His final match in England took place on 1 February 1958, when he scored the opening goal to help United defeat Arsenal 5–4.

(meta data) TITLE: Busby Babes' last game before Munich | History | News | Arsenal.com

(meta data) PUBLISHED DATETIME: 2019-08-11T13:00:00Z

One of the best games at Highbury and, in retrospect, one of the most poignant.

More than 63,000 fans packed into Arsenal's ground for the visit of Manchester United on Saturday, February 1, 1958.

Matt Busby's 'Babes' were the biggest draw in British football at the time thanks to two successive titles and a reputation for exciting, attacking play.

"Within five days of United's win at Highbury, five of their starting line-up perished as a result of the Munich air crash."

United's famous faces did not disappoint.

Duncan Edwards opened the scoring with a fierce shot from the edge of the area, Bobby Charlton beat Jack Kelsey on the half-hour and Tommy Taylor gave United a seemingly unassailable three-goal lead at half time.

Arsenal, inspired by the quality of their opponents, raised their game.

Incredibly, they drew level with three goals in just three minutes.

David Herd, who would go on to play for United, scored Arsenal's first.

Jimmy Bloomfield slotted past Harry Gregg to make it 3-2 and, to the delight and disbelief of the home fans, the same player converted a diving header to restore parity.

But United were not champions for nothing.

They regrouped and regained control, Dennis Viollet firing the visitors back in front before Taylor grabbed his second and United's fifth.

Arsenal weren't finished and Welsh international Derek Tapscott set up a grandstand finish by pulling a goal back.

Vic Groves went close to an equaliser but the 'Busby Babes' held out for a famous 5-4 victory.

Sadly, it was to be their last game on British soil.

Left-back and captain Roger Byrne, the entire half-back line of Eddie Colman, Mark Jones and Edwards, plus centre forward Taylor were all killed.

The 'Busby Babes' left all who had seen them with fond memories of one of the finest sides to grace the English game.

Copyright 2019 The Arsenal Football Club plc.

Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source.

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He was stationed at Nesscliffe near Shrewsbury along with teammate Bobby Charlton, but was allowed leave to play for United. He also took part in army matches, and in one season played nearly 100 matches in total. In the 1955–56 season, despite missing nearly two months of action due to a severe bout of influenza, Edwards played 33 times as United won the championship of the Football League by a margin of 11 points from Blackpool. The following season he made 34 league appearances, taking his total past the 100 mark, as United won a second consecutive league title, and was also in the team that contested the 1957 FA Cup Final, in which United missed out on the Double after a 2–1 defeat to Aston Villa. He also made seven appearances during United's first ever foray into the European Cup, including a 10–0 win over Anderlecht which remains the club's biggest-ever margin of victory. By now he was also a regular in the England team, featuring in all four of England's qualifying matches for the 1958 World Cup and scoring two goals in the 5–2 win over Denmark on 5 December 1956. He was expected to be a key player for England in the World Cup finals, and was seen as a likely candidate to replace the veteran Billy Wright as national team captain.
 Edwards began the 1957–58 season in good form and rumours abounded that top Italian clubs were seeking to sign him.


She said she aimed to open a chain of stores that would sell coffee and chocolate-based cosmetics.

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Apart from alliteration, what's the similarity between Starbucks and Starstruck?

A lot, according to the U.S. coffee chain, which is trying to prevent Indian beauty products queen Shahnaz Husain from using the name Starstruck for her planned chain of coffee and cosmetics shops.

is concerned because it plans to open stores in either Mumbai or New Delhi by the end of 2007 in a to-be announced partnership.

Shahnaz says her chain, which will sell coffee and chocolate-based cosmetics, will have nothing to do with Starbucks.

"I applied for a patent for Starstruck in 2002.

The cosmetic range has been under research and development for the last six years," Shahnaz told Forbes.com.

Her application hasn't yet been approved, but she says she's seen no reason why it won't.

Shahnaz says Starstruck began as a coffee shop that she created in her sprawling residence in New Delhi to entertain guests.

She decorated it with huge posters of American stars Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley because they were the easiest to buy.

"When I had the stars, I thought Starstruck sounded good, so I put up a banner with the name, decorated with lights," said Shahnaz, whose privately held ayurvedic beauty business has around 600 franchises worldwide and is independently estimated to be worth approximately $250 million.

Her products are exported to 135 countries, including the U.S. and U.K.

However, Starbucks feels there's one star too many in common.

Spokesperson May Kulthol said the U.S. company had filed a case with India's patent office in August against Shahnaz's application to register the name Starstruck for coffee, related products and printed materials related to coffee shops.

Starbucks applications and registrations for similar products date back to 1995 and 2001.

"We will take legal steps to protect the value of our trademark, and protect the public from confusion and deception, when we are unable to resolve a matter through alternate means," Kulthol said in an e-mailed statement.

The American company has a record of aggressive litigation to protect its trademark and logo.

Last year it lost a suit against a Texas bar owner who brews a beer called Star Bock; a coffee shop owner named Sam Buck, however, was ordered by an Oregon court in December to remove her name from the storefront.

Shahnaz, who likes Starbucks and frequently drinks its coffee when abroad, said the coffee giant had not gotten in touch with her about their patent problem.

The herbal beauty specialist plans to hand over the execution and management of her coffee chain launch to a consulting company.

Like her multiple beauty centers, Shahnaz intends to have coffee shops across India that will also include gift and designer garment counters.

"It's hard to foresee the growth of anything, but I envision the moon," Shahnaz replies cryptically when asked for a timeframe for her coffee shops.

India is very attractive to international coffee players because of rising disposable incomes and the growing popularity among young Indians of spending time at coffee shops.

Earlier this month, Italy's Lavazza agreed to acquire the country's second-largest coffee chain, Barista, reportedly for $108 million.

Barista, a pioneer in the Indian market, has over 150 stores.

The market leader is Cafe Coffee Day, a chain owned by Bangalore-based Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading.

It has close to 400 stores in 70-odd Indian cities.

Starbucks, which has over 13,000 stores in 38 countries, is keen on expanding in large, growing consumer markets like India and China.

Starbucks already has over 200 locations in China, but its smallest in Beijing has caused no small measure of controversy.

(See: "Banning Starbucks From The Forbidden City")

Starbucks lost a trademark infringement case against a smaller coffee vendor in South Korea that operates coffee stations under the name Starpreya. The company, Elpreya, says Starpreya is named after the Norse goddess, Freja, with the letters of that name changed to ease pronunciation by Koreans. The court rejected Starbucks' claim that the logo of Starpreya is too similar to their own logo. A bar owner in Galveston, Texas, USA won the right to sell "Star Bock Beer" after a lawsuit by Starbucks in 2003 after he registered the name, but the 2005 federal court ruling also stated that the sale of the beer must be restricted to Galveston, a ruling upheld by the Supreme Court in 2007.
 Ongoing cases include a dispute over the copyright application for Seattle's Rat City Rollergirls logo in 2008. The company claimed the roller derby league's logo by a Washington artist was too similar to its own. Starbucks requested an extension to further examine the issue and possibly issue a complaint, which was granted by the Trademark Office. The July 16, 2008, deadline passed without action by the corporation. Starbucks launched action against an Indian cosmetics business run by Shahnaz Husain, after she applied to register the name Starstruck for coffee and related products.


While still maintaining the sale of half their headquarter property, Artist Director Rodriguez who was then also the interim Managing Director decided to use the funds to pay off the remaining mortgage and over half a million dollars in overdue bills to vendors, a line of credit and credit card bills.

How To Spend $7 Million: Artists Rep's New Reality .

# How To Spend $7 Million: Artists Rep's New Reality

What if somebody offered to pay off your mortgage, erase all your credit card debt, student loans — everything?

