Answer: a large array of plant species

Context: Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.

Question: What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?


Answer: 50–60%

Question: What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?


Answer: artificial selection

Question: How were new species and strains of crops developed?


Answer: wild teosinte grasses

Question: What was the origin of maize?


Answer: agricultural

Question: What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?


Answer: South American highlands

Context: The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet." The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

Question: Where was a center of early agriculture?


Answer: single

Question: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?


Answer: area of southern Peru

Question: Where did the potato originate?


Answer: 10,000 years ago

Question: How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?


Answer: persistent drought

Question: What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?


Answer: approximately 4,000 years ago

Context: Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.

Question: When did the North American natives begin farming?


Answer: common

Question: What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?


Answer: small-scale felling

Question: What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?


Answer: a controlled manner

Question: How did Archaic Indians use fire?


Answer: effects of natural fires

Question: What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?


Answer: Many crops

Context: Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.

Question: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?


Answer: corn

Question: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?


Answer: significant

Question: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?


Answer: cocoa

Question: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?


Answer: indigenous Americans

Question: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?


Answer: Cultural practices

Context: Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.

Question: What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?


Answer: similar technologies and social organizations

Question: What did people in the same reason adopt?


Answer: Mesoamerica

Question: Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?


Answer: until the 19th century

Question: How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?


Answer: buffalo

Question: What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?


Answer: development of writing

Context: The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Question: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?


Answer: the Mesoamerican region

Question: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?


Answer: extensive text

Question: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?


Answer: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE

Question: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?


Answer: 900 BCE

Question: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?


Answer: spoken language of its community

Context: The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.

Question: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?


Answer: Maya

Question: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?


Answer: syllabic

Question: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?


Answer: more than one thousand

Question: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?


Answer: some two hundred

Question: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?


Answer: the sixteenth century

Context: Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.

Question: When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?


Answer: Spanish

Question: Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?


Answer: lawsuits and other legal matters

Question: What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?


Answer: legal cases

Question: What were Spanish translations at the time made for?


Answer: indigenous

Question: What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?


Answer: monophonic

Context: Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.

Question: What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?


Answer: drumming

Question: What did traditional Native American music center around?


Answer: Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps

Question: What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?


Answer: rivercane, cedar, and other woods

Question: How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?


Answer: single

Question: How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?


Answer: pentatonic

Context: The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.

Question: What feature did the music of Central America have?


Answer: inseparable from

Question: What role did music play in the religious festivities?


Answer: large variety of percussion and wind

Question: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?


Answer: a jar in Guatemala

Question: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?


Answer: a jaguar's growl

Question: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?


Answer: Visual arts by indigenous peoples

Context: Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Question: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?


Answer: indigenous

Question: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples?


Answer: too many artists were posing as Native Americans

Question: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?


Answer: a state or federally recognized tribe

Question: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?


Answer: 2007

Question: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?


Answer: about 600,329

Context: In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people.

Question: What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?


Answer: 113,680

Question: How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?


Answer: Minor but important peoples

Question: Who are the Quechua and Chorote?


Answer: The Selknam

Question: What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?


Answer: a handful of elderly people

Question: Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche?


Answer: 62%

Context: In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

Question: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?


Answer: 3.7%

Question: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?


Answer: 66.4%

Question: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?


Answer: 36

Question: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?


Answer: fifty

Question: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?


Answer: Bolivian highland peasants

Context: Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Question: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?


Answer: ethnic and class militancy

Question: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?


Answer: dissolution of communal landholdings

Question: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?


Answer: Indigenous revolts

Question: What took place frequently until 1953?


Answer: March for Territory and Dignity

Question: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?


Answer: Morales

Context: Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.

Question: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?


Answer: 2009

Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?


Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves

Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?


Answer: fight

Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?


Answer: divided

Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?


Answer: Morales

Question: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?


Answer: 2009

Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?


Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves

Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?


Answer: fight

Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?


Answer: divided

Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?


Answer: 0.4%

Context: Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Question: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?


Answer: Indian reservations

Question: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?


Answer: millions

Question: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?


Answer: 67

Question: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?


Answer: Brazil

Question: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?


Answer: "eater of raw meat."

Context: Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

Question: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?


Answer: Aboriginal

Question: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?


Answer: Hundreds

Question: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?


Answer: The Métis culture

Question: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?


Answer: Various laws, treaties, and legislation

Question: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?


Answer: relatively peaceful

Context: Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.

Question: What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?


Answer: national culture

Question: What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?


