Answer: accomplish his original purpose for the earth

Question: What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?


Answer: a paradise without sickness or death

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.

Question: What will the Earth be transformed into?


Answer: 1914

Question: When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?


Answer: 1914

Context: A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "last days" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the "great tribulation". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.

Question: One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?


Answer: false

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?


Answer: the United Nations

Question: Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?


Answer: Satan

Question: Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?


Answer: a fully tested, glorified human race

Question: What will be the end result of God's kingdom?


Answer: when he comes to bring a final judgment

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "second coming" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.

Question: When will Jesus' presence end?


Answer: ousted from heaven

Question: What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?


Answer: invisibly

Question: How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?


Answer: "coming"

Question: How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?


Answer: October 1914

Question: On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?


Answer: three times each week

Context: Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death" on the date of the Jewish Passover.

Question: How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?


Answer: songs (hymns) and brief prayers

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?


Answer: "territory" they usually reside

Question: How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?


Answer: meetings

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?


Answer: Kingdom Halls

Question: Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?


Answer: their efforts to spread their beliefs

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?


Answer: 700

Question: How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?


Answer: start a regular "Bible study"

Question: What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?


Answer: show no interest in becoming members

Question: When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?


Answer: irregular

Question: What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?


Answer: discouraged

Context: Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.

Question: What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?


Answer: adultery

Question: What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?


Answer: adulterous

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?


Answer: legal separation

Question: Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?


Answer: congregation elders

Context: Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin—usually cases of sexual misconduct or charges of apostasy for disputing Jehovah's Witness doctrines—a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the strongest form of discipline, administered to an offender deemed unrepentant. Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to apply for reinstatement; formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged. Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah." The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior. Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned. Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced. Reproof is a lesser form of discipline given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or spiritual fellowship. Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 4]

Question: Who administers formal discipline?


Answer: a judicial committee

Question: What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?


Answer: Disfellowshipping

Question: What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?


Answer: wicked

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?


Answer: keeps the congregation free from immoral influence

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?


Answer: can only be one truth from God

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.

Question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?


Answer: "separate from the world."

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?


Answer: represents true Christianity

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?


Answer: danger

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?


Answer: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"

Question: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?


Answer: Christ

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.

Question: Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?


Answer: neutral

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?


Answer: voting

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?


Answer: they consider to honor people other than Jesus

Question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?


Answer: Satan's control over the world

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?


Answer: associated with the military

Context: They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services, and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties. Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.

Question: What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?


Answer: their arrest and imprisonment

Question: What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?


Answer: a worldwide brotherhood

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?


Answer: Sociologist

Question: What profession is Ronald Lawson?


Answer: intellectual and organizational isolation

Question: What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?


Answer: Acts 15:28, 29

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.

Question: What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?


Answer: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion

Question: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?


Answer: non-blood alternatives

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?


Answer: information

Question: What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?


Answer: blood plasma fractions

Context: Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.

Question: What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion?


Answer: major blood components

Question: What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?


Answer: allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept

Question: What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?


Answer: Hospital Liaison Committees

Question: What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?


Answer: individual Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?


Answer: publishers

Context: As of August 2015, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers—the term they use for members actively involved in preaching—in 118,016 congregations. In 2015, these reports indicated over 1.93 billion hours spent in preaching and "Bible study" activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 8.2 million. In the same year, they conducted "Bible studies" with over 9.7 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children. Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.5% per year.

Question: What term do Jehovah's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching?


Answer: 8.2 million

Question: How many publishers did the Jehovah's Witnesses have as of August 2015?


Answer: 118,016

Question: How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?


Answer: 1.93 billion

Question: Over how many hours had Jehovah's Witnesses spent preaching and in "Bible study" activity in 2015?


Answer: 1.5% per year

Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be?


Answer: those who submit reports for their personal ministry

Context: The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.

Question: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?


Answer: active

Question: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?


Answer: low

Question: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?


Answer: 37%

Question: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: Sociologist

Context: Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).

Question: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?


Answer: 1975

Question: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: Totalizing

Question: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?


Answer: absolutism

Question: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?


Answer: world indifference

Question: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?


Answer: high school graduation

Context: A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

Question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?


Answer: reading

Question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?


Answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance?


Answer: politics

Question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?


Answer: a graduate degree

Question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?


