Answer: destruction

Context: Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

Question: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity?


Answer: preachers

Question: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?


Answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Question: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?


Answer: attend religious worship each morning

Question: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?


Answer: one Jeffersonian letter

Question: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?


Answer: 1878

Context: Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

Question: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?


Answer: Reynolds v. U.S.

Question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?


Answer: Mormon polygamy

Question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?


Answer: legal definition for the word religion

Question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?


Answer: constitutional

Question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?


Answer: Jefferson and Madison's

Context: Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:

Question: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?


Answer: a bill

Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?


Answer: Patrick Henry

Question: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?


Answer: some denomination

Question: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?


Answer: worshipping God

Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?


Answer: some church

Context: The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church. The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience, and the Duke, as an openly divine-right Catholic, was no friend of Anglicanism. The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.

Question: What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?


Answer: Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian

Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?


Answer: to choose their own church

Question: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?


Answer: openly divine-right Catholic,

Question: Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?


Answer: 1698

Question: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?


Answer: Christians

Context: The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

Question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?


Answer: fervently Catholic

Question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?


Answer: Scottish Catholic

Question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?


Answer: religious test

Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?


Answer: 1799

Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?


Answer: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

Context: The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

Question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?


Answer: "establishment clause"

Question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?


Answer: "free exercise clause"

Question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?


Answer: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.

Question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?


Answer: a faith

Question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?


Answer: legal scholars

Context: Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word "national" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.

Question: What is John Baker of LSU's profession?


Answer: to appease the Anti-Federalists

Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?


Answer: because of the experience under the British crown

Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?


Answer: Elbridge Gerry

Question: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?


Answer: Massachusetts

Question: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency?


Answer: Connecticut

Context: Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.

Question: Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?


Answer: Constitution only gave Congress stated powers

Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary?


Answer: establishing a national religion

Question: What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?


Answer: religious clauses in the state constitutions

Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?


Answer: South Carolina

Question: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?


Answer: post-Civil War

Context: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.

Question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?


Answer: secure rights for former slaves

Question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?


Answer: incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states

Question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?


Answer: due process and equal protection clauses

Question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?


Answer: application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states

Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?


Answer: Everson v. Board of Education

Context: The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

Question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?


Answer: state law

Question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?


Answer: state governments

Question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?


Answer: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

Question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?


Answer: 1994

Question: When was the case of v. Grumet?


Answer: Establishment Clause

Context: Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

Question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?


Answer: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

Question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?


Answer: freedom

Question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?


Answer: religion

Question: What word is not defined in the Constitution?


Answer: the Danbury Baptists

Question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?


Answer: 1947

Context: The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. Citing Jefferson, the court concluded that "The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach."

Question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?


Answer: government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools

Question: What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?


Answer: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1

Question: What case was the concept relevant?


Answer: court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state

Question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?


Answer: high and impregnable

Question: How must the wall separating church and state be kept?


Answer: state law

Context: While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."

Question: What did the decision ultimately uphold?


Answer: transportation of students to religious schools

Question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?


Answer: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"

Question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?


Answer: that wall

Question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?


Answer: the present legislation

Question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?


Answer: 1962

Context: In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation. (The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court's decision consisted of: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country. Amen.") As the Court stated:

Question: When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?


Answer: Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421

Question: What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?


Answer: 6-1

Question: By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?


Answer: unconstitutional

Question: Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?


Answer: governmentally composed prayers for religious services

Context: The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor: "I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the "wall of separation," a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution."

Question: What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?


Answer: Justice Potter Stewart

Question: Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?


Answer: the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor

Question: What did Stewart object to?


Answer: metaphors

Question: Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?


Answer: the Constitution

Question: Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?


Answer: 1968

Context: In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated "the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group." The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that "[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them."

Question: When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?


Answer: an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof

Question: What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?


Answer: Justice Abe Fortas

Question: Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?


Answer: views distasteful to them

Question: What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?


Answer: that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals

Question: What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?


Answer: 1971

Context: In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable," the court wrote. "Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a "wall," is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship."

Question: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?


Answer: Pennsylvania

Question: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?


Answer: teachers of secular subjects

Question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?


Answer: the Establishment Clause

Question: What did the state's policy violate?


Answer: absolute

Question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?


Answer: three

Context: Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.

Question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?


Answer: "Lemon Test"

Question: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?


Answer: non-religious

Question: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?


Answer: religion

Question: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?


