Answer: genetic variants

Context: The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.

Question: What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?


Answer: Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b

Question: What is the brand name Pegasys for?


Answer: sustained virological response

Question: What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?


Answer: anti-infective

Context: When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]

Question: What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?


Answer: Several

Question: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?


Answer: severity and the type of infection

Question: What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?


Answer: with intravenous antibiotics

Question: How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?


Answer: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria

Question: How do antibiotics work?


Answer: HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria

Context: The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world.

Question: What are the top three killer diseases?


Answer: fourfold

Question: How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?


Answer: pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus

Question: What are some popular childhood diseases?


Answer: Children

Question: Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?


Answer: lower respiratory infections

Question: What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?


Answer: field of Infectious Disease

Context: The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.

Question: What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?


Answer: Epidemiology

Question: Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?


Answer: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists

Question: Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?


Answer: lung physician

Question: What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?


Answer: infectious diseases specialist

Question: Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?


Answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior

Context: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

Question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?


Answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area

Question: What is higher pathogen load associated with?


Answer: pathogen transmission

Question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?


Answer: Higher pathogen load

Question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?


Answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.

Question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?


Answer: paleopathologists

Context: Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

Question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?


Answer: occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms

Question: What do paleopathologists study?


Answer: Signs of infection

Question: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?


Answer: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis

Question: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?


Answer: being bitten during a fight

Question: How did tyrannosaurs become infected?


Answer: Hunting

Context: Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

Question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?


Answer: food

Question: Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?


Answer: poaching

Question: What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?


Answer: illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species

Question: What is poaching?


Answer: prey

Question: What is the species which is hunted referred to as?


Answer: Hunting

Question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?


Answer: 2010s

Question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?


Answer: poaching

Question: Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?


Answer: game or prey

Question: Hunted species are usually referred to as what?


Answer: mammals and birds

Question: What animals are usually hunted?


Answer: Hunting

Question: What is it called to kill or trap an animal?


Answer: mammals and birds

Question: What species are usually hunted?


Answer: food, recreation, to remove predators

Question: Why do humans hunt?


Answer: 2010s

Question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?


Answer: game or prey

Question: Species hunted are referred to as what?


Answer: holocene megafauna

Context: Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.

Question: What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?


Answer: Younger Dryas impact event

Question: What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?


Answer: extinction of the Australian megafauna

Question: What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?


Answer: prior to human occupation

Question: When was Australian's megafauna widespread?


Answer: hunting

Question: What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?


Answer: smaller herbivores

Question: What replaced the holocene megafauna?


Answer: Younger Dryas impact event

Question: What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction?


Answer: humans

Question: What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?


Answer: were hunters

Context: While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

Question: What is undisputed about early humans?


Answer: earlier Australopithecines

Question: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?


Answer: hunting

Question: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?


Answer: hunting

Question: What became a theme of stories and myths?


Answer: dance and animal sacrifice

Question: Hunting allowed what type of rituals?


Answer: humans were hunters

Question: What is undisputed about earlier humans?


Answer: stories and myths

Question: What did hunting become a theme of?


Answer: hunting hypothesis

Question: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis?


Answer: Hunter-gathering

Context: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

Question: What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?


Answer: some tribal societies

Question: Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?


Answer: paleolithic hunting-gathering

Question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?


Answer: the Hadza of Tanzania

Question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?


Answer: European Age of Discovery

Question: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?


Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia

Question: What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?


Answer: Hadza of Tanzania

Question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?


Answer: Archaeologist

Context: Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.

Question: What is Louis Binford's profession?


Answer: that early hominids and early humans were hunters

Question: What idea did Binford take issue with?


Answer: scavengers

Question: What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?


Answer: idea of confrontational scavenging

Question: What idea did Blumenschine propose?


Answer: challenging and scaring off

Question: What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?


Answer: Louis Binford

Question: Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?


Answer: hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers

Question: Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?


Answer: confrontational scavenging

Question: What did Robert Blumenschine propose?


Answer: archaeologists and paleoanthropologists

Question: Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?


Answer: challenging and scaring off

Question: Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?


Answer: hunting

Context: Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

Question: What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?


Answer: protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather

Question: What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?


Answer: clothing

Question: What was the leather from hunting used for?


Answer: hunting weapons

Question: Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?