Answer: Political and religious animosity

Context: Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.

Question: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military

Question: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?


Answer: 10,000

Question: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?


Answer: purple triangles

Question: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?


Answer: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states

Question: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: authorities and other religions

Context: Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religions by Jehovah’s Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.

Question: Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?


Answer: Whalen, Harrison and Schnell

Question: What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?


Answer: evidence of the truth of their struggle

Question: What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?


Answer: controversy

Question: What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?


Answer: jail

Question: What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?


Answer: reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties

Context: In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.

Question: What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?


Answer: federal and state

Question: What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?


Answer: patriotic rituals and military service

Question: What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?


Answer: medical treatment

Question: What do patients have the right to refuse?


Answer: Canada

Question: Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?


Answer: the Governing Body

Context: Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".

Question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: dissent

Question: What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?


Answer: expelled and shunned

Question: What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?


Answer: part of "God's organization"

Question: Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?


Answer: Satan the Devil

Question: Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?


Answer: Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four

Context: Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian. Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the religion's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. Critics also accuse the religion's leaders of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses, controlling information and creating "mental isolation", which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.

Question: What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?


Answer: Alan Rogerson

Question: Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian?


Answer: disparaging individual decision-making

Question: How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?


Answer: "intellectual dominance"

Question: What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?


Answer: mind control

Question: What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?


Answer: Sociologist

Context: Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

Question: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?


Answer: "not always very democratic"

Question: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."

Question: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?


Answer: informed choice

Question: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?


Answer: dignified exit

Question: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?


Answer: the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world

Context: On the other hand, in his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world", Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn, Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University, wrote: “The NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared.” Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, BeDuhn stated: “Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.” He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".

Question: What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?


Answer: religious bias

Question: What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?


Answer: greater accuracy

Question: BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?


Answer: literal, conservative

Question: The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?


Answer: Jehovah

Question: What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?


Answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

Context: Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 5] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".

Question: Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?


Answer: world events

Question: What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?


Answer: to declare his will

Question: What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?


Answer: advance knowledge about Armageddon

Question: What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?


Answer: "beyond doubt"

Question: What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?


Answer: biblical chronology

Context: The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah." George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, "it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do." However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, "Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time."

Question: What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?


Answer: that it is a false prophet

Question: What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?


Answer: the end of time

Question: What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?


Answer: around 140 years ago

Question: How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?


Answer: sociologist

Question: What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?


Answer: sexual abuse

Context: Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". A former member of the church’s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children." Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.

Question: What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?


Answer: Jehovah's

Question: Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?


Answer: pedophiles

Question: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?


Answer: children

Question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?


Answer: children from parents

Question: Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?


Answer: abuse allegations

Context: The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities." William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.

Question: What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized?


Answer: not one

Question: Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?


Answer: to protect its "crime-free" reputation

Question: Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?


Answer: negligent

Question: What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?


Answer: as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff

Question: How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?


Answer: Ike

Context: Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (/ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər/ EYE-zən-HOW-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American politician and general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO.

Question: What was Eisenhower's nickname?


Answer: David

Question: What was the middle name of Dwight Eisenhower?


Answer: 1953

Question: In what year did Eisenhower's presidency begin?


Answer: Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe

Question: During the Second World War, what was the highest position (not rank) Eisenhower achieved?


Answer: Operation Torch

Question: What was the name of the North African invasion Eisenhower oversaw?


Answer: keep pressure on the Soviet Union

Context: Eisenhower's main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. In the first year of his presidency, he threatened the use of nuclear weapons in an effort to conclude the Korean War; his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for conventional military forces. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala. Eisenhower refused to give major aid to help France in Vietnam. He gave strong financial support to the new nation of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, which obliged the U.S. to militarily support the pro-Western Republic of China in Taiwan and continue the isolation of the People's Republic of China.

Question: Along with reducing the federal deficit, what was Eisenhower's main policy priority as president?


Answer: nuclear weapons

Question: What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?


Answer: Iran

Question: Along with Guatemala, what country's government did Eisenhower order overthrown?


Answer: France

Question: What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam?


Answer: 1955

Question: In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed?


Answer: British and French

Context: After the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt, and forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. In 1958, Eisenhower sent 15,000 U.S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the pro-Western government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. In his January 17, 1961 farewell address to the nation, Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, and coined the term "military–industrial complex".

