Answer: Publius Claudius Pulcher

Context: The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, he threw them into the sea, "saying that they might drink, since they would not eat. He was defeated, and on being bidden by the senate to appoint a dictator, he appointed his messenger Glycias, as if again making a jest of his country's peril." His impiety not only lost the battle but ruined his career.

Question: What general was consul in 249 BC?


Answer: sea

Question: What type of campaign did Publius fight?


Answer: defiance of the omen

Question: What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?


Answer: defeated

Question: How did Publius fare in his battle?


Answer: impiety

Question: What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?


Answer: limited

Context: Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

Question: What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?


Answer: animal sacrifice

Question: What religious act did women not perform?


Answer: Vestals

Question: What priesthood was reserved solely for women?


Answer: Bona Dea

Question: What Roman rites excluded men?


Answer: motherhood

Question: With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions?


Answer: superstitio

Context: Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of religio.

Question: What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?


Answer: superstition

Question: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?


Answer: knowledge

Question: What was the basis of Roman religion?


Answer: more than was necessary

Question: Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?


Answer: inappropriate

Question: What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?


Answer: private diviners

Context: In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consultations between private diviners and their clients were thus suspect. So were divinatory techniques such as astrology when used for illicit, subversive or magical purposes. Astrologers and magicians were officially expelled from Rome at various times, notably in 139 BC and 33 BC. In 16 BC Tiberius expelled them under extreme penalty because an astrologer had predicted his death. "Egyptian rites" were particularly suspect: Augustus banned them within the pomerium to doubtful effect; Tiberius repeated and extended the ban with extreme force in AD 19. Despite several Imperial bans, magic and astrology persisted among all social classes. In the late 1st century AD, Tacitus observed that astrologers "would always be banned and always retained at Rome".

Question: What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?


Answer: will of the gods

Question: What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?


Answer: foretelling the future

Question: What action was not to be sought by state diviners?


Answer: Astrologers and magicians

Question: What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?


Answer: death

Question: What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?


Answer: magi

Context: In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to." Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air".

Question: What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?


Answer: Persian priests

Question: To what did the term magi originally refer?


Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?


Answer: "History of magical arts"

Question: What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?


Answer: Apollonius of Tyana

Question: Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?


Answer: Erichtho

Context: Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

Question: What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?


Answer: Sextus Pompeius

Question: Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?


Answer: order of gods

Question: What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?


Answer: stereotypical witch

Question: How was Erichtho portrayed?


Answer: Thessaly

Question: From what country did Erichtho come?


Answer: Twelve Tables

Context: The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although sometimes the recipients of public rites, these were conducted outside the sacred boundary of the pomerium. Individuals seeking their aid did so away from the public gaze, during the hours of darkness. Burial grounds and isolated crossroads were among the likely portals. The barrier between private religious practices and "magic" is permeable, and Ovid gives a vivid account of rites at the fringes of the public Feralia festival that are indistinguishable from magic: an old woman squats among a circle of younger women, sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch, then pierces and roasts it to "bind hostile tongues to silence". By this she invokes Tacita, the "Silent One" of the underworld.

Question: What forbid harmful incantations?


Answer: Chthonic

Question: What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community?


Answer: indistinguishable

Question: What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?


Answer: public gaze

Question: What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?


Answer: outside the sacred boundary

Question: Where was magic conducted in Rome?


Answer: Archaeology

Context: Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these defixiones seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

Question: What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?


Answer: defixiones

Question: What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?


Answer: law and justice

Question: What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?


Answer: 7th century AD

Question: Until what era did spells persist in the empire?


Answer: Christian era

Question: What era produced a decline in the use of spells?


Answer: aristocracy

Context: Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

Question: What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?


Answer: slave or free non-citizens

Question: Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?


Answer: plebeians

Question: What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?


Answer: Less than a quarter

Question: How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?


Answer: the senate

Question: What organization was Rome's official caretaker?