Would it change what you could do with your life?

Artists Repertory Theatre in Portland is asking itself these questions, after an anonymous donor gifted the company $7 million.

That much cash — approximately twice the company's yearly budget — would be an eye-popping gift for any Oregon arts organization.

For Artists Rep, it arrived at a catalytic time.

This week, the company's leaders were ready to talk about how they money will be spent.

In an open letter to supporters, Artistic Director Damáso Rodriguez laid out the plan.

Spoiler alert No. 1: The company is still selling some of its building.

As OPB reported previously, Artists Rep occupies a block-sized, 30,000 square foot building, housing the company's operations — and also a dozen smaller nonprofit arts groups.

But upkeep on such a big, 40-year-old structure has proven more than the company could handle.

Tenants were sometimes unable to pay rent.

The company got behind on its payroll taxes and took out loans to keep operating.

But the $7 million gift means Artists Rep was able to pay off its $4 million mortgage, plus $560,000 in overdue bills to vendors, a line of credit and credit card bills.

Artists Repertory Theatre's board chair, Mike Barr (left), and Artistic Director Damaso Rodriguez at the company's downtown headquarters.

For the remaining cash ($2.36 million), Rodriguez said, about 16 percent becomes an operating cash reserve.

Another 13 percent will backfill a fund for specific programs — money that ended up spent on other things.

The remaining $1,650,000 is going into a fund that only the board can approve spending, for helping the company through the sale of half its building.

"It's likely going to be to help us manage this transition, finding alternative space, moving, paying for parking, things like that," Rodriguez said.

The sale of half the Artists' Rep building is still in progress.

(Rodriguez said he's referring to it mentally as 'The Amputation.')

With half the block going for residential space and retail, Artists Rep loses its outdoor parking lot, one of its two theaters, and some rehearsal and administrative space.

Rodriguez said these assets can be made up in the half remaining, but it's going to take time, planning and a substantial construction project.

"We have to find a way to fit that square footage into the Morrison side of the block," he said.

They can't fit it all into the ground floor; Artists Rep has to build up.

The 12 tenants of the ArtsHub, as Artists Rep refers to its building, must all grapple with the changes in different ways.

Jonathan Walters is the artistic director of Hand2Mouth Theatre, 1 of the 12 tenants.

Hand2Mouth had the foresight to maintain some offsite office and rehearsal space at its former headquarters in Portland's central east side.

"We chose to never give up our life raft," he said.

"Our own offices, rehearsal and studio space.

But Walters was banking on the chance to produce Hand2Mouth's major productions in 2019 and beyond on Artists Rep's stages.

That's very unlikely now, if the building sale goes forth as planned.

He said Hand2Mouth has some options among theaters that own their own buildings.

But he added he can't help but compare Portland with other cities of similar size.

As many cranes are on the skyline, the city is still woefully short on venues that seat 150-200 people.

"When are we hearing about a brand new performance center that's going to be used by multiple parties, multiple venues, multiple organizations?" Walters asked.

Josh Hecht, the director of another ArtHub tenant, Profile Theater, said the company's 2019-20 and 2020-21 spaces are in flux.

It's very likely Profile will need to stage shows offsite.

He has to account for 18 to 20 weeks of rehearsal space, plus community engagement events.

Hecht said he'll be looking at private sector and other nonprofits outside the arts with space to lend — possibly non-traditional spaces.

"There's an opportunity to inspire our community of patrons," he said, "and find out who is out there and with whom we can forge some kind of relationship."

Rodriguez is sounding more optimistic that Artists Rep will be able to help.

"I was in residence under a larger organization twice," he said, referring to the company he co-founded, Furious Theater in Los Angeles.

I've been there, and the second time it happened it was mortal to our company, but I wasn't in a position where the parent or umbrella organization company was saying, 'Don't worry.

We'll work together to solve this problem.'"

He said Artists Rep is in a strong position to offer some financial assistance for resident companies to move to their new spaces during the construction period.

There's a lot of uncertainty around how all this will work.

But Artist Rep's board chair, Mike Barr, said 'The Amputation' and the sale of half the building is the right choice.

"We could survive, if the sale collapsed, and didn't go through," Barr said.

"We could survive, but we believe we'll be in better shape to meet our mission with the resources that provides."

Capital costs have always been a problem.

The building is badly in need of a new roof.

Barr said cash from the sale, in concert with the $7 million gift, will offer a fighting chance for long-term stability.

But he and Rodriguez concede Artists Rep has to learn how to handle its newfound wealth.

"We did shake up our management and we did bring in outside oversight," Barr said.

"We have a consulting CFO reporting to the board.

We finished our audit … and now are posting this information, probably on a quarterly basis, until people get comfortable."

Barr said the board also decided this week to begin a search for a new general manager, to supervise the building and company finances.

Rodriguez thinks back to January, when the company's general manager had been fired, he was directing the world premiere of a massive, five-hour play, "Magellanica."

"The last line of 'Magellanica,'" Rodriguez said, "was, 'We're at the tipping point.

And you get to have what you're brave enough to ask for.

And so that's what was running through all of our minds during the rehearsal process.

It was a time of great anxiety, and then a time of great relief and opportunity."

Artists Rep makes its season announcement Monday.

Rodriguez said all shows for 2018 and 2019 will be staged onsite at 1515 S.W. Morrison Street.

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 2018 saw a dramatic series of material changes at the theatre. In 2018, the company was hard-pressed to pay-off and IRS lien filed for lapses in its payroll tax filings going back to 2012 (paid off in early December). Property taxes and the expensive mortgage typical of Pacific Northwest urban centers remained the issue, so the company decided to sell half of its 2004 block-fixed, 29,000 square-foot property to an Atlanta-based developer. The buyer, Wood Partners, plans to build twenty-story mixed-use building with 296 housing units, 4,000 square feet of retail, and 206 below-grade parking spaces.
 Shortly thereafter, the company received an unrestricted $7 million gift from an anonymous donor. Coming in at twice the theatre’s annual operating budget, the gift was the largest donation in the company’s history, and one of the largest gifts that has ever made to an arts institution in Oregon to date.


The Blanda Station is an underground plant, located approximately 230 metres below the surface.

(meta data) TITLE: Blanda Power Station - NAT

The Blanda Station is located in north Iceland, near the Highlands and near the end of Kjalvegur Mountain Road.

The station started to produce electricity in 1991 – 1992.

The Blanda Station is an underground plant, located approximately 230 meters under ground.

The capacity from 3 Francis turbines is 3 x 50 MW or total 150 MW, with generation capacity of 910 GWh p.a..

A dam was built in the River Blanda near the Reftjarnarbunga Hill, an ideal area for a reservoir.

A dam was also built near the source of the River Kolkukvisl which flowed into River Vatnsdalsa.

These dams formed the Blanda Reservoir, which has a live storage capacity of 412 Gl and is the third-largest lake in Iceland.

From the Kolka Dam, the water is diverted through diversion canals and lakes on a 25 km long route to the station's intake reservoir, Gilsarlon.

The reservoir has an area of 5 km2 and has a live storage capacity of 20 Gl.

From the intake reservoir, water runs through a 1300 m long canal to the station's intake, where it is diverted to the turbines in the powerhouse.

The drop to the turbines from the harnessed head is 287 m.

From the turbines, the water is lead through a 1700 m tailrace tunnel back into the river course.

The river Blanda flows through grassy fields in the lowlands, but its source is in a region that only a few decades ago was a desert.

After the creation of a 56 km2 storage reservoir, extensive revegetation efforts were initiated.

