Answer: 1971

Context: Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.

Question: When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?


Answer: Tom and Louis Borders

Question: Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?


Answer: Domino's Pizza's

Question: Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?


Answer: Flint Ink Corp

Question: Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?


Answer: aviation fuels

Question: Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?


Answer: 1879

Context: Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.

Question: When was the University Musical Society founded?


Answer: over 60

Question: How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?


Answer: 1954

Question: When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?


Answer: Ann Arbor Civic Ballet

Question: Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.


Answer: The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum

Context: The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.

Question: Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?


Answer: books

Question: Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?


Answer: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

Question: Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?


Answer: juried fairs

Context: Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.

Question: What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?


Answer: Ann Arbor Film Festival

Question: What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?


Answer: 2,500

Question: How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?


Answer: medical marijuana dispensaries

Context: Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the City's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.

Question: What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?


Answer: People's Co-op

Question: What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?


Answer: annual Hash Bash

Question: What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?


Answer: University of Michigan

Context: Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.

Question: Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?


Answer: Michigan Stadium

Question: Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?


Answer: The Big House

Question: What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?


Answer: Ann Arborite

Context: A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.

Question: What is a person from Ann Arbor called?


Answer: gentrified

Question: In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?


Answer: Ann Arbor

Question: Which city is referred to as the "People's Republic of Ann Arbor"?


Answer: council-manager

Context: Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.

Question: What form of government does Ann Arbor have?


Answer: 11

Question: How many voting members are there in the city- council?


Answer: two-year

Question: How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?


Answer: mayor

Question: Who is elected every even numbered year?


Answer: Two

Question: How many council members are elected for the city's ward?


Answer: Debbie Dingell

Context: Ann Arbor is part of Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell, a Democrat. On the state level, the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate, represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren. In the Michigan House of Representatives, representation is split between the 55th district (northern Ann Arbor, part of Ann Arbor Township, and other surrounding areas, represented by Democrat Adam Zemke), the 53rd district (most of downtown and the southern half of the city, represented by Democrat Jeff Irwin) and the 52nd district (southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County, represented by Democrat Gretchen Driskell).

Question: Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?


Answer: 18th district

Question: On a state level the city is part of which district number?


Answer: Rebekah Warren

Question: Who represents the city in Michigan senate?


Answer: charter

Context: Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.

Question: Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?


Answer: Left-wing politics

Question: What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?


Answer: instant-runoff

Question: Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?


Answer: Cleary University

Context: Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.

Question: Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.


Answer: Tom Monaghan

Question: Who founded Domino's pizza?


Answer: Thomas M. Cooley Law School

Question: Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?


Answer: music

Context: Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.

Question: Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?


Answer: Ann Arbor Open School

Question: What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?


Answer: 16,539

Question: In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?


Answer: Booth Newspapers

Context: The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under its former name in 2013. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.

Question: Who owns Ann Arbor news?


Answer: 2009

Question: When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?


Answer: Ann Arbor

Question: Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?


Answer: Ann Arbor Business Review

Context: Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.

Question: What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?


Answer: Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine

Question: Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?


Answer: Michigan Daily student newspaper

Question: Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?


Answer: WAAM 1600

Context: Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.

Question: What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?


Answer: WUOM 91.7

Question: What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?


Answer: WCBN-FM 88.3

Question: What is the name of the local free community college radio?


Answer: ION

Context: WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

Question: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?


Answer: Community Television Network

Question: What is the abbreviation of CTN?


Answer: late medieval period

Context: Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.

Question: What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?


Answer: Romanesque architecture

Question: What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?


Answer: Renaissance architecture

Question: What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?


Answer: France

Question: Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?


Answer: private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms

Question: Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?


Answer: churches and cathedrals

Context: It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.

Question: What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?


Answer: faith or from civic pride

Question: Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from?


Answer: ecclesiastical

Question: A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?


Answer: UNESCO

Question: With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?


Answer: larger churches are considered priceless works of art

Question: Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?