Answer: government with religion

Question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?


Answer: three

Context: In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge, and condemning the panel's ruling. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004, solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue. Rather, a five-justice majority held that Newdow, a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter, lacked standing to sue.

Question: How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?


Answer: 2002

Question: When did the three judge panel make their ruling?


Answer: the Pledge of Allegiance

Question: What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?


Answer: procedural grounds

Question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?


Answer: standing to sue

Question: What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?


Answer: December 20, 2005

Context: On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the public on American legal traditions) was secular in nature. In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3, 2006, however, a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed.

Question: When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?


Answer: the Ten Commandments

Question: What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?


Answer: the cross

Question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?


Answer: May 3, 2006

Question: When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?


Answer: secular in nature

Question: Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?


Answer: Town of Greece v. Galloway

Context: In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.

Question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?


Answer: May 5, 2014

Question: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?


Answer: 5-4

Question: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?


Answer: Town of Greece

Question: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?


Answer: sectarian prayers

Question: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?


Answer: separation of church and state

Context: Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a "Creator" and "Nature's God", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a "Creator" or "Nature's God."

Question: What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?


Answer: the textual requirements of the Constitution

Question: What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?


Answer: constitutional limitation on religious establishment

Question: What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?


Answer: many aspects of church and state

Question: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?


Answer: prevalent degree of separation of church and state

Question: What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?


Answer: religion

Context: These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed] The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized. Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern, progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution. Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, but also by legal precedence, making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era, and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution.

Question: Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?


Answer: 1868

Question: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?


Answer: first amendment's application to the state government

Question: What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?


Answer: progressivist

Question: What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?


Answer: legal precedence

Question: What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?


Answer: religious test

Context: The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution. Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court. These states are Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Question: What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?


Answer: Religious

Question: What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?


Answer: Seven

Question: How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?


Answer: particular religious beliefs

Question: What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?


Answer: a Supreme Being

Context: The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (or oaths) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court. At one time, such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states' rights; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment, as applied to the states via the 14th amendment, and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable.

Question: What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?


Answer: Article IX, Section 2

Question: What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?


Answer: so help me God

Question: What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?


Answer: federal First Amendment

Question: Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?


Answer: unconstitutional and unenforceable

Question: Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?


Answer: beneficial arrangements for the society

Context: Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.

Question: Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?


Answer: ceremonial deism

Question: What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as?


Answer: not religious in nature

Question: What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?


Answer: Ohio

Question: What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?


Answer: because it displayed no preference for a particular religion

Question: Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?


Answer: mid-twentieth century

Context: Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions—that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious—make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.

Question: When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?


Answer: constitutional ban against aid to religious schools

Question: What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?


Answer: religious observance

Question: What was later banned in public education?


Answer: two

Question: How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?


Answer: no-aid

Context: Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]

Question: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?


Answer: pervasive

Question: What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?


Answer: most Protestants (and most Jews)

Question: Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?


Answer: anti-Catholic sentiment

Question: What diminished after 1980?


Answer: strict separationism

Question: What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?


Answer: anything in the text of the constitution

Context: Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed] Briefs before the Supreme Court, including by the U.S. government, have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state (Blaine Amendments) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism.

Question: What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?


Answer: professor

Question: What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?


Answer: Columbia Law school

Question: What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?


Answer: American anti-Catholicism

Question: What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?


Answer: Blaine Amendments

Question: What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?


Answer: J. Brent Walker

Context: J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"

Question: Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?


Answer: supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent

Question: What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?


Answer: Champions of religious liberty

Question: Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?


Answer: tap into the public till to support its parochial schools

Question: Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?


Answer: religious bigotry

Question: What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?


Answer: the spiritual and secular worlds

Context: Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. "New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state."

Question: What did evangelicals want to keep apart?


Answer: an alliance of unlikely partners

Question: What did religious freedom result from?


Answer: historian

Question: What profession does Frank Lambert have?


Answer: The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America

Question: What is the name of Lambert's book?


Answer: a complete separation of church and state

Question: What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?


Answer: constitution of the United States

Context: Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."

Question: What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?


Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?


Answer: the specific relation between politics and religion

Question: What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?


Answer: God

Question: What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?


Answer: a religious dimension

Question: What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?


Answer: flourish

Context: Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Question: What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?


Answer: Robert S. Wood

Question: Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?


Answer: Toronto

Question: Where is the Center for New Religions located?


