Answer: Yale Police Benevolent Association

Context: Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.

Question: What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?


Answer: International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America

Question: What union do Yale security guards belong to?


Answer: Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)

Question: What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?


Answer: Local 34 of UNITE HERE

Question: What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?


Answer: Local 35 of the same international

Question: What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?


Answer: at least eight

Context: Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?


Answer: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.

Question: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?


Answer: Professor David Graeber

Question: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?


Answer: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Question: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?


Answer: Yale's unusually large endowment

Question: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?


Answer: western New Haven

Context: Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Question: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?


Answer: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus

Question: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?


Answer: laboratory and research space

Question: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?


Answer: seven

Question: How many forests does Yale own?


Answer: 7,840-acre

Question: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?


Answer: Charles Dickens

Context: Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?


Answer: Travel+Leisure

Question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?


Answer: Collegiate Gothic campus

Question: What is Yale largely known for?


Answer: 2011

Question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?


Answer: Edward S. Harkness

Context: Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931


Answer: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading

Question: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?


Answer: contemporary scenes

Question: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?


Answer: splashing the walls with acid

Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?


Answer: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages

Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?


Answer: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

Context: Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

Question: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?


Answer: Silliman College

Question: What is the largest residential college?


Answer: Sheffield Scientific School

Question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?


Answer: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

Question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?


Answer: Alumnus Eero Saarinen

Context: Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?


Answer: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

Question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?


Answer: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

Question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?


Answer: fortress-like stone towers

Question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?


Answer: Finnish-American

Question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?


Answer: Yale's Office of Sustainability

Context: Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Question: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?


Answer: 10%

Question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?


Answer: Eleven

Question: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?


Answer: Yale Sustainable Food Project

Question: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?


Answer: B+

Question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?


Answer: tombs

Context: Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

Question: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?


Answer: Benedict Arnold

Question: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?


Answer: Dan Kniley

Question: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?


Answer: Kenneth M. Murchison

Question: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?


Answer: King Lui-Wu

Question: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?


Answer: 1894

Context: Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Question: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?


Answer: city police officers

Question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?


Answer: quell unrest between students and city residents

Question: Why was the campus police established?


Answer: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?


Answer: need-based

Context: Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

Question: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?


Answer: grants and scholarships

Question: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?


Answer: $46,395

Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?


Answer: 15%

Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?


Answer: $13,000

Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?


Answer: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

Context: Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Question: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?


Answer: The Lewis Walpole Library

Question: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?


Answer: The Elizabethan Club

Question: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?


Answer: The Beinecke Rare Book Library

Question: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?


Answer: The Yale University Art Gallery

Context: Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Question: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?


Answer: more than 180,000

Question: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?


Answer: The Yale Center for British Art

Question: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?


Answer: Paul Mellon

Question: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?


Answer: Louis Kahn

Question: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?


Answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

Context: Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?


Answer: Jacques Derrida

Question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?


Answer: Department of Comparative Literature

Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?


Answer: David Montgomery

Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?


Answer: 1957

Question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?


Answer: 1933

Context: Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Question: When was Yale's residential college system established?


Answer: Edward S. Harkness

Question: Who established Yale's residential college system?


Answer: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean

Question: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?


Answer: do not contain programs of study or academic departments

Question: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?


Answer: Faculty of Arts and Sciences

Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?


Answer: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic

Context: While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Question: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?


Answer: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges

Question: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?


Answer: a courtyard

Question: What are Yale's colleges encircling?


Answer: important alumni or significant places in university history

Question: Who are the Yale colleges named after?


Answer: 2017

Question: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?


Answer: John C. Calhoun

Context: In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

Question: Who was Calhoun college named for?


Answer: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century

Question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?


Answer: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”

Question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?


Answer: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."

Question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?


Answer: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika

Question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?


Answer: The Yale Record

Context: The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

Question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?


Answer: 1872

Question: What year was The Yale Record first published?


Answer: 1878

Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?


Answer: 1986

Question: When was the Yale Herald established?


Answer: WYBC Yale Radio

Question: What is the name of the campus radio station?


Answer: clay pipes

Context: Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?


Answer: bubble pipes

Question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?


Answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

Question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?


Answer: the toe

Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?


Answer: Bladderball

Question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?


Answer: Yale Bowl

Context: Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?


Answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

Question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?


Answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

Question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?


Answer: October 21, 2000

Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?


Answer: $7.5 million

Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?


Answer: $250 million

Context: Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?


Answer: $70 million

Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?


Answer: Richard Gilder

Question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?


Answer: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo

Context: Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

Question: What royalty has attended Yale?


Answer: Mario Monti

Question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?


Answer: Ernesto Zedillo

Question: What Mexican president attended Yale?


Answer: Walter Camp

Question: Who was the father of American football?


Answer: Henry Luce

Question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?


Answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

Context: Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

Question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?


Answer: The Great Gatsby

Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?


Answer: Nick Carraway

Question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?


Answer: Tom Buchanan

Question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?


Answer: Owen Johnson

Question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?


Answer: the Western Schism

Context: Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

Question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?


Answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?


Answer: 1315–1317

Question: In what years was the Great Famine?


Answer: France and England

Question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?


Answer: Hundred Years' War

Question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?


Answer: Greek and Roman

Context: Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

Question: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?


Answer: the Crusades

Question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?


Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?


Answer: Ottoman Turks

Question: Who captured Constantinople?


Answer: Greek

Question: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?


Answer: printing

Context: Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Question: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?


Answer: 1453

Question: In what year did Constantinople fall?


Answer: 1498

Question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?


Answer: 1492

Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?


Answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

Question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?


Answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

Context: The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?


Answer: 1442

Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?


Answer: tripartite periodization

Question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?


Answer: Flavio Biondo

Question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire


Answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

Question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?


Answer: economic and demographic

Context: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

Question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?


Answer: Johan Huizinga

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?


Answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?


Answer: France and the Low Countries

Question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?


Answer: Belgian

Question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?


Answer: the nation state

Context: Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

Question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?


Answer: the Alps

Question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?


Answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic

Question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?


Answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century

Question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?


Answer: the end of western religious unity

Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?


Answer: 1397

Context: After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

Question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?


Answer: King Christian II

Question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?


Answer: 1523

Question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?


Answer: 1814

Question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?


Answer: 1520

Question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?


Answer: 1806

Context: Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?


Answer: 1356

Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?


Answer: financial

Question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?


Answer: the Habsburgs

Question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?


Answer: 1382

Context: Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

Question: In what year did Louis die?


Answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg

Question: Who did Louis name as his heir?


Answer: 11

Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?


Answer: Buda and Visegrád

Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?


Answer: internal war

Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?


Answer: 1521

Context: The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

Question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?


Answer: Lazar Hrebljevanovic

Question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?


Answer: 1389

Question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?


Answer: Battle of Velbazhd

Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?


Answer: Albania

Question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?


Answer: Avignon

Context: Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

Question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?


Answer: 1378

Question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?


Answer: The War of the Sicilian Vespers

Question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?


Answer: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples

Question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?


Answer: 1442

Question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?


Answer: 1469

Context: The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

Question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?


Answer: 1492

Question: When was modern-day Spain created?


Answer: Granada

Question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?


Answer: Vasco da Gama

Question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?


Answer: 1492

Question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?


Answer: the Little Ice Age

Context: Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.

Question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?


Answer: sixty percent

Question: What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?


Answer: Hundred Years' War

Question: What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?


Answer: Around 1300–1350

Question: When did the Medieval Warm Period end?


Answer: agricultural crises

Question: What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?


Answer: 1358

Context: As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

Question: When did the French Jacquerie take place?


Answer: Statute of Laborers

Question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?


Answer: 1351

Question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?


Answer: serfdom

Question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?


Answer: 1381

Question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?


Answer: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople

Context: Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

Question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?


Answer: the Black Death

Question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?


Answer: Twenty-two

Question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?


Answer: London

Question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?


Answer: Hundred Years' War

Context: Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.

Question: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?


Answer: national or feudal levy

Question: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?


Answer: Swiss

Question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?


Answer: Edward III

Question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?


Answer: Order of the Garter

Context: Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

Question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?


Answer: Charles I of Hungary

Question: Who founded the Order of St. George?


