The same year, she raised $100 million to value the company Ipsy at over $500 million.

(meta data) TITLE: How Michelle Phan Built A $500 Million Company

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# How Michelle Phan Built A $500 Million Company

Michelle Phan (L) and Kelly Osbourne (R) on stage at Forbes' Under 30 Summit in Philadelphia (Photo credit: Mehrunnisa Wani)

Michelle Phan may have got a humble start on YouTube, but she is well on her way to helming a billion-dollar unicorn: her subscription beauty sampling business, Ipsy, last month raised $100 million to value the company at over $500 million.

"I didn't have a roadmap, I just did it because it was meaningful to me and I wanted to disrupt the beauty industry," said Phan, 28, speaking to an auditorium full of 1,500-plus high-achieving millennials at Forbes' second annual 30 Under 30 summit in Philadelphia.

Phan, who began posting YouTube makeup tutorials eight years ago, swiftly grew a following which now exceeds 8 million subscribers.

"I thought, if [YouTube] is going to be the global television of the future, I need to build my brand here," said Phan, who uploaded her first video, a natural makeup tutorial, from a humble grainy webcam in 2007.

"Within the first week, 40,000 people watched it and hundreds of comments came in and that's when I realized I'd found my calling."

Phan gained notoriety with her instructional posts, including a Lady Gaga makeup tutorial.

as their first official video makeup artist, and then started a makeup line called Em with L'Oreal, all thanks to the purchasing power of her built-in fanbase

"Influence is the new power--if you have influence you can create a brand," said Phan.

In conversation with television host and fashion designer Kelly Osbourne, the duo expounded on how sharing can equal success.

Both were catapulted into the spotlight and have gained notoriety from being in the public eye, Phan through YouTube and Osbourne for her family's reality TV show The Osbournes.

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For Phan, her most lucrative business to date has been founding Ipsy in 2012.

Doubters were not convinced there was an appetite in a crowded subscription marketplace, considering established competition such as BirchBox and Dollar Shave Club, but today Ipsy ships out over 1.5 million of its monthly "glam bags" within Canada and the U.S.

"The beauty of the internet is there's a niche market for everything and if you can focus on it you can build a sustainable and viable business of it," explained Phan.

Phan's focus remains on creating content for hungry users through Ipsy open studios, which offers aspiring beauty vloggers free production resources in the hope of identifying potential stars.

Like any savvy entrepreneur, she also has her eye on mobile: "In 2014, 50% of my Ipsy subscribers subscribed through Ipsy.com on desktop," said Phan.

"This year over 70% subscribed through mobile."

For two women who have made a career out of their personal brands, both were candid about how being themselves in the public eye could often be challenging.

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"Most people in this room know that I get myself in trouble with my mouth a lot," joked Osbourne, 30, who pioneered reality TV The Osbournes show, for which they won a 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program.

An outspoken co-host of E!'s hit show, Fashion Police for the last five years, Osbourne recently left the program after a reported disagreement over allegedly racist comments made by co-host Giuliana Rancic.

With her 8 million subscribers, Phan joked "every single one of them has seen me without my makeup on."

And though often negative chatter remains a challenge for both, Osbourne and Phan believe the internet is crucial to building their businesses.

"The internet is where you can find people who are authentic," said Phan, who has raised over $103 million to date for Ipsy.

"Some 87% of women today trust in influencers in YouTube over celebrity ads and endorsements and it's only going to grow."

Phan has already monetized her fans; Osbourne is now hoping to translate her 4 million

followers and 2 million Instagram followers

She already launched a collection of M*A*C Cosmetics co-created with her mother, Sharon, in 2014, and is currently designing Stories…By Kelly Osbourne, her first ready-to-wear fashion line with sizes from 0-24.

(The line's second collection was released earlier this year.)

Both women feel beauty can be a meaningful--and lucrative--endeavor.

"Ipsy was a platform that was built for this generation of people who want to express inner and outer beauty," explained Phan.

"Makeup is not a mask that covers up your beauty, it's a weapon that helps you express who you are from the inside."

I'm an associate editor at Forbes covering media and entertainment, with a focus on the movie business.

For the magazine, I've written cover stories on Kim Kardashian'...

On August 15, 2013, L'Oreal launched a new cosmetic line called "em" by Michelle Phan, dedicating the brand to her mother.
 In May 2014, Phan announced her partnership with Endemol Beyond USA to build a talent network to feature people from YouTube and create content for millennials. The ICON network, dedicated to "beauty, lifestyle and entertainment", launched in March 2015 online and on television via Roku.
 In September 2014, Phan partnered with Cutting Edge Group  to launch Shift Music Group. Phan published a book with Random House in October 2014, titled "Make Up: Your Life Guide to Beauty, Style, and Success -- Online and Off".
 In 2014, Phan's YouTube Channel was ranked 48 on "New Media Rockstars"' Top 100 Channels.
 In 2015, Phan was named to the "Inc." 30 under 30 and "Forbes" 30 under 30 lists.


In 1905, William J. Seymour, the one-eyed 34-year-old son of freed slaves, was a student of well-known Pentecostal preacher Charles Parham and an interim pastor for a small holiness church in Topeka, Kansas.

The man who founded the famous Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles was Black evangelist WILLIAM

Pentecostal historian Vinson Synan says, "The Azusa Street revival is commonly regarded as the

beginning of the modern Pentecostal movement

... In addition to the ministers who received their Pentecostal

experience directly at Azusa Street, thousands of others were influenced indirectly" (Synan, The

Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition, pp. 105,130).

During 1901 and 1902 Seymour attended Martin Knapp's

"God's Bible School" and joined the "Evening Light Saints" in Cincinnati.

doctrine of entire sanctification, believing that two "works of grace" were required to save and cleanse a man

One had to be born again through faith in Christ, but then one must subsequently be sanctified through a

Seymour believed that the true church was being restored in an end-times miracle revival.

Charles Parham's Bible school in Houston, Texas.

There he became committed to another false doctrine, that

the Christian must be subsequently "baptized in the Holy Spirit with the initial evidence of tongues."

1906 Seymour was invited to Los Angeles to pastor a small holiness group which, at the time of the

invitation, was pastored by a woman, Julie Hutchins.

The group was formed of people who had been

disciplined out of the Second Baptist Church for the "second blessing" sinless perfection heresy.

to Los Angeles, Seymour visited Alma White's Pillar of Fire movement in Denver, Colorado.

taught sinless sanctification and believed the evidence of the same was dancing.

She later described him as follows: "I had met all kinds of religious fakers and

tramps, but I felt he excelled them all."

Upon his arrival in Los Angeles, Seymour preached only one sermon before being locked out of the church

In his sermon he had declared that tongues was the evidence of receiving the Holy

He said this in spite of the fact that he himself had never spoken in tongues!

"Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his."

founders of the Pentecostal movement, by his own testimony, was preaching the deepest truth of the Word of

God before he even knew Christ, and yet the Bible says the natural man cannot know the things of God (1

Seymour moved his meetings to a home and then to an abandoned building on Azusa Street, and strange

The meetings lasted more than three years, and large numbers of people

visited Azusa Street to seek their own Pentecost, subsequently taking the Pentecostal theology and experience

The meetings began in the mornings and continued for at least 12 hours.

People sang at the same time but "with completely different syllables, rhythms, and

melodies" (Ted Olsen, "American Pentecost," Christian History, Issue 58, 1998)

characterized by much confusion: dancing, jumping up and down, falling, trances, slaying in the spirit,

"tongues," jerking, hysteria, strange noises, and "holy laughter."

One visitor described the meetings as "wild,

The seekers would be "seized with a strange spell and commence a jibberish of

A Times reporter noted that the participants "work themselves into a state of mad excitement in their

There was little or no order to the Azusa Street services.

Whoever felt "moved by the spirit" to speak

Instead, much of the time he kept his head covered in an empty packing crate

He taught the people to cry out to God and demand sanctification, the baptism with the

Holy Ghost, and divine healing (Synan, p. 99).

The firsthand descriptions I have read of the Azusa Street

"revival" sound very similar to the current "Laughing Revival."

When Parham visited the meetings in October 1906, even he was shocked by the confusion of the services.

He was dismayed by the "awful fits and spasms" of the "holy rollers and hypnotists."

"tongues" as "chattering, jabbering and sputtering, speaking no language at all" (Synan, p. 102).

Street meetings were so wild that Parham condemned them with the term "sensational Holy Rollers."

testified that the Azusa Street meetings were largely characterized by manifestations of the flesh, spiritualistic

controls, and the practice of hypnotism (Sarah Parham, The Life of Charles F. Parham, Joplin, MO: Tri-state

According to Parham, two-thirds of the people professing Pentecostalism in his day

"are either hypnotized or spook driven" (Parham, Life of Charles Parham, p. 164).

Azusa Street, Parham described men and women falling on one another in a morally compromising manner.

have seen this same thing in video recordings of Laughing Revival services.

When Parham arrived in Azusa Street in 1906, he began his first sermon by telling the people that "God is

sick at his stomach" because of the things which were occurring at Azusa (Charles Shumway, A Study of the

"Gift of Tongues," A.B. thesis, University of California, 1914, pp. 178,179; cited by Goff, Fields White

To the end of his life, Parham, often called "the father

of Pentecostalism," denounced Azusa Street as a case of "spiritual power prostituted."

