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+(impair mineral availability \(Fernandez &)Tj
+T*
+0.168 Tw
+(Phillips, 1982\), though the positive effect)Tj
+T*
+0.228 Tw
+(of dietary fibre include the reduction of)Tj
+T*
+0.039 Tw
+(blood cholesterol and the glycaemic index)Tj
+T*
+0.36 Tw
+(of carbohydrate sources \(Murray )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+16.24664 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+1.33147 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(al.,)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+-17.57811 -1.2 TD
+0.276 Tw
+(1999; Kurowska, 2000; Liu)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+12.94417 0 Td
+(et al )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.4965 0 Td
+(., 2000\))Tj
+-15.44067 -1.2 TD
+0.017 Tc
+0.358 Tw
+(Fruits contain appreciable amounts of)Tj
+T*
+0.016 Tc
+0.359 Tw
+(dietary fibre, especially soluble fibres.)Tj
+T*
+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
+(They are also well known sources of)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.06 Tw
+(dietary ascorbic acid - vitamin C \(Shaw &)Tj
+T*
+0.34 Tw
+(Wilson, 1982\). However vegetables and)Tj
+T*
+0.031 Tw
+(cowpeas contain high levels of minerals, a)Tj
+T*
+0.178 Tw
+[(greater percentage of which is not avail)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.68 Tw
+(able \(Adewusi & Osuntogun, 1991;)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+(Adewusi & Falade, 1996\).)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.274 Tw
+(This present study was designed to)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.038 Tw
+(examine the effects of adding some select-)Tj
+T*
+0.151 Tw
+[(ed whole fruits to either vegetable \(ama)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.018 Tw
+[(ranthus\) or cowpea on their mineral avail)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0 Tw
+(ability and also to examine any correlation)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(between DF and mineral availability.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+20.6 55.2 TD
+(MATERIALS AND METHODS)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.39999 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.949 Tw
+(Ripe fruits \(orange, grapefruit,)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.286 Tw
+(pineapple and banana\) and amaranthus)Tj
+T*
+0.126 Tw
+(vegetable \()Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+4.93731 0 Td
+(Amaranthus esculentus)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+10.10605 0 Td
+(L.\) were)Tj
+-15.04336 -1.2 TD
+-0.012 Tw
+(bought in a local market in Ile-Ife. Cowpea)Tj
+(\()'
+/F2 1 Tf
+0.33301 0 Td
+-0.018 Tw
+(Vigna unguiculata)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.87127 0 Td
+(L.)Tj
+1.09272 0 Td
+(Walp IT82D-699\) was)Tj
+-9.297 -1.2 TD
+0.26 Tw
+(obtained from IITA, Ibadan. The fruits)Tj
+T*
+0.112 Tw
+(were washed with distilled water, peeled)Tj
+T*
+0.098 Tw
+(and seeds, where present, were removed.)Tj
+T*
+0.243 Tw
+(The fruits, thus prepared, were blended)Tj
+T*
+0.034 Tw
+(into a creamy consistency using Kenwood)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(KW10 food blender and frozen until used.)Tj
+1.8 -1.20001 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.918 Tw
+(The amaranthus vegetable was)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.423 Tw
+(cleaned of foreign matter, diced and)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.187 Tw
+(blanched with hot water for 20 minutes,)Tj
+T*
+0.069 Tw
+(cooled and also stored in the freezer until)Tj
+T*
+0.005 Tw
+(used. The cowpea (IT 82D-699) seeds were)Tj
+T*
+0.116 Tw
+[(cleaned, cooked and processed into pow)1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.75 Tw
+(dery form as previously described)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(\(Adewusi )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+4.62754 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+0.99696 0 Td
+(al.,)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.49689 0 Td
+0.025 Tw
+(1999\). )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+-7.12139 -2.4 TD
+(Chemical analysis)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.487 Tw
+(Moisture content was determined)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.162 Tw
+(according to the AOAC method \(AOAC,)Tj
+T*
+0.069 Tw
+(1984\). Total, soluble and insoluble dietary)Tj
+T*
+0.012 Tc
+0.363 Tw
+(fibres were determined by Enzymatic-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.064 Tw
+(Gravimetric method. 2 g each of the fruit)Tj
+T*
+0.225 Tw
+(and amaranthus samples on wet weight)Tj
+T*
+0.11 Tw
+(basis and 1g of cowpea were analysed as)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.45 Tw
+(described by Lee, Prosky & DeVries)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.32 Tw
+((1992). The analysis was carried out in)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(quadruplicate.)Tj
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.031 Tw
+(Total mineral content was determined)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.349 Tw
+(from 4 g of the fresh fruits each, and)Tj
+T*
+0.175 Tw
+(blanched vegetable samples and 0.5 g of)Tj
+T*
+0.239 Tw
+(the cowpea weighed in triplicate. 10 ml)Tj
+T*
+0.063 Tw
+(conc. HNO)Tj
+8 0 0 8 311.2743 165.3394 Tm
+(3)Tj
+10 0 0 10 318.4001 167.9794 Tm
+(was added to each sample in)Tj
+-5.74001 -1.2 TD
+(a)Tj
+1.08838 0 Td
+0.338 Tw
+(digestion flask and allowed to stand)Tj
+-1.08838 -1.2 TD
+0.077 Tw
+(overnight. The samples were heated care-)Tj
+T*
+0.09 Tw
+[(fully until the production of brown nitro)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.339 Tw
+(gen (iv) oxide fume ceased. The flasks)Tj
+T*
+0.055 Tw
+(were cooled and (2-4 ml) of 70 % perchlo-)Tj
+T*
+0.179 Tw
+(ric acid was added. Heating was contin-)Tj
+T*
+0.131 Tw
+(ued until the solutions turned colourless.)Tj
+T*
+0.164 Tw
+(The solutions were transferred into 50ml)Tj
+T*
+0.113 Tw
+(standard flasks and diluted to mark with)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+54 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
+(34)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+81.752 646.5 339.752 19.5 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 226.1044 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.025 Tw
+(Falade et. al.)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+423 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+
+endstream
+endobj
+4 0 obj
+<<
+/Length 6425
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+stream
+/GS0 gs
+0 0 0 0 k
+54 54 396 590.25 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 635.9794 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.082 Tw
+(distilled water. Total mineral content was)Tj
+0 -1.19999 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.512 Tw
+(then analysed by ALPHA 4 Atomic)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+(absorption spectrophotometer.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.166 Tw
+[(Available mineral content was deter)-1(-)]TJ
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.074 Tw
+(mined as follows by the method of Miller)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+T*
+0.216 Tw
+(et al.)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.62675 0 Td
+((1981) as modified by Falade )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+14.01294 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+1.1884 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(al)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.7219 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+-18.54999 -1.2 TD
+((2003).)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.209 Tw
+(Preparation of test meals: 20 g fresh)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.334 Tw
+(sample was mixed with 80 g water to)Tj
+T*
+0.108 Tw
+(make 100 g meal (fruits and amaranthus))Tj
+T*
+0.24 Tw
+(while 10 g of cowpea (dry weight) was)Tj
+T*
+0.067 Tw
+(mixed with 90 g of water to make a 100 g)Tj
+T*
+0.103 Tw
+(meal. The mixture was homogenised in a)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0.033 Tw
+(Kenwood KW10 food blender to a creamy)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.007 Tw
+(consistency, adjusted to 40 g meal aliquots)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(and frozen until used.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+(Simulated digestion of test meals:)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
+(Pepsin-HCl digestion: The frozen meal)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.204 Tw
+(from (i) above was thawed at 37)Tj
+15.39806 0.33 TD
+(o)Tj
+0.54589 -0.33 TD
+(C)Tj
+1.16315 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(and)Tj
+-17.1071 -1.2 TD
+-0.03 Tw
+(divided into 20 g aliquots. Pepsin was then)Tj
+T*
+0.077 Tw
+(added to provide 0.1 g per 20 g meal and)Tj
+T*
+0.174 Tw
+(incubated in a water bath for 2 hours at)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(37)Tj
+1 0.33 TD
+(o)Tj
+0.5459 -0.33 TD
+(C.)Tj
+1.59319 0 Td
+0.067 Tw
+(After the incubation period, one of)Tj
+-3.13909 -1.2 TD
+0.132 Tw
+[(the 20 g portions was analysed for titrat)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.203 Tw
+(able acidity while the other portion was)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(frozen until used.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.059 Tw
+(Pancreatin digestion: The frozen 20 g-)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.088 Tw
+(pepsin digest from (b) above was thawed)Tj
+T*
+0.107 Tw
+(and placed into a 100 ml beaker. Dialysis)Tj
+T*
+0.294 Tw
+(tubing \(12,400 molecular weight cut off)Tj
+T*
+0.015 Tw
+(obtained from Sigma\), which contained 10)Tj
+0.02 Tc
+(ml)'
+1.85122 0 Td
+0.367 Tw
+(distilled water and an amount of)Tj
+-1.85122 -1.2 TD
+0 Tw
+(NaHCO)Tj
+8 0 0 8 92.5819 249.3394 Tm
+0 Tc
+(3)Tj
+10 0 0 10 103.9339 251.9794 Tm
+0.02 Tc
+0.449 Tw
+(equivalent to the measured)Tj
+-4.89339 -1.2 TD
+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
+(titratable acidity, was placed into the)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.046 Tw
+(beaker containing 20 g pepsin digest sam)Tj
+18.46699 0 TD
+(-)Tj
+-18.46699 -1.2 TD
+0.112 Tw
+(ple. The beaker was sealed with parafilm)Tj
+T*
+-0.034 Tw
+(and incubated in a Buchi water bath model)Tj
+T*
+-0.015 Tw
+(No 887196, type B 465 at 37)Tj
+11.93751 0.33 TD
+(o)Tj
+0.5459 -0.33 TD
+(C)Tj
+0.94415 0 Td
