(* ========================================================================= *)
(* Decision procedure for the provability logic GL.                          *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* (c) Copyright, Marco Maggesi, Cosimo Perini Brogi 2020-2022.              *)
(* ========================================================================= *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Lemmata.                                                                  *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let HOLDS_NNFC_UNFOLD = prove
 (`(!V w:W. ~holds (W,R) V False w) /\
   (!V w. holds (W,R) V True w) /\
   (!V s w. holds (W,R) V (Atom s) w <=> V s w) /\
   (!V p w. holds (W,R) V (Not p) w <=> ~holds (W,R) V p w) /\
   (!p V q w.
      holds (W,R) V (p && q) w <=> holds (W,R) V p w /\ holds (W,R) V q w) /\
   (!p V q w.
      holds (W,R) V (p || q) w <=> holds (W,R) V p w \/ holds (W,R) V q w) /\
   (!p V q w.
      holds (W,R) V (p --> q) w <=>
      ~holds (W,R) V p w \/ holds (W,R) V q w) /\
   (!p V q w.
      holds (W,R) V (p <-> q) w <=>
      (holds (W,R) V p w \/ ~holds (W,R) V q w) /\
      (~holds (W,R) V p w \/ holds (W,R) V q w))`,
  REWRITE_TAC[holds] THEN MESON_TAC[]);;

let COMPLETENESS_NUM =
  let COMPLETENESS_THEOREM_NUM =
    REWRITE_RULE[num_INFINITE]
      (INST_TYPE [`:num`,`:A`] COMPLETENESS_THEOREM_GEN)
  in
  let HOLDS_BOX_EQ = prove
   (`!W R p w:A.
       ITF (W,R) /\ w IN W
       ==> (holds (W,R) V (Box p) w <=>
            (!y. y IN W /\ R w y ==> holds (W,R) V (Box p --> p) y))`,
    INTRO_TAC "!W R p w; WR w" THEN REWRITE_TAC[holds] THEN
    EQ_TAC THENL [MESON_TAC[]; ALL_TAC] THEN
    CLAIM_TAC "tnt" `TRANSNT(W:A->bool,R)` THENL
    [MATCH_MP_TAC ITF_NT THEN ASM_REWRITE_TAC[]; ALL_TAC] THEN
    REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC
     (REWRITE_RULE [holds_in; holds; RIGHT_IMP_FORALL_THM; IMP_IMP]
                   TRANSNT_IMP_LOB) THEN
    EXISTS_TAC `w:A` THEN HYP_TAC "tnt" (REWRITE_RULE[TRANSNT]) THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
    ASM_MESON_TAC[])
  in
 prove
 (`!p. (!W R V w:num.
          (!x y z:num. R y z ==> R x y ==> R x z) /\
          (!p w. w IN W /\
                 (!y. y IN W /\ R w y /\ holds (W,R) V (Box p) y
                      ==> holds (W,R) V p y)
                 ==> holds (W,R) V (Box p) w) /\
          (!Q p w. w IN W /\
                   (!y. y IN W /\ R w y /\ holds (W,R) V (Box p) y
                        ==> holds (W,R) V p y \/ Q)
                   ==> holds (W,R) V (Box p) w \/ Q) /\
          (!w w'. R w w'
                  ==> !p. holds (W,R) V (Box p) w ==> holds (W,R) V p w') /\
          (!p w. holds (W,R) V (Box p) w
                 ==> !w'. R w w' ==> holds (W,R) V p w') /\
          w IN W
          ==> holds (W,R) V p w)
       ==> |-- p`,
  GEN_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[IMP_IMP] THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC COMPLETENESS_THEOREM_NUM THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[valid; FORALL_PAIR_THM; holds_in] THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN INTRO_TAC "itf" THEN REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  FIRST_X_ASSUM MATCH_MP_TAC THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
  [ASM_MESON_TAC[ITF]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC (MESON [] `P /\ (P ==> Q) ==> P /\ Q`) THEN
  CONJ_TAC THENL
  [REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN ASM_SIMP_TAC[HOLDS_BOX_EQ] THEN
   ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[holds] THEN ASM_MESON_TAC[];
   ALL_TAC] THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN
  CONJ_TAC THENL [POP_ASSUM MP_TAC THEN MESON_TAC[]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[holds] THEN ASM_MESON_TAC[ITF]);;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* The work horse of the tactic.                                             *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

