(meta data) TITLE: Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elizabeth-Gaskell-and-her-Manchester-Home/105239599511435

Celebrating the life and work of Elizabeth Gaskell

"To begin with the old rigmarole of childhood…" Wives and Daughters (1866) (Chapter 1)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-65) was born on 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, at the house which is now 93 Cheyne Walk.

She was the daughter of William Stevenson – a treasury official and journalist – and his wife Elizabeth Stevenson (née Holland).

Mrs Stevenson died on 29 October 1811, and so at the age of just 13 months, the baby Elizabeth (later known as Lily) was sent to Knutsford in Cheshire to spend her childhood with her mother's sister, Aunt Hannah Lumb, whom she was later to describe as her 'more than mother'.

Their house, then named The Heath but now Heathwaite House, still stands on what is now called Gaskell Avenue.

Knutsford, a small country town, later became the inspiration for Cranford, and also for Hollingford in Wives and Daughters.

Elizabeth also spent some time in Edinburgh and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Her father had remarried when she was four, and her stepmother, Catherine Thomson, was a sister of the Scottish miniature artist, William John Thomson.

He painted the famous portrait of Elizabeth in 1832 (pictured, left).

It was this lively and attractive young woman who married William Gaskell in 1832.

He was the assistant minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel in Manchester at the time.

They settled in the city and she helped with his work, offering support to the poor and teaching in the Sunday School, where reading and writing were taught, as well as scripture.

During the early part of their married life, the Gaskells lived in Dover Street, just off the busy Oxford Road in the Chorlton-on-Medlock district.

Their daughters Marianne, Margaret Emily (Meta) and Florence were born in 1834, 1837 and 1842, and later that year, the family moved to a larger house at 121 Upper Rumford Street, nearby.

In 1845, Elizabeth's only son, William, died of scarlet fever at the age of nine months.

She had already had a few short stories published and her husband suggested that she wrote a novel as a distraction from her grief.

The Gaskells' Manchester was a great cultural and intellectual centre, boasting institutions like the Literary and Philosophical Society, the Mechanics Institute and the Athenaeum.

It was at the forefront of the new industrial age, but this rapid growth, as well as generating much wealth, also led to uncontrolled urban development and appalling squalor.

In 1844, Friedrich Engels described the homes of the factory operatives in The Conditions of the Working Class in England: 'The workers dwellings of Manchester are dirty, miserable and wholly lacking in comforts.

In such houses only inhuman, degraded and unhealthy creatures would feel at home.'

Manchester was at the centre of great political change and much radical activity.

Elizabeth observed these social tensions and used what she saw in her novels

In the preface to Mary Barton (subtitled A Tale of Manchester Life), published anonymously in 1848, Elizabeth says that she was inspired by thinking, 'How deep might be the romance in the lives of some of those who elbowed me daily in the busy streets of the town in which I resided.

I had always felt a deep sympathy with the careworn men, who looked as if doomed to struggle through their lives in strange alternations between work and want.'

Mary Barton had a huge impact on the reading public and provoked widespread discussion.

Its subject matter – the appalling state of impoverished workers in the industrial centres of the North and her sympathetic treatment of their plight – pricked the conscience of a nation.

With its sensational plot and social realism, Mary Barton attracted the attention of Charles Dickens.

It was at his invitation that much of her work was first published in the periodicals he edited: Household Words and All the Year Round.

Elizabeth became a popular author, writing numbers of stories for Dickens.

These stories (which include Cranford) are very varied and are quite distinct in style from her industrial fiction.

In 1846 a fourth daughter, Julia, had been born, and in 1850 the Gaskells took up residence at 42 (now 84) Plymouth Grove, a large, rather imposing house outside the grimy manufacturing district, with a view of open fields.

Elizabeth was thrilled with her new home, though a little alarmed at its size and cost.

In a letter to her friend Eliza (Tottie) Fox in April 1850, she wrote:

And if I had neither conscience nor prudence, I should be delighted, for it certainly is a beauty….

I must try and make the house give as much pleasure to others as I can and make it as little a selfish thing as I can.

It's 150 a year and I dare say we shall be ruined; and I've already asked after the ventilation at the new Borough Gaol.'

Elizabeth was true to her word and was a sociable and energetic hostess; the house was always bustling, with a stream of visitors which included many eminent people of the day.

She also tried to bring some countryside to the town by keeping a vegetable garden, a cow, pigs and poultry.

She had an exceptionally busy and active family and social life, and was still engaged in many works of charity.

Elizabeth was an active humanitarian; her novels convey many messages about the need for social reconciliation, for better understanding between employers and workers and between the respectable and the outcasts of society.

Her writing was carefully researched, and she took particular care in reproducing northern dialects accurately.

Despite her occasional tendency towards melodrama, Elizabeth had a natural gift for storytelling and Dickens referred to her as his 'dear Scheherazade'.

She originally published anonymously but, according to Victorian conventions, her readers came to know her as 'Mrs Gaskell' a name which made her sound matronly and safe.

Elizabeth Gaskell (as we prefer to call her) was actually courageous and progressive in her style and subject matter, and often framed her stories as critiques of Victorian attitudes (particularly those towards women).

She braved the opprobrium of her husband's Unitarian congregation, in part for her depiction of prostitution and illegitimacy, particularly in her novel Ruth, and also for her challenge to the traditional view of women's role in society.

Her celebrated biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë added to her fame but also caused a furore as it was considered to contain libellous statements, which were later withdrawn

Elizabeth Gaskell loved to travel and was always keen to escape the smoky atmosphere of Manchester.

Some of her favourite British destinations were North Wales, the Lake District and Silverdale in Lancashire.

She always wanted to meet new people and her trips away provided locations, plots and material for her writing.

An independent spirit, she also ventured abroad most years, travelling to France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.

She was usually accompanied by at least one of her daughters, rather than her husband, as William preferred to holiday alone..

She was, at the same time, a caring wife and mother, attractive and well-liked.

At ease in any company, she was chatty, sociable and a prolific writer of letters.

She had a wide circle of friends, which included Charlotte Brontë, John Ruskin, the Carlyles, Charles Kingsley and Florence Nightingale.

Although they shared many artistic concerns, Elizabeth had a difficult working relationship with Charles Dickens who, as editor, often wanted to alter what she wrote.

On one occasion, exasperated by her perceived waywardness as a contributor, he exclaimed to his sub- editor, 'Oh! Mrs Gaskell-fearful-fearful!

If I were Mr G. Oh heavens how I would beat her!'

It's easy to see why they didn't always get on.

Elizabeth wrote many vivid and warm hearted short stories and novellas, of which the finest is said to be Cousin Phillis (1863).

Her other full-length novels were Cranford (1853) Ruth (1853) North and South (1855) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) and finally Wives and Daughters (1866), which was never finished.

Elizabeth Gaskell died suddenly on 12 November 1865 at The Lawn, a house in Holybourne in Hampshire that she was secretly buying as a post-retirement surprise for her husband and family.

Wives and Daughters was being published in the Cornhill Magazine, a high quality literary periodical specialising in the serialisation of novels.

It appeared posthumously in volume form in 1866.

In the early twentieth century, her writing appeared old-fashioned and provincial, but today Elizabeth Gaskell ranks as one of the most highly-regarded British Victorian novelists.

In this new century she is recognised as the accomplished artist that she was, and for the past thirty years or more has increasingly attracted the attention of literary theorists, academics and readers who just enjoy a good story.

Consequently, more subtle and penetrating accounts of Gaskell's life and writings are now being published for her growing readership.

The image of Elizabeth Gaskell by William John Thomson, of Edinburgh, 1832 is reproduced here by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester

#### Goodness, Truth and Beauty in the Works of John Ruskin and his Contemporaries

#### London & South East Gaskell Society Meeting

#### Victorian Book Group – Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family

Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson.


Gaskell was born in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London.

(meta data) TITLE: Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elizabeth-Gaskell-and-her-Manchester-Home/105239599511435

Celebrating the life and work of Elizabeth Gaskell

"To begin with the old rigmarole of childhood…" Wives and Daughters (1866) (Chapter 1)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-65) was born on 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, at the house which is now 93 Cheyne Walk.

She was the daughter of William Stevenson – a treasury official and journalist – and his wife Elizabeth Stevenson (née Holland).

Mrs Stevenson died on 29 October 1811, and so at the age of just 13 months, the baby Elizabeth (later known as Lily) was sent to Knutsford in Cheshire to spend her childhood with her mother's sister, Aunt Hannah Lumb, whom she was later to describe as her 'more than mother'.

Their house, then named The Heath but now Heathwaite House, still stands on what is now called Gaskell Avenue.

Knutsford, a small country town, later became the inspiration for Cranford, and also for Hollingford in Wives and Daughters.

Elizabeth also spent some time in Edinburgh and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Her father had remarried when she was four, and her stepmother, Catherine Thomson, was a sister of the Scottish miniature artist, William John Thomson.

He painted the famous portrait of Elizabeth in 1832 (pictured, left).

It was this lively and attractive young woman who married William Gaskell in 1832.

He was the assistant minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel in Manchester at the time.

They settled in the city and she helped with his work, offering support to the poor and teaching in the Sunday School, where reading and writing were taught, as well as scripture.

During the early part of their married life, the Gaskells lived in Dover Street, just off the busy Oxford Road in the Chorlton-on-Medlock district.

