Question: What category of trees show this difference greatly?

Answer: coniferous

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. <hl> This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. <hl> In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with <hl> coniferous <hl> woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.


Question: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

Answer: ring-porous

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. <hl> In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. <hl> Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In <hl> ring-porous <hl> woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.


Question: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?

Answer: no indication

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. <hl> Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength. <hl>

Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is <hl> no indication <hl> of strength.


Question: What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Answer: diseased

<hl> Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. <hl> The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a <hl> diseased <hl> condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.


Question: What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?

Answer: unsoundness

<hl> Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness . <hl> The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating <hl> unsoundness <hl>. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating <hl> unsoundness <hl> .


Question: What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?

Answer: insect attacks

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. <hl> The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks . <hl> The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of <hl> insect attacks <hl>. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

The black check in western hemlock is the result of <hl> insect attacks <hl> .


Question: What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?

Answer: birds

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. <hl> The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds . <hl> The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by <hl> birds <hl>. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by <hl> birds <hl> .


Question: What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?

Answer: spalting

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. <hl> Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. <hl> Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as <hl> spalting <hl> produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.


Question: What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

Answer: water

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. <hl> Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. <hl> Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the <hl> water <hl> in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.


Question: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?

Answer: 16

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. <hl> Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8– 16 % of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. <hl> Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–<hl> 16 <hl>% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8– <hl> 16 <hl> % of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms.


Question: What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?

Answer: oven-dried

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. <hl> Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry. <hl>

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even <hl> oven-dried <hl> wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.


Question: Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

Answer: softer

<hl> The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. <hl> A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it <hl> softer <hl> and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.


Question: What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?

Answer: rawhide

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. <hl> A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide , paper, or cloth. <hl> Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on <hl> rawhide <hl>, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on <hl> rawhide <hl> , paper, or cloth.


Question: What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?

Answer: paper

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. <hl> A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper , or cloth. <hl> Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, <hl> paper <hl>, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, <hl> paper <hl> , or cloth.


Question: When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?

Answer: greater

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. <hl> Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect. <hl>

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the <hl> greater <hl> the water content, the greater its softening effect.


Question: What type of action does water create in cloth?

Answer: softening

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. <hl> A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. <hl> Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.

The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the <hl> softening <hl> action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect.


Question: What will drying often increase in wood?

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.

Answer: strength

<hl> Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. <hl> An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.

Drying produces a decided increase in the <hl> strength <hl> of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.


Question: What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?

Answer: green

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. <hl> An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. <hl>

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a <hl> green <hl> (undried) block of the same size will.


Question: What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?

Answer: spruce

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. <hl> An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will. <hl>

Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry <hl> spruce <hl> block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.


Question: What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?

Answer: crushing

<hl> The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. <hl>

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate <hl> crushing <hl> strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.


Question: What property of wood is least affected by drying?

Answer: elasticity

<hl> The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. <hl>

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of <hl> elasticity <hl> is least affected.


Question: Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?

Answer: strength at elastic limit in endwise compression

<hl> The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. <hl>

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and <hl> strength at elastic limit in endwise compression <hl>; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and <hl> strength at elastic limit in endwise compression <hl> ; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.


Question: Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?

Answer: modulus of rupture

<hl> The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected. <hl>

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the <hl> modulus of rupture <hl>, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.

The greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the <hl> modulus of rupture <hl> , and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.


Question: Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).

Answer: heterogeneous

<hl> Wood is a heterogeneous , hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. <hl> It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).

Wood is a <hl> heterogeneous <hl>, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).

Wood is a <hl> heterogeneous <hl> , hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material.


Question: What does wood consist of?

Answer: cells

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. <hl> It consists of cells , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). <hl>

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of <hl> cells <hl>, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).

It consists of <hl> cells <hl> , and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).


Question: What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?

Answer: walls

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. <hl> It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). <hl>

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell <hl> walls <hl> are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).


Question: What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?

Answer: cellulose

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. <hl> It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). <hl>

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of <hl> cellulose <hl> (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%).


Question: What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?

Answer: lignin

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. <hl> It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). <hl>

Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with <hl> lignin <hl> (15% – 30%).