Answer: a sort of civic religion

Question: What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?


Answer: genius of religious sentiment in the United States

Question: What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?


Answer: Christian

Context: Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

Question: What type of faith is Protestantism?


Answer: Martin Luther

Question: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?


Answer: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Question: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?


Answer: Lutheran princes

Question: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?


Answer: the Protestant Reformation

Question: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?


Answer: the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal

Context: All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.

Question: What do all Protestantism denominations reject?


Answer: transubstantiation,

Question: What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?


Answer: sola fide

Question: What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?


Answer: the Bible

Question: What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?


Answer: Five solae

Question: What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?


Answer: Germany

Context: Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

Question: Where did Lutheranism begin?


Answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox

Question: Name three early Protestant reformers.


Answer: the Netherlands and parts of Germany

Question: Where did Arminianism take hold?


Answer: King Henry VIII

Question: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?


Answer: Protestants

Question: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?


Answer: nearly forty percent

Context: Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.

Question: What percentage of Christians are Protestant?


Answer: all populated continents

Question: Which continents have some form of Protestantism?


Answer: Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches

Question: What types of Protestantism are increasing?


Answer: the Anglican Communion

Question: What Protestant church has members around the world?


Answer: more than 900 million

Question: How many people are considered Protestant?


Answer: German

Context: During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

Question: From what language does the term evangelical originate?


Answer: evangelisch

Question: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?


Answer: evangelical

Question: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?


Answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli

Question: Name two contributors to Reformed churches.


Answer: the Puritans

Question: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?


Answer: sola scriptura

Context: The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).

Question: What is the term for teaching by only scripture?


Answer: four

Question: How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?


Answer: inerrancy

Question: What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?


Answer: the Holy Spirit

Question: What power can help someone overcome sin?


Answer: necessity

Question: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?


Answer: necessity and inerrancy

Context: The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

Question: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?


Answer: ecclesiology

Question: What is the term for how the church as a whole works?


Answer: Catholics

Question: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?


Answer: the Enlightenment

Question: At what period was inerrancy debated?


Answer: the Bible

Question: What item could be learned to gain salvation?


Answer: sola fide (by faith alone)

Context: The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

Question: What was Luther's main principle?


Answer: sola scriptura

Question: What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?


Answer: Christocentric

Question: What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?


Answer: sola fide (by faith alone)

Question: What is the second principle of Protestantism?


Answer: salvation

Question: Faith can bring what eternal benefit?


Answer: the mid-to-late 16th century

Context: The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

Question: When did Protestantism begin to split?


Answer: controversy over the Eucharist

Question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?


Answer: transubstantiation

Question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?


Answer: bread and wine

Question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?


Answer: Christ

Question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?


Answer: Arnold of Brescia

Context: In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Question: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?


Answer: the early 1170s

Question: When were the Waldensians created?


Answer: 1215

Question: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?


Answer: Italy

Question: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?


Answer: apostolic poverty

Question: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?


Answer: Jan Hus

Context: Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

Question: Who started the Hussite movement?


Answer: John Wycliffe

Question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?


Answer: five

Question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?


Answer: the Pope

Question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?


Answer: burned at the stake

Question: How did Jan Hus die?


Answer: 31 October 1517

Context: On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.

Question: When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?


Answer: indulgences

Question: What did the theses argue against selling?


Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/


Answer: Wittenberg

Question: Where was All Saints' Church?


Answer: the Church and the papacy

Question: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?


Answer: the Pope

Context: Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

Question: Who condemned the Reformation?


Answer: John Calvin

Question: Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?


Answer: Geneva

Question: What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?


Answer: 1563

Question: When did John Calvin die?


Answer: Calvinist

Question: What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?


Answer: Huguenots

Context: Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

Question: What was the nickname for French Protestants?


Answer: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

Question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?


Answer: the 1550s

Question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?


Answer: August 1572

Question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?


Answer: Henry II

Question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?


Answer: Huldrych Zwingli

Context: Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

Question: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?


Answer: the German states and the Swiss Confederation

Question: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?


Answer: the Colloquy of Marburg

Question: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?


Answer: Prince Philip of Hesse

Question: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?


Answer: its failure

Question: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?


Answer: Henry VIII

Context: The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Question: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?


Answer: 1534

Question: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?


Answer: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Question: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?


Answer: Between 1535 and 1540

Question: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?


Answer: King Henry

Question: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?


