Answer: right

Context: As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Question: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?


Answer: 1954

Question: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?


Answer: moderate, progressive

Question: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?


Answer: Republicans

Question: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?


Answer: one

Context: Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Question: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?


Answer: 1955

Question: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?


Answer: February 1956

Question: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?


Answer: Robert B. Anderson

Question: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?


Answer: Adlai Stevenson

Question: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?


Answer: the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy

Context: Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Question: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?


Answer: autobahn

Question: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?


Answer: June 1956

Question: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?


Answer: economic growth

Question: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?


Answer: issuance of bonds to finance the project

Question: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?


Answer: Yalta

Context: In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Question: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?


Answer: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch

Question: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?


Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: What world leader died in March of 1953?


Answer: Chance for Peace

Question: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?


Answer: Stephen Ambrose

Question: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?


Answer: conventional forces

Context: The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

Question: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?


Answer: New Look

Question: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?


Answer: 1953

Question: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?


Answer: Project Solarium

Question: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?


Answer: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections

Context: In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Question: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?


Answer: London

Question: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?


Answer: Eisenhower

Question: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?


Answer: Austria

Question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?


Answer: Open Skies

Question: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?


Answer: Mexico

Context: In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?


Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?


Answer: 1954

Question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?


Answer: West Germany

Question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?


Answer: Vietnam

Question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?


Answer: Dulles

Context: With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

Question: Who was the director of the CIA?


Answer: Operation Ajax

Question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?


Answer: Pbsuccess

Question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?


Answer: Lockheed

Question: What company made the U-2?


Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?


Answer: Lockheed C-121 Constellation

Context: Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.

Question: What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?


Answer: Eastern Airlines Flight 8610

Question: What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?


Answer: Air Force One

Question: What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?


Answer: Columbine II

Question: What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?


Answer: 1953

Question: In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?


Answer: Soviet launch of Sputnik

Context: On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.

Question: What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?


Answer: illegal

Question: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?


Answer: Project Genetrix

Question: Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?


Answer: NASA

Question: What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?


Answer: American scientists

Question: With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?


Answer: Kaesong sanctuary

Context: In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Question: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?


Answer: use nuclear force

Question: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?


Answer: National Security Council

Question: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?


Answer: death of Stalin

Question: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?


Answer: Strategic Air Command

Question: What was SAC an abbreviation of?


Answer: 1950

Context: In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

Question: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?


Answer: July

Question: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?


Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?


Answer: Secretary Dulles

Question: What American official notably opposed the armistice?


Answer: Ambrose

Question: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?


Answer: French

Context: In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Question: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?


Answer: Suez Crisis

Question: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?


Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?


Answer: Soviet

Question: Who invaded Hungary in 1956?


Answer: 1965

Question: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?


Answer: First Indochina War

Context: Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Question: What war was being fought by France in 1953?


Answer: Iron Mike

Question: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?


Answer: Matthew Ridgway

Question: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?


Answer: China

Question: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?


Answer: massive

Question: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?


Answer: non-combat personnel

Context: Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

Question: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?


Answer: napalm

Question: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?


Answer: May 1954

Question: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?


Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Question: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?


Answer: allied participation and congressional approval

Question: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?


Answer: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Context: Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.

Question: What is SEATO?


Answer: New Zealand and Australia

Question: Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?


Answer: defense of Vietnam against communism

Question: What was the purpose of SEATO?


Answer: Communists

Question: What group did France split Vietnam with?


Answer: Chinese

Question: Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?


Answer: Free Vietnam

Context: In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.

Question: What was South Vietnam called in 1955?


Answer: J. Lawton Collins

Question: Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?


Answer: February 1955

Question: When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?


Answer: Ngo Dinh Diem

Question: Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?


Answer: Republic of Vietnam

Question: Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?


Answer: ten

Context: In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

Question: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?


Answer: New York City

Question: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?


Answer: 900

Question: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?


Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?


Answer: there were no better alternatives

Question: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?


Answer: May 1, 1960

Context: On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."

Question: When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?


Answer: East–West summit conference

Question: What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?


Answer: Captain

Question: What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?


Answer: weather research aircraft

Context: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.

Question: What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?


Answer: Turkey

Question: Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?


Answer: oxygen equipment

Question: According to the cover story, what did the "weather research" pilot have trouble with?


Answer: trial

Question: What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?


Answer: spy-plane

Question: What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?


Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Context: The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".

Question: Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?