Since 1981, Landsvirkjun has cultivated over 5000 hectares at an altitude of 400–600 m by fertiliser treatment and sowing.

This is one of the most extensive reclamation projects ever undertaken in Iceland's highlands.

The Blanda Power Station is 43 km distance from The town Blonduos.

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Churches (88)Churches in East Iceland (11) Churches in North Iceland (18) Churches in Reykjanes (6) Churches in South Iceland with Historical and Cultural Interest (18) Churches in Strandir (5) Churches in the Reykjavik area With historic Saga (4) Churches in the Westfjords (10) Churches in West Iceland (16) Icelandic Power Plants (15)Landsvirkjun (4) Thor Cod Wars (4)Practical Information (33) Maps of Iceland (11)Tourist Information Centres (10)

Blanda Power Station (Icelandic: "Blöndustöð") is a dam and hydroelectric on the Blanda River within the northern edge of the highlands in Iceland. The Blanda Station came on-line in 1991. It is located on the northern edge of the high-lands near the end of the Kjalvegur Mountain Road. To the north is a view over the Blöndu-dalur Valley where the River Blanda flows out to the sea near the town of Blönduós.


In 2009, Angelou wrote "We Had Him", a poem about Michael Jackson, which was read by Queen Latifah at his funeral.

(meta data) TITLE: Michael Jackson's mega-farewell – Variety

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## Fans, friends pay tribute to the King of Pop

Live from Staples Center; 20,000 seats; free distribution by lottery from a pool of 1.6 millionPerformers: Ron Boyd, Kobe Bryant, Mariah Carey, Andrae Crouch Choir, Berry Gordy, Jennifer Hudson, Shaheen Jafargholi, Magic Johnson, Martin Luther King III, Bernice A. King, John Mayer, Lionel Richie, Smokey Robinson, Rev. Al Sharpton, Brooke Shields, Pastor Lucious Smith, Usher and Stevie Wonder.

There was Elvis, there was John Lennon, there was Princess Diana, and now there's Michael Jackson, the first celebrity to inspire global paroxysms of grief in the 21st century.

Measured by his media coverage as well as his posthumous legal and medical issues, not to mention his mourning fans, it's possible that Jackson has topped them all.

On Tuesday morning, downtown Los Angeles was transformed into a humming mini-economy dedicated to the memory of the entertainer.

Amid something of a police state, with helicopters buzzing overhead and packs of officers stationed along Figueroa Avenue, the throngs of ticket holders, makeshift T-shirt vendors and wishful thinkers created an atmosphere that was almost friendly.

Jackson spokesman Ken Sunshine had said he hoped the lottery-based ticket distribution for the Staples Center memorial service would be conducted with "dignity" — a wish that might seem far-fetched for an event conducted in a space that would next host the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

Certainly the numbers were impressive: 19,500 mourners at Staples and another 5,500 at the Nokia Theater simulcast.

Meanwhile, Tuesday saw endless hours of TV and online coverage domestically and around the world.

AEG, which organized the memorial, said figures will be available today for global carriers and estimates of viewers.

CNN estimated that the memorial yielded the second-highest live vid streaming day in CNN.com's history, with the site serving up 9.7 million video streams.

Hulu reported that Tuesday was its second-highest live vid streaming day after the Obama inauguration in January.

Clearly, it takes a global village to mourn a superstar.

While the memorial was a spectacle, it also offered no shortage of sorrow, genuine emotion and, yes, dignity.

Though predictions about downtown gridlock were ominous, less than 1,000 people showed up around the lockdown perimeter, and things went generally well despite the tight time frame in which this event was assembled.

However, the morning wasn't without its glitches.

An LAPD officer outside L.A. Live's Club Nokia said, "We're a little behind schedule for family considerations," a reference to the family's morning service at Forest Lawn in Glendale.

Inside Staples, Smokey Robinson appeared as the first speaker at 10:10 a.m.

After reading statements of sympathy from Diana Ross and Nelson Mandela, Robinson returned to his seat, and the arena fell quiet for 20 long minutes, silent enough to hear the purr of the A/C system.

Finally, as the Andrae Crouch Choir filed on stage at 10:33 a.m., the Jackson family walked into the arena.

Acting as pallbearers were Michael Jackson's brothers (each wearing aviator sunglasses and one sparkly glove), wheeling in an enormous gold-plated casket covered in red roses.

Given the ornate presentation, it was a moment that could have tipped into the baroque.

Instead, the casket served as a valid reminder of what had been lost.

The first speaker was Pastor Lucious Smith, who, like those who followed him, came onstage without introduction.

His words effectively framed what was to come, describing Jackson as a brother, son, father and friend who would be celebrated "in the space where, only days ago, he danced and sang."

Punctuating the service throughout was audible sniffling from the audience along with cries of "I love you, Michael!" and "We all love you, Michael!"

Mariah Carey and Trey Lorenz provided the first performance with the Jackson 5 song "I'll Be There."

Queen Latifah introduced her remarks by saying that she was "representing all the fans," a remark she underlined with a remembrance of buying the Jackson 5 album "Dance Machine" and trying to learn to dance the robot with her brother.

She also read a poem by Maya Angelou dedicated to Jackson, "We Had Him," which began: "Now that we know/we know nothing… We had him/He took a pose/on his toes/for all of us."

Lionel Richie sang the gospel-tinged Commodores song "Jesus Is Love" with a choral backing.

While his performance was heartfelt, the projected backdrop of anonymous church arches seemed strange in an environment that was otherwise deeply personal.

Former Motown head Berry Gordy said Jackson "raised the bar and broke the bar."

He also spoke of the "competitiveness" at Motown, perhaps alluding to the internal strife that led to the Jackson 5 leaving Motown in 1975.

"He had some sad times and some questionable decisions on his part, but he accomplished everything he dreamed of," Gordy said.

He was another person onstage, a master showman who was 'kill or be killed.'

'The King of Pop' isn't big enough — he was the greatest entertainer who ever lived."

This brought the audience to its feet for the first of a number of standing ovations.

Stevie Wonder's voice was weighted with emotion before he launched into "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer."

"This is a moment that I wish I didn't live to see," Wonder said.

Kobe Bryant hailed Jackson for his charity work, while Magic Johnson said that one of the greatest moments of his life was a dinner with Michael that offered a private chef but culminated in "sitting on the floor and eating that bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken."

He also said that Michael's children would benefit from "a most incredible grandmother" along with uncles, aunts and cousins — a list in which father Joe Jackson was notably omitted.

Jennifer Hudson provided a rousing, choir-backed performance of "Will You Be There," inspiring the audience to clap in time.

In a moment that carried the power of a tent revival meeting, Rev. Al Sharpton hailed Michael for "creating a comfort level" that allowed the world to see African-Americans as worthy of attention and celebration.

"It wasn't strange to watch Oprah Winfrey on TV or to see Tiger Woods play golf … or to vote an African-American as president."

He also nodded to the controversy that defined much of Michael's life.

"There are those who want to focus on his mess.

It's not about his mess; it's his message."

To Michael's children, he said: "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy.

It was strange what your daddy had to deal with."

John Mayer's performance of "Human Nature" on guitar suggested an easy-listening take, with an outspoken melody line and whispered vocals by backing singers.

Brooke Shields' halting, emotional speech described Jackson as offering "the most natural and easy of friendships …

We both knew what it was like to be in a spotlight from a young age.

Michael's brother Jermaine then sang what Shields said was Michael's favorite song, "Smile," written by Charlie Chaplin for "Modern Times."

Martin Luther King III and his sister, Bernice A. King, described Michael as "the best of what he was," while U.S. Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee (D-Texas) announced Resolution 600, which she drafted and brought to Congress' attention the day after Michael's death.

