Question: what is physical description of spruce

Common Name(s): Spruce Pine Scientific Name: Pinus glabra. Distribution: Southeastern United States (coastal plain) Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1 m) trunk diameter. Average Dried Weight: 33 lbs/ft 3 (525 kg/m 3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC):.42, .52. Janka Hardness: 700 lb f (3,110 N) Modulus of Rupture: 10,300 lb f /in 2 (71.0 MPa)

Common Name(s): Spruce Pine. Scientific Name: Pinus glabra. Distribution: Southeastern United States (coastal plain) Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1 m) trunk diameter. Average Dried Weight: 33 lbs/ft3 (525 kg/m3) Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .42, .52. Janka Hardness: 700 lbf (3,110 N)

Spruces are large trees, from about 20â60 m (about 60â200 ft) tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small, peg-like structure.

The noun SPRUCE has 2 senses: 1. light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees; used especially for timbers and millwork. 2. any coniferous tree of the genus Picea. Familiarity information: SPRUCE used as a noun is rare. â¢ SPRUCE (adjective) The adjective SPRUCE has 1 sense: 1. marked by up-to-dateness in dress and manners. Familiarity information: SPRUCE used as an adjective is very rare.

The White Spruce is a medium to fast growing (2ft plus) evergreen that has a light green or even bluish colored needles that are about 1 inch long. It has a strong evergreen smell when crushed and is one way to tell it from other spruce.

Generally, they do, but look closer. Feel the needles. Spruces have stiff, prickly needles, while Douglas-firs and true firs have soft, flexible needles. Each spruce needle springs from a tiny, woody peg; in fact, this peg is one of the best ways to identify a spruce.

a: any of a genus (Picea) of evergreen trees of the pine family with a conical head of dense foliage, flat or 4-sided needles, pendulous cones, and soft light wood b: any of several coniferous trees (as Douglas fir) of similar habit. 2. : the wood of a spruce. See spruce defined for English-language learners.

spruce. 1 1a : any of a genus (Picea) of evergreen trees of the pine family with a conical head of dense foliage, flat or 4-sided needles, pendulous cones, and soft light woodb : any of several coniferous trees (as Douglas fir) of similar habit. 2 2 : the wood of a spruce.

Spruces (Picea) 1 Spruce needles are generally stiff and sharp; about 1 long. 2 Each spruce needle springs from a tiny, woody peg. 3 Most spruce cones have papery thin scales. 4 Most spruce bark is thin and flaky.

The White Spruce is a medium to fast growing (2ft plus) evergreen that has a light green or even bluish colored needles that are about 1 inch long. It has a strong evergreen smell when crushed and is one way to tell it from other spruce. It never drops its needles and can stay on for as long as 20 years.

Description: 1 White spruce is a medium-sized conifer found in northeastern United States and throughout Canada. It is the state tree of South Dakota. White spruce has a cone-shaped crown, and when grown in the open develops a conical crown which extends nearly to the ground.

Full Definition of SPRUCE. 1. a: any of a genus (Picea) of evergreen trees of the pine family with a conical head of dense foliage, flat or 4-sided needles, pendulous cones, and soft light wood b: any of several coniferous trees (as Douglas fir) of similar habit. 2. : the wood of a spruce.

The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 6â10 cm (2.4â3.9 in) long and 2 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15â20 mm long; the bracts just above the scales are the longest of any spruce, occasionally just exserted and visible on the closed cones.

Spruce is easy to split, and catches fire easily. Spruce is a softwood, which means it seasons more quickly than hardwoods. Spruce does not produce high amounts of heat, but does produce a number of sparks, which is a safety concern. Spruce contains large amounts of sap, which can get on your skin and clothes, and is difficult to clean up.

Spruces are large trees, from about 20â60 metres (about 60â200 feet) tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small peg-like structure called a pulvinus.hey are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids (Adelges species). In the mountains of western Sweden scientists have found a Norway spruce tree, nicknamed Old Tjikko, which by reproducing through layering has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.

In particular, spruce and pine trees show needle browning and dieback. Spruce trees have small needles arranged along the stem. Pine trees have needles in bundles of two, three, or five along the stem. Spruce trees are experiencing three different diseases, each with slightly different symptoms and treatment.

Spruce and pine are virtually the same weight. In appearance, pine is amber to reddish brown, alternating with yellow and white, with occasional bold grain, or streaks of brown. Spruce is cream to white in color, with fine, consistently straight grain lines.

Norway Spruce. Â. Color/Appearance: Norway Spruce is typically a creamy white, with a hint of yellow and/or red. Grain/Texture: Norway Spruce has a fine, even texture, and a consistently straight grain.Rot Resistance: Heartwood is rated as being slightly resistant to non-resistant to decay.orway Spruce. Â. Color/Appearance: Norway Spruce is typically a creamy white, with a hint of yellow and/or red. Grain/Texture: Norway Spruce has a fine, even texture, and a consistently straight grain.

While white spruce commonly forms pure stands within its geographical. growing range, it is also a major component of mixed stands. Common associates. to white spruce include: trembling aspen, white birch, balsam fir, tamarack, black. spruce, jack pine and lodgepole pine. On a national level, white spruce constitutes 26% of Canadaâs softwood growing. stock, and 20% of its total forest inventory. The species is acknowledged as one of. Albertaâs most valuable commercial species.

Spruce Pine is an evergreen tree with a medium-fine texture and a medium to fast growth rate. Needles are dark green, two per fascicle, spirally twisted, and 2 to 4 inches long. Cones are brown, up to 3.75 inches long, with minute prickles on the scales. They may persist two to four years on the plant.

Seeds. The white spruce is a large coniferous evergreen tree which grows normally to 15 to 30 metres (49 to 98 ft) tall, but can grow up to 40 m (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3.3 ft). The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) across.he cones are pendulous, slender, cylindrical, 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide when closed, opening to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15 mm (0.59 in) long, with a smoothly rounded margin. They are green or reddish, maturing to pale brown 4 to 8 months after pollination.

White Spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Description: White spruce is a medium-sized conifer found in northeastern United States and throughout Canada. It is the state tree of South Dakota. White spruce has a cone-shaped crown, and when grown in the open develops a conical crown which extends nearly to the ground. This habit along with the spreading branches give it a nice appearance for use as an ornamental. Trees often reach 80-140 feet in height and 1.5 to 3 feet in diameter. The oldest white spruce may reach 300 years of age.

The black spruce (Picea mariana) is one of 8 species of coniferous or evergreen trees that are native to Manitoba.This group of plants belong to a larger group called the Gymnosperms.runk of a black spruce. To tell a black spruce from a white spruce, examine the small branchlets, the cones and the habitat. Black spruce has tiny reddish hairs on the outermost branchlets and short needles (to 1.5 cm); white spruce has no hairs and has longer needles (to 2.5 cm).

Spruces are large trees, from about 20â60 metres (about 60â200 feet) tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small peg-like structure.

The white spruce is a large coniferous evergreen tree which grows normally to 15 to 30 metres (49 to 98 ft) tall, but can grow up to 40 m (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3.3 ft).The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) across.he bark of mature white spruce is scaly or flaky, gray-brown (Brayshaw 1960) or ash-brown (Harlow and Harrar 1950), but silvery when freshly exposed. Resin blisters are normally lacking, but the Porsild spruce Picea glauca var.

spruce. Any of the evergreen coniferous trees and shrubs of the genus Picea (family Piceaceae), widely found in the Northern Hemisphere. Known side effects of exposure to spruce dusts (e.g., in sawmill workers) include an increased incidence of reactive airways diseases such as asthma.pruce. Any of the evergreen coniferous trees and shrubs of the genus Picea (family Piceaceae), widely found in the Northern Hemisphere. Known side effects of exposure to spruce dusts (e.g., in sawmill workers) include an increased incidence of reactive airways diseases such as asthma.

Firs are often distinguished from their spruce cousins through the characteristics of their needles. Those of spruce trees are rather firm and rectangular when cut in cross section, while fir-tree needles are softer, flatter, and two-sided. The cones of fir trees are erect and have scales that fall off in autumn.

Generally, they do, but look closer. Feel the needles. Spruces have stiff, prickly needles, while Douglas-firs and true firs have soft, flexible needles. Each spruce needle springs from a tiny, woody peg; in fact, this peg is one of the best ways to identify a spruce. Spruce cones hang down from the branches like those of Douglas-fir while true fir cones stand up, but spruce cones do not have Douglas-fir's pitchfork bracts. The scales of most spruce cones are papery thin--yet another difference. And spruce bark is scaly--Douglas-fir and the true firs have smooth or ridged bark. There are approximately 40 different species of spruce in the world, but only 3 are native to the Pacific Northwest--and only 2 of those are common. Location is probably the best clue to their identity. : grows only along the Pacific coast, from northern California through southeastern Alaska, and only near sea level.

pine, fir, spruce - Pine, fir, and spruce are quite different from each other, though they are all conifers; pine has clusters of long, needle-shaped leaves, spruce is a type of fir, and the only scientific difference between the two is that spruces have rectangular needles while firs have flat, needle-shaped leaves.

About 35; see text. A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth.

spruce - any coniferous tree of the genus Picea. genus Picea, Picea - a genus of temperate and Arctic evergreen trees (see spruce) spruce - light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees; used especially for timbers and millwork.

