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ãªãã倧æå㧠FORTRAN ãšè¡šèšããå Žå㯠FORTRAN 77 以åã® FORTRAN ãæããFortranãšè¡šèšããå Žå㯠Fortran 90 以éãæãããšãããã
FORTRANã®ç¹åŸŽ.
Fortran 90/95ã®ç¹åŸŽ.
Fortran 90/95ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ã以äžã®ããã«èŠçŽããã ã
FORTRAN 77ã®ç¹åŸŽ.
åºã䜿ãããŠããFORTRAN 77 ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ã以äžã®ããã«èŠçŽãããã
FORTRANã®æŽå².
ãžã§ã³ã»ããã«ã¹ã¯1953幎æ«ãã¡ã€ã³ãã¬ãŒã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿IBM 704ã®ããã°ã©ã ãéçºããã«ããããã¢ã»ã³ããªèšèªã«ä»£ãããã®ãéçºããããšãIBMã®äžåžã«ææ¡ãããæŽå²çãªFORTRANéçºããŒã ã¯Richard GoldbergãSheldon F. BestãHarlan HerrickãPeter SheridanãRoy Nuttã Robert NelsonãIrving ZillerãLois HaibtãDavid Sayreãšããã¡ã³ããŒã§æ§æãããã
"The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System" ã®ãã©ããä»æ§ã¯1954幎äžæ¬ã«äœæãããã1956幎10æã«FORTRANã®æåã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ãäœæãããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯1957幎4æã«å®æããã顧客ã¯ã¢ã»ã³ããªèšèªã§èšè¿°ãããã³ãŒãã«å¹æµããããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ãåŸãããªãéãé«çŽèšèªãæ¡çšããªãã®ã§ãæåããæé©åã³ã³ãã€ã©ãéçºãããã
ãã®æ°ããæ¹æ³ããã³ãã¢ã»ã³ãã«ããé«éã«åäœãããã©ããã«ã¯çãã®ç®ããã£ãããããã°ã©ã äžã®åœä»€æ°ã1/20ã«åæžã§ããã®ã§æ¥éã«åãå
¥ããããŠãã£ããIBMã®ç€Ÿå
èªã§ããThinkã«æ²èŒããã1979幎ã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§ããã«ã¹ã¯ãç§ããã®ä»äºãããã®ã¯é¢åããããã ã£ãããã§ããç§ã¯ããã°ã©ã ãæžãããšã奜ãã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã®ã§ãIBM 701ã§ããµã€ã«ã®è»éèšç®ããã°ã©ã ãéçºãããšãã«ãããã°ã©ã ã®éçºãç°¡åã«ããããã«ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ãäœãå§ããŸãããããšèªã£ãŠããã
FORTRANã¯ç§åŠè
ã®éã§æ°åŠãå¿çšããããã°ã©ã ã®èšè¿°ã«åºãçšããããããšãããããé«éã§å¹ççãªã³ãŒããåºåããããšããåååãšãªã£ãããŸãã©ã€ãã©ãªã§ãªãèšèªãšããŠè€çŽ æ°åããµããŒãããããšã¯ãé»æ°é»åå·¥åŠã«ãããåçç¹æ§ã®èšç®ãªã©ã«ä»£è¡šãããç§åŠãå·¥åŠåéã®ããã°ã©ã ãæžããããããã
1960幎ãŸã§ã«æ§ã
ãªããŒãžã§ã³ã®FORTRANãIBM 709ãIBM 650ãIBM 1620ãIBM 7090ã§åäœããŠãããFORTRANã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒæ°ã¯æ¥å¢ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã¡ãŒã«ãŒãFORTRANã³ã³ãã€ã©ãããã£ãŠæäŸããã®ã§ã1963幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯40ãè¶
ããFORTRANã³ã³ãã€ã©ãååšããŠãããããããããšãããFORTRANã¯ã¢ãŒããã¯ãã£ã®ç°ãªãæ§ã
ãªã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§åºããµããŒããããæåã®èšèªãšèšããã
FORTRANéçºã®æŽå²ã¯ãåæã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©æè¡ã®æŽå²ãã®ãã®ãšããããFORTRANã§å¹ççãªã³ãŒããåºåããããšãã匷ãèŠæ±ããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ããæé©åæè¡ã倧ããé²æ©ããã
FORTRAN.
IBM 704çšã«éçºãããæåã®FORTRANã¯32ã®åœä»€ããã£ãŠããã
IBM 1401çFORTRAN.
IBM 1401çã¯é©æ°çãª65ãã¹ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã§ãããããã8kèªã®ç£æ°ã³ã¢ã¡ã¢ãªã§åäœãããã³ã¢ã«èšé²ãããããã°ã©ã ã段éçã«å®è¡å¯èœãªã³ãŒããžãšå€æãããŠäžæžãããããå€æãããã³ãŒãã¯æ©æ¢°èªã§ã¯ãªããUCSD Pascalã®Pã³ãŒããçãŸããããã20幎ãåãªãããäžéã³ãŒããå©çšããŠããã
FORTRAN II.
IBMã®"FORTRAN II"ã¯1958幎ã«éçºããããäž»ãªæ¹è¯ç¹ã¯æç¶ãåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®ãµããŒãã§ããããµãã«ãŒãã³ãé¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã
ãã®åŸãFORTRAN IIã®ããŒã¿åãšããŠãcodice_1ïŒå粟床åïŒãšcodice_2ïŒè€çŽ æ°åïŒãè¿œå ãããã
FORTRAN III.