Their daughters Marianne, Margaret Emily (Meta) and Florence were born in 1834, 1837 and 1842, and later that year, the family moved to a larger house at 121 Upper Rumford Street, nearby.

In 1845, Elizabeth's only son, William, died of scarlet fever at the age of nine months.

She had already had a few short stories published and her husband suggested that she wrote a novel as a distraction from her grief.

The Gaskells' Manchester was a great cultural and intellectual centre, boasting institutions like the Literary and Philosophical Society, the Mechanics Institute and the Athenaeum.

It was at the forefront of the new industrial age, but this rapid growth, as well as generating much wealth, also led to uncontrolled urban development and appalling squalor.

In 1844, Friedrich Engels described the homes of the factory operatives in The Conditions of the Working Class in England: 'The workers dwellings of Manchester are dirty, miserable and wholly lacking in comforts.

In such houses only inhuman, degraded and unhealthy creatures would feel at home.'

Manchester was at the centre of great political change and much radical activity.

Elizabeth observed these social tensions and used what she saw in her novels

In the preface to Mary Barton (subtitled A Tale of Manchester Life), published anonymously in 1848, Elizabeth says that she was inspired by thinking, 'How deep might be the romance in the lives of some of those who elbowed me daily in the busy streets of the town in which I resided.

I had always felt a deep sympathy with the careworn men, who looked as if doomed to struggle through their lives in strange alternations between work and want.'

Mary Barton had a huge impact on the reading public and provoked widespread discussion.

Its subject matter – the appalling state of impoverished workers in the industrial centres of the North and her sympathetic treatment of their plight – pricked the conscience of a nation.

With its sensational plot and social realism, Mary Barton attracted the attention of Charles Dickens.

It was at his invitation that much of her work was first published in the periodicals he edited: Household Words and All the Year Round.

Elizabeth became a popular author, writing numbers of stories for Dickens.

These stories (which include Cranford) are very varied and are quite distinct in style from her industrial fiction.

In 1846 a fourth daughter, Julia, had been born, and in 1850 the Gaskells took up residence at 42 (now 84) Plymouth Grove, a large, rather imposing house outside the grimy manufacturing district, with a view of open fields.

Elizabeth was thrilled with her new home, though a little alarmed at its size and cost.

In a letter to her friend Eliza (Tottie) Fox in April 1850, she wrote:

And if I had neither conscience nor prudence, I should be delighted, for it certainly is a beauty….

I must try and make the house give as much pleasure to others as I can and make it as little a selfish thing as I can.

It's 150 a year and I dare say we shall be ruined; and I've already asked after the ventilation at the new Borough Gaol.'

Elizabeth was true to her word and was a sociable and energetic hostess; the house was always bustling, with a stream of visitors which included many eminent people of the day.

She also tried to bring some countryside to the town by keeping a vegetable garden, a cow, pigs and poultry.

She had an exceptionally busy and active family and social life, and was still engaged in many works of charity.

Elizabeth was an active humanitarian; her novels convey many messages about the need for social reconciliation, for better understanding between employers and workers and between the respectable and the outcasts of society.

Her writing was carefully researched, and she took particular care in reproducing northern dialects accurately.

Despite her occasional tendency towards melodrama, Elizabeth had a natural gift for storytelling and Dickens referred to her as his 'dear Scheherazade'.

She originally published anonymously but, according to Victorian conventions, her readers came to know her as 'Mrs Gaskell' a name which made her sound matronly and safe.

Elizabeth Gaskell (as we prefer to call her) was actually courageous and progressive in her style and subject matter, and often framed her stories as critiques of Victorian attitudes (particularly those towards women).

She braved the opprobrium of her husband's Unitarian congregation, in part for her depiction of prostitution and illegitimacy, particularly in her novel Ruth, and also for her challenge to the traditional view of women's role in society.

Her celebrated biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë added to her fame but also caused a furore as it was considered to contain libellous statements, which were later withdrawn

Elizabeth Gaskell loved to travel and was always keen to escape the smoky atmosphere of Manchester.

Some of her favourite British destinations were North Wales, the Lake District and Silverdale in Lancashire.

She always wanted to meet new people and her trips away provided locations, plots and material for her writing.

An independent spirit, she also ventured abroad most years, travelling to France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.

She was usually accompanied by at least one of her daughters, rather than her husband, as William preferred to holiday alone..

She was, at the same time, a caring wife and mother, attractive and well-liked.

At ease in any company, she was chatty, sociable and a prolific writer of letters.

She had a wide circle of friends, which included Charlotte Brontë, John Ruskin, the Carlyles, Charles Kingsley and Florence Nightingale.

Although they shared many artistic concerns, Elizabeth had a difficult working relationship with Charles Dickens who, as editor, often wanted to alter what she wrote.

On one occasion, exasperated by her perceived waywardness as a contributor, he exclaimed to his sub- editor, 'Oh! Mrs Gaskell-fearful-fearful!

If I were Mr G. Oh heavens how I would beat her!'

It's easy to see why they didn't always get on.

Elizabeth wrote many vivid and warm hearted short stories and novellas, of which the finest is said to be Cousin Phillis (1863).

Her other full-length novels were Cranford (1853) Ruth (1853) North and South (1855) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) and finally Wives and Daughters (1866), which was never finished.

Elizabeth Gaskell died suddenly on 12 November 1865 at The Lawn, a house in Holybourne in Hampshire that she was secretly buying as a post-retirement surprise for her husband and family.

Wives and Daughters was being published in the Cornhill Magazine, a high quality literary periodical specialising in the serialisation of novels.

It appeared posthumously in volume form in 1866.

In the early twentieth century, her writing appeared old-fashioned and provincial, but today Elizabeth Gaskell ranks as one of the most highly-regarded British Victorian novelists.

In this new century she is recognised as the accomplished artist that she was, and for the past thirty years or more has increasingly attracted the attention of literary theorists, academics and readers who just enjoy a good story.

Consequently, more subtle and penetrating accounts of Gaskell's life and writings are now being published for her growing readership.

The image of Elizabeth Gaskell by William John Thomson, of Edinburgh, 1832 is reproduced here by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester

#### Goodness, Truth and Beauty in the Works of John Ruskin and his Contemporaries

#### London & South East Gaskell Society Meeting

#### Victorian Book Group – Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family

Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson. Gaskell was born on 29 September 1810.


Gaskell was born at the house that is now 93 Cheyne Walk.

(meta data) TITLE: Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elizabeth-Gaskell-and-her-Manchester-Home/105239599511435

Celebrating the life and work of Elizabeth Gaskell

"To begin with the old rigmarole of childhood…" Wives and Daughters (1866) (Chapter 1)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-65) was born on 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, at the house which is now 93 Cheyne Walk.

She was the daughter of William Stevenson – a treasury official and journalist – and his wife Elizabeth Stevenson (née Holland).

Mrs Stevenson died on 29 October 1811, and so at the age of just 13 months, the baby Elizabeth (later known as Lily) was sent to Knutsford in Cheshire to spend her childhood with her mother's sister, Aunt Hannah Lumb, whom she was later to describe as her 'more than mother'.

Their house, then named The Heath but now Heathwaite House, still stands on what is now called Gaskell Avenue.

Knutsford, a small country town, later became the inspiration for Cranford, and also for Hollingford in Wives and Daughters.

Elizabeth also spent some time in Edinburgh and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Her father had remarried when she was four, and her stepmother, Catherine Thomson, was a sister of the Scottish miniature artist, William John Thomson.

He painted the famous portrait of Elizabeth in 1832 (pictured, left).

It was this lively and attractive young woman who married William Gaskell in 1832.

He was the assistant minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel in Manchester at the time.

They settled in the city and she helped with his work, offering support to the poor and teaching in the Sunday School, where reading and writing were taught, as well as scripture.

During the early part of their married life, the Gaskells lived in Dover Street, just off the busy Oxford Road in the Chorlton-on-Medlock district.

Their daughters Marianne, Margaret Emily (Meta) and Florence were born in 1834, 1837 and 1842, and later that year, the family moved to a larger house at 121 Upper Rumford Street, nearby.

In 1845, Elizabeth's only son, William, died of scarlet fever at the age of nine months.

She had already had a few short stories published and her husband suggested that she wrote a novel as a distraction from her grief.

The Gaskells' Manchester was a great cultural and intellectual centre, boasting institutions like the Literary and Philosophical Society, the Mechanics Institute and the Athenaeum.

It was at the forefront of the new industrial age, but this rapid growth, as well as generating much wealth, also led to uncontrolled urban development and appalling squalor.

In 1844, Friedrich Engels described the homes of the factory operatives in The Conditions of the Working Class in England: 'The workers dwellings of Manchester are dirty, miserable and wholly lacking in comforts.

In such houses only inhuman, degraded and unhealthy creatures would feel at home.'

Manchester was at the centre of great political change and much radical activity.

Elizabeth observed these social tensions and used what she saw in her novels

In the preface to Mary Barton (subtitled A Tale of Manchester Life), published anonymously in 1848, Elizabeth says that she was inspired by thinking, 'How deep might be the romance in the lives of some of those who elbowed me daily in the busy streets of the town in which I resided.

I had always felt a deep sympathy with the careworn men, who looked as if doomed to struggle through their lives in strange alternations between work and want.'

Mary Barton had a huge impact on the reading public and provoked widespread discussion.

