Answer: March 2012

Question: When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?


Answer: 14.8 percent

Context: IMF's forecast said that Greece's unemployment rate would hit the highest 14.8 percent in 2012 and decrease to 14.1 in 2014. But in fact, the Greek economy suffered a prolonged high unemployemnt. The unemployment figure was between 9 per cent and 11 per cent in 2009, and it soared to 28 per cent in 2013. In 2015, Greece's jobless rate is around 24 per cent. It is thought that Greece's potential output has been eroded by this prolonged massive unemployment due to the associated hysteresis effects.

Question: What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?


Answer: 9 per cent and 11 per cent

Question: What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?


Answer: 28 per cent

Question: What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?


Answer: 24 per cent

Question: What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?


Answer: prolonged massive unemployment

Question: What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?


Answer: Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate

Context: Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.

Question: Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?


Answer: Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker

Question: Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??


Answer: Dick Armey

Question: Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?


Answer: Dennis Hastert

Question: Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?


Answer: Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker

Context: The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader. Unlike the Majority Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues.

Question: Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?


Answer: agreements on controversial issues

Question: What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?


Answer: Nancy Pelosi

Question: Who is he current Minority leader?


Answer: Minority Leader

Question: If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?


Answer: Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position

Context: Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

Question: Are minority leaders usually experienced?


Answer: 108th Congress

Question: In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?


Answer: 20 years

Question: How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?


Answer: 1981

Question: When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?


Answer: 1973

Question: John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?


Answer: Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011

Context: Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

Question: Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?


Answer: Hale Boggs

Question: What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?


Answer: John Boehner

Question: Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?


Answer: Dennis Hastert

Question: Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?


Answer: Speaker

Context: Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

Question: Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?


Answer: Majority Leader

Question: What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?


Answer: Majority Leader Tom DeLay

Question: Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?


Answer: Minority Leader

Question: Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?


Answer: minority party has one less leadership position

Context: When the Majority Leader's party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. Outgoing Speaker Nancy Pelosi ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.

Question: Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?


Answer: Minority Leader

Question: What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?


Answer: Democrats

Question: What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?


Answer: Rule XII, clause 6

Context: From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

Question: What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?


Answer: minority leader

Question: Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?


Answer: certain federal entities.

Question: Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?


Answer: are not well-defined

Context: The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

Question: Are minority leadership roles specified closely?


Answer: Representative Bertrand Snell

Question: What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?


Answer: He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.

Question: What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?


Answer: tradition and custom

Question: What defines a large part of minority leader role?


Answer: 20th-century

Context: To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

Question: When was the minority leader position created?


Answer: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader

Question: Why was minority leader position created?


Answer: James Madison

Question: Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"


Answer: Alexander Hamilton

Question: Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?


Answer: it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader

Context: During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

Question: In the early days who represented party leadership?


Answer: (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

Question: In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?


Answer: to represent a party comprising a distinct minority

Question: What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of the house?


Answer: Internal party disunity

Context: Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

Question: What made identifying House leadership difficult?


Answer: at least twenty different candidates

Question: How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?


Answer: two of these seven Congresses

Question: From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?


Answer: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

Context: In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Question: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?


Answer: Randall Ripley

Question: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?


Answer: Thomas Reed,

Question: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?


Answer: 1871 and 1873

Context: Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance." This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

Question: Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?


Answer: James Blaine

Question: What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?


Answer: James A. Garfield

Question: What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?


Answer: there is disagreement among historical analysts

Context: In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Question: Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?


Answer: strong party organization and professional politicians

Question: What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?


Answer: establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Question: What were these conditions effective for in the house?


Answer: Democrats

Context: Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

Question: Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?


Answer: 1994

Question: What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?


Answer: objecting to their private bills on the floor

Question: Why were republicans upset with Mann?


Answer: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President

Context: In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Question: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?


Answer: more partisan nature of the House

Question: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?


Answer: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner

Question: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?