(HR 600 calls for the House of Representatives to recognize the performer "as a global humanitarian and a noted leader in the fight against worldwide hunger and medical crises; and celebrates Michael Jackson as an accomplished contributor to the worlds of arts and entertainment, scientific advances in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and global food security."

It's since been referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.)

Usher descended from the stage to address much of his performance of "Gone Too Soon" to Michael's casket.

The service ended with a group performance of "We Are the World," followed by individual remembrances from Jermaine, Marlon and, most notably, Paris, Michael's much-protected daughter.

It was heartrending, if a little disturbing, to see grief displayed so clearly in a young girl whose life before now was entirely private.

The service was presented by AEG, produced by Kenny Ortega and Ken Ehrlich and directed by Ortega.

Click here for complete Michael Jackson coverage

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Her first volume of poetry, "Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie", published in 1971 shortly after "Caged Bird", became a best-seller and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Many of the poems in "Diiie" were songs that Angelou had previously performed and recorded. In 1994, her publisher, Random House, placed this volume and her following four volumes of poetry in "The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou."   Random House has also published several more volumes of Angelou's poetry, as well as stand-alone publications of single poems.
 Angelou recited her most famous poem, "On the Pulse of Morning", at President Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993. In 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem", entitled "A Brave and Startling Truth", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. Also in 1995, she was chosen to recite one of her poems at the Million Man March. Angelou was the first African-American woman and living poet selected by Sterling Publishing, who placed 25 of her poems in a volume of their "Poetry for Young People" series in 2004.


In 2013, Bakir was awarded the Gold Coast Young Entrepreneur of the Year due to his success with HomeCorp.

(meta data) TITLE: YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR OF THE YEAR ANNOUNCED

Brisbane LegalBNP Media Business News Australia Queensland Business News

# YOUNG ENTREPRENEUR OF THE YEAR ANNOUNCED

MOBILE phone retailer turned property manager Ron Bakir (pictured) has taken out the title of Gold Coast Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for 2013.

The former owner of the Gold Coast-based Crazy Ron's mobile phones retail chain has been quietly chipping away at the property market since 2004.

In that time he has forged a new path in property through his company HomeCorp Group which has developed more than 1500 residential lots across Australia and turned over $500 million in a sector that has been both punishing and rewarding in recent times.

His Surfers Paradise-based company, HomeCorp Group, has just breached $106 million in turnover, up 34 per cent on a bumper $79.1 million in 2012.

Bakir epitomises the never-say-die attitude of our young entrepreneurs as he continues to build his business with a renewed focus on the Gold Coast market next year.

Taking the award for Highly Commended was Stuart Stratton (pictured above) who is involved in a diverse range of industries, from airport and theme park transfers to field marketing and solar hot water systems to finance broking and debt consolidation.

His two main businesses are Con-x-ion, which offers airport and theme park transfers and charters, and Bsmart which deals in communications.

Jason Ganis (pictured above) took the title of TrailBlazer for his companies, SmartPrint Fleet Management, iFish, and Finance and Print Security.

SmartPrint is among the largest and fastest growing print company in Australia specialising in MPS for laser printer and photocopier fleets, nationally encompassing all service, equipment, maintenance and consumables.

The finalists of the Gold Coast Young Entrepreneur of the Year Awards 2013 have managed to increase revenue more than $60 million over the 2012-13 financial year.

They generate more than $240 million in annual revenue combined and they expect this to rise to more than $350 million this financial year.

They also employ more than 700 staff, making them significant contributors the local economy.

Many of the young entrepreneur finalists are finding fortune outside of the Gold Coast economy – with some expanding their interests offshore.

The sectors in which they operate are diverse, ranging from property to mining and financial services to online retailing.

Yet all are making their mark on the local economy in some way, either through employment or through their collective pool of business creativity that further enriches the Gold Coast's entrepreneurial spirit.

If you are looking for inspiration for your own business, then look no further than the annual edition of Gold Coast Business News.

It is a celebration of what makes the Gold Coast great.

To view the entire list of finalists and read their inspiring stories, pick up a copy of Gold Coast Business News at your local newsagent or call us on 07 5575 7400.

To subscribe go to goldcoastbusinessnews.com.au .

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Bakir was born in Lebanon in 1977.
 At the age of 17, Bakir established the mobile phone chain Crazy Ron's in Queensland, Australia, establishing the business in 1995. Crazy Ron’s entered into voluntary administration after declaring insolvency in early April 2005 after a long and costly David and Goliath legal battle with a national multi-million competitor, Crazy John's.


He became an Armenian citizen along with the other foreign members of Genealogy on 28 April 2015 after being given Armenian passports by President Serzh Sargsyan.

(meta data) TITLE: Eurovision Armenia: Genealogy meet the president of Armenia - ESCToday.com

(meta data) AUTHOR: https://www.facebook.com/jiandani.sergio

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# Armenia: Genealogy meet the president of Armenia

The 2015 Armenian Eurovision representatives Genealogy had the grand honour of meeting the president of Armenia in Yerevan.

Genealogy were selected via an internal selection by ARMTV in order to represent Armenia at the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest.

They will fly the Armenian flag in Vienna with their entry Face the shadow.

After Genealogy's first official Press Conference in Yerevan, Armenia, (April 27) the band was invited to the office of the President of the Republic of Armenia's for a special meeting.

The great surprise was special for the 5 members of Genealogy representing the 5 continents of the world.

As was mentioned before the 5 members of the group are coming from different countries and continents of the world: Tamar Kaprelian (USA, America), Essai Altounian (France, Europe), Stephanie Topalian (Japan, Asia), Vahe Tilbian (Ethiopa, Africa) and Mary-Jean O'Doherty Vasmatzian (Australia).

Being of Armenian origin and carrying Armenian genetics Genealogy members have been granted Armenian Citizenship which they have applied for earlier.

In order to receive their Armenian passports they were invited to the office of the president of the Republic of Armenia where the President Serzh Sargsyan himself handed them in person their respective Armenian passports.

During the meeting President Serzh Sargsyan showed his support to Genealogy members and encouraged the band for representing Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest.

He highlighted the importance of unity and togetherness.

If we are all gather around one goal we will always succeed.

I am sure you will accomplish it, because you are united and you are sharing one goal.

Your song is incredible and the concept as well- President Serzh Sargsyan commented during the meeting.

The Armenian Eurovision hopefuls thanked the President for his warm welcome and encouragement assuring him that this will give them more strenghth and excitement.

Armenia debuted in Eurovision Song Contest in 2006 with Andre and is yet to win the event.

The country achieved its placing in the contest in 2008 with Sirusho and in 2014 Aram Mp3, placing 4th.

The 2015 Eurovision Song Contest is scheduled to take place on 19, 21, 23 May at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria.

### Stay tuned to ESCToday.com for the latest news on Genealogy, Armenia and the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest!

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Feel free to drop us a line if you're interested!

Use the Contact Us page or send us an email at vacancies@esctoday.com!

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Altounian is a member of the supergroup Genealogy, who represented Armenia in the 60th Eurovision Song Contest hold in Vienna.


The busy centre works exclusively with young 10-24 year old Jordanians from a range of backgrounds.

Environment and Climate in the Middle East - Young Jordanians to debate water issues Jordan Times

# Environment and Climate in the Middle East

news, conferences, policy discussions and academic publications on environmental issues and climate change in the Eastern Mediterranean

Ecology and Climate Change Challenge in the Eastern Mediterranean

Environmental peacebuilding, conflict, and security in the Eastern Mediterranean

Environmental Peacebuilding, Security and Conflcit

Faith Communities and Ecology, with a note on religious peacebuilding

Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution in the Middle East

# Young Jordanians to debate water issues

Posted by Editor on Sunday, July 4th 2010

AMMAN – For the next three months, young Jordanians across the country will debate water policies and issues as part of a new awareness campaign.

