This article is about the German title. For other uses, see Führer (disambiguation).
Führer (German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐ], spelled Fuehrer when the umlaut is not available) is a German word meaning "leader" or "guide". As a political title it is associated with the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler. Nazi Germany cultivated the Führerprinzip ("leader principle"), and Hitler was generally known as just der Führer ("the Leader").
Führer was the title demanded by Adolf Hitler to denote his function as the head of the Nazi Party; he received it in 1921 when, infuriated over party founder Anton Drexler's plan to merge with another antisemitic far-right nationalist party, he resigned from the party. Drexler and the party's Executive Committee then acquiesced to Hitler's demand to be made the chairman of the party with "dictatorial powers" as the condition for his return. It was common at the time to refer to leaders of all sorts, including those of political parties, as Führer. Hitler's adoption of the title was partly inspired by its earlier use by the Austrian Georg von Schönerer, a major exponent of pan-Germanism and German nationalism in Austria, whose followers commonly referred to him as the Führer, and who also used the Roman salute – where the right arm and hand are held rigidly outstretched – which they called the "German greeting". According to historian Richard J. Evans, this use of "Führer" by Schönerer's Pan-German Association, probably introduced the term to the German far right, but its specific adoption by the Nazis may have been influenced by the use in Italy of "Duce", also meaning "leader", as an informal title for Benito Mussolini, the Fascist Prime Minister, and later dictator, of that country.
After Hitler's appointment as Reichskanzler (Chancellor of the Reich) the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act which allowed Hitler's cabinet to promulgate laws by decree.
One day before the death of Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg, Hitler and his cabinet decreed a law that merged the office of the president with that of Chancellor, so that Hitler became Führer and Reichskanzler – although eventually Reichskanzler was quietly dropped. Hitler therefore assumed the President's powers without assuming the office itself – ostensibly out of respect for Hindenburg's achievements as a heroic figure in World War I. Though this law was in breach of the Enabling Act, which specifically precluded any laws concerning the Presidential office, it was approved by a referendum on 19 August.
Hitler saw himself as the sole source of power in Germany, similar to the Roman emperors and German medieval leaders. He used the title Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor), highlighting the positions he already held in party and government, though in popular reception, the element Führer was increasingly understood not just in reference to the Nazi Party, but also in reference to the German people and the German state. Soldiers had to swear allegiance to Hitler as "Führer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes" (Leader of the German Reich and People). The title was changed on 28 July 1942 to "Führer des Großdeutschen Reiches" (Leader of the Greater German Reich). In his political testament, Hitler also referred to himself as Führer der Nation (Leader of the Nation).
One of the Nazis' most-repeated political slogans was Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer – "One People, One Empire, One Leader". Bendersky says the slogan "left an indelible mark on the minds of most Germans who lived through the Nazi years. It appeared on countless posters and in publications; it was heard constantly in radio broadcasts and speeches." The slogan emphasized the absolute control of the party over practically every sector of German society and culture – with the churches being the most notable exception. Hitler's word was absolute, but he had a narrow range of interest – mostly involving diplomacy and the military – and so his subordinates interpreted his will to fit their own interests.
According to the Constitution of Weimar, the President was Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Unlike "President", Hitler did take this title (Oberbefehlshaber) for himself. When conscription was reintroduced in 1935, Hitler created the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, a post held by the Minister for War. He retained the title of Supreme Commander for himself. Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, then the Minister of War and one of those who created the Hitler oath, or the personal oath of loyalty of the military to Hitler, became the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces while Hitler remained Supreme Commander. Following the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair in 1938, Hitler assumed the commander-in-chief's post as well and took personal command of the armed forces. However, he continued using the older formally higher title of Supreme Commander, which was thus filled with a somewhat new meaning. Combining it with "Führer", he used the style Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (Leader and Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht), yet a simple "Führer" since May 1942.
An additional title was adopted by Hitler on 23 June 1941 when he declared himself the "Germanic Führer" (Germanischer Führer), in addition to his duties as Führer of the German state and people. This was done to emphasize Hitler's professed leadership of what the Nazis described as the "Nordic-Germanic master race", which was considered to include peoples such as the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, Dutch, and others in addition to the Germans, and the intent to annex these countries to the German Reich in 1933. Waffen-SS formations from these countries had to declare obedience to Hitler by addressing him in this fashion. On 12 December 1941 the Dutch fascist Anton Mussert also addressed him as such when he proclaimed his allegiance to Hitler during a visit to the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. He had wanted to address Hitler as Führer aller Germanen ("Führer of all Germanics"), but Hitler personally decreed the former style. Historian Loe de Jong speculates on the difference between the two: Führer aller Germanen implied a position separate from Hitler's role as Führer und Reichskanzler des Grossdeutschen Reiches ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the Greater German Empire"), while germanischer Führer served more as an attribute of that main function. As late as 1944, however, occasional propaganda publications continued to refer to him by this unofficial title.
Führer has been used as a military title (compare Latin Dux) in Germany since at least the 18th century. The usage of the term "Führer" in the context of a company-sized military subunit in the German Army referred to a commander lacking the qualifications for permanent command. For example, the commanding officer of a company was (and is) titled "Kompaniechef" (literally, Company Chief), but if he did not have the requisite rank or experience, or was only temporarily assigned to command, he was officially titled "Kompanieführer". Thus operational commands of various military echelons were typically referred to by their formation title followed by the title Führer, in connection with mission-type tactics used by the German military forces. The term Führer was also used at lower levels, regardless of experience or rank; for example, a Gruppenführer was the leader of a squad of infantry (9 or 10 men).
Under the Nazis, the title Führer was also used in paramilitary titles (see Freikorps). Almost every Nazi paramilitary organization, in particular the SS and SA, had Nazi party paramilitary ranks incorporating the title of Führer. The SS including the Waffen-SS, like all paramilitary Nazi organisations, called all their members of any degree except the lowest Führer of something; thus confusingly, Gruppenführer was also an official rank title for a specific grade of general. The word Truppenführer was also a generic word referring to any commander or leader of troops, and could be applied to NCOs or officers at many different levels of command.
The word Führerstand translates to a "driver's cab"
In Germany, the isolated word "Führer" is usually avoided in political contexts, due to its intimate connection with Nazi institutions and with Hitler personally. However, the term -führer is used in many compound words. Examples include Bergführer (mountain guide), Fremdenführer (tourist guide), Geschäftsführer (CEO or EO), Führerschein (driver's license), Führerstand or Führerhaus (driver's cab), Lok(omotiv)führer (train driver), Reiseführer (travel guide book), and Spielführer (team captain — also referred to as Mannschaftskapitän).
The use of alternative terms like "Chef" (a borrowing from the French, as is the English "chief", e.g. Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes) or Leiter (often in compound words like Amtsleiter, Projektleiter or Referatsleiter) is usually not the result of replacing of the word "Führer", but rather using terminology that existed before the Nazis. The use of Führer to refer to a political party leader is rare today and Vorsitzender (chairman) is the more common term. However, the word Oppositionsführer ("leader of the (parliamentary) opposition") is more commonly used.
^ "Means Used by the Nazi Conspiractors in Gaining Control of the German State (Part 4 of 55)".
^ Evans, Richard J. (2003) The Coming of the Third Reich. New York; Penguin. pp.43, 184. ISBN 0-14-303469-3. Schönerer also invented the "pseudo-medieval" greeting "Heil", meaning "Hail".
"§ 1 The office of the Reichspräsident is merged with that of the Reichskanzler. Therefore the previous rights of the Reichspräsident pass over to the Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler. He names his deputy."
^ Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 226–27. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
^ Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (2003). "Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft (Teil 2)". Nationalsozialismus I (in German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ Winkler, Heinrich August. "The German Catastrophe 1933–1945". Germany: The Long Road West vol. 2: 1933–1990. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ "NS-Archiv : Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus : Adolf Hitler, Politisches Testament".
^ Joseph W. Bendersky (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 105–6.
^ De Jong, Louis (1974) (in Dutch). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de tweede wereldoorlog: Maart '41 – Juli '42, p. 181. M. Nijhoff.
^ Bramstedt, E. K. (2003). Dictatorship and Political Police: the Technique of Control by Fear, pp. 92–93. Routledge.
^ a b c De Jong 1974, pp. 199–200.
^ Adolf Hitler: Führer aller Germanen. Storm, 1944.