Its subject matter – the appalling state of impoverished workers in the industrial centres of the North and her sympathetic treatment of their plight – pricked the conscience of a nation.

With its sensational plot and social realism, Mary Barton attracted the attention of Charles Dickens.

It was at his invitation that much of her work was first published in the periodicals he edited: Household Words and All the Year Round.

Elizabeth became a popular author, writing numbers of stories for Dickens.

These stories (which include Cranford) are very varied and are quite distinct in style from her industrial fiction.

In 1846 a fourth daughter, Julia, had been born, and in 1850 the Gaskells took up residence at 42 (now 84) Plymouth Grove, a large, rather imposing house outside the grimy manufacturing district, with a view of open fields.

Elizabeth was thrilled with her new home, though a little alarmed at its size and cost.

In a letter to her friend Eliza (Tottie) Fox in April 1850, she wrote:

And if I had neither conscience nor prudence, I should be delighted, for it certainly is a beauty….

I must try and make the house give as much pleasure to others as I can and make it as little a selfish thing as I can.

It's 150 a year and I dare say we shall be ruined; and I've already asked after the ventilation at the new Borough Gaol.'

Elizabeth was true to her word and was a sociable and energetic hostess; the house was always bustling, with a stream of visitors which included many eminent people of the day.

She also tried to bring some countryside to the town by keeping a vegetable garden, a cow, pigs and poultry.

She had an exceptionally busy and active family and social life, and was still engaged in many works of charity.

Elizabeth was an active humanitarian; her novels convey many messages about the need for social reconciliation, for better understanding between employers and workers and between the respectable and the outcasts of society.

Her writing was carefully researched, and she took particular care in reproducing northern dialects accurately.

Despite her occasional tendency towards melodrama, Elizabeth had a natural gift for storytelling and Dickens referred to her as his 'dear Scheherazade'.

She originally published anonymously but, according to Victorian conventions, her readers came to know her as 'Mrs Gaskell' a name which made her sound matronly and safe.

Elizabeth Gaskell (as we prefer to call her) was actually courageous and progressive in her style and subject matter, and often framed her stories as critiques of Victorian attitudes (particularly those towards women).

She braved the opprobrium of her husband's Unitarian congregation, in part for her depiction of prostitution and illegitimacy, particularly in her novel Ruth, and also for her challenge to the traditional view of women's role in society.

Her celebrated biography of her friend Charlotte Brontë added to her fame but also caused a furore as it was considered to contain libellous statements, which were later withdrawn

Elizabeth Gaskell loved to travel and was always keen to escape the smoky atmosphere of Manchester.

Some of her favourite British destinations were North Wales, the Lake District and Silverdale in Lancashire.

She always wanted to meet new people and her trips away provided locations, plots and material for her writing.

An independent spirit, she also ventured abroad most years, travelling to France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy.

She was usually accompanied by at least one of her daughters, rather than her husband, as William preferred to holiday alone..

She was, at the same time, a caring wife and mother, attractive and well-liked.

At ease in any company, she was chatty, sociable and a prolific writer of letters.

She had a wide circle of friends, which included Charlotte Brontë, John Ruskin, the Carlyles, Charles Kingsley and Florence Nightingale.

Although they shared many artistic concerns, Elizabeth had a difficult working relationship with Charles Dickens who, as editor, often wanted to alter what she wrote.

On one occasion, exasperated by her perceived waywardness as a contributor, he exclaimed to his sub- editor, 'Oh! Mrs Gaskell-fearful-fearful!

If I were Mr G. Oh heavens how I would beat her!'

It's easy to see why they didn't always get on.

Elizabeth wrote many vivid and warm hearted short stories and novellas, of which the finest is said to be Cousin Phillis (1863).

Her other full-length novels were Cranford (1853) Ruth (1853) North and South (1855) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) and finally Wives and Daughters (1866), which was never finished.

Elizabeth Gaskell died suddenly on 12 November 1865 at The Lawn, a house in Holybourne in Hampshire that she was secretly buying as a post-retirement surprise for her husband and family.

Wives and Daughters was being published in the Cornhill Magazine, a high quality literary periodical specialising in the serialisation of novels.

It appeared posthumously in volume form in 1866.

In the early twentieth century, her writing appeared old-fashioned and provincial, but today Elizabeth Gaskell ranks as one of the most highly-regarded British Victorian novelists.

In this new century she is recognised as the accomplished artist that she was, and for the past thirty years or more has increasingly attracted the attention of literary theorists, academics and readers who just enjoy a good story.

Consequently, more subtle and penetrating accounts of Gaskell's life and writings are now being published for her growing readership.

The image of Elizabeth Gaskell by William John Thomson, of Edinburgh, 1832 is reproduced here by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester

#### Goodness, Truth and Beauty in the Works of John Ruskin and his Contemporaries

#### London & South East Gaskell Society Meeting

#### Victorian Book Group – Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family

Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson. Gaskell was born on 29 September 1810. Gaskell was born in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London.


Some individuals and religious groups retain beliefs or practices which involve acts contrary to established law.

(meta data) TITLE: Official Declaration 1

Official Declaration 1BookmarksDownloadsMale Voice (MP3) Female Voice (MP3) Entire Book (PDF) Footnotes

The Bible and the Book of Mormon teach that monogamy is God's standard for marriage unless He declares otherwise (see 2 Samuel 12:7–8 and Jacob 2:27, 30).

Following a revelation to Joseph Smith, the practice of plural marriage was instituted among Church members in the early 1840s (see section 132).

From the 1860s to the 1880s, the United States government passed laws to make this religious practice illegal.

These laws were eventually upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

After receiving revelation, President Wilford Woodruff issued the following Manifesto, which was accepted by the Church as authoritative and binding on October 6, 1890.

This led to the end of the practice of plural marriage in the Church.

Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages are still being solemnized and that forty or more such marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy

I, therefore, as President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false.

We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting any person to enter into its practice, and I deny that either forty or any other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge.

In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, and to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey any such teaching, he has been promptly reproved.

And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

"I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 24th, 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding."

## Excerpts from Three Addresses by President Wilford Woodruff Regarding the Manifesto

The Lord will never permit me or any other man who stands as President of this Church to lead you astray.

If I were to attempt that, the Lord would remove me out of my place, and so He will any other man who attempts to lead the children of men astray from the oracles of God and from their duty.

(Sixty-first Semiannual General Conference of the Church, Monday, October 6, 1890, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Reported in Deseret Evening News, October 11, 1890, p. 2.)

It matters not who lives or who dies, or who is called to lead this Church, they have got to lead it by the inspiration of Almighty God.

If they do not do it that way, they cannot do it at all. …

I have had some revelations of late, and very important ones to me, and I will tell you what the Lord has said to me.

Let me bring your minds to what is termed the manifesto.

The Lord has told me to ask the Latter-day Saints a question, and He also told me that if they would listen to what I said to them and answer the question put to them, by the Spirit and power of God, they would all answer alike, and they would all believe alike with regard to this matter.

The question is this: Which is the wisest course for the Latter-day Saints to pursue—to continue to attempt to practice plural marriage, with the laws of the nation against it and the opposition of sixty millions of people, and at the cost of the confiscation and loss of all the Temples, and the stopping of all the ordinances therein, both for the living and the dead, and the imprisonment of the First Presidency and Twelve and the heads of families in the Church, and the confiscation of personal property of the people (all of which of themselves would stop the practice); or, after doing and suffering what we have through our adherence to this principle to cease the practice and submit to the law, and through doing so leave the Prophets, Apostles and fathers at home, so that they can instruct the people and attend to the duties of the Church, and also leave the Temples in the hands of the Saints, so that they can attend to the ordinances of the Gospel, both for the living and the dead?

The Lord showed me by vision and revelation exactly what would take place if we did not stop this practice.

If we had not stopped it, you would have had no use for … any of the men in this temple at Logan; for all ordinances would be stopped throughout the land of Zion.

Confusion would reign throughout Israel, and many men would be made prisoners.

This trouble would have come upon the whole Church, and we should have been compelled to stop the practice.

Now, the question is, whether it should be stopped in this manner, or in the way the Lord has manifested to us, and leave our Prophets and Apostles and fathers free men, and the temples in the hands of the people, so that the dead may be redeemed.

A large number has already been delivered from the prison house in the spirit world by this people, and shall the work go on or stop?

This is the question I lay before the Latter-day Saints.

I shall not answer it; but I say to you that that is exactly the condition we as a people would have been in had we not taken the course we have.

… I saw exactly what would come to pass if there was not something done.

I have had this spirit upon me for a long time.

But I want to say this: I should have let all the temples go out of our hands; I should have gone to prison myself, and let every other man go there, had not the God of heaven commanded me to do what I did do; and when the hour came that I was commanded to do that, it was all clear to me.

I went before the Lord, and I wrote what the Lord told me to write. …

I leave this with you, for you to contemplate and consider.

(Cache Stake Conference, Logan, Utah, Sunday, November 1, 1891.

Reported in Deseret Weekly, November 14, 1891.)

Now I will tell you what was manifested to me and what the Son of God performed in this thing.

… All these things would have come to pass, as God Almighty lives, had not that Manifesto been given.

Therefore, the Son of God felt disposed to have that thing presented to the Church and to the world for purposes in his own mind.

The Lord had decreed the establishment of Zion.

He had decreed the finishing of this temple.

