretzky , Big & Rich 's John Rich , the cast of The Girls Next Door , Kid Rock , Lupe Fiasco , Twista , Nelly Furtado , the crew from American Chopper , Paul Wall , Ted Nugent , Grant Hill , Taryn Manning , Tom Petkos , Lindsey Shaw , Riki Lindhome , Federico Castelluccio , and numerous others . Sometimes the lyric they are lip synching relates to themselves . At the end of the video Nickelback is shown playing live on stage ; this shot was filmed on July 13 , 2007 at the Comcast Center for the Performing Arts in Mansfield , Massachusetts . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Maxi - single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Rockstar '' ( Album Version ) - 4 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Rockstar '' ( Clean Version ) - 4 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Never Again '' ( Live in Atlanta ) - 4 : 16 </Li> <Li> `` Photograph '' ( Live in Atlanta ) - 4 : 38 </Li> <Li> `` Rockstar '' ( Video ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Pop culture references ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song makes several references to American popular culture : MTV Cribs ( Chad Kroeger , the band 's frontman , appeared on an episode of the show ) , the Playboy Mansion and Playmates , and a spot between James Dean and Cher on Hollywood 's Walk of Fame ( Nickelback is already on Canada 's Walk of Fame ) . The lyrics can be taken as generalization of the stereotypical rockstar lifestyle celebrating material success at the expense of artistic integrity . The material desires of the rockstar are listed , but the practice needed to become proficient at rock music is never mentioned . For example : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I want a brand new house on an episode of Cribs And a bathroom I can play baseball in ... <P> I want a

The song "I Want to Be a Rockstar" is performed by the

Who sings i want to be a rockstar?