A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the Earth. Spruces are large trees, from about 20â60 m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruces are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small, peg-like structure. The needles are shed when ...

conifer; coniferous tree (any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones) Meronyms (substance of spruce): spruce (light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees; used especially for timbers and millwork) Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of spruce): Picea obovata; Siberian spruce (tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia; resembles Norway spruce)

Seeds. The white spruce is a large coniferous evergreen tree which grows normally to 15 to 30 metres (49 to 98 ft) tall, but can grow up to 40 m (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3.3 ft). The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) across.he bark of mature white spruce is scaly or flaky, gray-brown (Brayshaw 1960) or ash-brown (Harlow and Harrar 1950), but silvery when freshly exposed. Resin blisters are normally lacking, but the Porsild spruce Picea glauca var.

Definition of spruce. spruced. ; sprucing. transitive verb. : to make spruce âoften used with up. intransitive verb.

Scientific Name: Picea pungens var. glauca. Summary Foliage: Evergreen needles Height: 90 to 135 feet Spread: 20 to 30 feet Shape: Upright . The needle-like evergreen foliage of the Colorado Blue Spruce has a very stiff appearance. Its foliage color varies from blue-green to silver. Plant Needs Zone: 3 to 8 Light: Partial shade to full sun

The white spruce is a large coniferous evergreen tree which grows normally to 15 to 30 metres (49 to 98 ft) tall, but can grow up to 40 m (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3.3 ft).The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) across.he cones are pendulous, slender, cylindrical, 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide when closed, opening to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15 mm (0.59 in) long, with a smoothly rounded margin. They are green or reddish, maturing to pale brown 4 to 8 months after pollination.

Least Concern (IUCN 2.3) Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m (330 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft) (see List of superlative trees).

In urban areas, spruce trees are often used in landscaping, however, black spruce is rarely found as a planted species. Most urban spruce are either the native white spruce or the introduced species: Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), from western North America, or the Norway spruce (Picea abies), from Europe.runk of a black spruce. To tell a black spruce from a white spruce, examine the small branchlets, the cones and the habitat. Black spruce has tiny reddish hairs on the outermost branchlets and short needles (to 1.5 cm); white spruce has no hairs and has longer needles (to 2.5 cm).

Growth Habit. Alberta spruce is a relatively slow growing species of tree, attaining a mature height of 12 feet after about 50 years. The tree grows vertically at a rate of 3 inches per year, and much more slowly horizontally.Dwarf Alberta spruce trees spread about 5 feet laterally, over a period of many years.he tree grows vertically at a rate of 3 inches per year, and much more slowly horizontally. Dwarf Alberta spruce trees spread about 5 feet laterally, over a period of many years.

Product Description. Baby Blue Eyes Spruce is a conical-shaped, fully branched selection of Colorado Spruce with a uniform growth habit and intense blue needles. On the average it will grow upward about 8 inches per year compared to some Colorado Spruce that can grow as much as 12 to 18 inches upward per year. Since it is a grafted plant , the growth rate can vary depending on the rootstock (understock) that it is grafted on to.

Spruce trees belong to the genus Picea and can grow up to heights that exceed 100 feet tall. Leaves: Spruce trees feature stiff needles which range in color from silvery-green to blue-green depending on the type of specimen. The needles often curve inward and measure about three quarters of an inch long.

For other uses, see Spruce (disambiguation). A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth.

This article is about the tree. For other uses, see Spruce (disambiguation). A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth.

Method 1 of 2: Distinguishing Spruces From Pines or Firs. 1. Look at the needles to identify spruce trees. 1 The needles of fir and spruce trees are attached to the branches individually, rather than in clusters. 2 Spruce needles are sharp, stiff and square, so they can be easily rolled between your fingers.

Dwarf Alberta spruce trees are classified as evergreen conifers. USDA Plant Hardiness Zones for Dwarf Alberta Spruce Trees: Dwarf Alberta spruce trees can be grown in zones 3-8.Characteristics: Dwarf Alberta spruce trees may eventually reach 12 feet in height, but only over a long period of time (growing just 2-4 inches per year). They have a classic Christmas tree shape.The green needles have a tight, densely-packed growth habit that gives dwarf Alberta spruce trees a fuzzy look.haracteristics: Dwarf Alberta spruce trees may eventually reach 12 feet in height, but only over a long period of time (growing just 2-4 inches per year). They have a classic Christmas tree shape. The green needles have a tight, densely-packed growth habit that gives dwarf Alberta spruce trees a fuzzy look.

Picea sitchensis. Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m (330 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft) (see List of superlative trees).

Baby Blue Eyes Colorado Spruce. Product Description. Baby Blue Eyes Spruce is a conical-shaped, fully branched selection of Colorado Spruce with a uniform growth habit and intense blue needles. On the average it will grow upward about 8 inches per year compared to some Colorado Spruce that can grow as much as 12 to 18 inches upward per year. *Nickname.

Fir needles, on the other hand, are softer, flat and cannot be rolled between your fingers. Spruce needles are attached to small, stalk-like woody projections. When needles are shed, these projections remain. As a result, the branches of spruce trees feel rough.

any evergreen, coniferous tree of the genus Picea, of the pine family, having short, angular, needle-shaped leaves attached singly around twigs and bearing hanging cones with persistent scales. 2. any of various allied trees, as the Douglas fir and the hemlock spruce.

Picea sitchensis. Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m (330 ft) tall,[1] and with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft) (see List of superlative trees).

The leaf of the spruce is not flat, but is three-sided or nearly so. Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study Ontario Ministry of Education. I was making my way painfully through a spruce thicket when I heard a loud crash and crackling of dead branches.

Black spruce can grow to reach heights up to 20 m and are thought to live as long as 280 years, though few are thought to reach this age, owing to the prevalence of forest fires and logging in the boreal forest. The dominant feature in the life cycle of the black spruce, and all other coniferous trees, is the cone. A cone, which may also be called a strobilus, consists of a central axis which is surrounded by tightly packed, thick scales.

White SprucePicea glauca. This tree has often been heralded as a beautiful tree, whether lining the banks of a North Country river or gracing someoneâs front yard. But the white spruce is more than just a pretty face. Commercially it, it is a mainstay of the pulp and paper industry and well-used for construction lumber. In landscape, it is a lovely specimen tree or grouping, a sturdy option for windbreaks and buffer strips, and serves as a great visual screen. price Pricing Information.

Pine scales are noticeably thick, rigid and tough. Spruce bark typically feels rough when you run your hand across it, with a thin and scaly look that grows more furrowed as the tree ages. Pine bark in general is smooth when the tree is young but with age often develops a reddish-brown color and starts to flake.

The white spruce is a large coniferous evergreen tree which grows normally to 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) tall, but can grow up to 40 m (130 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m (3.3 ft). The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) across.

Noteworthy Characteristics. Picea abies, commonly called Norway spruce, is a large pyramidal evergreen conifer that is native to the mountains of northern and central Europe east to the Urals. In its native European habitat, it typically matures to 100-150' (occasionally to 200') tall.

Range highlighted in dark green. Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m (330 ft) tall, and with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft) (see List of superlative trees).

1. a: any of a genus (Picea) of evergreen trees of the pine family with a conical head of dense foliage, flat or 4-sided needles, pendulous cones, and soft light wood b: any of several coniferous trees (as Douglas fir) of similar habit. 2. : the wood of a spruce.

1 The tree has longer needles and cones than most Spruces and its wood has a reddish hue. White Spruce: This type of Spruce is especially popular in the United States where it grows from Alaska to New England. While it shares the same shape leaves as its cousins, the wood of the White Spruce is lighter and softer.

The common spruce of nortern Europe; native of Scandinavia and central Europe, at high altitudes; widely planted in southeastern Canada, northeastern United States, Rocky Mountains, and Pacific Coast region; prefers moist soils in humid, cool, temperate regions.

Uses: 1 The wood of white spruce is light, soft, and straight grained. Its primary uses have been for pulpwood, lumber, furniture, and boxes and crates. More elegant uses include sounding boards for pianos and violins. The tough, pliable roots were once used by Indians to lace birchbark canoes and to make woven baskets.

Print This Page. Baby Blue Eyes Spruce is a conical-shaped, fully branched selection of Colorado Spruce with a uniform growth habit and intense blue needles. On the average it will grow upward about 8 inches per year compared to some Colorado Spruce that can grow as much as 12 to 18 inches upward per year. Since it is a grafted plant , the growth rate can vary depending on the rootstock (understock) that it is grafted on to.

Switch to new thesaurus. fir tree, true fir, fir - any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas. douglas fir - strong durable timber of a douglas fir. wood - the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees.

How to Grow. Columnar Norway Spruce asks for few inputs from you. It wonât stand for wet feet, so water must drain away. Given this, and full sun, itâs a cinch to grow. No serious pests bother it, and even deer have to be mighty hungry before theyâll touch it. Compared to other evergreen trees, Norway Spruce has an especially dark green color, which sets off bright spring bloomers like magnolias, redbuds, and cherries beautifully.

The intention was to uproot the stump in a single. piece (i.e. stumps were not intentionally split), Table 1. Characteristics of Norway spruce and birch stumps used in the field experiment. Area Tree species Method n Diameter (cm) Height (cm) a)Weight (kN) Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Mean SD.