He had decreed that the salvation of the living and the dead should be given in these valleys of the mountains.

And Almighty God decreed that the Devil should not thwart it.

If you can understand that, that is a key to it.

(From a discourse at the sixth session of the dedication of the Salt Lake Temple, April 1893.

Typescript of Dedicatory Services, Archives, Church Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.)

No footnotes, personal notes, or other related content available.

The European Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on all European Union states (following the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the United Kingdom), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.
 In its 2000 annual report on international religious freedom, the U.S. State Department cited China, Myanmar, Iran, Iraq and Sudan for persecuting people for their religious faith and practices.  The report, which covers July 1999 through June 2000, details U.S. policy toward countries where religious freedom is violated in the view of the U.S. State Department.
 The advocacy group Freedom House produced a report entitled "Religious Freedom in the World" in 2000 which ranked countries according to their religious freedom. The countries receiving a score of 7, indicating those where religious freedom was least respected, were Turkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Myanmar and North Korea. China was given a score of 6 overall, however Tibet was listed separately in the 7 category. Those countries receiving a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious freedom, were Estonia, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United States. Within those countries that openly advocate religious tolerance there remain debates as to the limits of tolerance.


The use of cannabis by members of the Rastafari movement is an example of this.

(meta data) TITLE: Official Declaration 1

Official Declaration 1BookmarksDownloadsMale Voice (MP3) Female Voice (MP3) Entire Book (PDF) Footnotes

The Bible and the Book of Mormon teach that monogamy is God's standard for marriage unless He declares otherwise (see 2 Samuel 12:7–8 and Jacob 2:27, 30).

Following a revelation to Joseph Smith, the practice of plural marriage was instituted among Church members in the early 1840s (see section 132).

From the 1860s to the 1880s, the United States government passed laws to make this religious practice illegal.

These laws were eventually upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

After receiving revelation, President Wilford Woodruff issued the following Manifesto, which was accepted by the Church as authoritative and binding on October 6, 1890.

This led to the end of the practice of plural marriage in the Church.

Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages are still being solemnized and that forty or more such marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy

I, therefore, as President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false.

We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting any person to enter into its practice, and I deny that either forty or any other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge.

In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, and to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey any such teaching, he has been promptly reproved.

And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

"I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 24th, 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding."

## Excerpts from Three Addresses by President Wilford Woodruff Regarding the Manifesto

The Lord will never permit me or any other man who stands as President of this Church to lead you astray.

If I were to attempt that, the Lord would remove me out of my place, and so He will any other man who attempts to lead the children of men astray from the oracles of God and from their duty.

(Sixty-first Semiannual General Conference of the Church, Monday, October 6, 1890, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Reported in Deseret Evening News, October 11, 1890, p. 2.)

It matters not who lives or who dies, or who is called to lead this Church, they have got to lead it by the inspiration of Almighty God.

If they do not do it that way, they cannot do it at all. …

I have had some revelations of late, and very important ones to me, and I will tell you what the Lord has said to me.

Let me bring your minds to what is termed the manifesto.

The Lord has told me to ask the Latter-day Saints a question, and He also told me that if they would listen to what I said to them and answer the question put to them, by the Spirit and power of God, they would all answer alike, and they would all believe alike with regard to this matter.

The question is this: Which is the wisest course for the Latter-day Saints to pursue—to continue to attempt to practice plural marriage, with the laws of the nation against it and the opposition of sixty millions of people, and at the cost of the confiscation and loss of all the Temples, and the stopping of all the ordinances therein, both for the living and the dead, and the imprisonment of the First Presidency and Twelve and the heads of families in the Church, and the confiscation of personal property of the people (all of which of themselves would stop the practice); or, after doing and suffering what we have through our adherence to this principle to cease the practice and submit to the law, and through doing so leave the Prophets, Apostles and fathers at home, so that they can instruct the people and attend to the duties of the Church, and also leave the Temples in the hands of the Saints, so that they can attend to the ordinances of the Gospel, both for the living and the dead?

The Lord showed me by vision and revelation exactly what would take place if we did not stop this practice.

If we had not stopped it, you would have had no use for … any of the men in this temple at Logan; for all ordinances would be stopped throughout the land of Zion.

Confusion would reign throughout Israel, and many men would be made prisoners.

This trouble would have come upon the whole Church, and we should have been compelled to stop the practice.

Now, the question is, whether it should be stopped in this manner, or in the way the Lord has manifested to us, and leave our Prophets and Apostles and fathers free men, and the temples in the hands of the people, so that the dead may be redeemed.

A large number has already been delivered from the prison house in the spirit world by this people, and shall the work go on or stop?

This is the question I lay before the Latter-day Saints.

I shall not answer it; but I say to you that that is exactly the condition we as a people would have been in had we not taken the course we have.

… I saw exactly what would come to pass if there was not something done.

I have had this spirit upon me for a long time.

But I want to say this: I should have let all the temples go out of our hands; I should have gone to prison myself, and let every other man go there, had not the God of heaven commanded me to do what I did do; and when the hour came that I was commanded to do that, it was all clear to me.

I went before the Lord, and I wrote what the Lord told me to write. …

I leave this with you, for you to contemplate and consider.

(Cache Stake Conference, Logan, Utah, Sunday, November 1, 1891.

Reported in Deseret Weekly, November 14, 1891.)

Now I will tell you what was manifested to me and what the Son of God performed in this thing.

… All these things would have come to pass, as God Almighty lives, had not that Manifesto been given.

Therefore, the Son of God felt disposed to have that thing presented to the Church and to the world for purposes in his own mind.

The Lord had decreed the establishment of Zion.

He had decreed the finishing of this temple.

He had decreed that the salvation of the living and the dead should be given in these valleys of the mountains.

And Almighty God decreed that the Devil should not thwart it.

If you can understand that, that is a key to it.

(From a discourse at the sixth session of the dedication of the Salt Lake Temple, April 1893.

Typescript of Dedicatory Services, Archives, Church Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.)

No footnotes, personal notes, or other related content available.

The European Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on all European Union states (following the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the United Kingdom), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.
 In its 2000 annual report on international religious freedom, the U.S. State Department cited China, Myanmar, Iran, Iraq and Sudan for persecuting people for their religious faith and practices.  The report, which covers July 1999 through June 2000, details U.S. policy toward countries where religious freedom is violated in the view of the U.S. State Department.
 The advocacy group Freedom House produced a report entitled "Religious Freedom in the World" in 2000 which ranked countries according to their religious freedom. The countries receiving a score of 7, indicating those where religious freedom was least respected, were Turkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Myanmar and North Korea. China was given a score of 6 overall, however Tibet was listed separately in the 7 category. Those countries receiving a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious freedom, were Estonia, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United States. Within those countries that openly advocate religious tolerance there remain debates as to the limits of tolerance. Some individuals and religious groups retain beliefs or practices which involve acts contrary to established law.


The religious use of eagle feathers by non-Native Americans (contrary to the eagle feather law, 50 CFR 22) is an example of this.

(meta data) TITLE: Official Declaration 1

Official Declaration 1BookmarksDownloadsMale Voice (MP3) Female Voice (MP3) Entire Book (PDF) Footnotes

The Bible and the Book of Mormon teach that monogamy is God's standard for marriage unless He declares otherwise (see 2 Samuel 12:7–8 and Jacob 2:27, 30).

Following a revelation to Joseph Smith, the practice of plural marriage was instituted among Church members in the early 1840s (see section 132).

From the 1860s to the 1880s, the United States government passed laws to make this religious practice illegal.

These laws were eventually upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

After receiving revelation, President Wilford Woodruff issued the following Manifesto, which was accepted by the Church as authoritative and binding on October 6, 1890.

This led to the end of the practice of plural marriage in the Church.

Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages are still being solemnized and that forty or more such marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy

I, therefore, as President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false.

We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting any person to enter into its practice, and I deny that either forty or any other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge.

In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, and to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey any such teaching, he has been promptly reproved.

And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

"I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 24th, 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding."

## Excerpts from Three Addresses by President Wilford Woodruff Regarding the Manifesto

The Lord will never permit me or any other man who stands as President of this Church to lead you astray.

If I were to attempt that, the Lord would remove me out of my place, and so He will any other man who attempts to lead the children of men astray from the oracles of God and from their duty.

(Sixty-first Semiannual General Conference of the Church, Monday, October 6, 1890, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Reported in Deseret Evening News, October 11, 1890, p. 2.)

It matters not who lives or who dies, or who is called to lead this Church, they have got to lead it by the inspiration of Almighty God.

If they do not do it that way, they cannot do it at all. …

I have had some revelations of late, and very important ones to me, and I will tell you what the Lord has said to me.

Let me bring your minds to what is termed the manifesto.

The Lord has told me to ask the Latter-day Saints a question, and He also told me that if they would listen to what I said to them and answer the question put to them, by the Spirit and power of God, they would all answer alike, and they would all believe alike with regard to this matter.

The question is this: Which is the wisest course for the Latter-day Saints to pursue—to continue to attempt to practice plural marriage, with the laws of the nation against it and the opposition of sixty millions of people, and at the cost of the confiscation and loss of all the Temples, and the stopping of all the ordinances therein, both for the living and the dead, and the imprisonment of the First Presidency and Twelve and the heads of families in the Church, and the confiscation of personal property of the people (all of which of themselves would stop the practice); or, after doing and suffering what we have through our adherence to this principle to cease the practice and submit to the law, and through doing so leave the Prophets, Apostles and fathers at home, so that they can instruct the people and attend to the duties of the Church, and also leave the Temples in the hands of the Saints, so that they can attend to the ordinances of the Gospel, both for the living and the dead?