IBMã¯1958幎ã«"FORTRAN III"ãéçºããŠãããããã€ãã®æ°æ©èœã«å ãã€ã³ã©ã€ã³ã¢ã»ã³ãã©ãå¯èœã§ãã£ããããããªãããã®ããŒãžã§ã³ã¯è²©å£²ãããªãã£ãã704 FORTRANãFORTRAN IIãšåæ§ã«ãFORTRAN IIIã«ã移æ€ã®åŠšãã«ãªããããªæ©çš®äŸåã®æ©èœããã£ããä»ã®ãã³ããŒãã販売ãããŠããFORTRANãåæã¯åæ§ã®åé¡ãæ±ããŠããã
FORTRAN IV.
IBMã¯1961幎ã«é¡§å®¢ã®èŠæãåã"FORTRAN IV"ã®éçºãéå§ãããcodice_3ã®ãããªFORTRAN IIã®æ©çš®äŸåéšåãåé€ããã»ããcodice_4ïŒè«çåïŒãè«çæŒç®ãç®è¡IFæã®ä»£æ¿ãšãªãè«çIFæãå ããããããã®æã®ã¿ãŒã²ãããã·ã³ã¯36ãããã®ã¯ãŒããã·ã³ã ã£ãã®ã§ãæŽæ°å€ã¯235ã®å€§ããã®ç¯å²ã§å®çŸ©ãããŠããããŸããå®æ°ã®ç²ŸåºŠã¯227ãå粟床å®æ°ã®ç²ŸåºŠã¯254ãŸã§ã ã£ããFORTRAN IVã¯1962幎ã«IBM 7030ïŒé称ã¹ãã¬ããïŒçšããªãªãŒã¹ãããåŸã«IBM 7090çãšIBM 7094çããªãªãŒã¹ãããã
1965幎ã«ã¯åœå®¶èŠæ Œã§ããANSI X3.4.3 FORTRANã«æºæ ããã
FORTRAN 66.
"American Standards Association"ïŒçŸANSIïŒãFORTRANã®ç±³åœèŠæ Œãå§å¡äŒã§å¶å®ããããã«ãªã£ãããšã¯FORTRANã®æŽå²ã®èŠã§ããã1966幎ã«2ã€ã®ç°ãªãèšèªãå¶å®ããããäžã€ã¯åœææ¢ã«ããã¡ã¯ãã¹ã¿ã³ããŒãã§ãã£ãFORTRAN IVãåºã«ãã"FORTRAN"ã§ãããããäžã€ã¯FORTRAN IIãåºã«ããŠæ©çš®äŸåéšåãåãé€ãã"Basic FORTRAN"ã§ãããæåã«å¶å®ãããFORTRANã®èŠæ Œã¯åŸã«"FORTRAN 66"ãšåŒã°ããã
FORTRAN 77.
FORTRAN 66 èŠæ Œã®ãªãªãŒã¹åŸãã³ã³ãã€ã©ã»ãã³ããŒã¯å€ãã®æ¡åŒµã"æšæºFortran"ã«å°å
¥ãã1966ã®èŠæ Œã®æ¹èšãå§ããããã«ANSIãä¿ããããã®æ¹èšã¯1977幎ã«å¶å®ãããæçµçãªæ¹èšæ¡ã¯1978幎4æã«æ°ããFORTRANæšæºãšããŠæ¿èªãããããã®æ°ããæšæºã¯"FORTRAN 77"ãšããŠç¥ãããFORTRAN 66åŸã®å€ãã®å€æŽãè¿œå ããå€ãã®éèŠãªæ©èœãå ãã:
ãã®èŠæ Œã®æ¹èšã«ãããŠãå€ãã®æ©èœã¯é€å»ããããå€ããããŠã以åã®æšæºã«åèŽããŠããããã°ã©ã ã®å€ãã¯ããããç¡å¹ã«ãªã£ãããã®æç¹ã§é€å»ã¯X3J3ã®ä»£æ¿ã ãã蚱容ããããã ããã³ã³ã»ãã "äžè³æ"ã¯ANSIæšæºã«ãããŠã¯å©çšã§ããªãã£ããããããã³ã³ããªã¯ããªã¹ãã®24ã¢ã€ãã ïŒAppendix A2 of X3.9-1978ãèŠãïŒã«ãŒãããŒã«ã¹ãšãã¹ããžã«ã«ã±ãŒã¹ã¯ä»¥åã®æšæºèŠæ Œãã蚱容ããããããããæ»
å€ã«äœ¿çšãããªããå°æ°ã®æ©èœã¯æ
éã«é€å»ãããã
Fortran 90.
äžè¬ã«"Fortran 90" ãšããŠç¥ãããŠããèŠæ Œã¯ã倧å¹
ã«çºè¡šãé
ãããã®ã®FORTRAN 77ã®æ£åœãªç¶æ¿è
ã§ãããæçµçã«1991幎ã«ISOèŠæ Œã1992幎ã«ANSIèŠæ ŒãšããŠãªãªãŒã¹ãããããã®ææ¬çãªæ¹èšã§ã¯1978幎ã®FORTRAN 77èŠæ Œå¶å®ããã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°æè¡ã«ããã倧å¹
ãªå€åãåæ ããããã«ã以äžã®å€ãã®æ°ããæ©èœãå ãããã
if (x<0) then
x=0
end if
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz12345=0.0e0
! ããã¯"!"ãçšããã³ã¡ã³ãã§ã
x(1:n)=r(1:n)*cos(a(1:n))
integer :: a(10)
real(8) :: b(10)
a = f(x)
where (a > 0)
b = -1.0
elsewhere
b = 1.0
end where
function sample(x) result(y) !é
åyãè¿ã
integer, parameter :: nn = 4
real :: y(nn) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 /) !é
åã®ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãšå®æ°ã«ããåæå
end function sample
module my_lib !ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«
interface
function sample(x)
real, intent(in) :: x(:) !ã³ã³ãã€ã«æã«å€æ°ã®åã®æŽåæ§ãšããŒã¿ã®å
¥åºåæ¹åããã§ãã¯ãããã
end function sample
end interface
end module
real, allocatable :: temp(:)
allocate(temp(nn))
deallocate(temp)
do i = 1, nn
if (b(i) /= 0) then
a(i) = 1.0 / b(i)
else
exit
end if
end do
select case (sw)
case ('++')
a = a + 1
case ('--')
a = a - 1
case default
a = 0
end select
a = 1.0e0_kind(1.0d0)
åé€ãŸãã¯æ代é
ããšãããæ©èœã®äžèŠ§.