Question: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

Answer: tracheids

<hl> In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids , and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. <hl> There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, <hl> tracheids <hl>, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, <hl> tracheids <hl> , and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods.


Question: Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?

Answer: softwood

<hl> In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. <hl> There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

In coniferous or <hl> softwood <hl> species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.


Question: What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?

Answer: pores

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. <hl> There are no vessels (" pores ") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. <hl>

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("<hl> pores <hl>") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

There are no vessels (" <hl> pores <hl> ") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.


Question: What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?

Answer: oak

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. <hl> There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example. <hl>

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in <hl> oak <hl> and ash, for example.


Question: Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?

Answer: ash

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. <hl> There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash , for example. <hl>

In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and <hl> ash <hl>, for example.

There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and <hl> ash <hl> , for example.


Question: Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

Answer: complex

<hl> The structure of hardwoods is more complex . <hl> The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The structure of hardwoods is more <hl> complex <hl>. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The structure of hardwoods is more <hl> complex <hl> .


Question: What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?

Answer: vessels

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. <hl> The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels : in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. <hl> In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by <hl> vessels <hl>: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by <hl> vessels <hl> : in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens.


Question: Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?

Answer: large

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. <hl> The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. <hl> In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite <hl> large <hl> and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.


Question: In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?

Answer: a hand lens

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. <hl> The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens . <hl> In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without <hl> a hand lens <hl>. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without <hl> a hand lens <hl> .


Question: Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?

Answer: diffuse-porous

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. <hl> In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous . <hl>

The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and <hl> diffuse-porous <hl>.

In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and <hl> diffuse-porous <hl> .


Question: What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

Answer: ring-porous

<hl> In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. <hl> The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

In <hl> ring-porous <hl> species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]


Question: In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?

Answer: spring

<hl> In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring , thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. <hl> The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in <hl> spring <hl>, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in <hl> spring <hl> , thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue.


Question: In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?

Answer: summer

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. <hl> The rest of the ring, produced in summer , is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. <hl> These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in <hl> summer <hl>, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

The rest of the ring, produced in <hl> summer <hl> , is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers.


Question: What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?

Answer: wood fibers

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. <hl> The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers . <hl> These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of <hl> wood fibers <hl>. These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]

The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of <hl> wood fibers <hl> .


Question: Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?

Answer: toughness

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. <hl> These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed] <hl>

In ring-porous species, such as ash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localised in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibers. These fibers are the elements which give strength and <hl> toughness <hl> to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.[citation needed]


Question: What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

Answer: diffuse-porous

<hl> In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. <hl> Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

In <hl> diffuse-porous <hl> woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Question: What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?

Answer: Populus

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and <hl> the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. <hl> Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the <hl> Populus <hl> species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Question: With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?

Answer: cherry

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. <hl> Some species, such as walnut and cherry , are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed] <hl>

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and <hl> cherry <hl>, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

Some species, such as walnut and <hl> cherry <hl> , are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Question: What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?

Answer: water conducting

<hl> In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. <hl> Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the <hl> water conducting <hl> capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Question: Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?

Answer: diffuse-porous

<hl> In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. <hl> Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

In <hl> diffuse-porous <hl> woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]


Question: What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

Answer: temperate

<hl> In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. <hl> The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

In <hl> temperate <hl> softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.


Question: Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?

Answer: denser

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. <hl> The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. <hl> When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be <hl> denser <hl> than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.


Question: Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?

Answer: walls

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. <hl> When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. <hl> The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin <hl> walls <hl> and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.


Question: Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?

Answer: thin

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. <hl> When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. <hl> The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have <hl> thin <hl> walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.


Question: What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?

Answer: very small

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. <hl> When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. <hl> The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.

In temperate softwoods there often is a marked difference between latewood and earlywood. The latewood will be denser than that formed early in the season. When examined under a microscope the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with <hl> very small <hl> cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood the greater the density and strength. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of earlywood and latewood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion and nature of the latewood in the ring.


Question: Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

Answer: heavy

<hl> If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. <hl> In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

If a <hl> heavy <hl> piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.


Question: What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?

Answer: growth rings

<hl> If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings . <hl> In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated <hl> growth rings <hl>. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated <hl> growth rings <hl> .