The Lord showed me by vision and revelation exactly what would take place if we did not stop this practice.

If we had not stopped it, you would have had no use for … any of the men in this temple at Logan; for all ordinances would be stopped throughout the land of Zion.

Confusion would reign throughout Israel, and many men would be made prisoners.

This trouble would have come upon the whole Church, and we should have been compelled to stop the practice.

Now, the question is, whether it should be stopped in this manner, or in the way the Lord has manifested to us, and leave our Prophets and Apostles and fathers free men, and the temples in the hands of the people, so that the dead may be redeemed.

A large number has already been delivered from the prison house in the spirit world by this people, and shall the work go on or stop?

This is the question I lay before the Latter-day Saints.

I shall not answer it; but I say to you that that is exactly the condition we as a people would have been in had we not taken the course we have.

… I saw exactly what would come to pass if there was not something done.

I have had this spirit upon me for a long time.

But I want to say this: I should have let all the temples go out of our hands; I should have gone to prison myself, and let every other man go there, had not the God of heaven commanded me to do what I did do; and when the hour came that I was commanded to do that, it was all clear to me.

I went before the Lord, and I wrote what the Lord told me to write. …

I leave this with you, for you to contemplate and consider.

(Cache Stake Conference, Logan, Utah, Sunday, November 1, 1891.

Reported in Deseret Weekly, November 14, 1891.)

Now I will tell you what was manifested to me and what the Son of God performed in this thing.

… All these things would have come to pass, as God Almighty lives, had not that Manifesto been given.

Therefore, the Son of God felt disposed to have that thing presented to the Church and to the world for purposes in his own mind.

The Lord had decreed the establishment of Zion.

He had decreed the finishing of this temple.

He had decreed that the salvation of the living and the dead should be given in these valleys of the mountains.

And Almighty God decreed that the Devil should not thwart it.

If you can understand that, that is a key to it.

(From a discourse at the sixth session of the dedication of the Salt Lake Temple, April 1893.

Typescript of Dedicatory Services, Archives, Church Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.)

No footnotes, personal notes, or other related content available.

The European Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on all European Union states (following the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the United Kingdom), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.
 In its 2000 annual report on international religious freedom, the U.S. State Department cited China, Myanmar, Iran, Iraq and Sudan for persecuting people for their religious faith and practices.  The report, which covers July 1999 through June 2000, details U.S. policy toward countries where religious freedom is violated in the view of the U.S. State Department.
 The advocacy group Freedom House produced a report entitled "Religious Freedom in the World" in 2000 which ranked countries according to their religious freedom. The countries receiving a score of 7, indicating those where religious freedom was least respected, were Turkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Myanmar and North Korea. China was given a score of 6 overall, however Tibet was listed separately in the 7 category. Those countries receiving a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious freedom, were Estonia, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United States. Within those countries that openly advocate religious tolerance there remain debates as to the limits of tolerance. Some individuals and religious groups retain beliefs or practices which involve acts contrary to established law. The use of cannabis by members of the Rastafari movement is an example of this.


The practice of polygamy amongst the LDS Church in the 19th century is an example of this.

(meta data) TITLE: Official Declaration 1

Official Declaration 1BookmarksDownloadsMale Voice (MP3) Female Voice (MP3) Entire Book (PDF) Footnotes

The Bible and the Book of Mormon teach that monogamy is God's standard for marriage unless He declares otherwise (see 2 Samuel 12:7–8 and Jacob 2:27, 30).

Following a revelation to Joseph Smith, the practice of plural marriage was instituted among Church members in the early 1840s (see section 132).

From the 1860s to the 1880s, the United States government passed laws to make this religious practice illegal.

These laws were eventually upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court.

After receiving revelation, President Wilford Woodruff issued the following Manifesto, which was accepted by the Church as authoritative and binding on October 6, 1890.

This led to the end of the practice of plural marriage in the Church.

Press dispatches having been sent for political purposes, from Salt Lake City, which have been widely published, to the effect that the Utah Commission, in their recent report to the Secretary of the Interior, allege that plural marriages are still being solemnized and that forty or more such marriages have been contracted in Utah since last June or during the past year, also that in public discourses the leaders of the Church have taught, encouraged and urged the continuance of the practice of polygamy

I, therefore, as President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, do hereby, in the most solemn manner, declare that these charges are false.

We are not teaching polygamy or plural marriage, nor permitting any person to enter into its practice, and I deny that either forty or any other number of plural marriages have during that period been solemnized in our Temples or in any other place in the Territory.

One case has been reported, in which the parties allege that the marriage was performed in the Endowment House, in Salt Lake City, in the Spring of 1889, but I have not been able to learn who performed the ceremony; whatever was done in this matter was without my knowledge.

In consequence of this alleged occurrence the Endowment House was, by my instructions, taken down without delay.

Inasmuch as laws have been enacted by Congress forbidding plural marriages, which laws have been pronounced constitutional by the court of last resort, I hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws, and to use my influence with the members of the Church over which I preside to have them do likewise.

There is nothing in my teachings to the Church or in those of my associates, during the time specified, which can be reasonably construed to inculcate or encourage polygamy; and when any Elder of the Church has used language which appeared to convey any such teaching, he has been promptly reproved.

And I now publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-day Saints is to refrain from contracting any marriage forbidden by the law of the land.

President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

President Lorenzo Snow offered the following:

"I move that, recognizing Wilford Woodruff as the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the only man on the earth at the present time who holds the keys of the sealing ordinances, we consider him fully authorized by virtue of his position to issue the Manifesto which has been read in our hearing, and which is dated September 24th, 1890, and that as a Church in General Conference assembled, we accept his declaration concerning plural marriages as authoritative and binding."

## Excerpts from Three Addresses by President Wilford Woodruff Regarding the Manifesto

The Lord will never permit me or any other man who stands as President of this Church to lead you astray.

If I were to attempt that, the Lord would remove me out of my place, and so He will any other man who attempts to lead the children of men astray from the oracles of God and from their duty.

(Sixty-first Semiannual General Conference of the Church, Monday, October 6, 1890, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Reported in Deseret Evening News, October 11, 1890, p. 2.)

It matters not who lives or who dies, or who is called to lead this Church, they have got to lead it by the inspiration of Almighty God.

If they do not do it that way, they cannot do it at all. …

I have had some revelations of late, and very important ones to me, and I will tell you what the Lord has said to me.

Let me bring your minds to what is termed the manifesto.

The Lord has told me to ask the Latter-day Saints a question, and He also told me that if they would listen to what I said to them and answer the question put to them, by the Spirit and power of God, they would all answer alike, and they would all believe alike with regard to this matter.

The question is this: Which is the wisest course for the Latter-day Saints to pursue—to continue to attempt to practice plural marriage, with the laws of the nation against it and the opposition of sixty millions of people, and at the cost of the confiscation and loss of all the Temples, and the stopping of all the ordinances therein, both for the living and the dead, and the imprisonment of the First Presidency and Twelve and the heads of families in the Church, and the confiscation of personal property of the people (all of which of themselves would stop the practice); or, after doing and suffering what we have through our adherence to this principle to cease the practice and submit to the law, and through doing so leave the Prophets, Apostles and fathers at home, so that they can instruct the people and attend to the duties of the Church, and also leave the Temples in the hands of the Saints, so that they can attend to the ordinances of the Gospel, both for the living and the dead?

The Lord showed me by vision and revelation exactly what would take place if we did not stop this practice.

If we had not stopped it, you would have had no use for … any of the men in this temple at Logan; for all ordinances would be stopped throughout the land of Zion.

Confusion would reign throughout Israel, and many men would be made prisoners.

This trouble would have come upon the whole Church, and we should have been compelled to stop the practice.

Now, the question is, whether it should be stopped in this manner, or in the way the Lord has manifested to us, and leave our Prophets and Apostles and fathers free men, and the temples in the hands of the people, so that the dead may be redeemed.

A large number has already been delivered from the prison house in the spirit world by this people, and shall the work go on or stop?

This is the question I lay before the Latter-day Saints.

I shall not answer it; but I say to you that that is exactly the condition we as a people would have been in had we not taken the course we have.

… I saw exactly what would come to pass if there was not something done.

I have had this spirit upon me for a long time.

But I want to say this: I should have let all the temples go out of our hands; I should have gone to prison myself, and let every other man go there, had not the God of heaven commanded me to do what I did do; and when the hour came that I was commanded to do that, it was all clear to me.

I went before the Lord, and I wrote what the Lord told me to write. …

I leave this with you, for you to contemplate and consider.

(Cache Stake Conference, Logan, Utah, Sunday, November 1, 1891.

Reported in Deseret Weekly, November 14, 1891.)

Now I will tell you what was manifested to me and what the Son of God performed in this thing.

… All these things would have come to pass, as God Almighty lives, had not that Manifesto been given.

Therefore, the Son of God felt disposed to have that thing presented to the Church and to the world for purposes in his own mind.

The Lord had decreed the establishment of Zion.

He had decreed the finishing of this temple.

He had decreed that the salvation of the living and the dead should be given in these valleys of the mountains.