以åã®ããŒãžã§ã³ãšã¯ç°ãªããFortran 90ã¯ãäœã®æ©èœãåé€ããªãã£ããïŒAppendix B.1ã«ã¯ãããã®èŠæ Œã®ãåé€ããæ©èœã®ãªã¹ãã¯ç©ºã§ãããããšèšèŒãããŠããïŒã€ãŸããFORTRAN 77ã«æºæ ããããã°ã©ã ã¯ãFortran 90ã«ããŸãæºæ ããŠããããããŠãäž¡æ¹ã®èŠæ Œã§ããã®åäœãå®çŸ©ã¥ããããé
ç®ã¯äœ¿çšå¯èœã§ãªããã°ãªããªããäžéšã®æ©èœã¯Fortran 95ã§ãåé€ãããããŸãæ©èœã®å°ããªéšåã¯ãæ代é
ãããšèªå®ãããŠå°æ¥ã®èŠæ Œã§é€å»ãããããšãäºå®ãããã
"Hello world"ã®äŸ.
program helloworld
print *, "Hello, world."
end program helloworld
Fortran 95.
"Fortran 95"ã¯ããã€ããŒãªæ¹èšçã§ãããã»ãšãã©ã¯ãFortran 90èŠæ Œã®ãããã€ãã®å€§ããªåé¡ã解決ããããã®ãã®ã§ãããããã«ãä¿ããããFortran 95ããŸã幎å·ãä»å ãããŠãããããã¯ãFortranã®æ¡åŒµãšããŠå®çŸ©ããã䞊åèšèªãHPFïŒHigh Performance FortranïŒãã€ã»ããã©ãŒãã³ã¹FortranïŒã®äžéšå°å
¥ã«ããããšã¯æçœã§ããããªããæ¬æ ŒçãªHPFã¯ãå°çã·ãã¥ã¬ãŒã¿çã§äœ¿çšãããŠããã
å€ãã®å
éšé¢æ°ã¯æ¡åŒµããããäžäŸãšããŠcodice_25 å
éšé¢æ°ã«codice_26åŒæ°ãè¿œå ããã
Fortran 90ã§æ代é
ããšããããããã€ãã®æ©èœã¯Fortran 95ããåé€ãããã
Fortran 95ãžã®éèŠãªè¿œå ã¯ãäžè¬ã«ã¯"Allocatable TR"ãšããŠç¥ãããã"ISO technical reportãTR-15581: Enhanced Data Type Facilities"ã§ããããã®ä»æ§ã¯ãFortran 2003æºæ ã®Fortran ã³ã³ãã€ã©ããåã«ãcodice_37 ã¢ã¬ã€ã®åŒ·åããçšæ³ãå®çŸ©ããããã®ãããªçšæ³ã¯ãããã»ãžã£ãŒã®ãããŒåŒæ°ãªã¹ããšããŠã®æŽŸçã¿ã€ãã³ã³ããŒãã³ãcodice_37ã¢ã¬ã€ãšãé¢æ°ã®è¿ãå€ãå«ããcodice_37ã¢ã¬ã€ã¯ãcodice_40-ããŒã¹ã»ã¢ã¬ã€ãã奜ãŸãããã®ã§ããããªããªããcodice_37 ã¢ã¬ã€ã¯ãã¹ã³ãŒãããæãããšããFortran 95ã«ããèªåçãªdeallocateãä¿èšŒãã¡ã¢ãªãªãŒã¯ã®å¯èœæ§ããªããããã§ããã
ãšã€ãªã¢ã·ã³ã°ã¯arrayã®åç
§ã«ãããŠæé©åã®é害ã«ãªãããFortranã³ã³ãã€ã©ããã€ã³ã¿-ããŒã¹ã»ã¢ã¬ã€ããé«éãªã³ãŒããçæããããšãå¯èœã«ããã
ä»ã®éèŠãªFortran 95ãžã®è¿œå ã¯ãISO technical report "TR-15580: æµ®åå°æ°ç¹äŸå€ãã³ããªã³ã°"ã§ãããäžè¬ã«ã¯IEEE TRãšããŠç¥ãããŠããããã®ä»æ§ã¯IEEE æµ®åå°æ°ç¹æŒç®ãšäŸå€ãã³ããªã³ã°ãå®çŸ©ããã
æ¡ä»¶ä»ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšå¯å€é·æåå.
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šãŠã®Fortranæšæºã«åèŽããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯ååãªäžè¬æ§ãæããªããšèããããŠãããããã«ãä¿ããããããæšæºã«åèŽããFortranããã®ãããªãªãã·ã§ã³ãæäŸãããªããããããã®æ©èœã¯ãæšæºèŠæ Œã®é©åãªããŒãã«èšè¿°ã«åŸã£ãŠæäŸãããªããã°ãªããªãããããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
Fortran 2003.
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¥ããã Fortran2003ã«ãããæ°ããæ©èœã®å
æ¬çãªãµããªãŒã¯ãFortran Working Group (WG5)ã®ãªãã£ã·ã£ã«Webãµã€ãããåŸãããšãã§ããã
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Fortran 2008.
