premise: Obligations of confidentiality will not apply to information that: (a) at the time of disclosure is published or is otherwise in the public domain; or (b) after the disclosure becomes part of the public domain; or (c) was known to Recipient prior to receipt from Provider and was not acquired by Recipient, its employees, directors, agents, consultants, advisers, or other third parties directly or indirectly from Provider; or (d) is developed independently by Recipient without reference to Confidential Information; or (e) Recipient is required by law to disclose, provided the Recipient shall, where possible, so advise Provider in advance of such disclosure so as to allow Provider an opportunity to challenge such disclosure.