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+{'text': 'STUDIES ON HYSTERIA (1893-1895) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In 1893 we published a Preliminary Communication! on a new method of examining and treating hysterical phenomena. To this we added as concisely as possible the theoretical conclusions at which we had arrived.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'We are here reprinting this Preliminary Communication to serve as the thesis which it is our purpose to illustrate and prove. We have appended to it a series of case histories, the selection of which could not unfortunately be determined on purely scientific grounds.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Our experience is derived from private practice in an educated and literate social class, and the subject matter with which we deal often touches upon our patients most intimate lives and histories.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It would be a grave breach of confidence to publish material of this kind, with the risk of the patients being recognized and their acquaintances becoming informed of facts which were confided only to the physician.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It has therefore been impossible for us to make use of some of the most instructive and convincing of our observations. This of course applies especially to all those cases in which sexual and marital relations play an important aetiological part.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Thus it comes about that we are only able to produce very incomplete evidence in favour of our view that sexuality seems to play a principal part in the pathogenesis of hysteria as a source of psychical traumas and as a motive for defence that is, for repressing ideas from consciousness.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It is precisely observations of a markedly sexual nature that we have been obliged to leave unpublished.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The case histories are followed by a number of theoretical reflections, and in a final chapter on therapeutics the technique of the cathartic method is propounded, just as it has grown up under the hands of the neurologist.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'If at some points divergent and indeed contradictory opinions are expressed, this is not to be regarded as evidence of any fluctuation in our views.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It arises from the natural and justifiable differences between the opinions of two observers who are agreed upon the facts and their basic reading of them, but who are not invariably at one in their interpretations and conjectures.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'J. BREUER, S. FREUD April 1895 On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1893, Nos. and 2. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The interest which, to an ever-increasing degree, is being directed to psycho-analysis seems now to be extending to these Studies on Hysteria. The publisher desires to bring out a new edition of the book, which is at present out of print.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It appears now in a reprint, without any alterations, though the opinions and methods which were put forward in the first edition have since undergone far-reaching and profound developments.', 'label': {}}

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+{'text': 'STUDIES ON HYSTERIA (1893-1895) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In 1893 we published a Preliminary Communication! on a new method of examining and treating hysterical phenomena. To this we added as concisely as possible the theoretical conclusions at which we had arrived.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'So far as I personally am concerned, I have since that time had no active dealings with the subject; I have had no part in its important development and I could add nothing fresh to what was written in 1895.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'We are here reprinting this Preliminary Communication to serve as the thesis which it is our purpose to illustrate and prove. We have appended to it a series of case histories, the selection of which could not unfortunately be determined on purely scientific grounds.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'So I have been able to do no more than express a wish that my two contributions to the volume should be reprinted without alteration. BREUER As regards my share of the book, too, the only possible decision has been that the text of the first edition shall be reprinted without alteration.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Our experience is derived from private practice in an educated and literate social class, and the subject matter with which we deal often touches upon our patients most intimate lives and histories.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'The developments and changes in my views during the course of thirteen years of work have been too far-reaching for it to be possible to attach them to my earlier exposition without entirely destroying its essential character. Nor have I any reason for wishing to eliminate this evidence of my initial views.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It would be a grave breach of confidence to publish material of this kind, with the risk of the patients being recognized and their acquaintances becoming informed of facts which were confided only to the physician.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'Even to-day I regard them not as errors but as valuable first approximations to knowledge which could only be fully acquired after long and continuous efforts.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It has therefore been impossible for us to make use of some of the most instructive and convincing of our observations. This of course applies especially to all those cases in which sexual and marital relations play an important aetiological part.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'The attentive reader will be able to detect in the present book the germs of all that has since been added to the theory of catharsis: for instance, the part played by psychosexual factors and infantilism, the importance of dreams and of unconscious symbolism.