/- Copyright (c) 2019 Reid Barton. All rights reserved. Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE. Authors: Johannes Hölzl, Patrick Massot, Sébastien Gouëzel, Zhouhang Zhou, Reid Barton -/ import logic.equiv.fin import topology.dense_embedding import topology.support /-! # Homeomorphisms This file defines homeomorphisms between two topological spaces. They are bijections with both directions continuous. We denote homeomorphisms with the notation `≃ₜ`. # Main definitions * `homeomorph α β`: The type of homeomorphisms from `α` to `β`. This type can be denoted using the following notation: `α ≃ₜ β`. # Main results * Pretty much every topological property is preserved under homeomorphisms. * `homeomorph.homeomorph_of_continuous_open`: A continuous bijection that is an open map is a homeomorphism. -/ open set filter open_locale topological_space variables {α : Type*} {β : Type*} {γ : Type*} {δ : Type*} /-- Homeomorphism between `α` and `β`, also called topological isomorphism -/ @[nolint has_inhabited_instance] -- not all spaces are homeomorphic to each other structure homeomorph (α : Type*) (β : Type*) [topological_space α] [topological_space β] extends α ≃ β := (continuous_to_fun : continuous to_fun . tactic.interactive.continuity') (continuous_inv_fun : continuous inv_fun . tactic.interactive.continuity') infix ` ≃ₜ `:25 := homeomorph namespace homeomorph variables [topological_space α] [topological_space β] [topological_space γ] [topological_space δ] instance : has_coe_to_fun (α ≃ₜ β) (λ _, α → β) := ⟨λe, e.to_equiv⟩ @[simp] lemma homeomorph_mk_coe (a : equiv α β) (b c) : ((homeomorph.mk a b c) : α → β) = a := rfl /-- Inverse of a homeomorphism. -/ protected def symm (h : α ≃ₜ β) : β ≃ₜ α := { continuous_to_fun := h.continuous_inv_fun, continuous_inv_fun := h.continuous_to_fun, to_equiv := h.to_equiv.symm } /-- See Note [custom simps projection]. We need to specify this projection explicitly in this case, because it is a composition of multiple projections. -/ def simps.apply (h : α ≃ₜ β) : α → β := h /-- See Note [custom simps projection] -/ def simps.symm_apply (h : α ≃ₜ β) : β → α := h.symm initialize_simps_projections homeomorph (to_equiv_to_fun → apply, to_equiv_inv_fun → symm_apply, -to_equiv) @[simp] lemma coe_to_equiv (h : α ≃ₜ β) : ⇑h.to_equiv = h := rfl @[simp] lemma coe_symm_to_equiv (h : α ≃ₜ β) : ⇑h.to_equiv.symm = h.symm := rfl lemma to_equiv_injective : function.injective (to_equiv : α ≃ₜ β → α ≃ β) | ⟨e, h₁, h₂⟩ ⟨e', h₁', h₂'⟩ rfl := rfl @[ext] lemma ext {h h' : α ≃ₜ β} (H : ∀ x, h x = h' x) : h = h' := to_equiv_injective $ equiv.ext H /-- Identity map as a homeomorphism. -/ @[simps apply {fully_applied := ff}] protected def refl (α : Type*) [topological_space α] : α ≃ₜ α := { continuous_to_fun := continuous_id, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_id, to_equiv := equiv.refl α } /-- Composition of two homeomorphisms. -/ protected def trans (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : β ≃ₜ γ) : α ≃ₜ γ := { continuous_to_fun := h₂.continuous_to_fun.comp h₁.continuous_to_fun, continuous_inv_fun := h₁.continuous_inv_fun.comp h₂.continuous_inv_fun, to_equiv := equiv.trans h₁.to_equiv h₂.to_equiv } @[simp] lemma trans_apply (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : β ≃ₜ γ) (a : α) : h₁.trans h₂ a = h₂ (h₁ a) := rfl @[simp] lemma homeomorph_mk_coe_symm (a : equiv α β) (b c) : ((homeomorph.mk a b c).symm : β → α) = a.symm := rfl @[simp] lemma refl_symm : (homeomorph.refl α).symm = homeomorph.refl α := rfl @[continuity] protected lemma continuous (h : α ≃ₜ β) : continuous h := h.continuous_to_fun @[continuity] -- otherwise `by continuity` can't prove continuity of `h.to_equiv.symm` protected lemma continuous_symm (h : α ≃ₜ β) : continuous (h.symm) := h.continuous_inv_fun @[simp] lemma apply_symm_apply (h : α ≃ₜ β) (x : β) : h (h.symm x) = x := h.to_equiv.apply_symm_apply x @[simp] lemma symm_apply_apply (h : α ≃ₜ β) (x : α) : h.symm (h x) = x := h.to_equiv.symm_apply_apply x protected lemma bijective (h : α ≃ₜ β) : function.bijective h := h.to_equiv.bijective protected lemma injective (h : α ≃ₜ β) : function.injective h := h.to_equiv.injective protected lemma surjective (h : α ≃ₜ β) : function.surjective h := h.to_equiv.surjective /-- Change the homeomorphism `f` to make the inverse function definitionally equal to `g`. -/ def change_inv (f : α ≃ₜ β) (g : β → α) (hg : function.right_inverse g f) : α ≃ₜ β := have g = f.symm, from funext (λ x, calc g x = f.symm (f (g x)) : (f.left_inv (g x)).symm ... = f.symm x : by rw hg x), { to_fun := f, inv_fun := g, left_inv := by convert f.left_inv, right_inv := by convert f.right_inv, continuous_to_fun := f.continuous, continuous_inv_fun := by convert f.symm.continuous } @[simp] lemma symm_comp_self (h : α ≃ₜ β) : ⇑h.symm ∘ ⇑h = id := funext h.symm_apply_apply @[simp] lemma self_comp_symm (h : α ≃ₜ β) : ⇑h ∘ ⇑h.symm = id := funext h.apply_symm_apply @[simp] lemma range_coe (h : α ≃ₜ β) : range h = univ := h.surjective.range_eq lemma image_symm (h : α ≃ₜ β) : image h.symm = preimage h := funext h.symm.to_equiv.image_eq_preimage lemma preimage_symm (h : α ≃ₜ β) : preimage h.symm = image h := (funext h.to_equiv.image_eq_preimage).symm @[simp] lemma image_preimage (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set β) : h '' (h ⁻¹' s) = s := h.to_equiv.image_preimage s @[simp] lemma preimage_image (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set α) : h ⁻¹' (h '' s) = s := h.to_equiv.preimage_image s protected lemma inducing (h : α ≃ₜ β) : inducing h := inducing_of_inducing_compose h.continuous h.symm.continuous $ by simp only [symm_comp_self, inducing_id] lemma induced_eq (h : α ≃ₜ β) : topological_space.induced h ‹_› = ‹_› := h.inducing.1.symm protected lemma quotient_map (h : α ≃ₜ β) : quotient_map h := quotient_map.of_quotient_map_compose h.symm.continuous h.continuous $ by simp only [self_comp_symm, quotient_map.id] lemma coinduced_eq (h : α ≃ₜ β) : topological_space.coinduced h ‹_› = ‹_› := h.quotient_map.2.symm protected lemma embedding (h : α ≃ₜ β) : embedding h := ⟨h.inducing, h.injective⟩ /-- Homeomorphism given an embedding. -/ noncomputable def of_embedding (f : α → β) (hf : embedding f) : α ≃ₜ (set.range f) := { continuous_to_fun := continuous_subtype_mk _ hf.continuous, continuous_inv_fun := by simp [hf.continuous_iff, continuous_subtype_coe], .. equiv.of_injective f