Answer: minimal or nonexistent

Context: Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

Question: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?


Answer: taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations

Question: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?


Answer: an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy

Question: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?


Answer: leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public

Question: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?


Answer: employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization

Context: Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

Question: How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?


Answer: strict controls

Question: How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?


Answer: alter the NPO's functions

Question: What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?


Answer: Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization

Question: What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?


Answer: Resource mismanagement

Question: What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?


Answer: Competition for employees with the public and private sector

Context: Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.

Question: What problems with employment do Non Profits face?


Answer: management

Question: What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?


Answer: secondary priority

Question: How important do NPOs consider hiring?


Answer: wage and benefits package

Question: What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?


Answer: stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away

Question: How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?


Answer: higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work

Context: Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.

Question: What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?


Answer: mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause

Question: What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?


Answer: do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally

Question: What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?


Answer: more stable employment

Question: Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?


Answer: will never be able to match the pay

Context: It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.

Question: Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?


Answer: benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments

Question: What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?


Answer: Pleasurable work conditions

Question: What is better than having high pay at an NPO?


Answer: as much as they are able

Question: How much should an NPO pay employees?


Answer: generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours

Question: What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?


Answer: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Context: In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a "charity" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.

Question: What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?


Answer: Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Question: What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?


Answer: US$38 billion

Question: How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?


Answer: $14.8 billion

Question: How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?


Answer: British Wellcome Trust

Question: What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?


Answer: Habitat for Humanity

Context: Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.

Question: What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?


Answer: Rotary International

Question: What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?


Answer: United Way

Question: What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?


Answer: Red Cross and Red Crescent

Question: Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?


Answer: World Wide Fund for Nature

Question: Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?


Answer: organizations that didn't fit anywhere else

Context: In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

Question: What does .org on a URL mean?


Answer: not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status

Question: Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?


Answer: encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category

Question: What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?


Answer: Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org

Question: Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?


Answer: .museum

Question: What new domain designation should a museum use?


Answer: "non" words

Context: Instead of being defined by "non" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term "civil society organization" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, "Social Benefit Organization" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.

Question: What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?


Answer: new, positive-sounding terminology

Question: What type of language are organizations being directed towards?


Answer: civil society organization

Question: What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?


Answer: citizen sector organization

Question: What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?


Answer: Social Benefit Organization

Question: What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?


Answer: North Carolina

Context: Raleigh (/ˈrɑːli/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 439,896 as of July 1, 2014. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County.

Question: What state is Raleigh the capital of?


Answer: Charlotte

Question: What is the biggest city in NC?


Answer: Sir Walter Raleigh

Question: Who is it named after?


Answer: Dare

Question: What county is Raleigh in?


Answer: 439,896

Question: What is the population of the city?


Answer: North Carolina State University

Context: Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The "Triangle" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.

Question: What university is in Raleigh?


Answer: 1,214,516

Question: What is the MSA of Raleigh?


Answer: Research Triangle area

Question: What is the Triangle?


Answer: Duke

Question: What is another university in the triangle?


Answer: 1959

Question: When was the Triangle created?


Answer: planned

Context: Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city, chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such. The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. In the United States Civil War the city was spared from any significant battle, only falling in the closing days of the war, though it did not escape the economic hardships that plagued the rest of the American South during the Reconstruction Era. The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population, making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century.

Question: What kind of city is Raleigh?


Answer: 1792

Question: What year was it incorporated?


Answer: Research Triangle Park

Question: What happened in the 20th century?


Answer: Civil War

Question: What war was near the city?


Answer: fastest growing

Question: What type of community is it?


Answer: Duke

Context: Raleigh is home to numerous cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Walnut Creek Amphitheatre is a large music amphitheater located in Southeast Raleigh. Museums in Raleigh include the North Carolina Museum of Art in West Raleigh, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History and North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences located next to each other near the State Capitol in Downtown Raleigh. Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home, including North Carolina State University, the largest public university in the state, and Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization of the 1960s. One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.