Answer: the Elizabethan Age

Context: The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

Question: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?


Answer: the Protestant churches of Europe

Question: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?


Answer: the Church of England

Question: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?


Answer: dissenters and nonconformists

Question: What was another name for the later Puritan movement?


Answer: various Reformed denominations

Question: What did the later Puritan movement create?


Answer: 1560

Context: The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

Question: When was the Scottish Reformation?


Answer: France

Question: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?


Answer: John Knox

Question: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?


Answer: Mary of Guise

Question: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?


Answer: 1560

Question: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?


Answer: 1524–25

Context: In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

Question: When was the German Peasants' War?


Answer: the Thirty Years' War

Question: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?


Answer: between 25% and 40%

Question: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?


Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?


Answer: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities

Question: Where was the German Peasants' War?


Answer: The First Great Awakening

Context: The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

Question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?


Answer: The First Great Awakening

Question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?


Answer: around 1790

Context: The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

Question: When did the Second Great Awakening start?


Answer: Baptist and Methodist

Question: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?


Answer: by the late 1840s

Question: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?


Answer: the formation of new denominations

Question: What did the Second Great Awakening create?


Answer: skepticism, deism, and rationalism

Question: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?


Answer: the late 1850s to the early 20th century

Context: The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.

Question: When was the Third Great Awakening?


Answer: pietistic Protestant denominations

Question: What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?


Answer: the worldwide missionary movement

Question: What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?


Answer: the Social Gospel Movement

Question: What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?


Answer: the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements

Question: What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?


Answer: the modern Pentecostal movement

Context: A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.

Question: What modern movement began in the 20th century?


Answer: Methodist and Wesleyan

Question: What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?


Answer: the Charismatic movement

Question: What movement did Pentecostalism create?


Answer: Los Angeles

Question: In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?


Answer: urban

Question: What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?


Answer: In the United States and elsewhere in the world

Context: In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

Question: Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?


Answer: mainstream liberal churches

Question: What type of churches have declined?


Answer: In the post–World War I era

Question: When did Liberal Christianity increase?


Answer: In the post–World War II era

Question: When did conservative churches start to increase?


Answer: those that are more exclusively evangelical

Question: What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?


Answer: secularism

Context: In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Question: What direction has Europe moved towards?


Answer: The Enlightenment

Question: What caused the spread of secularism?


Answer: North America, South America and Australia

Question: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?


Answer: the 20th and 21st centuries

Question: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?


Answer: United States

Question: What country is more religious than other developed nations?


Answer: the Magisterial Reformation

Context: In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Question: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?


Answer: new papists

Question: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?


Answer: Roman Popes

Question: What were reform movement leaders compared to?


Answer: teacher

Question: What is another name for magister?


Answer: Anabaptism

Question: What has been linked with pacifism?


Answer: the invisible church

Context: Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

Question: What type of church do Protestants believe in?


Answer: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ

Question: Who comprises the invisible church?


Answer: the five solas

Question: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?


Answer: non-denominational groups and organizations

Question: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?


Answer: it is the one true church

Question: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?


Answer: Various ecumenical

Context: Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

Question: What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?


Answer: divisions

Question: Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?


Answer: common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith

Question: What beliefs do most denominations agree on?


Answer: secondary

Question: What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?


Answer: idiosyncratic

Question: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?


Answer: the ecclesiastical structure with the state

Context: Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Question: What do national churches bring together?


Answer: since 2007

Question: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?


Answer: Tuvalu

Question: Who has the only Reformed church?


Answer: The Church of England

Question: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?


Answer: Methodist

Question: What type of church does Tonga have?


Answer: branches

Context: Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

Question: What is another name for denominational families?


Answer: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal

Question: What are the major branches of Protestantism?


Answer: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation

Question: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?


Answer: Anabaptist

Question: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?


Answer: lineage

Question: What do some branches share in common?


Answer: the whole Bible

Context: Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

Question: The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?


Answer: Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups

Question: What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?


Answer: the 28 Fundamental Beliefs

Question: What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?


Answer: Biblical references

Question: What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?


Answer: annihilation or eternal torment

Question: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?


Answer: one who baptizes again

Context: The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Müntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.

Question: What does the word Anabaptist describe?


Answer: their persecutors

Question: Who named the Anabaptists?


Answer: baptism of infants

Question: What baptism do Anabaptists reject?


Answer: Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics

Question: Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?