The cones of a spruce tree are also a good way to identify the tree. Cones grow from tree branches and contain the seeds of a tree. Spruces, pines and firs all contain cones, as do other conifers like cedars and hemlock trees. Spruce cones have smooth, thin scales, and are quite flexible and easy to bend. Pine cones have scales that are thick, rough and woody, which makes the cones inflexible.

1. (Plants) any coniferous tree of the N temperate genus Picea, cultivated for timber and for ornament: family Pinaceae. They grow in a pyramidal shape and have needle-like leaves and light-coloured wood. See also Norway spruce, blue spruce, white spruce, black spruce. 2. (Forestry) the wood of any of these trees.

Spruce (Picea) Along with our native white pine and eastern hemlock, Norway and Colorado (blue) spruce are the most common large evergreens in Central New York landscapes. However, both of these spruce grow much too large for all but the largest of properties! Even the common dwarf forms such as `Dwarf Alberta, `Birds Nest and `Montgomery (at right) tend to grow much larger than many of us anticipate! As a reminder, spruce are easy to identify as theyre the only evergreen that has needles held individually on the stem that are square in cross section.

Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing 35â55 m (115â180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m (39 to 59 in). It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m (3 ft) per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over 20 m (65 ft) tall.

2. Choose Recommended Add-Ons. The Fat Albert Blue Spruce is a tough, very cold-hardy evergreen tree with brilliant silver-blue needles that is attractive all year round. It forms a striking smaller tree with a broad pyramidal shape that will fit perfectly into any garden, even in exposed locations.

Like fir trees, spruces have single needles connected to the stems. However, spruce tree needles are sharp and square-shaped. On a real tree, spruce needles easily break apart if you bend them. As a whole, spruce trees sport the traditional full Christmas tree shape, thanks to their upturned branches.

Spruce is a verb that means you pay special attention to your personal appearance, especially your grooming and clothing. If you want to spruce up for a wedding, you'll need to rent a tuxedo and do something with your hair.

Locations with poorly drained. soils, such as those with a higher. percentage of clay, are not ideal. for spruce trees. purchasing, planting, and Maintenance. When purchasing plants, one should select healthy, pest free trees. This will require a complete inspection of the plant from the canopy.

Forest Layers. The coniferous forest, like all forests, exists in layers from the canopy to the forest floor. Tall evergreen trees, such as pine, spruce and hemlock, create the canopy of a coniferous biome. These trees withstand the extreme temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere.

The general white spruce growing to be 40â²-60â² high and 10â²-20â² wide, and the Black Hills spruce 20â²-40â² high with a little narrower spread. Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) â This spruce is native to the southwestern United States and is one of the most widely planted ornamental evergreens in South Dakota.

spruce evergreen tree, 1660s, from spruse (adj.) made of spruce wood (early 15c.), lit. from Prussia, from Spruce, Sprws (late 14c.), unexplained alterations of Pruce Prussia, from O.Fr.

Spruce Spider Mite. Browning of needles on the interior of a tree in summer can be a symptom of spruce spider mites. The insects are very small and so a magnifying glass or microscope will be needed to see the mites. Douglas-fir tussock moth. This is an important defoliator of spruce, Douglas-fir, true fir and other conifers.

Human Uses. 1 Black spruce comprises 31% of the available wood in Manitoba's annual allowable cut, making it the most abundant species in the province, by volume. Because of its long wood fibers, black spruce is the preferred species of Repap Manitoba for kraft paper and Pine Falls for newsprint..

One of the easiest ways to tell the difference between a spruce tree and a pine tree is by looking closely at their needles. While spruce needles tend to be shorter than those of pines -- roughly 1-inch long -- it's their notable stiffness that really gives them away.

The Norway Spruce are fast growing evergreen trees / Grows to 150 feet. 1 Will reach 6' in 6 to 7 years - starting with a 3 year seedling. 2 Needles are 1 long, dense and dark green. 3 Valued highly for ornamental and timber. 4 These evergreen trees are excellent windbreakers. 5 Not good for cut trees.

The Caucasian spruce can live in a wide variety of soil types. It will need to be sheltered from winds. This tree works well as a specimen conifer. If you want one with yellow needles, look for the 'Skylands', 'Aureospicata' and 'Aurea' cultivars. 'Barnes' and 'Nana' are dwarf cultivars, while 'Gowdy' is columnar.n fact, you should be able to identify a spruce tree just by looking at its needles. Anoher notable characteristic for identification is that unlike the fascicles of pine trees, each pulvinus only holds one spruce needle. The pulvini are arranged in a whorl around the branch.

Baby Blue Spruce 'Baby Blue' (Picea pungens) Features. A beautiful dwarf form of the Colorado Blue Spruce so popular for large, Northern landscapes. Baby Blue is perfect for bringing the classic pyramidal form and appealing blue-gray color to smaller landscapes. Mix it with a variety of dwarf to mid-sized evergreens for a stunning year round display.

Standard SPF (spruce-pine-fir) lumber â Softwood lumber. 1 Light structural lumber is mainly used in residential construction. 2 It is milled from softwood trees (spruce, fir and pine) that are sawn and machine-planed to standard dimensions (2x4, 2x6, 2x8, etc.).

The Fat Albert Blue Spruce forms an upright tree, with a strong central stem and branches radiating horizontally from the ground to the top of the tree. It makes a broad pyramid almost as wide as it is tall, with real character and âpresenceâ in your garden.

Fact Sheet ST-453October 1994 Picea pungens Figure 1. Middle-aged Colorado Spruce. Colorado Spruce 1Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson 2 INTRODUCTION Colorado Spruce has a horizontal branching habitand grows taller than 75 feet in its native habitat, butis normally seen at 30 to 50 feet in landscapes (Fig.1).act Sheet ST-453October 1994 Picea pungens Figure 1. Middle-aged Colorado Spruce. Colorado Spruce 1Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson 2 INTRODUCTION Colorado Spruce has a horizontal branching habitand grows taller than 75 feet in its native habitat, butis normally seen at 30 to 50 feet in landscapes (Fig.1).

The Queets Spruce is the largest in the world with a trunk volume of 337 m3 (11,900 cu ft), a height of 75.6 m (248 ft), and a 4.55 m (14.9 ft) dbh. It is located near the Queets River in Olympic National Park, about 26 km (16 mi) from the Pacific Ocean.

The leaves of conifers are of course their needles. On true pine trees, the needles are arranged and attached to the branches in clusters of two (red pine group), three (yellow pine group), or five (white pine group) needles per cluster. Spruce and fir trees have their needles attached individually to the branches. To tell spruce and fir trees apart, it helps to know that spruce needles are sharply pointed, square and easy to roll between your fingers. Fir needles, on the other hand, are softer, flat and cannot be rolled between your fingers. Spruce needles are attached to small, stalk-like woody projections. When needles are shed, these projections remain. As a result, the branches of spruce trees feel rough.

Blue spruce. The blue spruce, green spruce, white spruce, Colorado spruce, or Colorado blue spruce, with the scientific name Picea pungens, is a species of spruce tree. It is native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States.

White Spruce Picea glauca â native from Alaska to Montana, Minnesota and New York, often found at the arctic tree line. Short blue needles covered with a waxy substance that rubs off, small 1-2â cones. Tough plant withstands heat, cold, drought and crowding. Mature trees are 80â tall x 15-20â wide.

Spruce is the standard material used in soundboards for many musical instruments, including guitars, mandolins, cellos, violins, and the soundboard at the heart of a piano and the harp. Wood used for this purpose is referred to as tonewood.

For other uses, see Spruce (disambiguation) . A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea /paÉªËsiËÉ/ , a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth.hey are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids (Adelges species). In the mountains of western Sweden scientists have found a Norway spruce tree, nicknamed Old Tjikko, which by reproducing through layering has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.

In the Olympic National Forest in Washington, Sitka spruce trees near the ocean sometimes develop tumors, also called burls. According to a guidebook entitled Olympic Peninsula, Damage to the tip or the bud of a Sitka spruce causes the growth cells to divide more rapidly than normal to form this swelling or burl.

(Picea Abies) 1 The Norway Spruce are fast growing evergreen trees / Grows to 150 feet. 2 Will reach 6' in 6 to 7 years - starting with a 3 year seedling. 3 Needles are 1 long, dense and dark green. 4 Valued highly for ornamental and timber. 5 These evergreen trees are excellent windbreakers. 6 Not good for cut trees.

The roots of black spruce tend to spread out from the main trunk in a ring just at or below the soil surface, or right on top of the rocks in some case. They form a flattened circle about the tree, so the trunk is supported like a post sitting on a plate. Black spruce stand in lowland. Life Cycle

The black spruce is found all across the taiga biome. It is a tall coniferous tree that has short flimsy branches. The adaptations that make it suitable to the taiga are, waxy needles and tough bark. The wax on the needles protect them from the bitter cold of winter.

The progression is occurring rapidly and the tree has lost its aesthetic value in the landscape. 1 Photo 1. Thirty-year-old Colorado blue spruce tree photographed. 2 Photo 2. 3 Photo 3. Close up photo of lower branches on 2009-photographed tree, indicating some. Photo 1 4. Photo 5. Photo 6.