Pentecostalism" roundly rejected the Azusa Street meetings as phony, manipulated, and demonic, even though

practically all Pentecostal denominations trace their heritage directly from those meetings!

A man who helped popularize the Azusa Street meeting by his far-reaching reports was FRANK

In 1925 he published a book, How "Pentecost" Came to Los Angeles--How It

Was in the Beginning, describing the Azusa meetings.

It was reprinted in 1955 and again in 1980.

was a licensed Baptist preacher when, in 1897, he accepted the false doctrines of healing in the atonement and

entire sanctification and joined the holiness movement

From then on he wandered about from group to

group--Salvation Army, then Moody Bible Institute, then Wesleyan Methodist, then the Pillar of Fire

organization led by woman preacher Alma White, then back to the Baptists, then to the Azusa Street

Finally he was baptized into the "Jesus only" movement which denied

the traditional biblical doctrine of the Trinity

He claimed the same sort of experiences which are common

among Laughing Revival proponents today.

Bartleman was "slain in the spirit" for one-half hour in front of a

congregation where he had been preaching

On another occasion he said he felt "electric shocks" to the point

that he fell unconscious (Frank Bartleman, Azusa Street, introduction by Vincent Synan, p. xiii).

his doctrine that God has promised physical healing, Bartleman was often sick, at times despondent to the

and his oldest daughter, Esther, died in childhood in spite of his faith in healing.

also promoted the same spirit of ecumenism which is popular in the current Laughing Revival.

chapter of his book on Azusa Street was titled "A Plea for Unity."

"Every fresh division or party in the church gives to the world a contradiction as to the oneness of

the body of Christ, and the truthfulness of the Gospel.

incense to a doctrine rather than Christ

... The Spirit is laboring for the unity of believers today, for

the 'one body,' that the prayer of Jesus may be answered, 'that they all may be one, that the world

may believe'" (Bartleman, Azusa Street, pp. 172,73)

Note how Bartleman downplayed doctrinal purity and exalted a unity of experience.

One cannot bow down to the true Christ without maintaining true doctrine

The Bible warns that there are false christs, false gospels, and false spirits.

protection in the midst of widespread spiritual apostasy and error is to cleave to sound doctrine and to mark

The Bible does not prophesy that all professing Christians will be

united in a revival in the last hours of this age.

It prophesies, rather, almost universal apostasy (Matt.

For the full article, see http://www.wayoflife.org/fbns/strange1.htm


In the 1940s and 50s, the Québec government was responsible for a significant number of healthy older children being diagnosed as mentally incompetent and sent to psychiatric hospitals, based on superficial diagnoses made for fiscal reasons.

(meta data) TITLE: Duplessis Orphans | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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The Canadian Encyclopedia, 20 December 2016, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/duplessis-orphans.

In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.

Article published November 21, 2007; Last Edited December 20, 2016. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/duplessis-orphans

. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "Duplessis Orphans", Last Edited December 20, 2016, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/duplessis-orphans

Under the leadership of Premier Maurice Duplessis in the 1940s and 50s, the Québec government was responsible for a significant number of healthy children being diagnosed as mentally incompetent and sent to psychiatric hospitals.

The children were orphans, abandoned children or "children of sin" - born out of wedlock - and living in sanctuaries.

The diagnoses were made quickly and for fiscal reasons.

Federal subsidies provided more funding to hospitals than to orphanages.

As adults, they called themselves the Duplessis orphans, and demanded compensation, alleging that they had been wrongfully diagnosed, arbitrarily confined to psychiatric facilities, abused - sexually and physically - and subjected to lobotomies, electroshock and straitjackets.

As a group, the estimated 2000-3000 Duplessis orphans entered the public arena in 1992, united as the Duplessis Orphan's Committee (Comité des orphelins de Duplessis) and led by writer Bruno Roy.

They accused religious communities, the government and the medical profession of forcing them to submit to prolonged institutionalization for essentially financial, not medical, purposes.

The matter quickly found itself before the courts, but the orphans suffered failed attempts at appeal and dismissed criminal charges.

However, with the tabling of a favourable report by the Quebec Ombudsman in January 1997, the debate became more political.

The orphans demanded official apologies from the 3 main groups implicated as well as personal compensation.

The Bouchard government waited until 4 March 1999 to apologize and offered the group only $3 million with no individual compensation.

The group rejected the offer and continued to wait for apologies from the Catholic Church and the Quebec College of Physicians.

In September 1999, Québec bishops rejected the demand for an apology and dismissed any idea of payment.

Deadlocked, in the spring of 2000 after a public poll, the movement in favour of the orphans won support from a committee comprising members of the church who had been criticized for adopting the bishops' attitude and some Parti Québécois delegates, among them former senator Jacques Hébert and former health minister Denis Lazure, who presided over the fight.

Under Premier Bernard Landry's government, on 30 June 2001 the Duplessis Orphan's Committee accepted an apology and "fault-free" individual compensation in the form of a lump sum of $10 000 and an additional $1000 for each year spent in an asylum, roughly $25 000 per person for the 1500 people qualified for compensation.

The group initially countered the government's offer with a counter-offer of $50 000 per person, which was refused.

When the settlement was reached, the orphans agreed to drop any further legal action against the church.

On 21 December 2006 the Quebec government announced it would pay a further $26 million in compensation to the Duplessis orphans.

They were required to sign a waiver declaring they would not take legal action against the Catholic Church in order to receive payment.

The Church did not apologize, although on 22 November 2007, Marc Cardinal Ouellet, the Catholic Church's top bishop in Québec, issued a sweeping apology for historical wrongs committed by the clergy in an attempt to attract Québecers back to Catholicism.

The apology made no mention of the Duplessis orphans, prompting a spokesperson for the group to suggest that the apology lacked credibility.

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Duplessis Orphans: Reaction and responseWatch a CBC News story about unresolved issues concerning the Duplessis Orphans.

Check this site for additional reports on this topic.

The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s had not yet occurred. The Roman Catholic Church in Canada, as elsewhere in the world, tended to be the caretaker of the poor, alcoholics, unwed mothers, and orphans. Many children were admitted to orphanages, in some cases run by religious institutes, not because they were orphans but because they were abandoned by their parents who were not married. Children born out of wedlock suffered from poor care.
 The "Loi sur les Asiles d'aliénés" (Lunatic Asylum Act) of 1909 governed mental institution admissions until 1950. The law stated the insane could be committed for three reasons: to care for them, to help them, or as a measure to maintain social order in public and private life. However, the act did not define what a disruption of social order was, leaving the decision to admit patients up to the psychiatrists. The Quebec government received subsidies from the federal government for building hospitals, but hardly anything for having orphanages. Government contributions were only $1.25 a day for orphans, but $2.75 a day for psychiatric patients, providing a strong financial incentive for reclassification.


Dick Parsons, already a director on the board since 1991, was hired as Time Warner president in 1995, although the division operational heads continued to report directly to Chairman and CEO Gerald Levin.

(meta data) TITLE: Time Warner COO: For Media, Corporate Diversity Is About Business | TIME.com

(meta data) PUBLISHER: http://www.facebook.com/time

# Time Warner COO: For Media, Corporate Diversity Is About Business

I just had lunch with Jeffrey Bewkes, Time Warner's soon-to-be CEO.

Okay, so technically speaking, I was in a large room with many other people eating sandwiches in the presence of Bewkes.

The luncheon was arranged by A3, Time Inc.'s Asian group, and ably hosted by my friend Stephanie Mehta, a senior writer at Fortune.

The lunch was mainly off the record, but I'd like to share some of the conversation with you.

Corporate diversity's been on my mind a lot lately, and how often do we underlings get to grill our top corporate officers on the subject, mano-a-mano (or, at least, many-a-mano-a-mano)?

More importantly, the company I work for happens to be the world's largest media company, and though diversity matters in every sector, I think our outsized influence makes it matters here more.

Jeffrey Bewkes is my boss's boss's boss's boss.

In other words, he's the president and COO of Time Warner./

Bewkes is a guy with a lot on his plate.

He was named president and chief operating officer of Time Warner in December 2005, and as such oversees Time Inc., HBO, Turner Broadcasting (CNN, TNT, TBS, Cartoon Network), Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema, Time Warner Cable and AOL.

Our current CEO is, of course, Dick Parsons, who is perhaps the best known and most powerful CEO of color in the country.

But dig a few levels below, and the palette is decidedly more monochromatic.

Still, it appears diversity is something Bewkes has spent some time chewing over.

Mehta asked Bewkes to make a business case for diversity.

He responded: ""We need to produce relevant content for an increasingly diverse population.

We are ever fragmenting–and by that I mean not just in ethnicity and nationality but in interests."

He went on to describe the extremely diverse programming at HBO–diverse not just in color but in content and tone–and how that's helped it become such an entertainment leader.

One piece of advice he had for up-and-coming workers that I thought was useful: make your (white, male, older) boss criticize you.

Studies bear him out: research shows that supervisors find it far easier to give honest feedback to people who resemble them, whether in gender, color or background.

"Whatever he's telling you, it's worse," he said, to laughter in the room.