Answer: a pejorative description

Context: The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.

Question: What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" originate as?


Answer: Giorgio Vasari

Question: Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?


Answer: "the Goths"

Question: Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?


Answer: a century

Question: How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?


Answer: the Renaissance

Question: In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived?


Answer: Northern France

Context: The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.

Question: What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?


Answer: the Low Countries

Question: What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?


Answer: churches

Question: What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?


Answer: England

Question: What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?


Answer: Spain

Question: What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?


Answer: the end of the 12th century

Context: At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

Question: At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?


Answer: the Holy Roman Empire

Question: What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?


Answer: modern France

Question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?


Answer: the Hanseatic League

Question: Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?


Answer: Angevin kings

Question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?


Answer: trade

Context: Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.

Question: Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?


Answer: Germany

Question: What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?


Answer: Civic building

Question: What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?


Answer: England

Question: What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?


Answer: France

Question: What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?


Answer: The Catholic Church

Context: The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.

Question: What church was widespread across Europe at this time?


Answer: by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)

Question: Who were bishops appointed by?


Answer: The early Medieval periods

Question: Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism?


Answer: great abbey churches

Question: What types of church were the Benedictines known for?


Answer: Cistercian Orders

Question: What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?


Answer: 10th to the 13th century

Context: From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.

Question: During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?


Answer: Croatia

Question: What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?


Answer: proximity of some regions

Question: Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?


Answer: the Gothic

Question: During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?


Answer: Spain

Question: England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?


Answer: brick

Context: In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date.

Question: Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?


Answer: Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik"

Question: What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?


Answer: "Backsteingotik"

Question: What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?


Answer: Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble

Question: Why were many buildings covered with marble?


Answer: undecorated façade

Question: With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?


Answer: Norman architecture

Context: By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

Question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?


Answer: the 12th century

Question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?


Answer: the Medieval period

Question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period?


Answer: the cathedral church

Question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?


Answer: the palace

Question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?


Answer: the pointed arch

Context: It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.

Question: What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?


Answer: the flying buttresses

Question: What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?


Answer: traceried windows

Question: What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?


Answer: Durham Cathedral

Question: What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?


Answer: Cathedral of Cefalù

Question: What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?


Answer: The pointed arch

Context: The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.

Question: What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?


Answer: Islamic architecture

Question: Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?


Answer: Sassanian architecture

Question: What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?


Answer: secular structures

Question: The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?


Answer: palace and sacred construction

Question: Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?


Answer: cultural contacts with the Muslim world

Context: Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

Question: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?


Answer: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily

Question: What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?


Answer: those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control

Question: In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?


Answer: Cefalù Cathedrals

Question: What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?


Answer: Teruel Cathedral

Question: What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?


Answer: Romanesque

Context: The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefalù in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.

Question: The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?


Answer: Romanesque architecture

Question: Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?


Answer: ribbed vaults

Question: What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-Étienne and Abbaye aux Dames?


Answer: from 1128 to 1133

Question: When was Durham Cathedral constructed?


Answer: Durham Cathedral in England

Question: What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults?


Answer: The Basilica of Saint Denis

Context: The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic, including pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting, the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building, varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so.

Question: What is considered the first truly Gothic building?


Answer: Noyon Cathedral

Question: Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?


Answer: pointed arches

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?


Answer: flying buttresses

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?


Answer: ribbed vaulting

Question: What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?


Answer: Abbey Saint-Denis

Context: At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.

Question: What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?


Answer: in 1175

Question: When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?


Answer: Adam Locke

Question: Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?


Answer: Wells Cathedral

Question: Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?


Answer: Notre Dame de Paris

Question: What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?


Answer: Suger

Context: Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.

Question: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?


Answer: the West Front

Question: Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?


Answer: the Roman Arch of Constantine

Question: The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?


Answer: to ease the problem of congestion

Question: Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?


Answer: pointed arches of the Gothic style

Question: The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?


Answer: in 1140

Context: At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.