Answer: marginal climates

Question: Where is hunting still vital?


Answer: human food supply

Question: Hunt was a significant contributor to what?


Answer: marginal climates

Question: Where is hunting still vital?


Answer: unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture

Question: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?


Answer: make kayaks, clothing, and footwear

Question: How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?


Answer: hunters

Context: On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting.

Question: What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs?


Answer: big game

Question: What are the kings portrayed as hunting?


Answer: by deities

Question: How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented?


Answer: hunting restrictions

Question: What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of?


Answer: disrespect of prey

Question: What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?


Answer: lions

Question: Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?


Answer: Taboos

Question: What is often related to hunting?


Answer: cultural and psychological

Question: Deities represent what importance?


Answer: Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon

Question: What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting?


Answer: the upper class

Context: In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?


Answer: food and furs

Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of?


Answer: Robin Hood

Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?


Answer: they "hunt the King's deer

Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?


Answer: the upper class

Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?


Answer: democratically in hunting for all

Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?


Answer: food and furs

Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of?


Answer: Robin Hood

Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?


Answer: they "hunt the King's deer

Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?


Answer: democratically in hunting for all

Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?


Answer: upper class

Question: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?


Answer: food and furs

Question: What was the game in feudal territory was used as?


Answer: professional huntsmen

Question: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?


Answer: Robin Hood

Question: The importance of can be seen in what legends?


Answer: all

Question: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?


Answer: acceptable

Context: Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.

Question: What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being?


Answer: Mrigavyadha

Question: What is one of the names of the god Shiva?


Answer: "the deer hunter"

Question: What is the translation of Mrigavyadha?


Answer: animal instincts

Question: What does Shiva destroy in human beings?


Answer: hunt in the dark

Question: What talent does Dasharatha have?


Answer: Hindu

Question: What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?


Answer: hunting

Question: Godly figures have engaged in what activity?


Answer: deer hunter

Question: Mrigavyadha means what?


Answer: human beings

Question: Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who?


Answer: died

Question: What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?


Answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics

Context: From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

Question: Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?


Answer: Corpus Juris Canonici

Question: Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?


Answer: Pope Innocent III

Question: What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?


Answer: not all hunting is illicit

Question: What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?


Answer: clamorosa

Question: What type of hunting is unlawful?


Answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics

Question: Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?


Answer: Corpus Juris Canonici

Question: What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?


Answer: Pope Innocent III

Question: Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?


Answer: mildly

Question: How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?


Answer: Council of Trent

Question: Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?


Answer: between lawful and unlawful hunting

Context: Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

Question: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?


Answer: all hunting

Question: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?


Answer: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere

Question: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?


Answer: not too severe

Question: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?


Answer: bishop

Question: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?


Answer: Benedict XIV

Question: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?


Answer: prohibit all hunting to the clerics

Question: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?


Answer: strong hunting culture

Context: New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.

Question: What does New Zealand have?


Answer: bats

Question: What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?


Answer: to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource

Question: Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?


Answer: no natural predators

Question: Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?


Answer: pests

Question: What do government agencies view the animals as?


Answer: New Zealand

Question: What country has a strong hunting culture?


Answer: bats

Question: What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?


Answer: islands

Question: What is New Zealand made up of?


Answer: acclimatisation societies

Question: Game animals were introduced here by whom?


Answer: their population exploded

Question: What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?


Answer: regal sport

Context: During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.

Question: What was hunting regarded as in British India?


Answer: big-game hunters

Question: What does the Indian word "shikaris" mean in English?


Answer: shikaris

Question: What did British officers maintain whole corps of?


Answer: because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques

Question: Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?


Answer: an elephant

Question: What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?


Answer: British India

Question: Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?


Answer: Bengal tigers

Question: What is hunted from the back of an elephant?


Answer: shikaris

Question: Who did British officers maintain?


Answer: master of the hunt

Question: Who were the shikaris headed by?


Answer: because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques

Question: Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?


Answer: Regional social

Context: Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.

Question: What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?


Answer: Bishnoi

Question: What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?


Answer: Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

Question: What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?


Answer: the Chief Wildlife Warden

Question: Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?


Answer: government

Question: Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?


Answer: Bishnoi

Question: Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?


Answer: India's Wildlife Protection Act

Question: What bans the killing of all wild animals?


Answer: 1972

Question: What year was this protection act put into place?


