Answer: through their roots

Context: Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.

Question: How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?


Answer: air

Question: Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?


Answer: photosynthesis

Question: What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?


Answer: cation exchange

Question: What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?


Answer: stomata

Question: What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?


Answer: crucial nutrition-related health problems

Context: Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines, heavy metal, and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole. As far as safety of the human health is concerned, then these environmental contaminants can reduce people's nutritional status and health. This could directly or indirectly cause drastic changes in their diet habits. Hence, food-based remedial as well as preventive strategies are essential to address global issues like hunger and malnutrition and to enable the susceptible people to adapt themselves to all these environmental as well as socio-economic alterations.

Question: What can environmental depletion lead to?


Answer: contamination

Question: Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?


Answer: agricultural

Question: Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?


Answer: the ecosystem

Question: The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?


Answer: diet habits

Question: If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?


Answer: LD

Context: In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian," as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. In California, registered dietitians must abide by the "Business and Professions Code of Section 2585-2586.8". Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title "nutritionist" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.

Question: What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?


Answer: Commission for Dietetic Registration

Question: Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?


Answer: nutritionist

Question: Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?


Answer: Florida

Question: Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"?


Answer: disclosure/labeling requirements

Question: What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?


Answer: US Department of Health and Human Services

Context: In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which replaced the Four Food Groups. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN.

Question: Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?


Answer: USDA

Question: Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?


Answer: MyPlate

Question: What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?


Answer: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee

Question: The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?


Answer: C-SPAN

Question: On which channel are committee meetings often shown?


Answer: to promote nutrition literacy

Context: An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.

Question: What is the goal of Smart Bodies?


Answer: state

Question: Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?


Answer: Louisiana State Agricultural Center

Question: The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?


Answer: 2005

Question: When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?


Answer: childhood obesity

Question: What does the initiative specifically target?


Answer: Wales

Context: Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life.

Question: In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?


Answer: Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula

Question: What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?


Answer: Family and Consumer Science

Question: What does FCS stand for?


Answer: how to read nutrition labels on packaging

Question: Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?


Answer: American

Question: In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?


Answer: U.S.

Context: At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

Question: In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?


Answer: National Assessment of Adult Literacy

Question: What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?


Answer: 44%

Question: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?


Answer: 14

Question: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?


Answer: level of poverty

Question: People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?


Answer: 52

Context: Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA. The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region.

Question: What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?


Answer: methodological differences

Question: What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?


Answer: Zoellner

Question: Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?


Answer: two

Question: For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?


Answer: nutrition literacy

Question: Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?


Answer: nutritional information

Context: These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

Question: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?


Answer: food

Question: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?


Answer: healthful foods

Question: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?


Answer: socioeconomic

Question: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?


Answer: low levels of education

Question: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?


Answer: Malnutrition

Context: Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge. In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Question: An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?


Answer: developed

Question: In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?


Answer: poor access to a range of nutritious foods

Question: Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?


Answer: di-dèguè

Question: What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?


Answer: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Question: What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?


Answer: Nutritionism

Context: Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.

Question: What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?


Answer: Gyorgy Scrinis

Question: Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?


Answer: Michael Pollan

Question: Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?


Answer: policy makers

Question: Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?


Answer: Western World

Question: Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?


Answer: school cafeterias

Context: Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success. Currently, less than 10% of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Better nutrition has been shown to have an impact on both cognitive and spatial memory performance; a study showed those with higher blood sugar levels performed better on certain memory tests. In another study, those who consumed yogurt performed better on thinking tasks when compared to those that consumed caffeine-free diet soda or confections. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951.

Question: What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?


Answer: managed foodservice contractors

Question: Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?


Answer: overall educational success

Question: What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?


Answer: 10

Question: What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?


Answer: mice

Question: Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?


Answer: Cancer

Context: Cancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, and parasitic infections that attack organs." Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco. Developed countries "tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a 'Western lifestyle' — cancers of the colon, rectum, breast and prostate — that can be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, diet and age."

Question: Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?


Answer: International Agency for Research on Cancer

Question: Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?