And Almighty God decreed that the Devil should not thwart it.

If you can understand that, that is a key to it.

(From a discourse at the sixth session of the dedication of the Salt Lake Temple, April 1893.

Typescript of Dedicatory Services, Archives, Church Historical Department, Salt Lake City, Utah.)

No footnotes, personal notes, or other related content available.

The European Convention on Human Rights, which is legally binding on all European Union states (following the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the United Kingdom), makes restricting the rights of an individual to practice or change their religion illegal in article 9, and discrimination on the basis of religion illegal in article 14.
 In its 2000 annual report on international religious freedom, the U.S. State Department cited China, Myanmar, Iran, Iraq and Sudan for persecuting people for their religious faith and practices.  The report, which covers July 1999 through June 2000, details U.S. policy toward countries where religious freedom is violated in the view of the U.S. State Department.
 The advocacy group Freedom House produced a report entitled "Religious Freedom in the World" in 2000 which ranked countries according to their religious freedom. The countries receiving a score of 7, indicating those where religious freedom was least respected, were Turkmenistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Myanmar and North Korea. China was given a score of 6 overall, however Tibet was listed separately in the 7 category. Those countries receiving a score of 1, indicating the highest level of religious freedom, were Estonia, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and the United States. Within those countries that openly advocate religious tolerance there remain debates as to the limits of tolerance. Some individuals and religious groups retain beliefs or practices which involve acts contrary to established law. The use of cannabis by members of the Rastafari movement is an example of this. The religious use of eagle feathers by non-Native Americans (contrary to the eagle feather law, 50 CFR 22) is an example of this.


The hotel was used to provide hospitality to visitors.

(meta data) TITLE: Old Tolland County Jail and Museum | Tolland Historical Society

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### The museum is open from June through Septemberon Sunday afternoons from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.Except for Sunday, Sept. 1 on Labor Day Weekend

### The museum is also open by appointment.

To make an appointment, call Museum Director Kathy Bach at 860-872-7718.

View a virtual tour and get a sneak peak of what the museum has to offer.

Each month, a different panoramic view will be shown.

A stone jail built in 1856 and operated until 1968.

The attached 1893 jailer's home displays furniture and collections depicting Tolland life and industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the shed features woodworking, farm and outdoor work.

During the 19th Century, Tolland was the hub of law and order for all of Tolland County.

All those who broke the law in any of the towns of the County were tried in the Courthouse, and, if found guilty of misdemeanors requiring jail time of up to one year, would serve their time here, probably working in the barns and gardens on the property and on the 100 acre farm property where the Middle School is today.

They might also be assigned to work in the kitchen.

Those accused of felony crimes would be held here until trial, perhaps

moving on to the state prisons, occasionally returning here for a year or less.

They were not allowed out of the cellblock to work while awaiting trial.

The earliest portion of the jail itself, the stone (center) section dating from 1856, was the fourth jail built here.

The jail was operated by the county until 1960, and by the state from 1960 to 1968.

The 32-cell facility is of interest to young and old.

Even some former inmates have visited the jail, and have told stories of life at the old "Hollyhock Hotel", as it was affectionately known.

Before a disastrous fire in 1893, there was an actual hotel attached to the

People having business with the courts, and other travelers, needed a place to stay, meals, and a livery stable to provide transportation or tend to the needs of their horses.

After the courts moved to Rockville, the hotel was no longer needed, and when it burned to the ground it was replaced by a residence for the jailer and his family.

The museum contains a vast array of fascinating items depicting Tolland life in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, most of them donated by townspeople and actually used in town.

The Museum offers a Summer Internship Program for students entering grades 7 thru 12.

Display construction, artifact care and accessioning, and docentships are a few of the skills that are learned.

Interested students should contact Museum Director, Kathy Bach at 860.872.7716 (home) as soon as possible.

You will find seasonal displays and weekly events from mid-May to October.

Watch for our 2015 Schedule of Summer Sunday weekly events which will be posted below!!!

We are a Blue Star Museum offering Military families free admission from Memorial Day to season close (this is longer than the National program.

Click here for Directions to the Jail Museum

The show, which will also be open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sept. 29 in the Old Tolland County Court House Museum, will feature new and antique quilts for display from the Society's collection, area museums and local quilters. …

BECOME A MEMBER OF THE TOLLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY:

Support your local society by your family, individual or business membership.

admission to all museums during open hours.

One or two hours of your time and talent can make a difference to our museums.

The Old Tolland County Jail and Museum is a historic jail in Tolland, Connecticut.  It is located at 52 Tolland Green.  The jail was in use from 1856-1968. The Jail served as the county jail in the 19th and 20th century for criminals who were convicted of a crime or were awaiting a trial at the courthouse across the street.  The jail also had a hotel in front until a fire burned it down in 1893.


(meta data) TITLE: Old Tolland County Jail and Museum | Tolland Historical Society

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### The museum is open from June through Septemberon Sunday afternoons from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.Except for Sunday, Sept. 1 on Labor Day Weekend

### The museum is also open by appointment.

To make an appointment, call Museum Director Kathy Bach at 860-872-7718.

View a virtual tour and get a sneak peak of what the museum has to offer.

Each month, a different panoramic view will be shown.

A stone jail built in 1856 and operated until 1968.

The attached 1893 jailer's home displays furniture and collections depicting Tolland life and industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the shed features woodworking, farm and outdoor work.

During the 19th Century, Tolland was the hub of law and order for all of Tolland County.

All those who broke the law in any of the towns of the County were tried in the Courthouse, and, if found guilty of misdemeanors requiring jail time of up to one year, would serve their time here, probably working in the barns and gardens on the property and on the 100 acre farm property where the Middle School is today.

They might also be assigned to work in the kitchen.

Those accused of felony crimes would be held here until trial, perhaps

moving on to the state prisons, occasionally returning here for a year or less.

They were not allowed out of the cellblock to work while awaiting trial.

The earliest portion of the jail itself, the stone (center) section dating from 1856, was the fourth jail built here.

The jail was operated by the county until 1960, and by the state from 1960 to 1968.

The 32-cell facility is of interest to young and old.

Even some former inmates have visited the jail, and have told stories of life at the old "Hollyhock Hotel", as it was affectionately known.

Before a disastrous fire in 1893, there was an actual hotel attached to the

People having business with the courts, and other travelers, needed a place to stay, meals, and a livery stable to provide transportation or tend to the needs of their horses.

After the courts moved to Rockville, the hotel was no longer needed, and when it burned to the ground it was replaced by a residence for the jailer and his family.

The museum contains a vast array of fascinating items depicting Tolland life in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, most of them donated by townspeople and actually used in town.

The Museum offers a Summer Internship Program for students entering grades 7 thru 12.

Display construction, artifact care and accessioning, and docentships are a few of the skills that are learned.

Interested students should contact Museum Director, Kathy Bach at 860.872.7716 (home) as soon as possible.

You will find seasonal displays and weekly events from mid-May to October.

Watch for our 2015 Schedule of Summer Sunday weekly events which will be posted below!!!

We are a Blue Star Museum offering Military families free admission from Memorial Day to season close (this is longer than the National program.

Click here for Directions to the Jail Museum

The show, which will also be open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sept. 29 in the Old Tolland County Court House Museum, will feature new and antique quilts for display from the Society's collection, area museums and local quilters. …

BECOME A MEMBER OF THE TOLLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY:

Support your local society by your family, individual or business membership.

admission to all museums during open hours.

One or two hours of your time and talent can make a difference to our museums.

The Old Tolland County Jail and Museum is a historic jail in Tolland, Connecticut.  It is located at 52 Tolland Green.  The jail was in use from 1856-1968. The Jail served as the county jail in the 19th and 20th century for criminals who were convicted of a crime or were awaiting a trial at the courthouse across the street.  The jail also had a hotel in front until a fire burned it down in 1893. The hotel was used to provide hospitality to visitors.


He died at his home in Eaton Square in London on 18 April 1862.

Memorial at Tulliallan Kirkyard, Dumfries, Scotland - "Sacred to the

memory of John Adamson, surgeon R.N. born 25 Aug 1769 died 7th

He was distinguised for great professional abilities,

philanthropic spirit and sincere though unostentatious piety.

Erected by his widow Thomasina Brown.Thomasina Brown born 6 Sept

Memorial at St. Peter's Church, Hurstbourne Tarrant,

to the memory of Captain Charles Alder RN sixth son of the late

Gilbert Alder Died the 16th Nov 1903 at Ham House West Buckland

Russian War 1854-55 and in 1857-8, 60 in the Second China War and

was present at the Storming of the Taku Forts the blockade of the

Pei-ho River and the Capture of Canton also in the Congo River

Expedition and in the supression of the slave trade on the West

Grave at Cheltenham Borough Cemetery, Gloucestershire - "In loving memory of

Brigadier Surgeon William Ashton, RAMC of Doneraile, Co. Cork,

grandson Cdr. William Ashton DSC, RN Born Canada 15 January 1914.

Memorial at St. Andrew's church, Shrivenham, Oxon - "Sacred to the

memory of the Honourable Samuel Barrington Admiral of the White

Born Feby 15th 1770 Died Augt. 16th 1800."