Answer: Chief Wildlife Warden

Question: Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?


Answer: becomes government property

Question: What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?


Answer: fox hunting

Context: Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

Question: What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?


Answer: on horseback with hounds

Question: How do the English hunt foxes?


Answer: birds

Question: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?


Answer: form of vermin control to protect livestock

Question: Why were foxes originally hunted?


Answer: on foot without hounds, using stealth

Question: How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?


Answer: fox

Question: What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?


Answer: fox hunting

Question: In Victorian times a popular social activity was?


Answer: Deer stalking

Question: What is carried out on foot without hounds?


Answer: to pursue

Question: Hounds were used for what purpose?


Answer: game

Context: Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.

Question: What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?


Answer: thirty-five million

Question: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?


Answer: elaborate

Question: What kind of affairs can shoots be?


Answer: "beaters"

Question: Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?


Answer: open season for grouse

Question: What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?


Answer: thirty-five million

Question: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?


Answer: beaters

Question: Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?


Answer: 12 August

Question: When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?


Answer: Game Act 1831

Question: What is the UK definition of game is governed by?


Answer: help load shotguns

Question: Why are assistants used?


Answer: state

Context: Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.

Question: What law primarily regulates hunting?


Answer: environmental

Question: What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?


Answer: Regulations

Question: What varies widely from state to state?


Answer: protected species and unprotected species

Question: What do some states make a distinction between?


Answer: a hunting license

Question: What do hunters of protected species require in all states?


Answer: by state law

Question: How is hunting regulated?


Answer: United States environmental law

Question: Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?


Answer: Hunters of protected species

Question: What hunters require a hunting license in all states?


Answer: hunting safety course

Question: What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?


Answer: a "tag" for each animal harvested

Context: Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license.

Question: What is required when hunting big game?


Answer: the hunting license

Question: Tags are purchased in addition to what?


Answer: number of tags issued

Question: What is typically limited to an individual?


Answer: Tags

Question: A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?


Answer: duck

Question: What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?


Answer: tag

Question: When hunting big game what is typically required?


Answer: Tags

Question: What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?


Answer: by lottery

Question: How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?


Answer: duck stamp

Question: What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?


Answer: Fish and Wildlife Service

Question: Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?


Answer: game category, area within the state, and time period

Context: Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.

Question: How is gun usage typically regulated?


Answer: Regulations for big-game hunting

Question: What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?


Answer: safety reasons

Question: Why is the use of rifles often banned?


Answer: environmental concerns

Question: Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?


Answer: limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons

Question: Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?


Answer: safety reasons

Question: Why are the use of rifles banned?


Answer: by game category

Question: How is gun useage regulated?


Answer: minimum caliber

Question: What is specified in big-game hunting?


Answer: any particular class or culture

Context: Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits.

Question: What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?


Answer: seventy-eight percent

Question: What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?


Answer: just six percent

Question: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?


Answer: twelve percent

Question: What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?


Answer: ten percent

Question: How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?


Answer: seventy-eight percent

Question: What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?


Answer: six percent

Question: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?


Answer: five percent

Question: South Easterners hunted at what rate?


Answer: twelve percent

Question: Midwesterners hunted at what rate?


Answer: 1996–2006

Question: What years did hunting decline?


Answer: 19th century

Context: Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

Question: When do hunting regulations date from in the US?


Answer: conservationists and sportsmen

Question: What do some modern hunters see themselves as?


Answer: Local hunting clubs and national organizations

Question: What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?


Answer: a specific hunting interest

Question: Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?


Answer: lobbying

Question: What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?


Answer: conservationists and sportsmen

Question: What do modern hunters see themselves as?


Answer: Local hunting clubs

Question: Who provides hunter education?


Answer: lobbying the federal government and state government

Question: What do hunting groups also participate in?


Answer: 19th

Question: What century is U.S. regulations dates from?


Answer: $200 million

Context: Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.

Question: How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?


Answer: over $700 million

Question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?


Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?


Answer: management of game animals

Question: What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?


Answer: to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting

Question: What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?


Answer: state agencies

Question: Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?


Answer: wildlife management programs

Question: What do the taxes support?


Answer: $700 million

Question: How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?


Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?


Answer: hunting

Question: Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?


Answer: selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests

Context: Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

Question: What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?