Question: When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?


Answer: the eastern end

Question: What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front?


Answer: the Carolingian nave

Question: What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?


Answer: clustered columns

Question: What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?


Answer: the flying buttresses

Question: What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?


Answer: cathedrals and great churches

Context: While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.

Question: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?


Answer: the landmark building

Question: Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?


Answer: the ogival

Question: What is another name for the pointed arch?


Answer: the ribbed vault

Question: What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?


Answer: the buttress

Question: What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?


Answer: The eastern arm

Context: The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a "chevet". While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.

Question: In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?


Answer: the Virgin Mary

Question: Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?


Answer: polygonal

Question: What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?


Answer: chevet

Question: What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?


Answer: the sanctuary

Question: In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?


Answer: the diffusionist theory

Context: Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.

Question: The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?


Answer: Durham Cathedral

Question: At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?


Answer: Romanesque

Question: In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?


Answer: points

Question: When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?


Answer: The Gothic vault

Context: The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids. The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture. While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque.

Question: Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs?


Answer: channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle

Question: What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?


Answer: vaults

Question: What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety?


Answer: more vertical visual character

Question: What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch?


Answer: towers

Context: Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure. In France and Spain, two towers on the front is the norm. In England, Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement, but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing. Smaller churches usually have just one tower, but this may also be the case at larger buildings, such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster, which has the tallest spire in the world, slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral, the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period, at 160 metres (520 ft).

Question: What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?


Answer: spires

Question: What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?


Answer: two towers

Question: How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?


Answer: Italy

Question: In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?


Answer: just one tower

Question: How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?


Answer: the towers and spires

Context: On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.

Question: What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction?


Answer: The roofline

Question: What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?


Answer: gable ends

Question: What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?


Answer: Milan Cathedral

Question: Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?


Answer: buttresses

Question: What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?


Answer: attached shafts

Context: On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.

Question: What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?


Answer: the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces

Question: Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?


Answer: a strongly unifying feature

Question: What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?


Answer: horizontal divisions of the interior structure

Question: What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?


Answer: the Abbot Suger

Context: Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.

Question: Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?


Answer: Pseudo-Dionysius

Question: Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?


Answer: Expansive interior light

Question: What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?


Answer: The Celestial Hierarchy

Question: What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?


Answer: Pseudo-Dionysius

Question: Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?


Answer: a large window

Context: Above the main portal there is generally a large window, like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the façades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the façades of any English Cathedrals. The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or, in the case of Italy, may be decorated with the rest of the façade, with polychrome marble and mosaic, as at Orvieto Cathedral.

Question: What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?


Answer: a rose window

Question: What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?


Answer: any English Cathedrals

Question: Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?


Answer: The gable

Question: What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?


Answer: Orvieto Cathedral

Question: Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?


Answer: their impression of verticality

Context: The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.

Question: What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?


Answer: three portals

Question: How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?


Answer: two large towers

Question: How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?


Answer: The east end is polygonal

Question: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?


Answer: transepts

Question: What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?


Answer: their extreme length

Context: The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.

Question: What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?


Answer: double transepts

Question: What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature?


Answer: very large

Question: What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?


Answer: the transept gables

Question: Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?


Answer: at the crossing

Question: On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?


Answer: modular nature

Context: Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.

Question: In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?


Answer: the French formula

Question: What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?


Answer: follows the French form

Question: What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?


Answer: their breadth and openness

Question: What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?


Answer: Hallenkirchen

Question: What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?


Answer: their spatial complexity

Context: The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.

Question: What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?


Answer: very tall arcades

Question: What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?


Answer: Islamic architecture

Question: What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula?


Answer: a French west front

Question: What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?


Answer: German style

Question: What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?


Answer: the use of polychrome decoration

Context: The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "armonìa", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.

Question: What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?


Answer: the columns may be painted red

Question: What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?


Answer: they loved flamboyant arches

Question: What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?