The Kingdom's water resources will be at the centre of a nationwide debate competition organised by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Princess Basma Youth Resources Centre (PBYRC).

According to organisers, as part of the initiative, held under the theme "Our Water – Our Future", youths between the ages of 15 and 16 will be trained in oratory skills, taken on field visits to water facilities and given the opportunity to meet national and international experts in the field of water.

"In our experience with previous debates organised by debate clubs in Jordan, children become very competitive and retain a lot of information about the theme of the debate," Dalia Husseini, civic engagement programme officer at PBYRC, said during a press meeting on Tuesday.

The competition, which aims to mobilise youths to advocate for causes deemed critical to their future, will include young debaters from PBYRC Debate Clubs in Aqaba, Karak, Taybeh, Irbid, Sahab Ruseifa, Zarqa and Hashemi.

"The aim of the debate competition is to encourage critical thinking by introducing young debaters to the concept of debating and methods for efficient and effective water use," said Dieter Rothenberger, programme manager of GTZ's operations management support for the middle governorates water programme.

After a month of training on how to build and deliver an argument, debates will be held across the country until eight young debaters are selected, organisers said.

The eight teenaged debaters will then face off in a final competition in the first half of October, to be held as part of "German Week", according to GTZ.

The water-debating skills training comes as a continuation of an earlier awareness-raising activity that was carried out by GTZ and local partners in Jordan.

"In order to secure the sustainability of past and current activities, younger generations need to be trained and sensitised to the pertaining issues," Rothenberger pointed out during yesterday's press meeting.

He noted that Germany extends 40 million euros annually to the Kingdom to support the water sector, adding that GTZ's German-Jordanian Water Programme is directly linked to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation's water strategy.

GTZ is an international enterprise for sustainable development with worldwide operations.

Fully owned by the Federal Republic of Germany, it implements development projects on behalf of the German government.

The PBYRC, affiliated with the Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development, was established in 2002 to activate the role of youths in Jordanian society.

The centre works with young people aged 10-24 from all backgrounds and regions in Jordan.

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AL-BIA WAL-TANMIA Environment & Development magazine

Arab Forum for Environment and Development

Arava Alumni Environment and Peace Network

Arava Institute for Environmental Studies

Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE)

EcoPeace / Friends of the Earth Middle East

Environment Program: Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information

Euro-Mediterranean Information System on know-how in the Water sector (EMWIS)

Finnish Institute of International Affairs

Green Prophet – Environment News from the Middle East

Interfaith Center for Sustainable Development (Jerusalem)

International Institute for Sustainable Development

MENA Region Water Resources and Wastewater Network

Union for the Mediterranean (formerly Euro-Mediterranean Partnership)

The Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development

Sub-Organisations and Programmes.:The Princess Basma Youth Resource Centre (PBYRC).

The PBYRC was created in 2002 to create youth programmes for Jordan's substantial unemployed or marginalised youth populations. The group has so far created Radio Farah al Nas (a community radio station that focuses on women's rights, youth issues, and providing helpful information for refugees), three employability centres, three ICT clubhouses, debate clubs, film clubs, science labs, and other miscellaneous programmes that teach life and work skills.


The collection that Petiver amassed was the largest natural history collection in his time.

(meta data) TITLE: Historians expose early scientists' debt to the slave trade | Science | AAAS

(meta data) PUBLISHER: https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW

Hans Sloane collected this specimen of cacao in Jamaica in the 1680s.

Sloane often collected on or near slave plantations, taking advantage of slavery's infrastructure to advance his science.

# Historians expose early scientists' debt to the slave trade

At the dawn of the 1700s, European science seemed poised to conquer all of nature.

Isaac Newton had recently published his monumental theory of gravity.

Telescopes were opening up the heavens to study, and Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes were doing the same for the miniature world.

Fantastic new plants and animals were pouring in from Asia and the Americas.

But one of the most important scientists alive then was someone few people have ever heard of, an apothecary and naturalist named James Petiver.

And he was important for a startling reason: He had good connections within the slave trade.

Although he rarely left London, Petiver ran a global network of dozens of ship surgeons and captains who collected animal and plant specimens for him in far-flung colonies.

Petiver set up a museum and research center with those specimens, and he and visiting scientists wrote papers that other naturalists (including Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy) drew on.

Between one-quarter and one-third of Petiver's collectors worked in the slave trade, largely because he had no other options: Few ships outside the slave trade traveled to key points in Africa and Latin America.

Petiver eventually amassed the largest natural history collection in the world, and it never would have happened without slavery.

By examining scientific papers, correspondence between naturalists, and the records of slaving companies, historians are now seeing new connections between science and slavery and piecing together just how deeply intertwined they were.

"The biggest surprise is, for a topic that has been ignored for so long, how much there was once I started digging," says Kathleen Murphy, a science historian at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo who's writing a book about the topic.

She adds, "There's a tendency to think about the history of science in this—I don't want to say triumphant, but—progressive way, that it's always a force for good.

We tend to forget the ways in which that isn't the case."

James Delbourgo, a historian at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, who has written extensively about slavery and science, agrees.

He argues that the belief in the progressive nature of science has made historians reluctant to take a critical look at its past.

"This is a hard story for us to deal with," he says.

He adds that academic specialization also prevented many people from seeing what, in retrospect, seem like obvious connections: "Slave trade historians don't know about science, and vice versa."

We tend to forget the ways in which that isn't the case.

Those connections aren't just ancient history.

Thousands of specimens collected through the slave trade still reside in places such as the Natural History Museum in London, and they're still used in genetic and taxonomic research.

Yet few people using the collections know of their origins.

All of which casts an uncomfortable shadow on what's often viewed as a heroic era in science.

"We do not often think of the wretched, miserable, and inhuman spaces of slave ships as simultaneously being spaces of natural history," Murphy writes in The William and Mary Quarterly.

"Yet Petiver's museum suggests that this is exactly what they were."

## Compromises to gain access to distant lands

Slavery is as old as civilization, but the transatlantic slave trade between the 1500s and 1800s was particularly brutal.

Estimates vary, but at least 10 million Africans were enslaved, with roughly half dying on the way to slave ports or on voyages across the ocean.

Statistics alone can't capture the cruelty and squalor of slave ships, though.

Men and women were chained up for weeks in hot, filthy holds, where diseases ran rampant and punishment for disobedience was harsh.

Sharks reportedly followed ships on journeys, having learned that a slave or two would probably be tossed overboard—or commit suicide—at some point.

Why did scientists align themselves with that horror?

European governments did sometimes sponsor scientific expeditions, but most ships visiting Africa and the Americas were private vessels engaged in the "triangular trade."

That three-way exchange sent guns and manufactured goods to Africa; slaves to the Americas; and dyes, drugs, and sugar back to Europe.

To gain access to Africa and the Americas, scientists had to hitch rides on slave ships.

Upon arrival, the naturalists also relied on slavers for food, shelter, mail, equipment, and local transport.

France, Portugal, and the Netherlands captured and sold slaves, Murphy notes.

But most historians studying science and slavery focus on Great Britain, which in the 1700s boasted the world's biggest and most powerful fleets, had adventurous scientists and collectors, and was a major participant in the slave trade.

Spain controlled most of South and Central America then, but it lacked colonies in Africa and therefore couldn't import slaves directly.

So it contracted that job out to various groups, including the British in the early 1700s, buying up to 4800 Africans per year.

In the "triangular trade" of the 16th through 19th centuries, millions of people were shipped to the Americas as slaves, raw materials were transported to Europe, and manufactured goods went to Africa.