Answer: religious and political

Context: The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia. The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public. Plebeian tribunes were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.

Question: The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?


Answer: patrician elite

Question: Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?


Answer: plebeians

Question: What group was excluded from high offices ?


Answer: Camillus

Question: Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?


Answer: Concordia

Question: To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?


Answer: political traditions and religious cults

Context: While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.

Question: What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility?


Answer: Dionysus

Question: What cult arrived from southern Italy?


Answer: Punic crisis

Question: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?


Answer: Bacchus

Question: To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?


Answer: divine hierarchy

Question: With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?


Answer: pontifex maximus

Context: The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus. Julius Caesar went further, and claimed her as his ancestress. Such claims suggested personal character and policy as divinely inspired; an appointment to priesthood offered divine validation. In 63 BC, Julius Caesar's appointment as pontifex maximus "signaled his emergence as a major player in Roman politics". Likewise, political candidates could sponsor temples, priesthoods and the immensely popular, spectacular public ludi and munera whose provision became increasingly indispensable to the factional politics of the Late Republic. Under the principate, such opportunities were limited by law; priestly and political power were consolidated in the person of the princeps ("first citizen").

Question: What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?


Answer: cultural shift

Question: What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?


Answer: divinely inspired

Question: What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?


Answer: 63 BC

Question: In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?


Answer: by law

Question: How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?


Answer: plebeian

Context: By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.

Question: At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?


Answer: neighbours

Question: With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?


Answer: Minerva

Question: What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?


Answer: Etruscan

Question: In what style was the temple to Minerva built?


Answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva

Question: What gods were in the Capitoline triad?


Answer: Diana

Context: Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill.

Question: Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?


Answer: Jupiter Latiaris

Question: To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?


Answer: Hercules

Question: What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?


Answer: cavalry

Question: For what group was Castor a patron?


Answer: Sicily

Question: From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?


Answer: Magna Mater

Context: The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)

Question: What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?


Answer: Bacchus

Question: What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?


Answer: 186 BC

Question: In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?


Answer: 179 BC

Question: In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?


Answer: Mars

Question: What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?


Answer: model

Context: The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In the last century of the Republic, Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably, Scaevola and the polymath Varro. For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult.

Question: The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?


Answer: Euhemerus

Question: What writer defined the development of the gods?


Answer: literate elite

Question: At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?


Answer: devotion and cult.

Question: What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?


Answer: Euhemerus' theory

Question: What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?


Answer: divine ancestor

Context: Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

Question: What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?


Answer: personal claim

Question: What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?


Answer: Imperial cult

Question: Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?


Answer: Venus Genetrix

Question: What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?


Answer: Vergil

Question: What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood?


Answer: religious and political

Context: Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors.

Question: By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?


Answer: Augustus

Question: What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?


Answer: unprecedented number

Question: How many priesthoods was Augustus given?


Answer: adaptive, restorative and regulatory

Question: How were Augustus's reforms viewed?


Answer: Roman morality

Question: As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?


Answer: Roman religious law

Context: The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha’s so-called tophet was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to "non-Roman" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch.

Question: From what were countries in the empire free?


Answer: inclusionist policies

Question: What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?


Answer: Autonomy and concord

Question: What was Rome's policy towards government?


Answer: Romanised

Question: What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults?


Answer: centralised legal requirement

Question: What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?


Answer: diis deabusque omnibus

Context: Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.

Question: What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?


Answer: domestic

Question: What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?


Answer: traditional gods

Question: To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?


Answer: conscription

Question: What act of provincials brought new gods into the military?


Answer: citizenship

Question: What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?


Answer: Julius Caesar

Context: The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.

Question: What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?


Answer: divine monarchy

Question: What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?


Answer: Augustus

Question: To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult?


Answer: Imperial cult

Question: By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?


Answer: integrated

Question: For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?


Answer: divinely approved

Context: In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a divus, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity – libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous.