Assistant-Surgeon George Hext - HMS Gladiator

Memorial at St. Mary's church, Penzance - "In affectionate remembrance of

Bellringer, Jun., late acting assistant surgeon of HMS "Gladiator"

who departed this life near the Island of Bermuda, on the 4th

Grave at Lambeth churchyard, London - "Sacred to the

memory of William Bligh Esquire FRS Vice Admiral of the Blue, The

celebrated Navigator who first transplanted the bread fruit tree

from Otahette to the West Indies, bravely fought the Battles of

his Country and died beloved respected and lamented on the 7th

Memorial in St. James Church, Sydney, Australia - "Sacred to the memory of Commodore Sir James Brisbane, Kt, CB,

KW, who closed with his life, an honourable career of active and

Whilst commanding HM Squadron in India he

conducted in person the naval force employed in the difficult and

harassing war which ended with the submission of the Burmese Empire:

subsequent to its termination he sailed for South America, in command

of H M Ship Warspite; but being greatly impaired in health by that

arduous services, landed at Sydney, and after protracted suffering died

on 19th of December 1826 aged 52 years."

Memorial at St. Mary's church, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire - "To the glory of God

and in memory of Edward John Brooks RN. Commander of HMS Ringdove

who was accidentally drowned in Yedo Bay 7-12-1870 and was buried

Memorial at St. Nicholas' church, Deptford, Kent - "In

memory of Lieut. Peter Butt, R.N., at 17

eldest son of Peter Butt, esquire, who died 7th July 1780, of

wounds received on board H.M.S. Conqueror on the 19th of May

proceeding in the Fleet under the Command of Vice Admiral Sir

George Rodney in action with the French fleet in the West Indies.

Also of Lieut. John Butt, second son of Peter Butt, esquire, who

was drowned while in command of an armed ship in the North Sea 24th

Grave at the Protestant Cemetery, Rome, Italy - "Sacred

Bar Commander RN. Born October 22 1817 died at Civitavecchia

Admiral Chamberlayne - Royal Navy - died 24th April 1810.

Captain George Chamberlayne - Royal Navy - died March 1799.

Post Captain Edwin Chamberlayne, CB - Royal Navy - died December

Lieutenant Bickerton Chamberlayne - 12th Foot - died April 1822.

Memorial at St. Edward Church, Stow on the Wold - "In memory of

Admiral Chamberlayne of the Family of Chamberlayne, formerly

Tancarville long settled at Maugersbury in this Parish and four

of his Sons all now waiting for a blefsed Resurrection therough

the merits and mercis of jesus Christ Admiral Chamberlayne after

long and arduous Services to his King and Country died in the

bosom of his own family at Plymouth April 24 1810.

George the eldest Son of the Admiral died in November 1802 Aged

22 a Captain in command H.M.Sloop Busy in the West Indies Charles

died in March 1799 aged 16 on his return from Sea a Naval Officer

Edwin died in December 1821 aged 37 a Post Captain in his

Majesty's Navy and companion of the most honourable order of the

Bickerton died in April 1822 aged 30 a Lieut. in his Majesty's 12

Each in their several Stations having done

honour to the ancient and honourable name they bore verily their

Son of Admiral Sir Charles Cotton (below)

Memorial at St. Mary's Church, Madingley, Cambridgeshire - "Commander Charles

Cotton R.N. Died on board HMS Zebra in the Mediterranean on the

Church at Malta, where a monument erected by his officers and men

..... His death was occasioned by a fever resulting from the

fatigue of an arduous service in the course of which he was

eminently conspicuous in rescuing the crew of HMS Cambrian off

Father of Cmmander Charles Cotton (above). Served at the battle

squadron based off Lisbon, Portugal, followed by commands of the

Memorial at St. Mary's Church, Madingley, Cambridgeshire - "Sacred to the

memory of Sir Charles Cotton Bar T, Admiral of the White Fleet.

At an early period of his life he entered into the service of his

From the active and almost incessant occupations of

which neither the subsequent possession of an ample fortune, nor

the still more powerful ties of domestic and local attachment

DACRES - Captain James Richard - HMS Nimrod

Memorial at Parish Church at Tetbury, Gloucestershire - "In memory of James Richard Dacres, Esqre.

Vice-Admiral of the Red Squadron, who died at Catisfield Lodge,

Hants., on the 4th December, 1853, aged 64 years.

son, James Richard Dacres, Esqre., Commanding H.M. sloop Nimrod,

who died at Mozambique, on the 14th February, 1848, aged 37 years.

And of his youngest son, Hew Dalrymple Dacres,

., who died at sea, on his passage from Barbadoes, 11th

Regt. of Foot, died in the service of his country, at the Helder,

on the coast of Holland, September 28th, 1799, aged 20 years."

(Son of Lieutenant Henry Wayet Davenport (39th Foot) - see entry)

Grave at St. Peter's Church, Leckhampton, Cheltenham, Glos - "Sir Salusbury

Davenport, of Bramhall Hall, Cheshire, Rear Admiral of the White,

He died at Cheltenham on the 17th November 1845 and

was buried in this church yard by his own written desire."

St. Anne's Church of Ireland, County Donegal, Ireland - "In loving memory of

John William Dickson, Lt. Col. D.L.I. Born November 19th 1802

Also Thomas Hyacinth Dickson, Commander R.N.,

Born Sept. 11th 1844 died September 12th 1888."

Admiral Sir Philip Charles Henderson Calderwood

Memorial at Largo church, East Fife - "In

Calderwood Durham of Fordell, Polton and Largo, Admiral of the

Red, Knight Grand Cross of Bath and of military merit in France.

He was born on 29.7.1763 entered the R.N at 14 and was made Post

Captain in 1793, his activity, gallantry, judgement and Zeal were

excelled by none in his profession and his numerous captures and

successes were acknowledged by many public testimonials.

became Rear Admiral in 1810 with Comander in Chief for he West

Indies from 1813 till peace in 1815 and held the command at

Portsmouth from 1837-1839, he represented Queensburgh and Devises

in several Parliments, but passed his later years cheifly at

Fordel. Courted in society and generously spending an ample

fortune, in 1799 he married Lady Charlotte Matilda Bruce,

daughter of Charles, 5th Earl of Elgin who died in 1816 and

secondly in 1817 Ann Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir John

Henderson of Fordell, Baronet, whom he survived only 3 months, he

died at Naples on the 21.4.184 and was interred beneath the West

Memorial at Rippon Cathedral - "To the memory of the late

of Elliot House, near Ripon, Commander R.N., having entered the

naval service of his country early inlife, he circumnavigated the

globe as a Midshipman in the Resolution, under the command of the

celebrated Capt. Cook; he subsequently served as a Lieut. of the

Ajax of 74 guns, and was present in Lord Rodney's glorious action

of the 12th of April 1782, in which he was severely wounded; he

resided at Elliott House many years, greatly respected for his

strict integrity and uprightness in all the relations of life;

was born Jany. 11th 1759, and died September 17th 1834; also to

the memory of Isabella Elliott, his beloved wife, who was born

Memorial at St. Thomas of Canterbury, Goring-on-Thames,

loving memory of Lt Herbert Lefroy Hunter

Fell RN Bey of the Soudanese Service Born at Worldham Rectory

Hants 16 December 1873 Died at Tambura in the Bahr El Ghazal

Memorial at St. Peter's church, Sandwich, Kent - "In the family vault

beneath are deposited the mortal remains of John Ferrier Esquire

Admiral of the Blue Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet a native of

this town he passed a long and active life in the arduous duties

of his profession with unblemished honour serving in all quarters

as a British officer he was assiduously attentive

and he laboured to promote with zeal punctuality and diligence

the best interests of his country his professional character and

qualifications as drawn by drawn by the illustrious Nelson are

publically recorded in the retirement of private life in which

his latter years were passed he lived to his family, to his

erected in grateful remembrance of his kindness and affection by

Esquire, Rear-Admiral of the White Squadron, who, after bravely

serving his country for more than forty years, died at Banff 12th

continued and uniform exertion of humanity, patriotism and valour.

Gentleness and elegance of manners, a friendly benevolent and

tender heart, and a strict regard to every religious and social

duty, are some of those engaging qualities that distinguished him

in private life, and have left upon the minds of his surviving

friends a regret which no length of time will be able to remove.

. . . Mrs. Elizabeth Forbes erects this marble as a memorial of

her gratitude and love to a most affectionate husband and most

HART - Lieutenant Henry Chichester Hart - HMS Venus

Memorial at St. Mary Magdalen's church, Taunton, Somerset - "In Memory of George

Hart, Esq. R. Admiral of the White Squadron of H.M. Fleet, who

departed this life 28th April 1812, in his 60th year; In his

profession, zealous, intrepid, humane, a fond father, an

affectionate husband, a pious Christian.

Chichester, his only son, who on the 30th June 1813 and the 24th

year of his age, a Lt. of the Royal Navy and first of H.M.S.

Venus, was cut off, in the execution of his duty, in Carlisle

Beloved and regretted by his brother officers,

his Ship's Company, and all who knew him.

Anne, the widow and mother of the deceased, A feeble but sincere

Rear Admiral Hart, who died the 31st of March 1815."