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Thus it comes about that we are only able to produce very incomplete evidence in favour of our view that sexuality seems to play a principal part in the pathogenesis of hysteria as a source of psychical traumas and as a motive for defence that is, for repressing ideas from consciousness.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'And I can give no better advice to any one interested in the development of catharsis into psycho-analysis than to begin with Studies on Hysteria and thus follow the path which I myself have trodden. FREUD VIENNA, July 1908', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It is precisely observations of a markedly sexual nature that we have been obliged to leave unpublished.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION (1893) (BREUER AND FREUD) I ON THE PSYCHICAL MECHANISM OF HYSTERICAL PHENOMENA: PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION (1893) (BREUER AND FREUD) I A chance observation has led us, over a number of years,', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The case histories are followed by a number of theoretical reflections, and in a final chapter on therapeutics the technique of the cathartic method is propounded, just as it has grown up under the hands of the neurologist.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'to investigate a great variety of different forms and symptoms of hysteria, with a view to discovering their precipitating cause - the event which provoked the first occurrence, often many years earlier, of the phenomenon in question.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'If at some points divergent and indeed contradictory opinions are expressed, this is not to be regarded as evidence of any fluctuation in our views.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'In the great majority of cases it is not possible to establish the point of origin by a simple interrogation of the patient, however thoroughly it may be carried out.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It arises from the natural and justifiable differences between the opinions of two observers who are agreed upon the facts and their basic reading of them, but who are not invariably at one in their interpretations and conjectures.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'This is in part because what is in question is often some experience which the patient dislikes discussing; but principally because he is genuinely unable to recollect it and often has no suspicion of the causal connection between the precipitating event and the pathological phenomenon.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'J. BREUER, S. FREUD April 1895 On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1893, Nos. and 2. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'As a rule it is necessary to hypnotize the patient and to arouse his memories under hypnosis of the time at which the symptom made its first appearance; when this has been done, it becomes possible to demonstrate the connection in the clearest and most convincing fashion.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The interest which, to an ever-increasing degree, is being directed to psycho-analysis seems now to be extending to these Studies on Hysteria. The publisher desires to bring out a new edition of the book, which is at present out of print.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'This method of examination has in a large number of cases produced results which seem to be of value alike from a theoretical and a practical point of view. They are valuable theoretically because they have taught us that external events determine the pathology of hysteria to an extent far greater than is known and recognized.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It appears now in a reprint, without any alterations, though the opinions and methods which were put forward in the first edition have since undergone far-reaching and profound developments.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'It is of course obvious that in cases of traumatic hysteria what provokes the symptoms is the accident. The causal connection is equally evident in hysterical attacks when it is possible to gather from the patients utterances that in each attack he is hallucinating the same event which provoked the first one.', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'The situation is more obscure in the case of other phenomena. Our experiences have shown us, however, that the most various symptoms, which are ostensibly spontaneous and, as one might say, idiopathic products of hysteria, are just as', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'strictly related to the precipitating trauma as the phenomena to which we have just alluded and which exhibit the connection quite clearly. The symptoms which we have been able to trace back to precipitating factors of this sort include neuralgias and anaesthesias of very various kinds,', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'many of which had persisted for years, contractures and paralyses, hysterical attacks and epileptoid convulsions, which every observer regarded as true epilepsy, petit mal and disorders in the nature of tic,', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'chronic vomiting and anorexia, carried to the pitch of rejection of all nourishment, various forms of disturbance of vision, constantly recurrent visual hallucinations, etc.', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'The disproportion between the many years duration of the hysterical symptom and the single occurrence which provoked it is what we are accustomed invariably to find in traumatic neuroses.', 'label': {}}

unsupervised.txt