Answer: consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods

Question: What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?


Answer: tobacco

Question: The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?


Answer: Western

Question: Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?


Answer: insulin resistance

Context: Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.

Question: Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?


Answer: lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia

Question: Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?


Answer: chronic inflammation

Question: Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?


Answer: insulin resistance

Question: The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?


Answer: prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2

Question: Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?


Answer: obesity

Context: The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).

Question: Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?


Answer: type 2

Question: If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?


Answer: marked insulin resistance

Question: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?


Answer: reverse insulin resistance

Question: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?


Answer: leptin

Context: Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

Question: Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?


Answer: insulin/leptin resistance

Question: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?


Answer: insulin/leptin

Question: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?


Answer: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

Question: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?


Answer: reduce this signal

Question: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?


Answer: to what extent

Context: There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).

Question: The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?


Answer: high glycemic index

Question: Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?


Answer: metabolic syndrome epidemic

Question: What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?


Answer: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts

Context: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

Question: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?


Answer: water-drinking

Question: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?


Answer: long-distance endurance

Question: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?


Answer: swelling of the brain

Question: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?


Answer: osmosis

Question: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?


Answer: sugar

Context: The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.

Question: The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?


Answer: more than doubled

Question: What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?


Answer: 35

Question: What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?


Answer: quadrupled

Question: Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?


Answer: Low-density lipoprotein

Question: What does the term LDL stand for?


Answer: two hundred years ago

Context: Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

Question: When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?


Answer: keep foods fresh longer

Question: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?


Answer: Cooling

Question: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?


Answer: last longer without becoming spoiled

Question: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?


Answer: heating

Question: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?


Answer: Modern separation techniques

Context: Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.

Question: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?


Answer: nutritional content

Question: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?


Answer: reduced

Question: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?


Answer: enriched

Question: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?


Answer: trans fatty acids

Question: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?


Answer: polished rice

Context: A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Question: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?


Answer: thiamine

Question: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?


Answer: scurvy

Question: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?


Answer: Pasteurisation

Question: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?


Answer: vitamin C

Question: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?


Answer: widespread application of some modern food processing technologies

Context: As mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy, and as such it is influential in political decisions (e.g., nutritional recommendations, agricultural subsidising). In any known profit-driven economy, health considerations are hardly a priority; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend. In general, whole, fresh foods have a relatively short shelf-life and are less profitable to produce and sell than are more processed foods. Thus, the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive, but nutritionally superior, whole, fresh foods, and cheap, usually nutritionally inferior, processed foods. Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.

Question: What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?


Answer: nutritional recommendations

Question: Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?


Answer: effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life

Question: What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?


Answer: superior

Question: The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?


Answer: more convenient

Question: Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?


Answer: 1853

Context: The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose", yet led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery."

Question: What year did the Crimean War begin?


Answer: 1856

Question: What year did the Crimean War end?


Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?


Answer: The French

Question: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?


Answer: Russia

Question: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?


Answer: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III

Context: While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.

Question: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?


Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?


Answer: Britain

Question: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?


Answer: Ottomans

Question: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?


Answer: October

Question: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?


Answer: Balkans

Context: The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constanța there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible".

Question: Where did the war begin?


Answer: modern Romania

Question: Russian troops took over which provinces first?


Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: Who were the Ottomans led by?


Answer: Sinop

Question: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?


Answer: France and the UK

Question: Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?


Answer: Black Sea

Context: Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to horrible conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea and in the North Pacific.

Question: Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?


Answer: 1854

Question: In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?


Answer: October

Question: The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?


Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?


Answer: Sevastopol

Question: The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?


Answer: eleven months

Context: Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415

Question: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?


Answer: Russia

Question: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?


Answer: Treaty of Paris

Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?


Answer: 30 March 1856

Question: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?


Answer: Orthodox church

Question: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?


Answer: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs

Context: The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.

Question: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?


Answer: Florence Nightingale

Question: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?


Answer: written reports and photographs

Question: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?


Answer: 1821

Context: In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

Question: In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?