Answer: occular or wheel windows

Question: Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?


Answer: the fresco

Question: What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?


Answer: the kings of Navarre

Context: The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.

Question: Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?


Answer: the master of the Teutonic order

Question: Who was the Malbork Castle built for?


Answer: Brick Gothic architecture

Question: What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?


Answer: the famous Conciergerie

Question: What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?


Answer: built in the 15th century

Question: When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?


Answer: Stralsund town halls

Context: Secular Gothic architecture can also be found in a number of public buildings such as town halls, universities, markets or hospitals. The Gdańsk, Wrocław and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries. The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall, built during the 15th century, are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages; by the 15th century, the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions. This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities, including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia, Spain, a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century, in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London, or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy, a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena. Other Italian cities such as Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture.

Question: What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?


Answer: built during the 15th century

Question: When was Brussels Town Hall built?


Answer: the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia

Question: What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?


Answer: the Palazzo Pubblico

Question: What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?


Answer: Florence

Question: Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?


Answer: the late Middle Ages

Context: By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland.

Question: In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?


Answer: the Collegio di Spagna

Question: What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?


Answer: the Collegium Carolinum

Question: What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?


Answer: the Escuelas mayores

Question: What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain?


Answer: the Collegium Maius

Question: What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland?


Answer: Bruges

Context: Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena. Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward; most windows are flat-topped with mullions, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points. The country-houses of the nobility were slow to abandon the appearance of being a castle, even in parts of Europe, like England, where defence had ceased to be a real concern. The living and working parts of many monastic buildings survive, for example at Mont Saint-Michel.

Question: What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures?


Answer: Siena

Question: What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures?


Answer: flat-topped with mullions

Question: What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures?


Answer: a few focal points

Question: Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures?


Answer: Mont Saint-Michel

Question: What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England?


Answer: Lambeth Palace

Context: In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence, Lambeth Palace, a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War. Also in the late 17th century, some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University, notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, by Christopher Wren. It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.

Question: What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?


Answer: In 1663

Question: In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?


Answer: the late 17th century

Question: In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?


Answer: Christopher Wren

Question: Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?


Answer: during the second quarter of the 19th century

Context: In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this Gothic revival (which after 1837, in Britain, is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic), gradually widened to encompass "low church" as well as "high church" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.

Question: When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?


Answer: Victorian Gothic

Question: In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?


Answer: 1855–1885

Question: During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?


Answer: the Oxford Movement

Question: What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas?


Answer: institutional architecture

Question: Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?


Answer: Sir Charles Barry

Context: The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival, Augustus Welby Pugin, is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century. Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott's design for the Albert Memorial in London, and William Butterfield's chapel at Keble College, Oxford. From the second half of the 19th century onwards it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types. Gothic details even began to appear in working-class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy, though given the expense, less frequently than in the design of upper and middle-class housing.

Question: Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament?


Answer: Augustus Welby Pugin

Question: Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament?


Answer: the Gothic revival style

Question: What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify?


Answer: George Gilbert Scott

Question: Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?


Answer: William Butterfield

Question: Who designed the chapel at Keble College, Oxford?


Answer: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

Context: In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-le-Duc compiled and coordinated an Encyclopédie médiévale that was a rich repertory his contemporaries mined for architectural details. He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals, including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris, where many of whose most "Gothic" gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc's. He taught a generation of reform-Gothic designers and showed how to apply Gothic style to modern structural materials, especially cast iron.

Question: Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?


Answer: the Abbey of Saint-Denis

Question: What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?


Answer: cast iron

Question: What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?


Answer: Carcassonne

Question: In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?


Answer: Notre Dame de Paris

Question: What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?


Answer: Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.

Context: The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne. A retrospective of Cézanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907.

Question: Name the 8 peopl who began the movement


Answer: Paul Cézanne

Question: Which person was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?


Answer: 1905 and 1906

Question: What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.