Answer: minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative

Context: The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Question: How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?


Answer: personality and contextual factors

Question: What influences role of minority leader?


Answer: House rule book.

Question: Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?


Answer: three

Context: In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

Question: How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?


Answer: House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission

Question: What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?


Answer: majority party leaders

Question: Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?


Answer: Policy Committee

Context: The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?


Answer: Steering Committee

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?


Answer: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?


Answer: Democratic Leadership Council

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?


Answer: A party's floor leader

Context: A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Question: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?


Answer: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

Question: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?


Answer: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

Question: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?


Answer: hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention

Context: Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

Question: How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?


Answer: travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions

Question: Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?


Answer: Minority leaders

Question: Who establishes leadership PACs?


Answer: in consultation with other party colleagues

Context: Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Question: Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?


Answer: options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances

Question: Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?


Answer: may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion

Question: Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?


Answer: frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness

Context: A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Question: What is the purpose of Obstruction?


Answer: motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes

Question: How can obstruction be employed?


Answer: "going negative" carries risks

Question: Is it safe to employ negative strategy?


Answer: if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public

Question: What may be a risk negative tactic?


Answer: develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals

Context: Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

Question: What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?


Answer: may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.

Question: How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?


Answer: 218

Question: How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?


Answer: independents and swing voters

Question: What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?


Answer: "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"

Context: Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Question: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?


Answer: issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages

Question: What items are discussed at party retreats?


Answer: conduct surveys of party colleagues

Question: How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?


Answer: counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House

Context: House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel. In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Question: With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?


Answer: develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues

Question: What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?


Answer: floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country

Question: What speaking obligations does minority leader have?


Answer: write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements

Question: What are the purpose of minority leader writings?


Answer: minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress

Context: Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

Question: How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?


Answer: point man" for Republican presidents

Question: What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?


Answer: will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party

Question: Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?


Answer: assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party

Context: When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI. Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

Question: What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?


Answer: propose Republican alternatives

Question: What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?


Answer: political protection

Question: What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?


Answer: offer our program as a substitute

Context: "We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.

Question: What options do minority party have in amendment phase?


Answer: motion to recommit and get a vote on that

Question: If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?


Answer: say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument

Question: If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?


Answer: appointment of task forces

Context: Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Question: What is a good technique to foster party harmony?


Answer: partisan colleagues with conflicting views

Question: What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?


Answer: way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure

Question: What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?


Answer: The Chief Deputy Whip

Context: The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

Question: Who is the chief vote counter for party?


Answer: Patrick McHenry.

Question: Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?


Answer: Senior Chief Deputy Whip

Question: Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?


Answer: senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991

Question: How long has democratic leader of whips held position?


Answer: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Context: Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.

Question: Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?


Answer: around 5 million

Question: How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?


Answer: Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria

Question: Where do most emigrant Armenians live?


Answer: the Armenian Genocide

Question: Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?


Answer: around the 6th century BC

Context: Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina ( ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

Question: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?


Answer: 476 BC

Question: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?


Answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

Question: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?


Answer: Xenophon

Question: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?


Answer: Persians

Question: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?


Answer: Mount Ararat

Context: The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190 BC), the Nairi (1400–1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan).

Question: What mountain does Armenia surround?


Answer: the Bronze Age

Question: What era was the Hittite Empire in?


Answer: 1600–1200 BC

Question: When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?


Answer: 1300s–1190 BC

Question: When did the Arme-Shupria rule?


Answer: 1400–1000 BC

Question: When did the Nairi rule?


Answer: Pontic Indo-European

Context: Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.

Question: What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?


Answer: the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands

Question: Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?


Answer: Greek and Ancient Macedonian

Question: What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?


Answer: in the late 6th century BC

Context: The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

Question: When was Armenia established?


Answer: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription

Question: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?


Answer: Orontid dynasty

Question: During which dynasty was Armenia established?