+(with contin-)Tj
+-13.42756 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.369 Tw
+(uous agitation until pH was about 5)Tj
+T*
+0.006 Tc
+((approx. 30min). Pancreatin-bile extract)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.167 Tw
+(mixture (6.25 ml) was then added to the)Tj
+T*
+0.316 Tw
+(beaker and incubated for 2 hours with)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.63 Tw
+(gentle shaking. The volume of the)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.072 Tw
+(dialysate was noted and then frozen until)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(used.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.308 Tw
+(Preparation of composite test meals)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.093 Tw
+(was carried out by mixing 16 g fruit \(wet)Tj
+T*
+0.022 Tw
+(weight\) with 4 g \(dry weight\) of vegetable)Tj
+T*
+0.129 Tw
+(or cowpea. Water was added to the mix-)Tj
+20.6 57.60001 TD
+0.026 Tw
+[(ture to make a 100 g meal and then blend)-1(-)]TJ
+0 -1.19999 TD
+0.102 Tw
+(ed to a creamy consistency. The resulting)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0.006 Tc
+0.369 Tw
+(mixture was treated as in (a) and (b))Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(above.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.024 Tw
+(Determination of titratable acidity was)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.215 Tw
+(carried out as described by Miller )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+16.39135 0 Td
+(et al)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.90865 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+-18.3 -1.2 TD
+0 Tw
+(1981.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.777 Tw
+(Estimation of available mineral:)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.092 Tw
+[(Protein from the dialysate was precipitat)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.213 Tw
+(ed as previously described \(Miller )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+16.393 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+1.18512 0 Td
+(al)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.72189 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+-18.30001 -1.2 TD
+0.113 Tw
+(1981\) and the supernatant was diluted as)Tj
+T*
+0.111 Tw
+[(required for available mineral determina)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.187 Tw
+(tion using ALPHA 4 Atomic Absorption)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0 Tw
+(Spectrophotometer.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Statistical Analyses)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.07 Tw
+(The results were expressed as a mean)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.002 Tw
+(of three determinations with the exception)Tj
+T*
+-0.005 Tw
+(of dietary fibre and available minerals that)Tj
+T*
+0.05 Tw
+(were presented as the mean of four deter-)Tj
+T*
+0.128 Tw
+(minations \261 SD. Correlation analysis was)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(carried out using the Pearson test.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -3.6 TD
+0 Tw
+(RESULTS)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.012 Tc
+0.363 Tw
+(The moisture content presented in)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.15 Tw
+(Table 1 ranged between 71 and 89 % for)Tj
+T*
+0.003 Tc
+0.372 Tw
+(fruit samples. The moisture content of)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+(amaranthus was equally high (85.4 %).)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.03 Tw
+(Total Dietary fibre (TDF) was very low)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.056 Tw
+(in all the fruit samples. It ranged between)Tj
+T*
+-0.032 Tw
+(1.3 and 1.7 g/100 g FW (fresh weight) sam)Tj
+18.46698 0 TD
+(-)Tj
+-18.46698 -1.2 TD
+0.129 Tw
+(ples. SDF for all samples was lower than)Tj
+T*
+0.134 Tw
+(the respective IDF. SDF ranged between)Tj
+T*
+-0.009 Tw
+(0.2 g/100 g for banana and 0.8 g /100 g for)Tj
+T*
+0.063 Tw
+(orange and pineapple. IDF range of 0.5 to)Tj
+T*
+0.016 Tw
+(1.3 g/100 g was obtained for fruit samples)Tj
+T*
+0.264 Tw
+(while amaranthus and cowpea had IDF)Tj
+T*
+-0.033 Tw
+(content of 3.3 g/100 g and 13.3 g/100 g FW)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(respectively. )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Iron content)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.246 Tw
+(Individual samples)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.88599 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.74631 0 Td
+(Total iron content)Tj
+-10.4323 -1.2 TD
+0.085 Tw
+(presented in Table 2 ranged between 10.9)Tj
+T*
+0.007 Tc
+0.368 Tw
+(mg and 12.1 mg/kg for fruit samples)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.243 Tw
+(while amaranthus and cowpea recorded)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+54 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+81.752 646.5 339.752 19.5 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 175.9472 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.025 Tw
+(Dietary fibre and mineral availability)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+423 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 439 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
+(35)Tj
+ET
+
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+/Length 5518
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+stream
+/GS0 gs
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+54 54 396 590.25 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
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+0 0 0 1 k
+0.336 Tw
+(46.3 mg and 178.5 mg/kg respectively.)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.017 Tc
+0.358 Tw
+(Banana recorded the highest value of)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.305 Tw
+(39.4% availability of iron, while orange)Tj
+T*
+0.227 Tw
+(had the least value of 10.7% among the)Tj
+T*
+0.333 Tw
+(fruit samples. Amaranthus and cowpea)Tj
+T*
+0.016 Tw
+(recorded very low percent availability \(1.7)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(and 2.2% respectively\).)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.019 Tw
+(Composite meals:)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.21224 0 Td
+(When each of the fruit)Tj
+-9.01224 -1.2 TD
+0.122 Tw
+(samples was mixed separately with ama-)Tj
+T*
+0.202 Tw
+(ranthus and cowpea in ratio 4:1 and 9:1)Tj
+T*
+-0.002 Tw
+(respectively, banana and orange enhanced)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.442 Tw
+(iron availability from amaranthus by)Tj
+T*
+0.016 Tc
+0.359 Tw
+(13.9% and 16.7% respectively. On the)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.412 Tw
+(other hand, grapefruit and pineapple)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.353 Tw
+(reduced iron availability by 27.3% and)Tj
+T*
+0.217 Tw
+(28.6% respectively. All the fruit samples)Tj
+T*
+0.012 Tw
+(impaired iron availability from cowpea by)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(between 21.1% and 93.3%.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+(Magnesium content )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.375 Tw
+(Individual samples)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+8.01945 0 Td
+0.0003 Tc
+(.)Tj
+0.87524 0 Td
+0 Tc
+(Total magnesium)Tj
+-10.69469 -1.2 TD
+0.135 Tw
+(content of the fruits presented in Table 3)Tj
+T*
+0.314 Tw
+(showed a range between 180 and 1670)Tj
+T*
+0.079 Tw
+(mg/kg. Amaranthus and cowpea had the)Tj
+20.6 28.8 TD
+0.008 Tc
+0.367 Tw
+(highest total magnesium content \(1024)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.007 Tc
+0.368 Tw
+(and 1665 mg/kg respectively\). Percent)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.455 Tw
+(available magnesium ranged between)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.13 Tw
+[(25.3% and 44.4% while the percent avail)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.022 Tw
+(able magnesium for amaranthus and cow-)Tj
+T*
+0.139 Tw
+(pea samples (Table 3) was 8.8 and 25.7%)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(respectively.)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.223 Tw
+(Composite Meals: )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.86133 0 Td
+(When fruit samples)Tj
+-9.66133 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.696 Tw
+(and the foodstuffs were mixed as)Tj
+T*
+0.001 Tc
+0.374 Tw
+(described earlier, all the fruit samples,)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+1.191 Tw
+(especially orange and grapefruit,)Tj
+T*
+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
+(enhanced magnesium availability. The)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+-0.028 Tw
+(enhancement was between 14.3 and 62.2%.)Tj
+T*
+0.143 Tw
+(On the other hand, all the fruits samples)Tj
+T*
+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
+(impaired magnesium availability from)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(cowpea.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Zinc content )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.12 Tw
+(Individual Samples)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.927 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.62033 0 Td
+(Total zinc present-)Tj
+-10.34733 -1.2 TD
+0.083 Tw
+(ed in Table 4 ranged between 2.7 mg and)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.372 Tw
+(11.1 mg/kg for the fruit samples, 23)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.075 Tw
+(mg/kg for amaranthus and 50 mg/kg for)Tj
+T*
+0.231 Tw
+(cowpea. Percent available zinc for fruits)Tj
+T*
+0.023 Tw
+(samples ranged between 0.3 and 89%. The)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+54 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
+(36)Tj
+ET
+0 0 0 0 k
+81.752 646.5 339.752 19.5 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 226.1044 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.025 Tw
+(Falade et. al.)Tj
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+T*
+0.046 Tw
+(reported for amaranthus \(Awoyinka )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+16.56032 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+1.0178 0 Td
+(al)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.7219 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+-18.30001 -1.20001 TD
+0.127 Tw
+(1995\). The difference could be due to the)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.032 Tw
+(age of the vegetable samples used and the)Tj
+T*
+0.002 Tw
