Datasets:
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Modalities:
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Sub-tasks:
language-modeling
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
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License:
| Denver Broncos | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Santa Clara, California | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| gold | |
| "golden anniversary" | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| American Football Conference | |
| "golden anniversary" | |
| American Football Conference | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Santa Clara | |
| Super Bowl L | |
| 2015 | |
| 2015 | |
| Santa Clara | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| 24–10 | |
| February 7, 2016 | |
| 2015 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| 2015 | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Santa Clara, California. | |
| Super Bowl | |
| Denver Broncos | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 8 | |
| 1995 | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| New England Patriots | |
| New England Patriots | |
| four | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 15–1 | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 12–4 | |
| 4 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 2 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Cam Newton | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 1995. | |
| Von Miller | |
| 2 | |
| Broncos | |
| linebacker Von Miller | |
| five solo tackles | |
| Newton was limited by Denver's defense | |
| seven | |
| Von Miller | |
| three | |
| two | |
| Von Miller | |
| linebacker | |
| 5 | |
| 2 | |
| Von Miller | |
| 5 | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| a fumble | |
| Von Miller | |
| linebacker | |
| seven | |
| three | |
| Von Miller | |
| five | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Super Bowl XLVII | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Beyoncé | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Coldplay | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| third | |
| CBS | |
| $5 million | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| CBS | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Super Bowl XLVII | |
| $5 million | |
| Coldplay | |
| Beyoncé and Bruno Mars | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| the 50th Super Bowl | |
| 2012 | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| early 2012 | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| Roger Goodell | |
| spectacular | |
| spectacular | |
| 2012 | |
| New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Miami's Sun Life Stadium | |
| San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Levi's Stadium | |
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium | |
| three | |
| New Orleans | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| San Francisco | |
| Levi's Stadium. | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| Mercedes-Benz Superdome | |
| Levi's Stadium. | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| 10 | |
| Super Bowl XLIV | |
| 2010 | |
| 1985 | |
| Sun Life Stadium | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| Stanford Stadium | |
| May 3, 2013 | |
| 2010 | |
| two | |
| Super Bowl XLIV | |
| two | |
| Florida legislature | |
| 1985 | |
| New Orleans | |
| October 16, 2012 | |
| 10. | |
| New Orleans | |
| 1985 | |
| Florida legislature | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| NFL owners | |
| 2014 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| San Diego | |
| Boston | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| San Diego | |
| 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| 1985 | |
| Super Bowl XXXVII | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2003 | |
| Boston | |
| May 21, 2013 | |
| 2014. | |
| $1.2 billion | |
| 2003. | |
| John Fox | |
| ten | |
| six | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Super Bowl XLVIII | |
| John Fox | |
| eight | |
| ten | |
| Super Bowl XXXVIII | |
| six | |
| number one | |
| number one | |
| Super Bowl XLVIII | |
| Super Bowl XXXVIII. | |
| six | |
| one | |
| four | |
| John Fox | |
| DeAngelo Williams | |
| Kelvin Benjamin | |
| 7 | |
| 1978 | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Ten | |
| eight | |
| Kelvin Benjamin | |
| 1978 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2011 | |
| torn ACL | |
| Kelvin Benjamin | |
| DeAngelo Williams | |
| 1978 | |
| Ten | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| 1978. | |
| Carolina Panthers | |
| Ten | |
| six | |
| 45 | |
| 10 | |
| 27 | |
| Greg Olsen | |
| 45 | |
| 99.4 | |
| 77 passes | |
| receivers | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| six | |
| Cam Newton | |
| 3,837 | |
| 45 | |
| six | |
| 500 | |
| 3,837 | |
| 45 | |
| 99.4. | |
| 39 | |
| 308 | |
| 136 | |
| 118 | |
| four | |
| Kawann Short | |
| 24 | |
| Kawann Short | |
| four | |
| four | |
| Kurt Coleman | |
| 24 | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| Luke Kuechly. | |
| two. | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Brock Osweiler | |
| Indianapolis Colts | |
| San Diego Chargers | |
| Wade Phillips | |
| four | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Indianapolis Colts | |
| 39 | |
| plantar fasciitis | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| a plantar fasciitis injury | |
| 39 | |
| four | |
| John Fox | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Gary Kubiak | |
| left foot. | |
| Wade Phillips | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| Demaryius Thomas | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 10 | |
| 67.9 | |
| 2,249 | |
| nine | |
| Demaryius Thomas | |
| receiver | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| Demaryius Thomas | |
| 5 | |
| 67.9 | |
| 17 | |
| Emmanuel Sanders | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 4.7 | |
| 4,530 | |
| 5½ | |
| Brandon Marshall | |
| three | |
| Linebacker | |
| Linebacker | |
| Defensive ends | |
| 296 | |
| Von Miller | |
| Brandon Marshall | |
| three. | |
| Von Miller | |
| Linebacker Brandon Marshall | |
| Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson | |
| Seattle Seahawks | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 487 | |
| seven | |
| 31–24 | |
| Seattle Seahawks | |
| 31–24 | |
| 487 | |
| Seattle Seahawks | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| seven | |
| Seattle Seahawks | |
| 49–15 | |
| Arizona Cardinals | |
| 487 | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| 11 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 20–18 | |
| 17 seconds | |
| Broncos | |
| 23–16 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 17 | |
| Manning | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| 11 | |
| New England Patriots | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| New England Patriots | |
| 17 | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| a broken arm | |
| three | |
| 11 | |
| ACL tears | |
| arm | |
| 11 | |
| Super Bowl | |
| three | |
| broken arm | |
| 11 | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| 39 | |
| John Elway | |
| 38 | |
| Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager | |
| Broncos | |
| Broncos | |
| John Elway | |
| 38 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| two | |
| two | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| John Elway | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 39. | |
| John Elway | |
| 1998 | |
| 2011 | |
| 26 | |
| 13 years and 48 days | |
| Von Miller | |
| Manning | |
| Newton | |
| 26 | |
| quarterback | |
| 1998 | |
| 2011 | |
| Von Miller | |
| 2011. | |
| 26 | |
| 13 years and 48 days | |
| Super Bowl XX | |
| Chicago Bears | |
| linebacker | |
| Elway | |
| Broncos | |
| linebacker | |
| Elway | |
| Rivera | |
| Super Bowl XX | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| Bermuda 419 | |
| Ed Mangan | |
| Baltimore Ravens | |
| kicker | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| kicker | |
| hybrid Bermuda 419 turf | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| a new playing surface | |
| a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. | |
| their cleats | |
| Justin Tucker | |
| natural grass | |
| Broncos | |
| 34–19 | |
| Atlanta Falcons | |
| white | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| 34–19 | |
| Atlanta Falcons | |
| white | |
| road white jerseys | |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | |
| Super Bowl XXXIII | |
| blue | |
| orange | |
| black jerseys with silver pants. | |
| San Jose State | |
| Stanford University | |
| San Jose | |
| Santa Clara | |
| San Jose Marriott | |
| Santa Clara Marriott | |
| San Jose State practice facility | |
| Stanford University | |
| San Jose State practice facility | |
| San Jose Marriott. | |
| Stanford University | |
| Santa Clara Marriott. | |
| San Jose | |
| San Jose Marriott. | |
| Stanford University | |
| Santa Clara Marriott. | |
| June 4, 2014 | |
| Super Bowl V | |
| Jaime Weston | |
| Super Bowl XLV | |
| Vince Lombardi | |
| 2014 | |
| Super Bowl LI | |
| L | |
| gold | |
| June 4, 2014 | |
| Arabic numerals | |
| L. | |
| gold | |
| Super Bowl LI. | |
| Arabic | |
| LI. | |
| gold | |
| week 7 | |
| 50 | |
| gold | |
| gold | |
| Golden Super Bowl | |
| Gold footballs | |
| the 50-yard line | |
| gold | |
| Moscone Center | |
| San Francisco | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Jane Kim | |
| January 30 | |
| 1 million | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Moscone Center | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| Moscone Center | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| Ed Lee | |
| Super Bowl City | |
| More than 1 million | |
| mayor Ed Lee | |
| $5 million. | |
| The annual NFL Experience | |
| Santa Clara University | |
| $2 million | |
| a week | |
| $2 million | |
| pep rally | |
| city council | |
| Bellomy Field | |
| A professional fundraiser | |
| city council | |
| $2 million | |
| city council | |
| Monday | |
| Tuesday | |
| SAP Center | |
| San Jose | |
| the Golden Gate Bridge | |
| Tuesday | |
| Monday | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night | |
| SAP Center | |
| San Jose | |
| the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night. | |
| SAP Center in San Jose. | |
| the Golden Gate Bridge. | |
| Monday | |
| Super Bowl Opening Night. | |
| SAP Center in San Jose. | |
| Golden Gate Bridge. | |
| February 1, 2016 | |
| Business Connect | |
| $40 million | |
| Dignity Health | |
| Gap | |
| Chevron | |
| Super Bowl 50 Host Committee | |
| over $40 million | |
| sponsors | |
| Business Connect | |
| Business Connect | |
| over $40 million | |
| 25 | |
| the 50 fund | |
| 25 percent | |
| 50 fund | |
| the most giving Super Bowl ever | |
| 25 percent | |
| the 50 fund | |
| 25 percent | |
| 50 fund | |
| Vince Lombardi | |
| 18 | |
| 66 | |
| Tiffany & Co. | |
| Tiffany & Co. | |
| Vince Lombardi Trophy | |
| 18-karat gold-plated | |
| Tiffany & Co | |
| the Vince Lombardi Trophy | |
| Tiffany & Co. | |
| CBS | |
| Phil Simms | |
| Tracy Wolfson | |
| 36 | |
| 5K | |
| three | |
| sidelines | |
| 360-degree | |
| 5K resolution | |
| sidelines | |
| CBS | |
| three | |
| CBS | |
| Jim Nantz and Phil Simms | |
| Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn | |
| 5K | |
| cameras | |
| ESPN Deportes | |
| John Sutcliffe | |
| Alvaro Martin | |
| December 28, 2015 | |
| Spanish | |
| CBS | |
| ESPN Deportes | |
| John Sutcliffe. | |
| ESPN Deportes | |
| Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre | |
| John Sutcliffe. | |
| NFL Mobile | |
| WatchESPN | |
| CBSSports.com | |
| Xbox One | |
| 10 | |
| CBSSports.com | |
| Xbox One | |
| Verizon Wireless customers | |
| NFL Mobile service | |
| Verizon | |
| NFL Mobile service. | |
| digital streams of the game | |
| Verizon | |
| WatchESPN. | |
| The Late Show with Stephen Colbert | |
| The Late Late Show with James Corden | |
| The Late Show with Stephen Colbert | |
| The Late Late Show with James Corden | |
| The Late Show with Stephen Colbert | |
| late local programming | |
| The Late Late Show with James Corden. | |
| $5,000,000 | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| 20th | |
| $5,000,000 | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| Nintendo | |
| The Pokémon Company | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| Anheuser-Busch InBev | |
| Doritos | |
| Crash the Super Bowl | |
| "Small Business Big Game" | |
| Death Wish Coffee | |
| 30-second | |
| nine | |
| Death Wish Coffee | |
| nine | |
| QuickBooks. | |
| Death Wish Coffee | |
| ten | |
| QuickBooks. | |
| Death Wish Coffee | |
| Jason Bourne | |
| Gods of Egypt | |
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows | |
| Resurgence | |
| Gods of Egypt | |
| Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows | |
| Jason Bourne | |
| Captain America: Civil War | |
| Independence Day | |
| Universal | |
| Fox | |
| Westwood One | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Jim Gray | |
| Boomer Esiason | |
| James Lofton | |
| two | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Westwood One | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Jim Gray | |
| Kevin Harlan | |
| Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts | |
| James Lofton and Mark Malone | |
| pre-game and halftime coverage. | |
| North America | |
| KRFX | |
| Dave Logan | |
| 1110 AM | |
| Chester, South Carolina | |
| Mick Mixon | |
| Dave Logan | |
| Ed McCaffrey | |
| WBT | |
| Mick Mixon | |
| KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) | |
| WBT-FM (99.3 FM) | |
| BBC Radio 5 | |
| 5 Live Sports Extra | |
| Darren Fletcher | |
| BBC | |
| Greg Brady | |
| Bart Starr | |
| Chuck Howley | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 2001 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| 39 | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Harvey Martin | |
| 43 | |
| 39 | |
| Bart Starr | |
| Peyton Manning | |
| Harvey Martin | |
| Six | |
| the national anthem | |
| Academy Award | |
| the national anthem | |
| American Sign Language | |
| Lady Gaga | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| Lady Gaga | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| Lady Gaga | |
| Six | |
| Marlee Matlin | |
| December 3 | |
| British | |
| Super Bowl XLVII | |
| "Hymn for the Weekend" | |
| Super Bowl XLVIII | |
| Coldplay. | |
| Pepsi | |
| "Hymn for the Weekend" | |
| Coldplay. | |
| Beyoncé | |
| Hymn for the Weekend | |
| Bruno Mars | |
| Denver | |
| Andre Caldwell | |
| Ronnie Hillman | |
| Brandon McManus | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| 18 | |
| Shaq Thompson | |
| Brandon McManus | |
| a deficit. | |
| Denver | |
| Owen Daniels | |
| C. J. Anderson | |
| Brandon McManus | |
| a deficit. | |
| Mike Carey | |
| Cam Newton | |
| Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| Super Bowl XXVIII | |
| Jerricho Cotchery | |
| Mike Carey | |
| Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| 1993 | |
| Mike Carey | |
| Von Miller | |
| Malik Jackson | |
| Super Bowl XXVIII | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| Brad Nortman | |
| 28 | |
| 61 | |
| 33 | |
| 51 | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| 11:28 | |
| Jordan Norwood | |
| 33 | |
| Jonathan Stewart | |
| field goal | |
| Darian Stewart | |
| linebacker | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| Newton | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Mike Tolbert | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| 19 | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Mike Tolbert | |
| Danny Trevathan | |
| Kony Ealy | |
| punt | |
| DeMarcus Ware | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| Graham Gano | |
| 44 | |
| McManus | |
| T. J. Ward | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| the uprights | |
| T. J. Ward. | |
| Trevathan | |
| Ted Ginn Jr. | |
| 26-yard line | |
| Graham Gano | |
| Emmanuel Sanders | |
| Ealy | |
| 39 | |
| Devin Funchess | |
| Stewart | |
| 41-yard line. | |
| Ealy | |
| 50-yard line. | |
| punts. | |
| Ealy | |
| 50-yard line. | |
| 39-yard | |
| three | |
| 24 | |
| Newton | |
| Josh Norman | |
| Anderson | |
| Bennie Fowler | |
| Miller | |
| wards | |
| Newton | |
| Josh Norman | |
| 3:08 | |
| 4:51 | |
| Miller | |
| wards | |
| three | |
| Anderson | |
| five | |
| zero | |
| four | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| one | |
| one | |
| zero | |
| Anderson | |
| Sanders | |
| Thomas Davis | |
| Sanders | |
| Anderson | |
| all four | |
| one | |
| four | |
| 194 | |
| 11 | |
| Baltimore Ravens | |
| Jordan Norwood | |
| Manning | |
| 194 | |
| 11 | |
| Chicago Bears | |
| Broncos | |
| 21 | |
| 11 | |
| The Broncos | |
| Chicago Bears | |
| two | |
| Nobel Prize | |
| 1745 | |
| Maria Skłodowska-Curie | |
| Famous musicians | |
| seven months old | |
| 100 | |
| Krasiński Palace Garden | |
| The Saxon Garden | |
| east end | |
| Łazienki | |
| 15 kilometres | |
| otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species | |
| 13 | |
| several | |
| to clean them | |
| city | |
| 833,500 | |
| around 34% | |
| Jewish | |
| migration and urbanisation | |
| Warsaw University of Technology | |
| 2,000 | |
| Medical University of Warsaw | |
| 1816 | |
| Fryderyk Chopin University of Music | |
| 1816 | |
| over two million | |
| architects | |
| Irena Bajerska | |
| 10,000 m2 | |
| infrastructure | |
| Three-Year Plan | |
| solid economic growth | |
| improved markedly | |
| Warsaw | |
| Children's Memorial Health Institute | |
| Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology | |
| 700 | |
| developed | |
| musical | |
| events and festivals | |
| in the Palace of Culture and Science | |
| Warsaw | |
| festivals | |
| Ogród Saski | |
| Saxon Garden | |
| 1870 to 1939 | |
| Momus | |
| Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre | |
| Wianki | |
| thousands | |
| Midsummer’s Night | |
| when they would be married | |
| the fern | |
| art posters | |
| 60 | |
| prestigious | |
| some paintings | |
| arms | |
| Warsaw Uprising Museum | |
| Katyń | |
| stereoscopic | |
| Museum of Independence | |
| 60 | |
| Royal Ujazdów Castle | |
| about 500 | |
| Zachęta National Gallery of Art | |
| Polish and international artists | |
| last weekend of September | |
| Polonia Warsaw | |
| 1946 | |
| twice | |
| at Konwiktorska Street | |
| disastrous financial situation | |
| syrenka | |
| The mermaid | |
| since at least the mid-14th century | |
| 1390 | |
| a sword | |
| legend | |
| depths of the oceans and seas | |
| coast of Denmark | |
| Warszowa | |
| captured | |
| Warsaw | |
| 1916 | |
| the Art Deco style | |
| poet | |
| Isaac Bashevis Singer | |
| Economist Intelligence Unit | |
| 2012 | |
| wide variety of industries | |
| Stock | |
| Frontex | |
| 1313 | |
| Kraków | |
| 1596 | |
| King Sigismund III Vasa | |
| survived many wars, conflicts and invasions | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| Polish Academy of Sciences | |
| a UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| architectural | |
| luxurious parks and royal gardens | |
| Warszawa | |
| belonging to Warsz | |
| 12th/13th-century nobleman | |
| a village | |
| miasto stołeczne Warszawa | |
| Jazdów | |
| The Prince of Płock | |
| 1300 | |
| 1413 | |
| 1526 | |
| General Sejm | |
| 1569 | |
| religious freedom | |
| Due to its central location | |
| 1596 | |
| until 1796 | |
| Prussia | |
| Napoleon's | |
| 1815 | |
| 1816 | |
| from 4 August 1915 until November 1918 | |
| areas controlled by Russia in 1914 | |
| underground leader Piłsudski | |
| 1920 | |
| the Red Army | |
| September 1939 | |
| a German Nazi colonial administration | |
| some 30% of the city | |
| April 1943 | |
| almost a month | |
| the Red Army | |
| Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland | |
| August 1944 | |
| 63 days | |
| between 150,000 and 200,000 | |
| "Bricks for Warsaw" | |
| prefabricated | |
| an Eastern Bloc city | |
| Palace of Culture and Science | |
| UNESCO's World Heritage list | |
| John Paul II | |
| growing anti-communist fervor | |
| less than a year | |
| Victory Square | |
| incentive for the democratic changes | |
| about 300 | |
| 325 | |
| Vistula River | |
| 452.8 ft | |
| at the right bank of the Vistula | |
| two | |
| Vistula Valley | |
| moraine | |
| Vistula River | |
| Warsaw Escarpment | |
| moraine | |
| former flooded terraces | |
| valleys | |
| plain Vistula terraces | |
| pine | |
| turbulent history of the city | |
| During the Second World War | |
| After liberation | |
| Leopold Kronenberg Palace | |
| typical of Eastern bloc countries | |
| Gothic | |
| 14th century | |
| Masovian gothic | |
| Renaissance | |
| mannerist architecture | |
| 17th century | |
| 1688–1692 | |
| rococo | |
| neoclassical architecture | |
| 1775–1795 | |
| bourgeois | |
| not restored by the communist authorities | |
| socialist realism | |
| Warsaw University of Technology building | |
| the most distinctive buildings | |
| many places | |
| Pawiak | |
| The Warsaw Citadel | |
| children | |
| Warsaw Uprising Monument | |
| green | |
| New Orangery | |
| Pole Mokotowskie | |
| Park Ujazdowski | |
| 1927 | |
| location of Warsaw | |
| within the borders of Warsaw | |
| Masovian Primeval Forest | |
| Kabaty | |
| two | |
| 1,300,000 | |
| 420,000 | |
| 1951 | |
| as better | |
| residency registration | |
| multi-cultural | |
| 711,988 | |
| 56.2% | |
| 2.8% | |
| 1944 | |
| a commune | |
| counties or powiats | |
| Kraków | |
| Warsaw City Council | |
| 60 | |
| every four years | |
| committees | |
| 30 days | |
| President | |
| Jan Andrzej Menich | |
| 1695–1696 | |
| the City council | |
| Centrum | |
| Śródmieście | |
| 304,016 | |
| emerging market | |
| 12% | |
| 191.766 billion PLN | |
| 1817 | |
| World War II | |
| April 1991 | |
| 374 | |
| Polish United Workers' Party | |
| 1951 | |
| Polonez | |
| Daewoo | |
| AvtoZAZ | |
| Chevrolet Aveo | |
| Warszawa | |
| Warsaw | |
| Vistula River | |
| 2.666 million residents | |
| 9th | |
| Warsaw | |
| Vistula | |
| roughly 260 kilometres | |
| 2.666 million | |
| 9th | |
| France | |
| 10th and 11th centuries | |
| Denmark, Iceland and Norway | |
| Rollo | |
| 10th century | |
| William the Conqueror | |
| Richard I | |
| Catholic | |
| Viking | |
| 9th century | |
| 911 | |
| King Charles III | |
| Seine | |
| Rollo | |
| Catholicism | |
| north | |
| fighting horsemen | |
| 999 | |
| Archangel Michael | |
| Monte Gargano | |
| Drogo | |
| William Iron Arm | |
| Saracens | |
| 1130 | |
| Squillace | |
| Kitab Rudjdjar | |
| The Book of Roger | |
| meritocratic | |
| Seljuk Turks | |
| 1050s | |
| 1060s | |
| Alexius Komnenos | |
| Afranji | |
| Oursel | |
| Turkish forces | |
| Norman mercenary | |
| Robert Guiscard | |
| 1082 | |
| 30,000 | |
| Deabolis | |
| Bohemond | |
| Deabolis | |
| 1185 | |
| Dyrrachium | |
| the Adriatic | |
| King Ethelred II | |
| Duke Richard II | |
| Normandy | |
| Sweyn Forkbeard | |
| Harthacnut | |
| 1041 | |
| Robert of Jumièges | |
| Battle of Hastings | |
| William II | |
| 1066 | |
| Anglo-Saxons | |
| Modern English | |
| 1169 | |
| Ireland | |
| Irish | |
| Edgar | |
| King Malcolm III of Scotland | |
| 1072 | |
| Duncan | |
| Sybilla of Normandy | |
| Norman | |
| Hereford | |
| the Welsh | |
| Edward the Confessor | |
| Wales | |
| 1018 | |
| William of Montreuil | |
| 1097 | |
| Tancred | |
| Jerusalem | |
| 380 years | |
| a storm | |
| Berengaria | |
| 1191 | |
| Isaac Komnenos | |
| Conrad of Montferrat | |
| silver | |
| Guy de Lusignan | |
| Richard the Lion-Heart | |
| 12 May 1191 | |
| double coronation | |
| 1489 | |
| Knights Templar | |
| Africa | |
| Bethencourt | |
| Enrique Pérez de Guzmán | |
| Maciot de Bethencourt | |
| Channel Islands | |
| two | |
| Romanesque | |
| rounded | |
| Early Gothic | |
| Anglo-Saxon | |
| Sicily | |
| early 11th century | |
| dukes | |
| 16th century | |
| embroidery | |
| Bayeux Tapestry | |
| Odo | |
| mosaics | |
| 11th | |
| William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna | |
| southern Italy | |
| Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia. | |
| Robert Guiscard | |
| singing | |
| 1856 | |
| Serbian | |
| 1943 | |
| 1856 | |
| 1943 | |
| Serbian | |
| alternating current | |
| 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| New York City | |
| War of Currents | |
| 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| New York City | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| transformer | |
| 1893 | |
| high-voltage | |
| mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging | |
| Colorado Springs | |
| 1893 | |
| boat | |
| Wardenclyffe Tower project | |
| 1943 | |
| SI unit of magnetic flux density | |
| New York hotels | |
| mad scientist | |
| patents | |
| 1943 | |
| SI unit of magnetic flux density | |
| 1990s | |
| showmanship | |
| Croatia | |
| priest | |
| eidetic | |
| his mother's genetics | |
| priest | |
| Milutin Tesla | |
| Đuka Tesla | |
| making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems | |
| his mother's genetics and influence | |
| four | |
| German | |
| 1862 | |
| Dane | |
| Milka, Angelina and Marica | |
| killed in a horse-riding accident | |
| Gospić, Austrian Empire | |
| pastor | |
| Martin Sekulić | |
| German | |
| integral calculus | |
| cheating | |
| 1873 | |
| 1870 | |
| to attend school | |
| Martin Sekulić | |
| German | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| the best engineering school | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| Smiljan | |
| 1873 | |
| cholera | |
| nine months | |
| enter the priesthood | |
| to send him to the best engineering school | |
| Tomingaj | |
| Mark Twain | |
| the mountains | |
| 1874 | |
| hunter's garb | |
| being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army | |
| 1874 | |
| he explored the mountains in hunter's garb | |
| Mark Twain | |
| 1875 | |
| Austrian Polytechnic | |
| 1879 | |
| gambling | |
| no | |
| Graz, Austria | |
| 1875 | |
| 1879 | |
| gambled | |
| Tesla would be killed through overwork | |
| left Graz | |
| to hide the fact that he dropped out of school | |
| a draftsman | |
| return home | |
| nervous breakdown | |
| 1878 | |
| that he dropped out of school | |
| His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River. | |
| draftsman | |
| nervous breakdown | |
| not having a residence permit | |
| March 1879 | |
| 60 | |
| a stroke | |
| taught | |
| for not having a residence permit. | |
| 1879 | |
| Higher Real Gymnasium | |
| stroke | |
| Prague | |
| arrived too late | |
| as an auditor | |
| Charles-Ferdinand University | |
| Prague | |
| 1880 | |
| Charles-Ferdinand University | |
| two of Tesla's uncles | |
| Budapest | |
| Budapest Telephone Exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| a telephone repeater or amplifier | |
| draftsman | |
| 1881 | |
| a telegraph company | |
| Budapest Telephone Exchange | |
| chief electrician | |
| 1882 | |
| France | |
| New York City | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| Edison Machine Works | |
| Continental Edison Company | |
| France | |
| 1884 | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| Manhattan's lower east side | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| $10 a week raise | |
| months | |
| fifty thousand dollars | |
| American humor. | |
| US$10 a week raise | |
| Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail | |
| Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing | |
| installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla | |
| patents | |
| dynamo electric machine commutators | |
| Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail | |
| 1886 | |
| Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing | |
| installed electrical arc light based illumination systems | |
| Tesla | |
| forced Tesla out | |
| penniless | |
| ditch digger | |
| 1886/1887 | |
| assigned them to the company in lieu of stock. | |
| ditch digger | |
| various electrical repair jobs | |
| a Western Union superintendent | |
| April 1887 | |
| ⅓ to Tesla, ⅓ to Peck and Brown, and ⅓ to fund development | |
| Manhattan | |
| 1886 | |
| Western Union superintendent | |
| Charles F. Peck | |
| 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan | |
| Tesla Electric Company | |
| an induction motor | |
| May 1888 | |
| a commutator | |
| sparking | |
| self-starting | |
| 1887 | |
| because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission | |
| mechanical brushes | |
| 1888 | |
| editor of Electrical World magazine | |
| American Institute of Electrical Engineers | |
| 1888 | |
| decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market | |
| Thomas Commerford Martin | |
| Thomas Commerford Martin | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Galileo Ferraris | |
| physicist | |
| Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company | |
| 1888 | |
| $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| consultant | |
| $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor | |
| 1888 | |
| $2,000 | |
| Pittsburgh | |
| Pittsburgh | |
| system to power the city's streetcars | |
| 60-cycle | |
| DC traction motor | |
| to power the city's streetcars. | |
| a DC traction motor | |
| Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse | |
| lighting systems | |
| AC development | |
| General Electric | |
| AC | |
| Thomas Edison | |
| 1888 | |
| financial strain | |
| General Electric | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Chicago | |
| General Electric | |
| Tesla Polyphase System | |
| Tesla Polyphase System | |
| George Westinghouse | |
| Chicago | |
| 1893 | |
| AC power | |
| Richard Dean Adams | |
| Niagara Falls | |
| Westinghouse Electric | |
| General Electric | |
| a two-phased system | |
| Richard Dean Adams | |
| 1893 | |
| two-phased system | |
| most reliable | |
| 1896 | |
| $216,000 | |
| $2.50 per AC horsepower royalty | |
| $200,000 | |
| J. P. Morgan | |
| an estimated $200,000 | |
| $216,000 | |
| 35 | |
| New York | |
| electric lamps | |
| Tesla coil | |
| 1891 | |
| the Tesla coil. | |
| 35 | |
| wireless | |
| American Institute of Electrical Engineers | |
| American Institute of Electrical Engineers | |
| 1894 | |
| vice president | |
| 1892 to 1894 | |
| the Institute of Radio Engineers | |
| he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments | |
| 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895 | |
| December 1895 | |
| the metal locking screw on the camera lens | |
| 1894 | |
| X-Rays | |
| lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895 | |
| X-ray image | |
| Mark Twain | |
| X-ray imaging | |
| March 1896 | |
| radiography | |
| X-rays | |
| Tesla Coil | |
| 1896 | |
| Tesla Coil | |
| Roentgen rays | |
| X-rays were longitudinal waves | |
| damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin | |
| skin damage | |
| his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices | |
| force-free magnetic fields | |
| ozone generated in contact with the skin | |
| longitudinal waves | |
| force-free magnetic fields | |
| In his many notes | |
| Benjamin Lamme | |
| 1893 | |
| Westinghouse Electric | |
| Egg of Columbus | |
| Tesla | |
| 1934 | |
| physically strike him | |
| he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body | |
| bits of metal | |
| National Electric Light Association | |
| Tesla Coil | |
| the Franklin Institute | |
| 1898 | |
| teleautomaton | |
| Madison Square Garden | |
| an electrical exhibition | |
| monkey | |
| 1900 | |
| Marconi | |
| 1901 | |
| 1943 | |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| 1899 | |
| Paris | |
| 15 June 1899 | |
| five inches | |
| atmospheric | |
| stationary | |
| that the earth had a resonant frequency. | |
| lightning | |
| 135 feet | |
| 15 miles | |
| glowed even when turned off | |
| Butterflies were electrified | |
| power outage | |
| repeatedly burned out | |
| powerful high frequency currents | |
| destroy | |
| communications from another planet | |
| Mars | |
| Collier's Weekly | |
| intercepted Marconi's European experiments | |
| July 1899 | |
| $100,000 | |
| for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system | |
| to fund his Colorado Springs experiments. | |
| 1899 | |
| 1900 | |
| His lab was torn down | |
| 1904 | |
| sold | |
| Wardenclyffe | |
| trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility | |
| near Shoreham, Long Island | |
| Morgan | |
| Panic of 1901 | |
| shocked | |
| over 50 letters | |
| to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe. | |
| Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland | |
| 187 feet | |
| 200 | |
| 16,000 rpm | |
| 1906 | |
| 100–5,000 hp | |
| steam | |
| Houston Street lab | |
| the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building | |
| World Today | |
| eventually split the earth in two | |
| application of electricity | |
| saturating them unconsciously with electricity | |
| William H. Maxwell | |
| superintendent of New York City schools | |
| overseas | |
| lost | |
| sold | |
| $20,000 | |
| the Edison Medal. | |
| Electrical Experimenter | |
| fluorescent screen | |
| radar | |
| Émile Girardeau | |
| Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla | |
| Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg | |
| Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize | |
| announced a winner | |
| animosity toward each other | |
| 38 | |
| Edison | |
| 1937 | |
| U.S. Patent 1,655,114 | |
| VTOL aircraft | |
| less than $1,000 | |
| turbine engines | |
| $125 per month | |
| rent at the Hotel New Yorker | |
| for the rest of Tesla's life | |
| bad publicity | |
| mechanical energy | |
| over any terrestrial distance | |
| minimal | |
| mineral deposits | |
| 1935 | |
| feed the pigeons | |
| a doctor | |
| broken | |
| early 1938 | |
| the fall of 1937 | |
| "teleforce" weapon | |
| Van de Graaff generator | |
| infantry | |
| anti-aircraft purposes | |
| death ray | |
| 1937 | |
| at a luncheon in his honor | |
| tungsten | |
| high voltage | |
| Only a little | |
| charged particle beam weapons | |
| Nikola Tesla Museum archive | |