The spire-like FORM is not as acute as balsam fir. It is difficult to tell spruces apart. White spruce has longer needles that black spruce, but this doesn't help much unless you have two samples in-hand to compare. The best way to distinguish between these two similar species is to look at your feet. If you're standing in a wetland, it's probably black spruce. If you're on an upland site, it's probably white spruce. Two alien spruces are common in the U.P., Norway spruce and Colorado blue spruce. Mostly a family of the northern hemisphere, the Pinaceae have 9 genera and about 210 species.


Question: what is a active margin

More On Margin. Margin is one of the components used to calculate the interest rate for an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM). The other is called the index. The margin is an amount (expressed as a percentage) that a mortgage lender adds to a published index to calculate an ARM rate.

The contribution margin is the amount of profit or loss that is above or below the break-even point on a per unit basis. This formula is usually used to show the amount of profit the company has after the break-even point has been passed. In the BEQ Equation, P-VC is the contribution margin.

Passive margin. A passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not an active plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by transitional lithosphere. Continental rifting creates new ocean basins.

Margin is the minimum amount of collateral -- in either cash or securities -- you must have in your margin account to buy on margin, sell short, or invest in certain derivatives. The initial margin requirement is set by federal law and varies from product to product.

Contribution margin. Contribution margin (CM), or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. âContributionâ represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs. This concept is one of the key building blocks of break-even analysis.

Contribution Margin Definition Contribution margin (CM), defined as selling price minus variable cost, is a measure of the ability of a company to cover variable costs with revenue. The amount leftover, the contribution, covers fixed costs or is profit.

For the 2011 film, see Margin Call (film). In finance, margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit with a counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange) to cover some or all of the credit risk the holder poses for the counterparty.

In finance, margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit with a counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange) to cover some or all of the credit risk the holder poses for the counterparty.

What is an 'Operating Margin' Operating margin is a margin ratio used to measure a company's pricing strategy and operating efficiency. Operating margin is a measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw materials, etc.

Margin of Safety. The margin of safety is a financial ratio that measures the amount of sales that exceed the break-even point. In other words, this is the revenue earned after the company or department pays all of its fixed and variable costs associated with producing the goods or services.

âApplicable Marginâ means, (x) effective from the Closing Date until (but excluding) the first anniversary of the Closing Date, a percentage per annum equal to in the case of any portion of the Term Loan maintained as (i) Base Rate Loans, 8.75% and (ii) LIBOR Rate Loans, 9.75% and (y) from and after the first anniversary of the Closing Date, a ...

A Margin is a procedure allowing investors to borrow against their existing holdings to buy more securities. Usually the loan value is 100% of the account value. Thus the margin requirement, the amount needed in the account to keep it open is 50% of the value. In other words one can buy $20,000 worth of stock for $10,000.

In finance, margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit with a counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange) to cover some or all of the credit risk the holder poses for the counterparty. This risk can arise if the holder has done any of the following:

Contribution margin. Contribution margin (CM), or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. Contribution represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs.

The margin is the client's equity in the value of the portfolio or trading position. The client's trading limit is set at a multiple of the margin deposit. Margins can be in the form of cash and/or shares. However, margin shares must be on our list of marginable stocks.

A contribution margin is the marginal profit per unit sale, and is the sum of a companyâs turnover less their direct costs. Keeping track of sales and expenses has never been easier with Debitoor accounting software. Try it free for 7 days.

margin calculates the minimum gain margin, Gm, phase margin, Pm, and associated frequencies Wgm and Wpm of SISO open-loop models. The gain and phase margin of a system sys indicates the relative stability of the closed-loop system formed by applying unit negative feedback to sys, as in the following illustration.

A margin account is a loan account by a share trader with a broker which can be used for share trading. The funds available under the margin loan are determined by the broker based on the securities owned and provided by the trader, which act as collateral over the loan.he collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading. On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds.

Contribution Margin Definition. Contribution margin (CM), defined as selling price minus variable cost, is a measure of the ability of a company to cover variable costs with revenue. The amount leftover, the contribution, covers fixed costs or is profit. Contribution margin means a measurement of the profitability of a product.

If the balance of a margin account is negative, the amount is owed to the broker, and usually attracts interest. If the balance is positive, the money is available to the account holder to reinvest, or may be withdrawn by the holder or left in the account and may earn interest.

Earnings Before Interests and Taxes (EBIT) Margin. EBIT Margin is the ratio of Earnings before Interest and Taxes to net revenue - earned. It is a measure of a company's profitability on sales over a specific time period. This indicator gives information on a company's earnings ability.

The collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading. On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds.

A margin account is a loan account by a share trader with a broker which can be used for share trading.n finance, a margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit to cover some or all of the credit risk of their counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange).

Active continental margin: A continental margin that has a very narrow, or even nonexistent, continental shelf and a narrow and steep continental slope that ends in a deep trench instead of a continental rise; it is marked by earthquake and volcanic activity.

But in order to sell it, you may have to discount it, promote it or mark it down for clearance at the end of the season. Gross margin is the profit you actually earn when you sell it after any discounting or markdowns; it is frequently called maintained margin. This spread will be specific to your business, depending upon your level of promotional and clearance activity. Margin erosion will naturally occur unless you actively manage your markup percentages. Several factors can cause overall margins to erode, including: competitive price pressures forcing below-standard markups; vendor price increases pushing retail prices up against natural price points; and unanticipated shifts in sales mix toward lower-priced and lower-margin merchandise.

The contribution margin is a concept used with breakeven point or in break-even analysis. In words, the contribution margin is the amount of money a company has to cover its fixed costs after it pays all of its variable expenses.ontribution Margin per unit of sales = Sales Revenue per Unit-Variable Expenses per Unit. Contribution Margin-Fixed Costs = Net Operating Profit or Loss. The break-even formula calculates the point at which a company's sales are zero-there is no profit or loss:

Buying power, also referred to as excess equity, is the money an investor has available to buy securities. In a margin account, the buying power is the total cash held in the brokerage account plus maximum margin available. For example, if you have $1,000 cash in a margin account and the maximum margin rate is 50%, then your total buying power is $2,000.

margin of safety. 1.Accounting: An excess of a company's actual sales revenue over the breakeven sales revenue, expressed usually as a percentage. The greater this margin, the less sensitive the company to any abrupt fall in revenue. Formula: (Actual sales revenue - Breakeven sales revenue) x 100 Ã· Actual sales revenue.

Applicable Margin. from Credit Agreement (2010) by Morgan Stanley & CNO Financial Group, Inc. Applicable Margin means, for any day, a percentage per annum equal to (a) with respect to any Eurodollar Rate Loan, 6.00% or (b) with respect to any Base Rate Loan, 5.00%.

Applicable Margin. by Morgan Stanley & CNO Financial Group, Inc. Applicable Margin means, for any day, a percentage per annum equal to (a) with respect to any Eurodollar Rate Loan, 6.00% or (b) with respect to any Base Rate Loan, 5.00%.

Contribution Margin Definition. Contribution margin (CM), defined as selling price minus variable cost, is a measure of the ability of a company to cover variable costs with revenue. The amount leftover, the contribution, covers fixed costs or is profit. Contribution Margin Meaning. Contribution margin means a measurement of the profitability of

The margin of safety is a financial ratio that measures the amount of sales that exceed the break-even point. Itâs called the safety margin because itâs like a buffer. The margin of safety is a financial ratio that measures the amount of sales that exceed the break-even point. In other words, this is the revenue earned after the company or department pays all of its fixed and variable costs associated with producing the goods or services.

Contribution Margin. Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs. It is the net amount that sales âcontributeâ towards periodic fixed costs and profits. It is expressed either as total contribution margin, contribution margin per unit or contribution margin ratio.

A margin account is a loan account by a share trader with a broker which can be used for share trading. The funds available under the margin loan are determined by the broker based on the securities owned and provided by the trader, which act as collateral over the loan.

Margin Rate. Margin rate has multiple financial meanings. The margin rate is the interest charged by a broker or agent for buying securities on margin (purchasing securities with borrowed money). The margin rate is a fee above and beyond a broker's call rate. A margin rate can vary and is dependent on a margin customer's account balance.

Contribution margin (CM), or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. âContributionâ represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs. This concept is one of the key building blocks of break-even analysis. Decomposing Sales as Contribution plus Variable Costs.

The contribution margin, sometimes used as a ratio, is the difference between a company's total sales revenue and variable costs. In other words, the contribution margin equals the amount that sales exceed variable costs. This is the sales amount that can be used to, or contributed to, pay off fixed costs. The concept of this equation relies on the difference between fixed and variable costs.

If the cash balance of a margin account is negative, the amount is owed to the broker, and usually attracts interest. If the cash balance is positive, the money is available to the account holder to reinvest, or may be withdrawn by the holder or left in the account and may earn interest.

Operating margin is the proportion of revenues remaining after paying the costs of operating the business, such as labor costs (wages), raw materials, overhead, depreciation and amortization, selling, general, and administrative expenses, advertising, etc.

The margin is the difference between the market value of a stock and the loan a broker makes. Related: Security deposit (initial). In the context of hedging and futures contracts, the cash collateral deposited with a trader or exchanged as insurance against default.

The collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading. On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds.n finance, a margin is collateral that the holder of a financial instrument has to deposit to cover some or all of the credit risk of their counterparty (most often their broker or an exchange).