+[(quantity of the stalk included in each sam)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.069 Tw
+(ple. The TDF of cowpea was 14.7 g/100 g)Tj
+T*
+0.2 Tw
+(FW or 16.4% on dry weight basis. This)Tj
+T*
+0.062 Tw
+(was however greater than the 9.8 g/100 g)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.419 Tw
+(reported for cooked bean \(Marlett &)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.059 Tw
+(Vollendorf, 1993\). The difference could be)Tj
+T*
+0.305 Tw
+(due to retrogradation since the cowpea)Tj
+T*
+0.12 Tw
+(used in this work was cooked, dried and)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(then milled.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.122 Tw
+(SDF (and not IDF) has been reported)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.299 Tw
+(to be responsible for impairing mineral)Tj
+T*
+0.273 Tw
+(availability (Fernandez & Phillips 1982).)Tj
+T*
+0.314 Tw
+(All the SDF values reported here were)Tj
+T*
+0.155 Tw
+(lower than 3.1 g/100 g SDF reported for)Tj
+T*
+0.113 Tw
+(tomato (Marlett & Vollendorf, 1993). SDF)Tj
+T*
+0.216 Tw
+(for amaranthus (0.3 g/100 g) was lower)Tj
+T*
+0.151 Tw
+(than 1.2 g/100 g reported for lettuce but)Tj
+T*
+0.078 Tw
+[(agreed with the SDF (0.3 g/100 g) report)-2(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.061 Tw
+(ed for cooked corn \(Marlett & Vollendorf,)Tj
+T*
+-0.005 Tw
+(1993\). Cowpea on the other hand recorded)Tj
+T*
+0.059 Tw
+(the highest value of 1.4 g/100 g. This was)Tj
+T*
+0.173 Tw
+(higher than 1.1 g/100 g reported for the)Tj
+T*
+-0.032 Tw
+(cooked bean but lower than 3.5 g/100 g for)Tj
+T*
+0.006 Tc
+0.369 Tw
+(fresh raw bean \(Marlett & Vollendorf,)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+-0.007 Tw
+(1993\). The range of IDF for fruit samples is)Tj
+T*
+0.156 Tw
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+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(for tomato (Marlett & Vollendorf, 1993). )Tj
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+-0.023 Tw
+(The range of total iron content is lower)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.213 Tw
+(than 30-60 mg/kg reported by Oyenuga)Tj
+T*
+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+((1968). Variation in mineral content is)Tj
+T*
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+0.075 Tw
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+(a)'
+0.77612 0 Td
+0.026 Tw
+(result of time of harvest, level of maturi-)Tj
+-0.77612 -1.2 TD
+0.215 Tw
+(ty, environmental stress such as tropical)Tj
+T*
+-0.013 Tw
+(heat and humidity, and nature of soil from)Tj
+ET
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+f
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+f
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+0.025 Tw
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+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
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+0 Tw
+(41)Tj
+ET
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+0.002 Tc
+0.373 Tw
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+0 Tc
+0.208 Tw
+(obtained for amaranthus agreed with 46)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0.251 Tw
+(mg/kg reported earlier (Oyenuga 1968),)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.011 Tw
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+16.59489 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+0.98322 0 Td
+(al.,)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
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+0 Tw
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+-0.007 Tw
+(ability in banana could be attributed to the)Tj
+T*
+0.375 Tw
+(lowest level of SDF in the fruit while)Tj
+T*
+0.343 Tw
+(orange and pineapple with the highest)Tj
+T*
+-0.034 Tw
+(SDF recorded the lowest values of 10.7 and)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.553 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tc
+0.111 Tw
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+T*
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+0.89892 0 Td
+0.149 Tw
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+ET
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+S
+BT
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+0 Tw
+(0.05\))Tj
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+0.315 Tw
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+T*
+0.104 Tw
+(SDF of amaranthus was lower than those)Tj
+T*
+0.134 Tw
+[(for orange and pineapple and was there)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.224 Tw
+(fore expected to translate to higher iron)Tj
+T*
+0.336 Tw
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+T*
+0.164 Tw
+(the two fruits. However, this was not so)Tj
+T*
+0.012 Tw
+(probably due to the high levels of ascorbic)Tj
+T*
+-0.022 Tw
+(acid as well as the presence of other organ-)Tj
+T*
+-0.003 Tw
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+18.07782 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(et)Tj
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+0.72168 0 Td
+0.025 Tw
+(., 2004\). )Tj
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+0.005 Tc
+0.37 Tw
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+0 Tc
+-0.012 Tw
+(meals could only be explained on the basis)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.539 Tw
+(of the high DF content of cowpea.)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.087 Tw
+(Interestingly, statistical treatment showed)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.401 Tw
+(that there was a negative correlation)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+-0.017 Tw
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+T*
+0.009 Tw
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+<96>'
+1.04566 0 Td
+0.296 Tw
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+S
+BT
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+0 Tw
+(0.05)Tj
+-17.05001 -1.2 TD
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+22.4 38.4 TD
+0.097 Tw
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+-1.8 -1.19999 TD
+0.022 Tw
+(in this study were lower than 6851 mg/kg)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.953 Tw
+(recorded for blanched amaranthus)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(\(Adewusi )Tj
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+4.64491 0 Td
+0.042 Tw
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+/F1 1 Tf
+1.73622 0 Td
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+-6.38113 -1.2 TD
+0.104 Tw
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+T*
+-0.033 Tw
+[(iron, DF seems not to play any role in mag)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.329 Tw
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+T*
+0.076 Tw
+(\2260.18 for IDF, SDF and TDF respectively\).)Tj
+T*
+-0.018 Tw
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+T*
+0.142 Tw
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+T*
+-0.006 Tw
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+T*
+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
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+T*
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+0 Tw
+(Adewusi )Tj
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+4.29453 0 Td
+0.025 Tw
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+1.71885 0 Td
+(., 1999\). )Tj
+-4.21338 -1.20001 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.68 Tw
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+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.015 Tw
+[(availability by all the fruits in the compos)-2(-)]TJ
+T*
+-0.015 Tw
+(ite meals was unlike the situation whereby)Tj
+T*
+-0.003 Tw
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+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.355 Tw
+(effect on iron availability. Vegetables,)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.346 Tw
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+T*
+0.075 Tw
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+T*
+0.329 Tw
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+T*
+0.119 Tw
+[(samples. This could account for enhance)1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
+(ment of magnesium in fruits-vegetable)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.202 Tw
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+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(cowpea composite meals. )Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.059 Tw
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+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.156 Tw
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+T*
+0.214 Tw
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+8.10971 0 Td
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+/F1 1 Tf
+1.90739 0 Td
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+-10.0171 -1.2 TD
+0.286 Tw
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+T*
+0.052 Tw
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+T*
+0.143 Tw
+(Falade 1996\). However, it was still lower)Tj
+T*
+0.111 Tw
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+T*
+0.044 Tw
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+BT
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+0 Tw
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+ET
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+0.025 Tw
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+ET
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+f
+54 54 396 192 re
+f
+BT
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+0 0 0 1 k
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+0.025 Tw
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+0 -2.4 TD
+7.253 Tw
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+0.025 Tw
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+(2)Tj
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+[(Grape fruit )-6065(45.4 \261 1.2 )-4476(1312 \261 18 )-6201(1382 \261 39.4 )]TJ
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+[(Orange )-7453(55.3 \261 1.5 )-4726(452 \261 31 )-6951(497 \261 5.2 )]TJ
+T*
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+T*
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+-8.97256 -0.87 TD
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+6.72872 0 Td
+(et al. )Tj
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+2.24385 0 Td
+0 Tw
+((2004))Tj
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+(1)Tj
+10 0 0 10 61.75 81.8272 Tm
+0.025 Tw
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+(2)Tj