Question: What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?

Answer: white pines

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. <hl> In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. <hl> In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In <hl> white pines <hl> there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.


Question: Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?

Answer: easy

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. <hl> In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. <hl> In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is <hl> easy <hl> to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.


Question: What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?

Answer: hard pines

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. <hl> In hard pines , on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood. <hl>

If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In <hl> hard pines <hl>, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

In <hl> hard pines <hl> , on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.


Question: Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

Answer: quality

<hl> It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality , that counts. <hl> In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its <hl> quality <hl>, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its <hl> quality <hl> , that counts.


Question: What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?

Answer: comparative density

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. <hl> One can judge comparative density , and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection. <hl>

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge <hl> comparative density <hl>, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

One can judge <hl> comparative density <hl> , and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.


Question: What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?

Answer: strength

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. <hl> One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength , by visual inspection. <hl>

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent <hl> strength <hl>, by visual inspection.

One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent <hl> strength <hl> , by visual inspection.


Question: What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?

Answer: porous

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. <hl> In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. <hl> One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more <hl> porous <hl> and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.


Question: What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

Answer: character

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. <hl> The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. <hl> In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the <hl> character <hl> of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.


Question: If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?

Answer: moderate to slow

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. <hl> In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen. <hl>

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of <hl> moderate to slow <hl> growth should be chosen.


Question: What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?

Answer: conifers

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. <hl> In conifers , at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. <hl> The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In <hl> conifers <hl>, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

In <hl> conifers <hl> , at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true.


Question: What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?

Answer: latewood

<hl> No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood . <hl> Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and <hl> latewood <hl>. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and <hl> latewood <hl> .


Question: While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?

Answer: a rule

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. <hl> The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. <hl> In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate <hl> a rule <hl> governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.


Question: What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?

Answer: ring-porous

<hl> In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. <hl>

In <hl> ring-porous <hl> woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.


Question: What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?

Answer: large

<hl> In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before. <hl>

In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the <hl> large <hl> pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before.


Question: When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?

Answer: the year before

<hl> In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of the year before . <hl>

In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of <hl> the year before <hl>.

In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores formed early in the season abut on the denser tissue of <hl> the year before <hl> .


Question: Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

Answer: rate of growth

<hl> In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. <hl> This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the <hl> rate of growth <hl> of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.


Question: Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings?

Answer: wider

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. <hl> This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. <hl> This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the <hl> wider <hl> the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.


Question: What kind of wood with a name that starts with "H" is a ring-porous hardwood?

Answer: hickory

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. <hl> This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory , and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations. <hl>

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, <hl> hickory <hl>, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, <hl> hickory <hl> , and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.


Question: If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid?

Answer: more rapid

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. <hl> This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. <hl> This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the <hl> more rapid <hl> the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.


Question: What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster?

Answer: ring-porous

<hl> In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. <hl> This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.

In the case of the <hl> ring-porous <hl> hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.


Question: Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

Answer: latewood

<hl> In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. <hl> As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the <hl> latewood <hl> in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.


Question: When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?

Answer: breadth of ring

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. <hl> As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. <hl> In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the <hl> breadth of ring <hl> diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.


Question: Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?

Answer: slow

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. <hl> As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. <hl> In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very <hl> slow <hl> growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.


Question: What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?

Answer: good

<hl> In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. <hl> As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of <hl> good <hl> growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.


Question: What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?

Answer: thick-walled

<hl> In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the thick-walled , strength-giving fibers are most abundant. <hl> As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the <hl> thick-walled <hl>, strength-giving fibers are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this latewood is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the earlywood occupy from 6 to 10 percent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25% or more. The latewood of good oak is dark colored and firm, and consists mostly of thick-walled fibers which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, this latewood is much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.

In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the latewood in which the <hl> thick-walled <hl> , strength-giving fibers are most abundant.


Question: What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?

Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Answer: second-growth

<hl> Wide-ringed wood is often called " second-growth ", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. <hl> This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Wide-ringed wood is often called "<hl> second-growth <hl>", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Wide-ringed wood is often called " <hl> second-growth <hl> ", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred.