Answer: scripts

Context: Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.

Question: What has evolved over time?


Answer: decorative

Question: What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?


Answer: ancient forms

Question: What is guwen considered as?


Answer: Seal script

Context: Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.

Question: What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?


Answer: clerical

Question: What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?


Answer: clerical script

Question: What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?


Answer: there were in fact multiple scripts in use

Context: Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive".

Question: Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?


Answer: bāfēn

Question: What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?


Answer: zhāng

Question: What name stood for "orderly"?


Answer: early form of semi-cursive script

Context: By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention.

Question: What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?


Answer: semi-cursive

Question: What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?


Answer: Qiu

Question: Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?


Answer: Regular script

Context: Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (頓/顿 dùn) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the "Sage of Calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical.

Question: What had been linked to Zhong Yao?


Answer: father of regular script

Question: What was Zhong Yao known for?


Answer: Wang Xianzhi

Question: Who was the son of Wang Zishi?


Answer: dynasties

Context: It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.

Question: What were the North and South considered as?


Answer: regular script

Question: What continued to evolve stylistically?


Answer: mainstream

Question: What script saw no more stages of evolution?


Answer: right half of the character

Context: For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., 松 (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here 木), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number "4" for radical stroke count, the user locates 木, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly.

Question: What contains four strokes?


Answer: sub-index

Question: What do some dictionaries have?


Answer: sub-index

Question: What gives remaining stroke numbers?


Answer: Chinese character dictionaries

Context: Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.

Question: What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?


Answer: Korean dictionaries

Question: What lists Chinese characters in radical order?


Answer: characters

Question: What is grouped together by radicals?


Answer: characters

Context: While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.

Question: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?


Answer: symbols

Question: What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?


Answer: characters

Question: What can be difficult to represent on a computer?


Answer: New characters

Context: New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as 粁 (米 "meter" + 千 "thousand, kilo-") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well – see Chinese characters for SI units for details.

Question: What can be coined at any time?


Answer: new words

Question: What may not be adopted?


Answer: kokuji

Question: What are also known as Japanese-coinages?


Answer: dialect characters

Context: In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (方言字) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character 㓾, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions.

Question: What are not used in formal written Chinese?


Answer: Taiwan

Question: What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?


Answer: Mandarin

Question: What was the preference for all mainland regions?


Answer: the official national encoding standard

Context: In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

Question: What supports 48,027 characters?


Answer: BIG-5

Question: What supports 13,053 characters?


Answer: Taiwan

Question: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?


Answer: China

Context: In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).

Question: What country uses simplified Chinese characters?


Answer: Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese

Question: What lists 2,500 common characters?


Answer: GB2312

Question: What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?


Answer: new characters

Context: Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical".

Question: What is written in modern usage?


Answer: fossilization

Question: What is one consequence of modifying radicals?


Answer: "harmony, peace"

Question: What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"?


Answer: Zhonghua Zihai

Context: Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.

Question: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?


Answer: Characters

Question: What is formed by Chinese principles?


Answer: Tangut script

Question: What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?


Answer: The total number of Chinese characters from past to present

Context: The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time – for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory.

Question: What remains unknowable?


Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What becomes developed all the time?


Answer: number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries

Question: What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?


Answer: U+9F49

Context: One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng, listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes.

Question: What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?


Answer: xiān

Question: What features 33 strokes?


Answer: yù

Question: What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries?


Answer: complex characters

Context: There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Joël Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /𪚥 (U+2A6A5) zhé listen (help·info), meaning "verbose" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character 龍 lóng (lit. "dragon") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /𠔻 (U+2053B) zhèng composed of 興 xīng/xìng (lit. "flourish") four times.

Question: What have become more rare?


Answer: zhé

Question: What is the most complex Chinese character?


Answer: zhèng

Question: What is one 64-stroke character?


Answer: Yu Shyi-kun

Context: One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.

Question: Who is a Taiwanese politician?


Answer: movie posters

Question: What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?


Answer: Japanese newspapers

Question: What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?


Answer: Chinese characters

Context: The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà "bodhisattva" (simplified: 菩萨) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2×2 grid of four 十 (derived from the grass radical over two 十). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable.

Question: What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?


Answer: CPC

Question: What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?


Answer: bodhisattva

Question: What is sometimes written as a single character?