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+450 180.748 l
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+S
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+T*
+0.211 Tw
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+T*
+0.01 Tc
+0.365 Tw
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+T*
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+0.002 Tw
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+T*
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+0.039 Tw
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+T*
+-0.02 Tw
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+0.364 Tw
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+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+(earlier (Oyenuga, 1968).)Tj
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+0.5 Tw
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+-1.8 -1.2 TD
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+0.023 Tw
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+T*
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+(<)'
+ET
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+S
+BT
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+0.046 Tw
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+61.0596 394.6708 l
+S
+BT
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+-0.033 Tw
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+0 Tw
+(3+)Tj
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+-0.024 Tw
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+0 Tw
+(2+)Tj
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+-3.24475 -1.2 TD
+0.126 Tw
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+T*
+0.013 Tw
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+(2)Tj
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+-11.83096 -1.2 TD
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+T*
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+0 Tw
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+-0.023 Tw
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+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.266 Tw
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+T*
+0.047 Tw
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+T*
+0.043 Tw
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+T*
+-0.009 Tw
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+T*
+0.014 Tw
+(on the source of minerals as demonstrated)Tj
+T*
+0.208 Tw
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+T*
+0.243 Tw
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+T*
+0.06 Tw
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+T*
+0.281 Tw
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+T*
+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
+(component of food, could be obtained)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.163 Tw
+(from many sources in the tropical world)Tj
+T*
+(without necessarily loading that of fruits)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(onto it. )Tj
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+0 Tw
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+0.241 Tw
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+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.171 Tw
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+T*
+0.042 Tw
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+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.393 Tw
+(bility in some improved Nigerian)Tj
+T*
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+0.219 Tw
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+8.18914 0 Td
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+-15.084 -1.2 TD
+0 Tw
+(231-240.)Tj
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+0.075 Tw
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+0.02 Tc
+0.732 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tc
+0.134 Tw
+(Acacia colei )Tj
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+0 Tw
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+2.07649 0 Td
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+(seeds \226)Tj
+-13.69987 -1.2 TD
+-0.002 Tw
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+0 Tw
+(tropics )Tj
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+3.30186 0 Td
+0.025 Tw
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+-9.92969 -2.4 TD
+0.265 Tw
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+1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.037 Tw
+((1999). The effect of processing on total)Tj
+T*
+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
+(organic acids content and mineral)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.128 Tw
+(availability of simulated cassava-veg-)Tj
+T*
+0.151 Tw
+(etable diets. )Tj
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+0 Tw
+(53:)Tj
+-15.75 -1.2 TD
+(367-380.)Tj
+-1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.294 Tw
+(Adewusi SRA & Osuntogun BA (1991).)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.26 Tw
+(Effect of cooking on tannin content,)Tj
+T*
+0.061 Tw
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+T*
+0.134 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tw
+(Nigeria. )Tj
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+0.025 Tw
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+(9:)Tj
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+0 Tw
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+-13.40689 -2.4 TD
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+0.788 Tw
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+0.564 Tw
+(Analysis 14th ed. Association of)Tj
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+((Morton, 1992). The ripe fruits contain)Tj
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+54 205.501 396 460.499 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+(Mal J Nutr 11(1): 59-68, 2005)Tj
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+14 0 0 14 55 629.7296 Tm
+(Serum Testosterone Levels and Body Weight Gain of Male)Tj
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+(Rabbits Fed with )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
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+(Morinda citrifolia)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+8.44014 0 Td
+(Fruit Juice)Tj
+10 0 0 10 55 589.7296 Tm
+(Sukardi S)Tj
+8 0 0 8 100.5137 592.3695 Tm
+(1)Tj
+10 0 0 10 104.5137 589.7296 Tm
+(,)Tj
+0.52496 0 Td
+(Yaakub H)Tj
+8 0 0 8 155.8389 592.3695 Tm
+(2)Tj
+10 0 0 10 159.8389 589.7296 Tm
+(,)Tj
+0.52496 0 Td
+(Ganabadi S)Tj
+8 0 0 8 218.9327 592.3695 Tm
+(3)Tj
+10 0 0 10 225.6827 589.7296 Tm
+(and Poon MS)Tj
+8 0 0 8 287.8478 592.3695 Tm
+(1)Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+-29.10598 -3 TD
+(1)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 59 565.7296 Tm
+(Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+8 0 0 8 376.7003 568.3695 Tm
+(2)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 380.7003 565.7296 Tm
+(Department of)Tj
+-32.57003 -1.2 TD
+(Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, )Tj
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+8 0 0 8 220.0733 556.3695 Tm
+(3)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 224.0733 553.7296 Tm
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+(,)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
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+(Universiti Putra)Tj
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+(Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia)Tj
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+0 Tw
+(ABSTRACT)Tj
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+-13.29409 -2 TD
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+(Morinda citrifolia,)Tj
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+7.75201 0 Td
+(popularly known as noni, has been reported to possess)Tj
+-7.75201 -1.2 TD
+0.086 Tw
+(antidiabetic, antiseptic and antibiotic properties, as well as hypotensive)Tj
+T*
+0.209 Tw
+(and anticoagulant activities. )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+13.30348 0 Td
+(M.)Tj
+1.6527 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+3.86489 0 Td
+0.209 Tw
+(was also reported to possess)Tj
+-18.82107 -1.2 TD
+0.1 Tw
+(immunomodulation characteristics, anticancer activity and may also be)Tj
+T*
+0.131 Tw
+(useful as an aphrodisiac. The effects of )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+18.58939 0 Td
+(Morinda citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+7.7223 0 Td
+(fruit juice on)Tj
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+0.375 Tw
+(serum testosterone concentration and body weight of twelve New)Tj
+T*
+0.097 Tw
+(Zealand White male rabbits were studied for 8 weeks. Three groups of)Tj
+T*
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+(rabbits (n = 3 each) were treated orally with dosages of 200 mg/kg, 400)Tj
+T*
+0.075 Tw
+(mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of the fruit juice respectively. Another group of)Tj
+T*
+0.021 Tw
+(rabbits (n = 3) served as control. Body weights of rabbits were measured)Tj
+T*
+0.102 Tw
+(daily. Serum testosterone levels were determined every fifth day using)Tj
+T*
+0.104 Tw
+(enzyme immunoassay method. The results obtained showed that in all)Tj
+T*
+0.077 Tw
+(groups, serum testosterone level decreased as compared to the baseline)Tj
+T*
+0.126 Tw
+(values, but the changes were not statistically significant. Body weight)Tj
+T*
+0.215 Tw
+(gain was also not significantly different among all treatment groups.)Tj
+T*
+-0.01 Tw
+(There was a negative association (r = - 0.365) between serum testosterone)Tj
+T*
+0.208 Tw
+(level and body weight of rabbits in the control group. However, the)Tj
+T*
+-0.035 Tw
+(changes in serum testosterone level were not significantly correlated with)Tj
+T*
+0.03 Tw
+[(the changes in body weight of rabbits in the treatment groups. The find)-3(-)]TJ
+T*
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+(ings suggest that feeding )Tj
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+11.30837 0 Td
+(Morinda citirolia)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+7.19398 0 Td
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+0.071 Tw
+(duration did not produce any significant changes to serum testosterone)Tj
+T*
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+(and body weight gain. )Tj
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+54 45 396 52.5 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 89.2296 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