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Fortran 2008ã«ãããéèŠãªè¿œå ã¯ãISOãã¯ãã«ã«ã¹ãã·ãã£ã±ãŒã·ã§ã³(TS) 29113ã®Fortranã«ãããCèšèªãšã®ããé«ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãªãã©ããªãã£ã§ããã2012幎5æã®ISOã®æ¿èªã«åããŠãŸãšãããããCèšèªã®é
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Fortran 2018.
Fortran 2018ã®ææ°çã¯ã以åã¯Fortran 2015ãšåŒã°ããŠããã倧ããªæ¹èšãè¡ããã2018幎11æ28æ¥ã«ãªãªãŒã¹ãããã
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ç§åŠåéãšå·¥åŠåéã§ã®å©çš.
1968幎ã«BASICã®äœè
çã«ãã£ãŠæžãããå°ééèªã®èšäºã§ããã§ã«ãæ§åŒã®ïŒold-fashionedïŒããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªããšèšè¿°ãããŠããããFortranã¯çŸåšã§ãæ°å幎ã«æž¡ã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããŠãããç¹ã«ç§åŠãå·¥åŠã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã§ã¯ãFortranã§æžããããœãããŠã§ã¢ãæ¥åžžçã«å¹
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a^girl^liked^D^N,a^girl^V^a^N,a^girl^V^D^boy,D^girl^liked^D^N,D^girl^like^a^N,
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type String = [Char]
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square x = x * x
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¬éãããããªé¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ãããšãã¯ãåæšè«ã«ãã£ãŠèªåçã«éžæãããæãåºãåã§ã¯é©çšå¯èœãªç¯å²ãåºãããå Žåããããcodice_79 ã®ã¿ãæž¡ããããã«å¶éããå Žåã¯ã次ã®ããã«æ瀺çã«åã宣èšããã°ããã
square :: Integer -> Integer
square x = x * x
åæšè«ã®ããã ã¯åå®å
šã§ãããªããã»ãšãã©ã®éšåã§å宣èšãçç¥ã§ããããªãã次ã®ã³ãŒãã¯å宣èšãå¿
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main = print (read "42") -- ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒïŒ
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read :: String -> Int
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ã® codice_80 ãéžæããããšæåŸ
ããŠããã§ãããããããã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã«ããéçãªåæ€æ»ã§ã¯æ±ºå®ã§ããªããã€ãŸãã ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¯ codice_80 ã®è¿ãå€ãåãåã£ãŠããé¢æ° codice_86 ã®åãæ€æ»ãå€æ°ã®å®è£
ã®äžããé©å㪠codice_80 ãéžæããããšããããcodice_86 㯠codice_89 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãååšããããããåãåŒæ°ã«ãšããããåæšè«ã«ãã£ãŠã codice_80 ã®åãäžæã«æ±ºå®ã§ããªããããã解æ¶ããã²ãšã€ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ãcodice_18 ã«ãã£ãŠåãæ瀺ããããšã§ããã
main = print ((read "42") :: Int) -- ã³ã³ãã€ã«æåïŒread ã®è¿ãå€ã Int ãšæ瀺ããŠãã
ãŸãããããã codice_80 ã®è¿ãå€ãæŽæ°åããåããªãé¢æ°ã«äžããŠããã°ãããŸããã¯çãããåæšè«ã¯æåããã
printIntOnly :: Int -> IO ()
printIntOnly x = print x
main = printIntOnly (read "42") -- ã³ã³ãã€ã«æåïŒ
ä»ã®èšèªãããšãã° ã§ãã®ãããªæœè±¡çãªé¢æ°ãæžãããšããŠãã ã§ã¯è¿ãå€ã®å€ã®åã«ãã£ãŠé¢æ°ãéžæãããããªããšã¯ã§ããªãïŒåŒæ°ã®åã«ãã£ãŠéžæããã¡ãœããã®ãªãŒããŒããŒãã¯ååšããïŒããã®ãããé¢æ°ã®å®è£
ããšã«å¥ã®ååãã€ããŠããã°ã©ãã«æ瀺çã«éžæãããŠè§£æ±ºãããããšã«ãªãããã®æ¹æ³ã¯ç°¡æœã§ããããããããæœè±¡æ§ã®é«ãã«åºã¥ãåå©çšæ§ãšããç¹ã§ã¯ ã®ãããªå€çžã«ã¯å£ã£ãŠããŸãã
代æ°çããŒã¿å.