Question: Along with Israel, what countries' armies invaded Egypt in 1956?


Answer: 1957

Question: In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?


Answer: NASA

Question: What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?


Answer: January 17, 1961

Question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address?


Answer: Lebanon

Question: Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958?


Answer: McCarthyism

Context: On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.

Question: Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?


Answer: executive privilege

Question: What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?


Answer: Nixon

Question: Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?


Answer: moderate

Question: What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?


Answer: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Question: What does DARPA stand for?


Answer: Bible

Context: His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him. While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.

Question: What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?


Answer: River Brethren

Question: What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?


Answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?


Answer: West Point

Question: What university did Eisenhower attend?


Answer: Presbyterian

Question: What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?


Answer: 1909

Context: Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year. He and brother Edgar both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions.

Question: In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?


Answer: Abilene

Question: What high school did Eisenhower go to?


Answer: Edgar

Question: What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?


Answer: freshman

Question: In what year of high school did Eisenhower suffer a groin infection?


Answer: freshman

Question: What high school year did Eisenhower have to repeat?


Answer: night supervisor

Context: Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend "Swede" Hazlet was applying to the Naval Academy and urged Dwight to apply to the school, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.

Question: What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?


Answer: Belle Springs Creamery

Question: Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?


Answer: Joseph L. Bristow

Question: Who was Eisenhower's senator?


Answer: beyond the age limit

Question: Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?


Answer: 1911

Question: In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point?


Answer: Icky

Context: The Eisenhowers had two sons. Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower was born September 24, 1917, and died of scarlet fever on January 2, 1921, at the age of three; Eisenhower was mostly reticent to discuss his death. Their second son, John Eisenhower (1922–2013), was born in Denver Colorado. John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. Coincidentally, John graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944. He married Barbara Jean Thompson on June 10, 1947. John and Barbara had four children: David, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. David, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. John died on December 21, 2013.

Question: What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?


Answer: scarlet fever

Question: What killed Icky Eisenhower?


Answer: Denver

Question: In what city was John Eisenhower born?


Answer: brigadier general

Question: What was John Eisenhower's final rank in the military?


Answer: Nixon

Question: David Eisenhower married the child of what US President?


Answer: golf

Context: Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948. He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow on the ground. He had a small, basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman Clifford Roberts, inviting Roberts to stay at the White House on several occasions. Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments. Roberts also advised Eisenhower on tax aspects of publishing his memoirs, which proved financially lucrative.

Question: What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?


Answer: black

Question: What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?


Answer: Clifford Roberts

Question: Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?


Answer: investment broker

Question: What was Clifford Roberts by profession?


Answer: 1948

Question: When did Eisenhower join Augusta National?


Answer: oil painting

Context: After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. While at Columbia University, Eisenhower began the art after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life to relax, mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. Wendy Beckett stated that Eisenhower's work, "simple and earnest, rather cause us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president". A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint, has been driven over it."

Question: What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?


Answer: Tin Lizzie

Question: What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?


Answer: landscapes

Question: What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?


Answer: Thomas E. Stephens

Question: Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower?


Answer: Wendy Beckett

Question: Who called Eisenhower's art "simple and earnest"?


Answer: Angels in the Outfield

Context: Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation, and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months.

Question: What was Eisenhower's favorite film?


Answer: Zane Grey

Question: Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?


Answer: Western

Question: What genre did Zane Grey write in?


Answer: Abilene

Question: Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?


Answer: contract bridge

Question: At West Point, what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months?


Answer: Ft. Leavenworth

Context: When the U.S. entered World War I he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was again denied and then assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. In February 1918 he was transferred to Camp Meade in Maryland with the 65th Engineers. His unit was later ordered to France but to his chagrin he received orders for the new tank corps, where he was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt – his first command – at the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel.

Question: What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?


Answer: 65th Engineers

Question: What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?


Answer: Lieutenant Colonel

Question: To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps?


Answer: Pickett's Charge

Question: What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?


Answer: Maryland

Question: In what state was Camp Meade located?


Answer: week

Context: Once again his spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the armistice was signed, just a week before departure. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite being given the Distinguished Service Medal for his work at home.[citation needed] In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the first great war (led by Gen. Bernard Montgomery) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule.

Question: How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?


Answer: Distinguished Service Medal

Question: What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?


Answer: Montgomery

Question: What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?