The three-way trade provided European collectors access to specimens from Africa and the Americas.

(MAP) AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE, 1500–1870/PEARSON EDUCATION, INC., ADAPTED BY N. DESAI/SCIENCE; (DATA) TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE DATABASE/EMORY CENTER FOR DIGITAL SCHOLARSHIP

When British slave ships arrived in Latin America, the crews had strict orders to stay at port and not poke around, mostly because Spain wanted to protect its monopoly on certain lucrative natural resources.

But naturalists such as Petiver knew Spain had no way to enforce that rule—the territories had too little oversight.

So they cultivated crew members to collect specimens on the sly.

Murphy's research shows Petiver employed mostly ship surgeons, who cared for slaves on the voyage across the ocean.

The surgeons were scientifically educated, she says, and had plenty of free time at ports such as Cartagena, in modern Colombia, and Portobelo, in modern Panama, while their fellow crew members sold slaves and provisioned the ships.

Petiver usually supplied recruits with kits that included jars for insects and brown paper for pressing plants.

Compensation included books, medicines, and cash.

Strikingly, some naturalists also instructed their contacts abroad to train slaves as collectors.

Slaves often knew about specimens that Europeans didn't and visited areas that Europeans wouldn't.

Those slaves virtually never got credit for their work, though Petiver did offer to pay them a half-crown ($18 today) for every dozen insects or 12 pence ($7) for every dozen plants.

Petiver never collected overseas himself, but some scientists did, and they often found themselves in morally compromising positions.

Henry Smeathman, an idealistic English naturalist, sailed for a slave colony in Sierra Leone in December 1771 and collected for the likes of Joseph Banks, an adviser to King George and longtime president of the Royal Society.

Among other activities, Smeathman studied the massive termite mounds in western Africa, which stand up to 4 meters high.

He had rollicking adventures breaking the mounds open and fending off attacks from angry, biting termite soldiers.

European scientists in South America often relied on black or native people to collect for them.

In an illustration from 1806, three Africans in Suriname kill and flay a gigantic snake while a European scientist stands back and directs.

THE JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY AT BROWN UNIVERSITY

As detailed in the 2018 book Henry Smeathman, the Flycatcher: Natural History, Slavery, and Empire in the Late Eighteenth Century, by historian Deirdre Coleman of the University of Melbourne in Australia, Smeathman began his journey as a foe of slavery, vowing to tell the truth about "those little-known and much misrepresented people, the Negroes."

And as a scientist, he considered himself superior to the ignorant, crude slavers he encountered in Sierra Leone.

(For their part, the slavers thought him barmy for coming all the way to Africa to hunt for bugs and weeds.)

But Smeathman was utterly dependent on those men for food, protection, and transportation.

He also got lonely and started to socialize with them, playing whist and backgammon and even golf on a rugged, two-hole course on an offshore island.

Soon he was hunting goats and enjoying grog-soaked feasts on the beach with the slavers.

By 1774, he was working for a slaving company based in Liverpool because it greased the wheels for shipping specimens; he even started to trade slaves in exchange for supplies for his expeditions.

Bit by bit, compromise by compromise, Smeathman became part of the system he once despised.

Smeathman and others also relied on slavers to haul their precious specimens to Great Britain, packing them onto the same ships as enslaved Africans.

(Few ships sailed straight back to Europe from Africa, so most specimens reached England via the Caribbean.)

Perhaps not surprisingly, given how they treated their human cargo, the ships' crews had a spotty record in caring for fragile bugs, plants, and animal skins.

If the sunlight, heat, humidity, and saltwater didn't destroy the specimens, the worms, ants, and rodents onboard usually did.

Careless sailors might also smash the specimens by accident or for sport.

Of the items that arrived safely in England, naturalists were most excited about exotic finds such as ostrich eggs, Goliath beetles, butterflies, sloths, and armadillos.

But the real treasures, Murphy writes, were drugs such as cinchona bark, which contains quinine, and dyes such as deep-blue indigo and bright-red cochineal.

The latter, which is extracted from beetles, was worth more per ounce than silver.

Scientific studies of drugs and dyes often opened new opportunities for slave traders.

Merchants eagerly sought natural resources to exploit abroad and consulted scientists about the best way to hunt for and cultivate them.

Quinine and other drugs gleaned from tropical locales, Murphy notes, also helped Europeans survive there.

And the safer and more profitable a colony was, the more its commercial activity, including slavery, thrived, creating new demand for slaves.

Scientific research, then, not only depended on colonial slavery, but enabled it and helped expand its reach.

## The tainted origins of many cabinets of curiosity

Of all the scientific fields, natural history benefited most from the slave trade, especially botany and entomology.

One disciple of Linnaeus reported collecting three species new to science within 15 minutes on his first excursion in Sierra Leone.

Doctors affiliated with slavery also collected human remains.

"The trade in natural curiosities was widespread, and body parts were definitely part of that," says Carolyn Roberts, a historian of science and assistant professor of African American studies at Yale University who's writing a book about the slave trade and medicine.

"Doctors would send things to Britain, especially if they had a case they found interesting."

Examples of interesting items included polyps cut from the hands of slaves, patches of dried skin, a fetus taken after a miscarriage, and, according to one old catalog, "stones extracted from the vagina of a negro African girle."

Those bugs and plants and bits of human beings often ended up in wealthy gentlemen's "cabinets of curiosity," jammed next to Roman coins and gems and whatever else tickled their fancy.

Other specimens landed in universities or scholarly institutes.

Some historians now refer to those private and institutional collections as the "big science" of their day.

Scholars studied those centralized repositories and then circulated accounts of their research to other scientists.

Linnaeus drew on such accounts when putting together Systema Naturae in 1735, the book that introduced his famous binomial naming system for flora and fauna.

A few physical sciences also piggybacked on the slave trade.

Slave labor built the first major observatory in the Southern Hemisphere, in Cape Town, South Africa.

Astronomers such as Edmond Halley solicited observations of the moon and stars from slave ports, and geologists collected rocks and minerals there.

Even a field as rarefied as celestial mechanics benefited from slavery.

When developing his theory of gravity, Newton studied ocean tides, knowing that the gravitational tug of the moon causes them.

Newton needed tide readings from all over the globe, and one crucial set of readings came from French slave ports in Martinique.

Delbourgo says, "Newton himself, who's really the paradigm figure of an isolated, nontraveling, sitting-at-his-desk genius, had access to numbers he wouldn't have had access to without the Atlantic slave trade."

Many natural history specimens with ties to the slave trade eventually ended up in museums.

When Petiver died in 1718, a fellow naturalist in London named Hans Sloane snapped up his collection.

Sloane had collected on slave plantations in Jamaica, and he married into a slaving family whose money enabled more collecting.

In 1727, he succeeded Newton as president of the Royal Society (which itself invested in slaving companies).

When Sloane died in 1753, he willed his collection, including Petiver's goods, to the British government, and it became the foundation of the British Museum in London.

The museum later split into several entities.

Many of Sloane's specimens went to the Natural History Museum, where they remain today.

Specimens collected through the slave trade also ended up at the Oxford University Herbaria, Royal Society, and Chelsea Physic Garden, among other places, Murphy reports.

Representatives for those institutes say it's difficult to put numbers on how many of their specimens have ties to slavery.

In some cases, they haven't gone through and digitized the records yet, and many old specimens have vague or fragmentary records anyway, making their provenance obscure.

But documents from the 18th and 19th centuries attest to thousands upon thousands of items pouring into Europe.

Smeathman alone sent 600 species of plants and 710 species of insects back to England, often with several individuals per species.