ã®ããŒã¿åã«ã¯ä»£æ°çããŒã¿åãšåŒã°ãããCèšèªãªã©ã§ããæ§é äœãåæäœã®æ§è³ªãå
Œãåãããã®ãçšããããã次ã®äŸã¯äºã€ã®Intåã®å€ããã£ãŒã«ãã«æã€äºæ¬¡å
ã®åº§æšãcodice_93 åãå®çŸ©ãããã®ã§ãããã¯ä»£æ°çããŒã¿åã®æ§é äœçãªæ§è³ªã瀺ããå
é ã®ããŒã¯ã³ãcodice_94ãã¯ä»£æ°çããŒã¿åã®å®£èšã§ããããšã瀺ãäºçŽèªã§ãããããã§æåã® codice_93 ã¯ããŒã¿ååãè¡šãã次㮠codice_93 ã¯ããŒã¿ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿åã瀺ãã
data Point2D = Point2D Int Int
origin :: Point2D
origin = Point2D 0 0 -- ããŒã¿ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã¯é¢æ°ã®ããã«é©çšã§ãã
ããŒã¿ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã¯å€ãå®çŸ©ããããã®ç¹æ®ãªé¢æ°ãšããããããŒã¿ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã¯åŸè¿°ãããã¿ãŒã³ãããã«ãã£ãŠå€ãåãåºãéã«ãçšããããã
次ã®äŸã¯ãã©ã³ãã®4ã€ã®ã¹ãŒãã瀺ã codice_97 åãå®çŸ©ãããã®ã§ãããcodice_98ãcodice_99ãcodice_100ãcodice_101 ã®4ã€ã®ããŒã¿ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãå®çŸ©ãããŠãããcodice_97 åã®åŒã¯ codice_98ãcodice_99ãcodice_100ãcodice_101 ã®ããããã®å€ããšãã
data Suit = Spade | Heart | Club | Diamond
次ã®äŸã¯ codice_17 åã®å€ãæ ŒçŽããäºåæšã®åã§ãããcodice_108ïŒèïŒã¯ codice_17 åã®å€ãæã¡ãcodice_110ïŒæïŒã¯ codice_108 ããã㯠codice_110 ã§ãã codice_113 åã®å€æ°ãäºã€æã€ãããã¯ä»£æ°çããŒã¿åã®æ§é äœçãªæ§è³ªãšåæäœçãªæ§è³ªã®äž¡æ¹ãçŸããŠããã
data Tree = Leaf String | Branch Tree Tree
organisms :: Tree
organisms = Branch animals plants -- Branch (Branch (Branch (Leaf "Lion") (Leaf "Tiger")) (Leaf "Wolf")) (Leaf "Cherry")
animals = Branch cats (Leaf "Wolf")
cats = Branch (Leaf "Lion") (Leaf "Tiger")
plants = Leaf "Cherry"
GADTãšåŒã°ããæ©èœã䜿ããšãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã®åãæ瀺ããŠããŒã¿åãå®çŸ©ããããšãã§ããã
data Male
data Female
data Person s where
Adam :: Person Male
Eve :: Person Female
Child :: Person Male -> Person Female -> Int -> Person a
ç¡åé¢æ°.
ã¯ç¬¬äžçŽé¢æ°ããµããŒãããŠãããé«éé¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ããããšãã§ãããã€ãŸããé¢æ°ã®åŒæ°ãšããŠé¢æ°ãäžããããè¿ãå€ãšããŠé¢æ°ãè¿ãããšãã§ãããç¡åé¢æ°ã¯ codice_114 (ããã¯ã¹ã©ãã·ã¥)ããå§ãŸããããã«ç¶ããŠåŒæ°ãšãªãå€æ°ãåŒæ°ãšæ¬äœã®ããã ã« codice_19 èšå·ããããcodice_116 ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã«å®çŸ©ãããŠãããªã¹ãã®ãœãŒããè¡ãé¢æ° codice_117 ã¯ãäºã€ã®èŠçŽ ã«å€§å°é¢ä¿ãäžããé¢æ°ãåŒæ°ã«ãšãããç¡åé¢æ°ã䜿ããšäŸãã°ãªã¹ãããã®é·ãã®çãé ã«ãœãŒãããé¢æ° codice_118 ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ã§ããã
sortList xs = sortBy (\as bs -> compare (length as) (length bs)) xs
é¢æ°ã®ã«ãªãŒåãšéšåé©çš.
ã«ãããŠã2ã€ã®åŒæ°ãæã€é¢æ°ã¯ã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ããšãã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ããšãé¢æ°ããè¿ãé¢æ°ãšå矩ã§ããããã®ããã«ãé¢æ°ãè¿ãããšã§å
šãŠã®é¢æ°ã1ã€ã®åŒæ°ã®é¢æ°ãšããŠè¡šçŸããããšãã«ãªãŒåãšããã(ãããŠã¿ãã«ã䜿ãããšã§è€æ°ã®åŒæ°ãæž¡ããããªèŠããã«ããããšãã§ãããã)次ã®äŸã¯2ã€ã®åŒæ°ããšãããã®ãã¡å€ã倧ããå€ãè¿ãé¢æ° codice_119 ã§ããã
max a b = if a > b then a else b
ãã®é¢æ°maxã¯ç¡åé¢æ°ãçšããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«æžãæããããšãã§ãããå
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max a = \b -> if a > b then a else b
ããã«ã次ã®ããã«ãæžãæããããšãã§ããã
max = \a -> \b -> if a > b then a else b
ãããã¯ãcodice_120ã¯ãcodice_121ã®ç³è¡£æ§æã§ãããšãèšããããã®ããã ã®å®çŸ©ã¯å€æ°ã«æçžããã®ãå®æ°ã§ãããé¢æ°ã§ãããã«ãããããããå€æ° = å€ããšããäžè²«ãã圢ã§ãå®çŸ©ã§ããã
ã«ãªãŒåã«ãã£ãŠã ã®ããããé¢æ°ã¯åŒæ°ãéšåé©çšããããšãã§ãããã€ãŸããé¢æ°ã®åŒæ°ã®äžéšã ããæž¡ãããšã§ãäžéšã®å€æ°ã ããé©çšãããå¥ã®é¢æ°ãäœãåºãããšãã§ããããŸãã ã§ã¯æŒç®åãéšåé©çšããããšããå¯èœã§ãããæŒç®åã®éšåé©çšããšãã«ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãšåŒã¶ã
ä»»æã®ãªã¹ãããšãããã®èŠçŽ ããæ¡ä»¶ã«ããèŠçŽ ã®ã¿ãåãåºãé¢æ° codice_122 ãæšæºã©ã€ãã©ãªã«å®çŸ©ãããŠããã
filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
ãã®é¢æ°ã§ã¯ç¬¬äžåŒæ°ã«æ®ãèŠçŽ ãå€å®ããé¢æ°ããšããããã®ãšãã«éšåé©çšã䜿ãã°ãã®ãããªé¢æ°ãç°¡æœã«æžãããšãã§ãããæŽæ°ã®ãªã¹ãããæ£ã®å€ã®ã¿ãåãåºãé¢æ° codice_123 ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ã§ããã
positives :: [Int] -> [Int]
positives = filter (> 0)
ps = positives [-4, 5, 0, 3, -1, 9] -- [5, 3, 9]