1869734979236490493

George II of Great Britain - wikipedia <H1> George II of Great Britain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> George II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Portrait by Thomas Hudson , 1744 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> King of Great Britain and Ireland Elector of Hanover ( more ... ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign </Th> <Td> 11 / 22 June 1727 -- 25 October 1760 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coronation </Th> <Td> 11 / 22 October 1727 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> George I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> George III </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prime Ministers </Th> <Td> See list ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Robert Walpole </Li> <Li> Lord Wilmington </Li> <Li> Henry Pelham </Li> <Li> The Duke of Newcastle </Li> <Li> The Duke of Devonshire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 30 October / 9 November 1683 Herrenhausen Palace , or Leine Palace , Hanover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 25 October 1760 ( 1760 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 76 ) Kensington Palace , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Burial </Th> <Td> 11 November 1760 Westminster Abbey , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse </Th> <Td> Caroline of Ansbach ( m . 1705 ; d . 1737 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issue Detail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frederick , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Anne , Princess of Orange </Li> <Li> Princess Amelia </Li> <Li> Princess Caroline </Li> <Li> Prince George William </Li> <Li> William , Duke of Cumberland </Li> <Li> Mary , Landgravine of Hesse - Kassel </Li> <Li> Louisa , Queen of Denmark and Norway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Full name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> George Augustus German : Georg August </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> Hanover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> George I of Great Britain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Sophia Dorothea of Celle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> <Td> Protestant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> George II ( George Augustus ; German : Georg II . August ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 -- 25 October 1760 ) was King of Great Britain and Ireland , Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( Hanover ) and Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 ( O.S. ) until his death . </P> <P> George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain : he was born and brought up in northern Germany . His grandmother , Sophia of Hanover , became second in line to the British throne after about fifty Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 , which restricted the succession to Protestants . After the deaths of Sophia and Anne , Queen of Great Britain , in 1714 , his father George I , Elector of Hanover , inherited the British throne . In the first years of his father 's reign as king , George was associated with opposition politicians , until they rejoined the governing party in 1720 . </P> <P> As king from 1727 , George exercised little control over British domestic policy , which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain . As elector , he spent twelve summers in Hanover , where he had more direct control over government policy . He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son , Frederick , who supported the parliamentary opposition . During the War of the Austrian Succession , George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle . In 1745 , supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne , James Francis Edward Stuart ( `` The Old Pretender '' ) , led by James 's son Charles Edward Stuart ( `` The Young Pretender '' or `` Bonnie Prince Charlie '' ) , attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions . Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751 , nine years before his father , and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson , George III . </P> <P> For two centuries after George II 's death , history tended to view him with disdain , concentrating on his mistresses , short temper and boorishness . Since then , most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Marriage </Li> <Li> 3 Prince of Wales <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Quarrel with the king </Li> <Li> 3.2 Political opposition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Early reign </Li> <Li> 5 Family problems </Li> <Li> 6 War and rebellion </Li> <Li> 7 Later life <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Seven Years ' War </Li> <Li> 7.2 Death </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Legacy </Li> <Li> 9 Titles , styles and arms <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Titles and styles </Li> <Li> 9.2 Arms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Issue </Li> <Li> 11 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 Sources </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> George as a young boy with his mother , Sophia Dorothea of Celle , and his sister , Sophia Dorothea of Hanover <P> George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany , and was the son of George Louis , Hereditary Prince of Brunswick - Lüneburg ( later King George I of Great Britain ) , and his wife , Sophia Dorothea of Celle . His sister , Sophia Dorothea , was born when he was three years old . Both of George 's parents committed adultery , and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband . She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children , who probably never saw their mother again . </P> <P> George spoke only French , the language of diplomacy and the court , until the age of four , after which he was taught German by one of his tutors , Johann Hilmar Holstein . In addition to French and German , he was also schooled in English and Italian , and studied genealogy , military history and battle tactics with particular diligence . </P> <P> George 's second cousin once removed , Queen Anne , ascended the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland in 1702 . She had no surviving children , and by the Act of Settlement 1701 the English Parliament designated Anne 's closest Protestant blood relations , George 's grandmother Sophia and her descendants , as Anne 's heirs in England and Ireland . Consequently , after his grandmother and father , George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms . He was naturalized as an English subject in 1705 by the Sophia Naturalization Act , and in 1706 he was made a Knight of the Garter and created Duke and Marquess of Cambridge , Earl of Milford Haven , Viscount Northallerton and Baron Tewkesbury in the Peerage of England . England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain , and jointly accepted the succession as laid down by the English Act of Settlement . </P> <H2> Marriage ( edit ) </H2> Caroline of Ansbach by Godfrey Kneller , 1716 <P> George 's father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had , and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made . Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden , Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein - Gottorp , came to nothing . In June 1705 , under the false name of `` Monsieur de Busch '' , George visited the Ansbach court at their summer residence in Triesdorf to investigate incognito a marriage prospect : Caroline of Ansbach , the former ward of his aunt Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia . The English envoy to Hanover , Edmund Poley , reported that George was so taken by `` the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else '' . A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July . On 22 August / 2 September 1705 Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding , which was held the same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen . </P> <P> George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders , but his father refused permission for him to join the army in an active role until he had a son and heir . In early 1707 , George 's hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son , Frederick . In July , Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox , and George caught the infection after staying by her side devotedly during her illness . They both recovered . In 1708 , George participated in the Battle of Oudenarde in the vanguard of the Hanoverian cavalry ; his horse and a colonel immediately beside him were killed , but George survived unharmed . The British commander , Marlborough , wrote that George `` distinguished himself extremely , charging at the head of and animating by his example ( the Hanoverian ) troops , who played a good part in this happy victory '' . Between 1709 and 1713 , George and Caroline had three more children , all girls : Anne , Amelia , and Caroline . </P> <P> By 1714 , Queen Anne 's health had declined , and British Whigs , politicians who supported the Hanoverian succession , thought it prudent for one of the Hanoverians to live in England , to safeguard the Protestant succession on Anne 's death . As George was a peer of the realm ( as Duke of Cambridge ) , it was suggested that he be summoned to Parliament to sit in the House of Lords . Both Anne and George 's father refused to support the plan , although George , Caroline and Sophia were all in favour . George did not go . Within the year , both Sophia and Anne were dead , and George 's father was king . </P> <H2> Prince of Wales ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Quarrel with the king ( edit ) </H3> London , c. 1710 Portrait by Kneller , 1716 <P> George and his father sailed for England from The Hague on 16 / 27 September 1714 and arrived at Greenwich two days later . The following day , they formally entered London in a ceremonial procession . George was given the title of Prince of Wales . Caroline followed her husband to Britain in October with their daughters , while Frederick remained in Hanover to be brought up by private tutors . London was like nothing George had seen before : it was 50 times larger than Hanover , and the crowd was estimated at up to one and a half million spectators . George courted popularity with voluble expressions of praise for the English , and claimed that he had no drop of blood that was not English . </P> <P> In July 1716 , the king returned to Hanover for six months , and George was given limited powers , as `` Guardian and Lieutenant of the Realm '' , to govern in his father 's absence . He made a royal progress through Chichester , Havant , Portsmouth and Guildford in southern England . Spectators were allowed to see him dine in public at Hampton Court Palace . An attempt on his life at Drury Lane Theatre , in which one person was shot dead before the assailant was brought under control , boosted his high public profile . </P> <P> His