If you’ve never played Forza games, they offer some of the best driving experiences around. As someone who’s been playing car games for nearly 20 years, there’s nothing like quality driving experience. Well, Turn 10 is now bringing the experience they’re known for to a completely new platform.
This will mark the first time that Forza has been available on anything not Microsoft-branded. Before, it was only available on Windows 10 or Xbox platforms, so the addition of Android and iOS is welcomed.
Forza Street is built to sync your settings and progress across multiple devices and platforms. Designed to let you race on-the-go, the controls are streamlined to focus on just the timing of gas, brake, and boost to secure your victory.
You’ll find a legendary lineup of vehicles in this action-packed game. With those cars, you’ll compete in intense, cinematic races lasting from quick one-minute long matches to becoming engrossed in an in-depth story campaign. Each race gives a chance to earn a performance icon, allowing you to turn the already incredible cars into an expansive trophy case to show off to all of your friends.
You’ll be able to download Forza Street on Windows 10 devices starting today, with the Android and iOS games coming later this year. It’s free to download and play, so if you’ve been bitten by the racing bug, be sure to give it a try.
Whether you’re a seasoned veteran or newcomer to racing games, the experience provided by Forza Street is bound to bring you joy. I can’t wait to dive into this brand-new driving experience once it hits portable devices later this year. Are you a racing fan? Will you be enjoying Forza Street? Let us know on social media or in the comments below!


