Answer: Samoa Rugby Football Union

Question: What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?


Answer: England

Context: Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.

Question: What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?


Answer: 1999

Question: In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?


Answer: Rugby League World Cup

Context: Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.

Question: In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?


Answer: New Zealand

Question: Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?


Answer: Setima Sa

Question: What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?


Answer: 10

Question: How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?


Answer: St Helens

Question: What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?


Answer: 26 September 1897

Context: Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

Question: On What date was Pope Paul VI born?


Answer: 6 August 1978)

Question: On what date did Pope Paul VI die?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?


Answer: 21 June 1963

Question: When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?


Answer: Giovanni

Question: What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?


Answer: Marian

Context: Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name "Paul" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.

Question: What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?


Answer: "Paul"

Question: What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?


Answer: 1605

Question: In what year was the name "Paul" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?


Answer: the Second Vatican Council

Question: What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?


Answer: encyclical Humanae vitae

Question: What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?


Answer: Brescia, Lombardy

Context: Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.

Question: In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?


Answer: Concesio

Question: In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?


Answer: Italian Parliament

Question: What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?


Answer: two

Question: How many brothers did Giovanni have?


Answer: rural nobility

Question: What was Giovanni's mother descended from?


Answer: 1916

Context: In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.

Question: In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?


Answer: Canon Law

Question: In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?


Answer: Milan

Question: In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?


Answer: twenty-five

Question: At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?


Answer: Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici

Question: Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?


Answer: excessive nationalism

Context: The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars." When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."

Question: What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?


Answer: treats foreigners as enemies

Question: How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?


Answer: common frontiers

Question: What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?


Answer: Peace

Question: What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?


Answer: Rome

Question: Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?


Answer: organisational skills

Context: His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

Question: What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?


Answer: 1939

Question: When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?


Answer: Pacelli

Question: With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?


Answer: Papal Academy for Diplomats

Question: Where did Montini teach history?


Answer: Giuseppe Pizzardo

Question: Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?


Answer: ordinary affairs

Context: As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the "ordinary affairs" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.

Question: What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?


Answer: Vatican's State Department

Question: What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?


Answer: Private Secretary

Question: What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?


Answer: letters

Question: What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?


Answer: war years

Question: During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?


Answer: 1939

Context: At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9 891 497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:

Question: In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?


Answer: ten million

Question: How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?


Answer: politician

Question: What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?


Answer: Pope Pius XII

Question: With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?


Answer: Mussolini

Question: What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?


Answer: Pius XII

Context: As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]

Question: Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?


Answer: refugees

Question: What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?


Answer: 15,000

Question: How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?


Answer: Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza

Question: What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?


Answer: Church Asylum

Question: What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?


Answer: 1954

Context: Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

Question: In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?


Answer: 5 January

Question: On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?


Answer: 1955

Question: In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?


Answer: his sick-bed

Question: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?


Answer: Milan

Question: To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?


Answer: Ecumenical Council

Context: Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.

Question: What group did Montini oppose reforming?


Answer: 1961

Question: In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission?


Answer: Vatican

Question: Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?


Answer: debates

Question: What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?


Answer: cancer

Question: What illness had the Pope contracted?


Answer: progressive

Context: During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."

Question: What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?


Answer: pastoral care

Question: What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?


Answer: posters

Question: What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?


Answer: 1,000

Question: How many "voices" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?


Answer: 7,000

Question: From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?


Answer: Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate

Context: Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."

Question: To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?


Answer: love

Question: According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?


Answer: 58

Question: How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?


Answer: 1951

Question: When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?


Answer: pope

Context: Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.

Question: What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?


Answer: a cardinal,

Question: What had Montini yet to become?


Answer: Angelo Roncalli

Question: Who was elected pope in 1958?


Answer: 15 December 1958

Question: When did Montini finally become a cardinal?


Answer: Ss. Silvestro e Martino

Question: What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?


Answer: Africa

Context: As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

Question: What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?


Answer: 1962

Question: In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?


Answer: fifteen

Question: How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?


Answer: 1960

Question: In what year did Montini visit the United States?


Answer: Engelberg Abbey

Question: Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?


Answer: reformer

Context: Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s." When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.

Question: What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?


Answer: 1963

Question: In what year did Pope John XXIII die?


Answer: pope

Question: What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?


Answer: stomach cancer

Question: What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII


Answer: Second Vatican Council

Question: What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?


Answer: Papal Tiara

Context: Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

Question: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?


Answer: Archdiocese of Milan

Question: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?


Answer: Washington, DC

Question: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?


Answer: Paul VI

Question: Who was the last pope to be crowned?


Answer: Papal Coronation

Question: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?


Answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea

Context: During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]

Question: Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?


Answer: Council language

Question: What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?


Answer: Pope John XXIII

Question: Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?


Answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea

Question: Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?


Answer: Vatican II

Question: Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?


Answer: a dialogue

Context: After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

Question: What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?


Answer: Six

Question: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?


Answer: 29 September

Question: On what date was Vatican II re convened?


Answer: Vatican II

Question: Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue?


Answer: Canon Law

Question: What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?


Answer: Mystici corporis

Context: He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

Question: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?


Answer: mystical

Question: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?


Answer: simple

Question: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?


Answer: the east

Question: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?


Answer: separation

Question: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?


Answer: Church

Context: Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

Question: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?


Answer: religious freedom

Question: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?


Answer: Mary

Question: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?


Answer: papacy

Question: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?


Answer: 1964

Question: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?


Answer: reforms

Context: Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Question: What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?


Answer: faiths

Question: What does the Catholic church considered "mixed" in a "mixed marriage"?


Answer: the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Question: What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?


Answer: bishops

Question: With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?


Answer: Roman Curia

Context: Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

Question: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?


Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?


Answer: Pontificalis Domus

Question: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?


Answer: bureaucracy

Question: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?


Answer: non-Italians

Question: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?


Answer: eighty

Context: Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

Question: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?


Answer: 75

Question: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?


Answer: 75

Question: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?


Answer: papal elections

Question: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?


Answer: 1966

Question: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?


Answer: Latin

Context: Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.

Question: What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?


Answer: Easter liturgies

Question: What were revised between 1951 and 1955?


Answer: Easter Triduum

Question: What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?


Answer: Mass

Question: What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?


Answer: three

Question: How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?


Answer: vernacular

Context: The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

Question: What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?


Answer: 400-year

Question: How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?


Answer: Gregorian Chant

Question: What type of music was used in traditional mass?


Answer: Pope Benedict XVI

Question: Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Context: In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate.

Question: Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?


Answer: Secretariat for non-Christians

Question: What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?


Answer: Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue

Question: What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?


Answer: Andrei Gromyko

Question: What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?


Answer: peace day

Question: What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?


Answer: 1976

Context: In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in "a day of consolation". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.

Question: In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?


Answer: Montini

Question: Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?


Answer: Roger Peyrefitte

Question: Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?


Answer: April 18

Question: On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?


Answer: Paolo Carlini

Question: Who was Montini's alleged lover?


Answer: six

Context: Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

Question: How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?


Answer: the Pilgrim Pope

Question: What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?


Answer: 1964

Question: In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?


Answer: Manila

Question: In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?


Answer: Msgr. Paul Marcinkus

Question: Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?


Answer: United Nations

Context: Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

Question: What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?


Answer: Pope Paul VI

Question: Who was the first pope to visit the United States?


Answer: United Nations

Question: To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?


Answer: peace

Question: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?


Answer: President Johnson

Question: What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?


Answer: foreign embassies

Context: Like his predecessor Pius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate. This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State, which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.

Question: What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?


Answer: nations

Question: Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?


Answer: Gaudium et spes

Question: What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?


Answer: bishops

Question: Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?


Answer: Vatican II

Question: What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?


Answer: Ecclesiam suam

Context: Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between "is" and "subsists in". Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.

Question: What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?


Answer: Lumen Gentium

Question: What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?


Answer: Feast of the Transfiguration

Question: What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?


Answer: 6 August

Question: On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?


Answer: Rome

Question: In what city is the cathedral of St Peter's located?


Answer: Celibacy

Context: Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.

Question: What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?


Answer: Celibacy

Question: What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?


Answer: Sacerdotalis caelibatus

Question: What document of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?


Answer: Canon

Question: What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?


Answer: 1983

Question: In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?


Answer: Humanae vitae

Context: Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate

Question: Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?


Answer: artificial birth control

Question: What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?


Answer: artificial

Question: What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?


Answer: eight

Question: How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?


Answer: Of Human Life

Question: What does Humanae Vitae mean?


Answer: God

Context: To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:

Question: According to Paul VI to whom are a man and woman in union with besides each other?


Answer: soul

Question: What does God contribute to a married couple's child?


Answer: God

Question: Who is considered to be love?


Answer: God

Question: From whom is married love generated?


Answer: marital

Question: What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?


Answer: Robert McNamara

Context: The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent. The Senate of Bolivia passed a resolution stating that Humanae vitae could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences, but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies. The Jesuit Journal Sic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.

Question: Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?


Answer: birth control

Question: What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?


Answer: Bolivia

Question: In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies "insulting"?