Answer: SI units

Context: Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 or 糎 for 厘米 – some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn "library", a contraction of 圖書館, A four-morpheme word, 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì "socialism", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, 义, with the radical of the first, 社, yielding roughly 礻义.

Question: What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?


Answer: túshūguǎn

Question: What is a less systematic example?


Answer: socialism

Question: What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?


Answer: polysyllabic

Context: A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.

Question: What characters are often non-standard?


Answer: double happiness symbol

Question: What is a commonly seen example?


Answer: double happiness symbol

Question: What is formed as a ligature?


Answer: compound words and set phrases

Context: In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字).

Question: What may be contracted into single characters?


Answer: single characters

Question: What can be considered as set phrases?


Answer: characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes

Question: What are logograms?


Answer: Chinese characters

Context: Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.

Question: What are primarily morphosyllabic?


Answer: Chinese morphemes

Question: What are written with a single character?


Answer: 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú

Question: What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?


Answer: Chinese characters

Context: In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification.

Question: What are written with very precise rules?


Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What has standardized character forms?


Answer: characters

Question: What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?


Answer: Roman letters

Context: Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.

Question: What have a characteristic shape?


Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What occupy a more or less space area?


Answer: Square-Block Characters

Question: What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?


Answer: Regular script typefaces

Context: Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity.

Question: What are commonly used?


Answer: Regular script typefaces

Question: What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?


Answer: handwriting of Ouyang Xun

Question: What resembles an actual person's handwriting?


Answer: Chinese calligraphy

Context: The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.

Question: What is the art of writing Chinese characters?


Answer: Chinese calligraphy

Question: What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?


Answer: strict regularity

Question: What is not required?


Answer: cursive

Context: The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.

Question: What script is used informally?


Answer: basic character shapes

Question: What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?


Answer: Japanese hiragana script

Question: What script is derived from the cursive script?


Answer: seal

Context: The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.

Question: What script is only used in artistic seals?


Answer: Seal

Question: What script is the oldest and still in use today?


Answer: calligraphers

Question: Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?


Answer: characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary

Context: The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the jōyō kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the jōyō kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. "Simplified" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as "Traditional," but are not shown.

Question: What are also known as "traditional"?


Answer: jōyō kanji

Question: What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?


Answer: Table of General Standard Chinese Characters

Question: What is commonly used in Taiwan?


Answer: series of orthographic reforms

Context: In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers.

Question: What did the Japanese government institute?


Answer: The number of characters in common use

Question: What was restricted?


Answer: 2010

Question: When was the 2136 character reformed?


Answer: majority of simplified characters

Context: The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character 來 lái ("come") was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script (隶书 / 隸書, lìshū) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character 雲 yún ("cloud") was written with the structure 云 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of "to say" while the 雨 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure.

Question: What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?


Answer: orthodox character

Question: What was written with the structure in the clerical script?


Answer: clerical script

Question: What script uses one fewer stroke?


Answer: The People's Republic of China

Context: The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or "second round simplified characters") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: 叠 dié, 覆 fù, 像 xiàng.

Question: Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?


Answer: 1977

Question: When was a second round announced?


Answer: poorly

Question: How was the second round received?


Answer: Caoshu

Context: Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh.

Question: What almost always includes character simplification?


Answer: cursive written text

Question: What is Caoshu?


Answer: In the 1930s and 1940s

Question: When did discussions of character simplification take place?


Answer: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters

Context: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.

Question: What varies greatly?


Answer: Orthodox variants

Question: What were mandatory in printed works?


Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What were adopted for use in mainland China?


Answer: Rev

Context: According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds."

Question: Who is John Gulick?


Answer: Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese

Question: Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?


Answer: Muslims from Arabia and Persia

Question: Who have followed this method?


Answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

Context: Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

Question: What is now limited to ceremonial uses?


Answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

Question: What were once in widespread use?


Answer: Literary Chinese

Question: What was used in schooling?


Answer: December 2011

Context: After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.

Question: When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?


Answer: Kim Jong Un

Question: Who stepped up after 2011?


Answer: Kim Jong Un

Question: Who began moderating the use of Hanja?


Answer: native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning

Context: When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea".

Question: What are students taught to memorize?


Answer: mul-su

Question: What is name of the hanja?