In 1756, the king of England was

Who was the king of england in 1756?

-3513582807303361660

RMS Titanic - wikipedia <H1> RMS Titanic </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name : </Td> <Td> RMS Titanic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owner : </Td> <Td> White Star Line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Port of registry : </Td> <Td> Liverpool , UK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Route : </Td> <Td> Southampton to New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ordered : </Td> <Td> 17 September 1908 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Builder : </Td> <Td> Harland and Wolff , Belfast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cost : </Td> <Td> $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yard number : </Td> <Td> 401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laid down : </Td> <Td> 31 March 1909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Launched : </Td> <Td> 31 May 1911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Completed : </Td> <Td> 2 April 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maiden voyage : </Td> <Td> 10 April 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In service : </Td> <Td> 10 -- 15 April 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Identification : </Td> <Td> Radio call sign `` MGY '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fate : </Td> <Td> Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Status : </Td> <Td> Wreck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class and type : </Td> <Td> Olympic - class ocean liner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonnage : </Td> <Td> 46,328 GRT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Displacement : </Td> <Td> 52,310 tons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Length : </Td> <Td> 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beam : </Td> <Td> 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Height : </Td> <Td> 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draught : </Td> <Td> 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Depth : </Td> <Td> 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Decks : </Td> <Td> 9 ( A -- G ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Installed power : </Td> <Td> 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Propulsion : </Td> <Td> Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speed : </Td> <Td> Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : </Td> <Td> Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Notes : </Td> <Td> Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 , after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . </P> <P> Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , there were not enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard , due to outdated maritime safety regulations . Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- slightly more than half of the number on board , and one third of her total capacity . The ship carried a total of 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each , for a total of 48 boats . However , Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats , four of which were collapsible and proved to be hard to launch during the sinking . </P> <P> After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the ship 's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered -- with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after the Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene , where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . </P> <P> The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . </P> <P> The wreck of Titanic was first discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and the vessel remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Since her discovery in 1985 , thousands of artefacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Dimensions and layout </Li> <Li> 3 Features <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Power </Li> <Li> 3.2 Technology <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Radio communications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Passenger facilities </Li> <Li> 3.4 Mail and cargo </Li> <Li> 3.5 Lifeboats </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Building and preparing the ship <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out </Li> <Li> 4.2 Sea trials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Maiden voyage <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Crew </Li> <Li> 5.2 Passengers </Li> <Li> 5.3 Collecting passengers </Li> <Li> 5.4 Atlantic crossing </Li> <Li> 5.5 Sinking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Aftermath of sinking <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York </Li> <Li> 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors </Li> <Li> 6.3 Investigations into the disaster <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Role of the SS Californian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.4 Survivors and victims </Li> <Li> 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Wreck </Li> <Li> 8 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Safety </Li> <Li> 8.2 Cultural </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Appendix </Li> <Li> 10 Titanic replicas </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) . </P> <P> The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . </P> <P> The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 . Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money

The full name of the Titanic was the

What was the full name of the titanic?