Answer: apologize

Question: What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?


Answer: Berlin

Question: Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?


Answer: stupid U-2 business

Question: What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?


Answer: 1960

Question: In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?


Answer: Truman

Context: While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".

Question: Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?


Answer: 1948

Question: When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?


Answer: February 1953

Question: When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?


Answer: military spending

Question: What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?


Answer: District of Columbia

Question: In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?


Answer: school children

Context: Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.

Question: Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?


Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1957

Question: What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?


Answer: 1960

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?


Answer: Civil Rights Commission

Question: What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?


Answer: Justice

Question: Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?


Answer: Arkansas

Context: In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Question: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?


Answer: 101st Airborne Division

Question: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?


Answer: Arkansas National Guard

Question: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?


Answer: Orval Faubus

Question: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?


Answer: nine

Question: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?


Answer: 1953

Context: This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Question: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?


Answer: he refused

Question: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?


Answer: facilitate relations with Congress

Question: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?


Answer: Atomic Energy Commission

Context: Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Question: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?


Answer: H-bombs

Question: What was the AEC working on at this time?


Answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer

Question: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?


Answer: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance

Question: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?


Answer: issue subpoenas to White House personnel

Context: In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.

Question: What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?


Answer: executive privilege

Question: What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?


Answer: Executive

Question: Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?


Answer: Democrats

Context: The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

Question: Who won a Senate majority in 1954?


Answer: Sam Rayburn

Question: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?


Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?


Answer: Texas

Question: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?


Answer: Joe Martin

Question: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?


Answer: worked too much through subordinates

Context: Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

Question: What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?


Answer: reverse of what he has desired

Question: As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?


Answer: Republicans of consequence

Question: Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?


Answer: Republicans

Context: Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Question: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?


Answer: Democrat

Question: What party did Brennan belong to?


Answer: Warren

Question: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?


Answer: liberal

Question: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?


Answer: law-and-order conservatives

Question: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?


Answer: West Point

Context: Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.

Question: Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?


Answer: two or three packs

Question: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?


Answer: March 1949

Question: When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?


Answer: Columbia

Question: Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?


Answer: Paul Dudley White

Question: Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?


Answer: left ventricular aneurysm

Context: As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Question: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?


Answer: cabinet meeting

Question: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?


Answer: right hand

Question: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?


Answer: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine

Question: What is Crohn's disease?


Answer: bowel obstruction

Question: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?


Answer: heart attack

Context: The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Question: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?


Answer: cholecystitis

Question: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?


Answer: gallbladder

Question: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?


Answer: 1969

Question: In what year did Eisenhower die?


Answer: seven

Question: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?


Answer: Richard Nixon

Context: In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

Question: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?


Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?


Answer: 70

Question: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?


Answer: Kennedy

Question: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?


Answer: Kennedy

Question: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?


Answer: January 17, 1961

Context: On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

Question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?


Answer: military–industrial

Question: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?


Answer: Cold

Question: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?


Answer: atheistic

Question: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?


Answer: Oval Office

Question: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?


Answer: Gettysburg

Context: Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer".

Question: What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?


Answer: Dauphin

Question: What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?


Answer: National Park Service

Question: Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?


Answer: dime-store New Dealer

Question: What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?


Answer: Barry Goldwater

Question: Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?


Answer: 78

Context: On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Question: How old was Eisenhower when he died?


Answer: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Question: At what facility did Eisenhower die?


Answer: congestive heart failure

Question: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?


Answer: March 28, 1969

Question: What was Eisenhower's date of death?


Answer: Episcopal

Question: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?


Answer: April 2

Context: That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Question: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?


Answer: $80

Question: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?


Answer: Eisenhower Presidential Library

Question: At what location was Eisenhower buried?


Answer: green

Question: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?


Answer: 1979

Question: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?


Answer: golf

Context: In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Question: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?


Answer: McCarthyism

Question: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?


Answer: Little Rock

Question: Where was Central High school located?


Answer: vigorous young successor

Question: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?


Answer: United States Army

Context: Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Question: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?


Answer: Lyndon Johnson

Question: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?


Answer: Jimmy Carter

Question: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?


Answer: President's Private Secretary

Question: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?


Answer: 9,858

Context: The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Question: How many appreciation medals were minted?


Answer: Philadelphia

Question: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?


Answer: September 1958 through October 1960

Question: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?


Answer: D.D.E.

Question: What were Eisenhower's initials?


Answer: 1,451

Question: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?


Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Context: The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Question: What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?


Answer: Austria

Question: Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?


Answer: Interstate 290

Question: What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?


Answer: 1993

Question: When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?


Answer: Chicago

Question: What major city is Interstate 290 close to?


Answer: 17th

Context: A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Question: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?


Answer: 192

Question: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?


Answer: cut down

Question: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?


Answer: ice storm

Question: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?


Answer: 1956

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?


Answer: five

Context: The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.

Question: How many boroughs are in NYC?


Answer: northernmost

Question: Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?


Answer: 1,438,159

Question: What is the Bronx's population?


Answer: 42 square miles (109 km2)

Question: How large is the Bronx?


Answer: Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland

Question: What is unique about the Bronx's location?


Answer: Jonas Bronck

Context: The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.

Question: Who is the Bronx named for?


Answer: created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony

Question: What did Bronck do?


Answer: 1639

Question: When did Bronck settle in the New York area?


Answer: Lenape

Question: What native tribe lived in the New York area?


Answer: Latin music and hip hop

Question: What types of music the Bronx famous for?


Answer: one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States

Context: The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today.

Question: How poor is part of the Bronx?


Answer: Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club

Question: What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?


Answer: the late 1960s and the 1970s

Question: When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?


Answer: arson

Question: What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?


Answer: 1600

Context: Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Question: When was Jonas Bronck born?


Answer: spring of 1639

Question: When did Bronck reach the New York area?


Answer: Småland, Sweden

Question: Where did Bronck emigrate from?


Answer: the Dutch West India Company

Question: What entity did Bronck get his land from?


Answer: 500 acres

Question: How much land did Bronck eventually own?


Answer: The County of Bronx

Context: The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.

Question: What is the Bronx's county name?


Answer: Borough of the Bronx

Question: What is the Bronx's borough name?


Answer: 1874

Question: When was the Bronx created?


Answer: 1898

Question: When was the Bronx added to?


Answer: Westchester

Question: What county was the Bronx split off from?


Answer: 1759

Context: The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Question: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?


Answer: tolls were resented

Question: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?


Answer: between New England and New York

Question: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?


Answer: 1693

Question: When was Kingsbridge built?


Answer: Frederick Philipse

Question: Who owned Kingsbridge?


Answer: 12

Context: The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Question: How many counties did New York originally have?


Answer: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham

Question: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?


Answer: 1846

Question: When was West Farms created?


Answer: 1855

Question: When was Morrisania created?


Answer: 1873

Question: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?


Answer: 1873

Context: The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

Question: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?


Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex West Farms?


Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex Morrisania?


Answer: 1895

Question: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?


Answer: 1895

Question: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?


Answer: 1900–29

Context: The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Question: When was the Bronx's boom period?


Answer: 200,000

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?


Answer: 1.3 million

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?


Answer: 1950–85

Question: When did the Bronx's income declined?


Answer: starting in the late 1980s

Question: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?


Answer: 592,185

Context: The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?


Answer: 54,000

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?


Answer: Extensions of the New York City Subway

Question: What led to the Bronx's population growth?


Answer: Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans

Question: What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?


Answer: 43.9%

Question: How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?


Answer: a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas

Context: Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.

Question: What is redlining?


Answer: rent control laws

Question: What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?


Answer: fire-fighting

Question: What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?


Answer: arson

Context: In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

Question: What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?


Answer: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area

Question: Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?


Answer: South Bronx

Question: Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?


Answer: "Ten-Year Housing Plan"

Context: Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.

Question: What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?


Answer: about 1,000

Question: How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?


Answer: Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx

Question: Who built the Nehemiah Homes?


Answer: Nos Quedamos

Question: Who led the Melrose Commons project?


Answer: 149

Question: How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?


Answer: All America City

Context: In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.

Question: What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?


Answer: the National Civic League

Question: Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?


Answer: pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings

Question: How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?


Answer: 33,687

Question: How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?


Answer: $4.8 billion

Question: How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?


Answer: Kingsbridge National Ice Center

Context: Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

Question: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?


Answer: Kingsbridge Armory

Question: What was the largest armory in the world?


Answer: the Mott Haven waterfront

Question: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?


Answer: US$350–500 million

Question: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?


Answer: 2,000,000 square feet

Question: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?


Answer: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs

Context: The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

Question: What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?


Answer: Bergen County

Question: What county is Tenafly in?


Answer: New Jersey

Question: What state is Alpine in?