Question: What energy center is downtown?


Answer: North Carolina State University,

Question: What university is in Raleigh?


Answer: Shaw

Question: What is the first historically black university?


Answer: Andrew Johnson

Question: What president was born in Raleigh?


Answer: Walnut Creek Amphitheatre

Question: What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?


Answer: 11

Context: The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.

Question: How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?


Answer: state legislators.

Question: Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?


Answer: planned

Question: What was Raleigh as a city?


Answer: the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets

Question: What were the original boundaries?


Answer: Philadelphia

Question: What city was the plan based on?


Answer: Zebulon Baird Vance

Context: After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War, but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.

Question: Who was the governor during the Civil War?


Answer: breastworks

Question: What did the governor order constructed?


Answer: Union cavalry

Question: What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?


Answer: Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

Question: Who led the cavalry in the capture?


Answer: a state economy based on agriculture,

Question: Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?


Answer: 1880

Context: In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.

Question: What year did the News and the Observer merge?


Answer: The News & Observer

Question: What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?


Answer: The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,

Question: What was North Carolina State called before?


Answer: 1887

Question: What year was the college founded?


Answer: 1891

Question: When did Merideth College open?


Answer: 1898

Context: In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.

Question: When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?


Answer: 2nd

Question: What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?


Answer: the state legislature passed a new constitution

Question: What happened in 1900?


Answer: 1908

Question: When did blacks lose the right to vote?


Answer: mid-1960s

Question: When did black regain the right to vote?


Answer: 1930s

Context: During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs. The city provided recreational and educational programs, and hired people for public works projects. In 1932, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated. The North Carolina Symphony, founded the same year, performed in its new home. From 1934 to 1937, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park. In 1939, the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham, with the first flight occurring in 1943.

Question: When was the Great Depression?


Answer: recreational and educational programs

Question: What did the city provide during the Great Depression?


Answer: Raleigh Memorial Auditorium

Question: What was dedicated in 1932?


Answer: 1932

Question: What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded?


Answer: Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,

Question: What was charted in 1939?


Answer: northeast central region of North Carolina

Context: Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the "fall line" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.

Question: Where is Raleigh located?


Answer: "fall line"

Question: What is the area known as?


Answer: gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.

Question: What type of geography is in Raleigh?


Answer: two hours

Question: How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?


Answer: 155

Question: How far is Raleigh from Richmond?


Answer: Fayetteville Street downtown business district,

Context: Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina State Capitol, Peace College, the Raleigh City Museum, Raleigh Convention Center, Shaw University, and St. Augustine's College. The neighborhoods in Old Raleigh include Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood-Brooklyn, Hayes Barton Historic District, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest, and Historic Oakwood. In the 2000s, an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), and Capital District (Raleigh). Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, and Glenwood South Districts.

Question: What historic hotel is downtown?


Answer: PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center

Question: What is in the Fayetteville business district?


Answer: Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,

Question: What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh?


Answer: Downtown Raleigh Alliance

Question: Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000's?


Answer: Warehouse, Fayetteville Street

Question: What are some common names in the area?


Answer: North of the I-440 Beltline

Context: Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area.

Question: Where is Midtown Raleigh?


Answer: Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road

Question: What frames Midtown Raleigh?


Answer: Midtown Raleigh

Question: Where is the North Hills Shopping center?


Answer: John Kane

Question: Who was the area developer?


Answer: July 25, 2011

Question: When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?


Answer: along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard.

Context: West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.

Question: Where is West Raleigh?


Answer: North Carolina State University

Question: What is West Raleigh the home of?


Answer: PNC Arena

Question: What arena is in the area?


Answer: Rex Hospital.

Question: What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?


Answer: 2 miles

Question: How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?


Answer: large shopping areas.