Answer: late 18th century

Question: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?


Answer: cultures and contributions

Question: What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?


Answer: over 600

Question: How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?


Answer: the Rapanui

Context: According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.

Question: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?


Answer: 4.6%

Question: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?


Answer: the Mapuche

Question: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?


Answer: 350 years

Question: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?


Answer: 1880s

Question: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?


Answer: many indigenous cultures

Context: Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.

Question: What was Ecuador the site of?


Answer: coastal region

Question: Where did the Valdivia culture develop?


Answer: the Caras and the Quitus

Question: What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?


Answer: The Cañaris

Question: What culture did the Inca fear the most?


Answer: architecture remains

Question: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?


Answer: 96.4%

Context: Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.

Question: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?


Answer: Inca

Question: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?


Answer: valleys of the Sierra region

Question: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?


Answer: Highland Quichuas

Question: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?


Answer: Kichwa

Question: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?


Answer: the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira

Context: Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco.

Question: El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?


Answer: Cuzcatlan

Question: What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?


Answer: Nawat

Question: What was the language of the Pipil?


Answer: barbaric invaders

Question: What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?


Answer: Mestizo

Question: What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?


Answer: About five percent

Context: About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Question: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?


Answer: about ten percent

Question: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?


Answer: rural westernmost areas

Question: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras?


Answer: indigenous people

Question: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?


Answer: indigenous civilizations

Context: The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?


Answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

Question: When did the Olmecs flourish?


Answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

Question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?


Answer: the Maya

Question: Who lived in the Yucatan?


Answer: Tenochtitlan

Question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?


Answer: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

Context: The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Question: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity?


Answer: some public services and documents in their native languages

Question: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?


Answer: bilingual primary and secondary education

Question: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?


Answer: more than 60

Question: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?


Answer: about 67% of them

Question: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?


Answer: About 5%

Context: About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Question: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?


Answer: frequent contact with the British

Question: How did Creole English come about?


Answer: Miskito

Question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?


Answer: total power

Question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?


Answer: some 10,000

Question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?


Answer: 45%

Context: Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

Question: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?


Answer: Native Peruvian traditions

Question: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?


Answer: Cultural citizenship

Question: What is not very well developed in Peru?


Answer: Amazonian

Question: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?


Answer: the contiguous United States

Context: Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Question: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?


Answer: Alaska Natives

Question: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?


Answer: 11

Question: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?


Answer: Polynesian

Question: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?


Answer: geographically and culturally

Question: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?


Answer: 0.97% to 2%

Context: Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.

Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?


Answer: 5.2 million

Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?


Answer: 1.8 million

Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?


Answer: Indian reservations

Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?


Answer: Haudenosaunee

Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?


Answer: 0.97% to 2%

Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?


Answer: 1.8 million

Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?


Answer: 5.2 million

Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?


Answer: Haudenosaunee

Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?


Answer: Indian reservations

Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?


Answer: some indigenous heritage

Context: Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used.

Question: What do most Venezuelans have?


Answer: around 29

Question: How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?


Answer: groups are very small

Question: Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?


Answer: Timoto-cuicas

Question: Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?


Answer: agricultural techniques used

Question: What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?


Answer: The Native American name

Context: The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.

Question: What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?


Answer: shared language, region, or historical relationship

Question: How may subsets of peoples be named?


Answer: English exonyms

Question: Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?


Answer: earlier explorers and colonists

Question: Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?


Answer: out of prejudice and fear

Question: Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?


Answer: the ways they wish to be referred to

Context: However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Question: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?


Answer: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.

Question: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?


Answer: United States government

Question: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?


Answer: none

Question: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?


Answer: the Americas (mainly South America)

Context: In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

Question: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?


Answer: preservation of their culture

Question: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?


Answer: Indian Council of South America

Question: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?


Answer: Canada and the United States,

Question: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?


Answer: Representatives

Context: Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Question: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?


Answer: destabilize the country

Question: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?


Answer: solidarity

Question: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?


Answer: diplomats and NGOs

Question: What did the forum question about US interference?


Answer: plots against Bolivia and other countries

Question: What was the forum suspicious of?


Answer: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Context: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Question: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?


Answer: patrilineal line

Question: How is Y-DNA passed along?


Answer: chance mutation

Question: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?


Answer: mtDNA

Question: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?


Answer: average continent-of-ancestry

Question: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?


Answer: Amerindians

Context: Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Question: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?


Answer: Asian population

Question: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?


Answer: Middle Paleolithic

Question: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?