Answer: tanks

Context: He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.

Question: What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?


Answer: 1922

Question: When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?


Answer: Sereno E. Brett

Question: Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?


Answer: supportive role for the infantry

Question: What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?


Answer: he relented

Question: What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?


Answer: executive officer

Context: From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals – Fox Conner, John J. Pershing, Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Carl von Clausewitz's On War), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, "[He] is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–26 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He then served as a battalion commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

Question: What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?


Answer: Panama Canal Zone

Question: Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?


Answer: On War

Question: What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?


Answer: 1925–26

Question: During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?


Answer: 245

Question: How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?


Answer: Pershing

Context: During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).

Question: Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?


Answer: Agriculture

Question: During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?


Answer: 1928

Question: In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?


Answer: Assistant Secretary of War

Question: What was the office held by George Mosely?


Answer: Major

Question: What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?


Answer: Great Depression

Context: His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.

Question: What event made war planning difficult in this period?


Answer: Army Chief of Staff

Question: What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?


Answer: Bonus March

Question: What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?


Answer: veterans

Question: What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?


Answer: lieutenant colonel

Context: Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.

Question: What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?


Answer: Manuel L. Quezon

Question: Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?


Answer: Quezon City

Question: What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?


Answer: pilot's

Question: What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?


Answer: declined

Question: How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?


Answer: 15th Infantry

Context: Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in December 1939 and was assigned as a battalion commander and regimental executive officer of the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated IX Corps under Major General Kenyon Joyce. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the Louisiana Maneuvers, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered by many as a potential commander of major operations.

Question: What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?


Answer: Fort Lewis

Question: At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?


Answer: Kenyon Joyce

Question: In the spring of 1941, who commanded IX Corps?


Answer: San Antonio

Question: In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941?


Answer: Louisiana Maneuvers

Question: What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general?


Answer: General Staff in

Context: After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.

Question: To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?


Answer: Leonard T. Gerow

Question: Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?


Answer: Operations Division

Question: What body replaced the War Plans Division?


Answer: Assistant Chief of Staff

Question: What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?


Answer: George C. Marshall

Question: Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower?


Answer: Henry H. Arnold

Context: At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.

Question: As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?


Answer: London

Question: To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?


Answer: Commanding General, European Theater of Operations

Question: What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?


Answer: James E. Chaney

Question: Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?


Answer: lieutenant general

Question: To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?


Answer: Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations

Context: In November 1942, he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters (A(E)FHQ). The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned underground within the Rock of Gibraltar. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years.

Question: What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?


Answer: Operation Torch

Question: What was the code name of the North African campaign?


Answer: Rock of Gibraltar

Question: At what location was the North African campaign planned?


Answer: 200

Question: How many years before Eisenhower's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar?


Answer: Tunisia

Context: French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.

Question: What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?


Answer: François Darlan

Question: Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?


Answer: Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle

Question: Who killed François Darlan?


Answer: Henri Giraud

Question: Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?


Answer: December 24

Question: On what day did Darlan die?


Answer: Generalfeldmarschall

Context: Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.

Question: What was Rommel's rank?


Answer: Lloyd Fredendall

Question: Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?


Answer: Bernard Montgomery

Question: Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?


Answer: February 1943

Question: When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?


Answer: NATOUSA

Question: What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?


Answer: Sicily

Context: After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country – making the job more difficult, by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1; nevertheless, the invasion of Italy was highly successful.

Question: What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?


Answer: Operation Avalanche

Question: What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?


Answer: 2 to 1

Question: What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?


Answer: 19

Question: How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?


Answer: Mussolini

Question: Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?


Answer: Marshall

Context: In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

Question: Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?


Answer: Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force

Question: What did SHAEF stand for?


Answer: Roosevelt

Question: Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?


Answer: Operation Overlord

Question: What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?


Answer: June 1944

Question: When did Operation Overlord take place?


Answer: Ernest J. King

Context: Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord. Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. He also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, as he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.

Question: Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?


Answer: civilian casualties

Question: What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?


Answer: slapped a subordinate

Question: What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?


Answer: covert and sabotage operations

Question: What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?


Answer: de Gaulle

Question: Who was the leader of French forces in this period?


Answer: June 6, 1944

Context: The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history:

Question: When did the Normandy invasion occur?


Answer: month

Question: How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?