Context: North Raleigh is an expansive, diverse, and fast-growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes. The area generally falls North of Millbrook Road. It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas. Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park, Bedford, Bent Tree, Brentwood, Brier Creek, Brookhaven, Black Horse Run, Coachman's Trail, Crossgate, Crosswinds, Falls River, Hidden Valley, Lake Park, North Haven, North Ridge, Oakcroft, Shannon Woods, Six Forks Station, Springdale, Stonebridge, Stone Creek, Stonehenge, Summerfield, Valley Estates, Wakefield, Weathersfield, Windsor Forest, and Wood Valley. The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540, Wake Forest Road, Millbrook Road, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Creedmoor Road, Leesville Road, Strickland Road, and North Hills Drive.

Question: What are in the area?


Answer: Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park

Question: What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh?


Answer: U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,

Question: What are the means of transportation in the area?


Answer: expansive, diverse, and fast-growing

Question: What type of area is North Raleigh?


Answer: along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina

Context: South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is bordered to the west by Cary, to the east by Garner, and to the southwest by Holly Springs. Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, and Enchanted Oaks.

Question: Where is South Raleigh?


Answer: least developed and least dense

Question: What is different about South Raleigh?


Answer: Cary,

Question: What borders South Raleigh to the west?


Answer: southwest

Question: Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?


Answer: Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek

Question: What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?


Answer: downtown

Context: Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west, Garner on the southwest, and rural Wake County to the southeast. The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue. Primary neighborhoods include Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heights, Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills. Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion (formerly Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre) is one of the region's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road. Shaw University is located in this part of the city.

Question: What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh?


Answer: Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue

Question: What areas are in Southeast Raleigh?


Answer: Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,

Question: What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have?


Answer: Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion

Question: What concert venue is in the area?


Answer: Shaw University

Question: What university is in this part of Raleigh?


Answer: humid subtropical climate

Context: Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −9 °F (−23 °C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 °F (41 °C), most recently on July 8, 2012.

Question: What is the climate of Raleigh?


Answer: four

Question: How many seasons are there in Raleigh?


Answer: 69 nights per year

Question: How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?


Answer: July

Question: What month has the most precipitation?


Answer: 105

Question: What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?


Answer: 6.0 inches

Context: Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm – 20.3 inches (52 cm) – the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.

Question: How much snow does Raleigh get?


Answer: January 24–25, 2000

Question: When was the greatest snowfall?


Answer: 20.3 inches

Question: How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?


Answer: cold air damming

Question: What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?


Answer: Appalachian Mountains.

Question: What mountains are the city near?


Answer: drought

Context: The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area, mostly from falling trees. The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Isabel in 2003. Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh most notably the November 28, 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected Northwestern portions of the city. Also the April 16, 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.

Question: What does the area experience?


Answer: restricted water use

Question: How does drought effect the city?


Answer: late summer and early fall

Question: When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?


Answer: Isabel

Question: What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?


Answer: F3

Question: How big was the tornado in 2011?


Answer: 61,371

Context: As of the 2000 United States census, there were 276,093 persons (July 2008 estimate was 380,173) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh. The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile (930.2/km²). There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile (406.7/km²). The racial composition of the city was: 63.31% White, 27.80% Black or African American, 7.01% Hispanic or Latino American, 3.38% Asian American, 0.36% Native American, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.24% some other race, and 1.88% two or more races.

Question: How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000?


Answer: 2,409.2 people per square mile

Question: What is the population density of Raleigh?


Answer: 120,699 housing

Question: How many housing units were in Raleigh?


Answer: 63.31%

Question: What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?


Answer: 0.04%

Question: How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh?


Answer: 26.5%

Context: There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000, of which 26.5% included children below the age of 18, 39.5% were composed of married couples living together, 11.4% reported a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5% classified themselves as nonfamily. Unmarried partners were present in 2.2% of households. In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.

Question: What percent of households had children in 2000?


Answer: married couples living together

Question: 39.5% of the households comprised of what?


Answer: 33.1%

Question: How many people lived alone in 2000?


Answer: 6.2%

Question: How many households had someone 65 or older?


Answer: 2.97 persons.

Question: What was the average family size?