Answer: Second Front Reformers

Question: Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?


Answer: the English Church

Context: Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

Question: What does Anglican mean?


Answer: 1246

Question: When did the word Anglican begin?


Answer: the Archbishop of Canterbury

Question: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?


Answer: 80 million

Question: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?


Answer: full autonomy

Question: What power does each national or regional church possess?


Answer: the Catholic Church

Context: The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.

Question: Who did the Church of England split from?


Answer: the Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Question: At what time did the Church of England become independent?


Answer: Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer

Question: Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?


Answer: Lutheranism and Calvinism

Question: The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?


Answer: traditional

Question: What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?


Answer: professing believers

Context: Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?


Answer: Protestant

Question: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?


Answer: pastors and deacons

Question: What two offices do Baptists have?


Answer: complete immersion

Question: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?


Answer: liberty

Question: What is another term for soul competency?


Answer: Amsterdam

Context: Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Question: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?


Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?


Answer: General Baptists

Question: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?


Answer: Roger Williams

Question: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?


Answer: Baptist missionaries

Question: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?


Answer: the five points of Calvinism

Context: Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

Question: What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?


Answer: the Calvinist view on soteriology

Question: What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?


Answer: the sovereignty or rule of God in all things

Question: What is a brief description of Calvinism?


Answer: predestination and total depravity

Question: What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?


Answer: Calvin

Question: Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?


Answer: Lutheranism

Context: Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people. Additionally, there are also many smaller bodies such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches.

Question: What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?


Answer: third

Question: How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?


Answer: The Lutheran World Federation

Question: What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?


Answer: over 72 million people

Question: How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?


Answer: International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference

Question: Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.


Answer: John Wesley

Context: Methodism identifies principally with the theology of John Wesley—an Anglican priest and evangelist. This evangelical movement originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Originally it appealed especially to workers, agricultural workers, and slaves.

Question: Who was the inspiration for Methodism?


Answer: workers, agricultural workers, and slaves

Question: Who did Methodism originally attract?


Answer: Anglican priest

Question: What was John Wesley's occupation?


Answer: approximately 80 million

Question: How many Methodists are there in the world today?


Answer: vigorous missionary activity

Question: How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?


Answer: its rich musical tradition

Context: Soteriologically, most Methodists are Arminian, emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of monergism). Methodism is traditionally low church in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, Charles, was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church, and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.

Question: What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?


Answer: every human being

Question: Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?


Answer: exercise an act of the will

Question: What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?


Answer: John Wesley's brother, Charles

Question: Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?


Answer: monergism

Question: What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?


Answer: speaking in tongues and divine healing

Context: This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

Question: Give two examples of spiritual gifts.


Answer: Apostolic or Full Gospel

Question: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?


Answer: Apostolic

Question: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?


Answer: the Holy Spirit

Question: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?


Answer: biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous

Question: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?


Answer: hundreds

Context: Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and Catholic churches through the Charismatic Movement. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents.

Question: How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?


Answer: over 279 million

Question: How many Pentecostals are there in the world?


Answer: Charismatic

Question: What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?


Answer: Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity

Question: Who can claim over 500 million members?


Answer: the global South

Question: Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?


Answer: "non-denominational" or "evangelical"

Context: There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

Question: What denomination do these small groups belong to?


Answer: little

Question: How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?


Answer: individual pastors

Question: Who has founded these small groups of Christians?


Answer: "Christians" or "born-again Christians"

Question: What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?


Answer: Dublin, Ireland

Context: The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church, evangelical movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism. Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes sola scriptura. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren.

Question: Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?


Answer: sola scriptura

Question: What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?


Answer: The Brethren

Question: Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?


Answer: late 1820s

Question: When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?


Answer: Anglicanism

Question: What denomination do the Brethren originate from?


Answer: Friends

Context: Quakers, or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the priesthood of all believers. Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.

Question: What is another informal name for Quaker?


Answer: the priesthood of all believers

Question: What is the Quakers unifying belief?


Answer: creeds and hierarchical structures

Question: What have the Quakers tried to avoid?


Answer: the Religious Society of Friends

Question: What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?


Answer: evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative

Question: What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?


Answer: Evangelicalism

Context: There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. Evangelicalism is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Roman Catholic Church, such as does it the Charismatic Movement, which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to Pentecostals into the various branches of Christianity. Neo-charismatic churches are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Nondenominational churches often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

Question: What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?