ããã§ãcodice_123 ããã³ codice_122 ã®ç¬¬2åŒæ°ã¯ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒãäžã«çŸããã«èšè¿°ã§ããŠãããããã®ããã«åçŽã«æžããã®ãã«ãªãŒåã®æ©æµã«ãããã®ã§ããã
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šèŠçŽ ã®åèšãè¿ãé¢æ° codice_126 ã§ããã
total :: [Int] -> Int
total [] = 0
total (x:xs) = x + total xs
codice_126 ã®é¢æ°æ¬äœã®å®çŸ©ããµãã€ãããããã®ãã¡åŒæ°ã®å®è¡æã®å€ãšé©åããæ¬äœãéžæããåŒã³åºããããäžã®æ¬äœå®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãåŒæ°ã空ã®ãªã¹ãã§ãããšãã®ã¿é©åããåŒã³åºããããäžã®æ¬äœå®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãåŒæ°ãå°ãªããšãã²ãšã€ã®èŠçŽ ãæã€ãšãé©åããcodice_128 ã«å
é ã®èŠçŽ ãæçžãããcodice_129 ã«æ®ãã®ãªã¹ããæçžãããããã®äŸã®å Žåã¯ãã¿ãŒã³ã«æŒãã¯ãªãããããé©åãããã¿ãŒã³ãèŠã€ãããªãå Žåã¯ãšã©ãŒã«ãªãã
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["Spring", "Summer", "Autumn", "Winter"]
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[10, 14..]
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é codice_138 åã®é
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take 20 [10, 14..]
ããæ£æ Œãªåäœãæã€èšèªã§ãã®ãããªå®çŸ©ãããããšãããšé¢æ° codice_139 ã«å€ãæž¡ãåã«ç¡éãªã¹ããçæããããšã«ãªãããé·ããç¡éã®ããç¡éãªã¹ãã®çæãçµããããšã¯ãªãé¢æ° codice_139 ããã€ãŸã§ãåŒã³åºãããªããªã£ãŠããŸãã ã¯é
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primes :: [Int]
primes = [x | x <- [2..], and [rem x y /= 0 | y <- [2 .. x - 1]]]
ãªã¹ãã¯ãã®æè»æ§ããååž°çãªé¢æ°ã§ã®å€ã®åãæž¡ãã«åããŠããããä»»æã®äœçœ®ã®èŠçŽ ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããã«ã¯åç
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ãŸãåã¯ã©ã¹ codice_144 ãå®çŸ©ããŠãé åºä»ããé¢æ° codice_143 ã®åœ¢åŒãå®çŸ©ãããå€ã®é åºã調ã¹ãé¢æ° codice_146 㯠codice_128 â codice_131 ãæé ã®ãšãã¯è² ã®å€ãéé ã®æã¯æ£ã®å€ãcodice_128 ãš codice_131 ãçãããšã㯠codice_151 ãè¿ããã®ãšããããã㧠codice_152 ã¯åã¯ã©ã¹ã®å®£èšã§ããããšã瀺ãäºçŽèªã§ããã
class Comparer a where
order :: a -> a -> Int
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ããã«ã¯ã察象ã®ããŒã¿åã«å¯ŸããŠã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å®£èšãè¡ãã次ã¯å codice_22 ã®åã¯ã©ã¹ codice_144 ã«å¯Ÿããã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã宣èšãããã®ã§ããããã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å®£èšã«ãããcodice_155 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã§ããä»»æã®åã®ãªã¹ããèŸæžé ã«æ¯èŒã§ãããäŸãã°ãæåå codice_16 㯠codice_155 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ã® codice_16 ã®ãªã¹ãã§ããããã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å®çŸ©ã«ãã codice_143 ãé©çšããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããããã§é¢æ° codice_160 ã¯æå codice_161 ãæ°å€ã«å€æããé¢æ°ã§ãããcodice_144 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãå®çŸ©ããå codice_22 ã codice_164 ããã³ codice_155 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãæã€ãã®ã«éå®ããŠããã®ã§ïŒcodice_166 ã®éšåïŒãã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹å®çŸ©ã®å
éšã§ codice_164 ã®é¢æ°ã§ãã codice_168 ã codice_155 ã®é¢æ°ã§ãã codice_170 ã䜿ãããšãã§ããŠããã
instance (Eq a, Enum a) => Comparer [a] where
order [] [] = 0
order _ [] = 1
order [] _ = -1
order (x:xs) (y:ys) | x /= y = fromEnum x - fromEnum y
| otherwise = order xs ys
次ã«ãªã¹ããã¯ã€ãã¯ãœãŒãããé¢æ° codice_141 ã瀺ããåã¯ã©ã¹ãçšããŠé åºä»ããé¢æ° codice_143 ãæœè±¡åããããããã®ããã«åã¯ã©ã¹ codice_144 ã®ã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãæã€å
šãŠã®åã®å€ã«é©çšã§ããäžè¬åããããœãŒãé¢æ°ãå®çŸ©ã§ããã®ã§ããã
sort :: Comparer a => [a] -> [a]
sort [] = []
sort (x:xs) = sort [e | e <- xs, order e x < 0] ++ [x] ++ sort [e | e <- xs, order e x >= 0]
ãã®é¢æ° codice_141 ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«äœ¿ãã
main = do
print (sort ["foo", "bar", "baz"]) -- ["bar", "baz", "foo"] ãšåºåãããã
print (sort 5, 9], [1, 2], [5, 6) -- 1, 2], [5, 6], [5, 9 ãšåºåãããã
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main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello,World!"