RETAIL TRADERS ARE PEOPLE TOO. Portfolio margin (PM) calculates the margin requirements of strategies like long stock, short puts, straddles, etc., that can be applied to single accounts whose net liquidity exceeds $125,000 (a TD Ameritrade requirement). This criterion is different from a âregularâ margin account.

Contribution margin. In cost-volume-profit analysis, a form of management accounting, contribution marginâthe marginal profit per unit saleâis a useful quantity in carrying out various calculations, and can be used as a measure of operating leverage. Typically, low contribution margins are prevalent in the labor-intensive tertiary sector while high contribution margins are prevalent in the capital-intensive industrial sector.

Margin buying refers to the buying of securities with cash borrowed from a broker, using the bought securities as collateral. This has the effect of magnifying any profit or loss made on the securities. The securities serve as collateral for the loan.

Operating margin. In business, operating margin â also known as operating income margin, operating profit margin and return on sales (ROS) â is the ratio of operating income (operating profit in the UK) divided by net sales, usually presented in percent. Net profit measures the profitability of ventures after accounting for all costs.

Margin. 1 Allows investors to buy securities by borrowing money from a broker. The margin is the difference between the market value of a stock and the loan a broker makes. 2 1. Money that an investor has borrowed from a broker in order to buy securities.

ARM Margin. DEFINITION of 'ARM Margin'. A fixed percentage rate that is added to an index value to determine the fully indexed interest rate of an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM). The margin is constant throughout the life of the mortgage, while the index value is variable.

The operating margin formula is calculated by dividing the operating income by the net sales during a period. Operating income, also called income from operations, is usually stated separately on the income statement before income from non-operating activities like interest and dividend income.

To inscribe or enter in the margin of a page. 4. Economics. a. To add margin to: margin up a brokerage account. b. To deposit margin for: margin a transaction. c. To buy or hold (securities) by depositing or adding to a margin.

Free margin is the money that is not engaged in any trade and you can use it to take more positions. You remember what the margin or required margin was, right? Free margin is the difference of the equity and the required margin. In the above example, your position margin is $10. Letâs say the equity is $1000.

Contribution Margin. Contribution margin is a productâs price minus all associated variable costs, resulting in the incremental profit earned for each unit sold. The total contribution margin generated by an entity represents the total earnings available to pay for fixed expenses and to generate a profit. The contribution margin concept is useful for deciding whether to allow a lower price in special pricing situations.

The margin of Safety Define as The margin of safety is the excess of budgeted or actual sales dollars or units over break-even volume of sale dollars or units. We can calculate Margin of safety in dollars and Units.

=$6.00/ truck. That means that in order for Carl to break even he must produce 25,000 trucks per year. The contribution margin is the amount of profit or loss that is above or below the break-even point on a per unit basis.This formula is usually used to show the amount of profit the company has after the break-even point has been passed.In the BEQ Equation, P-VC is the contribution margin. Revenue is just the sale price of the product times the quantity sold.$6.00/ truck. That means that in order for Carl to break even he must produce 25,000 trucks per year. The contribution margin is the amount of profit or loss that is above or below the break-even point on a per unit basis.

Contribution Margin. Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs. It can be calculated as contribution margin per unit as well as total contribution margin, using the following formulas: Unit CM = Unit Price â Variable Cost per Unit. Total CM = Total Sales â Total Variable Costs.

This deposit is known as the minimum margin. Once the account is opened and operational, you can borrow up to 50% of the purchase price of a stock. This portion of the purchase price that you deposit is known as the initial margin. It's essential to know that you don't have to margin all the way up to 50%.

Contribution Margin Ratio. The contribution margin ratio takes the concept of the contribution margin per unit produced and calculates it as a percentage of the sales price per unit. This shows what percentage of sales is made up of the contribution margin. Managerial accountants also use the contribution margin ratio to calculate break-even points in the break-even analysis.

Contribution Margin Definition Contribution margin, defined as selling price minus variable cost, is a measure of the ability of a company to cover âââvariable costsâââ with revenue. The amount leftover, the contribution, covers fixed costs or is profit.

What is a 'Margin'. Margin is the difference between a product or service's selling price and its cost of production or to the ratio between a company's revenues and expenses. It also refers to the amount of equity contributed by an investor as a percentage of the current market value of securities held in a margin account. Margin is the portion of the interest rate on an adjustable-rate mortgage added to the adjustment-index rate. Next Up.

Margin buying refers to the buying of securities with cash borrowed from a broker, using other securities as collateral. This has the effect of magnifying any profit or loss made on the securities.

A diagram displaying equal margins of width 25mm on an A4 page. In typography, a margin is the area between the main content of a page and the page edges. The margin helps to define where a line of text begins and ends. When a page is justified the text is spread out to be flush with the left and right margins.

The collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading.On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds.he collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading. On United States futures exchanges, margins were formerly called performance bonds.

Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs. It is the net amount that sales âcontributeâ towards periodic fixed costs and profits. It is expressed either as total contribution margin, contribution margin per unit or contribution margin ratio. Variable costs are costs which vary directly with sales.

Contribution Margin Definition. Contribution margin, defined as selling price minus variable cost, is a measure of the ability of a company to cover âââvariable costsâââ with revenue. The amount leftover, the contribution, covers fixed costs or is profit.

Definition. An interest rate applied to a loan or margin extended by a broker. When an investor wishes to make a purchase that is in excess of the cash in hand, a brokerage firm will automatically provide access to additional capital. An interest rate will be applied to this extension of a loan, which compensates the brokerage firm for access to the capital.

To margin, also called buying on margin, refers to the practice of buying an asset where the buyer pays only a percentage of the asset's value and borrows the rest from the bank or broker. The broker acts as a lender, and he uses the funds in the securities account as collateral on the loan's balance.

The current liquidating margin is currently Â£60 in favour of the investor. The minimum margin requirement is now -Â£60 + Â£10 = -Â£50. In other words, the investor can run a deficit of Â£50 in his margin account and still fulfil his margin obligations. This is the same as saying he can borrow up to Â£50 from the broker.

Types of margin requirements. 1 The current liquidating margin is the value of a security's position if the position were liquidated now. 2 The variation margin or mark to market is not collateral, but a daily payment of profits and losses. 3 The seller of an option has the obligation to deliver the underlying of the option if it is exercised.

Operating margin is the percentage of revenue that a company generates that can be used to pay the company's investors (both equity investors and debt investors) and the tax man. It is a key measure in analyzing a stock's value. Other things being equal, the higher the operating margin, the better. Using a percentage figure is also very useful for comparing companies against or analyzing the operating results of one company over various revenue scenarios.

The deposit is held by the clearing organization of the exchange. (2) in stock transactions, margin refers to the down payment required when borrowing from a broker to finance the purchase of stock. Answer Margin is borrowing money to buy securities. The upside of margin is it amplifies gains. The downside is it amplifies losses. There are only two ways to lose more money than you invest in the stock market: selling naked calls, and margin trading.

Net margin is the final ratio calculation derived from your income statement. It is a comparison of your bottom-line net profit to your revenue.Your net margin ratio is normally significantly lower than gross margin, because operating costs and irregular expenses are subtracted from gross profit to get net profit. The only exception is if you report a high amount of unusual revenue in a period.

Contribution Margin Ratio. The contribution margin ratio takes the concept of the contribution margin per unit produced and calculates it as a percentage of the sales price per unit. This shows what percentage of sales is made up of the contribution margin.

A margin credit indicates the amount due to you based on margin trade executions or an amount needed to meet margin requirements. On settlement date, this amount would be journaled to your core if there is surplus in the margin account.

Contribution Margin. Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs. It can be calculated as contribution margin per unit as well as total contribution margin, using the following formulas:Unit CM = Unit Price â Variable Cost per Unit.ontribution Margin. Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by which sales revenue exceeds variable costs. It can be calculated as contribution margin per unit as well as total contribution margin, using the following formulas:

Definition: Variable contribution margin is the margin that results when variable production costs are subtracted from revenue. It is most useful for making incremental pricing decisions where an entity must cover its variable costs, though not necessarily all of its fixed costs.

Borrowed financial instruments to sell them short, Entered into a derivative contract. The collateral for a margin account can be the cash deposited in the account or securities provided, and represents the funds available to the account holder for further share trading.

A company's margins are a measurement of how effectively the company turns its revenue into profit. Gross margin reflects how much of its sales a company hangs on to after paying the up-front costs of producing the goods or services it sells. It's calculated by dividing gross profit divided by total revenue and expressed as a percentage.

The margin property defines the outermost portion of the box model, creating space around an element, outside of any defined borders. Margins are set using lengths, percentages, or the keyword auto and can have negative values. Here's an example: .box { margin: 0 3em 0 3em; }.

Operating margin. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In business, operating margin â also known as operating income margin, operating profit margin and return on sales (ROS) â is the ratio of operating income (operating profit in the UK) divided by net sales, usually presented in percent......

Free margin is the difference of your account equity and the open positionsâ required margin: Free Margin = Equity â Required Margin. When you have no positions, no money from your account is used as the required margin. Therefore, all the money you have in your account is free. As long as you have no positions, your account equity and free margin are the same as your account balance. Letâs say you have a $10,000 account and you have some open positions with the total required margin of $900 and your positions are $400 in profit.