Question: What was the emperor's rule in Rome?


Answer: father of his country

Question: As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?


Answer: traditional

Question: As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?


Answer: vote in the Senate

Question: After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?


Answer: traditional cults

Question: What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion?


Answer: treaty

Context: For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

Question: What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?


Answer: 63 BC

Question: When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?


Answer: synagogues

Question: What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?


Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?


Answer: Christianity

Question: In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?


Answer: Christians

Context: After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to decode any crisis in religious terms”, regardless of their allegiance to particular practices or belief systems. Christianity drew its traditional base of support from the powerless, who seemed to have no religious stake in the well-being of the Roman State, and therefore threatened its existence. The majority of Rome’s elite continued to observe various forms of inclusive Hellenistic monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these ungodly practices as a primary cause of economic and political crisis.

Question: What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?


Answer: Emperor Nero

Question: Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?


Answer: persecution

Question: What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?


Answer: official policy

Question: What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?


Answer: ungodly practices

Question: How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?


Answer: Decius

Context: In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

Question: Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?


Answer: Decian oath

Question: What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?


Answer: Jews

Question: What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?


Answer: subversives

Question: What was the Decian decree meant to root out?


Answer: edict expired.

Question: What happened to the decree after a year?


Answer: subversive foreign cult

Context: Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

Question: What did Valerian call the Christian religion?


Answer: assemblies

Question: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?


Answer: Rome's traditional

Question: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?


Answer: threat

Question: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?


Answer: stronger

Question: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?


Answer: treason

Context: In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military triggered a series of edicts against Christianity. The first (303 AD) "ordered the destruction of church buildings and Christian texts, forbade services to be held, degraded ofﬁcials who were Christians, re-enslaved imperial freedmen who were Christians, and reduced the legal rights of all Christians... [Physical] or capital punishments were not imposed on them" but soon after, several Christians suspected of attempted arson in the palace were executed. The second edict threatened Christian priests with imprisonment and the third offered them freedom if they performed sacrifice. An edict of 304 enjoined universal sacrifice to traditional gods, in terms that recall the Decian edict.

Question: For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?


Answer: 303 AD

Question: In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?


Answer: legal rights

Question: In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?


Answer: traditional gods

Question: To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?


Answer: imprisonment

Question: With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?


Answer: strictly enforced

Context: In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantius Chlorus, the father of Constantine I. Diocletian's successor Galerius maintained anti-Christian policy until his deathbed revocation in 311, when he asked Christians to pray for him. "This meant an ofﬁcial recognition of their importance in the religious world of the Roman empire, although one of the tetrarchs, Maximinus Daia, still oppressed Christians in his part of the empire up to 313."

Question: How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?


Answer: imprisoned or martyred

Question: In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?


Answer: powerful and influential

Question: What were some Christian communities?


Answer: lenient

Question: What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?


Answer: 311

Question: When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?


Answer: St. Jerome

Context: With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Question: Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?


Answer: peace of God

Question: To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?


Answer: "pagan" emperors

Question: With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?


Answer: Donatists

Question: What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?


Answer: Constantine I

Question: What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?


Answer: edict of Milan

Context: Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Constantine had triumphed under the signum (sign) of the Christ: Christianity was therefore officially embraced along with traditional religions and from his new Eastern capital, Constantine could be seen to embody both Christian and Hellenic religious interests. He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the genius of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial outstripped Diocletian's in their supra-human elevation of the Imperial hierarch. His later direct intervention in Church affairs proved a political masterstroke. Constantine united the empire as an absolute head of state, and on his death, he was honored as a Christian, Imperial, and "divus".

Question: What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?


Answer: officially

Question: How did Constantine accept Christianity?


Answer: traditional religions

Question: Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?


Answer: absolute head of state

Question: As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?


Answer: Christian, Imperial, and "divus"

Question: As what was Constantine honored when he died?


Answer: First Council of Nicaea

Context: At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

Question: What group did Constantine call to a meeting?