ã¯çŽç²é¢æ°åèšèªã§ãããcodice_175 ããã¯ãåç
§ééã§ããïŒå¯äœçšã¯ãªãïŒããããåŠç系㯠codice_175 ãšããŠå®çŸ©ããã codice_177 åã®å€ããã®ããã°ã©ã ã®åäœã瀺ãå€ãšããŠç¹å¥ã«æ±ããcodice_178 ã¯æšæºåºåã«æååãåºåããåäœãè¡šã codice_177 åã®å€ãè¿ãé¢æ°ã§ãããå®è¡ãããšåŒæ°ãšããŠæž¡ããã codice_180 ãåºåããã次ã«æšæºå
¥åããäžè¡èªã¿èŸŒã¿ããã®ãŸãŸæšæºåºåã«åºåãããšã³ãŒããã°ã©ã ãèããã次ã®ãããªãCèšèªãªã©ã®ãããªè¡šèšã¯ã§ããªããcodice_181 é¢æ°ã¯æšæºå
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main = putStrLn getLine --ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãšã©ãŒïŒ
codice_181 ãš codice_178 ã¯ãããã次ã®ãããªåãæã£ãŠããã
getLine :: IO String
putStrLn :: String -> IO ()
çŽç²é¢æ°åã§ãã ã§ã¯ codice_181 ããã¯ãå¯äœçšã¯ãªããcodice_181 ã¯äžè¡èªã¿èŸŒããšããåäœãè¡šãå€ãåžžã«è¿ãããã®ããã«å
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main :: IO ()
main = getLine »= putStrLn
ããã§ã¯æŒç®å codice_190 ã«ãã£ãŠãµãã€ã®ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãé£çµããŠããããã®ãšããcodice_175 ã¯äžè¡èªã¿èŸŒã¿ãããåºåãããšããã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãšãªãããã®ããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãããšåŠç系㯠codice_175 ãæã€ã¢ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®å
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fac :: Integer -> Integer
fac 0 = 1
fac n | n > 0 = n * fac (n-1)
éä¹ãåäžã®æ¡ä»¶ã«ããçµç«¯ã䌎ãååž°çé¢æ°ãšããŠè¡šçŸããŠãããããã¯æ°åŠã®æç§æžã§ã¿ãããéä¹ã®è¡šçŸã«äŒŒãŠããã ã³ãŒãã®å€§åã¯ããã®ç°¡æœããšæ§æã«ãããŠåºæ¬çãªæ°åŠçèšæ³ãšäŒŒéã£ãŠããã
ãã®éä¹é¢æ°ã®1è¡ç®ã¯é¢æ°ã®åã瀺ããã®ã§ãçç¥å¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãé¢æ° codice_195 㯠codice_79 ãã codice_79 ãžïŒcodice_198ïŒã®åãæã€ïŒcodice_18ïŒããšèªãããããã¯æŽæ°ãåŒæ°ãšããŠãšããå¥ã®æŽæ°ãè¿ããããããã°ã©ããå泚éãäžããªãå Žåããã®å®çŸ©ã®åã¯èªåçã«æšæž¬ãããã
2è¡ç®ã§ã¯ ã®éèŠãªæ©èœã§ãããã¿ãŒã³ãããã³ã°ã«é Œã£ãŠãããé¢æ°ã®åŒæ°ã codice_151ã§ããã°ããã㯠codice_201 ãè¿ãããã®ä»ã®å Žåã¯3è¡ç®ãè©Šããããããã¯ååž°çãªåŒã³åºãã§ãnã0ã«éãããŸã§ç¹°ãè¿ãé¢æ°ãå®è¡ãããã
ã¬ãŒãã¯éä¹ãå®çŸ©ãããªãè² ã®å€ãã3è¡ç®ãä¿è·ããŠããããã®ã¬ãŒããç¡ããã°ãã®é¢æ°ã¯0ã®çµç«¯æ¡ä»¶ã«éããããšãªããååž°ããŠãã¹ãŠã®è² ã®å€ãçµç±ããŠããŸããå®éããã®ãã¿ãŒã³ãããã³ã°ã¯å®å
šã§ã¯ãªããããé¢æ°facã«è² ã®æŽæ°ãåŒæ°ãšããŠæž¡ããããšããã®ããã°ã©ã ã¯å®è¡æãšã©ãŒãšãšãã«èœã¡ãã§ããããcodice_202ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãè¿œå ããã°é©åãªãšã©ãŒã¡ãã»ãŒãžãåºåããããšãã§ããã
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åŒæ° codice_203 ã䌎ãé«éé¢æ°ã§è¡šçŸãããåçŽãªéããŒã©ã³ãèšæ³è©äŸ¡åšãããã¿ãŒã³ãããã³ã°ãšåã¯ã©ã¹ codice_204 ãçšãã codice_205 ç¯ã§å®çŸ©ãããŠããã
calc :: String -> [Float]
calc = foldl f [] . words
where
f (x:y:zs) "+" = y+x:zs
f (x:y:zs) "-" = y-x:zs
f (x:y:zs) "*" = y*x:zs
f (x:y:zs) "/" = y/x:zs
f xs y = read y : xs
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ãšããcodice_203 ã䜿ã£ãŠäžèªãã€æååã解éããŠãããcodice_203 ã¯ã泚ç®ããŠããèªãæŒç®åãªãã°ãã®æŒç®ãå®è¡ãããã以å€ãªãã°æµ®åå°æ°ç¹ãšããŠèšç®ã¹ã¿ãã¯ã«ç©ãã§ããã