"Make him tell you what you're lousy at."

FYI, he used language a little saltier than "lousy."

As for retaining and promoting minorities to the top, I hope that in his future role he'll give serious thought to assigning some sort of systemic accountability–the only proven management tactic for change.

(Read my article in TIME on this topic.)

It matters, not just for those of us who work here but for our millions of viewers, readers and consumers.

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US West partnered with Time Warner in 1993 to form what is now known as TW Telecom, initially known as "Time Warner Communications" (also utilized as the brand name for cable operation previously under the ATC name), in order to bring telephone via fiber to the masses. US West also took a 26% stake in the entertainment portion of the company, calling that division "Time Warner Entertainment" (or legally "Time Warner Entertainment Company L.P."). US West's stake eventually passed to acquired cable company MediaOne, then to AT&T Broadband in 1999 when that company acquired MediaOne, then finally to Comcast in 2001 when that company bought the AT&T Broadband division. Comcast sold their stake in the company in 2003, relegating the name to a subdivision under Time Warner Cable.
 In October 1996, Time Warner merged with Turner Broadcasting System, which was established by Ted Turner. Not only did this result in the company (in a way) re-entering the basic cable television industry (in regards to nationally available channels), but Warner Bros. also regained the rights to their pre-1950 film library, which by then had been owned by Turner (the films are still technically held by Turner, but WB is responsible for sales and distribution), while Turner gained access to WB's post-1950 library, as well as other WB-owned properties.
 Time Warner completed its purchase of Six Flags Theme Parks in 1993 after buying half of the company in 1991, saving it from financial trouble. The company was later sold to Oklahoma-based theme park operator Premier Parks under certain terms and conditions on April 1, 1998.


The series was renewed for a fifth season on July 28, 2018, just prior to the airing of the fourth season.

(meta data) TITLE: 'Better Call Saul,' 'Fear the Walking Dead,' 'McMafia' Renewed at AMC – Variety

Read Next: BBC Studios to Explore 'The Edge of Science' for YouTube Originals

# 'Better Call Saul,' 'Fear the Walking Dead,' 'McMafia' Renewed at AMC

AMC has renewed the drama series "Better Call Saul," "Fear the Walking Dead," and "McMafia."

The announcement was made Saturday at the TCA summer press tour.

Both "Better Call Saul" and "Fear the Walking Dead" have been renewed for fifth seasons while "McMafia" has been renewed for a second season.

"Better Call Saul's" renewal comes ahead of the Season 4 premiere on Aug. 6.

The series stars Bob Odenkirk, Jonathan Banks, Rhea Seehorn, Patrick Fabian, Michael Mando and Giancarlo Esposito.

Peter Gould, Vince Gilligan, Mark Johnson, Melissa Bernstein, Thomas Schnauz, and Gennifer Hutchison serve as executive producers.

The series is a co-production of Sony Pictures Television and AMC Studios created by Gilligan and Gould.

Over its run, the show has garnered 23 Emmy nominations as well as three Golden Globe nominations.

"Fear the Walking Dead" has been renewed ahead of the premiere of the second half of its fourth season.

"The Walking Dead" star Lennie James joined the sister series in its fourth season, along with Garret Dillahunt, Maggie Grace and Jenna Elfman.

Returning cast members include Alycia Debnam-Carey, Colman Domingo, and Danay Garcia.

"Fear the Walking Dead" is executive produced by Scott M. Gimple, showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg, as well as Robert Kirkman, David Alpert, Gale Anne Hurd and Greg Nicotero, and produced by AMC Studios.

"McMafia" was created by Hossein Amini and James Watkins and inspired by Misha Glenny's best-selling book of the same name about the "franchizing" of the mafia as it spread globally.

"McMafia" is co-produced by the BBC, AMC and Cuba Pictures, in association with Twickenham Studios, and distributed internationally by BBC Worldwide.

AMC also recently announced a second season renewal for "The Terror," with the second season to be set during World War II.

It will center on a specter that menaces a Japanese-American community from its home in Southern California to the internment camps to the war in the Pacific.

"In an environment where viewer choice is almost unlimited, the success of these shows is especially meaningful, with characters and stories that our viewers connect with and return to season after season," said David Madden, president of original programming for AMC, SundanceTV and AMC Studios.

"It's a privilege to continue collaborating with and sharing the vision of the talented creatives behind these series, and we're excited to start exploring the next chapter in the lives of these unique and complex characters."

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 The first teaser trailer debuted on AMC on August 10, 2014, and confirmed its premiere date of February 2015. In November 2014, AMC announced the series would have a two-night premiere; the first episode aired on Sunday, February 8, 2015, at 10:00 pm (ET), and then moved into its regular time slot the following night, airing Mondays at 10:00 pm. In May 2015, Gilligan confirmed that more of the prominent characters from "Breaking Bad" would be making guest appearances in season 2, but remained vague on which characters were likely to be seen.
 In June 2014, prior to the series' launch, AMC had renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes to premiere in early 2016; however, it was later reduced to 10 episodes. The second season premiered on February 15, 2016.
 In March 2016, AMC announced that "Better Call Saul" was renewed for a 10-episode third season  which premiered April 10, 2017. AMC renewed the series for a 10-episode fourth season in June 2017 which premiered on August 6, 2018.


The term "echolocation" was coined by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1944; however, reports of blind humans being able to locate silent objects date back to 1749.

(meta data) TITLE: A summary of research investigating echolocation abilities of blind and sighted humans | Zenodo

(meta data) PUBLISHED DATETIME: April 1, 2014

# A summary of research investigating echolocation abilities of blind and sighted humans

There is currently considerable interest in the consequences of loss in one sensory modality on the remaining senses.

Much of this work has focused on the development of enhanced auditory abilities among blind individuals, who are often able to use sound to navigate through space.

It has now been established that many blind individuals produce sound emissions and use the returning echoes to provide them with information about objects in their surroundings, in a similar manner to bats navigating in the dark.

In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding human echolocation.

Some blind individuals develop remarkable echolocation abilities, and are able to assess the position, size, distance, shape, and material of objects using reflected sound waves.

After training, normally sighted people are also able to use echolocation to perceive objects, and can develop abilities comparable to, but typically somewhat poorer than, those of blind people.

The underlying cues and mechanisms, operable range, spatial acuity and neurological underpinnings of echolocation are described.

Echolocation can result in functional real life benefits.

It is possible that these benefits can be optimized via suitable training, especially among those with recently acquired blindness, but this requires further study.

Areas for further research are identified.


Creem's Kurt B. Riley was critical of the album, feeling that the songwriting was "done a great disservice by ill-fitting arrangements".

(meta data) TITLE: Kurt B. Reighley, Creem Magazine - December 4th 1992 (published March 1993) - Sproutology

### We also serve who only stand and wait; Prefab Sprout relics and rarities

Posted on December 11, 2016December 22, 2016

# Kurt B. Reighley, Creem Magazine – December 4th 1992 (published March 1993)

# Prefab Sprout The imminent success of a genius English pop band, or what the hell does time mean anyway.

### Paddy McAloon is the first to admit that he and his mates in the British quartet Prefab Sprout haven't pushed hard enough to conquer America.

"In the past we haven't played here," points out the effusive blonde, in between sniffles.

"We haven't helped ourselves get past the 'where did you get the name Prefab Sprout' question.

After ten years, I'm still at that same point, and I'm trying to do something about it."

If devoting a couple of hours to discussing his career in pop marks a small step in the right direction, then releasing The Best of Prefab Sprout: A Life of Surprises (Epic) is the corresponding giant leap.

Considering the ethereal. literate songs that McAloon releases today, it proves difficult to accept the notion that Prefab Sprout began as a three part garage band.

The operative word here is "garage," for while McAloon and his brother [bassist Martin McAloon] rehearsed at night, during the daytime McAloon was pumping petrol at a filling station.

Though he'd attended university at his father's insistence and majored in English (of course).

McAloon quickly returned to life as a gas jockey because he found it allowed him ample creative time.

As Paddy's craft, a unique songwriting style influenced both by the singer-songwriters of the '60s and the legends of Tin Pan Alley continued to improve the rest of the band pressured him beyond the confines of the rehearsal space and begin playing live "I had to be dragged screaming," he confesses.

"I had no interest in that I was always nervous about it and had no confidence about my singing.

It was at one such gig that the final element of the Prefab lineup fell into place, in the form of vocalist Wendy Smith.

Wendy came along on a date with an early Sprouts fanatic, only to leave unimpressed ("after five years of rehearsing, we were ready to bore the world with endless, endless songs." snickers McAloon).

Regardless, when McAloon approached Wendy, through her beau, in his quest to fill out the sonic palette on demos, she accepted.

"I was looking for something to flesh it out," explains McAloon, "like a keyboard texture.

But we didn't know any people who played keyboards.

We didn't know that, as it turns out, Wendy has a classic sound.

When you buy a keyboard, there's usually a sound very like Wendy's voice somewhere on there.

The addition of Wendy's vocals came as a revelation for McAloon.

After a pair of independently released singles.

the new sound of Prefab Spout was unleashed on the British music public in the spring of 1984 with the album Swoon [represented on the new collection by the sole cut "Cruel"].