Answer: 46.41% of people

Context: Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners. As of 2013, 46.41% of people in Raleigh are affiliated with a religion. The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity, with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic (11.3%), Baptist (10.85%), and Methodist (7.08%). Others include Presbyterian (2.52%), Pentecostal (1.99%), Episcopalian (1.12%), Lutheran (1.06%), Latter-Day Saints (0.99%), and other Christian denominations (6.68%) including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness, Christian Science, Christian Unitarianism, other Mainline Protestant groups, and non-denominational.

Question: How many people are affiliated with religion?


Answer: Christianity

Question: What is the main religion of Raleigh?


Answer: 10.85

Question: What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?


Answer: Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,

Question: What other denominations are there in Raleigh?


Answer: 1.06%

Question: How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?


Answer: banking/financial services;

Context: Raleigh's industrial base includes banking/financial services; electrical, medical, electronic and telecommunications equipment; clothing and apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. Raleigh is part of North Carolina's Research Triangle, one of the country's largest and most successful research parks, and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research, as well as advanced textile development. The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry.

Question: What is the main industrial area of Raleigh?


Answer: North Carolina's Research Triangle

Question: What is Raleigh part of?


Answer: high-tech and biotech research

Question: What does the Research Triangle do?


Answer: The city is a major retail shipping point

Question: Is the city concerned with shipping?


Answer: grocery

Question: What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for?


Answer: The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion

Context: The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina Museum of Art, which hosts a summer concert series and outdoor movies. Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies, and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh. During the North Carolina State Fair, Dorton Arena hosts headline acts. The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats (rock, pop, country).

Question: Where are major touring acts hosted in the city?


Answer: Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater

Question: What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called?


Answer: Koka Booth Amphitheatre

Question: What event plaza is in Cary?


Answer: Dorton Arena

Question: Where is the North Carolina State Fair?


Answer: one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts

Question: What is the Lincoln Theater downtown?


Answer: Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts

Context: The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, the Fletcher Opera Theater, the Kennedy Theatre, and the Meymandi Concert Hall. In 2008, a new theatre space, the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School, was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School. Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre, Long View Center, Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre, and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University.

Question: Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium?


Answer: Fletcher Opera Theater

Question: What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center?


Answer: 2008

Question: When did the Meymandi Theater open?


Answer: Raleigh Little Theatre

Question: Where else can one see a theater performance?


Answer: Stewart and Thompson Theaters

Question: What theaters are at North Carolina State University?


Answer: North Carolina State Fairgrounds

Context: North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.

Question: What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?


Answer: American Art, European Art and ancient art,

Question: What type of art is in the Museum of Art?


Answer: 2000

Question: When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many people attended the Monet exhibit?


Answer: public funds

Question: How did the museum get the artworks they have?


Answer: 1997

Context: The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.

Question: When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?


Answer: Greensboro Coliseum

Question: Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?


Answer: PNC Arena

Question: What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?


Answer: National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes

Question: What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?


Answer: 2006

Question: When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?


Answer: Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football

Context: Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000–2004); the Raleigh–Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association (1991–1992); the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League (1997–1999); and most recently, the Carolina Courage of the Women's United Soccer Association (2000–2001 in Chapel Hill, 2001–2003 in suburban Cary), which won that league's championship Founders Cup in 2002.

Question: What sports teams have been in Raleigh?


Answer: Raleigh Bullfrogs

Question: What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?


Answer: 1997–1999

Question: When did the Raleigh Cougars play?


Answer: Women's United Soccer

Question: What type of team was the Carolina Courage?


Answer: 2002

Question: What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?


Answer: southwest Raleigh

Context: North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

Question: Where is North Carolina State University?


Answer: Wolfpack

Question: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?


Answer: Carter-Finley Stadium

Question: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?


Answer: third largest football stadium in North Carolina

Question: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?


Answer: Reynolds Coliseum

Question: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?


Answer: 150

Context: The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.

Question: How many sites are throughout Raleigh?


Answer: park land,

Question: What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?