+(______________)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Correspondence author: Assoc. Prof Dr Sabrina Sukardi, email:)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(sabrina@medic.upm.edu.my)Tj
+ET
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+/Length 7072
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+stream
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+54 54 396 590.25 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 635.9794 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.114 Tw
+(fifty-one volatile compounds that include)Tj
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+0.061 Tw
+(20 acids, 7 alcohols, 11 esters, 2 ketones, 2)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0.199 Tw
+[(lactones and 9 other miscellaneous com)1(-)]TJ
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.34 Tw
+(pounds \(Farine )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+7.68252 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+1.31174 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(al)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+0.7219 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+1.08974 0 Td
+0.34 Tw
+(1996\). The major)Tj
+-10.8059 -1.2 TD
+0.049 Tw
+(component is octanoic acid and the minor)Tj
+T*
+0.272 Tw
+(component is hexanoic acid \(Barr )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+16.33398 0 Td
+(et al)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.96602 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+-18.3 -1.2 TD
+0.005 Tw
+(1993; Farine )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+5.56235 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+0.97651 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(al)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+0.7219 0 Td
+0.005 Tw
+(., 1996\). The metal content)Tj
+-7.26076 -1.2 TD
+0.005 Tc
+0.37 Tw
+(of the ripe fruits include sodium \(204)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.015 Tw
+(mg/100g\), potassium \(2012 mg/100g\) and)Tj
+T*
+0.219 Tw
+(calcium \(23 mg/100g\) \(Barr )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+13.33428 0 Td
+(et al)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.91328 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+0.96938 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(1993\).)Tj
+-16.21694 -1.2 TD
+0.072 Tw
+(The fruits contain 52.3 % moisture and 24)Tj
+T*
+0.041 Tw
+(to 158 mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g. Tests)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.565 Tw
+(showed strong evidence of terpenes)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0 Tc
+0.025 Tw
+((Morton, 1992).)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.005 Tw
+(According to Heinicke (1985), the fruit)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.033 Tw
+(is the most abundant and reliable source of)Tj
+T*
+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+(proxeronine and proxeronase. Proxero-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.087 Tw
+[(nine is the precursor of the alkaloid xero)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.131 Tw
+(nine. Xeronine is essential for proper cell)Tj
+T*
+0.013 Tw
+(function in the body and to sustain health.)Tj
+T*
+0.002 Tw
+(Xeronine is produced in the large intestine)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.428 Tw
+(from proxeronine. Proxeronase is the)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.094 Tw
+(enzyme necessary to complete the chemi-)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(cal reaction, which produces xeronine. )Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+(Ancient manuscripts handed down)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
+(from generation to generation describe)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.221 Tw
+(many uses of this plant. In Asian coun-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(tries,)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.38683 0 Td
+-0.028 Tw
+(M. citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+5.04369 0 Td
+(has been extensively used)Tj
+-7.43052 -1.2 TD
+0.225 Tw
+(in folk medicine to treat diabetes, as an)Tj
+T*
+0.072 Tw
+(antiseptic, and as an antibiotic. It also has)Tj
+T*
+0.314 Tw
+(hypotensive and anticoagulant activities)Tj
+T*
+0.015 Tw
+(\(Whistler, 1988; Morton, 1992; Farine )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+16.591 0 Td
+(et)Tj
+0.98712 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(al)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+0.72189 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+-18.30001 -1.2 TD
+(1996\). )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.79592 0 Td
+-0.037 Tw
+(M. citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+5.02593 0 Td
+(was also reported to pos-)Tj
+-7.82185 -1.2 TD
+0.017 Tc
+0.358 Tw
+(sess immunomodulation characteristics)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.954 Tw
+(and anticancer activity. Numerous)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.333 Tw
+(research has been carried out on these)Tj
+T*
+-0.017 Tw
+(properties but no research has yet to prove)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0 Tw
+(that )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.78026 0 Td
+(M.)Tj
+2.19986 0 Td
+(citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+4.572 0 Td
+(c)Tj
+0.46398 0 Td
+(an)Tj
+2.08784 0 Td
+0.696 Tw
+(stimulate the)Tj
+-12.10395 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.117 Tw
+(endocrine system. It was claimed that )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+17.60617 0 Td
+(M.)Tj
+-17.60617 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0 Tw
+(citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+4.31626 0 Td
+0.44 Tw
+(could support the male and)Tj
+-4.31626 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.305 Tw
+(female reproductive systems by solving)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.693 Tw
+(hormonal problems. Solomon (2000))Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.006 Tw
+(reported that approximately 10% of 10,000)Tj
+T*
+0.135 Tw
+(male and female patients who consumed)Tj
+T*
+0.102 Tw
+[(the juice of the fruit had enhanced enjoy)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0 Tw
+(ment.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.191 Tw
+(This study was undertaken to deter-)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.096 Tw
+(mine whether there is any increase in the)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.5 Tw
+(serum testosterone concentration and)Tj
+20.6 57.60001 TD
+0 Tc
+0.08 Tw
+(body weight of male New Zealand White)Tj
+0 -1.19999 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.704 Tw
+(rabbits treated with three different)Tj
+0 -1.20001 TD
+0 Tc
+0.174 Tw
+(dosages of )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+5.26631 0 Td
+(M. citrifolia )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+5.44795 0 Td
+(fruit juice; and to)Tj
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+0.011 Tc
+0.364 Tw
+(correlate the changes in serum testos-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.375 Tw
+(terone level with the changes in body)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(weight. )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -3.6 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(MATERIALS AND METHODS)Tj
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+0 -2.4 TD
+(M. citrifolia)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+5.74336 0 Td
+(fruit juice)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+-3.94336 -2.4 TD
+0 Tw
+(Ripe )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.41729 0 Td
+0.128 Tw
+(M. citrifolia)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+5.35654 0 Td
+(fruits were collected)Tj
+-9.57383 -1.20001 TD
+-0.035 Tw
+(from Shah Alam and allowed to soften and)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.145 Tw
+(ripen fully. The fruits were weighed and)Tj
+T*
+0.152 Tw
+(cut into smaller pieces and the juice was)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.497 Tw
+(extracted using TK-368 Takada Juice)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.165 Tw
+(Extractor. The juice was sieved to obtain)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.476 Tw
+(pure juice without fibres and seeds.)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+-0.031 Tw
+(Distilled water was added to the pure juice)Tj
+T*
+0.035 Tw
+(to make an end concentration of 1.0 g/ml.)Tj
+T*
+-0.011 Tw
+(The juice was kept at 10\260C in aliquots until)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+(used. Juice was prepared fresh every)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(week.)Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Rabbits and variables measured)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+1.8 -2.4 TD
+0.021 Tw
+[(Twelve male New Zealand White rab)-1(-)]TJ
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.233 Tw
+(bits (mean \261 SEM, 2.40 \261 0.08 kg) were)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.386 Tw
+(used in this study. The rabbits were)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.009 Tw
+(housed in individual cages. They were fed)Tj
+T*
+0.127 Tw
+(100 g of commercial food pellets per day)Tj
+T*
+0.01 Tw
+(and drinking water )Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+8.86998 0 Td
+(ad)Tj
+1.20351 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(libitium)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+3.2411 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.50953 0 Td
+0.01 Tw
+(The rabbits)Tj
+-13.82412 -1.2 TD
+0.004 Tw
+(were divided into one control group and 3)Tj
+T*
+-0.021 Tw
+(treatment groups with 3 rabbits per group.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.516 Tw
+(The treatment groups received a)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.117 Tw
+(dosage of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the)Tj
+T*
+0.187 Tw
+(juice respectively via force-feeding using)Tj
+T*
+0.154 Tw
+(1.0 ml syringes. A calculated dose of the)Tj
+T*
+0.119 Tw
+(juice according to the initial body weight)Tj
+T*
+0.152 Tw
+(of the rabbits was administered orally to)Tj
+T*
+0.107 Tw
+(each rabbit at 8 a.m. daily. The treatment)Tj
+T*
+0.11 Tw
+(lasted for a period of 8 weeks. Rabbits in)Tj
+T*
+0.038 Tw
+(the control group received drinking water)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+T*