Answer: Cardinal archbishop Aníbal Muñoz Duque

Question: Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?


Answer: Colombia

Question: What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?


Answer: Edouard Gagnon

Context: Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet." His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.

Question: To whom did Paul VI tell "not to be afraid" when the church released its statement on birth control?


Answer: prophet

Question: What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?


Answer: the encyclical

Question: To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?


Answer: Rome

Context: After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.

Question: In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?


Answer: two

Question: In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?


Answer: whole person

Question: In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?


Answer: whole

Question: How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?


Answer: Christ

Question: To what historical figure can the words "Do you love me more" be attributed?


Answer: Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965

Context: This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.

Question: What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?


Answer: Rome

Question: In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?


Answer: Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III

Question: Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?


Answer: three

Question: How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?


Answer: Paul VI

Context: Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that "by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you." The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.

Question: Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?


Answer: Michael Ramsey

Question: Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?


Answer: three

Question: How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?


Answer: Anglican Centre

Question: What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?


Answer: Rome

Question: In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?


Answer: Christian Unity

Context: Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it." Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.

Question: What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?


Answer: Congregation of Faith

Question: What group condemned mixed faith marriages?


Answer: Anglican

Question: To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?


Answer: Anglican Church

Question: Which church did Paul VI call "our beloved sister church"?


Answer: Paul VI

Question: Who described the Anglican church as "our beloved sister Church"?


Answer: 1965

Context: In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. In the following three years, eight sessions were held which resulted in many joint proposals. It was proposed to work closely together in areas of social justice and development and Third World Issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to share together in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, to be held every year. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians. On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity." The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.

Question: In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?


Answer: 1968

Question: In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?


Answer: Catholic

Question: What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?


Answer: Sweden

Question: In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?


Answer: Vatican

Question: Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?


Answer: Lutherans

Context: The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities.

Question: Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?


Answer: 1964

Question: In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?


Answer: Fredrik A. Schiotz

Question: Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?


Answer: God

Question: To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?


Answer: Protestant Bible societies

Context: Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour." He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.

Question: Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?


Answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea

Question: Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?


Answer: 1967

Question: In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?


Answer: Protestants

Question: What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?


Answer: three

Context: The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojtyła was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."[citation needed]

Question: How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?


Answer: Joseph Ratzinger

Question: Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?


Answer: Karol Wojtyła

Question: What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?


Answer: 1978

Question: In what year did Paul VI die?


Answer: John Paul I

Question: What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?


Answer: Castel Gandolfo

Context: Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created." He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

Question: Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?


Answer: Castel Gandolfo

Question: What was considered to be the papal summer residence?


Answer: Sandro Pertini

Question: Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?


Answer: two hours

Question: For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?


Answer: horses

Question: What animals did Paul VI consider to be "the most beautiful animals God ever created"?


Answer: 2014

Context: On 20 December 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of heroic virtue, which means that he could be called "Venerable". A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis. The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014, which means that he can now be called "Blessed". His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death as is usual.

Question: In what year was Paul VI beautified?


Answer: 26 September

Question: On what day was Paul VI born?


Answer: Paul VI

Question: Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?


Answer: 19 October

Question: On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?


Answer: A miracle

Question: What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?


Answer: pontiff

Context: In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.

Question: According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?


Answer: Pope Francis

Question: Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?


Answer: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

Question: What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?


Answer: beatification

Question: What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?


Answer: Credere

Context: On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.

Question: What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?


Answer: healing

Question: What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?


Answer: The Congregation for the Causes of Saints

Question: What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?


Answer: pope

Question: Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?


Answer: Pope Francis

Question: Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?


Answer: Holocaust

Context: On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."

Question: What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?


Answer: Pius XII

Question: Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?


Answer: reform

Question: What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?


Answer: tenth

Question: On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae?


Answer: John XXIII

Question: Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?


Answer: opponents

Context: Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

Question: Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?


Answer: controversial

Question: What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?


Answer: theological freedoms

Question: To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?


Answer: taboo

Question: What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?


Answer: five

Context: Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.

Question: How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?


Answer: National Bishop Conferences

Question: What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?


Answer: Communism

Question: What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?


Answer: Bishops

Question: The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?


Answer: all

Question: How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?


Answer: three hours

Context: From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.

Question: How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?


Answer: 21:41

Question: At what time did Paul VI die?


Answer: 6 August

Question: On what day did Paul VI die?


Answer: bed

Question: From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?


Answer: Castel Gandolfo

Question: What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?


Answer: five

Context: With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

Question: How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?


Answer: Argentina

Question: What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?


Answer: Brazil

Question: What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?


Answer: Roman Curia

Question: What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?