| Belgrade | |
| millions | |
| all war | |
| steal the invention | |
| in his mind. | |
| his papers | |
| 86 | |
| 7 January 1943 | |
| maid Alice Monaghan | |
| "do not disturb" sign | |
| coronary thrombosis | |
| FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings | |
| John G. Trump | |
| nothing | |
| Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company | |
| New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia | |
| Louis Adamic | |
| 12 January | |
| two thousand | |
| the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine | |
| Belgrade | |
| Sava Kosanović | |
| Charlotte Muzar | |
| Belgrade | |
| Nikola Tesla Museum | |
| around 300 | |
| 26 | |
| Canada | |
| patent archives | |
| 8:10 p.m | |
| 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later | |
| 3:00 a.m | |
| headwaiter | |
| between 8 to 10 miles per day | |
| exercise | |
| squished his toes | |
| brain cells | |
| telepathy | |
| newspaper editor | |
| one | |
| pigeons | |
| over $2,000 | |
| broken wing and leg | |
| the park | |
| hotel room | |
| 142 pounds | |
| 6 feet 2 inches | |
| 1888 to about 1926 | |
| New York City | |
| eight | |
| visions | |
| picture thinking | |
| blinding flashes of light | |
| photographic memory | |
| more than 48 hours | |
| 84 hours | |
| Graz | |
| Kenneth Swezey | |
| journalist | |
| chastity | |
| women | |
| toward the end of his life | |
| Dorothy Skerrit | |
| Robert Underwood Johnson | |
| seclude himself | |
| asocial | |
| friend | |
| Mark Twain | |
| lab | |
| late 1920s | |
| overweight people | |
| secretary | |
| her weight | |
| go home and change | |
| electron | |
| ether | |
| transmitted electrical energy | |
| 19th | |
| Einstein's | |
| antagonistic | |
| relativity | |
| gravity | |
| 1892 | |
| curved | |
| 81 | |
| eugenics | |
| ruthless | |
| pity | |
| 1937 | |
| women | |
| 1926 | |
| Queen Bees | |
| post-World War I | |
| Science and Discovery | |
| 20 December 1914 | |
| League of Nations | |
| Orthodox Christian | |
| fanaticism | |
| Buddhism and Christianity | |
| "A Machine to End War" | |
| uncertain | |
| War | |
| books and articles | |
| magazines and journals | |
| Ben Johnston | |
| the web | |
| 1900 | |
| Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla. | |
| science fiction | |
| books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games | |
| several | |
| Time magazine | |
| 75th birthday | |
| electrical power generation | |
| Einstein | |
| more than 70 | |
| Computational complexity theory | |
| inherent difficulty | |
| computational problems | |
| if its solution requires significant resources | |
| mathematical models of computation | |
| time and storage | |
| number of gates in a circuit | |
| determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do | |
| analysis of algorithms and computability theory | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| computational complexity theory | |
| computability theory | |
| problem instance | |
| the problem | |
| concrete | |
| instances | |
| solution | |
| 2000 | |
| round trip through all sites in Milan | |
| computational problems | |
| problem instance | |
| binary alphabet | |
| bitstrings | |
| binary notation | |
| adjacency matrices | |
| Decision problems | |
| yes or no | |
| 1 or 0 | |
| yes | |
| yes | |
| arbitrary graph | |
| formal language | |
| how graphs are encoded as binary strings | |
| a computational problem | |
| a single output | |
| A function problem | |
| the integer factorization problem | |
| complex | |
| decision problems | |
| set of triples | |
| how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem | |
| the instance | |
| as a function of the size of the instance | |
| bits | |
| an increase in the input size | |
| Cobham's thesis | |
| the time taken | |
| worst-case time complexity | |
| T(n) | |
| polynomial time algorithm | |
| A Turing machine | |
| an algorithm | |
| the Turing machine | |
| symbols | |
| A deterministic Turing machine | |
| rules | |
| A probabilistic Turing machine | |
| A non-deterministic Turing machine | |
| randomized algorithms | |
| complexity classes | |
| time or space | |
| probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines | |
| random access machines | |
| computational power | |
| time and memory | |
| the machines operate deterministically | |
| non-deterministic | |
| unusual resources | |
| mathematical models | |
| time | |
| state transitions | |
| difficulty | |
| DTIME(f(n)) | |
| time | |
| complexity resources | |
| computational resource | |
| Blum complexity axioms | |
| Complexity measures | |
| Complexity measures | |
| best, worst and average | |
| complexity measure | |
| time | |
| inputs | |
| deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort | |
| worst-case | |
| O(n2) | |
| the most efficient algorithm | |
| analysis of algorithms | |
| lower bounds | |
| upper bound | |
| all possible algorithms | |
| big O notation | |
| constant factors and smaller terms | |
| T(n) = O(n2) | |
| the computational model | |
| complexity classes | |
| framework | |
| complicated definitions | |
| chosen machine model | |
| linear time | |
| single-tape Turing machines | |
| Cobham-Edmonds thesis | |
| complexity class P | |
| time or space | |
| bounding | |
| complexity classes | |
| BPP, ZPP and RP | |
| Boolean | |
| quantum | |
| #P | |
| Interactive | |
| computation time | |
| DTIME(n2) | |
| time and space hierarchy theorems | |
| a proper hierarchy on the classes defined | |
| quantitative statements | |
| time and space hierarchy theorems | |
| EXPTIME | |
| PSPACE | |
| reduction | |
| another problem | |
| reduces | |
| Karp reductions and Levin reductions | |
| the bound on the complexity of reductions | |
| polynomial-time reduction | |
| multiplying two integers | |
| polynomial time | |
| input | |
| multiplication | |
| the type of reduction being used | |
| if every problem in C can be reduced to X | |
| solve any problem in C | |
| NP-hard | |
| NP-complete | |
| NP | |
| there is no known polynomial-time solution | |
| NP | |
| P | |
| Cobham–Edmonds thesis | |
| NP | |
| Boolean satisfiability problem | |
| Turing machines | |
| more efficient solutions | |
| protein structure prediction | |
| $1,000,000 | |
| Ladner | |
| NP-intermediate problems | |
| graph isomorphism problem | |
| The graph isomorphism problem | |
| NP-complete | |
| polynomial time hierarchy | |
| second level | |
| Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks | |
| The integer factorization problem | |
| k | |
| modern cryptographic systems | |
| the general number field sieve | |
| suspected to be unequal | |
| P ⊆ NP ⊆ PP ⊆ PSPACE | |
| between P and PSPACE | |
| Proving that any of these classes are unequal | |
| co-NP | |
| reversed | |
| not equal | |
| P is not equal to NP | |
| L | |
| strictly contained in P or equal to P | |
| complexity classes | |
| NL and NC | |
| if they are distinct or equal classes | |
| intractable problems | |
| exponential-time algorithms | |
| NP-complete problems | |
| Presburger arithmetic | |
| algorithms have been written | |
| NP-complete knapsack problem | |
| in less than quadratic time | |
| NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem | |
| foundations were laid out | |
| Alan Turing | |
| Turing machines | |
| 1936 | |
| a computer | |
| On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms | |
| Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns | |
| 1965 | |
| time and space | |
| 1965 | |
| John Myhill | |
| 1961 | |
| Hisao Yamada | |
| input encoding | |
| encoding | |
| Manuel Blum | |
| speed-up theorem | |
| "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" | |
| 21 | |
| the curriculum. | |
| pedagogy | |
| university or college. | |
| lesson plan | |
| school | |
| cultures | |
| numeracy | |
| craftsmanship | |
| life skills | |
| family member | |
| home schooling | |
| formal | |
| transient | |
| knowledge or skills | |
| spiritual | |
| religious | |
| the Quran, Torah or Bible | |
| Religious and spiritual teachers | |
| homeschooling | |
| paid professionals. | |
| Chartered | |
| the wider community | |
| paid professionals. | |
| school functions | |
| extracurricular | |
| study halls | |
| teachers | |
| teacher's colleges | |
| to serve and protect the public interest | |
| the public | |
| teachers | |
| standards of practice | |
| members | |
| allegations of professional misconduct | |
| teacher's colleges | |
| teacher's colleges | |
| teacher's colleges | |
| outdoors | |
| tutor | |
| academy | |
| facilitate student learning | |
| informal | |
| pedagogy | |
| field trips | |
| increasing use of technology | |
| the internet | |
| skill | |
| the relevant authority | |
| learning | |
| infants | |
| standardized | |
| particular skills | |
| self-study and problem solving | |
| encourage | |
| deflate | |
| a coach | |
| the relationship between teachers and children | |
| the whole curriculum | |
| different subject specialists | |
| primary school | |
| surrogate | |
| alternative | |
| platoon | |
| staying with the same group of peers for all classes | |
| knowledgeable | |
| United States | |
| Co-teaching | |
| two or more | |
| learning | |
| harmoniously | |
| social networking support | |
| corporal punishment | |
| substitute parent | |
| all the normal forms of parental discipline | |
| the most common | |
| While a child was in school | |
| one of the most common | |
| Most Western countries | |
| United States | |
| Supreme Court | |
| physical pain | |
| 30 | |
| the South | |
| declining | |
| a specially made wooden paddle | |
| privately in the principal's office | |
| caning | |
| some Asian, African and Caribbean countries | |
| see School corporal punishment. | |
| detention | |
| detention | |
| in schools | |
| quietly | |
| lines or a punishment essay | |
| assertive | |
| immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior | |
| firm, clear boundaries | |
| sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils | |
| respect | |
| some teachers and parents | |
| East Asia | |
| weakness in school discipline | |
| a more assertive and confrontational style | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| Japan | |
| 40 to 50 students | |
| instruction | |
| motivated students | |
| attention-seeking and disruptive students | |
| motivated students | |
| popularly based authority | |
| governments | |
| persuasion and negotiation | |
| easier and more efficient | |
| good, clear laws | |
| enthusiasm | |
| passion | |
| teach by rote | |
| higher | |
| teacher enthusiasm | |
| read lecture material | |
| nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm | |
| Controlled, experimental studies | |
| higher | |
| self-determined | |
| enthusiasm | |
| emotional contagion | |
| Teacher enthusiasm | |
| student-teacher relationships | |
| beneficial | |
| the goals he receives from his superior. | |
| aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. | |
| student motivation and attitudes towards school | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| friendly and supportive | |
| interacting and working directly with students | |
| effective | |
| enthusiasm about the students | |
| enthusiastic | |
| in the student | |
| very influential | |
| teaching | |
| sexual misconduct | |
| 9.6% | |
| United States | |
| sometime during their educational career. | |
| American Association of University Women | |
| England | |
| priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers | |
| 2,869 | |
| The AAUW study | |
| United States | |
| increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct | |
| Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile | |
| Chris Keates | |
| child protection and parental rights groups | |
| a shortage of male teachers | |
| the sex offenders register | |
| occupational stress | |
| long hours | |
| occupational burnout | |
| stress | |
| occupational stress | |
| 42% | |
| UK | |
| twice the figure for the average profession | |
| 2012 | |
| average workers | |
| several | |
| Organizational interventions | |
| Individual-level interventions | |
| occupational stress among teachers | |
| Organizational interventions | |
| a university or college | |
| certification by a recognized body | |
| elementary school education certificate | |
| a background check and psychiatric evaluation | |
| US | |
| the individual states and territories | |
| three | |
| tertiary education | |
| universities and/or TAFE colleges | |
| primary | |
| a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree | |
| a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education | |
| the private sector, businesses and sponsors | |
| civil servants | |
| Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies) | |
| Grundschule | |
| civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung) | |
| Gymnasium | |
| Extra pay | |
| 27,814 | |
| 53,423 | |
| 90,000 | |
| the Teaching Council | |
| Section 30 | |
| 2001 | |
| Oireachtas funds | |
| 2006 | |
| new entrants to the teaching profession | |
| on a phased basis | |
| those who refuse vetting | |
| 41,004 | |
| experience and extra responsibilities | |
| 20,980 | |
| a bachelor's degree | |
| September 2007 | |
| alternative licensing programs | |
| hard-to-fill positions | |
| vary | |
| Excellent job opportunities | |
| secondary school teachers | |
| the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS) | |
| Teaching | |
| seven | |
| Provisional Registration | |
| after a year | |
| April 2008 | |
| 20,427 | |
| 32,583 | |
| earn Chartered Teacher Status | |
| trade unions | |
| Wales | |
| Welsh | |
| until the age of 16 | |
| 22 | |
| all age groups | |
| trade unions | |
| falling | |
| between 2005 and 2010 | |
| trade unions | |
| concern | |
| each state | |
| ten years | |
| a bachelor's degree | |
| charter schools | |
| No Child Left Behind | |
| relatively low salaries | |
| average teacher salaries | |
| more experience and higher education | |
| elementary school teachers | |
| TeachersPayTeachers.com | |
| many | |
| Protestant | |
| not always | |
| (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational | |
| LDS Church | |
| many individuals | |
| spiritual | |
| the husband and father | |
| the father of the house | |
| guru | |
| extremely high | |
| their disciples | |
| the West | |
| a Lama | |
| be reborn | |
| Tulku | |
| often many times | |
| through phowa and siddhi | |
| ulemas | |
| ulemas | |
| Sufism | |
| actions-oriented | |
| Qutb | |
| German | |
| 18 February 1546 | |
| Catholic Church. | |
| God's punishment | |
| excommunication | |
| gift of God's grace | |
| faith in Jesus Christ | |
| the Pope | |
| Bible | |
| holy priesthood | |
| Bible | |
| standard version | |
| Tyndale Bible | |
| singing in churches | |
| Protestant clergy to marry. | |
| 10 November 1483 | |
| Eisleben, Saxony | |
| Holy Roman Empire | |
| Catholic | |
| lawyer | |
| University of Erfurt | |
| beerhouse and whorehouse | |
| at four | |
| rote learning | |
| 1505 | |
| law | |
| uncertainty | |
| theology and philosophy | |
| by experience | |
| God | |
| death and divine judgment, | |
| 2 July 1505 | |
| Augustinian cloister in Erfurt | |
| deaths of two friends | |
| Luther's education | |
| Augustinian order | |
| deep spiritual despair | |
| jailer and hangman | |
| Johann von Staupitz | |
| a change of heart | |
| 1507 | |
| von Staupitz | |
| 1508 | |
| 9 March 1508 | |
| Sentences by Peter Lombard | |
| 19 October 1512 | |
| 21 October 1512 | |
| Doctor in Bible | |
| University of Wittenberg | |
| Doctor of Theology | |
| 1516 | |
| rebuild St. Peter's Basilica | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| charity and good works | |
| charity and good works | |
| 31 October 1517 | |
| Albert of Mainz | |
| The Ninety-Five Theses | |
| Hans Hillerbrand | |
| Thesis 86 | |
| Johann Tetzel | |
| coin in the coffer | |
| Luther | |
| Johann Tetzel | |
| God | |
| salvation | |
| punishments | |
| false assurances | |
| Christ | |
| Tetzel | |
| capacity to exaggerate | |
| indulgences for the dead, | |
| indulgences for the living | |
| the posting on the door | |
| posting on the door | |
| Philipp Melanchthon | |
| not in Wittenberg | |
| little foundation in truth | |
| January 1518 | |
| printing press | |
| friends of Luther | |
| two weeks | |
| two months | |
| 1519 | |
| Students | |
| early part | |
| 1520 | |
| On the Freedom of a Christian | |
| lectured | |
| penance and righteousness | |
| corrupt in its ways | |
| central truths of Christianity | |
| doctrine of justification | |
| God | |
| 1525 | |
| gift from God | |
| Smalcald Articles | |
| lives by faith | |
| Christ and His salvation | |
| Christ and His salvation | |
| sale of indulgences | |
| two points | |
| Archbishop Albrecht | |
| Rome | |
| papal dispensation | |
| one half | |
| December 1517 | |
| Pope Leo X | |
| papal theologians and envoys | |
| October 1518 | |
| papacy was the Antichrist | |
| arrest Luther | |
| January 1519 | |
| remain silent | |
| Johann Eck | |
| Matthew 16:18 | |
| new Jan Hus | |
| 15 June 1520 | |
| recanted 41 sentences | |
| 60 days | |
| Karl von Miltitz | |
| 3 January 1521 | |
| secular authorities | |
| 18 April 1521 | |
| estates of the Holy Roman Empire | |
| Emperor Charles V | |
| Prince Frederick III | |
| Johann Eck | |
| Archbishop of Trier | |
| stood by their contents | |
| next day | |
| confirmed | |
| raised his arm | |
| knight winning a bout | |
| Michael Mullett | |
| epoch-making oratory | |
| recant his writings | |
| Luther | |
| not recorded | |
| more dramatic form | |
| private conferences | |
| 25 May 1521 | |
| Emperor | |
| his arrest | |
| kill Luther | |
| Luther's disappearance | |
| Wartburg Castle | |
| my Patmos | |
| New Testament | |
| shamed | |
| a sin | |
| cannot be earned | |
| 1 August 1521 | |
| trust in Christ | |
| justice | |
| summer of 1521 | |
| condemned as idolatry | |
| a gift | |
| private confession and absolution | |
| break their vows | |
| prophetic faith | |
| 1521 | |
| Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25 | |
| the Little Horn | |
| antichrist | |
| Gabriel Zwilling | |
| June 1521 | |
| disturbances | |
| Zwickau prophets | |
| town council | |
| 6 March 1522 | |
| personal presence | |
| preached eight sermons | |
| Invocavit Sermons | |
| trust God's word | |
| immediate | |
| Jerome Schurf | |
| After the sixth sermon | |
| joy | |
| misguided | |
| public order | |
| conservative | |
| Zwickau prophets | |
| unrest and violence. | |
| established Church | |
| Zwickau prophet | |
| German Peasants' War | |
| 1524–25 | |
| support an attack | |
| upper classes | |
| temporal authorities | |
| tour of Thuringia | |
| mad dogs | |
| the devil's work | |
| the nobles | |
| on three grounds | |
| ignoring Christ's counsel | |
| God | |
| Divine Right of Kings | |
| in body and soul | |
| backing for the uprising | |
| Swabian League | |
| 15 May 1525 | |
| Müntzer's execution | |
| the secular powers | |
| Katharina von Bora | |
| in herring barrels | |
| 26 years old | |
| 41 years old | |
| April 1523 | |
| 13 June 1525 | |
| evening | |
| wedding banquet | |
| 27 June | |
| Johannes Bugenhagen | |
| seal of approval | |
| clerical marriage | |
| on Biblical grounds | |
| death of a heretic | |
| reckless | |
| The Black Cloister | |
| former monastery | |
| six children | |
| riches of Croesus | |
| farming the land | |
| choosing their own ministers | |
| supervisory church body | |
| new form | |
| two catechisms | |
| revolutionary | |
| extreme change | |
| Electorate of Saxony | |
| adviser | |
| John the Steadfast | |
| under the temporal sovereign | |
| early 1526 | |
| 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass | |
| simple people | |
| sacrifice | |
| freedom of ceremony | |
| 1527 | |
| visitation of the Electorate | |
| Christian education | |
| Christian doctrine | |
| incapable of teaching | |
| catechism | |
| 1529 | |
| pastors and teachers | |
| the people | |
| questions and answers | |
| The catechism | |
| writings in volumes | |
| the Catechism | |
| Small Catechism | |
| the Bible | |
| Small Catechism | |
| Larger Catechism | |
| German vernacular | |
| as persons | |
| with the Father | |
| 1522 | |
| 1534 | |
| the translation | |
| alone | |
| Faith alone | |
| Saxon chancellery | |
| northern and southern | |
| everyday Germans | |
| read it without hindrance | |
| impediments and difficulties | |
| German-language publications | |
| Bible translation | |
| evolution of the German language | |
| Lucas Cranach | |
| William Tyndale | |
| authoring hymns | |
| high art and folk music | |
| singing of German hymns | |
| lute | |
| waldzither | |
| events in his life | |
| for Lutheran views | |
| Ein neues Lied wir heben an | |
| John C. Messenger | |
| Flung to the Heedless Winds | |
| 1524 | |
| Apostles' Creed | |
| Small Catechism | |
| German creedal hymn | |
| difficulty of its tune | |
| 1538 | |
| Small Catechism | |
| specific catechism questions | |
| multiple revisions | |
| Luther's tune | |
| 1523 | |
| Psalm 130 | |
| write psalm-hymns | |
| Achtliederbuch | |
| Reformation doctrine | |
| Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland | |
| Veni redemptor gentium | |
| main hymn | |
| two hymns | |
| German Te Deum | |
| baptism | |
| Johann Walter | |
| prayer for grace | |
| J. S. Bach | |
| Halle | |
| early Lutheran hymnals | |
| four | |
| 18 | |
| 24 | |
| Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn | |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | |
| chorale cantatas | |
| 1707 | |
| 1724 to 1725 | |
| 1735 | |
| sleeps | |
| idea of torments | |
| sleep in peace | |
| rejected the existence | |
| Smalcald Articles | |
| Franz Pieper | |
| Johann Gerhard | |
| Gerhard. Lessing | |
| 1755 | |
| Commentary on Genesis | |
| Francis Blackburne | |
| 1765 | |
| Gottfried Fritschel | |
| dreams | |
| October 1529 | |
| Landgrave of Hesse | |
| doctrinal unity | |
| fourteen points | |
| nature of the Eucharist | |
| words spoken by Jesus | |
| body and blood of Christ | |
| sacramental union | |
| symbolically present | |
| confrontational | |
| 1530 | |
| Marburg Colloquy | |
| Schmalkaldic League | |
| The Swiss cities | |
| George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |
| antithetical | |
| reason | |
| no way contributes | |
| reason | |
| different epistemological spheres. | |
| Jesus Christ was born a Jew | |
| Jewish conversion to Christianity | |
| Jews | |
| Anabaptists | |
| 1543 | |
| as a scourge | |
| to punish Christians | |
| destroy the antichrist | |
| the papacy | |
| secular war | |
| Qur'an | |
| critical pamphlets on Islam | |
| Islam | |
| tool of the devil | |
| exposed to scrutiny. | |
| God's wrath to Christians | |
| Johannes Agricola | |
| city hall | |
| theses against Agricola | |
| On the Councils and the Church | |
| second use of the law | |
| work sorrow over sin | |
| everything | |
| eliminate the accusing law | |
| essentially holy people | |
| ought to live | |
| Ten Commandments | |
| third use of the law | |
| illustration of the Ten Commandments | |
| Ten Commandments | |
| baptism | |
| Ten Commandments | |
| service to the neighbor | |
| wanted to marry | |
| bigamy | |
| one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting | |
| holds Luther accountable | |
| lasting damage | |
| expelled Jews | |
| Jews | |
| murder of Christ | |
| divinity of Jesus | |
| convert them to Christianity. | |
| Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen | |
| 1543 | |
| three years before | |
| the devil's people | |
| sanction for murder | |
| the Jews | |
| Martin Luther | |
| doomed to perdition | |
| Luther's anti-Jewish works | |
| Throughout the 1580s | |
| Luther | |
| anti-Jewish rhetoric | |
| attacks on Jews | |
| Luther | |
| radically anti-Semitic | |
| 17 December 1941 | |
| Luther | |
| Diarmaid MacCulloch | |
| Bishop Martin Sasse | |
| greatest antisemite | |
| opportunistic | |
| misguided agitation | |
| modern hatred of the Jews | |
| 18th and 19th centuries | |
| religious and in no respect racial | |
| violence | |
| Ronald Berger | |
| hysterical and demonizing mentality | |
| Lutheran clergy and theologians | |
| Luther's hostile publications | |
| declining state of mind | |
| his health | |
| vulgarity and violence | |
| Muslims) and Catholics | |
| Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 | |
| Since the 1980s | |
| least prejudiced | |
| Richard (Dick) Geary | |
| 1928-1933 | |
| his health deteriorated | |
| bigamy of the Philip of Hesse | |
| kidney and bladder stones | |
| arthritis, and an ear infection | |
| angina | |
| poor physical health | |
| writings and comments | |
| harsher | |
| His wife Katharina | |
| three times | |
| Eisleben | |
| 15 February 1546 | |
| Jews | |
| all German territory | |
| that they convert | |
| Mansfeld | |
| negotiations | |
| late 1545 | |
| early 1546 | |
| his siblings' families | |
| 17 February 1546 | |
| chest pains | |
| Ps. 31:5 | |
| prayer of the dying | |
| 1 a.m | |
| apoplectic stroke | |
| 2:45 a.m | |
| 18 February 1546 | |
| in the Castle Church | |
| Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon | |
| his last statement | |
| Latin | |
| "We are beggars," | |
| monumental | |
| frail Catholic saints | |
| physically imposing | |
| religious orders | |
| 1530s and 1540s | |
| 18 February | |
| Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. | |
| 31 October | |
| Church of England's Calendar of Saints | |
| Luther is honoured | |
| SoCal | |
| 10 counties | |
| economic center | |
| demographics and economic ties | |
| historical political divisions | |
| Southern California Megaregion | |
| 11 | |
| Nevada | |
| Mexican | |
| Tijuana | |
| Pacific | |
| seven | |
| 12 million | |
| San Diego | |
| 17.5 million | |
| Colorado River | |
| Colorado Desert | |
| Mojave Desert | |
| Mexico–United States border | |
| California | |
| 3,792,621 | |
| Los Angeles | |
| San Diego | |
| south | |
| Los Angeles | |
| United States | |
| counties | |
| 15 | |
| counties | |
| Hollywood | |
| Los Angeles | |
| The Walt Disney Company | |
| music | |
| Sony | |
| skateboard | |
| Tony Hawk | |
| Shaun White | |
| Oahu | |
| Transpac | |
| Palm Springs | |
| beaches | |
| southern | |
| open spaces | |
| 37° 9' 58.23" | |
| 11 | |
| ten | |
| Tehachapi Mountains | |
| northern | |
| Mexico | |
| Alta California | |
| Monterey | |
| the Missouri Compromise | |
| free | |
| inequitable taxes | |
| Cow Counties | |
| three | |
| 75 | |
| Milton Latham | |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| 1900 | |
| 1999 | |
| Imperial | |
| seven | |
| regional tourism groups | |
| California State Automobile Association | |
| three-region | |
| Tehachapis | |
| southern | |
| third | |
| vast areas | |
| suburban | |
| highways | |
| international metropolitan | |
| Camp Pendleton | |
| Inland Empire | |
| United States Census Bureau | |
| Orange | |
| 1990s | |
| Mediterranean | |
| infrequent rain | |
| 60's | |
| very rare | |
| 70 | |
| Pacific Ocean | |
| varied | |
| topographic | |
| Peninsular | |
| valleys | |
| 10,000 | |
| small | |
| 6.7 | |
| property damage | |
| $20 billion | |
| San Andreas | |
| 6.7 | |
| Puente Hills | |
| USGS | |
| occurrence | |
| economically | |
| global | |
| economic | |
| 2010 | |
| high growth rates | |
| 10.0% | |
| tech-oriented | |
| Greater Sacramento | |
| Metropolitan Statistical Areas | |
| two | |
| five million | |
| Southern Border Region | |
| 17,786,419 | |
| Los Angeles | |
| 1.3 million | |
| twelve | |
| 100,000 | |
| Riverside | |
| petroleum | |
| Hollywood | |
| the housing bubble | |
| diverse | |
| heavily impacted | |
| 1920s | |
| richest | |
| citrus | |
| cattle | |
| aerospace | |
| business | |
| Central business districts | |
| South Coast Metro | |
| business | |
| Los Angeles Area | |
| San Fernando Valley | |
| Los Angeles | |
| business | |
| Riverside | |
| Hospitality Business/Financial Centre | |
| Orange | |
| University of California, Irvine | |
| West Irvine | |
| South Coast Metro | |
| rapidly | |
| Downtown San Diego | |
| Northern San Diego | |
| North County | |
| San Diego | |
| Los Angeles International Airport | |
| passenger volume | |
| third | |
| San Diego International Airport | |
| Van Nuys Airport | |
| Metrolink | |
| seven | |
| Six | |
| Orange | |
| Port of Los Angeles | |
| Port of San Diego | |
| Southern | |
| The Tech Coast | |
| research | |
| private | |
| 5 | |
| 12 | |
| NFL | |
| NBA | |
| MLB | |
| Los Angeles Kings | |
| LA Galaxy | |
| Chivas USA | |
| two | |
| 2014 | |
| StubHub Center | |
| 2018 | |
| College | |
| UCLA | |
| Trojans | |
| Pac-12 | |
| Division I | |
| Rugby | |
| high school | |
| an official school sport | |
| BSkyB | |
| BSkyB | |
| 2014 | |
| Sky plc | |
| Sky UK Limited | |
| 2006 | |
| two | |
| Sky | |
| £1.3bn | |
| ONdigital | |
| Freeview | |
| three | |
| Sky Three | |
| Pick TV | |
| Sky+ PVR | |
| September 2007 | |
| monthly fee | |
| January 2010 | |
| Sky+HD Box | |
| VideoGuard | |
| NDS | |
| Cisco Systems | |
| BSkyB | |
| Sky+ | |
| basic channels | |
| 2007 | |
| substantially increased the asking price | |
| Video On Demand | |
| HD channels | |
| July 2013 | |
| 2013 | |
| OneDrive | |
| OneDrive for Business | |
| cloud storage | |
| Sam Chisholm | |
| Astra | |
| 27 September 2001 | |
| Sky Digital | |
| 3.5 million | |
| BSkyB | |
| telecommunications | |
| 11 million | |
| Freeview | |
| Sky Q Hub | |
| Sky Q Silver set top boxes | |
| share recordings | |
| 2016 | |
| 2016 | |
| DVB-compliant MPEG-2 | |
| Dolby Digital | |
| MPEG-4 | |
| OpenTV | |
| DVB-S2 | |
| 1998 | |
| Astra 2A | |
| Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 | |
| hundreds | |
| 28.5°E | |
| 22 May 2006 | |
| 40,000 | |
| Thomson | |
| 17,000 | |
| 4,222,000 | |
| 8 February 2007 | |
| March | |
| digital terrestrial | |
| Virgin Media | |
| English Premier League Football | |
| free-to-view | |
| monthly subscription | |
| VideoGuard UK | |
| Ku band | |
| Sky | |
| 1991 | |
| ITV | |
| £34m | |
| BBC | |
| £304m | |
| Ofcom | |
| £15–100,000 | |
| no | |
| not | |
| not | |
| 1 October 1998 | |
| Sky Digital | |
| Sky Active | |
| ONdigital | |
| 100,000 | |
| 2007 | |
| Virgin Media | |
| Video On Demand | |
| BBC HD | |
| Channel 4 HD | |
| 10 million | |
| 25m | |
| August 2004 | |
| 36% | |
| flattened | |
| Welfare Cash Card | |
| essentials | |
| often damaging | |
| Sky TV bills | |
| a man's presence | |
| £30m | |
| no | |
| Virgin Media | |
| BSkyB | |
| basic channels | |
| diversified | |
| second | |
| fourth | |
| Melbourne | |
| Melbourne Cricket Ground | |
| Bendigo | |
| New South Wales | |
| Buckland Valley | |
| over 1,000 | |
| cramped and unsanitary | |
| multi-member proportional | |
| eight | |
| five | |
| four years | |
| every four years | |
| Australian Labor Party | |
| Liberal Party | |
| National Party | |
| The Greens | |
| Labor | |
| 61.1% | |
| 26.7% | |
| Buddhism | |
| 168,637 | |
| 20% | |
| south-east | |
| most densely populated | |
| second | |
| Melbourne | |
| second-largest | |
| Koori | |
| 1788 | |
| New South Wales | |
| Sullivan Bay | |
| 1803 | |
| 26,000 square kilometres | |
| 50% | |
| 6,000 square kilometres | |
| 90% | |
| 270,000 | |
| 1975 | |
| 1855 colonial constitution | |
| Parliament of Victoria | |
| "entrenched" provisions | |
| Victoria Constitution Act 1855 | |
| warmest regions | |
| 32 °C | |
| 15 °C | |
| 48.8 °C | |
| 2009 | |
| state or government | |
| Victoria Department of Education | |
| some extra costs | |
| Roman Catholic Church | |
| curriculum | |
| major car brands | |
| 2017 | |
| May 2013 | |
| October 2016 | |
| Ford | |
| 2,000 m | |
| Mount Bogong | |
| 1,986 m | |
| river systems | |
| helmeted honeyeater | |
| Victorian Alps | |
| Great Dividing Range | |
| east-west | |
| below 0 °C | |
| −11.7 °C | |
| government-owned | |
| Metro Trains Melbourne | |
| Victorian Government | |
| freight services | |
| passenger | |
| 37 | |
| 12 | |
| Legislative Assembly | |
| Legislative Council | |
| Linda Dessau | |
| 1 July 1851 | |
| 1851 | |
| gold rush | |
| sevenfold | |
| 20 million ounces | |
| 1,548 | |
| 489 | |
| 540,800 | |
| 63,519 | |
| 61 | |
| Victoria | |
| 3 million | |
| 60% | |
| two-thirds | |
| Asia | |
| 1,600 mm | |
| 1,435 mm | |
| 760 mm | |
| mountainous areas | |
| five | |
| 1788 | |
| New South Wales | |
| New Holland | |
| Sydney | |
| 1854 | |
| British troops | |
| Eureka Stockade | |
| mining licence fees | |
| Colony of Victoria Act | |
| most seats | |
| Premier | |
| representatives | |
| Daniel Andrews | |
| elected | |
| $8.7 billion | |
| 17% | |
| 32,463 | |
| 136,000 square kilometres | |
| 60% | |
| tourism | |
| sports | |
| Melbourne | |
| regional cities | |
| SurfClassic | |
| the southern and central parts of France | |
| about one-eighth the number | |
| from 1562 to 1598 | |
| the Edict of Nantes | |
| granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy | |
| derision | |
| Geneva | |
| Besançon Hugues | |
| Amboise plot | |
| 1560 | |
| availability of the Bible in vernacular languages | |
| Around 1294 | |
| Guyard de Moulin | |
| 1487 | |
| Paris | |
| villes de sûreté | |
| Montpellier | |
| Edict of Alès | |
| 1622 | |
| 1629 | |
| at the Cape of Good Hope | |
| Cape Town | |
| Maria de la Queillerie | |
| Dutch East India Company | |
| 1700 | |
| 1624 | |
| Jessé de Forest | |
| L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam | |
| L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit | |
| Brooklyn | |
| the Charleston Orange district | |
| the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger | |
| Pons | |
| 1697 | |
| Charleston, South Carolina | |
| William III of Orange | |
| King of England | |
| League of Augsburg | |
| Dutch Republic | |
| 1672 | |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | |
| 1685 | |
| Louis XIV | |
| 500,000 | |
| Catholic Church in France | |
| St. Bartholomew's Day massacre | |
| 5,000 to 30,000 | |
| their own militia | |
| some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France | |
| between 1621 and 1629 | |
| southwestern France | |
| Henry IV | |