Memorial at Johnstone Church Burial Ground, Dumfries, Scotland - "Admiral Sir William

James Hope Johnstone, KGB. Born 28 Jul 1798 d. Jul 11 1878, the

second son of the late Sir William and Lady Anne Hope- Johnstone

Memorial at Shiplake church, Oxfordshire - "In memory of Vice

Admiral Lord Mark Robert Kerr (Third son of William John Kerr

Fifth Marquis of Lothian) whose remains are interred beneath this

He departed this life Sept. 9th 1840 in the 64th year of

Most exemplary as a Christian, a husband, a father and a

Admiral Evelyn Robert Le - Royal Navy - died 12th February

Memorial at St Peter's Church , Little Rissington - "Evelyn Robert Le

1949 he served throughout the Great War 1914-18 and was awarded

the DSO for distinguished service on many seas.

Memorial in Husband Bosworth Parish Church, Leicestershire - "William Bruce

Mason, RN. Lieutenant of HM Ship 'Fox', drowned in the Rangoon

Born 3 Oct. 1832 son of Earl Clanwilliam and his wife

the Baltic 1854-5; China 1857 (wounded at Canton).

in memory of Richard James Fourth Earl of Clanwilliam RN GCB KCMG

Admiral of the Fleet Born October 3rd 1832 Died at Badgemore

Grave at Inveresk Kirkyard, Scotland - "In

&c. For 60 years he served his country in the Royal Navy; his

gallant deeds are recorded in her annals.

private life he was upright, exemplary, and esteemed.

at sea on the 5th of May 1845, aged 82 years, whilst returning to

his native home from Devonport, at which station he had been for

the three previous years Commander-in-Chief.

the remains of Grace, wife of Rear-Admiral David Milne, who died

at Bordeaux, in France, the 4th of October 1814, where she had

this country by her affectionate husband, and re-interred here

Alexander Purves of Purves, Bart., by Mary Home, daughter of Sir

James Home of Coldinghame, Bart., in the County of Berwick."

Memorial in Cantonment Cemetery, Rangoon - "Fred Morgan (Asst.

R.N. H.M. Ship Fox. who was present in every

engagement with the enemy on Board, and on deatched service

during the war; worn out by his exertions on behalf of others he

fell a victim to cholera on 22nd Sept. 1852."

Memorial at St. Mary's Parish, Church Conwy, North Wales - "Griffith Owen

Mariner of this port died June 29 1860 aged 78.

ship 'Conquoror' in the Battle of Trafalger AD 1805."

Memorial at Parish Church at Tetbury, Gloucestershire - "Alfred John Paul, Esqre., Commander R.N.,

sixth son of Robert Clark Paul, Esqre. of this town, born 11th

in January 1824; was midshipman of the Dartmouth, at Navarino,

and Flag Lieutenant in the Wellesley, at the taking of Chusan,

and in the operations against Canton and subsequent capture of

that city, in the year 1841; in which service he obtained his

This tablet is erected by his brothers as a token of

the sincere love and affection which they bore him."

Memorial at Golspie Cemetery, Sutherland, Scotland - "Alexander

Pendrith, died 14 may 1855, age 70; wife Ann Gunn, died 9 May

; children, Reverend John Pendrith, died 1 Jul 1853,

age 26; Alexander Pendrith, died 14 Aug 1844, age 12; Donald Gunn

Pendrith, Royal Navy surgeon and medical store keeper, Royal

Naval Hospital, Port Royal, Jamaica, died there 1 Nov 1867;

Margaret, died 5 Nov 1889, age 65; Helen, died 26 Jul 1903, age

Commander Walter Willshire - HMS Euryalus

Memorial at Parish Church at Tetbury, Gloucestershire - "To the memory of

Walter Willshire Pike, Commander Royal Navy, son of the late

And his remains lie interred within this

Captain Pike served as Lieutenant in the Euryalus frigate

at the ever memorable battle of Trafalgar; and was not less

repected in his profession as an officer, than he was esteemed by

a large circle of friends in private life as a gentleman."

Captain John - Royal Navy - died 10th October 1829.

Memorial at Kirk Arbory, Isle of Man - "Sacred

In his early service he was appointed by

Adm Lord Duncan to act as Lieutenant at the battle of Camperdown

after the Victory was achieved, this appointment was confirmed.

His gallantry and professional skill at the Battle of Copenhagen

attracted notice of Lord Nelson, who subsequently sought for his

services on board his own ship and as his Lordship's first Lieut,

he steered the Victory into action at the Battle of Trafalgar.

the example of Duncan and Nelson, he learned to conquer, by his

distinguished professional service, he retires to this, the land

of his affectionate solicitude and birth

station as a member of the House of Keys, and in private life he

was in arduous times the uncompromising defender of the rights

and privileges of his country men and the zealous and able

supporter of every measure tending to promote the welfare and the

October 1829, in the 59th years of his age.

erected by Margaret C. Quilliam, to the memory of her beloved

Memorials at Inveresk Kirkyard, Scotland - "This is the

burying ground of Captain Ramsay, R.N. David Ramsay, Esq., Post-Captain

in the Royal Navy, died 18th Nov. 1818, aged 68.

Captain Ramsay, R.N., eldest daughter of John Macleod of Macleod,

Capt. Ramsay, died on the Jamaica station July 1815, aged 22

John Ramsay, Lt. R.N., 2d son of Capt. Ramsay, died on the

Leeward Island Station, May 1807, aged 19 years.

Memorial at Knockholt, Kent - "Sacred to the memory of Rear

Admiral William Ricketts of this Parish who departed this life on

Ann Mantell Ricketts daughter of Capt. W.

Ricketts, R.N., died 27 June 1836 in her 28th year.

widow of the late Rear Admiral William Ricketts died 19 December

Memorial at Banff Cemetery, Scotland - "Errol Russel,

First Lieut. of Marines, died at sea on board L'Amiable, frigate,

midshipman, of H.M. Ship Queen, died at sea off St. Domingo 31st

October 1797, aged 16, all sons of Thomas Russel of Rathen and

Mrs. Anna Innes of Rosieburn, his spouse."

Grave at the Protestant Cemetery, Rome, Italy -"Sacred to the

memory of Charles Dudley Ryder second son of Henry Lord Bishop of

Litchfield and Coventry and late Midshipman in HBM Ship Naiad

Captain Hon. Robert Spencer he was drowned with five of the crew

by the upsetting of a boat at the mouth of the Tiber on the 28th

Memorial at St. Michael's, Aldbourne, Wiltshire - "To the memory of

Captain Henry Frowd Seagram RN eldest son of the present vicar of

this parish, Governor and Commander in Chief of the Gambia who in

various climates and countries having for a period of 21 years

served his country zealously and faithfully died in the execution

of his duty at Batherst on the Gambia 26th August 1843.

Grave at Clifton Street Graveyard, Belfast - "In memory of Peter

Stark Lieut R.N. died 11th May 1852 aged 59 years."

Memorial at St. Mary's church, Penzance - "Sacred to the

memory of General Walter Tremenheere, RM, Knight of the Royal

Hanoverian Guelphic Order, and Aide-de-camp to his late Majesty

He entered the army in 1779; served in the North Sea;

in the Channel Fleet; and in the West Indies

time Lieutenant Governor of ths Island of Curacoa, and received

the thanks of the inhabitants for his able administration.

commanded the Chatham division of his distinguished Corps from

Born at Penzance 10th Septr. 1761; died at his

honour, was closed amidst the regrets of his sorrowing family and

His remains were deposited in the Cemetery of Kensal

His widow Frances, third daughter of Thomas

Apperley, Esqre., heir of Mary Westfaling, of Rudall,

sons and daughters were deeply indebted to her affection and

- Lieutenant Robert James Darley - HMS America

Memorial at Rippon Cathedral - "Sacred to the

memory of Lieut. Robert James Darley Waddilove, R.N., of H.M.S.

America, who died at sea, Oct. 7th, 1844, within a few days' sail

depths of the South Pacific till that great day, when earth and

the eldest grandson of the Very Rev. R.D. Waddilove, D.D., many

by his afflicted parents, Apil 1st, 1845."

Memorial at Compton churchyard, Berkshire - "Cyril Leigh Wasey

Lieut RN died of fever at Malta March 16th 1892 aged 26."

Son of Lt-Col. Temple West, born 28th July 1774.

lie interred the remains of Admiral Sir John West, Knight Grand

Cross of the most Honourable Order of the Bath and Admiral of the

Born July 28th 1774 died April 18th 1862.

of Temple West, Esquire, a Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Regiment of

Guards, and representative of the family of the Wests.

of the counties of Buckingham and Northampton to whom a tablet is

Lieutenant George August - Royal Marines

Memorial at Kirk Arbory, Isle of Man - "Sacred

Woods of Balladoole, Esquire, Justice of the Peace and acting

Speaker of the House of Keys, formerly Lieutenant of the Royal

He served through the siege of Copenhagen, and also at

Memorial at St. Mary's church, Penzance - "This monument is

consecrated to the memory of James Wooldridge, Esqr., Captain in

the Royal Navy; who died the 31st of August 1814, aged 42 years.

The honours of rank, of a pension, and of a golden chain with a

medal struck expressly for the occasion, and conferred by his

king individually upon him for his conduct in an attack upon the

French fleet in Basque Roads, are memorials of his public

In private life he was an affectionate husband and a

tender parent, and in every station he was mindful of his duty to

Despite not undertaking an active service, West was promoted to rear admiral on 12 August 1819 and to vice admiral on 22 July 1830 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 4 July 1840. However, after being promoted to full admiral on 23 November 1841, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, with his flag in the first-rate HMS "Queen", in April 1845.
 West was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 25 June 1858 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 18 May 1860.