Answer: Sultan Mahmud II

Question: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?


Answer: 1826

Question: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?


Answer: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet

Question: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?


Answer: 1830

Question: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?


Answer: 1830

Context: France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

Question: In what year did France move into Alger?


Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: Egyptians

Question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?


Answer: Russian

Question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?


Answer: 10 000

Question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?


Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Context: In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?


Answer: Egyptians

Question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?


Answer: 1839

Question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?


Answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia

Question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London?


Answer: 1840

Question: In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention?


Answer: Russia

Context: Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire — the "sick man of Europe". The United Kingdom could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, as that would challenge the British domination of the eastern Mediterranean.

Question: Who operated as the "police of Europe"?


Answer: Treaty of Vienna

Question: What treaty was signing in 1815?


Answer: 1848

Question: In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?


Answer: Austria

Question: Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?


Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?


Answer: Wild Fields

Context: For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated "Wild Fields" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)

Question: For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?


Answer: to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy

Question: Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?


Answer: Ukrainian Cossacks

Question: Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?


Answer: Orthodox Christians

Question: Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?


Answer: New Russia

Question: During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?


Answer: railroad network

Context: It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

Question: What did Russia fail to build south?


Answer: parades

Question: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?


Answer: pocketed their men's pay

Question: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?


Answer: 1854

Context: The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

Question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?


Answer: Napoleon III

Question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?


Answer: Charles de La Valette

Question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?


Answer: clerical party

Question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?


Answer: ambassador to the Porte

Question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?


Answer: Charlemagne

Context: Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

Question: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?


Answer: London Straits Convention

Question: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?


Answer: Sultan Abdülmecid I

Question: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?


Answer: Greek Orthodox Church

Question: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?


Answer: France and the Roman Catholic Church

Question: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?


Answer: George Hamilton Seymour

Context: Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105 The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches." Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.

Question: Who was the British ambassador in 1853?


Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?


Answer: Prince Menshikov

Question: Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?


Answer: 1853

Question: In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?


Answer: Menshikov

Question: Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?


Answer: Lord Aberdeen

Context: In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?


Answer: Stratford Canning

Question: Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?


Answer: Colonel Rose

Question: Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?


Answer: Sultan

Question: Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?


Answer: the Tsar

Context: Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118–119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.

Question: Who sent armies across the Pruth River?


Answer: Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov

Question: Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?


Answer: Ottoman

Question: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?


Answer: 1853

Question: In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?


Answer: sickness

Question: How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?


Answer: Russia

Context: Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

Question: Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?


Answer: Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's

Question: Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?


Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?


Answer: United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia

Context: The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

Question: What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?


Answer: Count Karl von Buol

Question: Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?


Answer: 1853

Question: In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?


Answer: Abdülmecid I

Question: Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?


Answer: Nicholas I

Question: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?


Answer: Battle of Sinop

Context: The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ("cause for war") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.

Question: What battle took place on November 30, 1853?


Answer: a fleet

Question: What did the Russian send to Sinop?


Answer: a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes

Question: While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?


Answer: cause for war

Question: What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?


Answer: 28 March 1854

Question: When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?


Answer: Britain

Context: Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.":411

Question: Who was concerned with Russia capturing Constantinople?


Answer: The Corps of Royal Engineers

Question: Who sent men to the Dardanelles?


Answer: Paris

Question: As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?


Answer: British Ambassador and the French Emperor

Question: Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?


Answer: Lord Cowley

Question: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?


Answer: 1848

Context: Nicholas felt that, because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848, Austria would side with him, or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities; Austria supported them and, though it did not declare war on Russia, it refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war.

Question: In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?


Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?


Answer: Russian troops in the Balkans

Question: Who did Austria feel threatened by?


Answer: the United Kingdom and France

Question: Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?


Answer: Russia's rejection of the ultimatum

Question: Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?


Answer: 1853

Context: Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130–43

Question: The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?


Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?


Answer: Calafat

Question: After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?


Answer: Oltenița

Question: After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?


Answer: Chetatea or Cetate

Question: What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?