Answer: selective control of pests

Question: What does varmint hunting achieve?


Answer: crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets.

Question: What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?


Answer: Louisiana

Question: Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?


Answer: initiated a bounty program

Question: What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?


Answer: Varmint hunting

Question: What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.


Answer: wolves

Question: What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?


Answer: nutria

Question: What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?


Answer: bounty program

Question: What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?


Answer: 2005

Context: When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."

Question: When was internet hunting introduced?


Answer: using remotely controlled guns

Question: How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?


Answer: hunters

Question: Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?


Answer: principles of fair chase

Question: What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?


Answer: an important element of hunting tradition

Question: What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?


Answer: Internet hunting

Question: What allows people to hunt over the internet?


Answer: 2005

Question: When was this type of hunting introduced?


Answer: hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns

Question: How is this type of hunting done?


Answer: fair chase

Question: What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?


Answer: National Rifle Association (NRA)

Question: Who spoke on this violation?


Answer: 12,000

Context: There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets. With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years (in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, collared peccary, and red brocket deer) are thought to be quite low (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013). It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting. Various herons, ducks, doves, the green iguana, the gold tegu, the spectacled caiman and the common opossum are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian porcupines, yellow-footed tortoises, Trinidad piping guans and even one of the national birds, the scarlet ibis. Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training. There is presumed to be relatively very little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authority is under-staffed and under-funded, and as such very little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting occurring both in and out of season, and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management.

Question: Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years?


Answer: Trinidad and Tobago

Question: Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game?


Answer: poached wild game

Question: What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for?


Answer: high

Question: What is hunting pressure from?


Answer: hunting of small to medium-sized wild game

Question: What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have?


Answer: hounds

Question: What animal aids in the hunting?


Answer: red brocket deer

Question: What population has extirpated?


Answer: very small fees

Question: What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?


Answer: managing populations

Context: Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.

Question: What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?


Answer: combination habitat and food availability,

Question: What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?


Answer: same end

Question: What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?


Answer: managing populations

Question: How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?


Answer: threaten the well-being of other species

Question: What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?


Answer: by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established

Question: How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?


Answer: mortality

Question: What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?


Answer: (re)introducing predators

Question: What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?


Answer: Hunting

Question: What is an important tool in managing populations?


Answer: combination habitat and food availability

Question: What is carrying capacity determined by?


Answer: predators

Question: What can it increase the population of?


Answer: trophy

Context: In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]

Question: What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?


Answer: sign of prowess

Question: What was the head of an animal displayed as?


Answer: s typically discarded

Question: What happened to the rest of the animal?


Answer: such waste

Question: What did some churches disapprove of?


Answer: Nordic

Question: What countries frowned upon this hunting?


Answer: a trophy

Question: What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?


Answer: the head or pelt of an animal

Question: What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?


Answer: Nordic

Question: In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?


Answer: food supplies

Question: What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement?


Answer: Africa, India and other places

Question: What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?


Answer: 19th

Question: What century was game hunted as a trophy?


Answer: Nordic

Question: What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?


Answer: food supplies

Question: What did North America primarily hunt for?


Answer: safari method

Question: What sport of hunting is in Africa?


Answer: Africa

Context: A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

Question: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?


Answer: conservation

Question: What does hunting create economic incentives for?


Answer: expenditures

Question: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?


Answer: scientific

Question: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?


Answer: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas

Question: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?


Answer: photographic

Question: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?


Answer: less than 3%

Question: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?


Answer: minimal

Question: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?


Answer: trophy hunting

Question: What is of major importance in Africa?


Answer: economic incentives for conservation

Question: What does trophy hunting create in Africa?


Answer: less than 3%

Question: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?


Answer: hunting

Context: A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]

Question: What do a variety of industries benefit from?


Answer: Tanzania

Question: Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?


Answer: tented camps

Question: Where does the average safari hunter stay in?


Answer: anti-poaching

Question: Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities?


Answer: hunting

Question: What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?


Answer: Tanzania

Question: In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?


Answer: luxury

Question: What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?


Answer: in tented camps

Question: Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?


Answer: remote areas

Question: Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?


Answer: fifty to one hundred times

Question: How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?


Answer: luxury accommodation

Question: What does the photo tourist seek?


Answer: tented camps

Question: Where does a safari hunter usually stay?