hf.inj } protected lemma second_countable_topology [topological_space.second_countable_topology β] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : topological_space.second_countable_topology α := h.inducing.second_countable_topology lemma compact_image {s : set α} (h : α ≃ₜ β) : is_compact (h '' s) ↔ is_compact s := h.embedding.is_compact_iff_is_compact_image.symm lemma compact_preimage {s : set β} (h : α ≃ₜ β) : is_compact (h ⁻¹' s) ↔ is_compact s := by rw ← image_symm; exact h.symm.compact_image @[simp] lemma comap_cocompact (h : α ≃ₜ β) : comap h (cocompact β) = cocompact α := (comap_cocompact_le h.continuous).antisymm $ (has_basis_cocompact.le_basis_iff (has_basis_cocompact.comap h)).2 $ λ K hK, ⟨h ⁻¹' K, h.compact_preimage.2 hK, subset.rfl⟩ @[simp] lemma map_cocompact (h : α ≃ₜ β) : map h (cocompact α) = cocompact β := by rw [← h.comap_cocompact, map_comap_of_surjective h.surjective] protected lemma compact_space [compact_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : compact_space β := { compact_univ := by { rw [← image_univ_of_surjective h.surjective, h.compact_image], apply compact_space.compact_univ } } protected lemma t0_space [t0_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : t0_space β := h.symm.embedding.t0_space protected lemma t1_space [t1_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : t1_space β := h.symm.embedding.t1_space protected lemma t2_space [t2_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : t2_space β := h.symm.embedding.t2_space protected lemma t3_space [t3_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : t3_space β := h.symm.embedding.t3_space protected lemma dense_embedding (h : α ≃ₜ β) : dense_embedding h := { dense := h.surjective.dense_range, .. h.embedding } @[simp] lemma is_open_preimage (h : α ≃ₜ β) {s : set β} : is_open (h ⁻¹' s) ↔ is_open s := h.quotient_map.is_open_preimage @[simp] lemma is_open_image (h : α ≃ₜ β) {s : set α} : is_open (h '' s) ↔ is_open s := by rw [← preimage_symm, is_open_preimage] protected lemma is_open_map (h : α ≃ₜ β) : is_open_map h := λ s, h.is_open_image.2 @[simp] lemma is_closed_preimage (h : α ≃ₜ β) {s : set β} : is_closed (h ⁻¹' s) ↔ is_closed s := by simp only [← is_open_compl_iff, ← preimage_compl, is_open_preimage] @[simp] lemma is_closed_image (h : α ≃ₜ β) {s : set α} : is_closed (h '' s) ↔ is_closed s := by rw [← preimage_symm, is_closed_preimage] protected lemma is_closed_map (h : α ≃ₜ β) : is_closed_map h := λ s, h.is_closed_image.2 protected lemma open_embedding (h : α ≃ₜ β) : open_embedding h := open_embedding_of_embedding_open h.embedding h.is_open_map protected lemma closed_embedding (h : α ≃ₜ β) : closed_embedding h := closed_embedding_of_embedding_closed h.embedding h.is_closed_map protected lemma normal_space [normal_space α] (h : α ≃ₜ β) : normal_space β := h.symm.closed_embedding.normal_space lemma preimage_closure (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set β) : h ⁻¹' (closure s) = closure (h ⁻¹' s) := h.is_open_map.preimage_closure_eq_closure_preimage h.continuous _ lemma image_closure (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set α) : h '' (closure s) = closure (h '' s) := by rw [← preimage_symm, preimage_closure] lemma preimage_interior (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set β) : h⁻¹' (interior s) = interior (h ⁻¹' s) := h.is_open_map.preimage_interior_eq_interior_preimage h.continuous _ lemma image_interior (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set α) : h '' (interior s) = interior (h '' s) := by rw [← preimage_symm, preimage_interior] lemma preimage_frontier (h : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set β) : h ⁻¹' (frontier s) = frontier (h ⁻¹' s) := h.is_open_map.preimage_frontier_eq_frontier_preimage h.continuous _ @[to_additive] lemma _root_.has_compact_mul_support.comp_homeomorph {M} [has_one M] {f : β → M} (hf : has_compact_mul_support f) (φ : α ≃ₜ β) : has_compact_mul_support (f ∘ φ) := hf.comp_closed_embedding φ.closed_embedding @[simp] lemma map_nhds_eq (h : α ≃ₜ β) (x : α) : map h (𝓝 x) = 𝓝 (h x) := h.embedding.map_nhds_of_mem _ (by simp) lemma symm_map_nhds_eq (h : α ≃ₜ β) (x : α) : map h.symm (𝓝 (h x)) = 𝓝 x := by rw [h.symm.map_nhds_eq, h.symm_apply_apply] lemma nhds_eq_comap (h : α ≃ₜ β) (x : α) : 𝓝 x = comap h (𝓝 (h x)) := h.embedding.to_inducing.nhds_eq_comap x @[simp] lemma comap_nhds_eq (h : α ≃ₜ β) (y : β) : comap h (𝓝 y) = 𝓝 (h.symm y) := by rw [h.nhds_eq_comap, h.apply_symm_apply] /-- If an bijective map `e : α ≃ β` is continuous and open, then it is a homeomorphism. -/ def homeomorph_of_continuous_open (e : α ≃ β) (h₁ : continuous e) (h₂ : is_open_map e) : α ≃ₜ β := { continuous_to_fun := h₁, continuous_inv_fun := begin rw continuous_def, intros s hs, convert ← h₂ s hs using 1, apply e.image_eq_preimage end, to_equiv := e } @[simp] lemma comp_continuous_on_iff (h : α ≃ₜ β) (f : γ → α) (s : set γ) : continuous_on (h ∘ f) s ↔ continuous_on f s := h.inducing.continuous_on_iff.symm @[simp] lemma comp_continuous_iff (h : α ≃ₜ β) {f : γ → α} : continuous (h ∘ f) ↔ continuous f := h.inducing.continuous_iff.symm @[simp] lemma comp_continuous_iff' (h : α ≃ₜ β) {f : β → γ} : continuous (f ∘ h) ↔ continuous f := h.quotient_map.continuous_iff.symm lemma comp_continuous_at_iff (h : α ≃ₜ β) (f : γ → α) (x : γ) : continuous_at (h ∘ f) x ↔ continuous_at f x := h.inducing.continuous_at_iff.symm lemma comp_continuous_at_iff' (h : α ≃ₜ β) (f : β → γ) (x : α) : continuous_at (f ∘ h) x ↔ continuous_at f (h x) := h.inducing.continuous_at_iff' (by simp) lemma comp_continuous_within_at_iff (h : α ≃ₜ β) (f : γ → α) (s : set γ) (x : γ) : continuous_within_at f s x ↔ continuous_within_at (h ∘ f) s x := h.inducing.continuous_within_at_iff @[simp] lemma comp_is_open_map_iff (h : α ≃ₜ β) {f : γ → α} : is_open_map (h ∘ f) ↔ is_open_map f := begin refine ⟨_, λ hf, h.is_open_map.comp hf⟩, intros hf, rw [← function.comp.left_id f, ← h.symm_comp_self, function.comp.assoc], exact h.symm.is_open_map.comp hf, end @[simp] lemma comp_is_open_map_iff' (h : α ≃ₜ β) {f : β → γ} : is_open_map (f ∘ h) ↔ is_open_map f := begin refine ⟨_, λ hf, hf.comp h.is_open_map⟩, intros hf, rw [← function.comp.right_id f, ← h.self_comp_symm, ← function.comp.assoc], exact hf.comp h.symm.is_open_map, end /-- If two sets are equal, then they are homeomorphic. -/ def set_congr {s t : set α} (h : s = t) : s ≃ₜ t := { continuous_to_fun := continuous_subtype_mk _ continuous_subtype_val, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_subtype_mk _ continuous_subtype_val, to_equiv := equiv.set_congr h } /-- Sum of two homeomorphisms. -/ def sum_congr (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : γ ≃ₜ δ) : α ⊕ γ ≃ₜ β ⊕ δ := { continuous_to_fun := h₁.continuous.sum_map h₂.continuous, continuous_inv_fun := h₁.symm.continuous.sum_map h₂.symm.continuous, to_equiv := h₁.to_equiv.sum_congr h₂.to_equiv } /-- Product of two homeomorphisms. -/ def prod_congr (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : γ ≃ₜ δ) : α × γ ≃ₜ β × δ := { continuous_to_fun := (h₁.continuous.comp continuous_fst).prod_mk (h₂.continuous.comp continuous_snd), continuous_inv_fun := (h₁.symm.continuous.comp continuous_fst).prod_mk (h₂.symm.continuous.comp continuous_snd), to_equiv := h₁.to_equiv.prod_congr h₂.to_equiv } @[simp] lemma prod_congr_symm (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : γ ≃ₜ δ) : (h₁.prod_congr h₂).symm = h₁.symm.prod_congr h₂.symm := rfl @[simp] lemma coe_prod_congr (h₁ : α ≃ₜ β) (h₂ : γ ≃ₜ δ) : ⇑(h₁.prod_congr h₂) = prod.map h₁ h₂ := rfl section variables (α β γ) /-- `α × β` is homeomorphic to `β × α`. -/ def prod_comm : α × β ≃ₜ β × α := { continuous_to_fun := continuous_snd.prod_mk continuous_fst, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_snd.prod_mk continuous_fst, to_equiv := equiv.prod_comm α β } @[simp] lemma prod_comm_symm : (prod_comm α β).symm = prod_comm β α := rfl @[simp] lemma coe_prod_comm : ⇑(prod_comm α β) = prod.swap := rfl /-- `(α × β) × γ` is homeomorphic to `α × (β × γ)`. -/ def prod_assoc : (α × β) × γ ≃ₜ α × (β × γ) := { continuous_to_fun := (continuous_fst.comp continuous_fst).prod_mk ((continuous_snd.comp continuous_fst).prod_mk continuous_snd), continuous_inv_fun := (continuous_fst.prod_mk (continuous_fst.comp continuous_snd)).prod_mk (continuous_snd.comp continuous_snd), to_equiv := equiv.prod_assoc α β γ } /-- `α × {*}` is homeomorphic to `α`. -/ @[simps apply {fully_applied := ff}] def prod_punit : α × punit ≃ₜ α := { to_equiv := equiv.prod_punit α, continuous_to_fun := continuous_fst, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_id.prod_mk continuous_const } /-- `{*} × α` is homeomorphic to `α`. -/ def punit_prod : punit × α ≃ₜ α := (prod_comm _ _).trans (prod_punit _) @[simp] lemma coe_punit_prod : ⇑(punit_prod α) = prod.snd := rfl end /-- `ulift α` is homeomorphic to `α`. -/ def {u v} ulift {α : Type u} [topological_space α] : ulift.{v u} α ≃ₜ α := { continuous_to_fun := continuous_ulift_down, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_ulift_up, to_equiv := equiv.ulift } section distrib /-- `(α ⊕ β) × γ` is homeomorphic to `α × γ ⊕ β × γ`. -/ def sum_prod_distrib : (α ⊕ β) × γ ≃ₜ α × γ ⊕ β × γ := homeomorph.symm $ homeomorph_of_continuous_open (equiv.sum_prod_distrib α β γ).symm ((continuous_inl.prod_map continuous_id).sum_elim (continuous_inr.prod_map continuous_id)) $ is_open_map_sum (open_embedding_inl.is_open_map.prod is_open_map.id) (open_embedding_inr.is_open_map.prod is_open_map.id) /-- `α × (β ⊕ γ)` is homeomorphic to `α × β ⊕ α × γ`. -/ def prod_sum_distrib : α × (β ⊕ γ) ≃ₜ α × β ⊕ α × γ := (prod_comm _ _).trans $ sum_prod_distrib.trans $ sum_congr (prod_comm _ _) (prod_comm _ _) variables {ι : Type*} {σ : ι → Type*} [Π i, topological_space (σ i)] /-- `(Σ i, σ i) × β` is homeomorphic to `Σ i, (σ i × β)`. -/ def sigma_prod_distrib : ((Σ i, σ i) × β) ≃ₜ (Σ i, (σ i × β)) := homeomorph.symm $ homeomorph_of_continuous_open (equiv.sigma_prod_distrib σ β).symm (continuous_sigma $ λ i, (continuous_sigma_mk.comp continuous_fst).prod_mk continuous_snd) (is_open_map_sigma $ λ i, (open_embedding_sigma_mk.prod open_embedding_id).is_open_map) end distrib /-- If `ι` has a unique element, then `ι → α` is homeomorphic to `α`. -/ @[simps { fully_applied := ff }] def fun_unique (ι α : Type*) [unique ι] [topological_space α] : (ι → α) ≃ₜ α := { to_equiv := equiv.fun_unique ι α, continuous_to_fun := continuous_apply _, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_pi (λ _, continuous_id) } /-- Homeomorphism between dependent functions `Π i : fin 2, α i` and `α 0 × α 1`. -/ @[simps { fully_applied := ff }] def {u} pi_fin_two (α : fin 2 → Type u) [Π i, topological_space (α i)] : (Π i, α i) ≃ₜ α 0 × α 1 := { to_equiv := pi_fin_two_equiv α, continuous_to_fun := (continuous_apply 0).prod_mk (continuous_apply 1), continuous_inv_fun := continuous_pi $ fin.forall_fin_two.2 ⟨continuous_fst, continuous_snd⟩ } /-- Homeomorphism between `α² = fin 2 → α` and `α × α`. -/ @[simps { fully_applied := ff }] def fin_two_arrow : (fin 2 → α) ≃ₜ α × α := { to_equiv := fin_two_arrow_equiv α, .. pi_fin_two (λ _, α) } /-- A subset of a topological space is homeomorphic to its image under a homeomorphism. -/ @[simps] def image (e : α ≃ₜ β) (s : set α) : s ≃ₜ e '' s := { continuous_to_fun := by continuity!, continuous_inv_fun := by continuity!, to_equiv := e.to_equiv.image s, } /-- `set.univ α` is homeomorphic to `α`. -/ @[simps { fully_applied := ff }] def set.univ (α : Type*) [topological_space α] : (univ : set α) ≃ₜ α := { to_equiv := equiv.set.univ α, continuous_to_fun := continuous_subtype_coe, continuous_inv_fun := continuous_subtype_mk _ continuous_id } end homeomorph /-- An inducing equiv between topological spaces is a homeomorphism. -/ @[simps] def equiv.to_homeomorph_of_inducing [topological_space α] [topological_space β] (f : α ≃ β) (hf : inducing f) : α ≃ₜ β := { continuous_to_fun := hf.continuous, continuous_inv_fun := hf.continuous_iff.2 $ by simpa using continuous_id, .. f } namespace continuous variables [topological_space α] [topological_space β] lemma continuous_symm_of_equiv_compact_to_t2 [compact_space α] [t2_space β] {f : α ≃ β} (hf : continuous f) : continuous f.symm := begin rw continuous_iff_is_closed, intros C hC, have hC' : is_closed (f '' C) := (hC.is_compact.image hf).is_closed, rwa equiv.image_eq_preimage at hC', end /-- Continuous equivalences from a compact space to a T2 space are homeomorphisms. This is not true when T2 is weakened to T1 (see `continuous.homeo_of_equiv_compact_to_t2.t1_counterexample`). -/ @[simps] def homeo_of_equiv_compact_to_t2 [compact_space α] [t2_space β] {f : α ≃ β} (hf : continuous f) : α ≃ₜ β := { continuous_to_fun := hf, continuous_inv_fun := hf.continuous_symm_of_equiv_compact_to_t2, ..f } end continuous