Answer: 95–65 BC

Question: When was Armenia at its largest?


Answer: The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia

Context: The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with Greco-Roman deities). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 301, partly in defiance of the Sassanids it seems. In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land, but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and paganism in Armenia gradually declined. Later on, in order to further strengthen Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet, in 405 AD. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 AD to the rivalling Byzantine and Sassanid Persian empires, until the Muslim conquest of Persia overran also the regions in which Armenians lived.

Question: What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?


Answer: Zoroastrianism

Question: What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by?


Answer: AD 301

Question: When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?


Answer: in defiance of the Sassanids

Question: Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?


Answer: Mesrop Mashtots

Question: Who invented the Armenian alphabet?


Answer: 885 AD

Context: In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to Mamluk invasions. In the next few centuries, Djenghis Khan, Timurids, and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians.

Question: When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?


Answer: Ashot I

Question: Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?


Answer: the Bagratid Dynasty

Question: What dynasty was Ashot I part of?


Answer: Seljuk Turks

Question: Who invaded Armenia in 1064?


Answer: the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu

Question: What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?


Answer: 1826

Context: From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

Question: When did the Russo-Persian War begin?


Answer: 1828

Question: When did the Russo-Persian War end?


Answer: Treaty of Turkmenchay

Question: What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?


Answer: mid 16th century

Question: When was the Peace of Amasya?


Answer: In the late 1820s

Question: When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?


Answer: Governments of Republic of Turkey

Context: Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)

Question: Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?


Answer: diplomatic conflict

Question: What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?


Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?


Answer: independent republic

Context: Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.

Question: What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?


Answer: late 1920

Question: When did communists take over Armenia?


Answer: the Red Army

Question: Who invaded Armenia in 1920?


Answer: the Transcaucasian SFSR

Question: What part of the USSR did Armenia join?


Answer: 1991

Question: When did Armenia leave the USSR?


Answer: over four thousand years

Context: Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (Հայաստանցի), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian.

Question: How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?


Answer: Hayk

Question: Who founded the first Armenian nation?


Answer: Bel of Babylon

Question: Who did Hayk defeat?


Answer: those that are from Armenia

Question: What does Hayastantsis mean?


Answer: 3.5 million

Question: How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?


Answer: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem

Context: Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Question: What is the Armenian Quarter?


Answer: 35

Question: How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?


Answer: 1717

Question: When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?


Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?


Answer: on an island near Venice

Question: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?


Answer: Armenians who originate from Iran

Context: Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

Question: What are Parskahay?


Answer: Armenians from Lebanon

Question: What are Lipananahay?


Answer: Western

Question: What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?


Answer: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other

Question: How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?


Answer: Eastern

Question: What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?


Answer: 451 AD

Context: Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the Council of Chalcedon. Today this church is known as the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority. Therefore, it eventually moved to Cilicia as the Holy See of Cilicia.

Question: When did Armenia's church become independent?


Answer: Armenian Apostolic Church

Question: What is Armenia's church called?


Answer: Oriental Orthodox

Question: What type of Catholicism is Armenia's church part of?


Answer: Echmiadzin

Question: Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first?


Answer: Cilicia

Question: Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to?


Answer: Muslim

Context: The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.

Question: What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia?


Answer: ethnic Armenian Muslims

Question: What are Hamshenis?


Answer: Kirakos Virapetsi

Question: Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441?


Answer: Krikor Moussapegiants

Question: Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia?


Answer: equal rights and privileges

Question: How do the two Catholicosates compare?


Answer: Armenian Catholic Church

Context: While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

Question: Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?


Answer: Armenian Evangelical Church

Question: What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?


Answer: Armenian Apostolic Church

Question: Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?


Answer: Armenian Brotherhood Church

Question: What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?


Answer: Mesrop Mashtots

Context: Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the "father of Armenian history", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature.

Question: Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?


Answer: 400 AD

Question: When did Armenian writing begin?