DEFINITION of 'Margin Call'. A broker's demand on an investor using margin to deposit additional money or securities so that the margin account is brought up to the minimum maintenance margin. Margin calls occur when your account value depresses to a value calculated by the broker's particular formula.

The contribution margin, sometimes used as a ratio, is the difference between a company's total sales revenue and variable costs. In other words, the contribution margin equals the amount that sales exceed variable costs. This is the sales amount that can be used to, or contributed to, pay off fixed costs.he contribution margin ratio takes the concept of the contribution margin per unit produced and calculates it as a percentage of the sales price per unit.

Margin Requirements. A Margin Requirement is the percentage of marginable securities that an investor must pay for with his/her own cash. It can be further broken down into Initial Margin Requirement and Maintenance Margin Requirement. According to Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board, the Initial Margin requirement for stocks is 50%, and the Maintenance Margin Requirement is 30%, while higher requirements for both might apply for certain securities.

But gross margin is too important to be left unattended. It's right in the middle of everything. It flows directly from sales, it's a leading indicator of profitability and cash flow, it's the dollars that cover the expenses, and it's a critical element in measuring how productive your inventory investment is.

Margin of safety is the difference between the intrinsic value of a stock and its market price. Another definition: In Break even analysis, margin of safety is how much output or sales level can fall before a business reaches its breakeven point.

Home > Accounting Dictionary > M Terms > Margin of Safety. The margin of safety is the amount of sales over a company's break-even point. In other words, the margin of safety is the amount of sales a company can lose before it actually starts to lose money or stops making a profit. Managerial accountants analyze production processes and market demand to estimate how much of a product they will be able to sell in a period.

With an operating margin of 15.63%, Company A is earning about $0.16 (before interest and taxes) for every dollar of sales. A companyâs operating margin often determines how well the company can satisfy creditors and create value for shareholders by generating operating cash flow.

1. Borrowed money that is used to purchase securities. This practice is referred to as buying on margin. 2. The amount of equity contributed by a customer as a percentage of the current market value of the securities held in a margin account. 3. In a general business context, the difference between a product's (or service's) selling price and the cost of production. 4.

ARM Margin. Share. DEFINITION of 'ARM Margin'. A fixed percentage rate that is added to an index value to determine the fully indexed interest rate of an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM). The margin is constant throughout the life of the mortgage, while the index value is variable.

(c) the 2.5% threshold in Article 31(2)(c) that applies where a counterparty faces an entity in a non-netting jurisdiction will only apply (a) where it is not possible to collect margin on a gross basis[12] and (b) to contracts entered into after the entry into force of the Final RTS.

Margin of safety (MOS) is the difference between actual sales and break even sales. In other words, all sales revenue above the break-even point represents the margin of safety. For example, if actual sales for the month of December 2015 are $2,500,000 and the break-even sales are $1,500,000, the difference of $1,000,000 is margin of safety. Margin of safety is an important figure for any business because it tells management how much reduction in revenue will result in break-even. A higher MOS reduces the risk of business losses. Generally, the higher the margin of safety, the better it is.

Active Margins. occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the edge of the continent. the result is a relatively narrow margin that consists of highly deformed sediment that was scraped from the decending lithospheric slab and plastered against the margin of the overriding continent.

Weighted average contribution margin ratio equals the sum of contribution margins of all products divided by total sales. Contribution margin is an important input in calculation of breakeven point, i.e. the sales level (in units and/or dollars) at which a company makes zero profit. Breakeven point (in units) equals total fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit and breakeven point (in dollars) equals total fixed costs divided by contribution margin ratio.

An active continental margin refers to the submerged edge of a continent overriding an oceanic lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary by opposition with a passive continental margin which is the remaining scar at the edge of a continent following continental break-up.

The option margin is the cash or securities an investor must deposit in his account as collateral before writing options. Margin requirements vary by option type. Margin requirements are established by the Federal Reserve Board in Regulation T; individual brokers may impose additional requirements. Brokers require investors to deposit margin funds because they may be needed to buy or sell underlying stocks if the options are exercised. They may also be needed to close losing positions.


Question: what can contour plowing reduce

Contour plowing is the act of farming on a hill or a contoured area. The plow follows the contours of the land horizontally helping to reduce runoff of water. This practice helps to prevent soil erosion in hilly and contoured areas by capturing the water runoff using water breaks to keep water contained. Contour plowing is also known as contour farming, and is a sustainable form of agriculture.

A: Contour plowing conserves soil by following the lay of the land and creating ridges that form a water break to prevent soil erosion. Furrows that do not follow the lay of the land cause rapid runoff during rainfall by forming a convenient channel for the water to flow downhill.

Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.

Contour plowing. Contour plowing or contour farming or Contour bunding is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of soil erosion.

Contour plowing Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.

Contour bunding, Catalonia, 2007. Contour plowing (or contour ploughing) or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing across a slope following its elevation contour lines. The rows form slow water run-off during rainstorms to prevent soil erosion and allow the water time to settle into the soil.

Contour plowing was a method of plowing furrows that follow the curves of the land rather than straight up and down slopes. Furrows that run up and down a slope form a channel that can quickly carry away seeds and topsoil. Contour plowing forms ridges, slows the water flow and helps save precious topsoil. LeRoy Hoffman rented farmland for his entire farming career and remembers when the government urged farmers to change their plowing methods.

Contour plowing is also promoted in countries with similar rainfall patterns to the United States such as western Canada and Australia. The practice is effective only on slopes with between 2% and 10% gradient and when rainfall does not exceed a certain amount within a certain period.

Contour farming is most effective when used with other soil conservation methods like strip cropping, terrace (agriculture) farming, and the use of a cover crop. The proper combination of such farming methods can be determined by various climatic and soil conditions of that given area.

Definitions for Contour plowing. Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

2016-09-28T08:13:26-04:00. Farmers can reduce soil erosion by contour plowing. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the second option or option B. The other choices given in the question are incorrect and can be neglected. I hope that this is the answer that has actually come to your desired help.

One of the earliest methods of conservation tillage came to be known as contour plowing, or plowing on the contour. Tilling the soil along the gentle slopes of a piece of cropland, instead of up and down the gradient, prevents fertile topsoil from being carried downhill by flowing rainwater.

Safeopedia explains Contour Plowing. Contour farming is done in hilly and sloped areas. Farmers who practice contour farming start by cutting levels into the hill or contoured area. This creates a series of steps on the hill on which crops are grown.

Contour plowing, Pennsylvania, 1938. Contour bunding, Catalonia, 2007. Contour ploughing or contour farming or Contour bunding is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

In contour plowing, the land is plowed across the slopes and along the contour lines. This will also reduce soil erosion and make rainwater infiltrate into the soil more than on land plowed along the slope. Terraces are more effective than contour plowing alone in minimizing soil erosion and facilitating infiltration f rainfall into the soil.

Definition of contour plowing in US English - plowing along the contours of the land in order to minimize soil erosion. Definition of contour plowing in US English - plowing along the contours of the land in order to minimize soil erosion.

In contour ploughing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than parallel to slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are level. This method is also known for preventing tillage erosion. Tillage erosion is the soil movement and erosion by tilling a given plot of land. A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours of slopes.

This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Contour plowing. Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

Contour ploughing or contour farming or Contour bunding is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

For prevention of rain-driven erosion, it is important to anchor the dirt down, such as with grass, or prevent water from collecting and picking up dirt as it flows down slope. A common way to prevent this is contour ploughing. images with permission by Dr. J. Floor Anthoni. What is...

Contour Plowing & Terraces The Soil Erosion Service was one of the federal programs started in the 1930s to save the land that had been destroyed by years of wind erosion, over plowing, and over grazing. The commission taught farmers how to use terracing and contour plowing techniques to preserve the soil.

This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Contour plowing. Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

Definitions for Contour plowing. Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word Contour plowing. Freebase(3.00 / 2 votes)Rate this definition: Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.

Farmers can reduce soil erosion by___. A. increasing irrigation.. . B. contour plowing.. . C. grazing cattle on the land.. . D. plowing up roots. - 1851268

What does Contour plowing mean? Definitions for Contour plowing Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word Contour plowing.

Contour plowing and terracing are both types of farming techniques. Contour plowing follows the natural shape of the land form without changing it whereas terracing changes the shape of the slope to develop flat areas for crop growth. Contour plowing and terracing are both types of farming techniques.

âEducators need the equivalent of the tractor, contour plowing, and hybridization.â âCrop rotation, contour plowing, and the careful use of fertilizers and pest controls increased productivity, but the same techniques made it easier for bigger farms to become even more productive.â

Contour plowing and terracing are both types of farming techniques.Contour plowing follows the natural shape of the land form withoutchanging it whereas terracing changes the shape of the slope todevelop flat areas for crop growth.

The basic principle behind preventing any erosion is find a way to lessen the impact of the cause, such as rain and wind. For prevention of rain-driven erosion, it is important to anchor the dirt down, such as with grass, or prevent water from collecting and picking up dirt as it flows down slope. A common way to prevent this is contour ploughing. What is... Making slopes into steps so that rain cannot run down a hill carrying soil off. When building terraces, it is important to stabilize the slope. -The easiest way to do this is to plant grass. If there is enough rock around it may be possible to construct a wall out of them. Contour Ploughing- Similar to terracing, except that it follows the contours of a hill more closely than terracing, possibly even encircling a hill top The contours are not wide like terraces.