Though the song structures sounded a bit too calculated to feel organic, and Paddy's complex lyrics sometimes crossed the invisible line [case in point: "Cue Fanfare," about chess champ Bobby Fischer], the band's charming original sound launched their single "Don't Sing" to the top of the charts.

And , thus, yet another crucial stylistic element of the Prefab sound, came to be, as they caught the ear of producer/synth-wunderkind Thomas Dolby.

"I heard him on a radio program reviewing a single from Swoon, "Don't Sing," in the early weeks of '84," recalls McAloon.

"It was Mari Wilson and some deejay, and they were all like 'oh, what a silly record,' and, 'I like sprouts,' so I was a little disappointed.

Then he came along, with a super straight face, and said, "Well I think they're a massive explosion of talent."

I know the words cuz I taped the program."

Dolby's interest in Michael, Jackson intrigued Jax-watcher McAloon, and his extensive knowledge of keyboards, an area that remained foreign to the head Sprout, didn't hurt his appeal either.

The first fruit of their labor together, Steve McQueen [released in the US as Two Wheels Good at the behest of the late actor's estate], proved a bona fide smash.

It yielded several hit singles, including Prefab's first brush with near-success in the States, "When Love Breaks Down" [a former #1 in the UK.]

Good luck being a finite commodity, the next few years proved less rewarding for the band.

The follow-up to Steve McQueen, Protest Songs, wound up being shelved indefinitely in the phenomenal wake of its predecessor.

After extensive bootlegging, the album finally saw the light of day in the summer of 1989 [though still unreleased in America, Protest Songs is represented on The Best Of by the title cut, "Life of Surprises"].

By then the band had moved on to From Langley Park to Memphis, a mish-mash of styles and producers which, despite an impressive roster of guests including Stevie Wonder and Pete Townshend, found Paddy's songwriting finesse done a great disservice by ill-fitting arrangements.

The Sprouts returned to form in late 1990 with Jordan: The Comeback, a four-part, hour-long epic produced by Dolby that seamlessly blended elements of jazz, doo wop, and ABBA while wrestling with topics of such magnitude as God and Elvis.

Three years in the making, it proved to be the record that fans and critics had been waiting for from the band.

And though McAloon takes a great deal of pride in the success enjoyed by that album, its complexity played a significant role in the writing of 'Prefab's two new tracks, "The Sound of Crying" and "If You Don't Love Me."

"'If You Don't Love Me' was among a batch I wrote in frustration in autumn of last year where I thought there should be nothing in the way of understanding the lyric.

No interview needs to be done to explain concepts of Elvis Presley and the desert and all that stuff.

If you strip away the disco-pop elements of 'If You Don't Love Me,' there's an intimate ballad at the heart of it.

When I wrote it, it was extremely personal, cuz there are only words like 'you' and 'I' – direct, but not too specific.

If I'm supposed to be good, surely I can write something that doesn't need explanation."

It seems that when "If You Don't Love Me" fell into the hands of a savvy Epic exec, the company recognized the serious crossover potential the bubbly track possessed.

With McAloon's permission, the song was turned over to British remix artists Future Sound of London, and before long the remixed version had leapt to the crown of the US dance charts.

"I loved the sort of strange thing they did." says McAIoon of the FSOL version.

"They made a tiny little melody around my voice—not a tune that we had written, but one of their own.

We've got a dance hit, and it's got a kind of a melody, but it's not one of mine."

If that isn't enough irony for you, McAloon had dance music specifically in mind when he began to write "The Sound of Crying," shortly after George Bush's Gulf War.

"It was more a feeling that, no matter how well-regulated world affairs are, disasters are always gonna happen.

Now, normally I stay away from those kind of big statements, cuz I feel uncomfortable making them, but in this case it just fell out…"

"I'd been writing songs kind of about Michael Jackson.

The verses were gonna list all these things that had gone wrong for him, and I was going to invent some and, in the same way Jordan was about Elvis, write a song about Michael Jackson.

But the release from it all was going to be the chorus, "Only the boogie music/Will never, ever let you down.'

Then at the last minute my nerve failed.

No matter how much I loaded up the verses with disturbing images, I just wasn't sure about the chorus."

The resulting tune, with Gulf War lyrics and an Off the Wall pop beat, is quintessential Paddy McAloon at his honey-and-vinegar finest, and a classic example of how his skill is lost on many listeners.

"If I go to Belgium or France, some people say, "yeah, yeah, your records are really pretty,' and they haven't gotten the lyrical aspect to add that little bit of acid.

I'm very happy if anybody likes it on any sort of level – I'm not insisting that everybody pours over the lyric sheet, but if you don't get that, you're kind of losing a lot."

Considering his attention to detail, it's no surprise that from garage bandleader to dance sensation, McAloon has always looked to master songwriters of an earlier era for inspiration.

And despite a penchant for Neil Young and Joni Mitchell, he reserves his highest praise for the work of men such as Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, and Richard Rodgers.

"I think to deliver your heartaches with panache is really quite moving," he says in reference to the lyrics of Lorenz Hart's "My Funny Valentine."

"To be really honest, I think the people like me who aspire to that know that we're talking about not the top ten percent of songwriters in the world, but the top two or three percent.

That league is always out of reach to everyone else.

But once you set your sights on it, and see it as a kind of beacon, you can't be satisfied with either your own output, or this week's Pearl Jam record."

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Sproutmash… The Ultimate Prefab Sprout Song Ranking

2019 Interview Tracker – Sodajerker is BRILLIANT

The Essential Non Album Tracks – Where to find them

Samir H. Köck, Die Presse – October 15th 2013The Ten Passions of Paddy McAloon – Mike Gardner, Record Mirror, December 14th 1985Dave Spart's Music CornerJan-Olov Andersson, Aftonbladet (Sweden) – March 26th, 1984The Inner Sanctum of Sproutology revealedSprouts are for ChristmasWeekly Postbag, July 5th 2014Queen's Hall, Edinburgh – October 21st 1985Something's ComingHans Nieswandt, Rolling Stone Germany – October 2013

Dave Rimmer of Q considered "From Langley Park to Memphis" "probably their best album yet" but found "The King of Rock 'n' Roll" "a mite irritating". He felt that "the only true duff part is the overblown imagery of 'Golden Calf'". NME's Len Brown wasn't enamoured with the album's production style, calling it "sickly" and "cluttered". He considered the album "a largely bland affair", but praised "Cars and Girls" and "Nancy (Let Your Hair Down for Me)".


In January 2019, Jordan moved to restore the official relations with Iraq, which was damaged under previous Saddam's Government and lacked of interests.

(meta data) TITLE: Jordan moves to restore strategic ties with Iraq

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/Al-Monitor

A longitudinal web archival collection based on URIs from the daily feed of Media Cloud that maps news media coverage of current events.

شمال افريقيا

## Jordan moves to restore strategic ties with Iraq

While Jordan pins high hopes on restoring strong economic ties with Iraq, some observers believe that the future of such relations will depend on Iran, which continues to wield deep influence over Iraqi politics.

Jordan's King Abdullah's one-day visit to Baghdad on Jan. 14 was hailed as "historic" by Iraqi President Barham Saleh.

It was the first trip to Iraq by the Jordanian monarch in more than a decade, and it came less than a month after the kingdom's prime minister, Omar Razzaz, paid a visit on Dec. 28 to the Iraqi capital to sign a number of economic agreements.

A royal court statement said the king noted the strong ties between the two countries, affirming that Jordan stands by Iraq as it seeks to safeguard its security and stability, and works to fulfill the aspirations of the Iraqi people toward further prosperity and progress.

It added that the two leaders "stressed the importance of bilateral agreements in the economic, trade, investment, energy, transport and construction sectors."

During his visit, King Abdullah held talks with Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi, who was quoted as saying that the king's visit signals the start of a new phase in Iraq, stressing that Jordan "has historically had a special place in the heart of Iraqis."

Until the US invasion in 2003, Iraq was Jordan's main regional trading partner.

Under former leader Saddam Hussein, Jordan was given a special status as it relied on cheap Iraqi oil.

Iraq, on the other hand, became dependent on Jordan's port of Aqaba for its essential imports as it suffered from UN sanctions imposed in 1990 following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which were lifted in 2010.

Last year's figures show that exports to Iraq were only 5.8% of Jordan's total exports.

Before the closure of land borders in 2015, when Islamic State militants took over the main highway linking Baghdad to Amman in Anbar province, Jordan's exports exceeded $1 billion annually.

The borders were reopened in August 2017, but the Iraqi government put stern conditions on Jordanian goods going to Iraq.

Following the US occupation of Iraq and the growing Iranian influence on that country, economic as well as political ties with Jordan weakened considerably.

In November 2005, a number of Amman hotels were hit by suicide bombers who came from Iraq, killing more than 50 people and injuring more than 100.

Pro-Iranian Iraqi politicians were critical of Jordan's historic ties with Saddam and the fact that King Abdullah had given sanctuary to two of his daughters following the US invasion.

Relations were especially tense under the premiership of Nouri al-Maliki, who is close to Iran, but improved under his successor, Haider al-Abadi.

Maliki was critical of Jordan's close ties to Anbar's Sunni tribes, which Amman supported as they struggled to fight groups affiliated with the Islamic State.