Answer: mul

Question: What is the Korean pronunciation of water?


Answer: Hanja

Context: There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words.

Question: What is still being used according to experts?


Answer: Hanja

Question: What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?


Answer: weddings

Question: What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?


Answer: Literary Chinese

Context: In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.

Question: What was the dominant form of written communication?


Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What is treated as being conservative and confucian?


Answer: science and sociology

Question: What comes directly from China?


Answer: Written Japanese

Context: Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).

Question: What also includes a pair of syllabaries?


Answer: they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable

Question: Why do the syllabaries differ?


Answer: Modern Japanese writing

Question: What uses a composite system?


Answer: literacy

Context: Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.

Question: What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?


Answer: 1949

Question: Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?


Answer: The People's Republic of China

Question: Who issued the first round of official characters?


Answer: Spanish

Context: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

Question: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?


Answer: Juan de Bermúdez

Question: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?


Answer: pigs

Question: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?


Answer: the English Virginia Company

Question: What company permanently settled Bermuda?


Answer: Juan de Bermúdez

Question: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?


Answer: 1503

Question: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?


Answer: two

Question: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?


Answer: pigs

Question: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?


Answer: 1609

Question: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?


Answer: St. George's

Context: The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

Question: What is the capital of Bermuda?


Answer: Somers Isles Company

Question: What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?


Answer: 1707

Question: In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?


Answer: the Somers Isles Company

Question: What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?


Answer: 1707

Question: In what year did the islands become a British colony?


Answer: Newfoundland became part of Canada

Question: What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?


Answer: St. George

Question: What was Bermuda's first capital?


Answer: offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism

Context: Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate. Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.

Question: What two business drive Bermuda's economy?


Answer: subtropical

Question: What type of climate does Bermuda have?


Answer: Bermuda Triangle

Question: Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?


Answer: coral reef that surrounds the island

Question: What protects the island from storms?


Answer: insurance and reinsurance, and tourism

Question: What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?


Answer: global recession

Question: What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?


Answer: a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances.

Question: Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?


Answer: protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.

Question: Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?


Answer: subtropical

Question: What is the climate of Bermuda?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Context: Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.

Question: Bermuda is located in what ocean?


Answer: Sargasso Sea

Question: Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?


Answer: north

Question: Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?


Answer: west

Question: Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?


Answer: due east

Question: Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?


Answer: low-forming volcanoes

Question: What natural features compose Bermuda?


Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: In what major ocean is Bermuda located?


Answer: Miami

Question: Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?


Answer: North Carolina

Question: Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?


Answer: marine organisms

Context: The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.

Question: What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?


Answer: approximately two hundred square miles

Question: During the ice age, what area of land was above water?


Answer: The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence

Question: Has the seamount always been above sealevel?


Answer: a submarine volcano

Question: What type of volcano forms the archipelago?


Answer: periods of complete submergence,

Question: Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?


Answer: an island

Question: What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?


Answer: the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Question: The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?


Answer: two

Context: Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

Question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named "Long Island"?


Answer: two

Question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Horseshoe Bay"?


Answer: three

Question: In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named "Long Bay"?


Answer: St George's Island within St George's Parish

Question: Where can St. George's Town be found?


Answer: Long Bay

Question: What are three of the bays named?


Answer: Horseshoe

Question: What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?


Answer: St George's

Question: St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?


Answer: Hamilton Parish

Question: What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?


Answer: the south shore of the island

Context: Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30–40 ft or 9–12 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.

Question: What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?


Answer: Scuba

Question: Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?


Answer: World Heritage Site

Question: Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?


Answer: pink

Question: What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?


Answer: south shore of the island

Question: Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?


Answer: pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters

Question: What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?


Answer: World Heritage Site

Question: What has St. George been designated as?


Answer: numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water

Question: Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?


Answer: Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore

Question: Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?


Answer: bats

Context: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.

Question: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?


Answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow

Question: What is the national bird of Bermuda?


Answer: Bermuda rock skink

Question: What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?


Answer: diamondback terrapin

Question: What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?


Answer: bats

Question: What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?


Answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow

Question: What is the national bird of Bermuda?


Answer: example of a Lazarus species

Question: Why is the National bird of importance?


Answer: Bermuda rock skink

Question: What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?


Answer: this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds

Question: Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?


Answer: 20th century, especially after the Second World War.