| Louis XIII | |
| Huguenot rebellions | |
| one million | |
| 2% | |
| Alsace | |
| Cévennes | |
| Australia | |
| New Rochelle | |
| New Paltz | |
| "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz | |
| the oldest street in the United States of America | |
| Staten Island | |
| the Dutch Republic | |
| an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people | |
| ca. 2 million | |
| Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia | |
| the revocation of the Edict of Nantes | |
| Tours | |
| Huguon | |
| the ghost of le roi Huguet | |
| prétendus réformés | |
| night | |
| Canterbury | |
| The Weavers | |
| economic separation | |
| Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone | |
| a restaurant | |
| Cork City | |
| Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford | |
| Dublin | |
| a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland | |
| 1696 | |
| brain drain | |
| New France | |
| non-Catholics | |
| Seven Years' War | |
| 1759-60 | |
| Henry of Navarre | |
| 1598 | |
| granted the Protestants equality with Catholics | |
| the founding of new Protestant churches | |
| Protestantism | |
| education of children as Catholics | |
| prohibited emigration | |
| Four thousand | |
| "new converts" | |
| Holland, Prussia, and South Africa | |
| Switzerland and the Netherlands | |
| 1555 | |
| France Antarctique | |
| 1560 | |
| the Guanabara Confession of Faith | |
| Afrikaans | |
| wine industry | |
| Western Cape province | |
| surnames | |
| Paul Revere | |
| Henry Laurens | |
| Charleston, South Carolina | |
| Manakin Episcopal Church | |
| Texas | |
| lace | |
| 'Bucks Point' | |
| twenty-five widows who settled in Dover | |
| first half of the eighteenth century | |
| Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt | |
| one-fifth | |
| in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon | |
| 1806-07 | |
| Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden | |
| Prussia | |
| Cévennes | |
| Camisards | |
| the Catholic Church in the region | |
| 1702 and 1709 | |
| Jacksonville | |
| Jean Ribault | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| Spanish | |
| 1565 | |
| Charlesfort | |
| Parris Island | |
| Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | |
| 1562 | |
| The Wars of Religion | |
| Virginia | |
| Lower Norfolk County | |
| Manakin Town | |
| 390 | |
| 12 May 1705 | |
| 1568–1609 | |
| Spain | |
| "Apologie" | |
| William the Silent | |
| Calvinist | |
| Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act | |
| 1708 | |
| 50,000 | |
| Andrew Lortie | |
| the doctrine of transubstantiation | |
| Williamite war | |
| William of Orange | |
| Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal | |
| flax cultivation | |
| Irish linen industry | |
| Prince Louis de Condé | |
| Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken | |
| glass-making | |
| 1890s | |
| 1604 | |
| Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate | |
| Protestant | |
| Quebec | |
| Dutch Cape Colony | |
| they were accepted and allowed to worship freely | |
| Hugues Capet | |
| The "Hugues hypothesis" | |
| Janet Gray | |
| little Hugos, or those who want Hugo | |
| double or triple non-French linguistic origins | |
| Jacques Lefevre | |
| University of Paris | |
| 1530 | |
| William Farel | |
| Jean Cauvin (John Calvin) | |
| 24 August – 3 October 1572 | |
| Catholics | |
| Nearly 3,000 | |
| 1573 | |
| almost 25,000 | |
| Louis XIV | |
| acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert | |
| he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts | |
| closed Huguenot schools | |
| dragonnades | |
| Westchester | |
| "Bauffet's Point" | |
| John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor | |
| La Rochelle | |
| Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church | |
| affiliated with other Protestant denominations | |
| married outside their immediate French communities | |
| E.I. du Pont | |
| into the nineteenth century | |
| Eleutherian gunpowder mills | |
| Pierre Bayle | |
| Rotterdam | |
| Historical and Critical Dictionary | |
| US Library of Congress | |
| Saint Nicolas | |
| The French Protestant Church of London | |
| 1550 | |
| Soho Square | |
| Shoreditch | |
| 1724 | |
| Lutheran and Reformed | |
| Germany and Scandinavia | |
| Edict of Potsdam | |
| Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia | |
| Huguenots furnished two new regiments | |
| Frederick William | |
| Theodor Fontane | |
| Adolf Galland | |
| Lothar de Maizière | |
| Federal Minister of the Interior | |
| solar | |
| Rankine | |
| steam | |
| high | |
| external combustion | |
| atmospheric engine | |
| Thomas Newcomen | |
| 1712 | |
| steam pump | |
| Papin | |
| United Kingdom | |
| 21 February 1804 | |
| Abercynon | |
| Wales | |
| south | |
| water pump | |
| multi-stage centrifugal | |
| 1850s | |
| steam locomotives | |
| lower-pressure boiler feed water | |
| three | |
| quadruple expansion engines | |
| 19th | |
| marine triple expansion | |
| Olympic | |
| Corliss | |
| Joy | |
| lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve | |
| Lead fusible plugs | |
| melts | |
| steam escapes | |
| manually suppress the fire | |
| dampening the fire | |
| James Watt | |
| rotary | |
| ten | |
| 1883 | |
| Industrial Revolution | |
| first | |
| Hero of Alexandria | |
| Greek | |
| Giovanni Branca | |
| 1606 | |
| compound | |
| expansions | |
| shipping | |
| internal combustion engines | |
| coal | |
| steam turbines | |
| late | |
| several hundred | |
| 90 | |
| electric | |
| burning combustible materials | |
| combustion chamber | |
| solar | |
| electric | |
| steam engine indicator | |
| 1851 | |
| Charles Porter | |
| Charles Richard | |
| London Exhibition | |
| 90 | |
| 180 | |
| 90 | |
| counterflow | |
| two | |
| one | |
| four | |
| expansion | |
| Quasiturbine | |
| counterflow | |
| port | |
| oscillating cylinder | |
| trunnion | |
| models | |
| ships | |
| recycled continuously | |
| open loop | |
| Mercury | |
| water | |
| working fluid | |
| 565 | |
| stainless steel | |
| 63% | |
| 30 °C | |
| Steam engines | |
| steamboats | |
| Stanley Steamer | |
| factories | |
| increase in the land available for cultivation | |
| Catch Me Who Can | |
| Matthew Murray | |
| twin-cylinder | |
| Middleton Railway | |
| Stockton and Darlington | |
| Arthur Woolf | |
| British | |
| torque variability | |
| cylinder volume | |
| 90 | |
| reciprocating steam engines | |
| gas turbines | |
| steam turbines | |
| reduction | |
| Rankine cycle | |
| removed in a condenser | |
| 1990s | |
| biomass | |
| Scottish | |
| duty | |
| 17 | |
| 7 million | |
| 94 | |
| Watt | |
| steam turbines | |
| Reciprocating piston | |
| turbine | |
| internal combustion | |
| Thomas Savery | |
| water pump | |
| 1698 | |
| Bento de Moura Portugal | |
| John Smeaton | |
| Richard Trevithick | |
| Oliver Evans | |
| 1802 | |
| transport | |
| power | |
| Energiprojekt AB | |
| Sweden | |
| 5 | |
| 8.8 | |
| 27-30 | |
| surface condensers | |
| automobile radiator | |
| where water is costly | |
| wet | |
| 3600 | |
| centrifugal governor | |
| Boulton | |
| flour mill | |
| cotton spinning | |
| hold a set speed | |
| 1880 | |
| railway locomotives | |
| complicated | |
| 1930 | |
| road engines | |
| shortening the cutoff | |
| kick back | |
| evacuate the cylinder | |
| fixed | |
| Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont | |
| Spanish | |
| 1606 | |
| 1698 | |
| 1712 | |
| rotating discs | |
| drive shaft | |
| static discs | |
| turbine casing | |
| 3600 revolutions per minute | |
| lower | |
| electric motors | |
| steam turbine | |
| Advanced Steam | |
| pollution | |
| Wankel | |
| cylinders and valve gear | |
| thermal expansion | |
| 1775 | |
| condenser | |
| half | |
| Newcomen's | |
| piston | |
| two | |
| plug valve | |
| adjustable spring-loaded | |
| seal | |
| more power | |
| Corliss steam engine | |
| 1849 | |
| 30% | |
| four | |
| Rumford medal | |
| thermodynamic | |
| Watt | |
| condenser | |
| Joseph Black | |
| latent heat | |
| during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump | |
| liquid | |
| 1% to 3% | |
| 1500 °C | |
| injector | |
| recover the latent heat of vaporisation | |
| superheaters | |
| bunker | |
| stoking | |
| feed water | |
| British | |
| dreadnought battleships | |
| ocean liners | |
| 1905 | |
| water | |
| turbine | |
| electrical generator | |
| turbo-electric transmission | |
| Britain | |
| practical Carnot cycle | |
| in the condenser | |
| constant pressure | |
| isothermal | |
| liquid | |
| 8 | |
| helium | |
| two atoms | |
| almost half | |
| Diatomic oxygen | |
| 20.8% | |
| Oxygen | |
| 8 | |
| monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend | |
| By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium | |
| 8 | |
| chalcogen | |
| oxides | |
| third | |
| dioxygen | |
| photosynthesis | |
| sunlight | |
| high-altitude ozone layer | |
| oxygen | |
| water | |
| photosynthesis | |
| water | |
| ozone | |
| Robert Boyle | |
| John Mayow | |
| nitroaereus | |
| 1679 | |
| Robert Boyle | |
| nitroaereus | |
| 17th century | |
| respiration | |
| John Mayow | |
| Joseph Priestley | |
| clergyman | |
| HgO | |
| mercuric oxide (HgO) | |
| mercuric oxide | |
| dephlogisticated air | |
| 1775 | |
| published his findings first | |
| active | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| Philo of Byzantium | |
| 2nd century BCE | |
| incorrectly | |
| Philo of Byzantium | |
| fire | |
| Pneumatica | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| air | |
| heat or a spark | |
| Oxygen is the oxidant | |
| compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative | |
| Oxygen | |
| ignition event | |
| oxidant | |
| rapid combustion | |
| chemical energy | |
| compounds of oxygen | |
| pure O | |
| oxygen | |
| 1⁄3 | |
| special training | |
| combustion | |
| storage vessels | |
| special training | |
| Apollo 1 crew | |
| oxides of silicon | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| mantle | |
| carbon dioxide | |
| Earth's crustal rock | |
| Earth's mantle | |
| mantle | |
| complex silicates | |
| monatomic | |
| simplest | |
| HO | |
| hydrogen | |
| Avogadro's law | |
| phlogiston | |
| non-combustible | |
| Air | |
| metals | |
| become lighter | |
| covalent double bond | |
| two | |
| Aufbau | |
| chemically | |
| molecular orbitals | |
| 1773 | |
| 1774 | |
| work was published first | |
| Antoine Lavoisier | |
| phlogiston theory | |
| spin triplet state | |
| triplet oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| spontaneous | |
| antibonding | |
| air | |
| weight | |
| weight | |
| 1777 | |
| azote | |
| ozone | |
| allotrope | |
| lung tissue | |
| protective radiation shield | |
| UV | |
| dioxygen | |
| O2 | |
| major | |
| energy content | |
| cellular respiration | |
| James Dewar | |
| 1891 | |
| 1895 | |
| oxyacetylene | |
| Oxygen | |
| temperature | |
| 6.04 milliliters | |
| seawater | |
| twice | |
| most abundant | |
| third | |
| 0.9% | |
| world's oceans | |
| ultraviolet radiation | |
| late 19th | |
| compressing and cooling | |
| Raoul Pierre Pictet | |
| few drops | |
| March 29, 1883 | |
| Sun | |
| oxygen-16 | |
| Genesis spacecraft | |
| unknown | |
| Earth | |
| Singlet | |
| organic molecules | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photolysis of ozone | |
| Carotenoids | |
| Paleoclimatologists | |
| climate | |
| 12% | |
| oxygen-18 | |
| lower global temperatures | |
| 687 and 760 nm | |
| carbon cycle | |
| satellite platform | |
| global | |
| remote sensing | |
| paramagnetic | |
| Liquid oxygen | |
| unpaired electrons | |
| magnetic field | |
| powerful magnet | |
| dangerous by-products | |
| destroy invading microbes | |
| pathogen attack | |
| anaerobic | |
| 2.5 billion years ago | |
| 90.20 K | |
| clear | |
| liquefied air | |
| liquid nitrogen | |
| combustible materials | |
| water | |
| lower | |
| higher oxygen content | |
| algae | |
| biochemical oxygen demand | |
| 3.5 billion years ago | |
| Paleoproterozoic | |
| banded iron formations | |
| 1.7 billion years ago | |
| 3–2.7 billion years ago | |
| oxygen cycle | |
| biogeochemical | |
| three | |
| photosynthesis | |
| oxygen | |
| zeolite molecular sieves | |
| 90% to 93% | |
| nitrogen | |
| non-cryogenic | |
| major method | |
| water | |
| oxygen and hydrogen | |
| DC | |
| oxides and oxoacids | |
| Chemical | |
| recreational | |
| mild euphoric | |
| performance | |
| placebo | |
| aerobic | |
| Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine | |
| carbon monoxide | |
| anaerobic bacteria | |
| Decompression sickness | |
| Oxygen therapy | |
| heart | |
| oxygen supplementation | |
| respiration | |
| gaseous oxygen. | |
| electronegativity | |
| oxides | |
| FeO | |
| oxide | |
| corrosion | |
| cabin depressurization | |
| chemical | |
| exothermic | |
| oxygen gas | |
| storage | |
| insulated tankers | |
| liquid | |
| compressed gas | |
| hospitals | |
| organic solvents | |
| organic compounds | |
| feeder materials | |
| Epoxides | |
| important | |
| biomolecules | |
| Only a few | |
| carbohydrates | |
| proteins | |
| bones | |
| Oxygen toxicity | |
| pulmonary fibrosis | |
| 160 kPa | |
| Acute oxygen toxicity | |
| seizures | |
| low total pressures | |
| 30 kPa | |
| 1.4 times normal | |
| no damage | |
| only marginally more | |
| at elevated partial pressures | |
| 50 kilopascals | |
| 50% oxygen | |
| mechanical ventilators | |
| 30%–50% | |
| October 1973 | |
| nearly $12 | |
| 1979 | |
| first oil shock | |
| members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries | |
| to avoid being targeted by the boycott | |
| They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. | |
| January 18, 1974, | |
| March 1974 | |
| On August 15, 1971 | |
| to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand) | |
| industrialized nations increased their reserves | |
| In September 1971 | |
| oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased | |
| risen by less than two percent per year | |
| After 1971 | |
| 1973–1974 | |
| Until the oil shock | |
| On October 6, 1973 | |
| Iran | |
| ten times more | |
| Iran | |
| renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict | |
| In response to American aid to Israel | |
| October 16, 1973, | |
| until their economic and political objectives were met | |
| $2.2 billion | |
| American aid to Israel | |
| over 100 billion dollars | |
| Al-Qaeda and the Taliban | |
| Middle East | |
| shrinking Western demand | |
| Wahhabism | |
| distribution and price disruptions | |
| USSR | |
| 1973 | |
| Kissinger | |
| The embargo | |
| automobiles | |
| Macroeconomic problems | |
| Arctic | |
| five to ten years | |
| Netherlands | |
| America | |
| UK | |
| Israel | |
| Ted Heath | |
| UK | |
| a series of strikes | |
| winter of 1973–74 | |
| Germany | |
| Sweden | |
| Price controls | |
| encourage investment | |
| Price controls | |
| rationing | |
| William E. Simon | |
| In 1973 | |
| coordinate the response to the embargo | |
| last week of February 1974, | |
| 55 mph | |
| Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act | |
| Bill Clinton | |
| November 28, 1995 | |
| 1977 | |
| energy crisis | |
| market and technology realities | |
| congresses and presidents | |
| U.S | |
| British Prime Minister Edward Heath | |
| 10 years | |
| Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World | |
| Japan | |
| 71% | |
| 5% production cut | |
| November 22 | |
| December 25 | |
| USSR's invasion | |
| Saudi Arabia and Iran | |
| Saudi Arabia | |
| January 1979 | |
| November 1979 | |
| large cars | |
| Japanese imports | |
| V8 and six cylinder engines | |
| Japan | |
| A decade after the 1973 | |
| Toyota Corona Mark II | |
| power steering | |
| Lexus | |
| Toyota Hilux | |
| Dodge D-50 | |
| Ford, Chrysler, and GM | |
| captive import policy | |
| An increase in imported cars | |
| at least four passengers | |
| 1985 | |
| Lincoln Continental, | |
| Chevrolet Bel Air | |
| 1979 | |
| 1981 | |
| Mustang I | |
| 1981 | |
| 1980s | |
| recover market share | |
| nearly $40 per barrel | |
| Project Mercury | |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) | |
| 1968 | |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | |
| two | |
| 1961 to 1972 | |
| Gemini program | |
| Soviet Union | |
| Skylab | |
| 1967 | |
| prelaunch test | |
| Budget cuts | |
| Five | |
| oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| Apollo 17 | |
| 382 kg | |
| avionics, telecommunications, and computers | |
| one | |
| three | |
| Abe Silverstein | |
| manned lunar landings | |
| early 1960 | |
| 1960 | |
| Maxime Faget | |
| three | |
| Hugh L. Dryden | |
| John F. Kennedy | |
| Soviet Union | |
| massive financial commitment | |
| James E. Webb | |
| missile gap | |
| Yuri Gagarin | |
| Soviet Union | |
| one day | |
| refusing to make a commitment | |
| April 20 | |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| approximately one week | |
| neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary | |
| Robert R. Gilruth | |
| NASA's Langley Research Center | |
| Houston, Texas | |
| Rice University | |
| Florida | |
| Merritt Island | |
| Kurt H. Debus | |
| Director | |
| Kennedy | |
| three | |
| Apollo spacecraft | |
| 250,000 feet | |
| 130 million cubic foot | |
| Dr. George E. Mueller | |
| July 23, 1963 | |
| D. Brainerd Holmes | |
| Mueller | |
| Air Force missile projects | |
| United States Air Force | |
| General Samuel C. Phillips | |
| January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969 | |
| Apollo Program Director | |
| a rendezvous —let alone a docking | |
| 1961 | |
| Robert Seamans | |
| Nicholas E. Golovin | |
| July 1961 | |
| Manned Spacecraft Center | |
| Joseph Shea | |
| Marshall Space Flight Center | |
| Jerome Wiesner | |
| Golovin | |
| NASA | |
| July 11, 1962 | |
| Wiesner | |
| "No, that's no good" | |
| Lunar Excursion Module | |
| Grumman | |
| spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" | |
| Apollo 13 | |
| propulsion, electrical power and life support | |
| 1964 | |
| cone-shaped | |
| Command/Service Module | |
| two | |
| three | |
| ocean | |
| ablative heat shield | |
| Parachutes | |
| 5,560 kg | |
| Service Module (SM) | |
| high-gain S-band antenna | |
| discarded | |
| 51,300 pounds | |
| orbital scientific instrument package | |
| North American Aviation | |
| twice the thrust | |
| 1964 | |
| Saturn V | |
| two | |
| Not | |
| 15,100 kg | |
| 3 days | |
| Wernher von Braun | |
| Army | |
| June 11, 1962 | |
| dummy upper stages filled with water | |
| 1964 and 1965 | |
| Pegasus satellites | |
| frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts | |
| Saturn IB | |
| 200,000 lbf | |
| third stage | |
| 40,000 pounds | |
| three-stage Saturn V | |
| 33 feet | |
| three | |
| burned liquid hydrogen | |
| Mercury and Gemini | |
| All missions | |
| Dr. Harrison Schmitt | |
| Apollo 17 | |
| last mission | |
| 32 | |
| Distinguished Service Medal | |
| 1969 | |
| discipline problems | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| 1966 | |
| 265.7 nautical miles | |
| 25,700 km | |
| heat shield | |
| unmanned | |
| new Apollo spacesuit | |
| traditional visor helmet | |
| a water-cooled undergarment | |
| Lunar Module Pilot | |
| Deke Slayton | |
| Mercury | |
| 1966 | |
| Donn F. Eisele | |
| AS-205 | |
| canceled | |
| August 1967 | |
| AS-205/208 | |
| Apollo 1 backup crew | |
| Samuel Phillips | |
| "tiger team" | |
| 1967 | |
| George Mueller | |
| altitude chamber | |
| Grissom, White, and Chaffee | |
| launch countdown | |
| North American | |
| strange odor in their spacesuits | |
| January 27, 1967 | |
| electrical fire | |
| asphyxiated | |
| 100% oxygen | |
| both houses of Congress | |
| deficiencies | |
| George Low | |
| immediately | |
| nitrogen/oxygen mixture | |
| flammable cabin and space suit materials | |
| quick-release, outward opening door | |
| discontinued | |
| fire-resistant Block II | |
| sequence | |
| successful | |
| letters | |
| AS-501 | |
| heat shield | |
| April 4, 1968 | |
| third unmanned test | |
| Apollo 5 | |
| pad 37 | |
| Grumman | |
| success | |
| "fire-in-the-hole" | |
| two Saturn IBs | |
| Zond 5 | |
| Christmas Eve | |
| orbit the Moon | |
| human cosmonauts | |
| Gemini | |
| July 1969 | |
| black-and-white television | |
| Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin | |
| July 24 | |
| Apollo 12 | |
| Surveyor 3 | |
| returned to Earth | |
| the Sun | |
| Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) | |
| Block II spacesuit | |
| eight | |
| over three days | |
| mass | |
| liquid oxygen tank exploded | |
| rookies | |
| grounded | |
| oxygen tank | |
| April 1970 | |
| Apollo 20 | |
| began to shrink | |
| museum exhibits | |
| 1971 | |
| extremely old | |
| 4.6 billion years | |
| KREEP | |
| Genesis Rock | |
| micrometeoroid impact craters | |
| impact process effects | |
| materials melted near an impact crater. | |
| $170 billion | |
| 15 | |
| $20.4 billion | |
| Apollo X | |
| Apollo Applications Program | |
| Venus | |
| 1973 | |
| on the ground | |
| February 8, 1974 | |
| Apollo Telescope Mount | |
| Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | |
| Apollo 11 | |
| unknown | |
| Apollo 8 | |
| Book of Genesis | |
| one-quarter | |
| inspiring end | |
| special Apollo TV camera | |
| incompatible | |
| magnetic tape shortage | |
| newer satellite data | |
| Stan Lebar | |
| Nafzger | |
| without destroying historical legitimacy | |
| kinescope recordings | |
| Lowry Digital | |
| black and white | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. | |
| a body of treaties and legislation | |
| Treaties establishing the European Union | |
| regulations and directives | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| a body of treaties and legislation | |
| direct effect or indirect effect | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law | |
| European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| primary law, secondary law and supplementary law | |
| the Treaties establishing the European Union | |
| the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| three | |
| courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| courts of member states | |
| Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| international law | |
| courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| international law | |
| the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| the courts of member states | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law | |
| Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) | |
| The European Commission | |
| citizens | |
| The European Court of Justice | |
| The "European Council" | |
| Treaty on European Union (TEU) | |
| the Faroe Islands | |
| can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity | |
| if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional. | |
| as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise | |
| Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) | |
| Gibraltar and the Åland islands | |
| Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise | |
| The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties | |
| with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy | |
| Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 | |
| 1985 | |
| in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining) | |
| Greenland | |
| common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy | |
| 1992 | |
| 1986 | |
| 1972 | |
| 1985 | |
| Following the Nice Treaty | |
| referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands | |
| very similar | |
| an amending treaty | |
| altered the existing treaties | |
| there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent | |
| this would have also produced a single constitutional document | |
| the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands | |
| the Lisbon Treaty | |
| The European Commission | |
| the Commission | |
| The Commission's President | |
| one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states | |
| Federica Mogherini | |
| Article 17(3) | |
| The Commission's President | |
| simple majority vote | |
| Ireland | |
| Commissioners | |
| the Santer Commission | |
| did in fact not break any law | |
| Committee of Independent Experts | |
| European Council | |
| do not have voting rights | |
| 1999 | |
| Commission v Edith Cresson | |
| a Committee of Independent Experts | |
| the European Anti-fraud Office | |
| 2012 | |
| the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes | |
| every five years | |
| two-thirds majority | |
| the Commission and Council | |
| the Commission | |
| the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union | |
| 1979 | |
| every five years | |
| the conservative European People's Party | |
| different ministers of the member states | |
| Donald Tusk | |
| inversely | |
| 352 | |
| 260 | |
| the Council | |
| each six months | |
| 352 | |
| at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU | |
| a majority | |
| qualified majority | |
| harder | |
| TEU articles 4 and 5 | |
| Court of Justice | |
| TFEU article 294 | |
| legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission | |
| TEU articles 4 and 5 | |
| Conciliation Committee | |
| judicial branch | |
| Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) | |
| 28 | |
| member state courts | |
| ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed | |
| by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration | |
| the Court of Justice of the European Union | |
| Civil Service Tribunal | |
| three years | |
| to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed" | |
| EU law | |
| nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958 | |
| 1964 and 1968 | |
| the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts | |
| 1964 | |
| the Court of Justice | |
| EU law | |
| foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights | |
| 1972 | |
| the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people. | |
| if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles | |
| administrative law | |
| 1986 | |
| All actions | |
| constitutional law | |
| Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen | |
| article 30 | |
| a postal company | |
| Treaty provisions | |
| Directives | |
| 4 weeks | |
| 28 days | |
| early 1990s | |
| the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action | |
| a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company | |
| 10 years | |
| British Gas plc | |
| women retire at age 60 and men at 65 | |
| national courts | |
| incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons | |
| failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent | |
| 6 million Lira | |
| the European Court of Justice | |
| fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity | |
| since the 1950s | |
| in Article 5 | |
| the least onerous | |
| since the 1960s | |
| international law and public law | |
| a proper legal basis | |
| the principles of legal certainty and good faith | |
| from the constitutional traditions common to the member states | |
| fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states | |
| None | |
| member states | |
| 1950 | |
| European Court of Human Rights. | |
| 1999 | |
| 2007 | |
| the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union | |
| European Union law | |
| European Court of Justice | |
| 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam | |
| 1997 | |
| 1989 | |
| 30 | |
| 40 | |
| 11 of the then 12 member states | |
| The UK | |
| the "Social Chapter" | |
| 1992 | |
| the election of the UK Labour Party to government | |
| 1997 | |
| Works Council Directive | |
| 1996 | |
| workforce consultation in businesses | |
| France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany | |
| 1951 | |
| cartels | |
| article 66 | |
| 1957 | |
| Article 101(1) | |
| the abuse of dominant position | |
| Articles 106 and 107 | |
| Article 102 | |
| 2007 | |
| 1957 | |
| consumer prices | |
| free trade | |
| the Court of Justice | |
| a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination | |
| parallel importers like Mr Dassonville | |
| private actors | |
| Commission v France | |
| a protest that blocked heavy traffic | |
| 25 | |
| France | |
| 2003 | |
| cocoa butter | |
| motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers | |
| Keck and Mithouard | |
| cut throat competition | |
| Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini | |
| the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive | |
| to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement | |
| the European Community | |
| citizenship | |
| Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie | |
| to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did | |
| articles 1 to 7 | |
| Jean-Marc Bosman | |
| Gaelic | |
| Hendrix v Employee | |
| between 3 and 14 hours a week | |
| Citizenship of the EU | |
| the number of social services that people can access wherever they move | |
| Commission v Austria | |
| higher education | |
| the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | |
| if they were non-discriminatory | |
| Reyners v Belgium | |
| article 49 | |
| Commission v Italy | |
| 2006 | |
| shipping toxic waste | |
| October 2007 | |
| 2005 | |
| to people who give services "for remuneration" | |
| because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice | |
| narcotic drugs | |
| the treatment | |
| the Daily Mail | |
| £1 | |
| 200,000 Danish krone | |
| creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes | |
| Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH | |
| also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, | |
| 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. | |
| This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. | |
| States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names. | |
| The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests | |
| Amazoneregenwoud | |
| The Amazon rainforest | |
| Brazil | |
| over half | |
| 16,000 | |
| moist broadleaf forest | |
| 7,000,000 square kilometres (2,70 | |
| nine nations | |
| Brazil | |
| 16,000 species | |
| the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. | |
| Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. | |
| During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. | |
| It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. | |
| However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. | |
| the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate | |
| 45 | |
| Climate fluctuations | |
| Oligocene | |
| It expanded | |
| Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event | |
| 66–34 Mya | |
| Middle Miocene | |
| last glacial maximum | |
| 34 million years | |
| During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. | |
| Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, | |
| Solimões Basin | |
| Within the last 5–10 million years | |
| joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic. | |
| During the mid-Eocene | |
| the Atlantic | |
| the Pacific | |
| Amazonas Basin | |
| the Solimões Basin | |
| the mid-Eocene | |
| Purus Arch | |
| the Atlantic | |
| the Pacific | |
| Solimões Basin | |
| Last Glacial Maximum | |
| rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present | |
| the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland | |
| This debate has proved difficult | |
| explanations are reasonably well supported | |
| 21,000 | |
| the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation | |
| sediment deposits | |
| reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin | |
| 21,000 | |
| sediment deposits | |
| moist tropical vegetation cover | |
| open forest and grassland | |
| data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin | |
| CALIPSO | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 1,600 miles | |
| Amazon basin | |
| 132 million tons | |
| NASA's CALIPSO satellite | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 27.7 million tons | |
| 132 million tons | |
| 43 million tons | |
| CALIPSO | |
| NASA | |
| 182 million tons | |
| 1,600 miles | |
| 27.7 million tons | |
| Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| 0.52/sq mi | |
| agriculture | |
| anthropological | |
| 5 million | |
| the poor soil | |
| Betty Meggers | |
| 0.2 | |
| Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| Betty Meggers | |
| Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise | |
| 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre | |
| 5 million people | |
| 200,000. | |
| Francisco de Orellana | |
| 1540s | |
| diseases from Europe | |
| 1970s | |
| AD 0–1250 | |
| Francisco de Orellana | |
| 1542 | |
| AD 0–1250 | |
| Ondemar Dias | |
| 11,000 years | |
| black earth | |
| large areas | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| Xingu tribe | |
| Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida | |
| Terra preta (black earth) | |
| agriculture and silviculture | |
| Xingu tribe | |
| Michael Heckenberger and colleagues | |
| roads, bridges and large plazas | |
| 2.5 million | |
| One in five | |
| 40,000 | |
| one in five | |
| 96,660 and 128,843 | |
| 2.5 million | |
| 2,000 | |
| 40,000 | |
| 378 | |
| One in five | |
| 62 acres | |
| 1,100 | |
| 90,790 | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare | |
| 438,000 | |
| highest on Earth | |
| 1,100 | |
| 90,790 tonnes | |
| 356 ± 47 tonnes | |
| 438,000 | |
| electric eels | |
| black caiman | |
| piranha | |
| lipophilic alkaloid toxins | |
| Vampire bats | |
| Deforestation | |
| the early 1960s | |
| slash and burn method | |
| loss of soil fertility and weed invasion | |
| areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye | |
| 415,000 | |
| 587,000 | |
| pasture for cattle | |
| second-largest global producer | |
| 91% | |
| soy farmers | |
| increased settlement and deforestation | |
| 8,646 sq mi | |
| deforestation has declined | |
| 18% higher | |
| loss of biodiversity | |
| destruction of the forest | |
| carbon contained within the vegetation | |
| 10% of the carbon stores | |
| 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes | |
| reduced rainfall and increased temperatures | |