module Rule_gl = struct

  (* Some additional theorem-tactics. *)

  let DISCARD_TAC : thm_tactic =
    let truth_tm = concl TRUTH in
    fun th ->
      let tm = concl th in
      if tm = truth_tm then ALL_TAC else
      fun (asl,w as g) ->
        if exists (fun a -> aconv tm (concl(snd a))) asl then ALL_TAC g
        else failwith "DISCARD_TAC: not already present"

  let NEG_RIGHT_TAC (k:thm_tactic) : tactic =
    let pth = MESON []
      `((~P \/ Q) <=> (P ==> Q)) /\
       (~P <=> (P ==> F))` in
    GEN_REWRITE_TAC I [pth] THEN DISCH_THEN k

  let NEG_CONTR_TAC : thm_tactic =
    let pth = MESON [] `~P ==> P ==> Q` in
    fun th -> MATCH_MP_TAC (MATCH_MP pth th) THEN
              FIRST_X_ASSUM MATCH_ACCEPT_TAC

  let NEG_LEFT_TAC : thm_tactic =
    let pth = MESON [] `~P ==> (P \/ Q) ==> Q` in
    MATCH_MP_TAC o MATCH_MP pth

  (* Non-recursive building block tactics. *)

  let GEN_BOX_RIGHT_TAC (kacc:thm_tactic) (kholds:thm_tactic): tactic =
    let ptac =
      CONJ_TAC THENL
      [FIRST_ASSUM MATCH_ACCEPT_TAC;
       GEN_TAC THEN
       DISCH_THEN (CONJUNCTS_THEN2 ASSUME_TAC
                                   (CONJUNCTS_THEN2 kacc kholds))] in
    let ttac th = (MATCH_MP_TAC th THEN ptac) in
    USE_THEN "boxr1" ttac ORELSE USE_THEN "boxr2" ttac

  let HOLDS_NNFC_UNFOLD_CONV : conv =
    GEN_REWRITE_CONV TOP_DEPTH_CONV
      [HOLDS_NNFC_UNFOLD; OR_CLAUSES; AND_CLAUSES] THENC
    NNFC_CONV

  let STRIP_HOLDS_TCL:thm_tactical =
    let strip_tcl:thm_tactical = FIRST_TCL [CONJUNCTS_THEN; DISJ_CASES_THEN] in
    let rule = CONV_RULE HOLDS_NNFC_UNFOLD_CONV in
    fun ttac -> REPEAT_TCL strip_tcl ttac o rule

  let ASSUME_HOLDS_LITERAL_TAC:thm_tactic =
    let rewr_tac th =
      let pth = MESON[]
        `(T \/ p <=> T) /\ (p \/ T <=> T) /\
         (F \/ p <=> p) /\ (p \/ F <=> p)` in
        GEN_REWRITE_TAC DEPTH_CONV [th; pth] in
    let lbl_tac th = rewr_tac th THEN
                     CONTR_TAC th ORELSE
                     DISCARD_TAC th ORELSE
                     LABEL_TAC "holds" th in
    fun th ->
      rewr_tac th THEN
      FIRST (mapfilter (fun ttac -> ttac th)
                      [NEG_CONTR_TAC; NEG_LEFT_TAC; lbl_tac])