Answer: Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism

Context: In France, offshoots of Cubism developed, including Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism. In other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl developed in response to Cubism. Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present, the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time, also called multiple perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity, while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements. Other common threads between these disparate movements include the faceting or simplification of geometric forms, and the association of mechanization and modern life.

Question: What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France?


Answer: Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl

Question: What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France?


Answer: Futurist

Question: Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism?


Answer: Constructivism

Question: Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso?


Answer: 1907 and 1911

Context: Cubism began between 1907 and 1911. Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L’Estaque (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings. The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called 'Salle 41'; it included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited.

Question: Between what years did cubism begin?


Answer: 1911

Question: In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?


Answer: Salle 41

Question: What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?


Answer: Gertrude Stein

Question: Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings?


Answer: Paris

Question: In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?


Answer: Analytic Cubism

Context: Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity. English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Cooper there was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement.

Question: What was the first phase of Cubism known as?


Answer: Juan Gris

Question: Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim?


Answer: Synthetic Cubism

Question: What was the second phase of Cubism called?


Answer: 1909 to 1914

Question: From what years did High Cubism take place?


Answer: 1914 to 1921

Question: From what years did Late Cubism take place?


Answer: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Context: The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the "Salle 41" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the "Salle 41" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were "later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation."

Question: Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism?


Answer: early as 1920

Question: In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?


Answer: 1950s and 1960s,

Question: When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?


Answer: Clement Greenberg.

Question: Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism?


Answer: Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger

Question: Who's work undermined Douglass Coopers terms describing Cubism?


Answer: Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso

Context: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian and Native American art. Artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks. They became friendly rivals and competed with each other throughout their careers, perhaps leading to Picasso entering a new period in his work by 1907, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art. Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism.

Question: Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?


Answer: stark power and simplicity

Question: What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?


Answer: Gertrude Stein,

Question: Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism?


Answer: Protocubism

Question: What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by?


Answer: Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne

Context: The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it."

Question: Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?


Answer: The Demoiselles

Question: What does Cooper say is the first Cubist picture?


Answer: although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.

Question: Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles?


Answer: such deductions are unhistorical

Context: The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism, with its evident influence of primitive art, is that "such deductions are unhistorical", wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins. This familiar explanation "fails to give adequate consideration to the complexities of a flourishing art that existed just before and during the period when Picasso's new painting developed." Between 1905 and 1908, a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France, Germany, Holland, Italy, and Russia. The Impressionists had used a double point of view, and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists (who also admired Cézanne) flattened the picture plane, reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms. Neo-Impressionist structure and subject matter, most notably to be seen in the works of Georges Seurat (e.g., Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut and Le Cirque), was another important influence. There were also parallels in the development of literature and social thought.

Question: What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?


Answer: 1905 and 1908,

Question: During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?


Answer: Les Nabis and the Symbolists

Question: Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?


Answer: double point of view

Question: Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?


Answer: in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work

Context: In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art.

Question: Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?


Answer: Cézanne

Question: Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?


Answer: all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time.

Question: Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how?


Answer: in the late 1920s

Context: The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris. The terms "analytical" and "synthetic" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition."

Question: When did the historical study of Cubism begin?


Answer: Guillaume Apollinaire

Question: On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?


Answer: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus

Question: On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?


Answer: Braque and Picasso

Context: The traditional interpretation of "Cubism", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists. It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all. According to Daniel Robbins, "To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake."

Question: Understanding who's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on?


Answer: Daniel Robbins

Question: Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake?


Answer: Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier

Question: What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?