Answer: BMX championship-caliber

Question: What type of race track is in Raleigh?


Answer: 5 public lakes,

Question: How many public lakes are in Raleigh?


Answer: J. C. Raulston Arboretum

Question: What is the name of the arboretum?


Answer: 1,740

Context: According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime – far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.

Question: How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?


Answer: property crime

Question: What were there 12,995 of in 2010?


Answer: far below both the national average

Question: How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?


Answer: 14

Question: How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?


Answer: 870

Question: How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?


Answer: Wake County Public School System

Context: Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.

Question: Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?


Answer: innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system

Question: What is the school system praised for?


Answer: three

Question: How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?


Answer: International Baccalaureate

Question: What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?


Answer: Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.

Question: Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?


Answer: Raleigh-Durham International Airport,

Context: Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the region's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.

Question: What is the area's primary airport?


Answer: Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham

Question: Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?


Answer: 35

Question: How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?


Answer: passengers

Question: What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?


Answer: Terminal C

Question: What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?


Answer: Triangle Transit Authority,

Context: Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.

Question: What was Triangle Transit called before?


Answer: scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service

Question: What does Triangle Transit offer?


Answer: Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park

Question: Where else does Triangle Transit go to?


Answer: Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool

Question: Does Triangle Transit have a van service?


Answer: rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers

Question: Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?


Answer: Registered dietitian nutritionists

Context: Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.

Question: What does RDN stand for?


Answer: Certified Clinical Nutritionists

Question: Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?


Answer: RDN

Question: For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?


Answer: Certified Nutrition Specialist

Question: Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?


Answer: 6th century BC

Context: According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or "wind" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into "hot" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and "cold" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation.

Question: In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?


Answer: pneuma

Question: What is the European equivalent of "Qi"?


Answer: hot

Question: What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?


Answer: Greek

Question: What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?


Answer: emaciation

Question: Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?


Answer: first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects

Context: The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.

Question: What does the Book of Daniel contain?


Answer: Israel

Question: Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?


Answer: court servants

Question: What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?


Answer: 10 days

Question: How long did the trial diet last?


Answer: pulses

Question: What is another term for vegetables that was used?


Answer: 1500 years

Context: One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.

Question: How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?


Answer: Marcus Aurelius

Question: Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?


Answer: Benedictine monks

Question: Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?


Answer: the source of life

Question: What did Galen believe that pneuma was?


Answer: four humours

Question: What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?


Answer: Paracelsus

Context: In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.

Question: Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?


Answer: Leonardo da Vinci

Question: Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?


Answer: metabolism

Question: What was a burning candle comparable to?


Answer: carbon dioxide

Question: Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?


Answer: Herman Boerhaave

Question: Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?


Answer: 1747

Context: Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as "limeys." The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.

Question: When was the first nutrition experiment performed?


Answer: James Lind

Question: What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?


Answer: lime

Question: The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?


Answer: two million

Question: How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?


Answer: limeys

Question: Which nickname was given to the British sailors?


Answer: protein

Context: In 1816, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.

Question: Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?


Answer: William Prout

Question: Who first began dividing foods into categories?


Answer: Jean-Baptiste Dumas

Question: Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?


Answer: animal physiology

Question: Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?


Answer: body fat

Question: What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?


Answer: white rice

Context: In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

Question: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?


Answer: endemic neuritis

Question: What is the scientific term for beriberi?


Answer: paralysis

Question: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?


Answer: Kanehiro Takaki

Question: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?


Answer: thiamine

Question: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?


Answer: iodine

Context: In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

Question: What element can be found in thyroid glands?


Answer: Java

Question: What group of natives suffered from beriberi?


Answer: Christiaan Eijkman

Question: Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?


Answer: unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact

Question: What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?


Answer: two decades

Question: How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?


Answer: caloric energy expenditure

Context: In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that "unsuspected dietetic factors," other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.

Question: What was measured in the early 20th century?


Answer: principles of physics

Question: What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?


Answer: tryptophan

Question: Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?


Answer: unsuspected dietetic factors

Question: What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?