(One of Smeathman's patrons complained about the glut of bugs, writing that Smeathman had sent too many to unpack: "My House could not possibly contain one half.")

And although many old specimens have either disintegrated or been lost, at least some with ties to slavery probably survive in almost every institute in Europe with natural history collections dating back a few centuries.

In addition to his own collecting, Hans Sloane (pictured) bought up the collections of other naturalists, many of whom used slave ships to reach far-flung places.

When Sloane died in 1753, his specimens became the founding collection of the British Museum.

They later ended up in London's Natural History Museum.

Those collections aren't just antiquarian curiosities.

Scientists still consult them to construct phylogenies and do taxonomic work: Many of the collections contain type specimens, the first described individual of a species against which all other individuals are compared.

The collections are also invaluable for studying plant domestication, historic climate change, and shifts in geographical distributions of species.

Scientists have even extracted DNA from specimens to study how plants and animals have evolved across the centuries.

Most scientists, however, remain unaware of the origins of the collections.

"Very few people think about how [specimens] were collected, whether they were collected through slave trade routes or otherwise," says Stephen Harris, a curator at the Oxford University Herbaria, which houses some of Sloane's goods.

In an email, Mark Carine, a curator at the Natural History Museum, noted that institutions such as his have a broader role than just preserving specimens.

"As curators, we have a responsibility not only to care for our collections and make them available for research but also to facilitate an understanding of their significance and relevance today."

He adds that Sloane's collection "is not simply a biological record; it is also a resource for understanding the social and historical context within which science developed, and we are certainly keen to continue working with researchers across disciplines to better understand this."

Still, Murphy and Delbourgo say that even some curators are oblivious to the histories of their collections, and Murphy encountered one who dismissed her work outright.

Delbourgo emphasizes that his historical research "isn't an attack on museums" and that he knows museum staff are often "under-resourced and overworked."

But, he adds, "Museums have been bad" about acknowledging the dubious origins of many items.

"They have dragged their feet enormously."

Now that the link between early science and slavery has come to light, an important question remains: What should scientists do about it?

Historians say acknowledgment is a start: In research papers, scientists should mention how specimens were gathered.

Taking the origin of specimens into account can also improve the research itself, especially given the paucity of collecting records in some cases.

For example, Murphy mentions that the slave trade can help explain the geographic distributions of certain specimens.

African plants, for instance, wouldn't have been collected from all over the continent, but from specific points along the coast—the ports where countries were shipping slaves.

"From a scientific point of view, your specimen is essentially a piece of evidence," Harris adds, "and the more you know about the provenance of that piece of evidence and the better understanding you have … the better you can use it within your analyses."

The connections between science and the slave trade could also feed into ongoing debates about reparations and the historical legacies of slavery.

Like some U.K. organizations, U.S. universities such as Yale, Georgetown, and Brown have acknowledged how they benefited from slavery.

For the most part, Murphy says, those conversations are framed "in terms of just dollars and cents, pounds and pence.

Yet [the profits] can also clearly be measured in specimens collected and papers published."

Overall, she says, "Modern science and the transatlantic slave trade were two of the most important factors in the shaping of the modern world."

Historians are finally recognizing that they shaped each other as well.

As Delbourgo says, "We've been so negligent in bringing these histories [of slavery and science] together.

We've missed that they are in fact the same history."

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Petiver made use of a global network of collectors who worked aboard colonial trading ships and naval vessels, about a quarter to a third of his collectors were associated with the global slave trade.


Before they established themselves in the upper echelon of women's tennis, Dominique Van Roost was the only player in Belgian history to be ranked in the top ten of the ATP or WTA rankings, a mark she did not achieve until 1998 after Clijsters and Henin turned professional.

(meta data) TITLE: David Goffin Breaks Top 10 and Makes History | Tennis Channel

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# David Goffin Breaks Top 10 and Makes History

ROTTERDAM, The Netherlands - He may not have come away with the title - he lost a tough three-setter to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final - but by reaching the final of the ATP World Tour 500 event in Rotterdam, David Goffin is the first Belgian man in tennis history to break the Top 10, rising from No.11 to No.10 today.

"It was a great week in the end," Goffin told atpworldtour.com after falling to Tsonga, 4-6 6-4 6-1, in an hour and 55 minutes.

"There was a lot of emotion this week and I won a lot of matches.

I started the final really well, but in the end Jo played better than me, especially in the third set.

"Of course I'm disappointed, but I played some good tennis and will be in the Top 10 on Monday."

Goffin has had an impressive last 12 months on the tour, highlighted by his first two Grand Slam quarterfinals at the 2016 French Open (falling to Dominic Thiem) and 2017 Australian Open (falling to Grigor Dimitrov) and back-to-back Masters 1000 semifinals at Indian Wells and Miami last spring.

He went as high as No.11 after Roland Garros last year and had spent 24 of the 37 weeks since then at that career-high, just one spot outside the Top 10 - and now he's finally broken that barrier.

Check out this hot shot from Goffin's semifinal win over Pierre-Hugues Herbert - the win that propelled Goffin into the Top 10:

Goffin's the first Belgian man in tennis history to reach the Top 10, but he's not the first Belgian to do it - three women have done it.

Here are the three Belgian women who've reached the Top 10:

Monami, who played the last five years of her career under her married name Van Roost, was the first Belgian tennis player, male or female, to reach the Top 10.

She made her breakthrough the week of October 12, 1998, following a run to the semifinals of the indoor event in Filderstadt, Germany, where she pulled off back-to-back upsets of Venus Williams and Martina Hingis (falling to Sandrine Testud).

Monami's best Grand Slams were two quarterfinals at the Australian Open in 1997 (falling to Mary Joe Fernandez) and 1999 (falling to Amelie Mauresmo), and she went as high as No.9 in the world.

Henin and Clijsters are two of the most accomplished players in history, and they actually debuted in the Top 10 the exact same week - the week of June 11, 2001, right after the French Open, where Clijsters edged Henin in the semifinals before losing a marathon to Jennifer Capriati in the final.

Both players would win multiple Grand Slam titles (Henin seven, Clijsters four) and reach No.1 (Henin 117 weeks, Clijsters 20 weeks).

But while Henin had bigger numbers, Clijsters achieved something no other woman has ever done - she's the only player in WTA history to be ranked No.1 in the world as a mom, sneaking the top spot away from Caroline Wozniacki the week of February 14 to 20, 2011.

Clijsters has been ranked as the 14th greatest women's tennis player in the Open Era by "Tennis.com". Her 41 singles titles are the 14th-most in the Open Era. Since 2000, only the Williams sisters, Justine Henin, and Maria Sharapova have won more than her four Grand Slam singles titles. The three titles she won at the WTA Tour Championships are tied for the fifth-most in history behind only Martina Navratilova, Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, and Chris Evert. Clijsters was a champion at all four Grand Slam tournaments, winning the French Open and Wimbledon in doubles and the US Open and Australian Open in singles. Her prowess at singles and doubles is also highlighted by her becoming one of six players in WTA history to be No. 1 in the world in both rankings at the same time.
 Clijsters and Henin are recognized for "putting Belgium on the tennis map".


In 1954, the United States Supreme Court ruled on the case "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" and declared that all public schools in the country must desegregate.

(meta data) TITLE: Brown v. Board of Education - HISTORY

SEPARATE BUT EQUAL BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION VERDICT LITTLE ROCK NINE IMPACT OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Sources

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that racially segregated public facilities were legal, so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

The ruling constitutionally sanctioned laws barring African Americans from sharing the same buses, schools and other public facilities as whites—known as "Jim Crow" laws—and established the "separate but equal" doctrine that would stand for the next six decades.