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+{'text': 'STUDIES ON HYSTERIA (1893-1895) PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In 1893 we published a Preliminary Communication! on a new method of examining and treating hysterical phenomena. To this we added as concisely as possible the theoretical conclusions at which we had arrived.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'Quite frequently it is some event in childhood that sets up a more or less severe symptom which persists during the years that follow. The connection is often so clear that it is quite evident how it was that the precipitating event produced this particular phenomenon rather than any other.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'We are here reprinting this Preliminary Communication to serve as the thesis which it is our purpose to illustrate and prove. We have appended to it a series of case histories, the selection of which could not unfortunately be determined on purely scientific grounds.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'In that case the symptom has quite obviously been determined by the precipitating cause. We may take as a very commonplace instance a painful emotion arising during a meal but suppressed at the time, and the producing nausea and vomiting which persists for months in the form of hysterical vomiting.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Our experience is derived from private practice in an educated and literate social class, and the subject matter with which we deal often touches upon our patients most intimate lives and histories.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'A girl, watching beside a sick-bed in a torment of anxiety, fell into a twilight state and had a terrifying hallucination, while her right arm, which was hanging over the back of the chair, went to sleep;', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It would be a grave breach of confidence to publish material of this kind, with the risk of the patients being recognized and their acquaintances becoming informed of facts which were confided only to the physician.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'from this there developed a paresis of the same arm accompanied by contracture and anaesthesia. She tried to pray but could find no words; a length she succeeded in repeating a childrens prayer in English.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It has therefore been impossible for us to make use of some of the most instructive and convincing of our observations. This of course applies especially to all those cases in which sexual and marital relations play an important aetiological part.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'When subsequently a severe and highly complicated hysteria developed, she could only speak, write and understand English, while her native language remained unintelligible to her for eighteen months. -', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'Thus it comes about that we are only able to produce very incomplete evidence in favour of our view that sexuality seems to play a principal part in the pathogenesis of hysteria as a source of psychical traumas and as a motive for defence that is, for repressing ideas from consciousness.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'The mother of a very sick child, which had at last fallen asleep, concentrated her whole will-power on keeping still so as not to waken it. Precisely on account of her intention she made a clacking noise with her tongue.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It is precisely observations of a markedly sexual nature that we have been obliged to leave unpublished.', 'label': {}}	{'text': '(An instance of hysterical counter-will.)', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The case histories are followed by a number of theoretical reflections, and in a final chapter on therapeutics the technique of the cathartic method is propounded, just as it has grown up under the hands of the neurologist.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'This noise was repeated on a subsequent occasion on which she wished to keep perfectly still; and from it there developed a tic which, in the form of a clacking with the tongue, occurred over a period of many years whenever she felt excited.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'If at some points divergent and indeed contradictory opinions are expressed, this is not to be regarded as evidence of any fluctuation in our views.', 'label': {}}	{'text': '- A highly intelligent man was present while his brother had an ankylosed hipjoint extended under an anaesthetic. At the instant at which the joint gave way with a crack, he felt a violent pain in his own hip-joint, which persisted for nearly a year.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It arises from the natural and justifiable differences between the opinions of two observers who are agreed upon the facts and their basic reading of them, but who are not invariably at one in their interpretations and conjectures.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'Further instances could be quoted. In other cases the connection is not so simple. It consists only in what might be called a symbolic relation between the precipitating cause and the pathological phenomenon - a relation such as healthy people form in dreams.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'J. BREUER, S. FREUD April 1895 On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1893, Nos. and 2. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'For instance, a neuralgia may follow upon mental pain or vomiting upon a feeling of moral disgust. We have studied patients who used to make the most copious use of this sort of symbolization.', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'The interest which, to an ever-increasing degree, is being directed to psycho-analysis seems now to be extending to these Studies on Hysteria. The publisher desires to bring out a new edition of the book, which is at present out of print.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'In still other cases it is not possible to understand at first sight how they can be determined in the manner we have suggested. It is precisely the typical hysterical symptoms which fall into this class,', 'label': {}}
+{'text': 'It appears now in a reprint, without any alterations, though the opinions and methods which were put forward in the first edition have since undergone far-reaching and profound developments.', 'label': {}}	{'text': 'such as hemi-anaesthesia, contraction of the field of vision, epileptiform convulsions, and so on. An explanation of our views on this group must be reserved for a fuller discussion of the subject.', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'Observations such as these seem to us to establish an analogy between the pathogenesis of common hysteria and that of the traumatic neuroses, and to justify an extension of the concept of traumatic hysteria.', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'In traumatic neuroses the operative cause of the illness is not the trifling physical injury but the affect of fright - the psychical trauma.', 'label': {}}
+	{'text': 'In an analogous manner, our investigations reveal, for many, if not for most, hysterical symptoms, precipitating causes which can only be described as psychical traumas.', 'label': {}}