Answer: the Russians

Context: In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415

Question: Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?


Answer: Danube River

Question: What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?


Answer: 60,000 troops

Question: How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?


Answer: 23 June 1854

Question: When did the siege of Silistra end?


Answer: lack of equipment

Question: Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?


Answer: Austrian forces

Context: In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.

Question: Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?


Answer: 280,000

Question: How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?


Answer: River Pruth

Question: What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?


Answer: Orthodox Christians

Question: Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?


Answer: Turkey

Question: After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?


Answer: western coast

Context: In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast (now in Bulgaria). They made little advance from their base there.:175–176 In July 1854, the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854, engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turk army. On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but this was a failure.:188–190

Question: The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?


Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?


Answer: 1854

Question: In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?


Answer: Giurgiu

Question: In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?


Answer: Tsar Nicholas I

Question: The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?


Answer: harbour at Sinop

Context: During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.

Question: At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?


Answer: Furious

Question: What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?


Answer: an Anglo-French fleet

Question: Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?


Answer: HMS Retribution

Question: After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?


Answer: Sevastopol

Context: In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna, in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube; in September they again transported the armies, this time to the Crimea. The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies, preferring to maintain a "fleet in being"; this strategy failed when Sevastopol, the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships, after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea, plus a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea, ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied.

Question: Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?


Answer: blockships

Question: What did the Russians turn their warships into?


Answer: to reinforce batteries on shore

Question: Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?


Answer: four

Question: How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?


Answer: twelve

Question: How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?


Answer: 1854

Context: The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311

Question: In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?


Answer: UK and France

Question: War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?


Answer: Parliament

Question: Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?


Answer: 1854

Context: The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

Question: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?


Answer: bay of Eupatoria

Question: 360 ships landed in what bay?


Answer: 500 Marines

Question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender?


Answer: Calamita Bay

Question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?


Answer: Katcha

Question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?


Answer: 6000 men

Context: The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

Question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?


Answer: Alma river

Question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?


Answer: three hours

Question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?


Answer: 3,300

Question: How many allies were lost during the battle?


Answer: south

Question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?


Answer: 25 September

Context: Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

Question: When did the army march to the southeast?


Answer: into the city.

Question: Where did the Russians retreat to?


Answer: Sir John Burgoyne

Question: Who was the engineer adviser?


Answer: Raglan and St Arnaud

Question: Who were the joint commanders?


Answer: 17 October

Context: The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

Question: When did the continuous attack start?


Answer: 126 guns

Question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?


Answer: the French

Question: Who was not ready to start the attack?


Answer: the allies

Question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?


Answer: The British

Question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?


Answer: 93rd Highlanders

Context: A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

Question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?


Answer: Kadikoi

Question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?


Answer: a single line, two men deep

Question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form?


Answer: Sir Colin Campbell

Question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?


Answer: Minie rifles

Question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?


Answer: Heavy Brigade

Context: Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see – the wrong one.

Question: Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?


Answer: local commanders

Question: Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?


Answer: Lord Raglan

Question: Who sent the order to have them advance their position?


Answer: The local commanders

Question: Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?


Answer: Cardigan

Context: Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

Question: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?


Answer: Russian batteries

Question: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?


Answer: 278

Question: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?


Answer: Alfred Lord Tennyson

Question: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade?


Answer: The Charge of the Light Brigade

Question: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?


Answer: a deteriorating supply situation

Context: Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

Question: What stopped ground operations during the winter?


Answer: a storm

Question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?


Answer: a cargo of winter clothing

Question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?


Answer: A tramroad

Question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?


Answer: the frozen ground

Question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?


Answer: the Malakoff

Context: The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

Question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?


Answer: Mamelon

Question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?


Answer: Malakoff

Question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?


Answer: the Mamelon

Question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?


Answer: Admiral Nakhimov

Context: Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

Question: Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?


Answer: Raglan

Question: What figure died on June 28th 1855?


Answer: the base at Balaclava

Question: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?