Answer: 2012

Question: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?


Answer: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome

Question: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?


Answer: stages

Context: Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Question: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?


Answer: 15,000 to 20,000-year

Question: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?


Answer: isolated since the initial colonization of the region

Question: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?


Answer: Alaskan

Question: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?


Answer: later migrant populations

Question: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?


Answer: 2013

Context: A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Question: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?


Answer: 24,000-year-old

Question: How old was the young boy's remains?


Answer: Mal'ta-Buret'

Question: What culture was the boy from?


Answer: western Eurasians

Question: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?


Answer: 14 to 38 percent

Question: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?


Answer: route through Beringia

Context: A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Question: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?


Answer: similarities in ages and geographical distributions

Question: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?


Answer: the mtDNA phylogeny

Question: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?


Answer: 2012

Question: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?


Answer: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America

Question: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?


Answer: Africa and southwest corner of Asia

Context: Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Question: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?


Answer: Sinai Peninsula

Question: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?


Answer: 1,010,408 square kilometres

Question: How larger is Egypt?


Answer: Red Sea

Question: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?


Answer: Sudan

Question: What country borders Egypt to the south?


Answer: tenth millennium BC

Context: Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Question: How far back does Egypt's history date back?


Answer: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government

Question: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?


Answer: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European

Question: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?


Answer: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx

Question: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?


Answer: seventh century

Question: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?


Answer: over 90 million

Context: With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Question: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?


Answer: third-most populous in Africa

Question: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?


Answer: Nile River

Question: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?


Answer: Sahara desert

Question: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?


Answer: President Hosni Mubarak

Context: Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Question: What leader stepped down in 2011?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?


Answer: tourism, agriculture, industry and services

Question: What economic sectors does Egypt have?


Answer: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world

Question: What influence does Egypt have?


Answer: Miṣr

Context: Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Question: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?


Answer: מִצְרַיִם

Question: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?


Answer: Akkadian

Question: What is the oldest term for Egypt?


Answer: "border" or "frontier".

Question: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?


Answer: Nile Valley

Context: By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Question: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?


Answer: Badarian culture

Question: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?


Answer: 3200 BC

Question: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?


Answer: more than two thousand years

Question: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?


Answer: 150 years

Context: The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

Question: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?


Answer: Hyksos

Question: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?


Answer: Avaris

Question: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?


Answer: Semitic Hyksos

Question: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?


Answer: 1550–1070 BC

Context: The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

Question: What year were the New Kingdom in control?


Answer: Eighteenth Dynasty

Question: What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?


Answer: Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II

Question: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?


Answer: Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians

Question: Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?


Answer: Achaemenid Persians

Context: In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

Question: Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?


Answer: Psamtik III

Question: What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?


Answer: Susa in Persia

Question: From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?


Answer: 525 BC to 402 BC,

Question: What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?


Answer: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia

Context: The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Question: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?


Answer: Pharaohs

Question: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?


Answer: Alexandria

Question: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?


Answer: Egyptian

Question: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?


Answer: Cleopatra VII

Context: The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Question: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?


Answer: Octavian

Question: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?


Answer: suicide

Question: How did Mark Anthony's love die?


Answer: Rome

Question: What culture annexed Egypt?


Answer: Byzantines

Context: The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Question: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?


Answer: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Question: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?


Answer: ten years

Question: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?


Answer: Sunni Islam

Question: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?


Answer: Muhammad Ali Pasha

Context: Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

Question: Who modernized Egyptian army?


Answer: strengthening it with numbers and in skill

Question: In what 2 ways was Army improved?


Answer: to avoid distraction of their growth

Question: Why did military use barracks?


Answer: nationalism and pride

Question: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?


Answer: 1869

Context: The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Question: When was Suez canal completed?


Answer: French

Question: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?


Answer: 1875

Question: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?


Answer: Ismail

Question: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?


Answer: British Government

Question: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?


Answer: 1923

Context: The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

Question: When was new constitution drafted?


Answer: parliamentary system

Question: What system of government was constitution based on?


Answer: Saad Zaghlul

Question: Who was elected in 1924?


Answer: his son Fuad

Question: Who succeeded King Farouk?


Answer: 1954

Question: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?


Answer: 1958

Context: In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

Question: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?


Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?


Answer: 1961

Question: How long did the union with Syria last?


Answer: Mohamed Fawzi

Context: In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

Question: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?


Answer: three successive steps

Question: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?


Answer: Soviet Union i

Question: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?