Following the general elections in Iraq last May, when Abdul Mahdi was elected prime minister and Saleh became president, bilateral ties saw a new start.

On Nov. 15, Saleh paid an official visit to Amman as part of a regional tour.

The visit was seen as a turning point in bilateral relations.

King Abdullah's arrival in Baghdad was praised by Jordanian commentators for ushering in a new phase in relations with Iraq.

Jordan hopes that the king's visit will put the final touches on a strategic project to build an oil pipeline from Basra to Aqaba.

Also, the two sides had agreed last November to establish a joint industrial zone on the border between the two countries.

Jordanian contractors hope that improving ties will allow them to take a share in Iraq's multibillion-dollar reconstruction plans.

Unlike the 1990s, however, when Iraq was entirely dependent on Jordan for its imports, the country is now openly doing business with its neighbors, such as Iran and Turkey, which pose serious competition to Jordanian businessmen.

Politically, the royal visit comes at a time when Arab countries are taking steps to encourage Baghdad to distance itself from Iran.

Political commentator Fahd al-Khitan wrote in Al-Ghad daily on Jan. 16 that the king's visit underscores Jordan's keenness on maintaining special ties with Baghdad under all circumstances — especially when Iraq was fighting a war against Islamic State terrorism.

"Iraqis now realize that Jordan, unlike other countries in the region, has no interest in interfering in Iraqi affairs and that it stands with the Iraqi people and the Iraqi state," Khitan wrote.

Commenting on the economic benefits of the royal visit, editor of Al-Maqar website Salameh al-Darawi wrote on Jan. 14 that King Abdullah's visit to Baghdad will reaffirm historic economic partnerships with Iraq, which is "the kingdom's economic lung," and will give the go-ahead for a number of strategic projects between the two countries.

Darawi said that in the first 10 months of 2018, Jordanian exports to Iraq did not exceed $600 million, which is a modest figure compared to existing potential.

But while Jordan pins high hopes on restoring strong economic ties with Iraq, some observers believe that the future of such relations will depend on Iran, which continues to wield deep influence over Iraqi politics.

The king's visit to Baghdad coincided with a trip to Iraq by Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif.

In the past, a number of pro-Iran Iraqi politicians have made improving economic ties with Amman conditional to a thaw in Jordan-Iran relations, something that is unlikely to happen anytime soon.

amman, bilateral relations, energy, investment, adel abdul hamid, barham salih, baghdad, king abdullah

Osama Al Sharif is a veteran journalist and political commentator based in Amman who specializes in Middle East issues.

He can be reached at alsharif.osama@gmail.com.

## Turkey names 'water czar' to ease disputes with Iraq

## Netanyahu forsakes multilateralism in favor of bilateral alliances

## Iranian FM 'maneuvers' in Iraq as rivalry with US heats up

## Bahraini opposition in Iraq stirs crisis between Baghdad and Manama

## Anger among Iraqi Kurds as Syria adds Masrour Barzani to terror list

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Historical relations.:Islamic Republic of Iran.:Iraq.

Jordan was believed to make attempt on trying to remove Iranian influence out of Iraq, as Iraq is seen by Iran as its backyard.


A broken shackle and chain lay at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery.

(meta data) TITLE: Abolition - Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)

National Park Service, Statue of Liberty NM

In 1886, The Statue of Liberty was a symbol of democratic government and Enlightenment ideals as well as a celebration of the Union's victory in the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery.

Edouard de Laboulaye, the French political thinker, U.S. Constitution expert, and abolitionist, who first proposed the idea of a great monument as a gift from France to the United States was a firm supporter of President Abraham Lincoln and his fight for abolition.

Laboulaye saw abolition not only as a way to eliminate immorality, but also as a way to protest repressive tendencies in France.

As an abolitionist, Laboulaye was an honorary member of the Philadelphia branch (founded in 1862) of the Union League Club.

The Union league Club was a group of people who were dedicated to the new Republican Party, the Union's cause in the Civil War, and the abolition of slavery.

Additionally, Laboulaye was a cofounder and president of the French Anti-Slavery Society.

In essence, it called upon all nations to abolish slavery.

Additionally, the members also raised money that was then given to newly freed slaves in the United States.

With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States.

In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France.

Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.

When Laboulaye's Statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" was completed, it not only represented democracy but also symbolized American independence and the end of all types of servitude and oppression.

A broken shackle and chain lie at the Statue's right foot.

The chain disappears beneath the draperies, only to reappear in front of her left foot, its end link broken.

However, although the broken shackle is a powerful image, the meaning behind it was not yet a reality for African Americans in 1886.

This image from Puck Magazine, September 9, 1908, utilizes the likeness of the Statue of Liberty to convey the horrors African Americans experienced after the Civil War.

After the Statue's dedication in 1886, the Black Press began to debunk romantic notions of the Statue of Liberty and American History.

Racism and discrimination towards African Americans did not end after the Civil War or with the dedication of the Statue - it continued on for more than a century.

As a result, the Statue was not a symbol of democratic government or Enlightenment ideals for African Americans but rather a source of pain.

Instead of representing freedom and justice for all, the Statue emphasized the bitter ironies of America's professed identity as a just and free society for all people regardless of race.

From the time of the Statue's dedication, attitudes towards the Statue in the African American community were ambivalent and uncertain.

As W.E.B. Du Bois wrote in his autobiography, The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life From the Last Decade of Its First Century, he was unable to imagine the same sense of hope he assumed some immigrant arrivals had felt when he sailed past the Statue on a return trip from Europe.

The fight for equality, liberty, and justice for all at this point in time had not been achieved, but rather disregarded after the Statue's completion and dedication.

Therefore, African Americans rarely used the Statue as a relevant symbol for their struggle - they were reluctant to embrace the symbol of a nation which would not fully include them as citizens.

The Statue of Liberty did not help them to gain equality and justice in the truest sense - it was only the beginning.

 The Statue of Liberty ("Liberty Enlightening the World"; French: "La Liberté éclairant le monde") is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.
 The Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a "tabula ansata" inscribed in Roman numerals with "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence.


Baldacci's novels have been published in over 45 languages and in more than 80 countries, with over 130 million worldwide sales as of 2018.

(meta data) TITLE: David Baldacci clues kids in to Smithsonian's treasures

# David Baldacci clues kids in to Smithsonian's treasures

Published 4:33 p.m. ET Feb. 27, 2013 | Updated 4:39 p.m. ET Feb. 27, 2013

## The veteran author will take kids on a behind-the-scenes tour of the National Museum of American History.

Decoding History is a virtual field trip in which author David Baldacci takes students and teachers into the belly of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.(Photo: Travis Riggs, Creative Edge Studios)

His webcast 'Decoding History' will take kids on a virtual field trip to the National Museum of American HistoryThe

online tour is March 5, the same day he launches another venture for kids, the multiplatform '39 Clues'The author does not talk down or write down to his young audience: "Kids are too smart for that"

Over 17 years, through 25 novels, David Baldacci has taken his adult readers on a roller-coaster ride of suspenseful stories packed with politicians, assassins and government agents.

On March 5, he's changing gears and taking the kids for a spin.

Decoding History, a virtual field trip in which Baldacci takes students and teachers into the belly of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, is being billed as a behind-the-scenes look at the precious artifacts that tell the story of our nation's history.

"Kids love the Internet, and we wanted to give them a visual, fun expedition through a place they might not have ever been to, and we did it in a fun way," Baldacci says.

The tour can be accessed at 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT on March 5 at scholastic.com/decodinghistory.

If kids who watch the webcast are half as excited as Baldacci, the Web tour should be a hit.

Getting up close and personal with the museum's treasures, he says, "was like Raiders of the Lost Ark at the last scene when the box goes into the warehouse.

David Baldacci discovers treasures of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in behind-the-scenes collection storage areas.

Among the items spotlighted are Abraham Lincoln's pocket watch, the Star-Spangled Banner (the flag that inspired the national anthem) and the compass used by Lewis and Clark during their transcontinental expedition in the early 19th century.

The compass also plays a key role in Baldacci's next publishing venture.

His new book for kids, The 39 Clues: Cahills vs. Vespers: Day of Doom, also arrives March 5.

The multi-platform Clues, targeting kids ages 8-12, includes books — there are 15 million in print — collectible cards and an online game.

The multi-author series Cahills vs. Vespers is a spin-off of the original 39 Clues series, which Scholastic kicked off in 2008.

Doom is the sixth book in the Cahills vs. Vespers series and the first by Baldacci.

EXCERPT: Read the first chapter of 'Day of Doom'

"What I like about The 39 Clues books is that they're deceptively educational," says Baldacci, 52.

"You have these incredibly fun, thriller stories with kids running around doing cool and dangerous things.

But at the same time you're learning about geography and American history."

Though Baldacci has written two other books for kids — his Freddy and the French Fries series features 9-year-old science geek Freddy Funkhouser — he says writing for young readers is always a challenge.

Baldacci's newest 'The 39 Clues' book is 'Day of Doom.'

"I had to bring my A-plus game," Baldacci says, "and I had to walk a fine line.