| greenhouse gas emissions | |
| 2100 | |
| though the 21st century | |
| climate change in addition to deforestation | |
| indigenous territories | |
| community-based conservation | |
| deforestation and ecocide | |
| Urarina | |
| lowland South American | |
| remote sensing | |
| Trio Tribe | |
| southern Suriname | |
| to help strengthen their territorial claims | |
| to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests | |
| tree growth | |
| carbon related emissions | |
| Tatiana Kuplich | |
| 2006 | |
| Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) | |
| 2005 | |
| Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research | |
| deforestation | |
| savanna or desert | |
| Woods Hole Research Center | |
| 2010 | |
| 1,160,000 | |
| three epicenters | |
| 2005 | |
| 1.5 gigatons | |
| comb jellies | |
| marine waters worldwide. | |
| a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. | |
| phylum of animals that live in marine waters | |
| ‘combs’ – groups of cilia | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) | |
| ‘combs’ – groups of cilia | |
| comb jellies | |
| 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) | |
| water flow through the body cavity | |
| κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry' | |
| marine waters | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| 100–150 | |
| possibly another 25 | |
| 100–150 species | |
| tentilla | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| tentacles | |
| groups of large, stiffened cilia | |
| ten times their own weight | |
| tentilla | |
| groups of large, stiffened cilia | |
| colloblasts | |
| 100–150 species | |
| Most species are hermaphrodites | |
| miniature cydippids | |
| In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time | |
| sequential | |
| platyctenids | |
| hermaphroditism and early reproduction | |
| a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm | |
| can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. | |
| the eggs and sperm mature at different times | |
| platyctenids | |
| beroids | |
| the Black Sea | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| over-fishing and long-term environmental changes | |
| other ctenophores | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| fish larvae and organisms | |
| In bays | |
| In bays | |
| planktonic plants | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| causing fish stocks to collapse | |
| introduction of Beroe | |
| 66 million years ago | |
| monophyletic | |
| 515 million years | |
| tentacles | |
| 515 million years | |
| Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction | |
| monophyletic | |
| tentacles | |
| cnidarians | |
| by having colloblasts | |
| bilaterians | |
| Ctenophores | |
| colloblasts | |
| cnidarians | |
| colloblasts | |
| colloblasts | |
| ctenophores and cnidarians | |
| bilaterians | |
| mesoglea | |
| diploblastic | |
| sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores | |
| sponges | |
| cilia | |
| method of locomotion | |
| ctenes | |
| comb-bearing | |
| Pleurobrachia | |
| oceanic species | |
| to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles | |
| Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis | |
| epithelium | |
| bioluminescence | |
| pharynx | |
| a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. | |
| the mouth and pharynx; | |
| swimming-plates | |
| also called "ctenes" or "comb plates | |
| supporting function | |
| in the direction in which the mouth is pointing, | |
| 2 millimeters (0.079 in) | |
| osmotic pressure | |
| the mesoglea | |
| increase its bulk and decrease its density | |
| pump water out of the mesoglea | |
| aboral organ | |
| at the opposite end from the mouth | |
| a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia | |
| a statocyst | |
| a balance sensor | |
| sea gooseberry | |
| a pair of long, slender tentacles | |
| more or less rounded | |
| a sheath | |
| at the narrow end | |
| tentilla | |
| specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis | |
| they contain striated muscle, | |
| three types of movement | |
| capturing prey | |
| eight rows | |
| from near the mouth to the opposite end | |
| evenly round the body | |
| ciliary groove | |
| lobes | |
| gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents | |
| four | |
| help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth | |
| suspended planktonic prey | |
| by clapping their lobes | |
| jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. | |
| nerves | |
| water disturbances created by the cilia | |
| Nuda | |
| The Beroida | |
| zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, | |
| "zip" the mouth shut | |
| large pharynx | |
| The Cestida | |
| Cestum veneris | |
| belt animals | |
| by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. | |
| Velamen parallelum | |
| a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles | |
| cling to and creep on surfaces | |
| comb-rows | |
| on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates | |
| via pores in the epidermis | |
| internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. | |
| Mnemiopsis | |
| in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows | |
| external | |
| tentacles and tentacle sheaths | |
| among the plankton | |
| after dropping to the sea-floor | |
| more like true larvae | |
| Beroe | |
| they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce | |
| are disturbed, | |
| ink | |
| Juveniles will luminesce more brightly | |
| Almost all ctenophores are predators | |
| jellyfish | |
| incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts | |
| smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae. | |
| Lampea | |
| their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water | |
| chum salmon | |
| ctenophores | |
| the Red Sea | |
| ctenophores, | |
| ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi | |
| via the ballast tanks of ships | |
| by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, | |
| in the late 1980s | |
| significantly slowed the animal's metabolism | |
| Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies | |
| comb jelly. | |
| Cambrian period. | |
| Three additional putative species | |
| lacked tentacles | |
| 515 million years | |
| Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris | |
| Stromatoveris | |
| Vendobionta | |
| Ediacaran period | |
| all other animals | |
| Porifera | |
| beroids | |
| monophyletic | |
| 65.5 million years ago | |
| Richard Harbison | |
| Fresno | |
| 220 miles (350 km) | |
| ash tree | |
| ash leaf | |
| (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh) | |
| 1872 | |
| the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding | |
| 1885 | |
| 47 streetcars | |
| store | |
| 2.7% | |
| Chinatown | |
| Pinedale | |
| an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps | |
| an assembly center | |
| BankAmericard | |
| BankAmericard | |
| to revolve a balance | |
| 1976 | |
| Visa Inc. | |
| Bill Aken | |
| Bob Gallion | |
| Madera | |
| The Fresno Barn | |
| Lupe Mayorga | |
| three | |
| Roeding Park | |
| Kearney Park | |
| Shinzen Japanese Gardens | |
| Kearney Park | |
| Between the 1880s and World War II | |
| Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library | |
| San Joaquin Light & Power Building | |
| Hughes Hotel | |
| 1964 | |
| Fulton Mall | |
| Pierre-Auguste Renoir | |
| near their current locations | |
| wide sidewalks | |
| Fresno's far southeast side | |
| Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue | |
| 1950s through the 1970s | |
| Sunnyside | |
| William P. Bell | |
| Tower Theatre | |
| 1939 | |
| water tower | |
| Fresno Normal School | |
| one-half mile | |
| late 1970s | |
| second and third run movies, along with classic films | |
| 1978 | |
| Fresno | |
| Evita and The Wiz | |
| live theater | |
| all within a few hundred feet of each other | |
| Tower District | |
| Tower District | |
| Tower District | |
| early twentieth century homes | |
| Storybook houses | |
| contrasts | |
| in recent decades | |
| Huntington Boulevard | |
| William Stranahan | |
| 1914 | |
| 267 | |
| Fresno Traction Company | |
| "Southwest Fresno" | |
| southwest | |
| African-American | |
| Hmong or Laotian | |
| "West Side" | |
| M. Theo Kearney | |
| tall palm trees | |
| Fresno Street and Thorne Ave | |
| Brookhaven | |
| The isolated subdivision | |
| between the 1960s and 1990s | |
| Fresno and B streets | |
| Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms | |
| the West Side | |
| very little | |
| Ralph Woodward | |
| 300 acres | |
| 2,500 | |
| 22 miles | |
| April through October | |
| 1946 | |
| William Smilie | |
| Sierra Sky Park | |
| automobiles | |
| there are now numerous such communities across the United States | |
| hot and dry | |
| July | |
| around 11.5 inches | |
| northwest | |
| December, January and February | |
| 115 °F | |
| January 6, 1913 | |
| 1885 | |
| 2.2 inches | |
| 3.55 inches | |
| 494,665 | |
| 49.6% | |
| 8,525 | |
| 30.0% | |
| 4,404.5 people | |
| 68,511 | |
| 19.3% | |
| 1,388 | |
| 3.62 | |
| 3.07 | |
| 427,652 | |
| 149,025 | |
| 8.4% | |
| a third | |
| 4,097.9 people per square mile | |
| To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations | |
| KMJ-TV | |
| June 1, 1953 | |
| NBC affiliate KSEE | |
| KGPE | |
| State Route 99 | |
| the Sierra Freeway | |
| State Route 41 | |
| west | |
| Fresno | |
| 1950s | |
| 99 | |
| rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99 | |
| Amtrak San Joaquins | |
| Downtown Fresno | |
| Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad | |
| San Joaquin Valley Railroad | |
| Fresno | |
| Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching | |
| provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth | |
| Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe | |
| the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching | |
| to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages | |
| Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe | |
| circuit switching | |
| circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time | |
| by a fee per unit of information transmitted | |
| circuit switching | |
| a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth | |
| by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred | |
| by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing | |
| the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme | |
| with or without intermediate forwarding nodes | |
| by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing | |
| the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme | |
| the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| survivable communications networks | |
| use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks | |
| delivery of these messages by store and forward switching | |
| a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network | |
| by store and forward switching | |
| distributed adaptive message block switching | |
| use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets | |
| independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran | |
| packet switching | |
| proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK | |
| use in the ARPANET | |
| Donald Davies | |
| packet switching | |
| suggested it for use in the ARPANET | |
| each packet includes complete addressing information | |
| individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery | |
| Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet | |
| the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number | |
| The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number | |
| Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table | |
| a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking | |
| a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication | |
| connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer | |
| supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching | |
| Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted | |
| A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS | |
| 1969 | |
| Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core | |
| In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host | |
| User Datagram Protocol | |
| a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 | |
| that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server | |
| automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing | |
| a plug-n-play system | |
| CYCLADES packet switching network | |
| to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself | |
| using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms | |
| later ARPANET architecture | |
| a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation | |
| connect two PDP-11 minicomputers | |
| Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol | |
| were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux | |
| a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers | |
| the world's first commercial online service | |
| They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around | |
| that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable | |
| as a means to help the state's educational and economic development | |
| an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State | |
| Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network | |
| the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States | |
| Larry Roberts | |
| making ARPANET technology public | |
| host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29 | |
| Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE | |
| an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA | |
| connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies | |
| connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections | |
| government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks | |
| private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network | |
| There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC | |
| DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research | |
| A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address | |
| AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra | |
| supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications | |
| Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network | |
| was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom | |
| Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines | |
| public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049 | |
| use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion | |
| The Computer Science Network | |
| to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET | |
| role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet | |
| a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government | |
| The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest | |
| Abilene | |
| a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network | |
| Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network | |
| The National Science Foundation Network | |
| advanced research and education networking in the United States | |
| it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone | |
| The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service | |
| provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States | |
| The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF | |
| By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3 | |
| vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c | |
| the arid plains of Central Asia | |
| merchant ships. | |
| 30–60% of Europe's total population | |
| the 17th century | |
| until the 19th century | |
| commonly present | |
| dating to 1338–39 | |
| China | |
| 1331 | |
| an estimated 25 million | |
| Genoese traders | |
| Jani Beg | |
| infected corpses | |
| Sicily | |
| war, famine, and weather | |
| northwest across Europe | |
| northwestern Russia | |
| parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours | |
| Germany and Scandinavia | |
| 1349 | |
| serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures | |
| autumn 1347 | |
| y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea | |
| The city's residents fled to the north | |
| Gasquet | |
| atra mors | |
| J.I. Pontanus | |
| 1823 | |
| Scandinavia | |
| the heavens | |
| the king of France | |
| That the plague was caused by bad air | |
| Miasma theory | |
| Yersinia pestis | |
| Hong Kong in 1894 | |
| French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin | |
| The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted | |
| two populations of rodents | |
| Francis Aidan Gasquet | |
| some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague | |
| 1908 | |
| rats and fleas | |
| the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE. | |
| 30–75% | |
| 100–106 °F | |
| 80 percent | |
| 90 to 95 percent | |
| purple skin patches | |
| In October 2010 | |
| a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death | |
| with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | |
| from the tooth sockets in human skeletons | |
| unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague | |
| genetic branches | |
| Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis | |
| the plague may have entered Europe in two waves | |
| through the port of Marseille around November 1347 | |
| spring of 1349 | |
| confirmed and amended | |
| East Smithfield | |
| may no longer exist | |
| October 2011 | |
| British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury | |
| rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague | |
| contemporary accounts were exaggerations | |
| the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly | |
| Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. | |
| epidemiological account of the plague | |
| the lack of reliable statistics from this period | |
| by over 100% | |
| the clergy | |
| between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377 | |
| the rat population was insufficient | |
| of marginal significance | |
| temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas | |
| the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague | |
| 5 to 15 years | |
| a form of anthrax | |
| a combination of anthrax and other pandemics | |
| typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections | |
| (a type of "blood poisoning" | |
| 25 | |
| about a third. | |
| Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people | |
| at least some pre-planning and Christian burials | |
| as much as 50% | |
| most isolated areas | |
| throughout the 14th to 17th centuries | |
| the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. | |
| almost a million people | |
| propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million | |
| By the end of 1350 | |
| 10–15% of the population | |
| 1665 | |
| 40,000 | |
| Russia | |
| the Italian Plague of 1629–1631 | |
| The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654. | |
| 22 times between 1361 and 1528 | |
| some 1.7 million victims | |
| about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants | |
| reduced the population of Seville by half | |
| Sweden v. Russia and allies | |
| 1720 in Marseille. | |
| between 1500 and 1850 | |
| 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants | |
| until the second quarter of the 19th century. | |
| two-thirds of its population | |
| melt (magma and/or lava) | |
| metamorphic rock | |
| new magma | |
| igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic | |
| heat and pressure | |
| seafloor spreading | |
| the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle | |
| asthenosphere | |
| the convecting mantle | |
| the 1960s | |
| divergent boundaries | |
| convergent boundaries | |
| Transform boundaries | |
| Alfred Wegener | |
| the convecting mantle | |
| seismic waves | |
| crust | |
| the mantle | |
| wave speeds | |
| the outer core and inner core | |
| second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale | |
| Quaternary | |
| The Holocene | |
| the Quaternary period | |
| The principle of cross-cutting relationships | |
| younger than the fault | |
| the key bed | |
| older than the fault | |
| xenoliths | |
| magma or lava flows | |
| clasts | |
| The principle of inclusions and components | |
| gravel | |
| The principle of faunal succession | |
| William Smith | |
| complex | |
| organisms | |
| Charles Darwin | |
| At the beginning of the 20th century | |
| stratigraphic correlation | |
| absolute ages | |
| to one another | |
| fossil sequences | |
| Thermochemical techniques | |
| particular closure temperature | |
| isotope ratios of radioactive elements | |
| Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence | |
| horizontal compression | |
| In the shallow crust | |
| antiforms | |
| synforms | |
| anticlines and synclines | |
| Extension | |
| boudins | |
| within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt | |
| metamorphosed | |
| normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning | |
| Dikes | |
| in areas that are being actively deformed | |
| topographic gradients | |
| Continual motion along the fault | |
| Deformational events | |
| layered basaltic lava flows | |
| Acasta gneiss | |
| sedimentary rocks | |
| Cambrian time | |
| Slave craton in northwestern Canada | |
| the study of rocks | |
| the study of sedimentary layers | |
| the study of positions of rock units and their deformation | |
| modern soils | |
| identifying rocks | |
| birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties | |
| geochemical evolution of rock units | |
| the laboratory | |
| petrographic microscope | |
| pressure physical experiments | |
| physical experiments | |
| metamorphic processes | |
| Structural geologists | |
| microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections | |
| plot and combine | |
| analog and numerical experiments | |
| orogenic wedges | |
| those involving orogenic wedges | |
| sand | |
| all angles remain the same | |
| Numerical models | |
| stratigraphers | |
| geophysical surveys | |
| well logs | |
| computer programs | |
| water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction | |
| provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition | |
| biostratigraphers | |
| Magnetic stratigraphers | |
| Geochronologists | |
| Persia | |
| Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni | |
| Shen Kuo | |
| Ibn Sina | |
| his observation of fossil animal shells | |
| James Hutton | |
| Theory of the Earth | |
| 1795 | |
| Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed | |
| William Maclure | |
| 1809 | |
| 1807 | |
| Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map | |
| the American Philosophical Society | |
| Principles of Geology | |
| uniformitarianism | |
| uniformitarianism | |
| catastrophism | |
| Charles Darwin | |
| 103 miles | |
| 8.5 mi | |
| Eurocities | |
| Northumberland | |
| Geordie | |
| Robert Curthose | |
| wool | |
| coal | |
| 16th century | |
| the Great North Run | |
| Pons Aelius | |
| Tyne | |
| 2,000 | |
| Hadrian's | |
| Pictish | |
| England's | |
| Elizabeth | |
| 25-foot | |
| William the Lion | |
| three times | |
| coal | |
| the Hostmen | |
| a pointless pursuit | |
| an eccentric | |
| ruin him | |
| their families | |
| boats | |
| 7,000 | |
| 47% | |
| devastating loss | |
| the King | |
| the Scots | |
| drummes | |
| Triumphing by a brave defence | |
| Charles I | |
| urbanization | |
| the Maling company | |
| electric lighting | |
| prosperity | |
| the steam turbine | |
| medieval | |
| Narrow alleys | |
| Stairs | |
| modern | |
| a restaurant | |
| Tyneside Classical | |
| England's best-looking city | |
| Grey Street | |
| in the 1960s | |
| Shopping Centre | |
| Town Moor | |
| graze | |
| The Hoppings funfair | |
| June | |
| freemen | |
| Large-scale regeneration | |
| Gateshead Council | |
| Norman Foster | |
| tourist promotion | |
| ten | |
| the Grainger Town area | |
| between 1835 and 1842 | |
| four stories | |
| 244 | |
| the Butcher Market | |
| 1835 | |
| 2000 | |
| a painting | |
| English Heritage | |
| oceanic | |
| warming | |
| rain | |
| January 1982 | |
| the British Isles | |
| 2010 | |
| Eldon Square Shopping Centre, | |
| Bainbridge's | |
| by department | |
| 2007 | |
| shopping | |
| suburban | |
| Tesco | |
| the MetroCentre | |
| Gateshead | |
| The Tyneside flat | |
| terraces | |
| the Ouseburn valley | |
| Architects | |
| high density | |
| 7.8% | |
| 5.9% | |
| overinflated | |
| authorities | |
| Tunbridge Wells. | |
| 2001 | |
| metropolitan | |
| student | |
| Universities | |
| student populations | |
| 37.8 | |
| ancestors | |
| Border Reiver | |
| 500 | |
| 1% | |
| Geordie | |
| Anglo-Saxon populations | |
| many elements | |
| strong | |
| stream | |
| Scandinavia | |
| Northern United Kingdom | |
| Scots | |
| Many words | |
| Dutch | |
| a report | |
| noisiest | |
| 80.4 | |
| negative | |
| a motorway underpass | |
| Collingwood Street | |
| indoor complex | |
| 12 | |
| 'The Pink Triangle' | |
| bars, cafés and clubs | |
| theatre | |
| Stephen Kemble | |
| many celebrated seasons | |
| 1788 | |
| Grey Street | |
| theatres | |
| the Theatre Royal | |
| Royal Shakespeare | |
| local talent | |
| arts capital of the UK | |
| The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle | |
| 8000 | |
| Green | |
| lecture theatre | |
| Joseph Swan | |
| The Newcastle Beer Festival | |
| May | |
| biennial | |
| EAT! | |
| 2 | |
| The Hoppings | |
| every June | |
| Temperance | |
| a cycling festival | |
| The Northern Pride Festival | |
| Newcastle Mela | |
| Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre | |
| Design Event festival | |
| East Asian | |
| NewcastleGateshead | |
| folk-rock | |
| 1971 | |
| Venom | |
| Skyclad | |
| Duran Duran | |
| November 2006 and May 2008 | |
| Old Town Hall | |
| three | |
| Classic | |
| roof | |
| Centre for Life | |
| life on Tyneside | |
| shipbuilding | |
| 2009 | |
| Seven Stories | |
| On the Night of the Fire | |
| Get Carter | |
| gangster | |
| Mike Figgis | |
| Sting | |
| Gosforth Park | |
| the Newcastle Eagles | |
| Newcastle Diamonds | |
| Brough Park | |
| Blaydon Race | |
| 6 miles | |
| Metro Light Rail system | |
| 20 minutes | |
| over five million | |
| over 90 | |
| Victorian architecture | |
| six | |
| Victoria | |
| Robert Stephenson. | |
| Manors | |
| half-hourly | |
| about three | |
| Edinburgh | |
| CrossCountry | |
| Northern Rail | |
| Tyne and Wear Metro | |
| five | |
| deep-level | |
| A bridge | |
| over 37 million | |
| Metro: All Change.' | |
| smart ticketing | |
| tracks, signalling and overhead wires | |
| an entirely new fleet of trains | |
| trams | |
| the A1 | |
| the A696 | |
| the old "Great North Road" | |
| the roads | |
| the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel | |
| 3 | |
| two | |
| Stagecoach | |
| the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. | |
| Go-Ahead | |
| 1998 | |
| highlighting the usage of cycling | |
| healthy | |
| one way | |
| national networks | |
| Danish DFDS Seaways | |
| end of October 2006 | |
| high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services | |
| late 2008 | |
| Thomson | |
| eleven | |
| seven | |
| the Royal Grammar School | |
| Newcastle College | |
| Catholic | |
| two | |
| Newcastle University | |
| Sunday Times University of the Year award | |
| polytechnics became new universities | |
| Northumbria University | |
| three | |
| 1474 | |
| Coptic | |
| Thomas | |
| parish churches | |
| The Parish Church of St Andrew | |
| 1726 | |
| the main porch | |
| ancient churchyards | |
| The church tower | |
| City Road | |
| a new facility | |
| The entrance to studio 5 | |
| result of its colouring | |
| BBC Radio Newcastle | |
| NE1fm | |
| Newcastle Student Radio | |
| since 1951 | |
| Radio Lollipop | |
| Newcastle University's student's union building | |
| 1770 | |
| Archbishop of Westminster | |
| George Stephenson | |
| the incandescent light bulb | |
| Thailand | |
| Rutherford Grammar School | |
| international footballers | |
| Nobel Prize | |
| keyed Northumbrian smallpipes | |
| Newcastle | |
| The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea | |
| a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. | |
| It was founded in 1852 | |
| named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert | |
| Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea | |
| 1852 | |
| Queen Victoria and Prince Albert | |
| Department for Culture, Media and Sport | |
| 2001 | |
| 12.5 | |
| 145 | |
| 5,000 | |
| Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa | |
| post-classical sculpture | |
| Great Exhibition of 1851 | |
| Henry Cole | |
| Museum of Manufactures | |
| Somerset House | |
| Gottfried Semper | |
| Queen Victoria | |
| 22 June 1857 | |
| George Wallis | |
| late night openings | |
| 1949 | |
| between September and November 1946 | |
| nearly a million and a half | |
| Festival of Britain (1951) | |
| Festival of Britain | |
| 1948 | |
| a rock concert | |
| Gryphon | |
| Roy Strong | |
| mediaeval music | |
| Dundee | |
| £76 million | |
| on the city's waterfront | |
| fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography | |
| within five years | |
| Brompton Park House | |
| Sheepshanks Gallery | |
| Captain Francis Fowke | |
| Secretariat Wing | |
| offices and board room | |
| Oriental Courts | |
| Italian Renaissance | |
| James Gamble & Reuben Townroe | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| Titian | |
| Philip Webb and William Morris | |
| Edward Burne-Jones | |
| James Gamble | |
| Alfred Stevens | |
| Sir Edward Poynter | |
| Henry Young Darracott Scott | |
| School for Naval Architects | |
| Cadeby stone | |
| prints and architectural drawings | |
| 2008 | |
| sgraffito | |
| Starkie Gardner | |
| southeast of the garden | |
| Art Library | |
| Reuben Townroe | |
| Aston Webb | |
| red brick and Portland stone | |
| 720 feet | |
| a statue of fame | |
| top row of windows | |
| Alfred Drury | |
| four | |
| Alfred Drury | |
| marble | |
| Queen Victoria | |
| Art Library | |
| Henry Cole wing | |
| a new entrance building | |
| Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne | |
| the Spiral | |
| main silverware gallery | |
| mosaic floors | |
| FuturePlan | |
| South Kensington | |
| McInnes Usher McKnight Architects | |
| Kim Wilkie | |
| John Madejski Garden | |
| elliptical | |
| receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes | |
| American Sweetgum | |
| 2004 | |
| Royal Institute of British Architects | |
| over 600,000 | |
| RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection | |
| over 700,000 | |
| Andrea Palladio | |
| Zaha Hadid | |
| over 330 | |
| Sir Christopher Wren | |
| Sir Edwin Lutyens | |
| Bishopsgate | |
| Great Fire of London | |
| c1600 | |
| Montal | |
| Alhambra | |
| over 19,000 | |
| 2006 | |
| Ardabil Carpet | |
| Spain | |
| 1909 | |
| nearly 60,000 | |
| about 10,000 | |
| 6000 | |
| 1991 | |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | |
| more than 70,000 | |
| China, Japan and Korea | |
| The T. T. Tsui Gallery | |
| 1991 | |
| Ming and Qing | |
| Toshiba | |
| 1986 | |
| 13th | |
| from 1550 to 1900 | |
| bronze | |
| from the 14th to the 19th century | |
| Sri Lanka | |
| Hindu and Buddhist sculptures | |
| mother-of-pearl | |
| ivory | |
| Leonardo da Vinci | |
| Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III | |
| over 14,000 | |
| 1869 | |
| 1876 | |
| Charles Dickens | |
| Beatrix Potter | |
| from the 12th to 16th | |
| the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc | |
| Lucas Horenbout | |
| Word and Image Department | |
| MODES | |
| Encoded Archival Description | |
| newly accessioned into the collection | |
| Search the Collections | |
| 2007 | |
| Factory Project | |
| Andy Warhol | |
| 15,000 | |
| to catalog everything | |
| British patrons | |
| Asia | |
| Gian Lorenzo Bernini | |
| Horace Walpole | |
| porcelain, cloth and wallpaper | |
| increase in tea drinking | |
| increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure | |
| John Ruskin | |
| the growth of mass production | |
| Arts and Crafts | |
| Trajan's Column | |
| cut in half | |
| David | |
| sculptures, friezes and tombs | |
| in a glass case | |
| 1731 | |
| Frederick II the Great | |
| 1762 | |
| 1909 | |
| Chinese and Japanese ceramics | |
| Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach | |
| Britain and Holland | |
| ceramic stoves | |
| from the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| Germany and Switzerland | |
| 4000 | |
| over 6000 | |
| Ancient Egypt | |
| René Lalique | |
| Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé | |
| 1994 | |
| Danny Lane | |
| 2004 | |
| Dale Chihuly | |
| 13th | |
| over 10,000 | |
| 2,000 | |
| Dürer | |
| Rembrandt | |
| Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres | |
| over 14,000 | |
| Word and Image department | |
| Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived | |
| 1913 | |
| Harrods | |
| 2002 | |
| Vivienne Westwood | |
| 178 | |
| Costiff | |
| modern | |
| Italian and French Renaissance | |
| between 1859 and 1865 | |
| French 18th-century art and furnishings | |
| 1882 | |
| £250,000 | |
| 1580 | |
| Hans Vredeman de Vries | |
| c1750 | |
| Germany | |
| Charles and Ray Eames | |
| over 6000 | |
| Ancient Egypt | |
| 1869 | |
| 154 | |
| William and Judith Bollinger | |
| secular and sacred | |
| 1496–97 | |
| 8 | |
| Sir George Gilbert Scott | |
| over 10,000 | |
| c1110 | |
| gilt bronze | |
| St Thomas Becket | |
| c1180 | |
| gilt copper | |
| over 5,100 | |
| Bryan Davies | |
| Horniman Museum | |
| 35 | |
| 2010 | |
| 1130 | |
| 650 | |
| 6800 | |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
| Andrés Marzal De Sax | |
| 1857 | |
| 233 | |
| forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art' | |
| The Hay Wain | |
| British | |
| continental art 1600–1800 | |
| Madame de Pompadour | |
| Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child | |
| François, Duc d'Alençon | |
| Eadweard Muybridge | |
| 1887 | |
| 781 | |