Answer: Safari hunters

Question: What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?


Answer: the United States

Context: Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.

Question: Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?


Answer: equipment or speciality tourism

Question: What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?


Answer: assist hunters

Question: "There's an app for that!", what have been different technologies been created to do?


Answer: economic, social, and cultural

Question: What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?


Answer: over $20.5 billion

Question: How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?


Answer: significant financial impact

Question: What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?


Answer: different technologies

Question: What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?


Answer: iPhone applications

Question: One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?


Answer: over $20.5 billion

Question: How much did hunters spend in 2001?


Answer: preservation of wildlife habitat

Question: What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?


Answer: the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals

Context: However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

Question: What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?


Answer: extinction

Question: What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?


Answer: primarily for commercial sale or sport.

Question: Why have poachers killed endangered animals?


Answer: to endangerment or extinction

Question: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?


Answer: contributed heavily

Question: How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?


Answer: excessive hunting

Question: What contributes to endangerment?


Answer: endangerment

Question: What have poachers contributed to hunting?


Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Context: On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]

Question: Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?


Answer: 16 March 1934

Question: When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?


Answer: an annual stamp purchase

Question: What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?


Answer: the purchase or lease of wetland habitat

Question: What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?


Answer: one third

Question: How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?


Answer: Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

Question: What act was signed in 1934?


Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: What President signed this act?


Answer: annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen

Question: What is the requirement of the act?


Answer: wildlife artwork

Question: What do the stamps depict?


Answer: one third

Question: What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.


Answer: $670 million

Context: Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).

Question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?


Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?


Answer: hunt migratory birds

Question: What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?


Answer: hunters

Question: Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?


Answer: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission

Question: Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?


Answer: $670 million

Question: How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?


Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?


Answer: license to hunt migratory birds

Question: What do the Duck Stamps serve as?


Answer: eighty-seven

Question: What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?


Answer: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)

Question: Who manages distribution of funds?


Answer: The Arabian oryx

Context: The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Question: What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?


Answer: the species' striking appearance

Question: Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?


Answer: 1972

Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?


Answer: use of automobiles and high-powered rifles

Question: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?


Answer: Arabian oryx

Question: What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"?


Answer: Arabian oryx

Question: What is a species of large antelope?


Answer: much of the desert areas of the Middle East

Question: What did the large antelope species once inhabit?


Answer: automobiles and high-powered rifles

Question: What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.


Answer: 1972

Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?


Answer: conservation efforts

Question: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?


Answer: a large bovid

Context: The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

Question: What type of creature is the American bison?


Answer: western North America

Question: What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?


Answer: rot

Question: What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?


Answer: several million

Question: What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?


Answer: near-threatened

Question: What is the current status of bison?


Answer: market hunters

Question: What did large herds of bison attract?


Answer: western

Question: What part of North America did the bison live?


Answer: for their hides

Question: Why were the bison killed?


Answer: leaving the rest to rot

Question: What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?


Answer: near-threatened

Question: What do bison still remain?


Answer: a precipitous wildlife decline

Context: In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Question: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?


Answer: antelope

Question: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?


Answer: hippopotamus

Question: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?


Answer: poaching, drought and habitat loss

Question: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?


Answer: Uganda

Question: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?


Answer: ban trophy hunting

Question: What Botswana was resently forced to do?


Answer: antelope

Question: What animal declined across Botswana?


Answer: hippopotamus

Question: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?


Answer: elephant

Question: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?


Answer: poaching

Question: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda?


Answer: Nepal

Context: Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).

Question: What country is Kathmandu the capital of?


Answer: Sub-Metropolitan City

Question: What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?


Answer: tri-city

Question: Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu?


Answer: 975,453

Question: How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?


Answer: 49.45

Question: How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?


Answer: 2000

Context: The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: About how long has Kathmandu existed?


Answer: inscriptions

Question: What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?


Answer: Hinduism

Question: What is Kathmandu's majority religion?


Answer: Nepali

Question: What do most Kathmandu residents speak?


Answer: English

Question: What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?


Answer: wood

Context: The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: What does काष्ठ mean in English?


Answer: covered shelter

Question: What is the English translation of Mandap?


Answer: Maru Satal

Question: What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?


Answer: King Laxmi Narsingh Malla

Question: Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?


Answer: 25 April 2015

Question: On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?