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Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X ) to the United States Constitution , which is part of the Bill of Rights , was ratified on December 15 , 1791 . It expresses the principle of federalism and states ' rights , which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America , by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution . All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people . </P> <P> The amendment was proposed by Congress in 1789 during its first term following the Constitutional Convention and ratification of the Constitution . It was considered by many members as a prerequisite of such ratification particularly to satisfy demands by the Anti-Federalism movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government . </P> <P> In drafting this amendment , its framers had two purposes in mind : first , as a necessary rule of construction ; and second , as a reaffirmation of the nature of federalism . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Drafting and adoption </Li> <Li> 3 Judicial interpretation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Forced participation or commandeering </Li> <Li> 3.2 Commerce clause </Li> <Li> 3.3 Federal funding </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> The full text of the amendment reads as follows : </P> <P> The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . </P> The Bill of Rights in the National Archives The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Tenth Amendment <H2> Drafting and adoption ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States , in Congress assembled . '' After the Constitution was ratified , South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers `` expressly '' delegated , which would have denied implied powers . James Madison opposed the amendments , stating that `` it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers ; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication , unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia . '' When a vote on this version of the amendment with `` expressly delegated '' was defeated , Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form , omitting `` expressly . '' Sherman 's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause . </P> <P> When he introduced the Tenth Amendment in Congress , James Madison explained that many states were eager to ratify this amendment , despite critics who deemed the amendment superfluous or unnecessary : </P> <P> I find , from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions , that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution , that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States . Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does , may be considered as superfluous . I admit they may be deemed unnecessary : but there can be no harm in making such a declaration , if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated . I am sure I understand it so , and do therefore propose it . </P> <P> The states decided to ratify the Tenth Amendment , and thus declined to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights . The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or implication . </P> <P> The phrase `` ... , or to the people . '' was appended in handwriting by the clerk of the Senate as the Bill of Rights circulated between the two Houses of Congress . </P> <H2> Judicial interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Tenth Amendment , which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution , has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment `` added nothing to the ( Constitution ) as originally ratified . '' </P> <P> States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations , especially in the areas of labor and environmental controls , using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim . An often - repeated quote , from United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , reads as follows : </P> <P> The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered . There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted , and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers . </P> <H3> Forced participation or commandeering ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Supreme Court rarely declares laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment . In the modern era , the Court has only done so where the federal government compels the states to enforce federal statutes . In 1992 , in New York v. United States , for only the second time in 55 years , the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment . The case challenged a portion of the Low - Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 . The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low - level radioactive waste . The first two incentives were monetary . The third , which was challenged in the case , obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1 , 1996 , and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste . The Court , in a 6 -- 3 decision , ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment . Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power ( e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds , see South Dakota v. Dole , or through the commerce power ( by directly pre-empting state law ) . However , Congress can not directly compel states to enforce federal regulations . </P> <P> In 1998 , the Court again ruled that the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment in Printz v. United States . The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns . Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority , applied New York v. United States to show that the law violated the Tenth Amendment . Since the act `` forced participation of the State 's executive in the actual administration of a federal program '' , it was unconstitutional . </P> <P> In 2012 , in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , Chief Justice John Roberts , writing for the Court , held that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( commonly referred to as the ACA or Obamacare ) improperly coerced the States to expand Medicaid . He classified the ACA 's language as coercive because it effectively forced States to join the federal program by conditioning the continued provision of Medicaid funds on States agreeing to materially alter Medicaid eligibility to include all individuals who fell below 133 % of the poverty line . </P> <H3> Commerce Clause ( edit ) </H3> <P> In modern times , the Commerce Clause has become one of the most frequently - used sources of Congress 's power , and thus its interpretation is very important in determining the allowable scope of federal government . </P> <P> In the 20th century , complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy . </P> <P> In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , in the context of World War II , the Court ruled that federal regulations of wheat production could constitutionally be applied to wheat grown for `` home consumption '' on a farm -- that is , wheat grown to be fed to farm animals or otherwise consumed on the farm . The rationale was that a farmer 's growing `` his own wheat '' can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce , because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas , a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers . Hence , in the aggregate , if farmers were

The powers not given to the federal government by the Constitution belong to

To whom do the powers not given to the federal government by the constitution go?