Answer: Moses of Chorene

Question: Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?


Answer: Moses of Chorene

Question: Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?


Answer: Romanticists

Question: Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?


Answer: between the 4th and 7th century

Context: The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

Question: When were early Armenian Christian churches built?


Answer: 4th

Question: In which century did Armenia become Christian?


Answer: Hrip'simé

Question: What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?


Answer: fifth century

Question: When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?


Answer: seventh century

Question: When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?


Answer: Seljuk

Context: From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion.

Question: Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?


Answer: Haghpat and Haritchavank

Question: What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?


Answer: From the 9th to 11th century

Question: When was there an Armenian architecture revival?


Answer: Bagratid Dynasty

Question: What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?


Answer: Armenian Khachkars

Question: What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?


Answer: 1952

Context: During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan, who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In football, their most successful team was Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.

Question: When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals?


Answer: Helsinki

Question: Where were the 1952 Olympics held?


Answer: Yerevan's FC Ararat

Question: Which Armenian football team was the most successful?


Answer: Hrant Shahinyan

Question: Who won Armenia's first Olympic medal?


Answer: FC Bayern Munich

Question: What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?


Answer: Armenian folk music

Context: Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

Question: What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?


Answer: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun

Question: What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?


Answer: the Armenian chant

Question: What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?


Answer: inventor of the Armenian alphabet

Question: What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?


Answer: classical music composer

Question: What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?


Answer: the traditional "kef" style

Context: The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth.[citation needed] These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Question: What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for?


Answer: Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments

Question: What instruments does 'kef' use?


Answer: pop music combined with Armenian folk music

Question: What type of music does Sirusho perform?


Answer: French-Armenian

Question: What nationality is Charles Aznavour?


Answer: System of a Down

Question: What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians?


Answer: Carpet-weaving

Context: Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

Question: What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?


Answer: early 13th century

Question: When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?


Answer: the village of Banants (near Gandzak)

Question: Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?


Answer: the Armenian word for carpet

Question: What is 'gorg'?


Answer: in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh

Question: Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?


Answer: Art historian

Context: Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.

Question: What is Hakobyan's career?


Answer: dragons and eagles

Question: What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?


Answer: eagle-carpets

Question: What are artsvagorgs?


Answer: dragon-carpets

Question: What are vishapagorgs?


Answer: serpent-carpets

Question: What are otsagorgs?


Answer: an Armenian-styled barbecue

Context: Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. Arguably the favorite food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue. Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and pilaf, a rice dish. Also, ghapama, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca, also known as Armenian Plum) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for having an especially good flavor. Peaches are popular as well, as are grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries, young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others.

Question: What is khorovats?


Answer: Armenian flat bread

Question: What is lavash?


Answer: a popular dessert made from filo dough

Question: What is paklava?


Answer: a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables

Question: What is a kabob?


Answer: a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish

Question: What is ghapama?


Answer: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

Question: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?


Answer: mainstream Christianity

Question: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?


Answer: more than 8.2 million

Question: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?


Answer: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?


Answer: Brooklyn, New York

Question: Where are the group elders located?


Answer: their door-to-door preaching

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.

Question: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?


Answer: military service and blood transfusions

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?


Answer: proper worship

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?


Answer: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines

Question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?


Answer: they consider to have pagan origins

Question: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?


Answer: 1870

Context: In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

Question: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?


Answer: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Question: Where did Russell and others form their group?


Answer: to study the Bible

Question: What was the purpose of Russell's group?


Answer: the Gentile Times

Question: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?


Answer: Three Worlds

Question: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?


Answer: From 1879

Context: From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

Question: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?


Answer: Thirty

Question: How many congregations were founded?


Answer: self-administrative

Question: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?


Answer: during 1879 and 1880

Question: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?


Answer: William Henry Conley

Question: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?


Answer: 1909

Context: Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.

Question: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?


Answer: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship

Question: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?