Answer: regal vestments

Question: What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?


Answer: army

Context: Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

Question: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?


Answer: Paul VI

Question: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?


Answer: world

Question: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?


Answer: bishops

Question: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?


Answer: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane

Question: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?


Answer: India

Context: During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

Question: For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?


Answer: June 1948

Question: In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?


Answer: Ireland

Question: In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?


Answer: Elizabeth

Question: What Child of George VI ascended the throne?


Answer: Commonwealth of Nations

Question: What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?


Answer: 1945

Question: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?


Answer: 1947

Question: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?


Answer: Emperor of India

Question: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?


Answer: republic

Question: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?


Answer: 14 December

Context: His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

Question: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?


Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?


Answer: Bertie

Question: What was Prince Albert's nickname?


Answer: St. Mary Magdalene's Church

Question: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?


Answer: HMS Cumberland

Context: Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

Question: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?


Answer: three months

Question: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?


Answer: First World War

Question: Which war did Albert serve in?


Answer: fellow officers

Question: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?


Answer: duodenal ulcer

Question: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?


Answer: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service

Context: In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Question: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?


Answer: 4

Question: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?


Answer: 1919

Question: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?


Answer: King Albert

Question: Who was the king of Belgium in 1918?


Answer: history, economics and civics

Context: In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.

Question: What did Albert study in Trinity College?


Answer: Industrial Prince

Question: What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?


Answer: Edward

Question: Who is Albert's older brother?


Answer: tennis

Question: Which sport was Albert proficient at?


Answer: Industrial Welfare Society

Question: Which society was Albert the president of?


Answer: Sheila, Lady Loughborough

Context: In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Question: Who was Albert infatuated with?


Answer: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Question: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?


Answer: twice

Question: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?


Answer: fellow royals

Question: Who were royals usually expected to marry?


Answer: his stammer

Context: Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Question: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?


Answer: Lionel Logue

Question: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?


Answer: doubles tennis

Question: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?


Answer: Parliament House

Question: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927?


Answer: Lilibet

Context: The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?


Answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

Question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?


Answer: 145 Piccadilly

Question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?


Answer: J. H. Thomas

Question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada?


Answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs

Question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?


Answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children

Context: As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

Question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?


Answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

Question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?


Answer: abdication

Question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?


Answer: Queen Mary

Question: Who is Edward's mother?


Answer: broke down and sobbed like a child

Question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?


Answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State

Context: On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Question: What is the Oireachtas?


Answer: all direct mention of the monarch

Question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?


Answer: External Relations Act

Question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?


Answer: day of the abdication

Question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?


Answer: George VI

Context: Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.

Question: What regnal name did Albert adopt?


Answer: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor

Question: What title did Albert give Edward?


Answer: the Order of the Garter

Question: What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?


Answer: Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House

Question: Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?


Answer: 12 May 1937

Context: George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Question: What day did George VI become coronated?


Answer: Queen Mary

Question: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?


Answer: Two

Question: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?


Answer: Delhi

Question: In which city are Durbars usually held?


Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Context: The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".

Question: Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?


Answer: Munich Agreement

Question: Which agreement was signed in 1938?


Answer: Buckingham Palace

Question: The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?


Answer: John Grigg

Question: Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?


Answer: Canada and the United States

Context: In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".

Question: Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?


Answer: William Lyon Mackenzie King

Question: Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?


Answer: King and Queen of Canada

Question: What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?


Answer: U.S. Ambassador to Canada

Question: What was Roper's position?


Answer: gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions

Question: What did the Statute of Westminster do?


Answer: isolationist tendencies

Context: The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.

Question: What kind of tendencies did North America have?


Answer: Edward VIII

Question: Who was George's predecessor?


Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Who was the President of the United States in 1939?


Answer: 1939 New York World's Fair

Question: Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?


Answer: Nazi Germany

Context: In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.

Question: Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?


Answer: London

Question: Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?


Answer: one thousand civilians

Question: How many people died on the first German raid on London?


Answer: 1942

Question: What year did the King's brother die in service?


Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Context: In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

Question: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?


Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What position did Churchill hold?


Answer: Tuesday

Question: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?


Answer: Lord Beaverbrook

Question: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?


Answer: Italy

Context: Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"

Question: What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?


Answer: June 1943

Question: When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?


Answer: morale

Question: What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?


Answer: the Commonwealth

Context: George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

Question: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?


Answer: India and Pakistan

Question: What two dominions did British India become?


Answer: Burma

Question: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?


Answer: 1949

Question: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?


Answer: Jan Smuts

Context: In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?


Answer: the Gestapo

Question: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as?


Answer: South African government

Question: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?