Answer: 1911

Context: The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911, mainly with reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, and Léger. In 1911, the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Indépendants. The following year, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote and published Du "Cubisme" in an effort to dispel the confusion raging around the word, and as a major defence of Cubism (which had caused a public scandal following the 1911 Salon des Indépendants and the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris). Clarifying their aims as artists, this work was the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and it still remains the clearest and most intelligible. The result, not solely a collaboration between its two authors, reflected discussions by the circle of artists who met in Puteaux and Courbevoie. It mirrored the attitudes of the "artists of Passy", which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers, to whom sections of it were read prior to publication. The concept developed in Du "Cubisme" of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously, i.e., the act of moving around an object to seize it from several successive angles fused into a single image (multiple viewpoints, mobile perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity), is a generally recognized device used by the Cubists.

Question: What year did the term Cubism become used more?


Answer: Guillaume Apollinaire

Question: Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism?


Answer: Picabia and the Duchamp brothers

Question: The artists of Passy included which two people?


Answer: Montmartre

Context: There was a distinct difference between Kahnweiler’s Cubists and the Salon Cubists. Prior to 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger (to a lesser extent) gained the support of a single committed art dealer in Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who guaranteed them an annual income for the exclusive right to buy their works. Kahnweiler sold only to a small circle of connoisseurs. His support gave his artists the freedom to experiment in relative privacy. Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912, while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War. Léger was based in Montparnasse.

Question: Where did Picassos work until 1912?


Answer: Montmartre

Question: Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?


Answer: Montparnasse

Question: Where was Leger based around 1912?


Answer: Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger

Context: In contrast, the Salon Cubists built their reputation primarily by exhibiting regularly at the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Indépendants, both major non-academic Salons in Paris. They were inevitably more aware of public response and the need to communicate. Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio near the Boulevard de Montparnasse. These soirées often included writers such as Guillaume Apollinaire and André Salmon. Together with other young artists, the group wanted to emphasise a research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.

Question: Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?


Answer: Boulevard de Montparnasse

Question: Where was Fauconnier's studio located?


Answer: research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.

Question: What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?


Answer: October 8, 1911

Context: At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This article was published a year after Gelett Burgess' The Wild Men of Paris, and two years prior to the Armory Show, which introduced astonished Americans, accustomed to realistic art, to the experimental styles of the European avant garde, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism. The 1911 New York Times article portrayed works by Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Metzinger and others dated before 1909; not exhibited at the 1911 Salon. The article was titled The "Cubists" Dominate Paris' Fall Salon and subtitled Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do.

Question: In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne?


Answer: Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do

Question: What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism?


Answer: André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka

Question: List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne?


Answer: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

Context: The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists. It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work. Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912 (National Gallery of Denmark). Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and Léger's La Noce, The Wedding (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris) were also exhibited.

Question: Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?


Answer: caused a scandal

Question: Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?


Answer: La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912

Question: What were one of Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants?


Answer: Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué

Context: The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

Question: Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation?


Answer: Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.

Question: Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?


Answer: the use of government owned buildings,

Question: Towards which social topic did the Cubists at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards?


Answer: public anger

Context: It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).

Question: What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du "Cubsime"?


Answer: Eugène Figuière

Question: Who published Du "Cubisme"?


Answer: 1912

Question: In what year was Du "Cubisme" published?


Answer: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

Context: The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.

Question: What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne?


Answer: Simultaneous Windows,

Question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912?


Answer: 1913–14

Question: During what years did Leger produce Contrasts of Forms?


Answer: Apollinaire

Context: Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism. The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier collé in the Cubist construction and Assemblage). The next logical step, for Duchamp, was to present an ordinary object as a self-sufficient work of art representing only itself. In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right.

Question: By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist?


Answer: a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool

Question: What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913?


Answer: bottle-drying rack

Question: What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself?


Answer: Over 200

Context: The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Indépendants. The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.

Question: How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912?


Answer: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience

Context: The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.

Question: What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?


Answer: It is by no means clear, in any case

Context: The Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work. "It is by no means clear, in any case," wrote Christopher Green, "to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of Cézanne." The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional Cézanne-like subjects—the posed model, still-life and landscape—favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects. Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations.

Question: What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?


Answer: large public

Question: Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at?