I didn't want to bring in all the elements I might have in my adult thrillers obviously, but I had to bring a lot of the twists and turns and the plotting and the surprises and, yes, some of the danger as well.

I really had to write up to their expectations.

The virtual tour and 39 Clues aren't all that's keeping Baldacci busy these days.

"I'm as busy as I can possibly be, and I don't think I can work any harder or write anymore, but I'm having a great time."

• An as-yet-untitled TNT drama series, based on his Michelle Maxwell/Sean King novels about two former Secret Service agents turned private investigators, premieres this summer.

It stars Rebecca Romijn (X-Men) and Jon Tenney (The Closer).

I'm jazzed about the series and really looking forward to it rolling out."

The series will be based, in part, on the five novels Baldacci has written about these sleuths.

• Wish You Well, the independent film based on his novel of the same name, is in post-production.

Baldacci was the screenwriter and one of the producers.

"We filmed it in November last year in southwest Virginia.

We have a number of distributors interested already, and we'll go the film festival route.

It's a beautiful film, a coming-of-age story set in the 1940s, and I think we're going to surprise a lot of people with how good this film is."

It stars Academy Award winner Ellen Burstyn, Josh Lucas (Sweet Home, Alabama) and Mackenzie Foy (Renesmee in Twilight: Breaking Dawn Part 2).

• The Hit, his 26th novel, will be published by Grand Central on April 23.

It's a sequel to The Innocent, which reached No. 9 on USA TODAY's Best-Selling Books list last year.

"It's about government assassin Will Robie.

In this novel, there's another killer in his organization who is every bit as good as he is, maybe better, and she's turned her barrel on people in her own agency.

It's one of these stories where you have two equally matched people going after each other, and you're trying to figure out what the truth actually is.''

If it sounds as if the Golden Age of David Baldacci has begun, it's "probably so," he says.

It's fun to work on different projects and see them through."

And everything he does seems to lead to another idea for a story.

"I always get inspiration," says Baldacci, whose novels have sold 110 million copies worldwide.

"I may not use the Lincoln watch, but boy that was pretty fascinating.

Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/15jbxvSShare your feedback

###### USA Today's Best-Selling Books List

It was adapted as a film, "Absolute Power" (1997), starring Clint Eastwood and Gene Hackman.
 Baldacci wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of his novel "Wish You Well"; the movie was shot on location in southwest Virginia with Academy Award winner Ellen Burstyn, Josh Lucas, and Mackenzie Foy in the lead roles.
 Baldacci was a consulting producer on "King & Maxwell", a TNT television series based on his characters Sean King and Michelle Maxwell. Jon Tenney and Rebecca Romijn starred.
 "The Christmas Train", Baldacci's eighth novel, was adapted in 2017 by Hallmark Channel as a Hallmark Hall of Fame feature presentation. The TV movie starred Dermot Mulroney, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, Danny Glover and Joan Cusack and was directed by Ron Oliver.


When the dynastic struggle known as the Wars of the Roses broke out in the later fifteenth century, the Beauforts were the chief supporters of Henry VI and the House of Lancaster.

(meta data) TITLE: The Wars of the Roses: York v Beaufort? - History Extra

The official website for BBC History Magazine, BBC History Revealed and BBC World Histories Magazine

# The Wars of the Roses: York v Beaufort?

The Wars of the Roses have been long renowned as a feud between the houses of York and Lancaster – but can the conflict instead be seen as a deadly grudge between York and Beaufort?

Nathen Amin examines the relationships and rivalries between key figures of the two houses…

The 15th-century civil war known as the Wars of the Roses is rightly regarded as one of the most complex and unquestionably captivating periods in European history.

It was a three-decade long, destructive conflict that tore the upper echelons of the English nobility apart in a manner not witnessed since the Anarchy in the mid-12th century, that equally fierce war of succession between Empress Matilda and her cousin Stephen of Blois.

Starting with the very first skirmish, fought fiercely through the narrow streets of St Albans on 22 May 1455, through to the bloody battle of Bosworth on 22 August 1485, the Wars of the Roses have long become renowned for the deadly feud between the houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose and the red, driven apart by unshakable enmity and unrepentant hatred.

On closer inspection, however, it could be argued the conflict largely stemmed from the rivalry between the heads of the houses of York and Beaufort, with Henry VI, the Lancastrian king, just a witless onlooker.

Nathen Amin will be speaking on Henry VII and the Pretenders to the Tudor Crown at our Kings and Queens Weekend in March 2019.

By 1450, several prominent families jostled for supremacy at the apex of English society, including the Nevilles, Percys, Staffords, Bourchiers, Courtenays and Hollands.

The two most prominent figures, however, were the heads of the houses of York and Beaufort – Richard, Duke of York, and Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.

The breakdown in relations between the pair is a story of jealousy and ambition between implacable enemies, one which played a significant role in dragging England into a horrific civil war.

The respective rises of York and Somerset was surprising, given the differences in both men's upbringing, but nonetheless the great rivals grew to harbour the same all-encompassing ambitions.

Richard of York had an illustrious lineage, descended from Edward III twice over through the great king's second son Lionel, Duke of Clarence (though in the female line) and fourth son Edmund, Duke of York.

It was a pedigree that arguably provided York with a superior claim to the throne than the incumbent Lancastrian dynasty, themselves descended from Edward III's third son, John of Gaunt (albeit crucially in the direct male line).

Born on 21 September 1411, York's early life was tainted by his father's execution for treason by Henry IV when he was three, although he subsequently benefited as heir from the demise of his paternal uncle Edward, Duke of York, in 1415 and his maternal uncle Edward Mortimer, Earl of March, in 1425.

When he reached 21 in 1432, Richard came into full custody of his inheritance, an array of titles that included the Duchy of York as well as the Earldoms of Cambridge, Ulster and March.

Fully expecting a career in front-line politics, York was instead deployed to France in 1436 to serve as lieutenant, a tenure which finally expired in 1445.

Having been deprived his lucrative post overseas by the king's failure to renew his lieutenancy, York returned to England where he soon grew outspoken against the plans of Henry VI and his chief councillor William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, to attempt peace with France.

As a result, York was appointed lieutenant of Ireland in 1447, a position intended to remove him from the political scene.

Departing in June 1449, he wouldn't remain across the Irish Sea for long.

The following year, widespread anger at the loss of Normandy and growing political unrest created a volatile situation in England which manifested itself in the brutal extrajudicial executions of Adam Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, and the Duke of Suffolk.

In June 1450, a popular uprising led by a shadowy figure named Jack Cade caused further disarray throughout the land, prompting the celebrated return of York to the mainland in September, assuming the mantle as champion of the common man.

It was a return that set him directly against the man who had replaced Suffolk as the king's second-in-command: Edmund Beaufort.

Unlike York, Somerset could not boast of a considerable inheritance and a collection of noble titles, but he did share descent from Edward III.

The Beauforts were an illegitimate brood born to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and a third son of King Edward.

When Gaunt's eldest legitimate heir, Henry of Bolingbroke usurped the throne in 1399 to become Henry IV – the first Lancastrian sovereign – his Beaufort half-siblings, who had been retrospectively legitimised more than two decades after their birth, rose with him.

Edmund's father John Beaufort, one of Henry IV's half-brothers, had been raised to the earldom of Somerset in 1397, a title which passed to his own heir Henry after the first earl's death in 1410 and consequently to his second son John after Henry's premature demise in 1418.

The younger John Beaufort spent most of his life in French captivity after being caught after the battle of Baugé in 1421, with his younger brother Edmund overseeing the family interests back in England.

The younger John Beaufort, the 3rd Earl, was finally ransomed in 1438 and soon incurred the enduring enmity of Richard of York after he led an army into France in 1443, receiving men, money and resources denied to York, the lieutenant across the Channel.

When John, elevated to the dukedom of Somerset that year to rival York's status, failed to take advantage of the opportunity granted him, he returned to England and died in uncertain circumstances the following year, leaving Edmund to once again pick up the pieces.

The seeds of discord between York and the Beauforts had, however, already been sown, a feud which swiftly accelerated over the next decade.

When York's tenure as lieutenant in France ended in 1445, the lucrative post was handed to John's younger brother Edmund, who was also raised from earl to duke of Somerset, a sign of his increasing prominence.

Somerset's spell in France, however, proved disastrous and by 1450, he had overseen the complete loss of all English possessions in Normandy, including York's favoured fortress of Rouen, the mightiest in the region.

Somerset's reputation collapsed amongst some of the nobility in England, particularly York, although he was infallible in the eyes of the man who mattered: Henry VI.

When York returned from Ireland in September 1450, a clash with Somerset was inevitable.

Quite simply, both dukes could not coexist peacefully, nor did either have any inclination to do so.

York's intention was to assume command of the government on behalf of the unstable king, replacing the fallen Suffolk and re-establishing good governance and financial probity to the realm.

York, however, was politely rebuffed, only to frustratingly see Edmund Beaufort handed such authority.

### Rising rivalries between York and Beaufort

In the November 1450 parliament, York's chamberlain William Oldhall attacked Somerset as speaker of the Commons, alleging the duke was abusing his position to the "grete hurt, and trouble of the liege people of this your Reame".

Oldhall demanded Somerset "be removed from youre most noble presense, persone and estate" by 1 December, and forbidden from coming within 12 miles of the king.