Answer: single-grain experiment

Question: Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?


Answer: fat-soluble

Context: In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it "food factor X" until 1925.

Question: What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?


Answer: water-soluble

Question: Which property was vitamin B found to have?


Answer: scurvy

Question: Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?


Answer: rickets

Question: What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?


Answer: vitamin E

Question: What was referred to as "food factor X"?


Answer: Marion Nestle

Context: The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.

Question: Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?


Answer: macro-nutrients

Question: What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?


Answer: non-digestible

Question: What is notable about cellulose in humans?


Answer: phytochemicals

Question: What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?


Answer: 2014

Question: In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?


Answer: macronutrients

Context: The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.

Question: Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?


Answer: structural material

Question: What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?


Answer: Joules

Question: What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?


Answer: fats

Question: Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?


Answer: provide energy

Question: Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?


Answer: carbohydrates

Context: Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.

Question: Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?


Answer: complex polysaccharides

Question: If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?


Answer: triglycerides

Question: What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?


Answer: cannot be synthesized in the body

Question: What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?


Answer: nitrogen

Question: Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?


Answer: simple carbohydrates

Context: Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream, which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.

Question: What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?


Answer: fructose

Question: What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?


Answer: glucose

Question: When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?


Answer: production of insulin

Question: What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?


Answer: pancreas

Question: Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?


Answer: Dietary fiber

Context: Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis – the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain.

Question: What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?


Answer: four

Question: How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?


Answer: cellulose

Question: What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?


Answer: constipation

Question: What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?


Answer: slow the absorption of sugar

Question: What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?


Answer: glycerol

Context: A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules.

Question: Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?


Answer: one

Question: How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?


Answer: the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved

Question: What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?


Answer: hydrogen

Question: Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?


Answer: unsaturated fat

Question: What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?


Answer: animal sources

Context: Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]

Question: Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?


Answer: Unsaturated fats

Question: Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?


Answer: trans fats

Question: Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?


Answer: liquids

Question: What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?


Answer: rancidity resistance

Question: Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?


Answer: the body can produce them as needed

Context: Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids—seems also important for health, although definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these "omega" long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for a class of eicosanoids known as prostaglandins, which have roles throughout the human body. They are hormones, in some respects. The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or taken in through marine food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g., weakly inflammatory PGE3). The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins (e.g. pro-inflammatory PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of different prostaglandins, which is one reason why a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 is believed important for cardiovascular health. In industrialized societies, people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids.

Question: What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?


Answer: two

Question: At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?


Answer: eicosapentaenoic acid

Question: What does EPA stand for?


Answer: omega-6 linoleic acid

Question: Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?


Answer: processed vegetable oils

Question: What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?


Answer: Omega-3 EPA

Context: The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA). Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones; therefore, the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e., cell division).

Question: What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?


Answer: the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2

Question: The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?


Answer: desaturation

Question: What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?


Answer: glucagon

Question: What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?


Answer: mitosis

Question: What is the scientific name for cell division?


Answer: Proteins

Context: Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.

Question: What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?


Answer: amino acids

Question: What is the primary component of every protein?


Answer: protein retention

Question: What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?


Answer: urine

Question: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?


Answer: twenty

Question: Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?


Answer: two incomplete protein sources

Context: It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.

Question: What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?


Answer: beans

Question: Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?


Answer: Excess amino acids

Question: What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?


Answer: gluconeogenesis

Question: What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?


Answer: discarded

Question: What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?


Answer: 6–8 glasses of water daily

Context: Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods." More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with “desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.” For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Other guidelines for nutrition also have implications for the beverages we consume for healthy hydration- for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.

Question: What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?


Answer: Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council

Question: Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?


Answer: 1 milliliter

Question: How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?


Answer: adequate daily intakes

Question: What does ADI stand for?


Answer: food

Question: Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?


Answer: the elderly

Context: The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.

Question: Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?


Answer: Pregnant

Question: Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?


Answer: 300 mL/day

Question: How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?


Answer: To compensate for additional fluid output

Question: Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?