+0.29 Tw
+(ad libitium)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+4.72513 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.79003 0 Td
+(Body weights of the rabbits)Tj
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+0.025 Tw
+(were measured daily.)Tj
+1.8 -1.2 TD
+-0.02 Tw
+(Blood samples were collected from the)Tj
+-1.8 -1.2 TD
+0.32 Tw
+(marginal ear vein of the rabbits at the)Tj
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+0.144 Tw
+(beginning of the experiment and every 5)Tj
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+54 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
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+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
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+ET
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+0.371 Tw
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+0 Tc
+-0.019 Tw
+(using Venofix\256 23G butterfly needle and 5)Tj
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+0.02 Tc
+0.384 Tw
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+0 Tc
+0.242 Tw
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+T*
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+[(cone-coated tubes.)-379(Blood samples collect)1(-)]TJ
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+T*
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+0.106 Tw
+(at 3000 g for 15 minutes to obtain serum.)Tj
+T*
+0.071 Tw
+(Serum samples were decanted into 1.5 ml)Tj
+T*
+0.014 Tc
+0.361 Tw
+(Axygen\231 Eppendorf tubes. The tubes)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.362 Tw
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+T*
+0.02 Tc
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+(stored until required for analysis.)Tj
+T*
+0.614 Tw
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+0.384 Tw
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+0 Tc
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+(thawed serum using testosterone enzyme)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.672 Tw
+(immunoassay \(EIA\) test kit \(Teco\256)Tj
+T*
+0.439 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tc
+0.04 Tw
+(immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader was)Tj
+T*
+0.136 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tw
+(tration)Tj
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+0.025 Tw
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+0.256 Tw
+(Data was presented as the means \261)Tj
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+0.3 Tw
+(the changes in serum testosterone level)Tj
+T*
+0.006 Tw
+[(and means of body weight gain of the rab)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
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+0.562 Tw
+(bits were compared using One-Way)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.205 Tw
+(Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Pearson)Tj
+T*
+0.176 Tw
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+T*
+0.298 Tw
+(relationship between serum testosterone)Tj
+T*
+0.226 Tw
+(level and body weight of the rabbits. A)Tj
+T*
+0.022 Tw
+(p-value of less than 0.05 (p<0.05) was con-)Tj
+T*
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+T*
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+0.556 Tw
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+T*
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+0 Tw
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+0.02 Tc
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+0 Tc
+-0.003 Tw
+(there was a decrease in serum testosterone)Tj
+T*
+-0.027 Tw
+(level compared to baseline values in all the)Tj
+T*
+0.065 Tw
+(groups (Table. 1). The reduction in testos-)Tj
+T*
+0.043 Tw
+(terone level was highest in rabbits fed 400)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.546 Tw
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+5.80905 0 Td
+(M. citrifolia)Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+6.473 0 Td
+(fruit juice \(-)Tj
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+0 Tc
+0.168 Tw
+(2.31\2610.46 ng/ml\). However, the decrease)Tj
+T*
+0.031 Tw
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+T*
+0.173 Tw
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+0.317 Tw
+(changes in serum testosterone levels of)Tj
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+0.247 Tw
+(rabbits throughout the study revealed a)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.454 Tw
+(pulsatile pattern (Figure 1a and 1b).)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.156 Tw
+(Fluctuations of values were more promi-)Tj
+T*
+-0.022 Tw
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+0.371 Tw
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+T*
+0.004 Tc
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+T*
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+0.392 Tw
+(Figure 2 shows the changes of body)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.268 Tw
+(weight of rabbits throughout the study.)Tj
+T*
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+T*
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+0 Tw
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+(Focus group discussion is a qualitative method of data collection that has)Tj
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+((20-50 years old) to assess their perceptions and knowledge of child health and)Tj
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+(healthy child and contributory factors to child health; their perceptions of good)Tj
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+((nutritious) and bad (less nutritious) foods; their knowledge on foods and)Tj
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+(nutrients in relation to general functions, and specifically to growth and brain)Tj
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+(development as well as diseases. All Mah Meri and Temuan groups defined)Tj
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+(healthy child is able to play, socialise, eat and sleep well and seems energetic)Tj
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+(and cheerful, while an unhealthy child does not exhibit these behaviours and)Tj
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+(appearances. All the groups cited personal hygiene of the child and cleanliness)Tj
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+(of food and home environment as important contributors to child health.)Tj
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+(Healthy and unhealthy foods were defined mostly in relation to disease)Tj
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+(outcomes. All groups considered fruits and vegetables as \221good\222 foods while)Tj
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+(sugar and snacks were \221bad\222 foods. Meat, eggs, milk and fish were also)Tj
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+(considered as \221good\222 foods by several groups. All Mah Meri and Temuan)Tj
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+(groups agreed that nutritious foods prevent children from illnesses as the)Tj
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+(foods would provide energy and improve blood circulation. Compared to the)Tj
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+(Temuan, most Mah Meri women were unable to identify food sources of nutri)Tj
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+(ents. Both the Temuan and Mahmeri groups were not able to relate nutrients)Tj
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+(to their specific functions. While the women were able to relate the associations)Tj
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+(between foods and diseases, most of the women lack knowledge on the appro)Tj
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+(-)Tj
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+(priate foods for growth and development. The focus group findings would)Tj
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+(contribute to better understanding of care-givers\222 perceptions and knowledge)Tj
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+(regarding child health and nutrition, which could then be utilised in the devel)Tj
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+(opment of appropriate health and nutrition strategies to address child health)Tj
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+(and nutrition problems in the Orang Asli community. )Tj
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+(____________________)Tj
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+(Correspondence author: Dr Zalilah Mohd Shariff, email: zalilah@medic.upm.edu.my)Tj
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+(ly influence child health and nutrition)Tj
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+(caregivers\222 knowledge, attitudes, concerns)Tj
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+(and beliefs regarding child health and)Tj
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+(Orang Asli sub-groups in Selangor to)Tj
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+(identify potential nutrition education)Tj
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+(shown to result in increased morbidity)Tj
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+0.005 Tc
+0.369 Tw
+(and mortality among children in poor)Tj
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+-0.037 Tw
+(communities (Scrimshaw, 1970). Infectious)Tj
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+0.186 Tw
+(diseases like diarrhoea, acute respiratory)Tj
+T*
+0.233 Tw
+(infections, malaria and whooping cough)Tj
+T*
+0.035 Tw
+(have been found to be the world's leading)Tj
+T*
+0.183 Tw
+(cause of morbidity and premature death)Tj
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+0.053 Tw
+(especially in children in developing coun-)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.385 Tw
+(tries. According to the World Health)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.29 Tw
+(Report (WHO, 2004), 6.9% of deaths in)Tj
+20.6 18 TD
+0.007 Tc
+0.368 Tw
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+0 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.018 Tw
+(infections, 2.2% to malarial fever and 2.0%)Tj
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+0.025 Tw
+(to childhood diseases.)Tj
+2.4 -1.2 TD
+0.008 Tc
+0.367 Tw
+(Acute respiratory infections (ARI))Tj
+-2.4 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.209 Tw