Am I getting braver, or just getting accustomed to being terrified?
If Miss Watson had told Huck what the Bible says about living in a resurrected body and being with people we love on a resurrected Earth with gardens and rivers and mountains and untold adventures-now that would have gotten his attention.
Christians are God's delivery people, through whom he does his giving to a needy world. We are conduits of God's grace to others. Our eternal investment portfolio should be full of the most strategic kingdom-building projects to which we can disburse God's funds.
A disciple does not ask, "How much can I keep?" but, "How much more can I give?" Whenever we start to get comfortable with our level of giving, it's time to raise it again.
Wealth is a relational barrier. It keeps us from having open relationships.
We should remember Christ's words, 'Let nothing be wasted,' when we look in our refrigerators and garbage cans and garages.
If we can keep ourselves from interfering with the natural laws of life, mistakes can be our child's finest teachers.
Yanked out of the present, Adam discovered the richness of the past in people's stories.
...if I try to make only enough money for my family' immediate needs, it may violate Scripture. ...Even though earning just enough to meet the needs of my family may seem nonmaterialistic, it's actually selfish when I could earn enough to care for others as well.
[Nathan] wasn't blindly obsessed with a possession. He wasn't crazy. He was a hero-a father who'd risked his life to rescue his son.
..tithing isn't something I do to clear my conscience so I can do whatever I want with the 90 percent-it also belongs to God! I must seek his direction and permission for whatever I do with the full amount. I may discover that God has different ideas than I do.
Given our abundance, the burden of proof should always be on keeping, not giving. Why would you not give? We err by beginning with the assumption that we should keep or spend the money God entrusts to us. Giving should be the default choice. Unless there is a compelling reason to spend it or keep it, we should give it.
God doesn't make us rich so we can indulge ourselves and spoil our children, or so we can insulate ourselves form needing God's provision. God gives us abundant material blessing so that we can give it away, and give it generously.


The power of the Doberman stands out against the rugged background of our antique gold finish dog ID tag. It is easy to see the energy and fearlessness of this popular breed. The dog ID tag has a blank back, making it ready for engraving. Add it to your dog`s collar or put it on your own keychain.


Our 3' x 5' Cambodia flag includes vivid colors and an accurate design screen-printed on a durable 100% polyester material. The flag features a white fabric header with two brass grommets on the 3' side for easy display. The flag is best used indoors but can withstand occasional outdoor use. The authentic design is based on information from official sources.


Living in residence is an integral part of the Marymount experience. The social and interpersonal experiences of residential life play a vital role in student development. All new first and second year students as well as lower division transfer students are required to live in residence. Students transferring to MCU with 29 or less credits are required to live in residence for two years. Students transferring in with 30-59 credits are required to live in residence for one year. Upper division transfer students, with 60 or more credits, are highly encouraged to live in residence, but are not required.
To apply for residence click here.
Marymount California University offers premier dining at Bistro by the Sea, the main Oceanview Campus Café. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are served Monday through Thursday. Breakfast and lunch are available on Friday. Outtakes, the snack shop at the Villas offers supplies such as laundry detergent, school supplies, as well as snacks, coffee and other beverages, candy and an assortment of other snacks.
All residential students are required to participate in a meal plan. There are a variety of options from which to choose, including plans that provide 14, 12 or 10 meals per week, as well as other flexible Café and Outtakes options. On Friday nights and weekends, students often prepare food in the kitchens at their residences or enjoy a rich variety of dining options in the Palos Verdes and San Pedro areas. Those who do not wish to cook or eat out may sign up for weekend boxed meals provided by the Café.
Marymount’s shuttle service between the Oceanview campus and the residential communities runs hourly on weekdays from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. when classes are in session. In addition, shuttle drivers are happy to make stops at banks, grocery stores, fitness facilities and other service locations.
MARRIAGE/PARTNERSHIP/DEPENDANT DOCUMENTATION You must provide a copy of your marriage license/domestic partnership or dependent’s birth certificate.
In addition to clubs, student government, and volunteer and cultural opportunities, residential students form lifelong friendships and enjoy a rich variety of social activities, such as barbecues, study-break snacks, faculty-student dinners, comedy nights, volleyball tournaments, game nights and dances.