Context: The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.

Question: When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?


Answer: Britain

Question: Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?


Answer: Bermudian

Question: According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?


Answer: Portuguese

Question: Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?


Answer: black and white

Context: The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, "coloured" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as "coloured" are today described as "black", or "of African heritage", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as "coloured" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.

Question: There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?


Answer: white Protestants of English heritage

Question: Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?


Answer: coloured

Question: Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?


Answer: obscures their non-African heritage

Question: Why is it problematic that the "coloured" population of Bermuda is now referred to as "black" or "African heritage"?


Answer: Asian

Question: There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?


Answer: Bermudian blacks

Context: Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed "Bermudian blacks", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.

Question: What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?


Answer: conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate

Question: Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?


Answer: Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion

Question: Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?


Answer: the source of the African ancestry

Question: What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?


Answer: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies

Context: In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.

Question: Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?


Answer: South-West Africa

Question: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?


Answer: Genetic studies

Question: What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?


Answer: Native Americans

Context: Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.

Question: What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?


Answer: St David's Islanders

Question: Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?


Answer: colonial period

Question: During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?


Answer: exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery

Question: Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?


Answer: English

Context: Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.

Question: What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?


Answer: Portuguese

Question: What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?


Answer: British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean

Question: What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?


Answer: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots

Question: Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?


Answer: The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian

Context: The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931– 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.

Question: What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?


Answer: thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire

Question: What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?


Answer: scholarly

Question: The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?


Answer: Angela Barry

Question: Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?


Answer: watercolours

Context: Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned.

Question: What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?


Answer: Hand-carved cedar sculptures

Question: What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?


Answer: the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835

Question: What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?


Answer: Alfred Birdsey

Question: Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?


Answer: Juan de Bermúdez

Context: Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez. It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro Mártir de Anglería, and was also included on Spanish charts of that year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it.

Question: Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?


Answer: a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water

Question: What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?


Answer: spirits and devils,

Question: What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?


Answer: Isle of Devils

Question: Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?


Answer: relieve the colony of Jamestown

Context: It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats – all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the "still-vex'd Bermoothes" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it.

Question: Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?


Answer: William Shakespeare

Question: The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?


Answer: 10 months

Question: How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?


Answer: the English Crown

Question: Who did Sommer's claim the island for?


Answer: John Rolfe

Context: In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.

Question: Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.


Answer: married Pocahontas

Question: What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?


Answer: 1612,

Question: When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?


Answer: oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.

Question: What is St. George credited with?


Answer: limited land area,

Context: Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time.

Question: What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?


Answer: steady human emigration

Question: What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?


Answer: the Southern United States

Question: Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?


Answer: seafaring the only real industry

Question: Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?


Answer: needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land

Context: In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of the Company's charter in 1684, and the Company was dissolved.

Question: Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?


Answer: colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced

Question: Why wasn't agriculture successful?


Answer: turn to maritime trades

Question: What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?


Answer: islanders demanding

Question: Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?


Answer: end of the war

Context: The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.

Question: What event caused major changes in Bermuda?


Answer: buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,

Question: Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?


Answer: a base more than a colony

Question: How does the British crown view Bermuda?


Answer: the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished

Question: What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?


Answer: American colonies

Context: The war had removed Bermuda's primary trading partners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda's merchant shipping trade. This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials. During the course of the following War of 1812, the primary market for Bermuda's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in 1819.

Question: Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?


Answer: deforestation

Question: What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?


Answer: it did not have raw materials

Question: Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?


Answer: Americans developed their own sources

Question: Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?


Answer: most famous escapee

Context: The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island. From there he escaped to the port of St. George's and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland. He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.

Question: Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?


Answer: stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland

Question: After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?


Answer: became a spy for Germany in both World Wars

Question: After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?


Answer: 1930

Context: After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.

Question: When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?


Answer: once because of darkness and again to refuel

Question: Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?


Answer: Navigation and weather forecasting

Question: What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?


Answer: Luft Hansa

Question: Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?


Answer: flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda

Context: In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s–1970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).

Question: What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?


Answer: regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes

Question: What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?


Answer: international business

Question: What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?


Answer: the monarch

Context: Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.

Question: The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?


Answer: the Queen on the advice of the British Government.

Question: Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?


Answer: George Fergusson

Question: Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?