次ã¯ãã£ããããæ°åã®ãªã¹ãã§ãããããå€nã«å¯Ÿããfib(n)ã¯äžåããèšç®ããªãããã«ãªã£ãŠããããã®ç¹ã§ã¯ãã€ãŒããªãã£ãããããšç°ãªãå¹çã®è¯ãã³ãŒããšãªã£ãŠããã
fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)
ç¡éãªã¹ã㯠äœååž°ïŒãªã¹ãã®åŸãã®å€ã¯èŠæ±ããã£ããšãã« codice_151 ãš codice_201 ã®äºã€ã®åæèŠçŽ ããéå§ããç®åºãããïŒã«ãã£ãŠå®çŸãããããã®ãããªå®çŸ©ã¯é
延è©äŸ¡ã®å®äŸã§ã ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã§ãéèŠãªéšåã§ããã
ãã ãããã£ããããæ°åã®çæã®å Žåã¯ãããèŠçŽ ã®å€ãå¿
èŠã§ããã°ããã®èŠçŽ ããåã«ããèŠçŽ ã®å€ã¯å
šãŠå¿
èŠã§ãããåŸã£ãŠãé
延ãããäžã§çµå±ã¯åŸããå
šãŠãã®å€ãæ±ããããšã«ãªãããããç¡é§ã§ããã®ã§ããã®å Žåã¯é
延ãããªãçµèŸŒé¢æ°seqã䜿çšããã»ããå¹çã¯è¯ããªããfib 1000000 ãšãã£ããããªå€ãèšç®ãããããªå Žåã«ã¯å·®ãèŠããŠããããããã¯ãªã¹ãã®å
ã«åºãå€ããé çªã«èšç®ããããšãã®ã»ããéãããšãã£ãããšãèµ·ãããïŒããã«ããã£ããããæ°ã¯nã«å¯ŸããŠ2nãšå€§ããªå€ã«ãªãã®ã§ããã®ãããªBigIntegerã®å ç®ã®ã³ã¹ããæããã以åã«ãã®å Žæã«æžãããŠãããããªãç·åœ¢æéã§ã®ãã£ããããæ°åã®çæãã¯ã倧ããå€ã§ã¯äžå¯èœã§ããïŒ
ã©ã®ããã«è©äŸ¡ãé²è¡ãããã®äŸç€ºã®ããã«ã次ã¯6ã€ã®èŠçŽ ã®èšç®ã®åŸã® codice_210 ãš codice_211 ã®å€ãšãã©ã®ããã«codice_212 ã4ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãçæãã次ã®å€ãçæãç¶ããããå³ç€ºãããã®ã§ããã
fibs = 0 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 5 : ...
tail fibs = 1 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 5 : ...
zipWith ... = 1 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 8 : ...
fibs = 0 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 3 : 5 : 8 : ...
次ã¯GHCã§äœ¿ããèšèªæ¡åŒµã§ããªã¹ãå
å
è¡šèšã䞊åçãªçæãèšè¿°ã§ããããæ¡åŒµããParallelListCompãçšããŠæžããåæ§ã®åŒã§ãããïŒGHCã®æ¡åŒµã¯ç¹å¥ãªã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³ãã©ã°ããŸãã¯LANGUAGEãã©ã°ãã«ãã£ãŠæå¹ã«ããªããã°ãªããªãã詳ããã¯GHCã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ãåç
§ã®ããšïŒ
fibs = 0 : 1 : [ a+b | a <- fibs | b <- tail fibs ]
å
ã«èŠãéä¹ã®å®çŸ©ã¯ã次ã®ããã«é¢æ°ã®åãå
å
è¡šèšã§çæããŠæžãäºãã§ããã
fac n = foldl (.) id [(*k) | k <- [1..n]] 1
ç¹ã«ç°¡æœã«æžããäŸãšããŠãããã³ã°æ°ãé çªã«äžŠã¶ãªã¹ããè¿ã以äžã®ãããªé¢æ°ãããã
hamming = 1 : map (*2) hamming # map (*3) hamming # map (*5) hamming
where xxs@(x:xs) # yys@(y:ys)
| x==y = x : xs # ys
| x<y = x : xs # yys
| x>y = y : xxs # ys
äžã«ç€ºãããããŸããŸãª codice_210 ã®å®çŸ©ã®ããã«ãããã¯ãªã³ããã³ãã«æ°ã®ãªã¹ããå®çŸããããã«ç¡éãªã¹ãã䜿ã£ãŠãããcodice_201 ãšããå
é èŠçŽ ããåŸç¶ã®èŠçŽ ãçæããŠããã
ããã§ã¯ãåŸç¶èŠçŽ ã®æ§ç¯é¢æ°ã¯ codice_205 ç¯å
ã®èšå· codice_216 ã§è¡šçŸãããäžçœ®æŒç®åã§å®çŸ©ãããŠããã
å|ã¯ãçå·ã®ååã®æ¡ä»¶éšåãšãåŸåã®å®çŸ©éšåãããªãã¬ãŒãç¯ãæ§æããã
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parsec.
parsec 㯠ã§æžãããããŒãµã³ã³ãããŒã¿ã§ãããããŒãµã®äžçš®ã§ãããã³ã³ãã€ã©ã³ã³ãã€ã©ãšã¯ç°ãªããcodice_217 ã¯ããŒãµã®ãœãŒã¹ã³ãŒããåºåããã®ã§ã¯ãªããçŽç²ã« ã®é¢æ°ãšããŠããŒãµãæ§æããã ã®ããã«ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªãšç°ãªãèšèªãæ°ãã«ç¿åŸããå¿
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é äœãèæ
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