Answer: Manhattan

Question: What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?


Answer: Queens

Question: What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?


Answer: in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School

Context: The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).

Question: Where is the Bronx's highest point?


Answer: southeastern

Question: What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?


Answer: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck

Question: What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?


Answer: Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island

Question: What is Rodman's Neck between?


Answer: 75 square miles

Question: How long is the Bronx's shoreline?


Answer: 1888

Context: The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the fourth largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States. Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack. Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool. The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.

Question: When did NYC buy land for its parks?


Answer: 28

Question: How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?


Answer: 3.3-acre

Question: How large is Crotona Park's lake?


Answer: in the 1890s

Question: When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?


Answer: the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county

Question: What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?


Answer: Castle Hill Point

Context: East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.

Question: What is Screvin's Neck also called?


Answer: East River

Question: In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?


Answer: Pelham Bay Park

Question: What is NYC's largest park?


Answer: along the Westchester-Bronx border

Question: Where is Pelham Bay Park?


Answer: western

Context: The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston. It includes New York City's fourth largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

Question: What parts of the Bronx have more hills?


Answer: Riverdale and Fieldston.

Question: What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?


Answer: Van Cortlandt Park

Question: What is NYC's 4th-largest park?


Answer: along the Westchester-Bronx border

Question: Where is Van Cortlandt Park?


Answer: a wide boulevard

Question: What is the Grand Concourse?


Answer: The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places

Context: Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.

Question: Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?


Answer: by the 2000s

Question: When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area?


Answer: The Bronx River

Question: Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx?


Answer: Yankee Stadium

Question: Which stadium is in the South Bronx?


Answer: east to west

Question: Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx?


Answer: The Hub

Context: There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues. It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven. The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx. It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street. The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.

Question: What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?


Answer: The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District

Question: What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?


Answer: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues

Question: Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?


Answer: "the Broadway of the Bronx"

Question: What is The Hub's nickname?


Answer: bow-tie

Question: What shape is The Hub?


Answer: 17 acres

Context: The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.

Question: How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?


Answer: $500 million

Question: How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?


Answer: six

Question: How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?


Answer: 2,600

Question: How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?


Answer: northernmost part of upper Manhattan

Context: The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.

Question: What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?


Answer: 132nd

Question: What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?


Answer: the Northside

Question: What was the Bronx called in the mid-19th century?


Answer: the mid-19th century

Question: When was the Bronx added to NYC?


Answer: 53.5%

Context: According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). The U.S. Census considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity.

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?


Answer: 10.9%

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?


Answer: 30.1%

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?


Answer: 3.4%

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Asian?


Answer: 1.2%

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic multiracial?


Answer: 46.29%

Context: As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English. A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home.

Question: How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?


Answer: 44.02%

Question: How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?


Answer: 2.48%

Question: How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?


Answer: 0.91%

Question: How much of the Bronx speaks French at home?


Answer: 0.50%

Question: How much of the Bronx speaks Chinese at home?


Answer: 22.9%

Context: According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980. Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively.

Question: How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?


Answer: 12.1%

Question: How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?


Answer: 34.4%

Question: How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 2009?


Answer: 320,640

Question: How many white people live in the Bronx?


Answer: 168,570

Question: How many non-Hispanic white people live in the Bronx?


Answer: 35.4%

Context: At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?


Answer: 30.8%

Question: How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?


Answer: Over 61,000

Question: How many Bronx residents called themselves "Sub-Saharan African" in 2009?


Answer: 4.4%

Question: What percent of Bronx residents called themselves "Sub-Saharan African" in 2009?


Answer: 430,600

Question: How many people in the Bronx are black (not including Hispanic)?


Answer: 52.0%

Context: In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese.

Question: What percent of the Bronx is Hispanic and Latino Americans?


Answer: 23.2%

Question: What percent of the Bronx is Puerto Rican?


Answer: 5.2%

Question: What percent of the Bronx is Mexican?


Answer: 0.7%

Question: What percent of the Bronx is Cuban?


Answer: 3.6%

Question: What percent of the Bronx is Asian?


Answer: over 41,800

Context: Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.

Question: How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?


Answer: 0.5%

Question: What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?


Answer: 3.0%

Question: What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?


Answer: 0.1%

Question: What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage?


Answer: 0.2%

Question: What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage?


Answer: 1964

Context: The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.

Question: When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?