An object with a mass of #6 kg# is on a plane with an incline of # - pi/4 #. If it takes #24 N# to start pushing the object down the plane and #9 N# to keep pushing it, what are the coefficients of static and kinetic friction?
Opposing Frictional Force = u(static) Normal Force.


Always ensure you are happy with your contract before you sign. The LMC can provide to members a basic contract checking service. We are not lawyers and cannot give a legal opinion.
The BMA offers free to its members an extremely comprehensive contract checking service. Gp contracts vary hugely in their make-up and contents. It is well worth seeking a review to ensure you understand what you are signing. Practices should be happy to clarify points before posts are taken up and some points may be open to negotiation.
Here are some useful resources to guide you.


Jean (Jeannie) passed away after a lengthy battle with Emphysema and Diabetes. She was surrounded by family and friends throughtout the last few days and nights.
She joins her parents Rob and Annie Spooner, Brother Bobby, and Nephew Steve.
We are sure that are all enjoying the Blue Jay’s Baseball games and curling matches together.
Also, gone before, Jean’s first husband Terry MacDonald, Mother’s and Father’s in Law, Gladys & Charlie MacDonlad and Olive & Ben Blacklaw, Sister-in-law Shirley Chouinard, Nephews Randy & Henry Chouinard, and Brothers-in-law Stege & Ben Bjornson.
Missing her already is her Husband Marvin, Sons Chuck (Terri), Joe (Jenylyn), Scott (Stacy), Ben (Twyla), Daughter Tanya (Greg), Sister Pat (Gord), Brothers Tom (Janet), Tim (Patti), Brother-in-law Stuart (Leona), Sisters-in-law Judy (Bill), Gay, Leigh, Glennis as well as 11 Grandchildren and numerous Nieces and Nephews.
May 31, 2014 from 2-5 pm., with refreshments to follow.
Diabetes, Heart & Stroke Foundation or the Canadian Cancer Society.


The blogosphere has gained a new asset today.
TV Week is one of our clients and it’s been really exciting watching Brent take to blogging like a true west dot coaster.
To borrow one of Roland T‘s phrases, Go Brent Go.