Answer: Bethel

Question: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?


Answer: October 31, 1916

Question: When did Russell die?


Answer: about 50,000 people

Question: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?


Answer: Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Context: In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Question: Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?


Answer: June 1917,

Question: When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?


Answer: legal representative

Question: What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?


Answer: Catholic and Protestant clergy

Question: Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize?


Answer: sedition

Question: What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?


Answer: Cedar Point, Ohio

Context: Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.

Question: Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?


Answer: a director

Question: What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?


Answer: house-to-house preaching

Question: What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?


Answer: preaching activity

Question: What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?


Answer: twenty-five years

Question: How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?


Answer: July 26, 1931

Context: On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods. In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.

Question: When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?


Answer: Isaiah 43:10

Question: What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?


Answer: locally elected elders

Question: What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?


Answer: the Brooklyn headquarters

Question: Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?


Answer: 1932

Context: From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914.

Question: From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?


Answer: 144,000

Question: What was the number of the little flock set at?


Answer: a paradise restored on earth

Question: Where would the great multitude live?


Answer: great multitude

Question: All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?


Answer: 1914

Question: When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?


Answer: Nathan Knorr

Context: Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code.

Question: Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?


Answer: a new translation of the Bible

Question: What did Knorr commission?


Answer: in 1961

Question: When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?


Answer: explicit instructions guiding Witnesses

Question: What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?


Answer: a strict moral code

Question: What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?


Answer: Christ's thousand-year reign

Context: From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.

Question: From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?


Answer: more than 297,000

Question: How many baptisms were there in 1974?


Answer: two million

Question: How many active members were there in 1975?


Answer: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong

Question: Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?


Answer: its responsibility in building up hope

Question: What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?


Answer: president

Context: The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".

Question: In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?


Answer: 1972

Question: When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?


Answer: 1977

Question: When did Knorr die?


Answer: traveling overseers

Question: Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?


Answer: Don A. Adams

Question: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?


Answer: hierarchically

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.

Question: How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?


Answer: God's "visible organization"

Question: What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?


Answer: male

Question: What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?


Answer: seven

Question: How many members does the Governing Body consist of?


Answer: several committees

Question: Who does the Governing Body direct?


Answer: a body of appointed unpaid male elders

Context: Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches. New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants—appointed in a similar manner to elders—fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings. Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division, though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins.

Question: What does each congregation have?


Answer: Elders

Question: Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?


Answer: a traveling overseer

Question: Who appoints new elders?


Answer: a formal clergy-laity division

Question: What does the title of elder not signify?


Answer: confession of sins

Question: What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?


Answer: Baptism

Context: Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization," though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization." Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.

Question: What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: previous baptisms

Question: What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?


Answer: God

Question: What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?


Answer: organization

Question: Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?


Answer: favor

Question: Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?


Answer: first-century Christianity

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?


Answer: the Governing Body

Question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses?


Answer: through publications published by the Watch Tower Society

Question: Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?


Answer: gradually

Question: How does God reveal his will and purpose?


Answer: divine guidance

Question: What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?


Answer: The entire Protestant canon

Context: The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic. They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs, although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible. Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature. Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding." The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.

Question: What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?


Answer: accurate

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?


Answer: the Governing Body

Question: Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?


Answer: other religious literature

Question: What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?


Answer: criticize or contribute

Question: What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?


Answer: Jesus

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.

Question: Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?


Answer: the sins of humanity

Question: What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?


Answer: a single upright post

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?


Answer: intercessor and high priest

Question: Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?


Answer: 1 Timothy 2:5

Question: What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?


Answer: a "little flock"

Context: Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.

Question: Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?


Answer: a cleansed earth

Question: Where will God resurrected the "other sheep" after Armageddon?


Answer: 144,000

Question: Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?


Answer: God

Question: Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?


Answer: their final test at the end of the millennium

Question: What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?


Answer: a literal government in heaven

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?


Answer: 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians

Question: Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?