| animals and humans performimg various actions | |
| James Lafayette | |
| post-classical European | |
| 22,000 | |
| from about 400 AD to 1914 | |
| All | |
| National Galleries of Scotland | |
| Neptune and Triton | |
| Chancel Chapel | |
| Giuliano da Sangallo | |
| 1493–1500 | |
| more than 20 | |
| the sculptor | |
| 1914 | |
| World War I | |
| St John the Baptist | |
| George Frampton | |
| Thomas Brock | |
| Sir Francis Chantrey | |
| Europeans who were based in Britain | |
| Dorothy and Michael Hintze | |
| 1950 | |
| by theme | |
| Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein | |
| Tate Britain | |
| more than 53,000 | |
| all populated continents | |
| from the 1st century AD to the present | |
| western Europe | |
| by technique | |
| Cloth of St Gereon | |
| 15th | |
| the Netherlands | |
| hunting of various animals | |
| John Vanderbank's workshop | |
| late 14th-century | |
| William Morris | |
| 1887 | |
| Marion Dorn | |
| Serge Chermayeff | |
| Theatre Museum | |
| 2009 | |
| material about live performance | |
| Shakespeare | |
| research, exhibitions and other shows | |
| Conservation | |
| temperature and light | |
| interventive | |
| V&A Museum of Childhood | |
| preventive | |
| The Walt Disney Company | |
| 1957 | |
| Manhattan | |
| Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street | |
| Disney Media Networks | |
| October 12, 1943 | |
| radio network | |
| 1948 | |
| ESPN | |
| Capital Cities Communications | |
| 232 | |
| Citadel Broadcasting | |
| eight | |
| Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission | |
| Citadel Broadcasting | |
| Radio Corporation of America | |
| NBC Blue and NBC Red | |
| major cities | |
| drama series | |
| NBC Blue | |
| Mutual | |
| 1938 | |
| 1940 | |
| NBC Red Network | |
| NBC Blue | |
| Mark Woods | |
| NBC Blue Network | |
| Dillon, Read & Co. | |
| David Sarnoff | |
| $7.5 million | |
| Life Savers candy | |
| October 12, 1943 | |
| George B. Storer | |
| president and CEO | |
| June 30, 1951 | |
| Magnetophon tape recorder | |
| Paul Whiteman | |
| ABC | |
| Bing Crosby | |
| public service | |
| $155 million | |
| ABC1 | |
| September 8, 2007 | |
| ABC International | |
| United States | |
| 1959 | |
| satellite television | |
| Japan and Latin America | |
| legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties | |
| coronation of Queen Elizabeth II | |
| Beirut | |
| Mainichi Broadcasting System | |
| flight delays | |
| technical problems | |
| Peanuts | |
| Emmy Awards | |
| 1965 | |
| the Academy Awards | |
| It's the Great Pumpkin | |
| 1974 | |
| Ryan Seacrest | |
| 1954 | |
| Times Square | |
| TLC | |
| General Hospital | |
| 1975 | |
| The Edge of Night | |
| The View and The Chew | |
| 1963 | |
| X Games | |
| 2006 | |
| 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time | |
| NBA | |
| The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments | |
| Frank Marx | |
| channels 2 through 6 | |
| 1947 | |
| VHF channel 7 | |
| 108 | |
| two | |
| DuMont Television Network | |
| CBS and NBC | |
| U.S. Supreme Court | |
| Paramount Pictures | |
| nine | |
| CBS | |
| Prudential Insurance Company of America | |
| Leonard Goldenson | |
| William S. Paley | |
| June 6, 1951 | |
| 1952 | |
| February 9, 1953 | |
| American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc | |
| the Paramount Building | |
| August 10, 1948 | |
| October 1948 | |
| Mount Wilson | |
| The Prospect Studios | |
| September 30, 1960 | |
| 1960s | |
| William Hanna and Joseph Barbera | |
| 1960s | |
| 1959 | |
| NBC | |
| 1961 | |
| 1985 | |
| circle logo | |
| Troika Design Group | |
| black-and-yellow | |
| the dot | |
| Pittard Sullivan | |
| 2015 | |
| "We Love TV" image campaign | |
| ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show | |
| 1993–94 season | |
| 1995–96 season | |
| 1983 | |
| That Special Feeling | |
| 1977 | |
| black background | |
| glossy gold | |
| Paul Rand | |
| Bauhaus typeface | |
| Herbert Bayer | |
| 1963–64 season | |
| ABC Radio | |
| October 19, 2005 | |
| six divisions | |
| 2004 | |
| Grey's Anatomy | |
| Anne Sweeney | |
| NASCAR | |
| 2002 | |
| Michael Eisner | |
| The Bachelor | |
| The Bachelorette | |
| Time Warner Cable | |
| ABC | |
| ABC | |
| afternoon of May 2. | |
| 2000 | |
| The WB | |
| CBS | |
| August 1999 | |
| Regis Philbin | |
| Buena Vista Television | |
| Meredith Vieira | |
| July 31, 1995 | |
| ABC Inc. | |
| Knight Ridder | |
| Robert Iger | |
| Sports Night | |
| 1965–66 season | |
| third place | |
| Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC | |
| May 1, 1953 | |
| 7 West 66th Street | |
| Baltimore | |
| Robert Kintner | |
| DuMont Television Network | |
| ABC-DuMont | |
| $5 million in cash | |
| Paramount Pictures | |
| The Lone Ranger | |
| The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet | |
| Cheyenne | |
| Sugarfoot | |
| Walt Disney | |
| Warner Bros. Presents | |
| Roy | |
| $500,000 | |
| 1954 | |
| Disneyland | |
| Allen Shaw | |
| Harold L. Neal | |
| LOVE Radio | |
| seven | |
| 1969 | |
| Duel | |
| 1971 | |
| $400,000–$450,000 | |
| early 1970s | |
| ABC | |
| behavioral and demographic data | |
| Monday Night Football | |
| 2006 | |
| ESPN | |
| 15%–16% | |
| 1970 | |
| 1972 | |
| Worldvision Enterprises | |
| cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks | |
| January 2, 1971 | |
| Henry Plitt | |
| Elton Rule | |
| 1966 | |
| Happy Days | |
| youth-oriented programming | |
| Paramount Pictures | |
| Fred Pierce | |
| Fred Silverman | |
| S.W.A.T | |
| November 3, 1975 | |
| president of NBC's entertainment division | |
| Laverne & Shirley | |
| jiggle TV | |
| Alex Haley | |
| Aaron Spelling | |
| nine seasons | |
| 1976–77 season | |
| Soap | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| ABC Sports | |
| 7 Lincoln Square | |
| June 1979 | |
| June 1978 | |
| Hugh Downs | |
| Barbara Walters | |
| MCA Inc. | |
| ABC Cable News | |
| ABC News Now | |
| WJRT-TV | |
| WTVG | |
| Writers Guild of America | |
| Duel | |
| Caris & Co. | |
| ABC Entertainment | |
| ABC Entertainment Group | |
| Citadel Media | |
| iTunes | |
| 2010 | |
| 2004 | |
| Fridays | |
| Wednesdays | |
| 1970 | |
| Worldvision Enterprises | |
| ABC Circle Films | |
| Turner Broadcasting System | |
| Disney–ABC Domestic Television | |
| Buena Vista Television | |
| Buena Vista International Television | |
| Selznick library | |
| WABC-TV and WPVI-TV | |
| eight | |
| 235 additional television stations | |
| 96.26% | |
| 1946 | |
| the seal of the Federal Communications Commission | |
| 1957 | |
| 2011 | |
| Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | |
| HD | |
| Litton's Weekend Aventure | |
| 720p high definition | |
| 1080i HD | |
| 11 | |
| 720p high definition | |
| Body of Proof | |
| Happy Endings | |
| NBC | |
| V | |
| All My Children and One Life to Live | |
| Prospect Park | |
| Hulu | |
| The Revolution | |
| 18–49 demographic | |
| 2004 | |
| CBS | |
| Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. | |
| The Neighbors | |
| The Middle and Modern Family | |
| Dragon's Den | |
| Sundays | |
| Tim Allen | |
| Daniel Burke | |
| Thomas Murphy | |
| NYPD Blue | |
| Steven Bochco | |
| ten seasons | |
| 1993 | |
| DIC Entertainment | |
| Time Warner Cable | |
| 23.63% of American households | |
| WLS | |
| May 9, 1960 | |
| John Bassett | |
| CFTO-TV | |
| Wide World of Sports | |
| Edgar Scherick | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| Sports Programs, Inc. | |
| American Broadcasting Companies | |
| The Dating Game | |
| The Newlywed Game | |
| 1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan | |
| 90% | |
| Dynasty | |
| Mork & Mindy | |
| Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) | |
| Infinity Broadcasting Corporation | |
| Getty Oil | |
| The Entertainment Channel | |
| Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E) | |
| Daniel B. Burke | |
| chairman and CEO | |
| $465 million | |
| America's Funniest Home Videos | |
| Home Improvement | |
| General Hospital | |
| The View and The Chew | |
| 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays | |
| Jimmy Kimmel | |
| New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware | |
| WBMA-LD | |
| WBND-LD | |
| WLQP-LP | |
| ABC Circle Films | |
| ABC Studios | |
| ABC Television Center | |
| ABC Television Center, East | |
| Times Square Studios | |
| Good Morning America and Nightline | |
| Peter Jennings | |
| World News Tonight | |
| ABC on Demand | |
| Hulu | |
| July 6, 2009 | |
| 27% ownership stake | |
| the day after their original broadcast | |
| eight | |
| fast forwarding of accessed content | |
| January 7, 2014 | |
| LoyalKaspar | |
| four variants | |
| ABC Modern | |
| ESPN | |
| 14 | |
| 74 | |
| All-Channel Receiver Act | |
| UHF tuning | |
| Youngstown | |
| five times lower viewership | |
| WTRF-TV | |
| 1980s | |
| Walt Disney Presents | |
| Desilu Productions | |
| its use of violence | |
| April 1959 | |
| ABC Sunday Night Movie | |
| $15.5 million | |
| Hanna-Barbera | |
| The Jetsons | |
| April 1, 1963 | |
| ITT | |
| Donald F. Turner | |
| Department of Justice | |
| January 1, 1968 | |
| Capital Cities Communications | |
| $3.5 billion | |
| Warren Buffett | |
| E. W. Scripps Company | |
| 12 television stations | |
| September 5, 1985 | |
| Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. | |
| president of ABC's broadcasting division | |
| Michael P. Millardi | |
| Roone Arledge | |
| Laverne & Shirley | |
| Three's Company | |
| NBC | |
| The Love Boat | |
| comedies and family-oriented series | |
| the "TGIF" block | |
| Thank Goodness It's Funny | |
| Miller-Boyett Productions | |
| Warner Bros. | |
| seven radio stations | |
| Charly | |
| Ralph Nelson | |
| 1985 | |
| Redwood City, California | |
| westerns and detective series | |
| 500% | |
| between 10% and 18% | |
| Ollie Treiz | |
| Dick Clark | |
| counterprogramming | |
| Zorro | |
| Life | |
| detective shows | |
| WATCH ABC | |
| New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV | |
| Hearst Television | |
| WatchESPN | |
| Sinclair Broadcast Group | |
| WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market | |
| E. W. Scripps Company | |
| 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates | |
| 15 | |
| Start Here | |
| Troika | |
| the entertainment division | |
| ABC News | |
| WFTS-TV and WWSB | |
| KMBC-TV and KQTV | |
| WZZM and WOTV | |
| WTSP | |
| the Mongol Empire | |
| many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia | |
| Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands | |
| a substantial portion of Central Asia and China | |
| the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| 1227 | |
| Western Xia | |
| his sons and grandsons | |
| somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location | |
| Delüün Boldog | |
| Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad | |
| 1162 | |
| a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured | |
| Temülen | |
| Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge | |
| Börte | |
| Khongirad | |
| Dai Setsen | |
| Begter | |
| Hoelun | |
| Temüjin and his brother Khasar | |
| during one hunting excursion | |
| the Tayichi'ud | |
| with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks | |
| Chilaun | |
| Jelme and Bo'orchu | |
| a river crevice | |
| arranged marriages | |
| Temüjin's mother Hoelun | |
| the Chinese dynasties to the south | |
| the need for alliances | |
| the Onggirat | |
| the Merkits | |
| Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe | |
| Jochi | |
| 1185 | |
| three | |
| Chagatai | |
| 1241 | |
| Tolui | |
| six | |
| sworn brother or blood brother | |
| Toghrul | |
| the Keraites | |
| 20,000 | |
| Jamukha | |
| the traditional Mongolian aristocracy | |
| Kokochu | |
| 1186 | |
| Battle of Dalan Balzhut | |
| Qara Khitai | |
| the Yassa code | |
| wealth from future possible war spoils | |
| orphans from the conquered tribe | |
| his protection | |
| Jochi | |
| Jamukha | |
| Jamukha | |
| the Keraite | |
| the Naimans | |
| 1201 | |
| universal ruler | |
| Subutai | |
| 1206 | |
| his friendship | |
| he did not want disloyal men in his army | |
| a noble death | |
| breaking the back | |
| the Chinese | |
| Jamukha | |
| Khasar | |
| Yam route systems | |
| Wang Khan | |
| 1206 | |
| Khuruldai | |
| Khagan | |
| Ögedei | |
| a council of Mongol chiefs | |
| the Jin dynasty | |
| Ming-Tan | |
| 1215 | |
| Kaifeng | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| Kuchlug | |
| the Liao dynasty | |
| 20,000 | |
| Jebe | |
| The Arrow | |
| inciting internal revolt | |
| west of Kashgar | |
| Lake Balkhash | |
| Khwarezmid Empire | |
| a Muslim state | |
| Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad | |
| Inalchuq | |
| the Muslim | |
| 100,000 | |
| the Silk Road | |
| Tien Shan | |
| three | |
| the southeast | |
| Tolui | |
| Samarkand | |
| fragmentation | |
| Otrar | |
| silver | |
| fled | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| Samarkand | |
| Bukhara | |
| a river | |
| captured enemies | |
| reneged | |
| pyramids of severed heads | |
| opened the gates | |
| a unit of Turkish defenders | |
| artisans and craftsmen | |
| the flail of God | |
| young men who had not fought | |
| 1220 | |
| Subutai | |
| near the Black Sea | |
| Kalka River | |
| Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev | |
| Batu | |
| the Golden Horde | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| 1225 | |
| on the road back to Samarkand | |
| 1226 | |
| autumn | |
| the Mongols | |
| the Yellow River | |
| a line of five stars arranged in the sky | |
| Ning Hia | |
| Ma Jianlong | |
| arrows | |
| Liupanshan | |
| executed | |
| Jochi | |
| Chagatai | |
| invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire | |
| Ögedei | |
| Chagatai and Jochi | |
| Chagatai | |
| Tolui | |
| Ögedei | |
| 1226 | |
| Khorasan | |
| Urgench | |
| Sultan Muhammad | |
| Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223 | |
| Yinchuan | |
| hunting | |
| arrow | |
| Western Xia | |
| Oirads | |
| without markings | |
| Khentii Aimag | |
| Onon River | |
| The Genghis Khan Mausoleum | |
| Edsen Khoroo | |
| Dongshan Dafo Dian | |
| Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining | |
| 1954 | |
| Red Guards | |
| October 6, 2004 | |
| a river | |
| Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun | |
| horses | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Yassa | |
| meritocracy | |
| Genghis Khan and his family | |
| Muhammad Khan | |
| tax exemptions | |
| Ong Khan | |
| a personal concept | |
| Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian | |
| Töregene Khatun | |
| the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) | |
| the Chinese | |
| legal equality of all individuals, including women | |
| Chu'Tsai | |
| they were nomads | |
| Jin | |
| Khitan rulers | |
| his generals | |
| Karakorum | |
| Muqali | |
| Subutai and Jebe | |
| unwavering loyalty | |
| rivers | |
| Muslim and Chinese | |
| feigned retreat | |
| driving them in front of the army | |
| Sea of Japan | |
| Caspian Sea | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| 1279 | |
| the Silk Road | |
| Turkey | |
| tolerant | |
| increased | |
| 1990s | |
| uniting warring tribes | |
| Genghis Khan's children | |
| his brutality | |
| unfairly biased | |
| tögrög | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| Chinggis Khaan International Airport | |
| to avoid trivialization | |
| Ulaanbaatar | |
| Ikh Zasag | |
| corruption and bribery | |
| Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | |
| traditional Mongolian script | |
| Inner Mongolia region | |
| 5 million | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| Yuan | |
| grandson | |
| Iran | |
| three-fourths | |
| 10 to 15 million | |
| Hulagu Khan | |
| the Mamluks of Egypt | |
| Ghazan Khan | |
| 1237 | |
| Novgorod and Pskov | |
| Mughal emperors | |
| Timur | |
| Nishapur | |
| tenggis | |
| Lake Baikal | |
| "right", "just", or "true" | |
| Zhèng | |
| Chinggis | |
| Chinggis Khaan | |
| Cengiz Han | |
| Tiěmùzhēn | |
| Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz | |
| Chéngjísī Hán | |
| its root word pharma | |
| ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines | |
| sorcery or even poison | |
| outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent | |
| many other herbs not listed | |
| healthcare professionals | |
| optimal health outcomes | |
| optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual | |
| small-business proprietors | |
| specialised education and training | |
| other senior pharmacy technicians | |
| the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register | |
| regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians | |
| health care professional | |
| manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice | |
| writing a five volume book in his native Greek | |
| De Materia Medica | |
| materia medica | |
| Diocles of Carystus | |
| many middle eastern scientists | |
| highly respected | |
| the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718) | |
| the pre-Heian Imperial court | |
| status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists | |
| ranked above | |
| botany and chemistry | |
| Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi | |
| Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | |
| Al-Muwaffaq | |
| sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate | |
| 1317 | |
| Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy | |
| museum | |
| albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs | |
| 1221 | |
| pharmacy legislation | |
| within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications | |
| automation | |
| patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues | |
| storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc. | |
| a pharmacy practice residency | |
| various disciplines of pharmacy | |
| effectiveness of treatment regimens | |
| pharmacists practicing in hospitals | |
| within the premises of the hospital | |
| unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine | |
| high risk preparations and some other compounding functions | |
| The high cost of medications and drug-related technology | |
| Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications | |
| optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention | |
| inside hospitals and clinics | |
| physicians and other healthcare professionals | |
| patient care rounds drug product selection | |
| all health care settings | |
| creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems | |
| an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy | |
| drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy | |
| potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions | |
| full independent prescribing authority | |
| North Carolina and New Mexico | |
| 2011 | |
| Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist | |
| the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH | |
| medication regimen review | |
| nursing homes | |
| Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica | |
| because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings | |
| employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services | |
| about the year 2000 | |
| brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door | |
| online pharmacies | |
| another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take | |
| the method by which the medications are requested and received | |
| to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe | |
| those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. | |
| dispensing substandard products | |
| sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription | |
| sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription | |
| the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances | |
| it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship | |
| the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances | |
| it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship | |
| to ensure that the prescription is valid | |
| individual state laws | |
| Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone | |
| to reduce consumer costs | |
| Canada | |
| international drug suppliers, rather than consumers | |
| There is no known case | |
| to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries | |
| pharmacy practice science and applied information science | |
| information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies | |
| major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals | |
| medication management system development, deployment and optimization | |
| quickly | |
| specialty pharmacies | |
| 19 | |
| cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis | |
| novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed | |
| lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs | |
| separately from physicians | |
| only pharmacists | |
| the American Medical Association (AMA) | |
| 7 to 10 percent | |
| form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments | |
| Austria | |
| In some rural areas in the United Kingdom | |
| 1.6 kilometres | |
| more than 4 kilometers | |
| the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers | |
| because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient | |
| the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments. | |
| exaggerating their seriousness | |
| in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects | |
| expected to become more integral within the health care system | |
| increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills | |
| clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients | |
| thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual | |
| a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system | |
| Alberta and British Columbia | |
| the Australian Government | |
| medicine use reviews | |
| pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy | |
| Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) | |
| the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character | |
| The show globe | |
| the Netherlands | |
| Germany and Austria | |
| France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India | |
| a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease | |
| a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms | |
| the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| the neuroimmune system | |
| biological structures and processes within an organism | |
| pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| disease | |
| pathogens | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier | |
| pathogens | |
| innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system | |
| humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity | |
| neuroimmune system | |
| Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt | |
| enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections | |
| eukaryotes | |
| creates immunological memory | |
| bacteriophage | |
| defensins | |
| vaccination | |
| Adaptive (or acquired) immunity | |
| autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer | |
| when the immune system is less active than normal | |
| recurring and life-threatening infections | |
| genetic disease | |
| rheumatoid arthritis | |
| Immunodeficiency | |
| autoimmunity | |
| Immunology | |
| HIV/AIDS | |
| plague of Athens in 430 BC | |
| scorpion | |
| Louis Pasteur | |
| Walter Reed | |
| Robert Koch | |
| microorganisms | |
| yellow fever virus | |
| Athens in 430 BC | |
| immunological memory | |
| the innate immune system | |
| the adaptive immune system | |
| Innate immune systems | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| immunological memory | |
| physical barriers | |
| self and non-self | |
| self molecules | |
| non-self molecules | |
| antigens | |
| specific immune receptors | |
| pattern recognition receptors | |
| innate immune system | |
| microorganisms | |
| non-specific | |
| exoskeleton | |
| The waxy cuticle | |
| coughing and sneezing | |
| mucus | |
| tears | |
| β-defensins | |
| lysozyme and phospholipase A2 | |
| defensins and zinc | |
| gastric acid and proteases | |
| menarche | |
| commensal flora | |
| fungi | |
| lactobacilli | |
| pH or available iron | |
| Inflammation | |
| increased blood flow into tissue | |
| eicosanoids and cytokines | |
| prostaglandins | |
| interleukins | |
| phagocytes | |
| cytokines | |
| phagosome | |
| phagolysosome | |
| acquiring nutrients | |
| Neutrophils and macrophages | |
| Neutrophils | |
| 50% to 60% | |
| chemotaxis | |
| interleukin 1 | |
| Leukocytes | |
| Leukocytes (white blood cells) | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells | |
| Dendritic cells | |
| neuronal dendrites | |
| T cells | |
| T cells | |
| missing self | |
| Natural killer cells | |
| MHC I (major histocompatibility complex) | |
| killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR | |
| vertebrates | |
| antigen presentation | |
| pathogens or pathogen-infected cells | |
| killer T cell and the helper T cell | |
| regulatory T cells | |
| Class I MHC molecules | |
| Class II MHC molecules | |
| γδ T cells | |
| Killer T cells | |
| CD8 | |
| T cell receptor (TCR) | |
| granulysin | |
| perforin | |
| CD4 co-receptor | |
| around 200–300 | |
| a single MHC:antigen molecule | |
| cytokines | |
| CD40 ligand | |
| helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells | |
| alternative T cell receptor (TCR) | |
| γδ T cells | |
| receptor diversity | |
| Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells | |
| B cell | |
| proteolysis | |
| lymphokines | |
| long-lived memory cells | |
| adaptive | |
| passive short-term memory or active long-term memory | |
| specific pathogen | |
| microbes | |
| IgG | |
| Breast milk or colostrum | |
| passive immunity | |
| immunomodulators | |
| adaptive and innate immune responses | |
| lupus erythematosus | |
| immunosuppressive | |
| NFIL3 | |
| heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma | |
| sleep deprivation | |
| decline in hormone levels with age | |
| vitamin D | |
| hormones | |
| cholecalciferol | |
| killer T cells | |
| MHC class I molecules | |
| viral antigens | |
| antibodies | |
| phagocytic cells | |
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns | |
| apoptosis | |
| Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) | |
| RNA silencing mechanisms | |
| autoimmune disorders | |
| self and non-self | |
| thymus and bone marrow | |
| "self" peptides | |
| Immunodeficiencies | |
| the young and the elderly | |
| around 50 years of age | |
| obesity, alcoholism, and drug use | |
| malnutrition | |
| vaccination | |
| immunization | |
| an antigen from a pathogen | |
| natural specificity of the immune system | |
| enzymes | |
| type III secretion system | |
| shut down host defenses | |
| elude host immune responses | |
| Frank Burnet | |
| pathogens, an allograft | |
| histocompatibility | |
| Niels Jerne | |
| Glucocorticoids | |
| cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs | |
| methotrexate or azathioprine | |
| cyclosporin | |
| cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) | |
| cortisol and catecholamines | |
| melatonin | |
| free radical production | |
| a vitamin D receptor | |
| calcitriol | |
| symbiotic relationship | |
| gene CYP27B1 | |
| dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages | |
| Pattern recognition receptors | |
| defensins | |
| phagocytic cells | |
| RNA interference pathway | |
| immunoglobulins and T cell receptors | |
| the lamprey and hagfish | |
| Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) | |
| adaptive immune system | |
| lymphocytes | |
| the restriction modification system | |
| bacteriophages | |
| CRISPR | |
| "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity | |
| Elie Metchnikoff | |
| phagocytes | |
| Robert Koch and Emil von Behring | |
| soluble components (molecules) | |
| cancers | |
| MHC class I molecules | |
| cytokine TGF-β | |
| macrophages and lymphocytes | |
| Hypersensitivity | |
| four classes (Type I – IV) | |
| Type I | |
| IgE | |
| Type II hypersensitivity | |
| intracellular pathogenesis | |
| Salmonella | |
| Plasmodium falciparum | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | |
| protein A | |
| antigenic variation | |
| HIV | |
| Trypanosoma brucei | |
| antigens | |
| immune surveillance | |
| human papillomavirus | |
| tyrosinase | |
| melanomas | |
| melanocytes | |
| >500 Da | |
| hydrophilic amino acids | |
| Immunoproteomics | |
| B cells | |
| immunoinformatics | |
| leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin | |
| APCs | |
| Th1 | |
| Th1 immune responses | |
| carbohydrates | |
| disrupting their plasma membrane | |
| signal amplification | |
| catalytic cascade | |
| Civil disobedience | |
| apartheid | |
| Singing Revolution | |
| Ukraine | |
| Georgia | |
| Egyptians | |
| the British | |
| nonviolent resistance | |
| unfair laws | |
| American Civil Rights Movement | |
| Antigone | |
| former King of Thebes | |
| Creon | |
| Oedipus | |
| giving her brother Polynices a proper burial | |
| Antigone | |
| Sophocles | |
| Creon, the current King of Thebes | |
| giving her brother Polynices a proper burial | |
| obey her conscience rather than human law | |
| Percy Shelley | |
| nonviolent | |
| Satyagraha | |
| free India | |
| Henry David Thoreau | |
| Percy Shelley | |
| unjust forms of authority | |
| principle of nonviolent protest | |
| doctrine of Satyagraha | |
| Gandhi | |
| muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins | |
| Marshall Cohen | |
| ambiguity | |
| utterly debased | |
| become utterly debased | |
| Marshall Cohen | |
| code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders | |
| Vice President Agnew | |
| ambiguity | |
| LeGrande | |
| impossible | |
| lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience | |
| semantical | |
| specific | |
| LeGrande | |
| voluminous literature | |
| semantical problems and grammatical niceties | |
| nonviolent civil disobedience | |
| violent civil disobedience | |
| constitutional impasse | |
| citizen's | |
| to the state and its laws | |
| the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official | |
| Civil disobedience | |
| the state and its laws | |
| refuse to enforce a decision | |
| head of government | |
| private citizen | |
| sovereign branches of government | |
| Thoreau | |
| imprisonment | |
| not necessarily right | |
| Resign | |
| elite politicians | |
| The individual | |
| individuals | |
| Thoreau | |
| Resign | |
| not necessarily right | |
| governmental entities | |
| trade unions, banks, and private universities | |
| legal system | |
| international organizations and foreign governments | |
| Brownlee | |
| a larger challenge to the legal system | |
| only justified against governmental entities | |
| universities | |
| civil disobedience | |
| covert lawbreaking | |
| hiding a Jew in their house | |
| (Exodus 1: 15-19) | |
| Shiphrah and Puah | |
| must be publicly announced | |
| rules that conflict with morality | |
| fabricating evidence or committing perjury | |
| the dilemma faced by German citizens | |
| Book of Exodus | |
| non-violence | |
| Black's Law | |
| civil rebellion | |
| tolerance | |
| violence | |
| non-violent | |
| civil rebellion | |
| destructive | |
| help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience | |
| Revolutionary civil disobedience | |
| Hungarians | |
| Ferenc Deák | |
| Gandhi's | |
| cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs | |
| disobedience of laws | |
| judged "wrong" by an individual conscience | |
| render certain laws ineffective | |
| Revolutionary civil disobedience | |
| Gandhi | |
| during the Roman Empire | |
| gathered in the streets | |
| was not covered in any newspapers | |
| rose to higher political office | |
| after the end of the Mexican War | |
| during the Roman Empire | |
| prevent the installation of pagan images | |
| refuse to sign bail | |
| jail solidarity | |
| until after the end of the Mexican War | |
| illegal | |
| propaganda | |
| Voice in the Wilderness | |
| 738 days | |
| successfully preventing it from being cut down | |
| illegal acts | |
| trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation | |
| entirely symbolic | |
| social goal | |
| Julia Butterfly Hill | |
| sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors | |
| "Wise up or die." | |
| criminalized behavior | |
| Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation | |
| 1978 | |
| pure speech | |
| broadcasting | |
| Threatening government officials | |
| sending an email | |
| system to function | |
| by padlocking the gates | |
| using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes | |
| limited coercion | |
| coercive | |
| refusals to pay taxes | |
| coercion | |
| engage in moral dialogue | |
| padlocking the gates | |
| criminal investigations | |
| not to grant a consent search | |
| suspect's talking to criminal investigators | |
| lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, | |
| use the arrest as an opportunity | |
| accept punishment | |
| validity of the social contract | |
| legitimacy of a particular law | |
| anarchists | |
| does not infringe the rights of others | |
| whether or not to plead guilty | |
| submit to the punishment prescribed by law | |
| I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law | |
| Guilt implies wrong-doing | |
| creative plea | |
| Camp Mercury nuclear test site | |
| tempted to enter the test site | |
| arrested | |
| nolo contendere | |
| suspended sentences | |
| a way of continuing their protest | |
| reminding their countrymen of injustice | |
| protest should be maintained all the way | |
| accept jail penitently | |
| plea bargain | |
| no jail time | |
| solidarity tactics | |
| blind plea | |
| Mohandas Gandhi | |
| defiant speech | |
| explaining their actions | |
| lack of remorse | |
| likelihood of repeating | |
| mistreatment from government officials | |
| acquittal and avoid imprisonment | |
| use the proceedings as a forum | |
| inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances | |
| Vietnam War | |
| jury nullification | |
| general disobedience | |
| neither conscientious nor of social benefit | |
| breaking the law for self-gratification | |
| not being a civil disobedient | |
| avoiding attribution | |
| Indirect civil disobedience | |
| direct civil disobedience | |
| Vietnam War | |
| competing harms defense | |
| the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence | |
| incapacitation | |
| would do more harm than good | |
| the state | |
| moral reasons to follow this law | |
| Construction | |
| manufacturing | |
| six to nine percent | |
| planning,[citation needed] design, and financing | |
| a known client | |
| An architect | |
| a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager | |
| effective planning | |
| megaprojects | |
| Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure | |
| buildings, infrastructure and industrial | |
| residential and non-residential | |
| heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering | |
| Infrastructure | |
| Industrial | |
| a trade magazine for the construction industry | |
| ENR | |
| 2014 | |
| transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water | |
| building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors | |
| construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers | |
| The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System | |
| firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project | |
| Building construction | |
| small renovations | |
| the owner of the property | |
| structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation | |
| make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight | |
| local building authority regulations and codes of practice | |
| Materials readily available in the area | |
| a lot of waste | |
| Cost of construction | |
| 3D printing technology | |
| around 20 hours | |
| Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing | |
| 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) | |
| plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts | |
| designs into reality | |
| the property owner | |
| a quantity surveyor | |
| the most cost efficient bidder | |
| previously separated specialties | |
| entirely separate companies | |
| "one-stop shopping" | |
| "design build" contract | |
| design-build, partnering and construction management | |
| architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors | |
| establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process | |
| preventable financial problems | |
| when builders ask for too little money to complete the project | |
| when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials | |
| Fraud | |
| Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers | |
| the mortgage banker | |
| Accountants | |
| identified change orders or project changes that increased costs | |
| Cost engineers and estimators | |
| zoning and building code requirements | |
| the owner | |
| the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad | |
| things that are a matter of custom or expectation | |
| An attorney | |
| A construction project | |
| A contract | |
| that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive | |
| that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out | |
| poorly drafted contracts | |
| relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship | |
| Public-Private Partnering | |
| private finance initiatives (PFIs) | |
| co-operation | |
| the architect or engineer | |
| the project coordinator | |
| the architect's client and the main contractor | |
| the main contractor | |
| the building is ready to occupy. | |
| The owner | |
| D&B contractors | |
| The owner | |
| a consortium of several contractors | |
| they design phase 2 | |
| contractors | |
| damage | |
| electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities | |
| the municipal building inspector | |
| an occupancy permit | |
| $960 billion | |
| $680 billion | |
| 667,000 firms | |
| fewer than 10 employees | |
| 828,000 | |
| £42,090 | |
| £26,719 | |
| US/Canada | |
| Construction | |
| Falls | |
| electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins | |
| Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding | |
| independent | |
| academic | |
| tuition | |
| to select their students | |
| $45,000 | |
| 'tuition-free | |
| Australia | |
| North America | |
| lower sixth | |
| upper sixth | |
| prep schools | |
| peer tuitions | |
| teachers | |
| Roman Catholic | |
| Orthodox Christians | |
| religious | |
| expulsion | |
| blazer | |
| more expensive | |
| Presbyterian | |
| Catholic | |
| Sydney | |
| girls | |
| 7 | |
| second Gleichschaltung | |
| 7.8 | |
| 11.1 | |
| 0.5 | |
| Sonderungsverbot | |
| Ersatzschulen | |
| very low | |
| Ergänzungsschulen | |
| vocational | |
| tuition | |
| religious | |
| independent | |
| CBSE | |
| 30 | |
| union government | |
| societies | |
| India | |
| Annual Status of Education Report | |
| evaluates learning levels in rural India | |
| English | |
| scoil phríobháideach | |
| teacher's salaries are paid by the State | |
| €5,000 | |
| Society of Jesus | |
| €25,000 per year | |
| 1957 | |
| Chinese | |
| English | |
| National School | |
| 60 | |
| aided | |
| fully funded by private parties | |
| Kathmandu | |
| English | |
| Nepali | |
| 88 | |
| 28,000 | |
| 3.7 | |
| Catholic | |
| Auckland | |
| Anglican | |
| Wellington | |
| Presbyterian | |
| Christchurch | |
| Society of St Pius X | |
| 7.5 | |
| 32 | |
| 80 | |
| August 1992 | |
| natural science | |
| Education Service Contracting | |
| Tuition Fee Supplement | |
| Private Education Student Financial Assistance | |
| South African Schools Act | |
| 1996 | |
| independent | |
| traditional private | |
| nineteenth | |
| government schools formerly reserved for white children | |
| better | |
| higher | |
| 10 | |
| 10,000 | |
| 700 | |
| The Knowledge School | |
| voucher | |
| 13 | |
| public | |
| 9 | |
| 13 | |
| £21,000 | |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | |
| segregation academies | |
| South | |
| white | |
| African-American | |
| endowments | |
| First | |
| Blaine | |
| charter | |
| Massachusetts | |
| 1852 | |
| 1972 | |
| 268 U.S. 510 | |
| McCrary | |
| $40,000 | |
| $50,000 | |
| Groton School | |
| fundraising | |
| John Harvard | |
| 1977 | |
| James Bryant Conant | |
| Association of American Universities | |
| Charles W. Eliot | |
| Harvard Library | |
| 79 individual libraries | |
| 18 million volumes | |
| eight U.S. presidents | |
| 150 Nobel laureates | |
| Boston metropolitan area | |
| $37.6 billion | |
| Charles River | |
| eleven separate academic units | |
| Harvard Yard | |
| 1636 | |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | |
| 1638 | |
| 1639 | |
| 1650 | |
| Puritan ministers | |
| English university model | |
| It was never affiliated with any particular denomination | |
| 1804 | |
| Samuel Webber | |
| 1805 | |
| Louis Agassiz | |
| intuition | |
| Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart | |
| Charles W. Eliot | |
| Transcendentalist Unitarian | |
| William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson | |
| James Bryant Conant | |
| identify, recruit | |
| 1945 | |
| about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe | |
| 1977 | |
| the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States | |
| 3 miles | |
| twelve residential Houses | |
| Charles River | |
| half a mile northwest of the Yard | |
| Allston | |
| The John W. Weeks Bridge | |
| Longwood Medical and Academic Area | |
| approximately fifty percent | |
| new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram. | |
| enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible. | |
| 2,400 | |
| 7,200 | |
| 14,000 | |
| 1875 | |
| 1858 | |
| $32 billion | |
| 30% loss | |
| Allston Science Complex | |
| $4.093 million | |
| $159 million | |
| late 1980s | |
| South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown. | |
| $230 million | |
| accepted 5.3% of applicants | |
| 2007 | |
| disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants | |
| 2016 | |
| core curriculum of seven classes | |
| eight General Education categories | |
| reliance on teaching fellows | |
| beginning in early September and ending in mid-May | |
| four-course rate average | |
| summa cum laude | |
| 60% | |
| $38,000 | |
| $57,000 | |
| nothing for their children to attend, including room and board | |
| $414 million | |
| 88% | |
| Widener Library | |
| Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library | |
| Pusey Library | |
| 18 million volumes | |
| three museums. | |
| Western art from the Middle Ages to the present | |
| Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology | |
| 2003 | |
| 2011 | |
| second most commonly | |
| 42 | |
| Yale University | |
| every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team | |
| 1875 | |
| 1903 | |
| 1906 | |
| former captain of the Yale football team | |
| Lavietes Pavilion | |
| Malkin Athletic Center | |
| three weight rooms | |
| 23 years | |
| Thames River | |
| strong rivalry against Cornell | |
| 2003 | |
| General Ban Ki-moon | |
| Juan Manuel Santos | |
| José María Figueres | |
| Benjamin Netanyahu | |
| Conan O'Brien | |
| Leonard Bernstein | |
| Yo Yo Ma | |
| W. E. B. Du Bois | |
| Shing-Tung Yau | |
| Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig | |
| Stephen Greenblatt | |
| Jacksonville | |
| 1,345,596 | |
| 12th | |
| Duval | |
| 1968 | |
| St. Johns | |
| 340 miles | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| the Timucua | |
| Andrew Jackson | |
| third largest | |
| golf | |
| two | |
| "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" | |
| thousands | |
| a University of North Florida team | |
| Timucua | |
| the historical era | |
| Ossachite | |
| Jean Ribault | |
| France | |
| Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | |
| San Mateo | |
| Fort Caroline | |
| French and Indian War | |
| constructed the King's Road | |
| cattle were brought across the river there. | |
| Spain | |
| February 9, 1832 | |
| Confederate | |
| The Skirmish of the Brick Church | |
| Battle of Olustee | |
| Warfare and the long occupation | |
| Battle of Cedar Creek | |
| Gilded Age | |
| Grover Cleveland | |
| yellow fever outbreaks | |
| extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south | |
| railroad | |
| Spanish moss | |
| over 2,000 | |
| declare martial law | |
| Great Fire of 1901 | |
| New York–based filmmakers | |
| silent film | |
| Winter Film Capital of the World | |
| Hollywood | |
| highways | |
| 55.1% | |
| "white flight" | |
| Mayor W. Haydon Burns | |
| World War II | |
| Much of the city's tax base dissipated | |
| unincorporated suburbs | |
| annexing outlying communities | |
| Voters outside the city limits | |
| old boy network | |
| 11 | |
| Jacksonville Consolidation | |
| public high schools lost their accreditation | |
| voters approved the plan | |
| Hans Tanzler | |
| "Bold New City of the South" | |
| Better Jacksonville Plan | |
| authorized a half-penny sales tax | |
| 874.3 square miles | |
| The St. Johns River | |
| The Trout River | |
| 13.34% | |
| Baldwin | |
| tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville | |
| Barnett Center | |
| 617 ft | |
| 28 | |
| its distinctive flared base | |
| subtropical | |
| May through September | |
| mild | |
| low latitude | |
| 104 °F | |
| thunderstorms | |
| high humidity | |
| July | |
| Hurricane Dora | |
| 110 mph | |
| Tropical Storm Beryl | |
| Saffir-Simpson Scale | |
| 2008 | |
| Arab | |
| 821,784 | |
| largest | |
| Filipino | |
| 29.7% | |
| 23.9% | |
| females | |
| 91.3 | |
| 40% | |
| about 3.5 billion people | |
| $759,900 | |
| the methodology used | |
| a diversion | |
| 40% | |
| financial assets | |
| nearly $41 trillion | |
| half | |
| greater tendency to take on debts | |
| 400 | |
| New York Times | |
| Inherited wealth | |
| grew up in substantial privilege | |
| wealth | |
| richest 1 percent | |
| Inherited wealth | |
| over 60 percent | |
| Institute for Policy Studies | |
| Neoclassical economics | |
| differences in value added by labor, capital and land | |
| different classifications of workers | |
| productivity gap | |
| marginal value added of each economic actor | |
| differences in value added by labor, capital and land | |
| value added by different classifications of workers | |
| wages and profits | |
| worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord | |
| productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions | |
| reduce costs and maximize profits | |
| less workers are required | |
| increasing unemployment | |
| rising levels of property income | |
| labor inputs | |
| reduce costs and maximize profits | |
| substitute capital equipment | |
| productivity | |
| stagnant | |
| workers wages | |
| supply and demand | |
| business is chronically understaffed | |
| offering a higher wage | |
| unfair | |
| the market | |
| prices | |
| wages | |
| markets | |
| unfair | |
| Competition amongst workers | |
| low demand | |
| high wages | |
| collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption | |
| Professional and labor organizations | |
| low wage | |
| competition between workers | |
| expendable nature of the worker | |
| high | |
| employers | |
| entrepreneurship rates | |
| Necessity-based entrepreneurship | |
| push | |
| pull | |
| opportunity-based entrepreneurship | |
| higher economic inequality | |
| necessity | |
| Necessity-based | |
| achievement-oriented | |
| positive | |
| progressive tax | |
| top tax rate | |
| social spending | |
| tax system | |
| the tax rate | |
| level of the top tax rate | |
| steeper tax | |
| the Gini index | |
| access to education | |
| optional education | |
| lower wages | |
| poor | |
| savings and investment | |
| access to education | |
| high wages | |
| lower | |
| lower incomes | |
| education | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom-and-bust cycles | |
| Standard & Poor | |
| 2014 | |
| 2008-2009 | |
| increasing access to education | |
| $105 billion | |
| boom-and-bust cycles | |
| 1910–1940 | |
| increase | |
| decrease | |
| gender inequality in education | |
| period of compression | |
| from 1910–1940 | |
| a decrease in the price of skilled labor | |
| designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work | |
| Education | |
| gender inequality in education | |
| unions | |
| continental European countries | |
| little | |
| continental European liberalism | |
| economic inequality | |
| social exclusion | |
| CEPR | |
| little | |
| lower | |
| Scandinavia | |
| high inequality | |
| decline of organized labor | |
| technological changes and globalization | |
| Sociologist | |
| University of Washington | |
| decline of organized labor | |
| high | |
| weak labor movements | |
| reduced wages | |
| increased wages | |
| technological innovation | |
| machine labor | |
| global | |
| workers in the poor countries | |
| trade liberalisation | |
| minor | |
| machine labor | |
| 53% | |
| -40% | |
| less willing to travel or relocate | |
| males | |
| Gender | |
| males in the labor market | |
| women | |
| Thomas Sowell | |
| a difference | |
| social welfare | |
| relatively equal | |
| more capital | |
| redistribution mechanisms | |
| Economist | |
| levels of economic inequality | |
| more capital | |
| more wealth | |
| lower levels of inequality | |
| 1910 to 1940 | |
| 1970s | |
| service | |
| manufacturing | |
| Kuznets | |
| Kuznets curve | |
| very weak | |
| eventually decrease | |
| effect | |
| Wealth concentration | |
| means to invest | |
| greater return of capital | |
| larger fortunes | |
| the possession of already-wealthy individuals | |
| those who already hold wealth | |
| wealth condensation | |
| Thomas Piketty | |
| higher returns | |
| market | |
| Economist | |
| rare and desired | |
| political power generated by wealth | |
| rent-seeking | |
| inequality | |
| human capital is neglected | |
| life expectancy | |
| inequality | |
| life expectancy is lower | |
| 2013 | |
| rising inequality | |
| negative | |
| Unemployment | |
| economic | |
| British | |
| higher | |
| lower | |
| 23 | |
| equality | |
| better health and longer lives | |
| poorer countries | |
| life expectancy | |
| Americans | |
| more equally | |
| income inequality | |
| authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett | |
| nine | |
| among states in the US with larger income inequalities | |
| greater equality | |
| inequality | |
| homicides | |
| fifty | |
| differences in the amount of inequality | |
| tenfold | |
| the greatest good | |
| distributive efficiency | |
| a great deal of utility | |
| decreases | |
| higher aggregate utility | |
| consumption | |
| libertarian | |
| 2001 | |
| Thomas B. Edsall | |
| journalist | |
| economist | |
| systematic economic inequalities | |
| the Financial crisis of 2007–08 | |
| easier credit | |
| easier credit | |
| inequality in wealth and income | |
| quality of a country's institutions | |
| declines | |
| higher GDP growth | |
| The poor and the middle class | |
| economists | |
| economic growth | |
| subsequent long-run economic growth | |
| because it is a waste of resources | |
| inequality-associated effects | |
| evidence | |
| by limiting aggregate demand | |
| Economist | |
| increasing importance of human capital in development | |
| widespread education | |
| 1993 | |
| detrimental | |
| channels through which inequality may affect economic growth | |
| redistributive taxation | |
| politically and socially unstable | |
| reduce | |
| encourage | |
| growth and investment | |
| Harvard | |
| between 1960 and 2000 | |
| Kuznets curve hypothesis | |
| first increases | |
| Thomas Piketty | |
| Economist | |
| wars and "violent economic and political shocks" | |
| the 1970s | |
| reduced consumer demand | |
| risen with increased income inequality | |
| several years | |
| more equality in the income distribution | |
| special efforts | |
| existing level of inequality | |
| reduction | |
| the United Nations | |
| reducing poverty | |
| much land and housing | |
| through various associations and other arrangements | |
| extra-legal | |
| 200 | |
| government land | |
| a shortage of affordable housing | |
| quality rental units | |
| demand for higher quality housing increased | |
| residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing | |
| ad valorem property tax policy | |
| by everyone | |
| their finances | |
| aspirational consumption | |
| taking on debt | |
| economic instability | |
| created | |
| emissions per person | |
| environmental degradation | |
| If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level | |
| private ownership of the means of production | |
| a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income | |
| wage or salary | |
| socially | |
| reflective | |
| Robert Nozick | |
| taxation | |
| force | |
| forceful taking of property | |
| when they improve society as a whole | |
| capability deprivation | |
| the end itself | |
| to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being” | |
| through increasing functionings | |
| the ability to pursue valued goals | |
| deprived of earning as much | |
| earn as much as a healthy young man | |
| gender roles and customs | |
| for fear of their lives | |
| a better relevant income. | |
| BBC | |
| 1963 | |
| TARDIS | |
| a blue British police box | |
| science-fiction | |
| 1963 to 1989 | |
| Russell T Davies | |
| K-9 and Company | |
| BBC Wales | |
| Christopher Eccleston | |
| Twelve | |
| Peter Capaldi | |
| The Time of the Doctor | |
| after sustaining an injury | |
| new personality | |
| Gallifrey | |
| Mark I Type 40 TARDIS | |
| Time and Relative Dimension in Space | |
| chameleon circuit | |
| due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit | |
| rarely | |
| the Master | |
| regenerate | |
| humans | |
| Time Lord | |
| 23 November 1963 | |
| The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants) | |
| the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters" | |
| Terry Nation | |
| 25 minutes of transmission length | |
| 26 | |
| Jonathan Powell | |
| Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS | |
| the series would return | |
| BBC 1 | |
| relaunch the show | |
| Philip Segal | |
| the Fox Network | |
| 9.1 million | |
| the United States | |
| Rose | |
| 2005 | |
| 2009 | |
| Chris Chibnall | |
| Christmas Day specials | |
| 1963–1989 | |
| The 2005 version | |
| 1996 | |
| Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman | |
| Mission Impossible, | |
| 30 November 1963 | |
| eighty seconds | |
| ten minutes | |
| the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy | |
| a series of power blackouts across the country | |
| Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa | |
| the Museum of the Moving Image | |
| Behind the Sofa | |
| scariest TV show of all time | |
| Digital Spy | |
| Doctor Who | |
| 3% | |
| Philip Howard | |
| Monopoly | |
| The Times newspaper | |
| the TARDIS | |
| blue police box | |
| time machine | |
| the Metropolitan Police Authority | |
| 2002 | |
| 26 | |
| 6 December 1989 | |
| 12 | |
| The Master | |
| Black Guardian Trilogy | |
| 2005 | |
| 60 minutes | |
| Christmas Day | |
| Journey's End | |
| 2010 | |
| 826 | |
| 25-minute | |
| eight | |
| 72 minutes | |
| 2009 | |
| William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton | |
| 97 | |
| 3, 4, & 5 | |
| 1978 | |
| Between about 1964 and 1973 | |
| bought prints for broadcast | |
| fans | |
| Mission to the Unknown | |
| 8 mm cine film | |
| home viewers who made tape recordings of the show | |
| the BBC | |
| Cosgrove Hall | |
| 1968 | |
| Theta-Sigma | |
| November 2006 | |
| regeneration | |
| the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration | |
| William Hartnell's poor health | |
| renewal | |
| change of appearance | |
| 12 | |
| 13 | |
| The Time of the Doctor | |
| The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead | |
| 1996 | |
| John Hurt | |
| The Day of the Doctor | |
| Michael Jayston | |
| The Trial of a Time Lord | |
| McGann and Eccleston's Doctors | |
| the War Doctor | |
| The Three Doctors | |
| Peter Davison | |
| The Space Museum | |
| The Day of the Doctor | |
| Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy | |
| Zagreus | |
| Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann | |
| Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy | |
| 2003 | |
| The Time of the Doctor | |
| The Brain of Morbius | |
| Mawdryn Undead | |
| The Lodger | |
| 1983 | |
| An Unearthly Child | |
| Susan Foreman | |
| 2005 | |
| destroyed | |
| Smith and Jones | |
| a human | |
| The Deadly Assassin | |
| his granddaughter Susan Foreman | |
| teachers | |
| Romana | |
| female | |
| Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) | |
| The Eleventh | |
| Pearl Mackie as Bill | |
| Catherine Tate | |
| Russell T Davies | |
| series 1 | |
| Cybermen | |
| 3 | |
| Zygons | |
| The Dalek race | |
| Skaro | |
| to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings | |
| Davros | |
| their eyestalk | |
| The Master | |
| Time Lord | |
| Eric Roberts | |
| Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes | |
| Roger Delgado | |
| Derek Jacobi | |
| Utopia | |
| 2014 | |
| Missy | |
| Michelle Gomez | |
| Ron Grainer | |
| the BBC Radiophonic Workshop | |
| musique concrète | |
| 17 | |
| Did I write that? | |
| Peter Howell | |
| Dominic Glynn | |
| Seventh | |
| Murray Gold | |
| The Christmas Invasion | |
| Voyage of the Damned | |
| Classic FM's Hall of Fame | |
| 2010 | |
| 228 | |
| Gold | |
| Jon Pertwee | |
| Mankind | |
| number 24 | |
| Doctorin' the Tardis | |
| Doctorin' the Tardis | |
| Dudley Simpson | |
| Planet of Giants | |
| the 1960s and 1970s | |
| The Horns of Nimon | |
| The Talons of Weng-Chiang | |
| the BBC National Orchestra of Wales | |
| the BBC National Orchestra of Wales | |
| 27 July 2008 | |
| Music of the Spheres | |
| Murray Gold and Ben Foster | |
| Six | |
| the first two series | |
| music from the 2008–2010 specials | |
| A Christmas Carol | |
| 8 November 2010 | |
| The original logo | |
| The logo for the Twelfth Doctor | |
| the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors | |
| The logo from 1973–80 | |
| the Eleventh Doctor | |
| the assassination of John F. Kennedy | |
| on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel | |
| the late 1970s | |
| circa 1964–1965 | |
| BBC Three | |
| During the ITV network strike of 1979 | |
| Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers | |
| Coronation Street | |
| the most popular show at the time | |
| After the series' revival in 2005 | |
| PBS | |
| New Zealand | |
| Edmonton, Canada | |
| 15 days | |
| 23 November | |
| Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) | |
| partial funding | |
| SyFy | |
| weekly screenings of all available classic episodes | |
| ABC1 | |
| 1976 | |
| The Three Doctors | |
| Space | |
| The Talons of Weng-Chiang | |
| Judith Merril | |
| Christopher Eccleston | |
| excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary | |
| The Christmas Invasion | |
| 9 October 2006 | |
| Thanksgiving | |
| the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States | |
| Eight original series serials | |
| The Infinite Quest | |
| Spearhead from Space | |
| from 2009 onwards | |
| Trevor Martin | |
| Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure | |
| The Curse of the Daleks | |
| Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday | |
| David Banks | |
| Torchwood | |
| 22 October 2006 | |
| 2008 | |
| Children of Earth | |
| Torchwood: Miracle Day | |
| Elisabeth Sladen | |
| 24 September 2007 | |
| 2009 | |
| 2010 | |
| due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen | |
| Dimensions in Time | |
| Children in Need | |
| EastEnders | |
| glasses with one darkened lens | |
| the Pulfrich effect | |
| Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death | |
| four | |
| Rowan Atkinson | |
| Joanna Lumley | |
| head writer and executive producer | |
| The Neutral Zone | |
| "Blue Harvest" and "420" | |
| Queer as Folk | |
| Oliver | |
| Brisingr and High Wizardry, | |
| The Chase | |
| 21-minute | |
| Doctor Who and the Pescatons | |
| 1981 | |
| Slipback | |
| the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors | |
| Destiny of the Doctor | |
| Big Finish Productions | |
| 1999 | |
| 2012 | |
| 1991 | |
| the mid-sixties | |
| since 1979 | |
| Panini | |
| BBC Books | |
| the early 1960s | |
| BBC Television | |
| producers of the show | |
| the BBC | |
| 2006 | |
| 2005–2010 | |
| 2011 | |
| Michelle Gomez | |
| Best Supporting Actress | |
| Guinness World Records | |
| Doctor Who | |
| electronic | |
| 2013 | |
| 50th anniversary special | |
| Season 11 | |
| Doctor Who | |
| third | |
| SFX magazine | |
| eight | |
| Best Drama Series | |
| five | |
| 25 | |
| 2009 | |
| a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards | |
| six | |
| over 200 | |
| over a hundred | |
| Matt Smith | |
| The Waters of Mars | |
| Spike Milligan | |
| Jon Culshaw | |
| a soap sponge | |
| Doctor Who fandom | |
| BBC Dead Ringers | |
| a private research university | |
| 1890 | |
| seven | |
| four | |
| 5,000 | |
| various academic disciplines | |
| Chicago's physics department | |
| beneath the university's Stagg Field | |
| University of Chicago Press | |
| 2020 | |
| the American Baptist Education Society | |
| John D. Rockefeller | |
| William Rainey Harper | |
| 1891 | |
| 1892 | |
| Marshall Field | |
| Silas B. Cobb | |
| Cobb Lecture Hall | |
| $100,000 | |
| Charles L. Hutchinson | |
| several regional colleges and universities | |
| 1896 | |
| made a grade of A for all four years | |
| passed | |
| 1910 | |
| Robert Maynard Hutchins | |
| the Common Core | |
| to emphasize academics over athletics | |
| 24-year tenure | |
| 1929 | |
| 1950s | |
| a result of increasing crime and poverty | |
| after their second year | |
| Hyde Park | |
| allowed very young students to attend college | |
| 1962 | |
| the university's off-campus rental policies. | |
| 1967 | |
| a two-page statement | |
| social and political action | |
| mid-2000s | |
| Milton Friedman Institute | |
| around $200 million | |
| the Chicago Theological Seminary | |
| David G. Booth | |
| the Main Quadrangles | |
| six | |
| Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche, | |
| Oxford's Magdalen Tower | |
| Christ Church Hall | |
| the 1940s | |
| Eero Saarinen | |
| School of Social Service Administration | |
| Harris School of Public Policy Studies | |
| 2003 | |
| Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago | |
| Seine | |
| 2010 | |
| Renmin University | |
| 2015 | |
| a board of trustees | |
| 50 | |
| fourteen | |
| Andrew Alper | |
| Robert Zimmer | |
| The Higher Learning Commission | |
| four | |
| seven | |
| 50 | |
| 28 | |
| five | |
| the New Collegiate Division | |
| the Common Core | |
| 17 | |
| the most rigorous, intense | |
| Uni in the USA | |
| University of Chicago Laboratory Schools | |
| the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School | |
| four | |
| four public charter schools | |
| the University of Chicago campus | |
| six | |
| 9.8 million | |
| the Regenstein Library | |
| 2011 | |
| more than 1.3 million | |
| 12 | |
| 113 | |
| the Oriental Institute | |
| Fermilab | |
| Sunspot, New Mexico | |
| shaping ideas about the free market | |
| Chicago Pile-1 | |
| Miller–Urey experiment | |
| 1953 | |
| 1933 | |
| 2000 | |
| 1996 | |
| 2002 | |
| Several thousand | |
| 5,792 | |
| 3,468 | |
| 5,984 | |
| 15,244 | |
| international students | |
| the University Athletic Association | |
| NCAA's Division III | |
| the Big Ten Conference | |
| Jay Berwanger | |
| Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics | |
| over 400 | |
| Recognized Student Organizations | |
| the University of Chicago College Bowl Team | |
| Doc Films | |
| Off-Off Campus | |
| graduate and undergraduate students | |
| an Executive Committee | |
| two | |
| greater than $2 million | |
| fifteen | |
| seven | |
| Alpha Phi Omega | |
| Alpha Phi Omega | |
| ten | |
| May | |
| 1987 | |
| Festival of the Arts | |
| Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko | |
| Summer Breeze | |
| Satya Nadella | |
| Larry Ellison | |
| Larry Ellison | |
| Jon Corzine | |
| James O. McKinsey | |
| Saul Alinsky | |
| David Axelrod | |
| Robert Bork | |
| Masaaki Shirakawa | |
| Eliot Ness | |
| Allan Bloom | |
| Kurt Vonnegut | |
| Lauren Oliver | |
| Studs Terkel | |
| Philip Roth | |
| Philip Glass | |
| Alex Seropian | |
| Halo | |
| Ed Asner | |
| Mike Nichols | |
| Carl Sagan | |
| John M. Grunsfeld | |
| David Suzuki, | |
| John B. Goodenough | |
| Clair Cameron Patterson | |
| Milton Friedman | |
| George Stigler | |
| Paul Samuelson | |
| Eugene Fama | |
| David Graeber and Donald Johanson | |
| Samuel Reshevsky | |
| Samuel P. Huntington | |
| A. A. Michelson | |
| Arthur H. Compton | |
| Enrico Fermi | |
| Edward Teller | |
| Maria Goeppert-Mayer | |
| James Henry Breasted | |
| Alberto Calderón | |
| Ted Fujita | |
| Yuan T. Lee | |
| Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley | |
| Raghuram Rajan | |
| Goldman Sachs | |
| David Bevington | |
| John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape | |
| Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno | |
| Yuán Cháo | |
| the Great Yuan | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| Kublai Khan | |
| 1271 | |
| Mongol Empire | |
| Song dynasty | |
| Ming dynasty | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| 1271 | |
| the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) | |
| Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus | |
| Great Mongol State | |
| Great Khan | |
| Mongol and Turkic tribes | |
| 1206 | |
| Ögedei Khan | |
| 1251 | |
| nephew | |
| the Jin | |
| Xiao Zhala | |
| Shi Tianze, Liu Heima | |
| 10,000 | |
| 3 | |
| Han Chinese | |
| Jin dynasty | |
| between Han and Jurchen | |
| Shi Bingzhi | |
| Song dynasty | |
| Möngke Khan | |
| southern China | |
| 1259 | |
| Ariq Böke | |
| Zhongtong | |
| Ogedei | |
| south | |
| Wonjong | |
| northeast | |
| 1262 | |
| preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects | |
| local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties | |
| Han Chinese | |
| three, later four | |
| salt and iron | |
| Karakorum | |
| Khanbaliq | |
| 1264 | |
| Zhongdu | |
| Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration | |
| commercial, scientific, and cultural | |
| Mongol peace | |
| southern China | |
| Daidu in the north | |
| Marco Polo | |
| the Song Emperor | |
| 1115 | |
| 1234 | |
| Kong Duancao | |
| 30,000 | |
| northern China | |
| between 1268 and 1273 | |
| Yangzi River basin | |
| Hangzhou | |
| drowned | |
| after 1279 | |
| an inauspicious typhoon | |
| Annam (Dai Viet) | |
| Battle of Bạch Đằng | |
| 1288 | |
| 1253 | |
| his eldest son, Zhenjin | |
| before Kublai in 1285 | |
| Emperor Chengzong | |
| 1294 to 1307 | |
| Buyantu Khan | |
| actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture | |
| Li Meng | |
| the Department of State Affairs | |
| 1313 | |
| Gegeen Khan | |
| 1321 to 1323 | |
| Baiju | |
| "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan" | |
| five | |
| Shangdu | |
| the War of the Two Capitals | |
| four days | |
| El Temür | |
| Tugh Temür | |
| his cultural contribution | |
| Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature | |
| spring of 1329 | |
| Jingshi Dadian | |
| supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism | |
| 1332 | |
| Emperor Ningzong | |
| 13 | |
| nine | |
| Liao, Jin, and Song | |
| struggle, famine, and bitterness | |
| Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese | |
| both the army and the populace | |
| Outlaws ravaged the country | |
| administration | |
| From the late 1340s onwards | |
| the Red Turban Rebellion | |
| fear of betrayal | |
| the Red Turban rebels | |
| 1368–1644 | |
| The political unity of China and much of central Asia | |
| The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts | |
| the Ilkhanate | |
| carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton | |
| Western | |
| Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism | |
| Taoism | |
| Confucian | |
| travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education | |
| Marco Polo | |
| Cambaluc | |
| Travels of Marco Polo | |
| Il milione | |
| through contact with Persian traders | |
| Guo Shoujing | |
| 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar | |
| granaries were ordered built throughout the empire | |
| Beijing | |
| sorghum | |
| non-native Chinese people | |
| the Eternal Heaven | |
| Song | |
| Ming | |
| a period of foreign domination | |
| Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists | |
| Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties | |
| Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu | |
| tripartite | |
| civil, military, and censorial offices | |
| the Privy Council | |
| since the Sui and Tang dynasties | |
| Mongols and Semuren | |
| the Ministry of War | |
| 1269 | |
| Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese | |
| could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well | |
| Tugh Temur | |
| Emperor Wenzong | |
| 1290 | |
| 1291 | |
| income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants | |
| painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater | |
| painting, poetry, and calligraphy | |
| Song | |
| the qu | |
| zaju | |
| western | |
| Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants | |
| Tibetan Buddhism | |
| Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs | |
| Sakya | |
| 1249 | |
| 1314 | |
| matrices | |
| polynomial algebra | |
| 1303 | |
| applied mathematics to the construction of calendars | |
| a cubic interpolation formula | |
| Shoushi Li | |
| Calendar for Fixing the Seasons | |
| 1281 | |
| non-Mongol physicians | |
| herbal remedies | |
| spiritual cures | |
| Imperial Academy of Medicine | |
| it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues | |
| four | |
| inherited from the Jin dynasty | |
| Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols | |
| acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs | |
| 1347 | |
| Muslim medicine | |
| Jesus the Interpreter | |
| 1263 | |
| its humoral system | |
| yin-yang and wuxing | |
| through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries | |
| Wang Zhen | |
| in the 12th century | |
| Töregene Khatun | |
| 1273 | |
| chao | |
| bark of mulberry trees | |
| 1275 | |
| woodblocks | |
| 1294 | |
| patrimonial feudalism | |
| traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system | |
| allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire | |
| colonial | |
| Ilkhanate | |
| Central Asian Muslims | |
| Han Chinese and Khitans | |
| Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand | |
| artisans and farmers | |
| a Qara-Khitay (Khitan | |
| restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision | |
| Kosher butchering | |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | |
| thanks | |
| Muslims in the semu class | |
| Frederick W. Mote | |
| degrees of privilege | |
| rich and well socially standing | |
| lived in poverty and were ill treated | |
| Northern | |
| Southern | |
| southern China withstood and fought to the last | |
| The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed | |
| private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants | |
| Uighurs | |
| the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler | |
| the Korean King | |
| the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting | |
| The Central Region | |
| the Central Secretariat | |
| Khanbaliq | |
| Beijing | |
| Zhongshu Sheng | |
| in Africa | |
| East African Community | |
| Nairobi | |
| Tanzania | |
| 45 million people | |
| a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline | |
| The climate is cooler | |
| Mount Kenya | |
| Somalia and Ethiopia | |
| its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks | |
| Lower Paleolithic period | |
| By the first millennium AD | |
| Bantu and Nilotic | |
| 19th century | |
| December 1963 | |
| Mount Kenya | |
| Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa | |
| God's resting place | |
| both Kenia and Kegnia | |
| a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation | |
| Joseph Thompsons | |
| 1862 | |
| The "Big Five" | |
| lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant | |
| Masai Mara | |
| between June and September | |
| 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) | |
| more than 20 million years ago | |
| in the Pleistocene epoch | |
| Richard Leakey | |
| .6-million-year-old | |
| Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey | |
| The Swahili | |
| Mombasa | |
| Duarte Barbosa | |
| the Kenyan Coast | |
| City of Malindi | |
| 14th century | |
| August 1914 | |
| governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa | |
| Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck | |
| effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated | |
| Northern Rhodesia | |
| The central highlands | |
| as itinerant farmers | |
| banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour | |
| 80,000 | |
| 15 January 1954 | |
| the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure | |
| 24 April 1954 | |
| 4,686 Mau Mau | |
| the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau. | |
| 1957 | |
| Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta | |
| 12 December 1963 | |
| 1963 | |
| Republic of Kenya | |
| where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot | |
| agitation for constitutional reform | |
| Daniel arap Moi | |
| a presidential representative democratic republic | |
| the head of state and head of government | |
| exercised by the government | |
| both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate | |
| The Judiciary | |
| low | |
| gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries | |
| 139th out of 176 total countries | |
| the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission | |
| Party of National Unity | |
| the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) | |
| Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later | |
| Odinga | |
| programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future | |
| Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission | |
| Evangelical Lutheran Church | |
| Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process | |
| 28 February 2008 | |
| Prime Minister | |
| both PNU and ODM camps | |
| depending on each party's strength in Parliament | |
| until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then | |
| PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government | |
| Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete | |
| the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House | |
| 29 February 2008 | |
| the two political parties would share power equally | |
| eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President | |
| August 2010 | |
| delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights | |
| 27 August 2010 | |
| the Second Republic | |
| December 2014 | |
| to guard against armed groups | |
| Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries | |
| it infringed on democratic freedoms | |
| of the United States, Britain, Germany and France | |
| h International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto | |
| US President Barack Obama | |
| China | |
| In July 2015 | |
| in peacekeeping missions around the world | |
| violence that subsequently engulfed the country | |
| human rights violations | |
| Kenya’s armed forces | |
| Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security” | |
| credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers | |
| , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement | |
| 0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world | |
| Kenya | |
| less than $1.25 a day | |
| a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market | |
| rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity | |
| food security | |
| Industry and manufacturing | |
| 75% of the labour force | |
| 61% | |
| tourism | |
| steady growth | |
| the coastal beaches and the game reserves | |
| Germany and the United Kingdom | |
| 24% | |
| tea, horticultural produce, and coffee | |
| Agriculture | |
| weather-related fluctuations | |
| International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) | |
| Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, | |
| by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing | |
| , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% | |
| enabling some farmers to buy assets | |
| the fertile highlands | |
| Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat | |
| the semi-arid savanna to the north and east | |
| 53% of the population | |
| Kenyans for Kenya | |
| Kenya | |
| 14% | |
| Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu | |
| small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements | |
| Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) | |
| 2000 | |
| hydroelectric stations at dams | |
| Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam | |
| 1997 | |
| in Turkana | |
| around 10 billion barrels. | |
| Exploration | |
| r 20% to 25% | |
| $474 million | |
| Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment | |
| support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda | |
| Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia | |
| environmental and social problems | |
| Vision 2030 | |
| an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030 | |
| National Climate Change Action Plan | |
| having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight | |
| climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months | |
| in agriculture | |
| up to 30% | |
| 9–18. | |
| poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions | |
| Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities | |
| English and Swahili | |
| in commerce, schooling and government | |
| in the country | |
| Christian | |
| Protestant | |
| 3 million followers | |
| Nairobi | |
| 2.4% | |
| Sixty percent | |
| mostly Christian | |
| around 300,000 | |
| Nurses | |
| clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners | |
| 65,000 | |
| 7,000 doctors | |
| Diseases of poverty | |
| Half | |
| diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition | |
| weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector | |
| 15 million | |
| British colonists. | |
| 12 December 1963 | |
| Ominde Commission | |
| focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time | |
| the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted | |
| look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system | |
| 8–4–4 system | |
| 8–4–4 system | |
| 1992 | |
| January 1985 | |
| vocational subjects | |
| the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector | |
| January 2003 | |
| increased by about 70%. | |
| age six years | |
| eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school. | |
| join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program | |
| join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years | |
| 85% | |
| age three to five | |
| a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade) | |
| those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training | |
| the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education | |
| the Kenya National Library Service | |
| establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country | |
| a peoples university | |
| it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life | |
| cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing | |
| its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics | |
| Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) | |
| Morocco and Ethiopia | |
| six gold | |
| Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics | |
| IAAF Golden League jackpot | |
| the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries | |
| economic or financial factors | |
| women's volleyball within Africa | |
| Cricket | |
| 2003 | |
| Rakep Patel | |
| March 2007 | |
| the world famous Safari Rally | |
| one of the toughest rallies in the world | |
| Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae | |
| three meals in a day | |
| 10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea | |
| tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams | |
| Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew | |
| the United Nations | |
| the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | |
| greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere | |
| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | |
| Resolution 43/53 | |
| Hoesung Lee | |
| Korean | |
| Ismail El Gizouli | |
| Bert Bolin | |
| February 2015 | |
| representatives appointed by governments and organizations | |
| 350 | |
| government officials and climate change experts | |
| about seven-eighths | |
| 1989 | |
| the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) | |
| United Nations Environment Programme | |
| the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO | |
| World Meteorological Organization | |
| does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data | |
| available information about climate change based on published sources | |
| non-peer-reviewed sources | |
| model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals | |
| two | |
| ten to fifteen | |
| a somewhat larger number | |
| The coordinating lead authors | |
| the Working Group chairs | |
| substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations | |
| additional warming of the Earth's surface | |
| over half | |
| "business as usual" (BAU) | |
| increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C | |
| 2001 | |
| 16 national science academies | |
| Science | |
| at least 90% | |
| between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels | |
| Richard Lindzen | |
| does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report | |
| John Houghton | |
| a co-chair of TAR WGI | |
| scientific evidence | |
| the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports | |
| 2011 | |
| 2011 | |
| requested by governments | |
| the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme | |
| default emission factors | |
| fuel consumption, industrial production and so on | |
| WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council | |
| the date | |
| "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance" | |
| the WWF report | |
| "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale" | |
| IPCC chairman | |
| making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact | |
| co-chair of the IPCC working group II | |
| Himalayan glaciers | |
| "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment" | |
| 1999 | |
| Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes | |
| the "hockey stick graph" | |
| Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000 | |
| between 1000 and 1900 | |
| Fred Singer | |
| Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. | |
| 18 July 2000 | |
| United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation | |
| Rep. Joe Barton | |
| Ed Whitfield | |
| 23 June 2005 | |
| Sherwood Boehlert | |
| Sherwood Boehlert | |
| 2001 | |
| 2007 | |
| Ten | |
| divergence | |
| 14 | |
| 1 February 2007 | |
| temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates | |
| actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given | |
| actual sea level rise was above the top of the range | |
| projected rises in sea levels | |
| 9–88 cm | |
| 50–140 cm | |
| 2001 | |
| coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report | |
| Science Magazine | |
| concurring, smaller assessments of special problems | |
| the Montreal Protocol | |
| Climate Change | |
| states and governments | |
| Sheldon Ungar | |
| varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions | |
| regional burden sharing conflicts | |
| the UK government | |
| other scientific bodies | |
| significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science | |
| IPCC | |
| five | |
| the journal Nature | |
| turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC | |
| remove government oversight from its processes | |
| to conduct photosynthesis | |
| energy | |
| energy | |
| the Calvin cycle | |
| 1 | |
| pinch in two | |
| environmental factors like light color and intensity | |
| contain their own DNA | |
| a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell | |
| must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division | |
| plants and algae | |
| Russian | |
| biologist | |
| 1905 | |
| Andreas Schimper | |
| Cyanobacteria | |
| prokaryotes | |
| they have two cell membranes | |
| peptidoglycan | |
| blue-green algae | |
| eukaryotic | |
| around a billion years ago | |
| two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes | |
| phagosomal | |
| many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host | |
| almost the same thing as chloroplast | |
| three | |
| red algal chloroplast | |
| green chloroplast | |
| the green chloroplast lineage | |
| glaucophyte | |
| alga | |
| glaucophyte chloroplasts | |
| a carboxysome | |
| icosahedral | |
| chlorophyll a and phycobilins | |
| phycobilisomes | |
| the phycobilin phycoerytherin | |
| catch more sunlight in deep water | |
| a form of starch | |
| phycobilisomes | |
| accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors | |
| the peptidoglycan wall | |
| chloroplast division | |
| chlorophyll b | |
| double | |
| additional membranes outside of the original two | |
| a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it | |
| sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane | |
| its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus | |
| chloroplasts derived from a green alga | |
| common flagellated | |
| stacked in groups of three | |
| Starch | |
| the membrane of the primary endosymbiont | |
| cryptomonads | |
| red-algal derived chloroplast | |
| nucleomorph | |
| in granules found in the periplastid space | |
| stacks of two | |
| helicosproidia | |
| chromalveolates | |
| the malaria parasite | |
| a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast | |
| in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm | |
| fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters | |
| apicomplexan-related diseases | |
| isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis | |
| photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids | |
| four | |
| Peridinin | |
| peridinin-type chloroplast | |
| triplet-stacked | |
| the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane | |
| fucoxanthin dinophyte | |
| fucoxanthin dinophyte | |
| four | |
| a six membraned chloroplast | |
| a cryptophyte | |
| its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes | |
| a phycobilin-containing chloroplast | |
| a two-membraned chloroplast | |
| heterokontophyte | |
| a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast | |
| up to five | |
| the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast | |
| granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm | |
| the dinophyte nucleus | |
| Lepidodinium | |
| their original peridinin chloroplast | |
| a green algal derived chloroplast | |
| a green algal derived chloroplast | |
| first set of endosymbiotic events | |
| acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently | |
| about a million | |
| around 850 | |
| three million | |
| ctDNA, or cpDNA | |
| the plastome | |
| 1962 | |
| 1986 | |
| two Japanese research teams | |
| The inverted repeat regions | |
| direct repeats | |
| stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome | |
| electron microscopy | |
| two | |
| a theta intermediary form | |
| a Cairns replication intermediate | |
| with a rolling circle mechanism | |
| A → G deamination | |
| when it is single stranded | |
| linear | |
| homologous recombination | |
| in branched, linear, or other complex structures | |
| bacteriophage T4 | |
| linear | |
| circular | |
| via a D loop mechanism | |
| Endosymbiotic gene transfer | |
| the lost chloroplast's existence | |
| a red algal derived chloroplast | |
| green algal derived chloroplast | |
| nonfunctional pseudogenes | |
| around half | |
| participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance | |
| the cell membrane | |
| a ribosome | |
| in the cytosol | |
| helps many proteins bind the polypeptide | |
| keeping it from folding prematurely | |
| lens-shaped | |
| 5–8 μm in diameter | |
| 1–3 μm | |
| a net | |
| a cup | |
| a double membrane | |
| the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium | |
| homologous | |
| the mitochondrial double membrane | |
| run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation | |
| generate ATP energy | |
| the internal thylakoid system | |
| the inner chloroplast membrane | |
| Stromules | |
| stroma-containing tubule | |
| to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | |
| 1962 | |
| in the chloroplasts of C4 plants | |
| in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms | |
| The chloroplast peripheral reticulum | |
| increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport | |
| the thylakoids and intermembrane space | |
| synthesize a small fraction of their proteins | |
| 17 nm | |
| 25 nm | |
| motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition | |
| is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes | |
| plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s) | |
| spherical bubbles | |
| lipids and proteins | |
| 45–60 nanometers across | |
| a lipid monolayer | |
| either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid | |
| the thylakoid network | |
| singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid | |
| In old or stressed chloroplasts | |
| The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae | |
| roughly spherical | |
| highly refractive | |
| starch | |
| divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo" | |
| the helical thylakoid model | |
| flattened circular | |
| anywhere from two to a hundred | |
| 10–20 | |
| helicoid stromal thylakoids | |
| light energy | |
| light energy | |
| energize electrons | |
| pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space | |
| a dam turbine | |
| two | |
| are arranged in grana | |
| are in contact with the stroma | |
| pancake-shaped circular disks | |
| about 300–600 nanometers in diameter | |
| about thirty | |
| help transfer and dissipate excess energy | |
| their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green | |
| a bright red-orange carotenoid | |
| orange-red zeaxanthin | |
| e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria | |
| red | |
| red algae | |
| relatively large protein complexes | |
| about 40 nanometers across | |
| an enzyme called rubisco | |
| it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen | |
| at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors | |
| the Calvin cycle | |
| ATP energy | |
| light reactions | |
| rubisco | |
| normal grana and thylakoids | |
| a four-carbon compound | |
| to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar | |
| All green parts | |
| the chlorophyll in them | |
| parenchyma cells | |
| collenchyma tissue | |
| A plant cell which contains chloroplasts | |
| in the stems | |
| concentrated in the leaves | |
| 8–15 per cell | |
| half a million | |
| the mesophyll layers | |
| low-light conditions | |
| Under intense light | |
| photooxidative damage | |
| to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out | |
| Mitochondria | |
| two | |
| infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death | |
| infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence | |
| by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system | |
| reactive oxygen species | |
| salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species | |
| After detecting stress in a cell | |
| pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule | |
| signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus | |
| photosynthesis | |
| photosynthesis | |
| food in the form of sugars | |
| Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) | |
| sugar and oxygen (O2) | |
| generate ATP energy | |
| into the thylakoid space | |
| up to a thousand times | |
| phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate | |
| adenosine triphosphate | |
| NADP+ | |
| cyclic photophosphorylation | |
| in C4 plants | |
| more ATP than NADPH | |
| The Calvin cycle | |
| unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down | |
| three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid | |
| one out of every six | |
| glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together | |
| Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations | |
| distorting the grana and thylakoids | |
| Waterlogged roots | |
| another photosynthesis-depressing factor | |
| add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP | |
| when the oxygen concentration is too high | |
| it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar | |
| up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle | |
| they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism | |
| in their stroma | |
| cysteine and methionine | |
| it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed | |
| whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol | |
| Chloroplasts | |
| undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg | |
| in an adult plant's apical meristems | |
| the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts | |
| proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts | |
| a plastid that lacks chlorophyll | |
| invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma | |
| a yellow chlorophyll precursor | |
| Gymnosperms | |
| chromoplasts | |
| pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit | |
| chromoplasts | |
| chromoplasts | |
| chloroplasts and other plastids | |
| filaments | |
| proteins | |
| a structure called a Z-ring | |
| within the chloroplast's stroma | |
| The Min system | |
| plastid-dividing rings | |
| two | |
| about 5 nanometers across | |
| 6.4 nanometers | |
| chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring | |
| Light | |
| bright white light | |
| large dumbbell-shaped | |
| poor quality green light | |
| transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen | |
| environmental risks | |
| 3 in 1,000,000 | |
| transplastomic | |
| itself | |
| composite number | |
| The fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| a product of primes | |
| because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization | |
| primality | |
| trial division | |
| the Miller–Rabin primality test | |
| the AKS primality test | |
| 22,338,618 decimal digits | |
| infinitely many | |
| Euclid | |
| the statistical behaviour | |
| the prime number theorem | |
| at the end of the 19th century | |
| Goldbach's conjecture | |
| the twin prime conjecture | |
| algebraic aspects | |
| public-key cryptography | |
| prime ideals | |
| 2 | |
| 1, 2, and n | |
| odd prime | |
| 9 | |
| even numbers | |
| 1 | |
| Christian Goldbach | |
| Leonhard Euler | |
| 10,006,721 | |
| its own special category as a "unit" | |
| Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| if 1 were considered a prime | |
| Euler's totient function | |
| the sum of divisors function | |
| only the single number 1 | |
| the Rhind papyrus | |
| the Ancient Greeks | |
| Euclid's Elements | |
| Euclid | |
| compute primes | |
| In 1640 | |
| Euler | |
| 22n + 1 | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1) | |
| trial division | |
| if a complete list of primes up to is known | |
| greater than 1 | |
| only three divisions | |
| less than or equal to the square root of n | |
| two main classes | |
| probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") | |
| deterministic | |
| deterministic | |
| 1/(1-p)n | |
| the Fermat primality test, | |
| np≡n (mod p) | |
| composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) | |
| Baillie-PSW | |
| Solovay-Strassen tests | |
| 2p + 1 | |
| 2p − 1 | |
| The Lucas–Lehmer test | |
| primorial primes | |
| Fermat primes | |
| distributed computing | |
| In 2009 | |
| US$100,000 | |
| The Electronic Frontier Foundation | |
| [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1] | |
| the floor function | |
| Chebyshev | |
| any natural number n > 3 | |
| n < p < 2n − 2 | |
| Wilson's theorem | |
| their greatest common divisor is one | |
| Dirichlet's theorem | |
| 1/6 | |
| at most one prime number | |
| infinitely many prime numbers | |
| The zeta function | |
| a finite value | |
| diverges | |
| exceeds any given number | |
| identity | |
| 1859 | |
| s = −2, −4, ..., | |
| random noise | |
| asymptotic distribution | |
| asymptotic distribution | |
| Goldbach's conjecture | |
| 1912 | |
| all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 | |
| Vinogradov's theorem | |
| Chen's theorem | |
| twin prime conjecture | |
| pairs of primes with difference 2 | |
| Polignac's conjecture | |
| n2 + 1 | |
| Brocard's conjecture | |
| number theory | |
| G. H. Hardy | |
| the 1970s | |
| hash tables | |
| pseudorandom number generators | |
| a recurring decimal | |
| p − 1 | |
| (p − 1)! + 1 | |
| (n − 1)! | |
| p is not a prime factor of q | |
| RSA | |
| the Diffie–Hellman key exchange | |
| 512-bit | |
| modular exponentiation | |
| 1024-bit | |
| cicadas | |
| as grubs underground | |
| 17 years | |
| make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators | |
| up to 2% higher | |
| indecomposability | |
| the smallest subfield | |
| as a connected sum of prime knots | |
| any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components | |
| it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots | |
| commutative ring R | |
| prime elements | |
| irreducible elements | |
| it is neither zero nor a unit | |
| cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units | |
| The fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| the Gaussian integers Z[i] | |
| a + bi | |
| arbitrary integers | |
| 4k + 3 | |
| In ring theory | |
| Prime ideals | |
| algebraic number theory | |
| The fundamental theorem of arithmetic | |
| a Noetherian commutative ring | |
| Prime ideals | |
| ramification in geometry | |
| ring of integers of quadratic number fields | |
| the solvability of quadratic equations | |
| norm gets smaller | |
| completed (or local) fields | |
| the absolute value | |
| local-global principle | |
| Olivier Messiaen | |
| La Nativité du Seigneur | |
| Quatre études de rythme | |
| the third étude | |
| the movements of nature | |
| Swiss canton | |
| North Sea | |
| Cologne, Germany | |
| Danube | |
| 1,230 km (760 mi) | |
| Europe | |
| Netherlands | |
| 1,230 km | |
| Gaulish name Rēnos | |
| Rhin | |
| Rīnaz | |
| 1st century BC | |
| Gaulish name Rēnos | |
| Rhin | |
| Rijn | |
| Rīnaz | |
| Rhijn | |
| Rhine-kilometers | |
| 1939 | |
| Old Rhine Bridge at Constance | |
| Hoek van Holland | |
| canalisation projects | |
| Rhine-kilometers" | |
| 1939 | |
| Old Rhine Bridge at Constance | |
| canalisation projects | |
| Hoek van Holland | |
| north | |
| 86 km long, | |
| Rhine Valley | |
| Sargans | |
| Austria | |
| Chur | |
| 86 km | |
| 599 m | |
| Rhine Valley | |
| Switzerland | |
| Lake Constance | |
| Alter Rhein | |
| modern canalized section | |
| Isel | |
| Donkey | |
| Lake Constance | |
| modern canalized section | |
| Alter Rhein | |
| small islands | |
| Isel | |
| Diepoldsau | |
| Fußach | |
| strong sedimentation | |
| parallel to the canalized Rhine | |
| silt | |
| Fußach | |
| constant flooding | |
| Diepoldsau | |
| Dornbirner Ach | |
| continuous input of sediment | |
| three | |
| lower lake | |
| Lake Rhine | |
| Swiss-Austrian border | |
| upper lake | |
| three | |
| Austria | |
| Alps | |
| 47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317. | |
| Baden-Württemberg | |
| greater density of cold water | |
| Lake Überlingen | |
| Rheinbrech | |
| entire length | |
| Lindau | |
| Rheinbrech | |
| Lindau | |
| Lake Überlingen | |
| Rhine Gutter | |
| water level | |
| westward | |
| river Aare | |
| 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s) | |
| Finsteraarhorn | |
| Basel | |
| westward | |
| Aare | |
| 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), | |
| Finsteraarhorn | |
| German | |
| Basel | |
| Rhine knee | |
| Central Bridge | |
| 300 km long | |
| 40 km wide | |
| Basel | |
| Rhine knee | |
| North | |
| High Rhine | |
| Central Bridge | |
| 19th Century | |
| increased | |
| fell significantly | |
| Grand Canal d'Alsace | |
| large compensation pools | |
| Upper Rhine | |
| 19th Century | |
| increased | |
| fell significantly | |
| Grand Canal d'Alsace | |
| Germany | |
| 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) | |
| Rhine | |
| Moselle | |
| 400 m (1,300 ft). | |
| Germany | |
| Germany | |
| Moselle | |
| France | |
| 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) | |
| Middle Rhine | |
| Rhine Gorge | |
| erosion | |
| the Romantic Rhine | |
| Middle Rhine | |
| Rhine Gorge | |
| castles | |
| Romantic Rhine | |
| plants and factories | |
| Duisburg | |
| Ruhr | |
| drinking water | |
| Switzerland | |
| pollution | |
| Lower Rhine | |
| Switzerland | |
| Duisburg | |
| Ruhr | |
| tourism | |
| Rüdesheim am Rhein | |
| Lorelei | |
| Middle Rhine Valley | |
| tourism | |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site. | |
| Rüdesheim am Rhein | |
| Lorelei | |
| Sankt Goarshausen | |
| Duisburg | |
| Wesel-Datteln Canal | |
| Lippe | |
| Emmerich Rhine Bridge | |
| 400 m | |
| Lower Rhine | |
| Rhine-Ruhr | |
| Duisport | |
| Emmerich Rhine Bridge | |
| 400 m wide | |
| Meuse | |
| Rijn | |
| Two thirds | |
| west | |
| Waal | |
| Meuse | |
| The Oude Maas | |
| Pannerdens Kanaal | |
| Nederrijn | |
| Lek | |
| Noord River | |
| Pannerdens Kanaal | |
| Nederrijn | |
| one ninth | |
| Lek | |
| Wijk bij Duurstede | |
| Rijn | |
| draining the surrounding land | |
| Kromme Rijn | |
| Bent Rhine | |
| Old Rhine | |
| Rhine-Meuse | |