Both contour plowing and terrace farming are suitable for cultivating lands on sloping hills. Both are used to reduce soil erosion from tilled fields on slopes. In terrace farming, physical barriers (trenches, stone bunds, live hedges, or natural strips) are created along the contours to retain rain water and make it infiltrate into the soil and to minimize soil erosion.

a) Plow fields along contour lines. b) Leave plowed fields barren every second year. c) Use irrigation water throughout the year. d) Cut down any forested areas near the farm. 6) Freshwater is usually considered a renewable resource.

Â· just now. 1 The distinction between plowing and furrowing must be that furrowing by some convention excludes furrowing on the contour. But in areas with drifting dry soil, furrowing across the direction of the wind can bring that wind erosion under control long enough for a crop to emerge and keep the soil there.

Tillage and planting practices that reduce erosion include contour cultivation and strip-cropping. Contour cultivation is cultivation that follows the contours of a field, producing furrows that run perpendicular or at angles to the slope-line of a field.heet erosion is caused by raindrops. Sheet erosion is defined as the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from sloping land. This, of course, is nearly impossible; in reality the loose soil merely runs off with the rain.

Definition of Contour plowing in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of Contour plowing. What does Contour plowing mean? Information and translations of Contour plowing in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.

Crop rotation, strip farming, terracing and contour plowing became tools for better land and water resource management. Develop practices sustainable management of soils with the use of green roofs, paths, contour plowing and incorporation of natural barriers and minimum tillage. Sustainable management of natural resources Soil, water and biodiversity (Manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales Suelo, agua y biodiversidad ) This may include a good system of farmer extension services, better nutrient management, contour plowing, improved seed varieties or simple irrigation.

Develop practices sustainable management of soils with the use of green roofs, paths, contour plowing and incorporation of natural barriers and minimum tillage. This may include a good system of farmer extension services, better nutrient management, contour plowing, improved seed varieties or simple irrigation.

Tilling the field at right angles to the natural slope after drawing up the elevation contour lines is called contour ploughing in soil, prevents and reduces soil erosion. Terrace Farming In terracing, wide steps are cut around the slopes of hills to prevent soil erosion.

If your problem is in your fields, and you do not have any major contour ploughing will probably best. It is a very effective and common method of farming on hills. Terracing will be a good method for large operations if you are able to afford the costs. Remember to grass the backs of each terrace to prevent erosion here.

Tilling the field at right angles to the natural slope after drawing up the elevation contour lines is called contour ploughing in soil, prevents and reduces soil erosion. Terrace Farming In terracing, wide steps are cut around the slopes of hills to prevent soil erosion. Contour ploughing follows the ânatural shapeâ of the slope without altering it. Terrace farming alters the shape of the slope to produce flat areas that provide a catchment for water.

Persistent herbicides present in this concentrated zone may affect shallow-planted susceptible crops. If a potential herbicide carryover problem exists and soil erosion is not a concern, moldboard plowing, in particular, can help dilute the pesticide.

Plowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion. Method for reducing soil erosion; plant stalks are left in the field after harvesting and the next year's crop is planted within the stalks without plowing.

In general, the key to minimizing soil erosion is to avoid leaving the soil surface devoid of vegetation. The time that the soil is typically bare, and thus most susceptible to erosion, is after plowing to prepare a seedbed.

However, when the compacted layer is tilled with a moldboard or chisel plow, the resulting rough, cloddy surface can decrease runoff and erosion. While it sounds contradictory, both effects are possible, depending on the soil and soil conditions encountered.

You can plant trees or shrubs in your windbreak. In addition to preventing erosion, these plantings will prevent snow from drifting onto your driveway or into the road. They can also protect your home from wind damage. 8. Restore wetlands. Wetlands are one of the most effective ways to prevent soil erosion.

Using implements that do not move very much soil will help minimize the effects of tillage erosion. Direction. Tillage implements like a plow or disc throw soil either up or down slope, depending on the direction of tillage.

The correct concavity and angling eliminates the deep furrows. The disc harrow, like the plow, must have a range of varied depths, or it would be of little value. The disc blade is to the harrow what the plow bottom is to the moldboard plow â it is the business or working end of the tool. Frames, bolts, spools, hitch and proper weight are needed and they do their share to cause good cutting.

Using implements that do not move very much soil will help minimize the effects of tillage erosion. Direction Tillage implements like a plow or disc throw soil either up or down slope, depending on the direction of tillage.

1 After plowing operations have finished and a roadway is left in the so-called black and wet condition, there is sometimes the danger of the water on the road re-freezing. 2 This post-storm treatment of roads is typically needed at night-since temperature drops can be more dramatic than when the sun is shining.

Reducing the velocity of water moving across the soil surface will reduce water erosion. This may be accomplished by using strip cropping. In strip cropping a row crop such as corn is planted in strips that alternate with strips of a forage crop such as alfalfa or grass hay.

Best Answer: The benefits of plowing are primarily weed control, turning under crop residues so that it breaks down faster, and preparing a good clean area for planting seed. These same benefits of the plow have been shown over the years to have a negative effect on the soil environment. The plow is quickly becoming an implement of the past.

exists and is an alternate of . Plowing allows water and air to enter the soil, it also allows humus (organic matter) to be plowed into the soil so that earthworms can have access to it and improve soil quality. Plowing does disturb the soil and can make it susceptible to erosion due to wind taking loose soil or water erosion when it rains. Leaving soil exposed without a crop in it means that erosion can occur.

The amount of water in a plow layer (8 inches) of the compost amended soil increased to 1.9 inches compared with 1.3 inches in unamended soil. Since vegetables require 1 inch of water a week, at field capacity, the compost amended soil held a 2-week supply of water. Reduce water application.

Best Answer: 5) Which is the best way to prevent soil erosion on a farm? a) Plow fields along contour lines. 6) Freshwater is usually considered a renewable resource. In what way is water like a nonrenewable resource? a) Earth has a limited supply of water.

1 Root crop harvesting can cause more tillage erosion than plowing. 2 The majority of soil moved by tillage is only moved 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 centimetres), but some soil will be dragged as far as 6 to 10 feet (2 to 3 metres) and greater distances when tilling down slope.

1. They plant shelter belts of trees to break the force of the wind 2. In dry areas, instead of plowing under the natural vegetation to plant crops, farmers graze animals on the vegetation 3. On gentle slopes, plowing along the natural contours of the land or planting crops in strips helps reduce water erosion 4.

Surface cover and runoff. Surface cover is a major factor to control erosion because it reduces the impact of raindrops falling on bare soils and wind removing soil particles. It also reduces the speed of water flowing over the land.Erosion risk is significantly reduced when there is more than 30% soil cover.oil erosion can be avoided by using land within its capability. The landâs position, soil type and slope determine how vulnerable it will be to erosion. It may not be suitable for agriculture, or suitable only for an activity which limits erosion.

Using farming methods such as no-till (seeds are planted without plowing the soil), crop rotation (legumes are alternated with high-nitrogen demand crops), and planting or conserving tree cover near croplands we can reduce the effect of wind and rain erosion of cropland.sing farming methods such as no-till (seeds are planted without plowing the soil), crop rotation (legumes are alternated with high-nitrogen demand crops), and planting or conserving tree cover near croplands we can reduce the effect of wind and rain erosion of cropland.

2. Use terrace farming. This type of farming uses the topography of the land to slow water flow through a series of terraces. This manipulation of the water flow prevents it from gathering speed and washing soil away from farmlands. 3. Practice contour farming. Contour farming replicates the effects of terrace farming, but on a smaller scale.

âFreezing and thawing significantly decreased the penetration resistance in compacted soils,â says Jabro. Soil at 0-10 cm depth showed the most change after FTCs, with a 73% reduction in penetration resistance.

The most effective way to prevent erosion is to protect soil from rain and wind by covering it with plants and/or decaying organic matter. While industrial farms lose tons of soil because of intensive tillage (plowing), sustainable farmers have successfully reduced erosion by adopting conservation tillage techniques.

You could use a permeable material such as gravel or impermeable concrete for the strips. If you choose the latter, you will still substantially reduce runoff from your property. Two 18-in. wide paving strips produce much less runoff than a single 12-ft. wide concrete slab. The bulk of the driveway will remain grass.

In this report, we identify various practices used to reduce wind erosion. and we describe their advantages and limits. Because of the tremendous. variation in soils, climate, and crops across the USA, no single erosion con-. trol technique will be applicable to all areas.

Conservation tillage can be an economical option for farmers, plus provides a number of potential environmental benefits: 1 Reduced plowing makes cropland much less vulnerable to soil erosion: conservation tillage reduces soil erosion by as much as 90 percent, compared to systems using intensive tillage.

A small amount of liquid chemical is applied to pave-ments and bridge decks before a storm to prevent icefrom bonding with the surface. By contrast, the morecommonly used strategy is deicing:applying chemicalduring or after a storm to break the ice/pavement bondso plows can clear the road.

Vegetative matter can collect on the surface of the pervious concrete causing some clogging, but routine sweeping or vacuuming will restore porosity. Studies have been conducted that indicate pressure washing will restore the porosity of clogged pervious concrete to nearly new conditions.