Answer: 23 May

Question: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"


Answer: less than half a million

Context: At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Question: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?


Answer: four million

Question: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s


Answer: 17 million

Question: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s


Answer: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists

Question: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?


Answer: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse

Question: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?


Answer: 1970

Context: In 1970, President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972. He launched the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched the October War, a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier. it presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel.

Question: When did Nasser die?


Answer: Anwar Sadat

Question: Who succeeded Nasser?


Answer: United States,

Question: Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?


Answer: surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier

Question: What was the October War?


Answer: peace with Israel

Question: What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?


Answer: foreign investment

Context: In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Question: What was encouraged through Infitah?


Answer: reduced taxes and import tariffs

Question: What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?


Answer: elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs

Question: What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?


Answer: Egyptian Bread Riots.

Question: What occured in 1977?


Answer: National Democratic Party,

Context: During Mubarak's reign, the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party, which was created by Sadat in 1978. It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations.[citation needed] As a result, by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well.

Question: What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?


Answer: 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law

Question: What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?


Answer: late 1990s

Question: When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?


Answer: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity

Context: Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

Question: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?


Answer: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party

Question: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?


Answer: democracy

Question: What was the long term goal for Egypt?


Answer: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring

Question: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?


Answer: 18 January 2014

Context: On 18 January 2014, the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1% of voters were supportive. Participation was low with only 38.6% of registered voters participating although this was higher than the 33% who voted in a referendum during Morsi's tenure. On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, who at this time was in control of the country, resigned from the military, announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The poll, held between 26 and 28 May 2014, resulted in a landslide victory for el-Sisi. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote. Even though the military-backed authorities extended voting to a third day, the 46% turnout was lower than the 52% turnout in the 2012 election.

Question: When was interim government instituted?


Answer: 98.1%

Question: What was the support by voters for referendum?


Answer: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Question: Who was elected President in 2014?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups

Question: What group boycotted the elections?


Answer: winter months

Context: Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.

Question: When does most of Egypts rain fall?


Answer: Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities

Question: Where does snow fall in Egypt?


Answer: 13 December 2013,

Question: When was the last snow fall in Cairo?


Answer: Egypt

Question: What is the sunniest county in the world?


Answer: 2426

Context: The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

Question: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?


Answer: 627

Question: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?


Answer: 1483

Question: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?


Answer: 15,000

Question: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?


Answer: 371

Question: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?


Answer: legislation

Context: The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26–28 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.

Question: What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?


Answer: 96.91%

Question: What percent of votes did el-Sisi get?


Answer: five-year terms

Question: What tems do House of Representatives serve?


Answer: Hamdeen Sabahi

Question: Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?


Answer: Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials

Context: In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe, and began to target Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials. In the 1990s an Islamist group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, engaged in an extended campaign of violence, from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals, to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners. Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt's economy—tourism—and in turn to the government, but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support.

Question: Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?


Answer: Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

Question: What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?


Answer: tourism

Question: What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?


Answer: 18 January 2014

Context: On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution. The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms. The parliament may impeach the president. Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought. The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next 8 years. Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".

Question: When was new constitution institutionalised?


Answer: four-year term

Question: How long are presidential terms?


Answer: 2 terms

Question: How many terms may a president serve?


Answer: parliament

Question: Who may impeach the president?


Answer: religion, race, gender or geography

Question: what may not be basis for political party?


Answer: fifth worst

Context: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a bipartisan independent agency of the US government, has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government. According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 84% of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam; 77% supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery; and 82% support stoning a person who commits adultery.

Question: Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?


Answer: 84%

Question: What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?


Answer: adultery

Question: What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?


Answer: great strides forward

Context: As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).

Question: What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?


Answer: 98%

Question: How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?


Answer: 44.8 years

Question: What was life expectancy in 1960s?


Answer: 72.12 years

Question: What was the life expectancy in 2009?


Answer: noticeable decline

Question: What direction has infant mortality rate taken?


Answer: 551-600

Context: Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.

Question: According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?


Answer: 360

Question: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?


Answer: 701+ range

Question: According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?


Answer: modernising research

Question: What is the aim of new research institutes?


Answer: discrimination at multiple levels of the government,

Context: Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bahá'ís, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.

Question: What do Coptic Christians face?


Answer: religious minorities

Question: When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?


Answer: 2008

Question: When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?


Answer: capital punishment

Context: Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.

Question: what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?


Answer: terrorist organisation

Question: What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?