Answer: Kasthamandap Mahanagar

Context: The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

Question: What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?


Answer: Kantipur

Question: How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?


Answer: Lakshmi

Question: Who is also called Kanti?


Answer: pur

Question: How do you say place in Sanskrit?


Answer: great city

Question: What is the English translation of Mahanagar?


Answer: lake

Context: The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.

Question: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?


Answer: snakes

Question: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?


Answer: Bodhisatwa Manjusri

Question: Who was the founder of Manjupattan?


Answer: demon

Question: What type of creature was Banasur?


Answer: Krishna

Question: Who was Banasur's murderer?


Answer: Yalamber

Context: Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Question: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?


Answer: northern

Question: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?


Answer: Sino-Tibetan

Question: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?


Answer: southern half

Question: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?


Answer: Buddhist

Question: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?


Answer: Licchavis

Context: The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Question: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?


Answer: Koliyas

Question: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?


Answer: Newar

Question: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?


Answer: Virudhaka

Question: Who killed the Shakyas?


Answer: Dakshin Koligram

Question: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?


Answer: Dakshin Koligram

Context: Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

Question: Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?


Answer: Gunakamadeva

Question: Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?


Answer: Manjushri

Question: Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?


Answer: eight

Question: How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?


Answer: India and Tibet

Question: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?


Answer: Malla

Context: The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Question: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?


Answer: Turk Muslims

Question: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?


Answer: third

Question: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?


Answer: Kailashkut Bhawan

Question: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?


Answer: Abhaya Malla

Question: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?


Answer: four

Context: During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

Question: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?


Answer: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur

Question: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?


Answer: India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe

Question: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?


Answer: Haramekhala

Question: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?


Answer: 1381

Question: When does Amarkosh date to?


Answer: Gorkha Kingdom

Context: The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

Question: Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?


Answer: Kirtipur

Question: What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?


Answer: nine

Question: How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?


Answer: Great Britain

Question: What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?


Answer: nine

Question: How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?


Answer: Bagmati

Context: Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

Question: What river is south of Kathmandu?


Answer: northwestern

Question: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?


Answer: 4,600

Question: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?


Answer: 19.56

Question: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?


Answer: south

Question: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?


Answer: eight

Context: Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

Question: How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?


Answer: Nagarjuna hill

Question: Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?


Answer: 4,900–9,800

Question: How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?


Answer: three

Context: The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

Question: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?


Answer: municipalities

Question: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?


Answer: 1

Question: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?


Answer: 20,000

Question: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?


Answer: villages

Question: What is another term for VDCs?


Answer: 50.2

Context: Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Question: What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?


Answer: humid subtropical climate

Question: Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?


Answer: Cwa

Question: What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?


Answer: 2,100–3,300

Question: How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?


Answer: Five

Question: How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?


Answer: cool

Context: The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.

Question: What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?


Answer: 65

Question: About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?


Answer: January 10

Question: On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?


Answer: June to August

Question: In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?


Answer: 2003

Question: In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?


Answer: Buddhism

Context: The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.

Question: What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?


Answer: India and China

Question: Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?


Answer: agriculture

Question: Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?


Answer: one third

Context: The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.

Question: Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?


Answer: $2200

Question: What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?


Answer: 6.5billion

Question: What is the GDP of Kathmandu?


Answer: 21

Question: What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?


Answer: 9%

Question: What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?


Answer: 1950

Context: Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.

Question: Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?


Answer: Raxaul

Question: What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?


Answer: 1956

Question: When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?


Answer: tourism

Context: Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

Question: What is the most significant industry in Nepal?


Answer: Hindu

Question: Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?


Answer: 6,179

Question: How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?


Answer: end of the Maoist insurgency

Question: What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?


Answer: Himalayas

Question: What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?


Answer: Thamel

Context: The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

Question: What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?


Answer: Jhamsikhel

Question: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?


Answer: Jhochhen Tol

Question: What is the traditional name for Freak Street?


Answer: hippies

Question: What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?


Answer: four

Context: With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

Question: How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?


Answer: three-star

Question: What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?


Answer: five-star

Question: De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?


Answer: casinos

Question: What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?


Answer: five

Context: Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.

Question: How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?


Answer: City Core

Question: What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?


Answer: civic administration

Question: What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?


Answer: 20

Question: How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?


Answer: 4

Question: How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?