  (* Non-recursive building box theorem-tacticals. *)

  let STEP_BOXL1_TCL : thm_tactical = fun k acc ->
    USE_THEN "boxl1" (fun boxl1 ->
      try let f = MATCH_MP (MATCH_MP boxl1 acc) in
          ASSUM_LIST (MAP_EVERY (STRIP_HOLDS_TCL k) o mapfilter f)
      with Failure _ -> ALL_TAC)

  let STEP_BOXL2_TCL : thm_tactical = fun k hth ->
    USE_THEN "boxl2" (fun boxl2 ->
      try let f = MATCH_MP (MATCH_MP boxl2 hth) in
          ASSUM_LIST (MAP_EVERY (STRIP_HOLDS_TCL k) o mapfilter f)
      with Failure _ -> ALL_TAC)

  let ACC_TCL:thm_tactical = fun k acc ->
    USE_THEN "trans" (fun trans ->
      let f = MATCH_MP (MATCH_MP trans acc) in
      ASSUM_LIST (MAP_EVERY k o mapfilter f))

  (* Recursive theorem-tacticals. *)

  let rec HOLDS_TAC:thm_tactic = fun th ->
    ASSUME_HOLDS_LITERAL_TAC th THEN
    TRY (STEP_BOXL2_TCL HOLDS_TAC th)

  let rec SATURATE_ACC_TCL:thm_tactical = fun ttac th ->
    LABEL_TAC "acc" th THEN
    STEP_BOXL1_TCL ttac th THEN
    ACC_TCL (SATURATE_ACC_TCL ttac) th

  let SATURATE_ACC_TAC:thm_tactic = fun th g ->
    (STEP_BOXL1_TCL HOLDS_TAC th THEN
    SATURATE_ACC_TCL HOLDS_TAC th)
    g

  let BOX_RIGHT_TAC = GEN_BOX_RIGHT_TAC SATURATE_ACC_TAC HOLDS_TAC

  (* Sort atoms in disjunctions. *)

  let dest_holds = function
      Comb(Comb(Comb(Comb(Const("holds",_),_),_),tm),_) -> tm
    | _ -> failwith "dest_holds"

  (* let is_holds = can dest_holds *)

  let dest_box = function
      Comb(Const("Box",_),tm) -> tm
    | _ -> failwith "dest_box"

  let is_box = can dest_box

  let rank tm =
    try 0,dest_holds(dest_neg tm) with Failure _ ->
    try let x = dest_holds tm in
        try 1,dest_box x with Failure _ -> 2,x
    with Failure _ -> 3,tm (* This case should never occur in practice. *)

  (* Must be a total order, otherwise we may have loops in the main tactic. *)
  let lt tm1 tm2 =
    let c1 = Pervasives.compare tm1 tm2 in
    if c1 = 0 then false else
    let r1,x1 = rank tm1
    and r2,x2 = rank tm2 in
    if r1 <> r2 then r1 < r2 else
    let c2 = Pervasives.compare x1 x2 in
    if c2 = 0 then c1 > 0 else
    if free_in x1 x2 then true else
    if free_in x2 x1 then false else
    c2 > 0

  let SORT_BOX_CONV : conv =
    let f = list_mk_disj o uniq o mergesort lt o striplist dest_disj in
    fun tm -> DISJ_ACI_RULE (mk_eq(tm,f tm))

  let SORT_BOX_TAC : tactic = CONV_TAC SORT_BOX_CONV

  (* Main tactic. *)

  let GL_RIGHT_TAC : tactic =
    CONV_TAC (HOLDS_NNFC_UNFOLD_CONV) THEN
    PURE_ASM_REWRITE_TAC[AND_CLAUSES; OR_CLAUSES; NOT_CLAUSES] THEN
    CONV_TAC CNF_CONV THEN
    REPEAT CONJ_TAC THEN
    TRY (NEG_RIGHT_TAC HOLDS_TAC)

  let GL_STEP_TAC : tactic =
    (FIRST o map CHANGED_TAC)
      [GL_RIGHT_TAC;
       SORT_BOX_TAC THEN BOX_RIGHT_TAC]

  let INNER_GL_TAC : tactic = REPEAT GL_STEP_TAC

end;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Generate a countermodel.                                                  *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let the_gl_countermodel : term ref = ref `F`;;