| Millingen aan de Rijn, | |
| Rhine Delta | |
| Nederrijn at Angeren | |
| three | |
| Waal | |
| Old Meuse | |
| the Rip | |
| St. Elizabeth's | |
| 1421 | |
| Merwede-Oude Maas | |
| 1421 to 1904 | |
| archipelago-like estuary | |
| drainage channels | |
| construction of Delta Works | |
| dammed | |
| 20th Century | |
| tidal delta | |
| tidal currents | |
| tear huge areas of land into the sea. | |
| Zaltbommel | |
| Tethys sea | |
| Jurassic Period | |
| Mediterranean geography | |
| Mesozoic Era | |
| Iberia | |
| N–S | |
| Upper Rhine Graben | |
| Miocene | |
| Danube | |
| stream capture | |
| Pliocene period | |
| Vosges Mountains | |
| Ice Ages | |
| six | |
| 120 m | |
| northwest | |
| Brest | |
| 74,000 (BP | |
| 11,600 BP | |
| west | |
| 120 m | |
| English Channel | |
| glacier | |
| tundra | |
| 22,000–14,000 yr BP | |
| ice-sheets | |
| loess | |
| 22,000 years ago | |
| thaw | |
| Rhine | |
| 13,000 BP | |
| 9000 BP | |
| 7500 yr ago | |
| Rates of sea-level rise | |
| last 7000 years | |
| tectonic subsidence | |
| 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century | |
| 11,700 years ago | |
| 8,000 years ago | |
| Late-Glacial valley | |
| Netherlands | |
| 3000 yr BP | |
| increased flooding and sedimentation | |
| sediment load | |
| 11–13th century | |
| 80 | |
| North Sea | |
| Meuse estuary | |
| IJsselmeer | |
| freshwater lake | |
| three | |
| 1st century BC | |
| Germania | |
| 6th century BC | |
| Maurus Servius Honoratus | |
| AD 14 | |
| Danube | |
| the empire fell | |
| eastwards | |
| southern | |
| eight | |
| army of Germania Inferior | |
| Ubiorum | |
| threat of war | |
| town of the Ubii | |
| 5th century | |
| kingdoms | |
| dragons rock | |
| Siegfried | |
| Hagen | |
| 6th century | |
| 10th century | |
| Lower Lorraine | |
| Archduke Sigismund | |
| 1469 | |
| Peace of Westphalia | |
| Establishing "natural borders" | |
| Napoleon | |
| 1806 | |
| 1840 | |
| end of World War I | |
| 1935 | |
| German army | |
| Adolf Hitler's rise to power | |
| 1936 | |
| Arnhem | |
| formidable natural obstacle | |
| September 1944 | |
| Ludendorff Bridge | |
| Seven Days to the River Rhine | |
| 1,230 kilometres (764 miles) | |
| Knaurs Lexikon | |
| typographical error | |
| 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) | |
| 2010 | |
| Following a referendum in 1997 | |
| Scotland Act 1998 | |
| in which it can make laws | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Westminster | |
| lack of a Parliament of Scotland | |
| three hundred | |
| First World War. | |
| the late 1960s | |
| directly elected Scottish Assembly | |
| North | |
| "It's Scotland's oil" | |
| 1974 | |
| not benefitting Scotland as much as they should | |
| 1978 | |
| Edinburgh | |
| majority | |
| 51.6% | |
| failed | |
| 32.9% | |
| a Scottish Parliament | |
| the Conservative Party | |
| 1989 | |
| blueprint | |
| Scottish Parliament Building | |
| Enric Miralles | |
| Spanish | |
| leaf-shaped | |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
| meeting of the Church's General Assembly | |
| General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland | |
| courtyard | |
| University of Aberdeen | |
| former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow | |
| City of Edinburgh Council | |
| Lothian Regional Council | |
| demolished | |
| Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh | |
| main | |
| one MSP | |
| Tricia Marwick | |
| secret | |
| 129 | |
| A vote clerk | |
| Presiding Officer | |
| the Parliamentary Bureau | |
| five | |
| The Presiding Officer | |
| hemicycle | |
| encourage consensus amongst elected members | |
| 131 | |
| 2 | |
| vote | |
| Scottish rivers | |
| silver | |
| the Queen | |
| Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity | |
| a glass case suspended from the lid | |
| April | |
| debating chamber | |
| the public | |
| free | |
| the Official Report | |
| Wednesdays | |
| up to four minutes | |
| Presiding Officer | |
| religious beliefs | |
| nominate speakers | |
| The Presiding Officer | |
| amount of time for which they are allowed to speak | |
| different viewpoints | |
| ministers or party leaders | |
| Gaelic | |
| 5 pm | |
| "Decision Time" | |
| vote | |
| electronic consoles on their desks | |
| seconds | |
| votes | |
| political parties | |
| whips | |
| moral | |
| deselected as official party candidates during future elections | |
| Immediately after Decision Time | |
| not a Scottish minister | |
| 45 minutes | |
| other members | |
| winds up | |
| committee | |
| stronger | |
| no revising chamber | |
| principal role | |
| other locations throughout Scotland | |
| a small number of MSPs | |
| balance of parties | |
| functions | |
| Mandatory | |
| fourth | |
| beginning of each parliamentary session | |
| one | |
| current Subject Committees | |
| Session | |
| type of committee | |
| large-scale development projects | |
| Scottish Government. | |
| Private Bill | |
| Scotland Act 1998 | |
| Queen Elizabeth II | |
| devolved competencies | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Schedule 5 | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| automatically devolved | |
| up to 3 pence in the pound | |
| 2012 Act | |
| Reserved | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
| Westminster | |
| UK Government ministers | |
| Bills | |
| the Scottish Government | |
| a private member | |
| an outside proposer | |
| in a number of stages | |
| introductory | |
| accompanying documents | |
| whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament | |
| in the relevant committee or committees | |
| Stage 2 | |
| Stage 3 | |
| two | |
| final | |
| wrecking | |
| Decision Time | |
| the Monarch | |
| royal assent | |
| a 4-week period | |
| Supreme Court of the United Kingdom | |
| [Date] | |
| hold the majority of seats | |
| Any member | |
| First Minister | |
| elected MSPs | |
| the Sovereign | |
| Thursday | |
| May | |
| the Monarch | |
| supplant it. | |
| 28 | |
| Several procedures | |
| MSPs | |
| legislative programme for the forthcoming year | |
| issues related to the substance of the statement | |
| Parliamentary time | |
| Thursday | |
| any member of the Scottish Government | |
| issues under their jurisdiction | |
| four | |
| 73 | |
| 2005 | |
| one | |
| dispersed population and distance | |
| 55,000 | |
| proportionally to the number of votes received | |
| the d'Hondt method | |
| quotient | |
| constituency seats | |
| iteratively | |
| a number of qualifications | |
| 1981 | |
| over the age of 18 | |
| police and the armed forces | |
| Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 | |
| a party has commanded a parliamentary majority | |
| Labour | |
| 151 votes | |
| eight | |
| Scottish independence | |
| the Conservatives | |
| Edinburgh Pentlands | |
| five seats | |
| Annabel Goldie | |
| Cameron | |
| able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland | |
| domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament | |
| West Lothian question | |
| the Conservative | |
| England | |
| Islamism | |
| all spheres of life. | |
| reordering | |
| poles | |
| revolution or invasion | |
| democratic | |
| Palestine | |
| abolish the state of Israel | |
| democracy | |
| religious | |
| major division | |
| Sunni pan-Islamism | |
| sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions, | |
| democracy | |
| to maintain their legitimacy | |
| political | |
| Islam | |
| its supporters | |
| illiberal Islamic regimes | |
| religion from politics | |
| Muslims | |
| Americans | |
| a historical fluke | |
| between 1945 and 1970 | |
| non-political Islam | |
| dangerous enemies | |
| During the 1970s | |
| considerable impact | |
| the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan | |
| leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition | |
| considerable impact | |
| Anwar Sadat | |
| peace | |
| political support | |
| 1975 | |
| assassinated | |
| conservative | |
| hate | |
| wars | |
| infidels | |
| Saudi | |
| Islamist | |
| incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful | |
| housing | |
| rhetoric | |
| avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands | |
| law and philosophy | |
| the All India Muslim League | |
| the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress | |
| 1908 | |
| The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam | |
| secularism and secular nationalism | |
| crowd out | |
| nationalist differences | |
| 1930 | |
| Pakistan movement | |
| Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi | |
| journalism | |
| 1941 | |
| through his writing | |
| in a modern context | |
| Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi | |
| journalism | |
| through his writing | |
| a modern context | |
| Sharia | |
| an Islamic state | |
| unity of God | |
| gradual | |
| an educational process | |
| 1928 | |
| Ismailiyah, Egypt | |
| Hassan al Banna | |
| the Qur'an | |
| imperialist | |
| violence | |
| 1949 | |
| Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi | |
| 1948 | |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | |
| one of the most influential movements | |
| 75% of the total seats | |
| "semi-legal" | |
| field candidates | |
| Mohamed Morsi | |
| quick and decisive | |
| a pivotal event | |
| economic | |
| A steep and steady decline | |
| anti-democratic Islamist movements | |
| ideological | |
| Ali Shariati | |
| somewhere between | |
| the Prophet Mohammad | |
| conspiracy | |
| Islamic | |
| Shia terrorist | |
| economic | |
| During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict | |
| President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | |
| the Soviet Union | |
| an Islamic rebellion | |
| send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith | |
| marginal | |
| 16,000 to 35,000 | |
| worked to radicalize the Islamist movement | |
| Saddam Hussein | |
| Islamist | |
| Saudi | |
| the west | |
| conservative Muslims | |
| domestic Islamists | |
| in the kingdom | |
| Algeria | |
| Osama bin Laden | |
| Qutb's | |
| 1966 | |
| the Brotherhood | |
| Fringe or splinter | |
| By the 1970s | |
| Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization | |
| 1981 | |
| apostate | |
| promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies | |
| Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag | |
| violence | |
| al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya | |
| in 2003 | |
| unsuccessful | |
| political figures | |
| quiescent | |
| HAMAS | |
| destruction of Israel | |
| alcohol | |
| Palestine | |
| Hamas | |
| 542 | |
| majority of the seats, | |
| 2007 | |
| driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip | |
| Islamist | |
| Hassan al-Turabi | |
| National Islamic Front | |
| money from foreign Islamist banking systems | |
| university and military academy | |
| 1985 | |
| with the help of the military | |
| sharia law | |
| Osama bin Laden | |
| American attack on Iraq | |
| staying home | |
| 1989 | |
| Algeria | |
| Front Islamique de Salut | |
| a military coup d'état | |
| justice and prosperity | |
| vicious and destructive | |
| 1992 | |
| one of the poorest countries on earth | |
| 80% | |
| The Taliban | |
| Pakistan | |
| neofundamentalist | |
| Sharia | |
| Osama bin Laden | |
| July 1977 | |
| alcohol and nightclubs | |
| Islamism | |
| his means of seizing power | |
| 1988 | |
| Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant | |
| Sunni Arabs | |
| ten million | |
| recognition | |
| a caliphate | |
| 2004 | |
| 2003 | |
| notorious intransigence | |
| March 2011 | |
| a terrorist organisation | |
| a different view | |
| 7th century | |
| 1924 | |
| true Islamic | |
| ended the true Islamic system | |
| armed | |
| ideological struggle | |
| elites | |
| Egypt | |
| terrorist groups | |
| over 900,000 | |
| strong Islamist | |
| 2007 | |
| Londonistan | |
| incitement to terrorism | |
| since 2001 | |
| State | |
| Christian Whiton | |
| U.S. Defense Secretary | |
| undermining the communist ideology | |
| Latin | |
| military force | |
| Japan | |
| technologies and ideas | |
| influence | |
| "Formal imperialism" | |
| othering | |
| direct | |
| "informal" imperialism | |
| "formal" | |
| aggressiveness | |
| ownership of private industries | |
| informal | |
| distinction | |
| the world systems theory | |
| Lenin | |
| empires | |
| seaborne | |
| colonialism | |
| political focus | |
| ideological | |
| Ottoman | |
| person or group of people | |
| Imperialism and colonialism | |
| taking physical control of another | |
| conquering the other state's lands | |
| exploitation | |
| characteristics | |
| empire-building | |
| imperialism | |
| highest 'social efficiency' | |
| theory of races | |
| whiteness | |
| Germany | |
| Britain | |
| Political | |
| geographical societies in Europe | |
| fund | |
| environmental determinism | |
| temperate | |
| Orientalism | |
| uncivilized | |
| superior | |
| Terra nullius | |
| the eighteenth century | |
| the British Empire | |
| Aboriginal | |
| empty land | |
| an imaginative geography | |
| irrational and backward | |
| inferior | |
| Orientalism | |
| progressive | |
| nineteenth-century maps | |
| blank spaces on contemporary maps | |
| unexplored territory | |
| nineteenth-century cartographic techniques | |
| French | |
| the pre-Columbian era | |
| Genghis Khan | |
| dozens | |
| Ethiopian Empire | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| Cultural imperialism | |
| soft power | |
| Dallas | |
| Roman | |
| bans | |
| around 1700 | |
| colonizing | |
| thousands | |
| middle of the 20th century | |
| Open Door Policy | |
| 1919 | |
| 1999 | |
| historians | |
| the world's economy | |
| many imperial powers | |
| economic growth | |
| mid-18th century | |
| colonies | |
| the Mughal state | |
| communication | |
| deadly explosives | |
| the machine gun | |
| arrows, swords, and leather shields | |
| European | |
| British | |
| in the late 1870s | |
| philanthropy | |
| to constantly expand investment | |
| aristocracy | |
| the 1950s | |
| before World War I | |
| disease | |
| taxation | |
| environmental determinism | |
| the environment in which they lived | |
| less civilized | |
| Africa | |
| orientalism and tropicality | |
| geographic scholars | |
| Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic | |
| guidance | |
| orientalism | |
| colonizing empires | |
| the sixteenth century | |
| 1599 | |
| Queen Elizabeth | |
| exploitation | |
| the Portuguese | |
| 1830 | |
| 1850 | |
| Catholicism | |
| Africa | |
| when Germany started to build her own | |
| civilize the inferior | |
| assimilation | |
| small numbers of settlers | |
| Christianity and French culture | |
| Algeria | |
| overseas colonies | |
| anti-colonial movements | |
| Vietnam | |
| Algeria | |
| 1960 | |
| Scandinavia | |
| Muslim Iberia | |
| middle period of classical antiquity | |
| 800 CE | |
| central Europe | |
| late 19th century | |
| 1862 | |
| after the Franco-German War | |
| Napoleon | |
| Europe | |
| the South Pacific | |
| prestige | |
| 1884 | |
| New Guinea | |
| Hamburg merchants and traders | |
| Japan took part of Sakhalin Island | |
| 1894 | |
| Thailand | |
| Manchuria | |
| China | |
| 1932 | |
| Lenin | |
| Eastern Europe | |
| Bolshevik leaders | |
| a world revolution | |
| Lenin | |
| Mao Zedong | |
| Nikita Khrushchev | |
| socialism in one country | |
| mercantilism | |
| 1776 | |
| free trade | |
| about 1820 | |
| 1815 | |
| The British Empire | |
| pseudo-sciences | |
| The British spirit of imperialism | |
| Middle East | |
| the Monroe Doctrine | |
| interventionism | |
| a war erupted | |
| the Philippines | |
| a "racket" | |
| Isiah Bowman | |
| 1917 | |
| American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference | |
| U.S authorship of a 'new world' | |
| Wilson's geographer | |
| internal strife | |
| "internal colonialism" | |
| 12 to 15 million | |
| the contemporary Orient | |
| 1923 | |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | |
| 32 | |
| Europe | |
| During the 16th and 17th centuries | |
| Istanbul | |
| Germany | |
| World War I | |
| Turkey | |
| United Methodist Church | |
| mainline Protestant Methodist denomination | |
| 1968 | |
| union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church | |
| Wesleyan | |
| United Methodist Church | |
| 80 million | |
| mainline Protestant denomination | |
| 3.6% | |
| mid-18th century | |
| within the Church of England | |
| being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study | |
| 1735 | |
| colony of Georgia | |
| American Indians | |
| salvation by God's grace | |
| American Revolution | |
| 1784 | |
| Thomas Coke | |
| Lovely Lane Methodist Church | |
| Lovely Lane Methodist Church | |
| St. George's United Methodist Church | |
| St. George's United Methodist Church | |
| 1767 | |
| sail loft on Dock Street | |
| 1784 | |
| Richard Allen and Absalom Jones | |
| St. George's Church | |
| 1784 | |
| 1830 | |
| issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church | |
| 1844 | |
| because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination | |
| April 23, 1968 | |
| constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas | |
| Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke | |
| holy catholic (or universal) church | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible | |
| result of the American Revolution | |
| Dr. Thomas Coke | |
| Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat. | |
| 1968 | |
| John Wesley and Charles Wesley | |
| Albert C. Outler | |
| Albert C. Outler | |
| Prevenient grace | |
| Prevenient grace | |
| the grace that "goes before" us | |
| Prevenient grace | |
| Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace | |
| justifying grace | |
| conversion | |
| conversion | |
| New Birth | |
| grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection | |
| Sanctifying Grace | |
| a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves | |
| Christian Perfection | |
| Wesleyan theology | |
| prima scriptura | |
| UMC | |
| Book of Discipline | |
| 2008 | |
| pro-choice | |
| Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice | |
| The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women | |
| all women | |
| the mother | |
| Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality ( | |
| 2012 | |
| Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth | |
| temperance movement | |
| 2011 and 2012 | |
| The Use of Money | |
| unfermented grape juice | |
| capital punishment | |
| John 8:7. | |
| Matthew 5:38-39 | |
| The General Conference | |
| same-sex unions | |
| 1999 | |
| 2016 | |
| Connectional Table | |
| LGBT | |
| same-gender marriages with resolutions | |
| 1987 | |
| 2005 | |
| Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC | |
| conscription | |
| the way of military action | |
| all war | |
| Christ's message and teachings | |
| instrument of national foreign policy | |
| general and complete disarmament | |
| The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church | |
| violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion | |
| girls and women | |
| IVF | |
| stem cells | |
| research | |
| Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America | |
| When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England | |
| The Book of Common Prayer | |
| Africa | |
| Book of Common Prayer | |
| anointing with oil | |
| Methodist institutions | |
| William Booth | |
| John Wesley | |
| United Methodist Church | |
| General Conference | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| General Conference | |
| every four years | |
| five | |
| seven | |
| to elect and appoint bishops | |
| bishops | |
| Episcopal Areas | |
| Mission Council | |
| church bishops | |
| 36 | |
| for the George W. Bush Presidential Library | |
| Southern Methodist University | |
| nine | |
| Judicial Council | |
| eight-year term | |
| twice a year | |
| various locations throughout the world | |
| The Annual Conference | |
| geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting | |
| their Annual Conference | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| three | |
| nine | |
| church conference | |
| church conference | |
| one hundred | |
| three hundred sixty | |
| International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities | |
| John Wesley | |
| pastors | |
| Annual Conference Order of Elders | |
| Annual Conference Order of Deacons | |
| Annual Conference Cabinet | |
| one year at a time | |
| bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference | |
| Elders | |
| the local church | |
| 2–3 years | |
| District Superintendents | |
| 2–3 years | |
| Deacons | |
| Deacons | |
| granted sacramental authority | |
| 1996 | |
| The provisional elder/deacon | |
| 1996 General Conference | |
| Licensed Local Pastor | |
| licensed local pastor | |
| five | |
| Associate Membership | |
| Baptized Members | |
| confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith | |
| transfer from another Christian denomination | |
| Baptism | |
| confirmation and membership preparation classes | |
| The Book of Discipline | |
| Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition | |
| lay servants | |
| they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant | |
| annually | |
| at least one advanced course every three years | |
| United Methodist Church | |
| observer status | |
| blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity | |
| 2000 | |
| May 2012 | |
| 1985 | |
| 11 million | |
| 42,000 | |
| 8 million | |
| 34,000 | |
| Texas | |
| 11.4 million | |
| 7.9 million | |
| 3.5 million | |
| Wesleyan Holiness Consortium | |
| World Methodist Council | |
| July 18, 2006 | |
| 1754–1763 | |
| colonies of British America and New France | |
| roughly 60,000 European settlers | |
| 2 million | |
| primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies | |
| dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio | |
| Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, | |
| 1755 | |
| disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela | |
| combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies | |
| Fort Beauséjour | |
| expulsion of the Acadians | |
| William Pitt | |
| unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France | |
| against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war. | |
| Sainte Foy in Quebec | |
| territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain | |
| French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain | |
| confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America | |
| 1740s | |
| Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War | |
| much larger conflict between France and Great Britain | |
| Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire | |
| declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 | |
| six years | |
| 1760 | |
| Battle of Jumonville Glen | |
| about 75,000 | |
| heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia | |
| St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women | |
| 20 to 1 | |
| from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south | |
| along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior | |
| native tribes | |
| Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki | |
| present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country | |
| Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements | |
| Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw | |
| western portions of the Great Lakes region | |
| Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee | |
| no French regular army troops were stationed in North America | |
| few British troops | |
| mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces. | |
| about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. | |
| 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians | |
| British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave. | |
| informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French | |
| village of Pickawillany | |
| threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British | |
| ignored the warning. | |
| very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English | |
| proposing that action be taken | |
| British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present | |
| 1749 | |
| Ohio Company of Virginia | |
| Christopher Gist | |
| Treaty of Logstown | |
| mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) | |
| King George's War | |
| 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | |
| conflicting territorial claims between British and French | |
| Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides | |
| Marquis de la Jonquière | |
| 300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa | |
| punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British | |
| capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton | |
| Paul Marin de la Malgue | |
| Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania | |
| Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania | |
| protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British | |
| Tanaghrisson | |
| British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond | |
| Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things." | |
| colonel of the Iroquois | |
| Mohawk Chief Hendrick | |
| Ohio Company | |
| Major George Washington | |
| Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson | |
| December 12 | |
| Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre | |
| Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country | |
| As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it. | |
| France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British | |
| Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754 | |
| early months of 1754 | |
| Fort Duquesne. | |
| with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen | |
| killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville | |
| regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships | |
| dislodge the French | |
| plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure | |
| dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. | |
| blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755 | |
| Albany Congress | |
| formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal | |
| The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown | |
| format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence | |
| Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops | |
| The expedition was a disaster | |
| Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured. | |
| Washington and Thomas Gage | |
| Shirley and Johnson. | |
| efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience | |
| planned to attack Fort Niagara | |
| garrisons | |
| Marquis de Vaudreuil. | |
| sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat | |
| inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field | |
| Fort William Henry | |
| Ticonderoga Point, | |
| Colonel Monckton | |
| deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. | |
| Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 | |
| William Shirley | |
| Albany | |
| capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario | |
| through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec | |
| Major General James Abercrombie | |
| Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm | |
| May 18, 1756 | |
| Oneida Carry | |
| Battle of Fort Bull | |
| 45,000 pounds | |
| hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison | |
| Abercrombie | |
| Ticonderoga | |
| Oswego | |
| disposition of prisoners' personal effects | |
| attack on New France's capital, Quebec | |
| to distract Montcalm | |
| William Pitt | |
| returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry. | |
| French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) | |
| Lake George | |
| attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. | |
| British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping. | |
| poor harvest | |
| St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg, | |
| British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater | |
| Loudoun | |
| three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops | |
| Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg | |
| 3,600 | |
| 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies | |
| sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac | |
| recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg. | |
| invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland | |
| The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France | |
| Lagos and Quiberon Bay. | |
| James Wolfe | |
| cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south | |
| Battle of Sainte-Foy | |
| naval Battle of the Restigouche | |
| Governor Vaudreuil | |
| freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, | |
| General Amherst. | |
| signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 | |
| Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 | |
| continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique | |
| value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent | |
| 80,000 | |
| 1755 | |
| throughout its North American provinces | |
| New Orleans | |
| King George III | |
| outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory | |
| west of the Appalachian Mountains | |
| Most went to Cuba, | |
| military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes | |
| 1769 | |
| Choctaw and the Creek | |
| disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession | |
| force | |
| fundamental error | |
| Sir Isaac Newton | |
| nearly three hundred years | |
| Einstein | |
| Standard Model | |
| gauge bosons | |
| strong | |
| gravitational | |
| electroweak interaction | |
| Aristotle | |
| Aristotelian cosmology | |
| four | |
| on the ground | |
| unnatural | |
| 17th century | |
| Galileo Galilei | |
| impetus | |
| Galileo | |
| friction | |
| Newton | |
| lack of net force | |
| Newton | |
| Newton's First | |
| the same | |
| laws of physics | |
| parabolic | |
| at rest | |
| Inertia | |
| inertia | |
| rotational inertia of planet | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| weightlessness | |
| principle of equivalence | |
| Newton's Second Law | |
| kinematic | |
| General relativity | |
| General relativity | |
| fixed | |
| Newton's Third | |
| Newton's Third | |
| unidirectional | |
| magnitude | |
| center of mass | |
| closed | |
| mass of the system | |
| intuitive understanding | |
| standard measurement scale | |
| Newtonian mechanics | |
| experimentation | |
| vector quantities | |
| denoted scalar quantities | |
| Associating forces with vectors | |
| ambiguous | |
| Associating forces with vectors | |
| static equilibrium | |
| magnitude and direction | |
| net force | |
| respective lines of application | |
| parallelogram | |
| independent components | |
| two | |
| the original force | |
| orthogonal | |
| three-dimensional | |
| static friction | |
| static friction | |
| applied | |
| applied force | |
| forces | |
| spring reaction force | |
| gravity | |
| gravity | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| Galileo | |
| rest | |
| Galileo | |
| behind the foot of the mast | |
| foot of the mast | |
| dynamic equilibrium | |
| kinetic friction force | |
| kinetic friction | |
| Aristotle | |
| Schrödinger | |
| Newtonian | |
| classical position variables | |
| quantized | |
| force | |
| spin | |
| Pauli | |
| spin | |
| antiparallel | |
| parallel | |
| mathematical by-product | |
| force | |
| conservation of momentum | |
| Feynman | |
| straight | |
| four | |
| strong and weak | |
| electromagnetic | |
| masses | |
| Pauli exclusion principle | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| 20th | |
| unification | |
| self-consistent unification | |
| Isaac Newton | |
| Galileo | |
| about 9.81 meters per second squared | |
| sea level | |
| force of gravity | |
| at larger distances. | |
| the Moon | |
| mass | |
| radius () of the Earth | |
| Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, | |
| Henry Cavendish | |
| 1798 | |
| Newton | |
| Mercury | |
| Vulcan | |
| theory of general relativity | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| Albert Einstein | |
| general relativity | |
| ballistic trajectory | |
| gravitational force | |
| global | |
| electric current | |
| unified electromagnetic | |
| Lorentz's Law | |
| electrostatic force | |
| James Clerk Maxwell | |
| 1864 | |
| 20 | |
| 4 | |
| Maxwell | |
| electromagnetic theory | |
| quantum mechanics | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| photons | |
| quantum electrodynamics | |
| repulsion of like charges | |
| the Pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| as a structural force | |
| repulsion of like charges | |
| the Pauli exclusion principle | |
| energy | |
| as a structural force | |
| elementary particles | |
| residual of the force | |
| nuclear | |
| as gluons | |
| color confinement | |
| weak force | |
| beta decay | |
| radioactivity | |
| 1013 | |
| approximately 1015 kelvins | |
| normal force | |
| Pauli repulsion | |
| fermionic nature of electrons | |
| normal | |
| ideal strings | |
| ideal pulleys | |
| action-reaction pairs | |
| conservation of mechanical energy | |
| movable pulleys | |
| idealized point particles | |
| three-dimensional objects | |
| extended | |
| other parts | |
| extended structure | |
| stress tensor | |
| pressure terms | |
| pressure terms | |
| formalism | |
| rotational equivalent for position | |
| unbalanced torque | |
| Newton's Second Law of Motion | |
| toward the center of the curving path | |
| perpendicular | |
| centripetal | |
| radial | |
| tangential force | |
| kinetic | |
| potential | |
| net mechanical energy | |
| difference in potential energy | |
| artifact | |
| forces | |
| gradient of potentials | |
| friction | |
| Nonconservative | |
| statistical mechanics | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| Second | |
| nonconservative forces | |
| kilogram-force | |
| kilopond | |
| slug | |
| kip | |
| sthène |