It spreads like a wild fire. “It can never happen to me! I can’t get infected; I am protected. I have taken all the precautions necessary not to get infected.” No, we are not talking about a serious disease. We are talking about ransomware. A virus/malware that encrypts not only the data on your computer, but can reach out to any “drive” on your network that you have access to and encrypts that information as well. This encryption holds the data “hostage” with the sole purpose of extorting money from the victim by requesting payment in exchange for the decryption key that will restore their valuable data.
Chances are that you know of a person or business that has suffered a ransomware attack. The virus does not discriminate, an outbreak can occur in small or large businesses, local municipalities (even police departments), school districts and hospitals. In fact, in February 2016, a California hospital (Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center) was hit with ransomware, as a result their network was offline for over a week. That means no access to email, patient data and other critical documentation that affected the daily operations of the hospital. What would the impact be if ransomware hit your business and you had little or no access to critical information for over a week? The global spread and impact of ransomware further indicates this is a pandemic!
There are a number of ransomware threats that have become prevalent, including CryptoLocker or CryptoWall. These malwares have been linked to a number of different emails and/or links on websites. No matter how the infection took place, the result is the same, the malware gets downloaded to a PC and will scan all physical and network (logical) drives and encrypt certain file types. The virus can also attack USB thumb drives that are attached to the infected computer along with folders that are mapped to cloud storage solutions (e.g. Dropbox).
Files that get encrypted are typically popular data format files including: Microsoft Office, Adobe programs, iTunes or other music players and photo viewers. The files are compromised using a combination of two different encryption schemes; 256-bit AES and 2048-bit RSA. This basically renders the files useless without the decryption key; brute force or other tools cannot break the encryption on these files. When the ransomware has finished encrypting files on the PC, the virus will typically display a screen regarding a payment program that prompts the user to send a ransom payment to decrypt the files.
A user is then given a limited amount of time to pay the ransom (typically 72 hours) or it will delete the encryption key, making the encrypted files permanently inaccessible. Typically, the ransom must be paid using Bitcoins; an untraceable payment system. Once a payment is made and verified, the victim will then receive the decryption key in order to decrypt the files held for ransom.
Once the ransomware virus has infiltrated a computer and a user takes notice, most of the damage has already been done. If a computer is infected with a ransomware virus, first disconnect the computer immediately from any wireless/wired networks. Although there are software tools that can remove the malware from a computer, once files have been encrypted, they cannot be decrypted without the decryption (private) key. Essentially, three options then exist; 1) pay the ransom, 2) restore any encrypted files from the most recent backup, or 3) assuming a good back-up does not exist, chalk this experience to a cyber-incident and format the hard drive to start from scratch (all too often even if the infected computer was “cleaned” from ransomware, remnants of the malware still exist and may cause problems later).
The key here is having a useable and viable backup. Many times as a result of a ransomware infection, businesses learn that their backup is not effectively working or not backing up all files. In either situation, the user may have to resort to option 1 or 3; pay the ransom or format their computer resulting in lost/not retrievable files.
Backup, Backup and Backup – Having a usable and viable backup (not just a copy of files) can substantially mitigate risks and protect your data. Make sure backup is performed daily and that all files are part of this process. Full daily backups will help ensure a smoother process if there is a ransomware attack. Make sure the backup process through a restore is effectively working. Restore files from backup on a monthly or quarterly basis to provide peace of mind.
Don’t Open Emails From Strangers – One of the most common ways ransomware is transmitted is through email. Try to not open emails from people that you are not familiar with. DO NOT open attachments or click on links that are in non-familiar emails.
Minimize Network Access – Perform an assessment to determine the level of access to information each user has on the network. As mentioned previously, ransomware can reach beyond the PC it originally encrypted to the files on the network, affecting the entire company. Limiting access to network files will help mitigate these risks.
Patch, Patch and Patch – Patches to various software (operating systems, firewalls, application software) systems become available on a regular basis. Patches should be applied to the various software solutions your organization uses (weekly or monthly) in order to mitigate risks and give the attackers fewer options for infecting your system(s) with ransomware.
Train Employees – More often than not, ransomware infections are a result of an employee accessing an email, opening an attachment or clicking on a link from an unknown source. Train employees on what to look for and how to avoid infected emails and/or websites. This will help mitigate risks with not only ransomware but other types of cyber-related issues (e.g. phishing attacks).
Maintain An Endpoint Solution – Many of the various virus/malware protection solutions (endpoints) for PCs will detect ransomware and eliminate the threat. Having up-to-date endpoint solutions (similar to patches) is important to ensure that variants of ransomware will be detected and removed. Having different virus/malware solutions on servers, firewalls and PCs can also strengthen the threat detection and removal process.
While we cannot eliminate the threat of ransomware, we can significantly mitigate the risk of an attack, and reduce the potential consequences. Organizations can no longer believe “it can’t happen to me,” because it can and most likely will. Start by understanding where your organization may have some areas of weakness and assessing where improvements can be made in systems, patches, employee training and most importantly in your backup solution.


Congrats indeed! You are the future boys!
We love you Poole Town, we do!!
Not forgetting my coaching and managing skills colin!


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A workers' struggle for their jobs and rights at Sinter Metal Đmalat Sanayi AŞ (located in the Dudullu Organized Industrial Zone, Turkey) has gone on for three months.
I join with the IMF, EMF and Birlesik Metal-IS in demanding that Sinter Metal immediately stops and remedies violations of worker and trade union rights at the operation located in the Dudullu Organized Industrial Zone in Turkey. I am increasingly alarmed that such violations continue to undermine workers' rights to form and join a union and to collectively bargain, enshrined in ILO conventions 98 and 87. I demand that Sinter Metal management immediately reinstates the dismissed workers, stops violations of fundamental worker and trade union rights, and in good faith considers the workers' demands and starts negotiations to reach a fair and just settlement with the union.