let GL_BUILD_COUNTERMODEL : tactic =
  let drop_labels =
    ["trans"; "boxr1"; "boxr2"; "boxl1"; "boxl2"] in
  let drop_assumption s = mem s drop_labels in
  let filter_asl =
    mapfilter (fun s,t -> if drop_assumption s then fail() else concl t ) in
  fun asl,w ->
    let l = filter_asl asl in
    the_gl_countermodel :=
      end_itlist (curry mk_conj) (l @ map mk_neg (striplist dest_disj w));
    failwith
      "Contermodel stored in reference the_gl_countermodel.";;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Top-level invocation.                                                     *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_TAC : tactic =
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT (CONV_TAC let_CONV) THEN REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[diam_DEF; dotbox_DEF] THEN MATCH_MP_TAC COMPLETENESS_NUM THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN INTRO_TAC "trans boxr1 boxr2 boxl1 boxl2 w" THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN Rule_gl.INNER_GL_TAC THEN GL_BUILD_COUNTERMODEL;;

let GL_RULE (tm:term) : thm =
  prove(tm,GL_TAC);;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Some arithmetical principles investigated via provability in GL           *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* Modal formulas can be realised as sentences (i.e. closed formulas) of     *)
(* Peano Arithmetic (PA). The Box is thus interpreted as the predicate of    *)
(* formal provability in PA, Bew(x).                                         *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* Under this interpretation, we will read modal formulas as follows:        *)
(* - Box p = p is provable in PA;                                            *)
(* - Not (Box (Not p)) = p is consistent with PA                             *)
(* - Not (Box p) = p is unprovable in PA                                     *)
(* - Box (Not p) = p is refutable in PA                                      *)
(* - (Box p) || (Box (Not p)) = p is decidable in PA                         *)
(* - Not (Box p) && Not (Box (Not p)) = p is undecidable in PA               *)
(* - Box (p <-> q) = p and q are equivalent over PA                          *)
(* - Box (False) = PA is inconsistent                                        *)
(* - Not (Box False) = Diam True = PA is consistent                          *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* Formalised Second Incompleteness Theorem:                                 *)
(* In PA, the following is provable: If PA is consistent, it cannot prove    *)
(* its own consistency                                                       *)
(*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*)

let GL_second_incompleteness_theorem = time GL_RULE
  `|-- (Not (Box False) --> Not (Box (Diam True)))`;;

(*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* PA ignores unprovability statements                                       *)
(*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*)

let GL_PA_ignorance = time GL_RULE
  `!p. |-- ((Box False) <-> Box (Diam p))`;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* If PA does not prove its inconsistency, then its consistency is           *)
(*   undecidable.                                                            *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_PA_undecidability_of_consistency = time GL_RULE
  `|-- ( Not (Box (Box False))
         --> Not (Box (Not (Box False))) &&
             Not (Box (Not (Not (Box False)))) )`;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* If a sentence is equivalent to its own unprovability, and if PA does not  *)
(* prove its inconsistency, then that sentence is undecidable.               *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_undecidability_of_Godels_formula = time GL_RULE
  `!p. |-- ( Box (p <-> Not (Box p)) && Not (Box (Box False))
             --> Not (Box p) && Not (Box (Not p)) )`;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* If a reflection principle implies the second iterated consistency         *)
(*   assertion, then the converse implication holds too.                     *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_reflection_and_iterated_consistency = time GL_RULE
  `!p. |-- ( Box ((Box p --> p) --> Diam (Diam True))
             --> (Diam (Diam True) --> (Box p --> p)) )`;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* A Godel sentence is equiconsistent with a consistency statement           *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_Godel_sentence_equiconsistent_consistency = time GL_RULE
  `!p. |-- ( Box (p <-> Not (Box p)) <-> Box (p <-> Not (Box False)) )`;;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* For any arithmetical senteces p q, p is equivalent to unprovability       *)
(* of q --> p iff p is equivalent to consistency of q                        *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

let GL_arithmetical_fixpoint = time GL_RULE
  `!p q. |-- ( Dotbox (p <-> Not (Box (q --> p))) <->
               Dotbox (p <-> Diam q) )`;;