King Henry ignored such demands, however, which almost led to Somerset's lynching in an event which evoked memories of Suffolk's own extrajudicial execution six months earlier.

On the evening of 1 December 1450, the date by which the Commons had demanded Somerset be removed from the king's presence, the Beaufort duke was feasting at the Blackfriars Priory in Ludgate when several armed soldiers attempted to break through the doors.

The duke fled in panic through the priory until he reached a small boat on the nearby Thames, embarking before he could be seized by his pursuers.

Somerset's flight was so sudden he was "robbyde of alle hys goodys, and hys jewyllys were takyn and borne away".

Ten days later, his family seat at Corfe Castle in Dorset was ransacked by a Yorkist retainer, and for his protection, the duke was placed in the Tower of London.

A political rivalry was rapidly descending into a blood-feud.

Matters worsened in early 1452 when York, infuriated by Somerset's attempts to take revenge on Oldhall, raised an army to counter the "envy, malice and untruth" of his rival, who "ever prevaileth and ruleth about the King's person".

Persuaded to stand down before he led his men into battle against a royal army, York was humiliated when forced to swear fealty to the king outside St Paul's like a common traitor, and trudged back to his estates whilst Somerset's supremacy continued unabated.

In October 1453, Henry VI collapsed into a catatonic stupor probably triggered by the loss of Aquitaine after 300 years in English possession, and York was recalled by parliament.

With popular support amongst the commons, York was appointed Protector and Somerset was imprisoned, a state of affairs that remained in place for the next 14 months.

Henry regained his senses on Christmas Day 1454, and by February 1455 Somerset had reclaimed his erstwhile position.

York, meanwhile, was unceremoniously dismissed from office.

The duke again raised an army, but this time there would be no submission.

On 22 May 1455, as the royal household approached St Albans fronted by the king and his Beaufort right-hand, York was waiting, buoyed by the Neville father-and-son earls of Salisbury and Warwick.

When the attack came, it was swift and fierce, with one man above all targeted.

Edmund Beaufort was cornered underneath a pub with the sign of a castle (as an old prophecy had allegedly foretold) and despite a valiant resistance, was cut down in his prime.

At last, York had emerged victorious against his great rival.

### Edward IV and Henry Beaufort, duke of Somerset

St Albans didn't mark the end of the York-Beaufort rivalry.

Nor could it, for following generations bore grudges of their own with good reason.

Edmund Beaufort's heir was Henry Beaufort, an impetuous youth wholly preoccupied with avenging his father's death.

In October 1456, the new Duke of Somerset, barely 20-years-old, attempted to ambush York at a council meeting, and over the next few years remained hostile towards the man he understandably held responsible for Edmund's assassination.

Political revenge for young Somerset occurred with York's flight from England in October 1459, but physical revenge was far more satisfying.

On 30 December 1460, Henry Beaufort outmanoeuvred York outside the latter's Sandal Castle near Wakefield, and the mighty duke was surrounded and killed.

York's head was spiked upon a City of York gateway.

Just as Henry of Somerset sought and achieved vengeance for his father, so too did York's own son, the 18-year-old force of nature that was Edward of March.

Edward wasted little time, and on Palm Sunday in a snowstorm at Towton destroyed Somerset's Lancastrian army, scattering his enemies and claiming the throne as Edward IV, the first monarch of the House of York.

Somerset was attacked in Edward's first parliament for acting with "extreme and insatiate malice and violence" in slaying the new king's father.

After Edward's Yorkist forces destroyed Somerset's Lancastrian forces at Towton, he claimed the throne as Edward IV.

(Photo by VCG Wilson/Corbis via Getty Images)

Thereafter, the Beaufort duke focused on reclaiming the crown for his Lancastrian kin, and campaigned with considerable vigour in the northern parts of England – capturing, losing, and capturing again, several Northumbrian castles.

Edward had successfully quelled resistance throughout England but struggled to fend of his Beaufort foe in the north-east.

In a curious twist to the relentless York-Beaufort rivalry, the king extended an olive branch to the duke, who surprisingly accepted, defecting from the hopeless Lancastrian cause and attaching himself to the ascendant Yorkist regime.

Somerset was pardoned, and the two erstwhile enemies became fast friends, riding and hunting together, and even sharing a bed.

The king, it was said, "lovyed hym welle".

And yet, Somerset soon defected for a second time.

It was a decision that would cost him his life.

On 15 May 1464, another unit of Somerset's army was routed near Hexham in Northumberland by a Yorkist force led by John Neville, Marquess Montagu, and the Beaufort duke was executed shortly thereafter in the market square.

This second-generation Beaufort-York rivalry between the sons of Edmund Beaufort and Richard of York would stumble on for another seven years, with Henry Beaufort's resistance to Yorkist rule assumed by his two younger brothers, Edmund and John.

Both were killed fighting against King Edward at Tewkesbury in 1471.

Although the male Beaufort line ended at Tewkesbury, there would be one last flurry of activity in the three-decade-long York-Beaufort rivalry, a violent dispute unquestionably at the heart of the wider dynastic conflicts tearing the kingdom apart.

This last confrontation would not feature a Beaufort by name, however, but rather one bearing the name Tudor – Henry Tudor.

Richard III controversially assumed kingship in 1783.

(Photo by: Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images)

Richard III had controversially assumed kingship in the aftermath of the political machinations of 1483, a rise which divided the alienated household of his brother Edward IV.

Those who didn't support Richard's alleged deposing of Edward's young namesake heir, the 12-year-old Edward V, and 10-year-old Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, elected to flee abroad to Brittany, where they sensationally proposed Henry Tudor as an alternative king, with the added provision he married Edward's daughter Elizabeth of York.

Henry's claim was slight, and derived from his mother Margaret Beaufort, the niece of Edmund Beaufort and cousin of Henry Beaufort, those erstwhile foes of the Yorks.

Although Tudor by name, Henry unquestionably took considerable pride in his Beaufort pedigree.

He was successful in wresting the throne from Richard at the battle of Bosworth on 22 August 1485, and thereafter liberally employed the Beaufort portcullis as one of his chief royal badges, arguably second only to the red-and-white union rose he devised to symbolise the union of the two warring houses.

Henry VII employed the Beaufort portcullis as one of his chief royal badges, says Nathen Amin.

(Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images)

The Wars of the Roses occurred for a myriad of reasons that have been explored in many histories, from the fallout arising from the deposition of Richard II, to the recriminations after the loss of France and divisive factional feuds which a weak king in Henry VI failed to quell.

Throughout the 30 years of brutal warfare, however, from the first battle at St Albans in 1455 to the iconic showdown between Richard III and Henry VII in 1485, one constant remained the driving factor throughout – the deep enmity between the houses of York and Beaufort.

Nathen Amin is the author of The House of Beaufort: The Bastard Line that Captured the Crown (Amberley, 2017)

### Nathen Amin will be speaking on 'Henry VII and the Pretenders to the Tudor Crown' at our Kings and Queens Weekend in March 2019.

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The Beauforts were a powerful and wealthy family from the start, and rose to greater power after their half-brother and uncle became King Henry IV in 1399. However, in 1406, Henry IV decided that although the Beauforts were legitimate, their genetic line could not be used to make any claim to the throne. John Beaufort had already been created Earl of Somerset in 1397. His second son John became the first Duke of Somerset in 1443. The second son (of John of Gaunt), Henry, became a bishop, Lord Chancellor, and a Cardinal; the third son, Thomas, became Duke of Exeter; and the daughter, Joan, married Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. Joan had the most pedigree, her many descendants including the Dukes of York, Warwick the "Kingmaker", the Dukes of Norfolk, the Dukes of Buckingham, the Earls of Northumberland, and Henry VIII's last queen, Catherine Parr.


In March he won the Candidates Tournament 2018 with a score of 9/14, thus winning the right to challenge Magnus Carlsen in the World Chess Championship 2018 in London in November 2018.

(meta data) TITLE: An American Will Play For The World Chess Championship | FiveThirtyEight

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/fivethirtyeight

# An American Will Play For The World Chess Championship

For the first time since Bobby Fischer captivated the country, a U.S. grandmaster has a shot at becoming the undisputed world chess champion.1

Fabiano Caruana, the current world No. 3 and the top American chess grandmaster, won the right today to play for the game's most coveted prize.

He'll face the reigning world champion, Magnus Carlsen of Norway, in a 12-game, one-on-one match in London in November.

Carlsen, the current world No. 1, has been champion since 2013 and became a grandmaster when he was 13 years old.

He most recently defended his title in 2016 in New York City.

Caruana earned his challenge bid by winning the Candidates Tournament, a 14-game tournament featuring eight of the world's top players, held over the past three weeks in Berlin.

For much of the Candidates, Caruana seemed like he might cruise to a relatively painless victory.

He notched some early victories and fended off other top rivals with exacting draws.

But he stumbled in Game 12, losing to the Russian grandmaster Sergey Karjakin in 48 moves.

That created a formidable and complex thicket at the top of the standings — going into the tournament's final day, four of the eight grandmasters had a chance to win.

But in the 14th and final game, held today, Caruana fought Alexander Grischuk of Russia for 69 moves and over six hours, winning the game and securing the tournament.