But by the early 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was working hard to challenge segregation laws in public schools, and had filed lawsuits on behalf of plaintiffs in states such as South Carolina, Virginia and Delaware.

In the case that would become most famous, a plaintiff named Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1951, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was denied entrance to Topeka's all-white elementary schools.

In his lawsuit, Brown claimed that schools for black children were not equal to the white schools, and that segregation violated the so-called "equal protection clause" of the 14th Amendment, which holds that no state can "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

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The case went before the U.S. District Court in Kansas, which agreed that public school segregation had a "detrimental effect upon the colored children" and contributed to "a sense of inferiority," but still upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine.

When Brown's case and four other cases related to school segregation first came before the Supreme Court in 1952, the Court combined them into a single case under the name Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.

Thurgood Marshall, the head of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, served as chief attorney for the plaintiffs.

(Thirteen years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson would appoint Marshall as the first black Supreme Court justice.)

At first, the justices were divided on how to rule on school segregation, with Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson holding the opinion that the Plessy verdict should stand.

But in September 1953, before Brown v. Board of Education was to be heard, Vinson died, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower replaced him with Earl Warren, then governor of California.

Displaying considerable political skill and determination, the new chief justice succeeded in engineering a unanimous verdict against school segregation the following year.

In the decision, issued on May 17, 1954, Warren wrote that "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place," as segregated schools are "inherently unequal."

As a result, the Court ruled that the plaintiffs were being "deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment."

In its verdict, the Supreme Court did not specify how exactly schools should be integrated, but asked for further arguments about it.

In May 1955, the Court issued a second opinion in the case (known as Brown v. Board of Education II), which remanded future desegregation cases to lower federal courts and directed district courts and school boards to proceed with desegregation "with all deliberate speed."

Though well intentioned, the Court's actions effectively opened the door to local judicial and political evasion of desegregation.

While Kansas and some other states acted in accordance with the verdict, many school and local officials in the South defied it.

In one major example, Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas called out the state National Guard to prevent black students from attending high school in Little Rock in 1957.

After a tense standoff, President Eisenhower deployed federal troops, and nine students—known as the "Little Rock Nine"—were able to enter Central High School under armed guard.

## IMPACT OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION

Though the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board didn't achieve school desegregation on its own, the ruling (and the steadfast resistance to it across the South) fueled the nascent civil rights movement in the United States.

In 1955, a year after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus.

Her arrest sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and would lead to other boycotts, sit-ins and demonstrations (many of them led by Martin Luther King Jr.), in a movement that would eventually lead to the toppling of Jim Crow laws across the South.

Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, backed by enforcement by the Justice Department, began the process of desegregation in earnest.

This landmark piece of civil rights legislation was followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.

In 1976, the Supreme Court issued another landmark decision in Runyon v. McCrary, ruling that even private, nonsectarian schools that denied admission to students on the basis of race violated federal civil rights laws.

By overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine, the Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education had set the legal precedent that would be used to overturn laws enforcing segregation in other public facilities.

But despite its undoubted impact, the historic verdict fell short of achieving its primary mission of integrating the nation's public schools.

Today, more than 60 years after Brown v. Board of Education, the debate continues over how to combat racial inequalities in the nation's school system, largely based on residential patterns and differences in resources between schools in wealthier and economically disadvantaged districts across the country.

History – Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment, United States Courts.

Brown v. Board of Education, The Civil Rights Movement: Volume I (

Salem Press).Cass Sunstein, "Did Brown Matter?" The New Yorker, May 3, 2004.Brown v. Board of Education, PBS.org.

Richard Rothstein, Brown v. Board at 60, Economic Policy Institute, April 17, 2014.

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## This Day in History: 05/17/1954 Brown v. Board of Education

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This change was instigated by publisher Casterman and Hergé's estate managers Moulinsart, who decided to replace localised hand-lettering with a single computerised font for all Tintin titles worldwide.

(meta data) TITLE: Casterman Makes Tragic Changes to Tintin ~ Kim Adrian

## Casterman Makes Tragic Changes to Tintin

handlettering vs. "pretty" computer font

Reading my son a newly purchased edition of The Seven Crystal Balls, one of my favorite Tintin books, I realized that all of the dialogue bubbles had been redrawn.

The new lettering was of a much finer line, it was much more regular, and, for some reason I couldn't put my finger on, it was weirdly repellent.

It was actually rather delicate and pretty, but I felt that somehow the text was putting me off: I couldn't get into it.

For some reason, I just couldn't keep both the text and the pictures in mind at the same time—a crucial cognitive activity for reading an graphic narrative.

There was a mysterious disconnect between the two, and I sensed a kind of fog between me and the story.

This was frustrating because reading my son Tintin is one of our favorite shared pleasures these days.

I'd rushed through the dishes, through picking up the scattered tinkertoys, through checking my email one last time, just to get on the couch with him and get a few pages in before tucking him into bed.

So what a disappointment it was to suddenly feel that my old friend Hergé was holding out on me somehow.

I studied the print more closely, and discovered, to my enormous dismay, that it was, in fact, print—some computer font meant to look like tidy, slightly rounded, vaguely European handwriting, and yet it was, in fact, none of these things.

This is an example of the new computer lettering.

If you look closely, you can see that, despite first impressions, every "t" is the same as the other "t," likewise with every "e," "y," and so on.

A coolness or slickness that causes disengagement with the story:

By googling around to see who else might be lamenting the new changes, I discovered this discussion on the web site Tintinologist, and learned that the original lettering was done by a man named Hyslop.

Some people in this thread claim that the computer font is horrendous only when badly kerned.

But I find it hard to believe that any computer lettering could approach the intimacy, energy and, above all, the incredible attention of Hyslop's hand.

(Comparison images taken from Cigars of the Pharaoh.)

Sadly, I found myself rushing though The Seven Crystal Balls even faster than I'd rushed through the dishes.

The most curious thing about reading the new edition was the sense that the words shared no real connection to the pictures in which they were embedded.

Normally, when I read the old, Hyslop versions of Tintin, my eye wanders back and forth from picture to text.

So much so, in fact, that my children often have to beg me to get on with the story.

Hyslop's lettering seems integral to the pictures; his dialogue boxes feel like speech.

But the new computer-generated dialogue boxes read merely as the representation of speech.

They become a kind of parallel but separate story, connected only tenuously to Hergé's drawings, and the whole experience feels slightly off-kilter.

The new lettering is a kind of butchering of Hergé's work.

Whoever made the decision to go with the computer font at Casterman (Tintin's publisher) cannot, in my opinion, possibly love Tintin, and whoever does not love Tintin should be in no position to make such a decision.

How the visual impact of the actual phsycial incarnation of text effects the reading experience is a big and pressing question these days, now that digital reading is surpassing paper-and-ink reading at such an incredible rate.

How different is our engagement with a book in our hands than it is with a "book" on a screen?

I'm sure there are a few dozen dissertations being written on these issues right now.

I'd like to ponder the question further, myself, but at the moment I'm off to scour Amazon for mint condition old Hyslop editions of Tintin to replace our entire collection (most of which is in tatters) before it's too late.

Translation into English.:Lettering and typography.

The English-language Adventures of Tintin books were originally published with handwritten lettering created by cartographer Neil Hyslop. 1958's "The Crab with the Golden Claws" was the first to be published with Hyslop's lettering. Hyslop was given versions of Hergé's artwork with blank panels. Hyslop would write his English script on a clear cellophane-like material, aiming to fit within the original speech bubble. Occasionally the size of the bubbles would need to be adjusted if the translated text would not fit. In the early 2000s, Tintin's English publishers Egmont discontinued publishing books featuring Hyslop's handwritten lettering, instead publishing books with text created with digital fonts.