Answer: Western Empire

Question: From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?


Answer: 318

Question: How many bishops attended the First Council?


Answer: Nicene Creed

Question: What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?


Answer: Christian orthodoxy

Question: What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?


Answer: Julian

Context: The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.

Question: What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?


Answer: Nicene Christianity

Question: What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?


Answer: religious tolerance

Question: What pleas were rejected by the empire?


Answer: Heretics

Question: What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?


Answer: ritual

Question: What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?


Answer: Julian

Context: Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

Question: Who rejected the Christian religion?


Answer: 361

Question: When did Julian become Augustus?


Answer: non-Christian practices

Question: What did Julian try to restore to the empire?


Answer: Jerusalem's temple

Question: What building did Julian want to rebuild?


Answer: Christian control

Question: After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?


Answer: pontifex maximus

Context: The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.

Question: What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?


Answer: Vestals

Question: What group did Gratian seek the abolish?


Answer: Theodosius I

Question: Which emperor briefly united the empire again?


Answer: East and West

Question: Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?


Answer: Sacred fire

Question: What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?


Answer: San Bruno, California, United States

Context: YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

Question: Where is Youtube headquartered?


Answer: February 2005

Question: When was Youtube created?


Answer: US$1.65 billion

Question: How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?


Answer: short original videos

Question: Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?


Answer: as one of Google's subsidiaries

Question: How does youtube now operate as a business?


Answer: Hurley and Chen

Context: According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".

Question: What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?


Answer: San Francisco

Question: Where did Chen live in 2005?


Answer: difficulty sharing videos

Question: What was the original stimuli for creating the website?


Answer: the early months of 2005

Question: When did the creators have the idea for youtube?


Answer: May 2005

Context: YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.

Question: when was the first beta test for the youtube site?


Answer: a Nike advertisement

Question: What was the first video to reach a million views?


Answer: $3.5 million

Question: How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?


Answer: December 15, 2005

Question: What was the official launch date for the youtube website?


Answer: 14 billion

Question: As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?


Answer: 300

Context: In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.

Question: As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every minute?


Answer: around three quarters

Question: How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?


Answer: 800 million

Question: How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?


Answer: 15 billion

Question: As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?


Answer: third

Question: Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?


Answer: launched a new design

Context: On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined". In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day. In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.

Question: What did youtube do on March 31 2010?


Answer: Shiva Rajaraman

Question: Who was the Google product manager in 2010?


Answer: more than two billion

Question: How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?


Answer: more than three billion

Question: How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?


Answer: four billion

Question: How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?


Answer: a new app

Context: In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.

Question: What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?


Answer: YouTube Kids

Question: what was the name of the new app youtube launched?


Answer: YouTube Gaming

Question: What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?


Answer: YouTube Red

Question: What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?


Answer: both Android and iOS

Question: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?


Answer: HTML5

Context: In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.

Question: In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?


Answer: allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player

Question: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?


Answer: a page

Question: How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?


Answer: WebM

Question: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?


Answer: 12 hours

Context: All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.

Question: What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?


Answer: 15 minutes

Question: When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?


Answer: March 2006

Question: When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?


Answer: unauthorized uploads

Question: in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?


Answer: 20 GB

Question: What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?


Answer: In November 2008

Context: In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. In June 2015, support for 8K resolution was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels.

Question: When was 720p HD support added to youtube?


Answer: widescreen 16:9

Question: What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?


Answer: 1080p HD

Question: What video format support was added in 2009?


Answer: 8K resolution

Question: What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?


Answer: 4K

Question: What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096×3072 pixels?


Answer: software engineer

Context: In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.

Question: Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?


Answer: 3D

Question: What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?


Answer: anaglyph

Question: What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?


Answer: In May 2011

Question: When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?


Answer: outside their website

Context: YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.

Question: Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?


Answer: HTML

Question: What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?


Answer: social networking pages and blogs

Question: What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?