Answer: 1325

Question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?


Answer: chivalry

Question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?


Answer: 1348

Question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?


Answer: Papal Schism

Context: The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.

Question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?


Answer: Avignon

Question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?


Answer: 1377

Question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?


Answer: 1378–1417

Question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?


Answer: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms

Question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?


Answer: John Wycliffe

Context: Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

Question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?


Answer: the Lollards

Question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?


Answer: the Protestant Reformation

Question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?


Answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

Question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?


Answer: John of Gaunt

Question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?


Answer: 1415

Context: The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.

Question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?


Answer: Anne of Bohemia

Question: Who did Richard II of England marry?


Answer: John Wycliffe

Question: Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?


Answer: Hussites

Question: What were the followers of Jan Hus called?


Answer: Hussite Wars

Question: What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?


Answer: German

Context: Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

Question: Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?


Answer: 95 theses

Question: What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?


Answer: 1517

Question: In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?


Answer: he refused

Question: What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?


Answer: Frederick the Wise

Question: Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?


Answer: double-entry bookkeeping

Context: In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

Question: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?


Answer: Italy

Question: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?


Answer: reducing the risk of commercial ventures

Question: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?


Answer: usury

Question: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?


Answer: better oversight and accuracy

Question: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?


Answer: monopolies

Context: With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

Question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?


Answer: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England

Question: Which families financed the wars of kings?


Answer: guilds

Question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?


Answer: France

Question: Where was Jacques Couer from?


Answer: demographic crisis

Context: Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.

Question: What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?


Answer: depression of the Renaissance

Question: What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?


Answer: statistical

Question: What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?


Answer: greater opulence

Question: What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?


Answer: Thomistic

Context: The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

Question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?


Answer: University of Paris

Question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?


Answer: William of Ockham

Question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?


Answer: Occam's razor

Question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?


Answer: heretical

Question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?


Answer: the theory of impetus

Context: This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?


Answer: Aristotelian

Question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?


Answer: Nicolaus Copernicus

Question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?


Answer: Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators

Question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?


Answer: inertia

Question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?


Answer: Gutenberg

Context: Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

Question: Who invented the movable printing press?


Answer: the Reformation

Question: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?


Answer: eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock

Question: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?


Answer: gunpowder

Question: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?


Answer: shipbuilding

Question: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?


Answer: Donatello

Context: The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Question: Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?


Answer: linear perspective

Question: Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?


Answer: Michelangelo and Raphael

Question: Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?


Answer: Greater realism

Question: What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?


Answer: classical models

Question: What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?


Answer: idealized compositions

Context: The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

Question: What was the focus of paintings in Italy?


Answer: the Netherlands

Question: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?


Answer: Jan van Eyck

Question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?


Answer: great realism and minute detail

Question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?


Answer: Dante Alighieri

Context: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?


Answer: Latin as well as Italian

Question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?


Answer: Tuscan

Question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?


Answer: Decameron

Question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?


Answer: Petrarch

Question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?


Answer: polyphonic

Context: Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Provençal troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.

Question: What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?


Answer: Provençal

Question: Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?


Answer: the quadrivium

Question: What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?


Answer: the motet

Question: What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?


Answer: John Kukuzelis

Context: The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Provençal troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.

Question: Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?


Answer: ars nova

Question: What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?


Answer: ars antiqua

Question: Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?


Answer: Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini

Question: Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?


Answer: Orthodox Church

Question: Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?


Answer: Everyman

Context: Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.

Question: What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?


Answer: Morality plays

Question: Which dramatic form was created around 1400?


Answer: Good Deeds

Question: What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?


Answer: The Castle of Perseverance

Question: Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?


Answer: Death

Question: In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?


Answer: Richard III and Henry VII

Context: At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a "screen" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.

Question: Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?


Answer: Mummers

Question: Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?


Answer: 1545

Question: In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?


Answer: House of Revels

Question: What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?


Answer: the Great Hall

Question: In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?


Answer: religious plays

Context: The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

Question: What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?


Answer: 1558

Question: In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?


Answer: 1539

Question: In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?


Answer: secular

Question: What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?