+(constitute a group of conditions such as)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.45 Tw
+(sinusitis, influenza, otitismedia, naso-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.369 Tw
+(pharyngitis, tonsillitis and bronchiolitis.)Tj
+T*
+-0.003 Tw
+(Of these conditions, acute nasopharyngitis)Tj
+T*
+0.095 Tw
+(i.e. common cold is widely prevalent and)Tj
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+-0.019 Tw
+(its incidence is high among children below)Tj
+(6)'
+0.7705 0 Td
+0.021 Tw
+(years of age \(NFHS, 2000; Prakash, 1996;)Tj
+-0.7705 -1.2 TD
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+4.28163 0 Td
+0.21 Tw
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+1.90419 0 Td
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+(et al)Tj
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+1.90418 0 Td
+(.,)Tj
+0.96029 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(1991\).)Tj
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+0.185 Tw
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+-0.033 Tw
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+0.189 Tw
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+0.504 Tw
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+0.133 Tw
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+T*
+0.055 Tw
+(district of southern India, were enrolled for the study. A baseline survey was)Tj
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+0.344 Tw
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+-0.021 Tw
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+-0.004 Tw
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+T*
+0.048 Tw
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+(infections were marginally lower among female children. Duration and inci)Tj
+34.26699 0 TD
+(-)Tj
+-34.26699 -1.2 TD
+0.248 Tw
+(dence of ARI was significantly lower among children of literate mothers.)Tj
+T*
+0.129 Tw
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+T*
+0.373 Tw
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+0.786 Tw
+(These infectious agents are highly)Tj
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+0.118 Tw
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+0.507 Tw
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+0.224 Tw
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+0.052 Tw
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+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
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+0.125 Tw
+(higher birth order, younger age, sex, low)Tj
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+0.367 Tw
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+0.133 Tw
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+(al)Tj
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+0.374 Tw
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+0.371 Tw
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+0.003 Tc
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+0.092 Tw
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+0.24 Tw
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+0.289 Tw
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+(graphic profile, living conditions, occupa-)Tj
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+(tional status and literacy status were)Tj
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+0.187 Tw
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+(naire. )Tj
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+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
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+2.4 -2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.592 Tw
+(Exact age of the children was)Tj
+-2.4 -1.2 TD
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+0.312 Tw
+(assessed by obtaining the date of birth)Tj
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+1.057 Tw
+(from records maintained by the)Tj
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+0.355 Tw
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+0.533 Tw
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+-0.028 Tw
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+0.372 Tw
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+0.324 Tw
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+-2.4 -1.2 TD
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+-2.4 -1.2 TD
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+0.404 Tw
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+0 Tw
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+(al)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.7219 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.55043 0 Td
+0.05 Tw
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+-6.17918 -1.2 TD
+-0.016 Tw
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+0.27 Tw
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+0.02 Tc
+0.713 Tw
+(E, carotene and cholesterol\). These)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.316 Tw
+(analyses were carried out after sensory)Tj
+T*
+-0.003 Tw
+(evaluation was finished. Other raw burger)Tj
+T*
+0.081 Tw
+(samples were kept in the freezer at -18)Tj
+17.54513 0.33 TD
+(o)Tj
+0.5459 -0.33 TD
+(C)Tj
+-18.09103 -1.2 TD
+0.047 Tw
+(for at least 1 night while awaiting sensory)Tj
+T*
+0.153 Tw
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+T*
+-0.022 Tw
+(cessing time, frozen raw beef burgers were)Tj
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+0.025 Tw
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+0.16 Tw
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+-2.4 -1.20001 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.571 Tw
+(various nutritional components were)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.233 Tw
+(determined in triplicate. Two batches of)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(processing were carried out. )Tj
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+0 -2.4 TD
+(Vitamin E analysis)Tj
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+2.4 -2.4 TD
+0.31 Tw
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+(o)Tj
+0.5459 -0.33 TD
+(C\) were)Tj
+-15.01054 -1.2 TD
+0.321 Tw
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+14.18907 0.33 TD
+(o)Tj
+0.5459 -0.33 TD
+(C)Tj
+1.27986 0 Td
+0 Tw
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+-16.01483 -1.2 TD
+0.174 Tw
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+0.272 Tw
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+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.641 Tw
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+0 Tc
+0.007 Tw
+((AOCS, 1992). Prepared samples from raw)Tj
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+0.19 Tw
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+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
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+14.5472 0 Td
+0 Tc
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.58476 0 Td
+0.009 Tc
+(L. Peak)Tj
+-15.13196 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+1.033 Tw
+(responses of the tocopherol and)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.054 Tw
+(tocotrienol were measured using the fluo-)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.43 Tw
+(rescence detector with excitation and)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.246 Tw
+(emission wavelength set at 290 nm and)Tj
+T*
+0.076 Tw
+(330 nm, respectively. The analyses used a)Tj
+T*
+0.073 Tw
+(Lichrosorb (250 mm x 4 mm) column and)Tj
+T*
+0.166 Tw
+(the solvent system was hexane:Isopropyl)Tj
+T*
+0.03 Tw
+(alcohol (99:1) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.)Tj
+T*
+0.128 Tw
+(Vitamin E content of each burger sample)Tj
+T*
+0.032 Tw
+(was determined in triplicate. The analyses)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
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+0 -2.4 TD
+(Carotenes Analysis)Tj
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+2.4 -2.4 TD
+0.011 Tc
+0.364 Tw
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+-2.4 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.221 Tw
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+f
+81.752 646.5 339.752 19.5 re
+f
+BT
+/F2 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 171.2372 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.025 Tw
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+ET
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+423 647.25 27 18.75 re
+f
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 434 657.7295 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0 Tw
+(167)Tj
+ET
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+54 60 396 192.748 re
+f
+BT
+/F0 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 55 231.8272 Tm
+0 0 0 1 k
+0.025 Tw
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+3.91084 0 Td
+(Beef burger formulations)Tj
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+1.11418 -2.4 TD
+0 Tw
+[(Ingredient)-19365(Percent)]TJ
+/F1 1 Tf
+T*
+[(Beef)-22348(49.0)]TJ
+0 -1.2 TD
+0.025 Tw
+[(Fat (beef fat, palm fat, red palm fat or fat blend))-2981(15.0)]TJ
+T*
+0 Tw
+[(Water)-21550(22.5)]TJ
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+[(Textured vegetable protein)-12480(5.0)]TJ
+T*
+[(Potato starch)-18706(3.0)]TJ
+T*
+[(Isolated soy protein)-15690(3.0)]TJ
+T*
+0 Tw
+[(Salt)-22858(1.1)]TJ
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+[(Sodium tripolyphosphate)-13119(0.3)]TJ
+T*
+[(Spices and seasoning)-15109(1.1)]TJ
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+0 Tw
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+0.5 w
+0 0 0 1 K
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+450 220.5 l
+S
+54 200.25 m
+450 200.25 l
+S
+54 78 m
+450 78 l
+S
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+450 54 l
+S
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+0.068 Tw
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+0.006 Tw
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+0.016 Tc
+0.359 Tw
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+0 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.209 Tw
+(1515\) coupled with UV detector \(Waters)Tj
+T*
+-0.017 Tw
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+0.229 Tw
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+11.77903 0 Td
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+(m)Tj
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+1.36178 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+0 Tw
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+-14.29315 -1.2 TD
+0.22 Tw
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+0 Tw
+(18)Tj
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+0.22 Tw
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+0.282 Tw
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+T*
+0.288 Tw
+(mobile solvent system consisted of ace-)Tj
+T*
+0.009 Tc
+0.366 Tw
+(tonitrile, methanol and dichlorometane)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.048 Tw
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+0.075 Tw
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+0.179 Tw
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+0.042 Tw
+(micrometer syringe (model 705 Hamilton))Tj
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+0.151 Tw
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+14.97827 0 Td
+(m)Tj
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+0.57617 0 Td
+(L)Tj
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+0 Tw
+(loop.)Tj
+-16.56624 -1.2 TD
+0.076 Tw
+(Peak responses were measured at 450 nm)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.468 Tw
+(using a variable wavelength UV/Vis)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.063 Tw
+((Breeze System). Carotene content of each)Tj
+T*
+0.219 Tw
+[(burger sample was determined in tripli)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0.025 Tw
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+0 -2.4 TD
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+2.4 -2.4 TD
+0.008 Tw
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+-2.4 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.37 Tw
+(was determined using the method of)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(Bohac )Tj
+/F2 1 Tf
+3.06188 0 Td
+0.129 Tw
+(et al)Tj
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+1.82311 0 Td
+(.)Tj
+0.62923 0 Td
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+-5.51422 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.425 Tw
+(each burger sample \(0 month and 6)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.133 Tw
+(month\) was determined in triplicate. The)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(analyses were replicated twice. )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -2.4 TD
+(Sensory evaluation)Tj
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+2.4 -2.4 TD
+0.013 Tw
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+-2.4 -1.2 TD
+(6)Tj
+0.72485 0 Td
+-0.025 Tw
+(month\) of each formulation were thawed)Tj
+-0.72485 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.534 Tw
+(for 30 min before cooking prior to)Tj
+T*
+0.003 Tc
+0.372 Tw
+(conducting sensory evaluation. Sensory)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.654 Tw
+(evaluation was carried out by 100)Tj
+T*
+0.004 Tc
+0.371 Tw
+(untrained consumers consisting of stu-)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.109 Tw
+(dents and staff of the School of Chemical)Tj
+T*
+0.185 Tw
+(Science and Food Technology, Universiti)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.375 Tw
+(Kebangsaan Malaysia. They evaluated)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.132 Tw
+(samples for colour, springiness, juiciness,)Tj
+T*
+0.257 Tw
+(meaty taste, oiliness and overall accept-)Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.431 Tw
+(ance on a 7-point scale \(1 = dislike)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.054 Tw
+(extremely, 4 = neither like nor dislike and)Tj
+(7)'
+0.73307 0 Td
+(=)Tj
+0.83907 0 Td
+-0.017 Tw
+[(like extremely\). Significance was estab)-1(-)]TJ
+-1.57213 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.5 Tw
+(lished at P <)Tj
+ET
+0.5811 w
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+127.0261 82.6707 l
+S
+BT
+/F1 1 Tf
+10 0 0 10 134.9219 83.9794 Tm
+(0.05 unless otherwise)Tj
+-7.99219 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0 Tw
+(indicated. )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+20.6 56.40001 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Statistical analysis)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.4 -2.39999 TD
+0.049 Tw
+[(Data obtained were tested for signif)-1(-)]TJ
+-2.4 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.871 Tw
+(icance using Analysis of variance)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.362 Tw
+((ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range)Tj
+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(Test with SAS version 6.12 (SAS, 1989). )Tj
+/F0 1 Tf
+0 -3.6 TD
+0 Tw
+(RESULTS )Tj
+0 -2.4 TD
+0.025 Tw
+(Vitamin E concentrations in beef burger)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+2.4 -2.4 TD
+0.05 Tw
+(The initial amount of total vitamin E)Tj
+-2.4 -1.20001 TD
+0.069 Tw
+(detected in beef fat during this study was)Tj
+0 -1.2 TD
+(4)Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+0.86747 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+0.117 Tw
+[(g/g. However, this nutrient was com)-1(-)]TJ
+-1.44364 -1.2 TD
+0.253 Tw
+(pletely destroyed after processing. After)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(processing, )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+5.37116 0 Td
+(a)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.63086 0 Td
+0.129 Tw
+(-tocopherol levels decreased)Tj
+-6.00202 -1.2 TD
+0.196 Tw
+(from 113.5 to 61.5 )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+8.81241 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+(g/g (46%) and from)Tj
+-9.38858 -1.2 TD
+0.03 Tw
+(131.0 to 68.0 )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+5.71241 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+[(g/g (48%) in raw beef burg)-1(-)]TJ
+-6.28858 -1.2 TD
+0.098 Tw
+(ers substituted with red palm fat (RPF35))Tj
+T*
+0.02 Tc
+0.402 Tw
+(and fat blend (Table 2), respectively.)Tj
+T*
+0.013 Tc
+0 Tw
+(However, )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+5.11212 0 Td
+0 Tc
+(a)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.64427 0 Td
+0.013 Tc
+0.362 Tw
+(-tocopherol only decreased)Tj
+-5.75639 -1.2 TD
+0 Tc
+0.083 Tw
+(from 129.5 to 125.5 )Tj
+/F3 1 Tf
+8.86069 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+(g/g (3%) in palm fat)Tj
+-9.43686 -1.2 TD
+0.193 Tw
+[(beef burger after processing. After cook)-1(-)]TJ
+T*
+0 Tw
+(ing, )Tj
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+2.00915 0 Td
+(a)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.63086 0 Td
+0.08 Tw
+[(-tocopherol in all cooked beef burg)-1(-)]TJ
+-2.64001 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.608 Tw
+(ers, except the control, significantly)Tj
+T*
+0 Tc
+0.355 Tw
+(decreased (P<0.05), with losses ranging)Tj
+T*
+0.155 Tw
+(from 18 to 50% \(129.5 to 106.5 )Tj
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+14.40781 0 Td
+(m)Tj
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+0.57618 0 Td
+(g/g)Tj
+2.12277 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(and)Tj
+-17.10676 -1.2 TD
+0.093 Tw
+(131.0 to 66.0 )Tj
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+5.90131 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+(g/g\), with cooked palm fat)Tj
+-6.47748 -1.2 TD
+-0.007 Tw
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+T*
+0.025 Tw
+(tration \(106.5 )Tj
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+6.09932 0 Td
+(m)Tj
+/F1 1 Tf
+0.57617 0 Td
+0 Tw
+(g/g\). )Tj
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+0.284 Tw
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+(m)'
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+0.141 Tw
+(g/g (36%), and from 141.0 to 79.5 )Tj
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+15.92941 0 Td
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+0 Tw
+(g/g)Tj
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+0.062 Tw
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+(-)Tj
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+T*
+0.024 Tw
+(After cooking, )Tj
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+6.63075 0 Td
+(a)Tj
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+0.63086 0 Td
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+-7.26161 -1.2 TD
+0.02 Tc
+0.561 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tc
+0.013 Tw
+(decreased with levels ranging from 73.5 to)Tj
+T*
+0 Tw
+(109.0 )Tj
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+2.66381 0 Td
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+0.164 Tw
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+0 Tw
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+0.005 Tc
+0.37 Tw
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+0.252 Tw
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+0.108 Tw
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+T*
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+0.25 Tw
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+T*
+0.374 Tw
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+0.374 Tw
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+0.018 Tc
+0.357 Tw
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+T*
+0.003 Tc
+0.372 Tw
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+T*
+0 Tc
+-0.022 Tw
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+0.027 Tw
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+0.013 Tw
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+0.49414 0 Td
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+0.156 Tw
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+T*
+0.022 Tw
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+-0.037 Tw
+(processing (1-3% loss) and even after cook-)Tj
+T*
+0.005 Tc
+0.37 Tw
+(ing (12-14% loss). )Tj
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+9.151 0 Td
+0 Tc
+(d)Tj
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+0.49873 0 Td
+0.005 Tc
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+0.017 Tc
+0.358 Tw
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+0 Tc
+0.258 Tw
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+13.49145 0 Td
+(m)Tj
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+0.57618 0 Td
+(g/g (27%))Tj
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+0 Tw
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+0.287 Tw
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+0.205 Tw
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+0.332 Tw
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+0.145 Tw
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+0.099 Tw
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+0.025 Tw
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