Answer: "video response"

Question: What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?


Answer: On August 27, 2013

Question: When did youtube officially remove the response feature?


Answer: download link

Context: YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright.

Question: YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?


Answer: through its website

Question: Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?


Answer: a Creative Commons license

Question: What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?


Answer: Zamzar

Question: Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?


Answer: the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama

Question: Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?


Answer: June 2007

Context: Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third most used app.

Question: When did youtube become available on Apple products?


Answer: September 2012

Question: When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?


Answer: 35%

Question: What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?


Answer: H.264

Question: What is Apple's prefered video standard?


Answer: several months

Question: How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?


Answer: TiVo

Context: A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.

Question: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?


Answer: YouTube for TV

Question: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?


Answer: YouTube XL

Question: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV


Answer: the Roku player

Question: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?


Answer: October 2014

Question: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?


Answer: YouTube's premium subscription service

Context: YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music "All Access" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content.

Question: What is youtube red?


Answer: November 12, 2014

Question: When was youtube red originally announced?


Answer: Music Key

Question: What was the original title of youtube red?


Answer: October 28, 2015

Question: When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?


Answer: Google Play Music "All Access"

Question: What service was "music key" intended to replace?


Answer: large production companies

Context: Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.

Question: Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?


Answer: Partner Program

Question: What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?


Answer: $12 million

Question: What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?


Answer: 90.3%

Question: Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?


Answer: Billboard

Question: Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?


Answer: Chris Anderson

Context: Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication". Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history." In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes' Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.

Question: Who is the TED curator?


Answer: face-to-face communication

Question: What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize?


Answer: Salman Khan

Question: Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?


Answer: education

Question: What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?


Answer: schedule the protests

Context: YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world." In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."

Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?


Answer: coordinate

Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?


Answer: tell the world

Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?


Answer: Senator Lindsey Graham

Question: Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?


Answer: to more easily engage with citizens

Context: Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

Question: How has youtube helped the government?


Answer: seventh

Question: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?


Answer: creators' new media savvy

Question: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?


Answer: Iman Crosson

Question: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?


Answer: encourage young Americans to enroll

Question: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?


Answer: It Gets Better Project

Context: The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.

Question: What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?


Answer: fifteen

Question: How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?


Answer: within two months

Question: How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?


Answer: legislative action was undertaken

Question: What was done after Amanda Todd's death?


Answer: form a national anti-bullying strategy

Question: What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?


Answer: 15 minutes

Context: Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit 5.6 billion dollars according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion,

Question: How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?


Answer: four or five hours

Question: What is the average time an American watches TV in day?


Answer: 3.7 billion

Question: What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?


Answer: $200 million

Question: What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?


Answer: Google

Question: Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?


Answer: June 2006

Context: YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films.

Question: When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?


Answer: Shows

Question: What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?


Answer: to create competition

Question: What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section?


Answer: In November 2009

Question: When did youtube launch the version of "shows" for the UK?


Answer: over 6,000 films

Question: In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?


Answer: AdSense

Context: In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos, a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $7.60 X 55% = $2.09 per 1000 views in 2013.

Question: What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?


Answer: 45 percent

Question: What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on "partner program" channels?


Answer: over a million

Question: How many people are employed by the partner program?


Answer: $2.09

Question: As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?


Answer: 55 percent

Question: How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?


Answer: to the copyright holders

Context: Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. In May 2013, Nintendo began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators.

Question: Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?


Answer: nearly a third

Question: In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?


Answer: Nintendo

Question: Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?


Answer: February 2015

Question: When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?


Answer: have them continue running for revenue

Question: What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?


Answer: violate copyright laws

Context: At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.

Question: What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?


Answer: unauthorized

Question: Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?


Answer: Three

Question: How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?


Answer: view

Question: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?


Answer: DMCA

Question: What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?


Answer: $1 billion

Context: Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works".

Question: How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?


Answer: filed lawsuits

Question: Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?