Answer: 529

Question: In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?


Answer: Mohamed Morsi

Question: What former president's supporters are set to be executed?


Answer: US president Barack Obama

Context: After Morsi was ousted by the military, the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government, actively suopporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members. This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from the US president Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN, Ban Ki Moon. In April 2013, one judge of the Minya governatorate of Upper Egypt, sentenced 1,212 people to death. In December 2014 the judge Mohammed Nagi Shahata, notorious for his fierceness in passing on death sentences, condemened to the capital penalty 188 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, for assaulting a police station. Various Egyptian and international human rights organisations have already pointed out the lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes and do not take into consideration the procedural standards of fair trials.

Question: What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?


Answer: 1,212

Question: How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?


Answer: lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes

Question: What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station?


Answer: US$1.3 billion

Context: The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance, which in 2015 amounted to US$1.3 billion. In 1989, Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Nevertheless, ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 military coup that deposed Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, with the Obama administration condemning Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries. There have been recent attempts, however, to normalise relations between the two, with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the fight against regional and international terrorism.

Question: How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?


Answer: Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters

Question: What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?


Answer: Soviet Union

Context: The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods. The Armed Forces' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world. Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US, French, and British equipment, a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt, such as the M1 Abrams tank.[citation needed] Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation. Relations with China have also improved considerably. In 2014, Egypt and China have established a bilateral "comprehensive strategic partnership".

Question: Equipment from what country is being replaced?


Answer: dozens

Question: How many factories does Egyptian military have?


Answer: Russia

Question: After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?


Answer: China

Question: In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?


Answer: Cairo

Context: The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.

Question: Where is the Arab League headquarters?


Answer: Nabil el-Araby

Question: Who is the leader of Arab League?


Answer: United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia

Question: What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?


Answer: Israel

Context: Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty, Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Despite that, Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians. Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East, most notably its handling of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the peace process. Egypt's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005, despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi, and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role.

Question: What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?


Answer: still widely considered as a hostile

Question: Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?


Answer: mediator

Question: What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts?


Answer: agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism

Context: Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.

Question: What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?


Answer: Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe

Question: Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?


Answer: Lake Nasser

Question: What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam?


Answer: 1970

Question: What year was Aswan High Dam completed?


Answer: has been a net oil importer since 2008

Context: Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.

Question: Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?


Answer: 600,000 tonnes

Question: How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?


Answer: cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis

Question: What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?


Answer: coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power

Question: What is Egypts energy market based upon?


Answer: improve considerably

Context: Economic conditions have started to improve considerably, after a period of stagnation, due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market. In its annual report, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms. Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs. A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%, resulting in a stated 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006.

Question: What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?


Answer: stock market

Question: What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?


Answer: decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%

Question: What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?


Answer: 100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006

Question: What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?


Answer: $6 billion

Context: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak, exceeding $6 billion in 2006, due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin.[citation needed] Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues, followed by a 60% drop in foreign exchange reserves, a 3% drop in growth, and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound.

Question: How much had FDI increased to in 2006?


Answer: drastic fall

Question: Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?


Answer: 60% drop

Question: What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?


Answer: 3% drop

Question: What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?


Answer: limited trickle down

Context: Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population, many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant. Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth. The government promised major reconstruction of the country's infrastructure, using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat in 2006. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013, Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177.

Question: To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?


Answer: government

Question: Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?


Answer: newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat

Question: Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?


Answer: 114 out of 177

Question: Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?


Answer: Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center

Context: Egypt's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center. The information technology (IT) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years, with many start-ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe, operating with companies such as Microsoft, Oracle and other major corporations, as well as many small and medium size enterprises. Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center, Raya, E Group Connections and C3. The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement.[citation needed]

Question: What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?


Answer: information technology (IT)

Question: What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?


Answer: new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement

Question: What has stimulated IT sector?


Answer: Mediterranean and the Red Sea

Context: Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the ⅓ of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.

Question: Where are Egyptian beaches situated?


Answer: 3,000 km

Question: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?


Answer: Red Sea

Question: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?


Answer: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga

Question: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?


Answer: 691,000 bbl/d

Context: Egypt was producing 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas (in 2013), which makes Egypt as the largest oil producer not member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the second-largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. In 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa. Also, Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl/d (in 2012). Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa city, northern Egypt.

Question: How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?


Answer: 2,141.05 Tcf

Question: How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?


Answer: largest consumer

Question: Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?


Answer: El Dabaa city

Question: Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?