Plowing allows water and air to enter the soil, it also allows humus (organic matter) to be plowed into the soil so that earthworms can have access to.

Top 4 Benefits. 1 Stabilize gravel. Get gravel to stay put, no ruts, no sinking, no problems. 2 Its' Green. Environmentally friendly porous paving allows the rain to drain over entire surface. 3 It's Beautiful. A pea gravel walkway or gravel driveway offers stunning curb appeal. Low Cost.

Plowing fields can also turn organic matter into soil to increase decomposition and add nutrients from the organic matter to the soil. Many farmers spread manure from cattle and swine onto their fields. This manure is rich in nitrogen which is essential for plant growth.

Enhanced Canola Helps Farmers Conserve Soil and Save Fuel. Thanks to new canola varieties improved through biotechnology, farmers can more frequently practice conservation tillage â a method of weed control that reduces their need to plow. Less plowing means less erosion, less run-off and fewer trips across the field.

These large diameter round posts use rail sleeves that accept the. contour of the ground and maintain a smooth top line. It is a post and rail fence constructed of. American-made 1-5/8â 15 gauge round galvanized steel tube. Noble Contour Fencing is a permanent fence that is designed to flow up and down with the. Noble Contour Fencing is easy to install . Posts are set in concrete on either 8â or 10â centers.

Control of Soil Erosion. Methods farmers use to slow-down or stop run-a-way soil: Some farmers plant trees along the borders of their fields to cut down on wind erosion. This method is most often practiced in flat areas, but is useful in hilly regions as well. Another method to stop soil erosion is to plant crops that will grow during the most erosive fall and spring months.

Bare fields are especially at risk of wind erosion in late winter and spring at the end of the fallow period, and immediately after seeding of the next crop. The best way to conserve soil moisture and prevent wind erosion is to leave as much crop residue cover as possible during the fallow period. The crop residue cover reduces evaporation, and standing stubble traps snow for extra spring soil moisture.

All you hear is the benefits from the government not the negatives. If you take the government out of the equation the farmers would die out because of the nonprofit with no-till. Plowing has been done fore thousands of years it proves that it isn't bad.

Soil conservation practices include minimum and no-tillage, which maintain high levels of crop residues on the soil surface and reduce heavy machinery traffic. Crop rotation and periodic use of clover or alfalfa hay crops increase soil organic matter and lead to improved soil structure and fewer compaction problems.

General-purpose plows are used for the primary plowing of soil to a depth of 20â30 cm. For inthrow and outthrow plowing, plow bottoms that turn the soil to the right are mounted on the plow frames. Flat plowing is done with reversible, pickup, and shuttle plows.

One of the best ways to prevent soil erosion is to increase vegetation, which locks in the soil particles and breaks up damaging winds. Terracing is an option for controlling erosion on sloped land by cutting in flat surfaces.

FEAR: Permeable pavement wonât work on sloped sites. FACT: Design features can improve the performance of permeable pavement in sloped areas. Experts caution against using permeable pavement in areas with a slope of greater than 5 or 6 percent.(By comparison, Seattleâs steepest streets have slopes of 18 to 26 percent).et permeable pavement can be installed on modest slopes. In Gresham, Oregon, for example, engineers installed porous asphalt on a 3.5 percent slope as part of the Kane Road expansion project.

Ribbon driveways can be combined with porous pavement, permeable pavers, bricks, or turf pavers. Ribbon driveways can be incorpo-rated into historical restoration or used to add quaint charm and character to your home.

Two factors that can be applied during recovery operations to help reduce resistance are direction of. travel of recovery and power applied to tracks. (Applied reduction factors discussed in the following. paragraphs do not apply to wheeled vehicles.) Once load resistance is determined, apply effort to affect.

You must follow your approved plan during installation. Pervious surfaces can be used for driveways, walkways and patios, and are as functional as traditional materials (asphalt and concrete). Pervious surface options include paver stones, pervious concrete, interlocking grids with gravel and pervious asphalt. This is an approved StormwaterWise Landscapes Program practice.

The objective of tillage (mechanical manipulation of the soil) is to improve tilth, thereby increasing crop production; in the long term, however, conventional tillage, especially plowing, often has the opposite effect, causing the soil to break down and become compacted.

1 Super platicizers improves workability of concrete and covers total steel structures without increasing the water/cement ratio or rather reducing water requirement improving early & final compressive strength of concrete & reduction of concrete permeability.

roads, coverage tends to be reduced or eliminated at night, and salt is mixed with abrasives to reduce salt use by at least 25 percent. These policies generally do not limit the frequency of application.

Snow plows occasionally block driveways with snow. VDOT would avoid this if possible, however it is a by-product of making as many roads passable as quickly as possible. Trucks with their blades up may be spreading salt and sand or may be headed back to the maintenance yard for more salt or abrasives.

Therefore, even though the soil may contain sufficient moisture and nutrients, the plant canât extract them. The study notes that compaction reduced crop yields by as much as 50% in some areas. Compacted and uncompacted plots in spring 2011 and installation process of soil temperature sensors.

Curing can help concrete be more resistant to damage from freezing and thawing. As long as hydration continues, the cement paste hardens and becomes more dense. If concrete is cured properly, it will be less porous than uncured concrete -- making it more difficult for water and salts to penetrate.

Step 4- Use Ground Cover. One of the easiest ways to limit erosion and stabilize the soil on the slope is by planting vegetation on the slope. Almost anything will help. You can plant trees, shrubs, grass and ground cover plants.The roots of the plants help to hold the soil in place, so that when it does rain, not as much is washed down the slope.Step 5- Use a Synthetic Ground Cover Fabric.oil erosion on a slope or a hill is a natural phenomenon caused by the pressure of water draining down the slope, and pushing against the soil. Trying to stop it may seem like trying to hold back the sea, but it actually can be done effectively.

Product Value. A little volume can make a big difference. Due to the irregular shape of PVA flakes, Contour PVA Embolization Particles are designed to occlude vessels with less material than uniform microspheres.

Panels may be attached any place on a fence where there is a vertical post. Simply use a standard panel clamp to attach a panel to the fence. Noble Gates are used in the fence line and are set between heavy wall round gate posts. The gate posts have rail-receiving brackets that adjust to any degree to meet the rails.

Frost heaving can damage many types of concrete and masonry, including sidewalks, patios, slabs, retaining walls foundation walls. To repair heaved concrete and prevent concrete heaving in the future, rely on the expertise of a foundation repair specialist.he expansive force of clay-rich soil when it absorbs water can be just as destructive as frost heaving. To remedy this problem, a foundation repair specialist is likely to recommend improving drainage and replacing expansive soil with soil that drains well because of higher sand and gravel content.

In urban areas, land development and impermeable pavement increases storm water run-off, and subsequently the volume of flow when storm water enters waterbodies. 1 This increase can impact the environment through downstream flooding, stream bank erosion, and increased nonpoint source pollution. You can do things on your property that can hold onto storm water like a sponge, giving it time to infiltrate into ground water:

Also, they do not like the look that green metal gives their landscape. Concrete landscape curbing is the perfect solution to a long time problem. Extruded concrete can follow any curves and designs that your landscape may have. It's not like trying to bend metal to look like a curve.

Homeowners wishing to use a porous surface, such as gravel or permeable block paving, do not require planning permission, however. Additionally, no planning consent is required for existing driveways or new hard surfaces with controlled run-off to your garden or lawn.

Contour lines. I have used this smart board presentation to explain contour lines at KS3. I then did the activities from the Geog.1 book on contours before doing the plenary. The homework sheet was made to be simple enough for year 7 mixed ability classes to complete indenpendantly whilst still recapping what we did in class. Download.

Instructions. Buy a quality snow plow. The effectiveness of your snow plowing service will depend on the character of your plow. Choose one that is durable and efficient when plowing snow. Look at the integrity of the blade, especially on the sides and bottom.Also, look at the blade's range, or how much snow it can effectively move.hares & Saves. Save. If you live in a region that receives a steady amount of snow during the winter, a snow plowing business can be an extremely profitable venture. You may not become a millionaire doing it, but if you can score a few clients in your neighborhood, you can make a pretty penny.

Different plow bottoms have been designed to break different types of land. Before purchasing plowing equipment, determine which type of blade will work best for your purpose. b. touchstone hardaway This type of walking plow, called a middlebreaker, is shaped to distribute freshly plowed soil evenly on both sides of a furrow. illustration: b. touchstone hardaway The bottom of a plow is constructed to support the plowshare, guide the blade and turn and aerate the soil.

Pavement milling. Pavement milling (cold planing, asphalt milling, or profiling) is the process of removing at least part of the surface of a paved area such as a road, bridge, or parking lot. Milling removes anywhere from just enough thickness to level and smooth the surface to a full depth removal.

Gravel driveways built on hillsides need ditches on the high side of the driveway. These ditches capture surface water that runs down the hill and otherwise would run across the driveway. Larger angular rocks should be placed in the ditch to slow down the speed of the running water in the ditch.

Soil Preparation. The subsoil under a sloped driveway must be well compacted to provide a stable base for the pavers and reduce the chance the soil will slide down the slope during installation and use of the driveway.oil Preparation. The subsoil under a sloped driveway must be well compacted to provide a stable base for the pavers and reduce the chance the soil will slide down the slope during installation and use of the driveway.