Answer: democratized learning

Context: After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Question: Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?


Answer: Africa and India

Question: Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?


Answer: strengthened the economy and power

Question: What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?


Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?


Answer: new trading routes

Question: What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?


Answer: Ottoman

Context: At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.

Question: Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?


Answer: 1444

Question: In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?


Answer: Vladislaus I

Question: Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?


Answer: count John Hunyadi

Question: Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?


Answer: Pope Pius II

Question: Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?


Answer: Saint John of Capistrano

Context: Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.

Question: Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?


Answer: 1456

Question: In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?


Answer: Matthias

Question: Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?


Answer: Italy

Question: Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?


Answer: Pannonia

Question: When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?


Answer: drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape

Context: King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.

Question: How did Louis II of Hungary die?


Answer: Pál Tomori

Question: Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?


Answer: 1458–1490

Question: In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?


Answer: Hussite Protestants

Question: Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?


Answer: the forces of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács?


Answer: Italy

Context: The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

Question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?


Answer: classical antiquity

Question: What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?


Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?


Answer: modern history and early modern Europe

Question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?


Answer: 1824

Context: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

Question: When was Ann Arbor founded?


Answer: University of Michigan

Question: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?


Answer: center for left-wing politics

Question: During the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?


Answer: Bur Oak

Question: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?


Answer: John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey

Context: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour;" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.

Question: Who founded Ann Arbor?


Answer: land speculators

Question: What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?


Answer: Ojibwa

Question: Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?


Answer: $800

Question: For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?


Answer: Ann

Question: What were the names of the founders wives?


Answer: University of Michigan

Context: Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north—south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.

Question: Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?


Answer: Ann Arbor

Question: Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?


Answer: British

Question: Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?


Answer: 1851

Question: In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?


Answer: Beth Israel Congregation

Question: In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?


Answer: 1999

Context: During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.

Question: When was the Thomas More Law center established?


Answer: a religious-conservative advocacy group

Question: What was the Thomas More law group?


Answer: Human Rights Party

Question: During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?


Answer: Forbes

Context: In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.

Question: Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?


Answer: sharply rising land values

Question: For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?


Answer: greenbelt plan

Question: What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?


Answer: Huron

Context: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).

Question: On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?


Answer: hills and valleys

Question: What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?


Answer: Ann Arbor Municipal Airport

Question: What is the name of the city's airport?


Answer: Tree Town

Context: Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.

Question: What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?


Answer: 157

Question: How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: Nichols Arboretum

Question: What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?


Answer: 300 acres

Question: How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?


Answer: Kerrytown district

Context: The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.

Question: Which district has the farmers market in the city?


Answer: commercial districts

Question: Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?


Answer: Downtown

Question: Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?


Answer: 20th century

Context: Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.

Question: Which century does the Kit houses belong to?


Answer: student renters

Question: Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?


Answer: Tower Plaza

Question: Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?


Answer: 1972

Question: When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?


Answer: four

Context: Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid, and spring and autumn are short but mild. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on 11 February 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on 24 July 1934.

Question: How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: summer

Question: When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?


Answer: 58 inches

Question: What is the average snowfall for the city?


Answer: 4,270.33 people per square mile

Context: As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,394 people, 45,634 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile (2653.47/km²). There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile (675.0/km²), making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.1% of the population.

Question: What is the population density of the city?


Answer: 73.0%

Question: What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?


Answer: Oak Park and Ferndale

Question: Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?


Answer: 2.22

Context: In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 16.8% under 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

Question: What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: 2.90

Question: What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: 28

Question: What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: General Motors and Visteon

Context: The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.

Question: Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor


Answer: 30,000

Question: What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?


Answer: High tech, health services and biotechnology

Question: Nam the major components for the City's growth.


Answer: Argus camera company

Context: High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.

Question: Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?


Answer: Barracuda Networks

Question: Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?


Answer: AC/DC radio

Question: International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?


Answer: Google

Context: Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.

Question: Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?


Answer: All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo

Question: Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.


Answer: education computer network

Question: What company is Merit network?


Answer: Pfizer

Context: Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.

Question: Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?


Answer: National Sanitation Foundation International

Question: Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?


Answer: 2,000

Question: How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?