Answer: 700 mL/day

Question: How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?


Answer: inorganic chemical elements

Context: Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.

Question: What kind of element are dietary minerals?


Answer: the less common elements in the diet

Question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?


Answer: ions

Question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?


Answer: ionic forms

Question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?


Answer: iodine

Question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?


Answer: Vitamin D

Context: As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not "essential" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); however, experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients that are not classified as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above), choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section.

Question: Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?


Answer: UVB radiation

Question: What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?


Answer: carnitine

Question: What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?


Answer: phytochemicals

Question: What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?


Answer: vitamins

Question: What is choline not an example of?


Answer: mutation causing

Context: As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds. Recently, some researchers suggested an interesting theory of evolution of dietary antioxidants. Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors (glutathione, Vitamin C), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources (Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K) or produced by the body from other compounds (Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight). Phytochemicals (Section Below) and their subgroup, polyphenols, make up the majority of antioxidants; about 4,000 are known. Different antioxidants are now known to function in a cooperative network. For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself. Some antioxidants are more effective than others at neutralizing different free radicals. Some cannot neutralize certain free radicals. Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development (Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects those areas). When interacting with a free radical, some antioxidants produce a different free radical compound that is less dangerous or more dangerous than the previous compound. Having a variety of antioxidants allows any byproducts to be safely dealt with by more efficient antioxidants in neutralizing a free radical's butterfly effect.

Question: What is another term that can be used to describe "potentially damaging" compounds?


Answer: acceptors of electrons

Question: What are oxidizers?


Answer: antioxidant compounds

Question: In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?


Answer: polyphenols

Question: What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?


Answer: fat areas

Question: Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?


Answer: phyla

Context: Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12; and defending against some infectious diseases.

Question: What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?


Answer: essential to digestion

Question: What is the importance of having phyla in the body?


Answer: vitamin B12

Question: Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?


Answer: breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food

Question: What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?


Answer: Animal intestines

Question: Where could one find a large population of gut flora?


Answer: "Western" diseases

Context: Heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called "Western" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected "up to a 100-fold increase" coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based, respectively. In contrast, diseases of affluence like cancer and heart disease are common throughout the developed world, including the United States. Adjusted for age and exercise, large regional clusters of people in China rarely suffered from these "Western" diseases possibly because their diets are rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and have little dairy and meat products. Some studies show these to be, in high quantities, possible causes of some cancers. There are arguments for and against this controversial issue.

Question: Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?


Answer: China

Question: In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?


Answer: 100-fold

Question: How much of an increase in presence of "Western" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?


Answer: dairy

Question: Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?


Answer: cancers

Question: What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?


Answer: United Healthcare/Pacificare

Context: The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations, Sardinians, Okinawans, and Adventists, who generally display longevity and "suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world, and enjoy more healthy years of life." In sum, they offer three sets of 'best practices' to emulate. The rest is up to you. In common with all three groups is to "Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains."

Question: Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?


Answer: National Geographic

Question: Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?


Answer: 2005

Question: In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?


Answer: three

Question: How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?


Answer: whole grains

Question: Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?


Answer: carbon

Context: Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. "The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%." Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. All animals' diets must provide sufficient amounts of the basic building blocks they need, up to the point where their particular biology can synthesize the rest. Animal tissue contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite).

Question: Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?


Answer: 5% to 10%

Question: What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?


Answer: bacterial fermentation

Question: What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?


Answer: starch

Question: Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?


Answer: lipids

Question: Where can fatty acids be found?


Answer: bloodstream

Context: Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged, digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods. Unabsorbed matter, along with some waste products of metabolism, is eliminated from the body in the feces.

Question: Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?


Answer: unborn fetus

Question: In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?


Answer: Digestive juices

Question: What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?


Answer: digestive processes

Question: Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?


Answer: feces

Question: Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?


Answer: food

Context: Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving.

Question: What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?


Answer: urine

Question: It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?


Answer: expensive

Question: Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?


Answer: slowly

Question: At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?