Caruana has been to the world championships before — but only as a spectator.

While Carlsen was winning his championship in New York in 2016, Caruana could be found playing speed chess amid throngs of onlookers at a New York chess club.

He told me at the time that he was staying up late at night analyzing the championship games.

Now he'll have a chance to put his analysis to use.

It's been a long road to the championship for Caruana.

His family moved to Brooklyn from Miami when he was 4 years old, and he began playing chess at age 5 at a synagogue's after-school program.

Within a few months, he was playing in tournaments around the city.

Fischer, whose own family moved to Brooklyn when he was young, learned the game 50 years earlier in an apartment about a mile away from the synagogue.

Despite these roots in the U.S., Caruana is one of a couple super-strong players who have transferred to the American team from other countries' teams.

Caruana had been a member of the Italian team, having moved to Europe to take advantage of its strong coaches and tournaments.

But there's still one steep hill to climb.

Caruana and Carlsen have played 31 times before in the lengthy sort of games that will be played at the world championship, according to Chessgames.com, a website that collects top players' games.

Carlsen leads their series 9 wins to 5, and there have been 17 draws.

A simple simulation of the match2 using the players' current Elo ratings puts Caruana's chances of upending Carlsen's reign — and claiming the first American title since Fischer — at about 30 percent.

In 1996, American Gata Kamsky played in the finals of the FIDE world championship (and lost), but the world championship was divided because Garry Kasparov, the world's strongest player, had split from FIDE and played in championships under the banner of the Professional Chess Association.

I simulated 100,000 instances of the championship match and its potential tie-breakers, using the players' live ratings from 2700chess.com and assuming a draw rate of 30 percent, similar to what I've done before previous world championships.

Oliver Roeder is a senior writer for FiveThirtyEight.

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In January, Caruana finished 11th with a score of 5/13 at the Tata Steel Masters tournament.


After a crash at the Canadian Grand Prix, Hill announced plans to retire from the sport at the end of the year, but after failing to finish the French Grand Prix that Frentzen won, he considered quitting the sport immediately.

(meta data) TITLE: Final fling for Damon at Silverstone - F1 news - AUTOSPORT.com

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After days of rumour and speculation Damon Hill finally announced that he will leave Formula One after the British Grand Prix.

The former world champion's decision will please all of his British fans, who wanted to see him one more time.

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He took Frentzen out completely." At the German Grand Prix, Hill scored his first point of the year and at the Belgian Grand Prix, in very wet conditions, he took the Jordan team's first ever win. At that race, Hill was leading late in the race, with teammate Schumacher closing rapidly, when he asked the team whether they would be allowed to race each other. Team principal Eddie Jordan ordered Ralf Schumacher to hold position instead of risking losing a 1–2 finish. In all, only eight drivers finished the race. The victory was his first since being dropped by the Williams team, which won no races that season. Hill finished the year with a last lap move on Frentzen at the Japanese Grand Prix, which earned him fourth place in the race and Jordan fourth position in that year's Constructors' Championship.
 Hopes were high for 1999, but Hill did not enjoy a good season. Struggling with the newly introduced four-grooved tyres, he was outpaced by his new teammate, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, who was Hill's replacement at Williams two years prior.


In 1985, ICADV and its sister organization, the Illinois Coalition Against Sexual Assault, worked together to advocate for the passage of the Illinois Sexual Assault Act in 1985, which broadened the definition of sexual assault, made it gender neutral, and imposed harsher punishments for offenders.

(meta data) TITLE: Voices of a Movement: ICADV | Beck Research Initiative for Women, Gender and Community

Project OverviewLeadership TeamFunding & Community PartnersPublications and Research

This project is a collaboration between the Beck Research Initiative for Women, Gender and Community (BRI), led by Dr. Beth Catlett and Dr. Irene Beck, and representatives of the Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV), a statewide coalition of organizations dedicated to eliminating domestic violence against women and their children throughout Illinois.

Since 2005, the BRI has worked to create oral history narratives around themes that include the history of the organization within the broader context of the statewide and national struggle against domestic violence during the decades of the ICADV's existence (1978 – present).

The Initiative seeks to document the history of a social movement through interviews with founders and contemporary members of the coalition, as well as an analysis of archival materials that are permanently housed at DePaul University's Richardson Library.

DPU faculty and staff train ICADV members to conduct and collect oral history interviews of their organization's founding members and other significant individuals involved in ICADV's history

DePaul University compiles transcripts of these interviews, which are developed into narratives

DePaul University faculty and ICADV representatives research ICADV's archival material, summarize its history, and select documents and photographs

These materials are compiled along with the interview narratives into a monograph, to be published by DePaul University

ICADV and DePaul University will offer a public presentation upon completion of this project

ICADV historical records will be permanently archived in DePaul University's Richardson Library Special Collections and Archives

Beth Catlett, Ph.D. Director of Women's and Gender Studies Program, Co-founder of Beck Research Initiative for Women, Gender and Community

Dr. Beth Catlett is the Program Director and an Associate Professor in the Women's and Gender Studies Program at DePaul University.

Professor Catlett received her B.A. and M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, and her doctorate in Family Relations and Human Development from the Ohio State University.

Her areas of scholarly interest include community development, community-based participatory action research, diversity in families, violence in intimate relationships, qualitative research methodologies, and the social construction of masculinities.

Dr. Catlett specializes in community-based research involving gendered violence, adolescent relationships, and social movements to create community change.

Her research has been published in several journals including Family Science Review, Men and Masculinities, Violence and Victims, Family Relations, the American Journal of Community Psychology, and the Journal of Divorce and Remarriage.

She was most recently published in the Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning.

Irene Beck, Ed.D. Co-founder of Beck Research Initiative for Women, Gender and Community, Executive Director of the William and Irene Beck Foundation

Irene received her B.A. in History from St. Mary's College, Notre Dame IN, her M.A. from Fairfield University in Educational Administration and Supervision, and her doctorate in Human Development from the University of Rochester.

Irene also earned a graduate certificate in Women's and Gender Studies from DePaul University.

As an adjunct faculty member at DePaul, her teaching focused on gender issues in youth, connections with school-based sexual harassment programs, and course-based action research.

As Executive Director of the William and Irene Beck Foundation, Dr. Beck directs grants in support of programs that work against discrimination, particularly related to racism, sexism and poverty.

She is also a Co-Founder of the Gender Equity Fund of the American Association of University Women, Illinois.

Her current areas of interest focus on oral histories of women working against domestic violence and archival research.

Vickie Smith, current Executive Director

Cheryl Howard, former Executive Director

### III. Funding & Community Partnerstop

##### The William and Irene Beck Foundation

The William and Irene Beck Foundation is a long time sponsor of the Beck Research Initiative for Women, Gender and Community and provides generous financial support for community based research and special projects, graduate assistantships, the faculty fellowship program, and other underwriting.

The Foundation is a generous supporter of the ICADV project.

The William and Irene Beck Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation that provides grants, contributions, and in-kind services to other not-for-profit organizations with 501(C)3 status.

It is a family foundation committed to helping programs that work against discrimination, particularly related to racism and sexism.

Its primary foci are directed toward those with financial needs by providing program support and educational opportunities for low-income youth, children, as well as opportunities for job-related training for adults.

The foundation is intended to act as a catalyst for change, and supports innovative ideas, plans, and projects; it takes a pro-active part in the prevention of further problems.

Its board and family members participate in as well as contribute to programs involving education, youth, and the disadvantaged.

The foundation seeks to ally itself with activities and organizations which reach out to those who most need help.

##### DePaul University Vincentian Endowment Fund

The Vincentian Endowment Fund was established in 1992 by a gift from the Vincentian Fathers and Brothers who sponsor the University.

The VEF has generously provided funding for the ICADV project.

The endowment seeks to assist the university in its developing understanding of how, as an institution of higher education informed by the vision of Vincent de Paul, it is to be Catholic as it enters its second century.

This assistance will be achieved through funding appropriate grant projects that directly enhance the identity of DePaul University as a Catholic, Vincentian and urban university with special attention to the Catholic and Vincentian aspects of this identity.

##### Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV)

The Illinois Coalition Against Domestic Violence (ICADV) is a not for profit, membership organization that works to eliminate violence against women and their children by promoting the eradication of domestic violence throughout Illinois; ensuring the safety of survivors, their access to services, and their freedom of choice; holding abusers accountable for the violence they perpetrate; and encouraging the development of victim-sensitive laws, policies and procedures across all systems that impact survivors.

In October, the group received commendation from Illinois Governor James R. Thompson, and Thompson pushed for the funding for domestic violence services in Illinois.
 From its beginning in 1978, ICADV and its member programs committed to the following goals:
 BULLET::::- Expand and increase services for women in all parts of the state; BULLET::::- Give domestic violence victims a statewide voice; BULLET::::- Advocate for public policy changes on these victims' behalf; BULLET::::- Educate the public about domestic violence and to expand the responses of local communities to their victims. ICADV continued to grow throughout the 1980s, expanding its membership and services. In the first five years alone, ICADV grew to include forty-four member organizations. Florence Forshey, a founder, called ICADV "the oldest and one of the largest organizations in the US dedicated to eliminating domestic violence".