Answer: Fourteenth

Question: Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?


Answer: 1898

Question: When were Borough Presidents created?


Answer: 1989

Question: When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?


Answer: Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough

Question: Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?


Answer: March 1, 2009

Context: Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line, became Borough President on May 1.

Question: When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?


Answer: 2001

Question: When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?


Answer: 2005

Question: When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?


Answer: Rubén Díaz, Jr.

Question: Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?


Answer: April 21, 2009

Question: When was Diaz Jr. elected?


Answer: 61.2%

Context: In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.

Question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?


Answer: 37.8%

Question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?


Answer: 54.4%

Question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?


Answer: 8.2%

Question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?


Answer: 20.8%

Question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?


Answer: Al Smith

Context: Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2-1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2-1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)

Question: Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?


Answer: 42.6%

Question: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?


Answer: 42.6%

Question: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?


Answer: 7.3%

Question: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Benson get?


Answer: 55%

Question: How much of the Bronx's vote in 1948 did Truman get?


Answer: Fiorello La Guardia

Context: The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30-32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23% as a Republican). The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit city-wide by 23.2% to 21.7%.

Question: Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?


Answer: Rudolph Giuliani

Question: Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?


Answer: Michael Bloomberg

Question: Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005?


Answer: Socialist

Question: What party was Hillquit?


Answer: over 31%

Question: How much of the Bronx vote did Hillquit get in 1917?


Answer: nearly 280,000

Context: Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools). There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.

Question: How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?


Answer: 333,100

Question: How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?


Answer: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations

Question: Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx?


Answer: The New York City Department of Education

Question: Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools?


Answer: 62.3%

Context: Educational attainment: In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)

Question: What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?


Answer: 14.6%

Question: What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?


Answer: 68.8%

Question: What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?


Answer: 82.6%

Question: What percent of the Staten Island population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?


Answer: 49.4%

Question: What percent of the Manhattan population has a university degree, as of 2000?


Answer: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School

Context: Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.

Question: Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?


Answer: The Bronx

Question: Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?


Answer: The Bronx

Question: Where is the High School for Violin and Dance?


Answer: The Bronx

Question: Where is the School for Excellence?


Answer: The Bronx

Question: Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.

Question: When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?


Answer: John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools

Question: Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller?


Answer: large middle schools

Question: What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking?


Answer: 2006

Context: The Bronx's evolution from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop was the subject of an award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale". Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.

Question: When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?


Answer: "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale"

Question: What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?


Answer: 1520 Sedgwick Avenue

Question: Where did DJ Kool Herc hold parties?


Answer: City Lore

Question: Who produced 'From Mambo To Hip Hop'?


Answer: just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway

Question: Where is 1520 Sedgwick?


Answer: Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent

Context: Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx DJs (Disc Jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his thought provoking group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Toriq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Corey Gunz.

Question: Who were the Herculoids?


Answer: The Bronx

Question: What is 'The Boogie Down'?


Answer: the Bronx

Question: Where is Big Pun from?


Answer: funk, disco and soul

Question: What types of music did hip hop emerge from?


Answer: KRS-One

Question: Who started BDP?


Answer: 1923

Context: The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera.

Question: When did the first Yankee Stadium open?


Answer: on 161st Street and River Avenue

Question: Where was the first Yankee Stadium?


Answer: 27

Question: How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?


Answer: Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera

Question: Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium?


Answer: Major League Baseball

Question: What league are the NY Yankees in?


Answer: Latin America and Africa

Context: The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.

Question: Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?


Answer: 130

Question: How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?


Answer: Latin American work

Question: What does the Pregones specialize in?


Answer: 2005

Question: When did the Pregones' new theater open?


Answer: on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx

Question: Where is the Pregones' new theater?


Answer: 20th century and contemporary art

Context: The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.

Question: What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?


Answer: 11,000 square feet

Question: How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?


Answer: 1971

Question: When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open?


Answer: more than 800

Question: How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?


Answer: Arquitectonica

Question: Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts' 2006 expansion?


Answer: 1838

Context: The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute, in the form of the Heinrich Heine Memorial, better known as the Lorelei Fountain from one of Heine's best-known works (1838). After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.

Question: When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?


Answer: Düsseldorf

Question: Where was Heinrich Heine born?


Answer: 1797

Question: When was Heine born?


Answer: 1856

Question: When did Heine die?


Answer: German-American

Question: What ethnicity is Carl Schurz?