Answer: May 8, 1945

Question: When did the war in Europe end?


Answer: every

Question: How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?


Answer: if the invasion failed

Question: After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?


Answer: 21st Army Group

Context: Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability.

Question: What unit did Montgomery command?


Answer: Bradley

Question: What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?


Answer: south

Question: What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?


Answer: Devers

Question: Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?


Answer: Antwerp

Question: What supply port was opened late in 1944?


Answer: Field Marshal

Context: In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.

Question: What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?


Answer: December 20, 1944

Question: On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?


Answer: Churchill

Question: Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?


Answer: Zhukov

Question: What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?


Answer: General

Question: What rank was held by de Gaulle?


Answer: December 1944

Context: The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Question: When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?


Answer: Berlin

Question: What German city did the British wish to conquer?


Answer: Stalin

Question: Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?


Answer: Soviet

Question: What nation's military conquered Berlin?


Answer: May 7, 1945

Question: What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?


Answer: Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone

Context: Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

Question: What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?


Answer: IG Farben Building

Question: In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?


Answer: Frankfurt am Main

Question: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?


Answer: Britain, France and the Soviet Union

Question: Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?


Answer: Geneva Convention

Question: What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?


Answer: Marshall

Context: In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Question: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?


Answer: millions

Question: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?


Answer: Truman

Question: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?


Answer: opposed

Question: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?


Answer: Warsaw

Question: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?


Answer: June 1943

Context: In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.

Question: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?


Answer: Grand High Supreme King of the Universe

Question: Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?


Answer: Army Chief of Staff

Question: What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?


Answer: MacArthur

Question: What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?


Answer: Potsdam Conference

Question: At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?


Answer: New Hampshire

Context: As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.

Question: What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?


Answer: 66

Question: How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?


Answer: too old

Question: Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?


Answer: Thomas E. Dewey

Question: Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?


Answer: President of Columbia University

Context: In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Question: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?


Answer: New York City

Question: Where is Columbia University located?


Answer: Crusade in Europe

Question: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?


Answer: Ivy League

Question: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?


Answer: Department of the Treasury

Question: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?


Answer: Council on Foreign Relations

Context: Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Question: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?


Answer: biographer

Question: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?


Answer: professional

Question: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?


Answer: economic

Question: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?


Answer: Secretary of Defense

Context: Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Question: What position was held by James Forrestal?


Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Question: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?


Answer: Augusta National Golf Club

Question: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?


Answer: Columbia Associates

Question: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?


Answer: July 1949

Question: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?


Answer: American Assembly

Context: The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

Question: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?


Answer: Leonard McCollum

Question: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?


Answer: liberal

Question: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?


Answer: New Jersey

Question: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?


Answer: Texas

Question: From where did H.J. Porter hale?


Answer: December 1950

Context: The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Question: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?


Answer: Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Question: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?


Answer: May 31, 1952

Question: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?


Answer: President of the United States

Question: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?


Answer: January 20, 1953

Question: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?


Answer: Truman

Context: President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Question: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?


Answer: Democratic

Question: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?


Answer: Robert A. Taft

Question: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?


Answer: Senator

Question: What was Taft's political office?


Answer: Henry Cabot Lodge

Question: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?


Answer: South

Context: In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Question: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?


Answer: corruption

Question: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?


Answer: K1C2

Question: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?


Answer: peaceful means

Question: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?


Answer: Wisconsin

Context: Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Question: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?


Answer: Korea

Question: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?


Answer: a secret trust

Question: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?


Answer: NATO

Question: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?


Answer: 19th

Context: Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Question: In what century was Eisenhower born?


Answer: James Buchanan

Question: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?


Answer: did not have prior elected office

Question: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?


Answer: never

Question: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?


Answer: 64

Question: How old was Truman in 1948?


Answer: Joseph M. Dodge

Context: Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Question: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?


Answer: Herbert Brownell

Question: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?


Answer: Oveta Culp Hobby

Question: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?


Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?


Answer: Eight millionaires and a plumber

Question: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?


Answer: Korean

Context: Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Question: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?


Answer: pre-inaugural

Question: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?


Answer: Russia

Question: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?


Answer: foreign

Question: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?


Answer: progressive conservative

Context: Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Question: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?


Answer: ten million

Question: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?


Answer: Social Security

Question: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?


Answer: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Question: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?


Answer: integration

Question: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?