Answer: British Overseas Territory

Question: What is Bermuda officially classified as?


Answer: 1 June 1967

Context: The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967; it was amended in 1989 and 2003. The head of government is the premier. A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system. The Senate is the upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition. The House of Assembly, or lower house, has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies.

Question: When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?


Answer: it was amended in 1989 and 2003

Question: Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?


Answer: the premier

Question: What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?


Answer: Westminster system.

Question: What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?


Answer: The House of Assembly, or lower house

Question: What does the population get to vote for?


Answer: The United States

Context: There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.

Question: Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?


Answer: Robert Settje

Question: Who is the current US Consul General?


Answer: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner

Question: Why is the US so important to Bermuda?


Answer: 5%

Question: What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?


Answer: United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp

Context: On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guantánamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, were transferred to Bermuda. The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They were accused of training to assist the Taliban's military. They were cleared as safe for release from Guantánamo in 2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China, their country of citizenship, because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.

Question: Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?


Answer: refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan

Question: What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?


Answer: training to assist the Taliban's military.

Question: What were the Ugyhurs accused of?


Answer: the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.

Question: Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?


Answer: May 1994.

Context: Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994. Legislation was introduced by Private Members Bill by PLP MP Wayne Furbert to amend the Human Rights Act of Bermuda to disallow Same Sex Marriage under the Act in February 2016. The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions. Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley, Chief Justice of Bermuda's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.

Question: When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?


Answer: The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions

Question: What occurred in February of 2016?


Answer: same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.

Question: What did the Chief Justice decide?


Answer: they would seek ties with CARICOM

Context: This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.

Question: What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?


Answer: primarily to strengthen cultural links.

Question: Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?


Answer: US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Question: Who has "observer status" to CARICOM?


Answer: an extension of Virginia

Context: Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.

Question: Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?


Answer: West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands

Question: What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?


Answer: they lacked British citizenship

Question: Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?


Answer: 1950s

Question: When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?


Answer: accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.

Question: Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?


Answer: West Indians and their descendants.

Context: The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.

Question: What cultural group has dominated the PLP?


Answer: Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans

Question: Who are two prominent members of the PLP?


Answer: Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies

Question: What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?


Answer: Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies

Question: Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?


Answer: the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda"

Context: Once known as "the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda", Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local militia. After the American Revolutionary War, Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy. Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812. At the end of the 19th century, the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison.

Question: Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?


Answer: turned to privateering

Question: What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?


Answer: Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy.

Question: What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?


Answer: following the War of 1812

Question: When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?


Answer: raised volunteer units to form a reserve

Question: How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?


Answer: base rights in Bermuda

Context: In May 1940, the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return. In September 1940, as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda. Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement, but both were added to it, with no war material received by the UK in exchange. One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK (which it was for the duration of the war, with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell's Island in 1943).

Question: What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940?


Answer: granted the US base rights in Bermuda

Question: What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do?


Answer: the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK

Question: What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda?


Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US?


Answer: two airbases

Context: Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet. The principal installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.

Question: What did the US begin building in 1941?


Answer: US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft

Question: Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?


Answer: enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet

Question: What was the navy patrolling for?


Answer: Kindley Air Force Base

Question: What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?


Answer: host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.

Question: What is the Naval Air Station used for?


Answer: seaplane

Context: The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.

Question: What was the NAS primarily a base for?


Answer: anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels

Question: What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?


Answer: additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda

Question: What is located west of the NAS Annex?


Answer: US forces withdrew

Question: What happened at the end of the Cold War?


Answer: World War I and World War II

Context: Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II. After the latter, Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, Bermuda's highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier, and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. When promoted to Brigadier at age 39, following his wounding at the Anzio landings, Harvey became the youngest-ever Royal Marine Brigadier. The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to Bermuda's Great War dead (the tribute was later extended to Bermuda's Second World War dead) and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration.

Question: When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces?


Answer: Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert

Question: Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment?


Answer: Brigadier Harvey

Question: Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier?


Answer: Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building

Question: What is the site for Bermuda's Remembrance Day?


Answer: Bermudian dollar

Context: In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.

Question: What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?


Answer: US dollar

Question: The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?


Answer: Queen Elizabeth II.

Question: Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?


Answer: Royal Naval Dockyard Museum

Question: Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?


Answer: Bermuda Monetary Authority

Question: Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?