Answer: goes far beyond its legal obligations

Question: What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?


Answer: 150,000

Question: How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?


Answer: 12 terabytes

Context: During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.

Question: How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?


Answer: Electronic Frontier Foundation

Question: Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?


Answer: appeal

Question: What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?


Answer: rejected in a summary judgment

Question: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?


Answer: Louis L. Stanton

Question: Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?


Answer: videos that infringe copyright

Context: In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.

Question: In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?


Answer: Eric Schmidt

Question: Who was Google's CEO in 2007?


Answer: Content ID

Question: What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?


Answer: resolving lawsuits

Question: Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary?


Answer: flags the video

Question: What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?


Answer: surprisingly resilient

Context: An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.

Question: What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?


Answer: unlimited

Question: As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?


Answer: fill in a form

Question: How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?


Answer: were modified

Question: What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?


Answer: users

Context: YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating:

Question: Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?


Answer: a YouTube employee

Question: Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?


Answer: the Culture and Media Committee

Question: Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?


Answer: unimpressed

Question: The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?


Answer: In July 2008

Question: When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?


Answer: leave comments

Context: Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred". The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:

Question: Most videos enable users to do what


Answer: their form

Question: What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?


Answer: stupidity

Question: Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?


Answer: The Guardian

Question: Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?


Answer: community and collaboration

Question: Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?


Answer: November 6, 2013

Context: On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better, more relevant discussions appear at the top. The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:

Question: When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?


Answer: block

Question: The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?


Answer: more relevant discussions

Question: There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?


Answer: Jawed

Question: What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?


Answer: 20,097

Question: How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?


Answer: blocked

Context: In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.

Question: youtube is completely what in some places?


Answer: long term standing ban

Question: Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?


Answer: specific videos is blocked

Question: What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?


Answer: 20,000

Context: In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience." The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.

Question: How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?


Answer: 90%

Question: What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?


Answer: block all music content

Question: What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?


Answer: The Financial Times

Question: Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?


Answer: to launch the enhanced music experience

Question: Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?


Answer: Jefferson

Context: Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Question: Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?


Answer: metaphor

Question: What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?


Answer: 1879

Question: When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?


Answer: authoritative declaration

Question: What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?


Answer: a wall of separation between church and state

Question: What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?


Answer: to worship freely

Context: Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.

Question: What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?


Answer: religious persecution

Question: What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?


Answer: King of England

Question: Who was persecuting the Puritans?


Answer: religious minorities

Question: What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?


Answer: churches

Question: What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?


Answer: worshipping God

Context: ^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."

Question: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?


Answer: 1789

Question: When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?


Answer: attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment

Question: What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?


Answer: No one religious society

Question: What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?


Answer: any civil right

Question: What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?


Answer: 1776

Context: ^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.

Question: When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?


Answer: Protestants

Question: What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?


Answer: Christians

Question: What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?


Answer: Article VI, Section 8

Question: What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?


Answer: 1961

Question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable?


Answer: The Flushing Remonstrance

Context: The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage." The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their "desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master." Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.

Question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?


Answer: religious persecution of any sort

Question: What were the Remonstrance opposed to?


Answer: December 27, 1657

Question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?


Answer: Quakers

Question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?


Answer: religions

Question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?


Answer: opponents

Context: There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

Question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?


Answer: Baptist minister

Question: What was Issac Backus' profession?


Answer: New England

Question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?


Answer: 1773

Question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?


Answer: 1786

Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?


Answer: Baptist theologian

Context: The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):

Question: Who was Roger Williams?


Answer: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"

Question: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?


Answer: Rhode Island

Question: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?


Answer: 1644

Question: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?


Answer: Thomas Jefferson

Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?


Answer: Jefferson and James Madison's

Context: Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]

Question: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?


Answer: Proclamations of Thanksgiving

Question: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?


Answer: at the Capitol

Question: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?


Answer: four

Question: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?


Answer: practical distinction

Question: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?