Answer: newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops

Question: Who defended the base at Balaclava?


Answer: the Russians

Question: Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?


Answer: forward rifle pits and defensive positions

Context: For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106

Question: What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?


Answer: September

Question: What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?


Answer: the French

Question: Who captured Malakoff?


Answer: the Russian defences

Question: Who failed to take back Malakoff?


Answer: the British

Question: Who took control of the Great Redan?


Answer: Anglo-French naval squadron

Context: In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

Question: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?


Answer: Azov Sea

Question: What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?


Answer: the Kerch Strait

Question: Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?


Answer: the seaport of Taganrog

Question: What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?


Answer: Rostov on Don

Question: The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?


Answer: a fisherman who moved buoys

Context: In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19–31 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.

Question: What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?


Answer: The Cossacks

Question: Who blew up the HMS Jasper?


Answer: 19–31 August

Question: During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?


Answer: 2nd September

Question: The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?


Answer: the city was already fortified

Question: Why did the third siege attempt fail?


Answer: the Turks

Context: 1853: There were four main events. 1. In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border. Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements (13 November). The Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Turks failed to press their advantage, the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1000 men out of 5000. The Russians now decided to advance, the Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked. They were defeated in the battle of Başgedikler, losing 6000 men, half their artillery and all their supply train. The Russians lost 1300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnaped by Shamyl at Tsinandali. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.

Question: Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?


Answer: 20000 troops

Question: How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?


Answer: Marani

Question: After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?


Answer: 30000

Question: How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?


Answer: reinforcements

Question: What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?


Answer: Eristov

Context: In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June–July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.

Question: Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?


Answer: Wrangel

Question: Who occupied Bayazit?


Answer: Kars and Gyumri

Question: Where did the main forces stand?


Answer: the Russians

Question: On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing?


Answer: the Persians

Question: Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?


Answer: disease

Context: 1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.

Question: What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?


Answer: 75,000

Question: How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to?


Answer: The local Armenian population

Question: Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?


Answer: starve them out

Question: What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?


Answer: Erzerum

Question: What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?


Answer: the western powers

Context: 1855: Georgian coast: Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year.

Question: Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?


Answer: 8000

Question: In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?


Answer: Sukhum Kale

Question: When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?


Answer: the Ingur River

Question: What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?


Answer: the Tskhenis-dzqali

Question: What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?


Answer: Saint Petersburg

Context: The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.

Question: What is the Russian capital?


Answer: The Baltic

Question: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?


Answer: Anglo-French fleet

Question: Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?


Answer: April 1854

Question: When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?


Answer: British and French fleet

Question: Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?


Answer: August 1855

Context: In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

Question: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?


Answer: Åland Islands

Question: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?


Answer: Captain Viktor Poplonsky

Question: Who led the ship Rossiya?


Answer: entrance to the harbor

Question: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending?


Answer: newly invented blockade mines

Context: Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: "Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol", as one American officer put it in 1860.

Question: What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?


Answer: Immanuel Nobel

Question: Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?


Answer: industrial explosives

Question: Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?


Answer: Fulton

Question: Who named the torpedo mines?


Answer: Alfred Nobel

Question: What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?


Answer: Rear Admiral David Price

Context: Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Question: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?


Answer: snow

Question: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?


Answer: the Kamchatka Peninsula

Question: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?


Answer: Victor Emmanuel II

Context: Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?


Answer: 15,000

Question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?


Answer: General Alfonso La Marmora

Question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?


Answer: 1855

Question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?


Answer: Piedmont-Sardinia

Question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?


Answer: King Otto of Greece

Context: Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

Question: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?


Answer: Thessaly and Epirus

Question: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?


Answer: Greek port at Piraeus

Question: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?


Answer: 1854

Question: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?


Answer: Greeks

Question: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?


Answer: Trafalgar Square

Context: Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

Question: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?


Answer: with truncheons

Question: How did troops stop the riot?


Answer: snowballs

Question: What were the people using during the protest?


Answer: Aberdeen

Question: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?


Answer: Foreign Secretary

Question: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?