Answer: traded across international borders

Context: Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.

Question: Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?


Answer: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

Question: What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?


Answer: 1985

Question: When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?


Answer: 2002

Question: How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?


Answer: London

Context: Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.

Question: What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?


Answer: United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission

Question: What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?


Answer: prior informed consent

Question: What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?


Answer: initiatives operate on a voluntary basis

Question: Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?


Answer: pesticide applicator regulation

Context: Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

Question: What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?


Answer: choosing less toxic pesticides

Question: What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?


Answer: Australia

Question: What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?


Answer: reduce health and environmental risks

Question: Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?


Answer: applicators

Question: Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?


Answer: material is safe to use and the effectiveness

Context: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.

Question: What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?


Answer: humans or the environment

Question: Who is protected by EPA regulations?


Answer: before November 1984

Question: Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.


Answer: every 15 years

Question: How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?


Answer: label

Question: How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?


Answer: restricted use pesticides

Context: Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Question: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?


Answer: an exam

Question: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?


Answer: Records of sales and use

Question: The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?


Answer: state or territorial

Question: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?


Answer: before 2000 BC

Context: Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

Question: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?


Answer: nicotine sulfate

Question: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?


Answer: 1960s

Question: What decade did herbicides become common?


Answer: Paul Müller

Question: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?


Answer: tobacco leaves

Question: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?


Answer: 1910

Context: The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Question: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?


Answer: pesticide era

Question: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?


Answer: 1970

Question: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?


Answer: Seventy-five percent

Question: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?


Answer: USA

Question: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?


Answer: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills

Context: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: What type of region is somerset


Answer: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels

Question: What are some areas of Somerset county


Answer: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods

Question: How far back was the county populated


Answer: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion

Question: What Kings rise did the county play part in


Answer: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Question: What is the city of Bath famous for


Answer: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845

Context: The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Question: What are the people of somerset mentioned in


Answer: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878

Question: What archaic name was mentioned in 878


Answer: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century

Question: When did the county stop using Somersetshire


Answer: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town

Question: What was superfluous


Answer: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples

Context: After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Question: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left


Answer: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset

Question: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control the Somerset area


Answer: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot

Question: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for


Answer: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610

Question: What prison does somerset county contain


Answer: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset

Question: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685


Answer: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries

Context: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Question: What ended Somersets cottage industry


Answer: Farming continued to flourish

Question: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion


Answer: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset

Question: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset


Answer: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale

Question: What did the west somerset mineral way transport


Answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties

Context: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1


Answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed

Question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1


Answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings

Question: The county was base for what in WW2


Answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion

Question: What is the Tauton stop line


Answer: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night

Context: A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

Question: Why were decoy towns used in WW2


Answer: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets

Question: What did the decoy towns mimic


Answer: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights

Question: Who layed out Beacon Batch


Answer: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941

Question: What decoy city was hit


Answer: are largely unaltered from medieval times

Context: The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

Question: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant


Answer: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum

Question: What river forms the border of Somerset


Answer: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset

Question: What did king Edward the 3 do


Answer: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366

Context: Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.

Question: When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town


Answer: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns

Question: How many cities and towns in Somerset


Answer: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater

Question: The largest populations of the county


Answer: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills

Question: What was the strategic purpose to settle this area


Answer: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest

Question: Most Southernly town of somerset


Answer: the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills

Context: To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Question: What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels


Answer: Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956

Question: What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty


Answer: The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire

Question: What is the name of the coal field


Answer: on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Question: What area support dairy farming


Answer: an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole

Context: There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Question: What's the name of the cave system


Answer: and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge

Question: Name 2 of the county gorges


Answer: the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo

Question: Name some of the county rivers


Answer: King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Question: What did King charles levy on river boats


Answer: are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills

Context: The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400–1770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.

Question: What are the Somerset levels


Answer: marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors

Question: what do the Somerset levels consist of


Answer: the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue

Question: what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels


Answer: The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)

Question: What is the total area of the levels


Answer: the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons

Question: who started drainage of the Somerset levels


Answer: Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead

Context: The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.

Question: What are the main coastal towns


Answer: Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve

Question: what is the name of the natural reserve area


Answer: the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.

Question: what does the western coastline look like


Answer: a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country

Context: Along with the rest of South West England, Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 °C (50.0 °F). Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 °C (69.8 °F). In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 °C (33.8 °F) or 2 °C (35.6 °F) are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Question: What is the somerset climate like


Answer: Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours

Question: The annual sunshine rate of somerset


Answer: About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical

Question: How many days of snow on average


Answer: Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)

Question: The average rainfall level of somerset


Answer: Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port

Context: Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. Cargoes were then loaded onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, to be carried further up river to Langport; or they could turn off at Burrowbridge and then travel via the River Tone to Taunton. The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice. AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems, is also based in the town. Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.

Question: What is the leading port of somerset


Answer: was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped

Question: what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century


Answer: Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice

Question: The good motor system presently allows for


Answer: AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems

Question: where are aircraft manufactured


Answer: Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers

Question: What do many towns encourage


Answer: A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington

Context: Somerset is an important supplier of defence equipment and technology. A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington, to manufacture explosives. The site was decommissioned and closed in July 2008. Templecombe has Thales Underwater Systems, and Taunton presently has the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Avimo, which became part of Thales Optics. It has been announced twice, in 2006 and 2007, that manufacturing is to end at Thales Optics' Taunton site, but the trade unions and Taunton Deane District Council are working to reverse or mitigate these decisions. Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster. There are Ministry of Defence offices in Bath, and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines. The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters and the Royal Marines Commando Westland Sea Kings. Around 1,675 service and 2,000 civilian personnel are stationed at Yeovilton and key activities include training of aircrew and engineers and the Royal Navy's Fighter Controllers and surface-based aircraft controllers.

Question: What type of factory was built in Somerset


Answer: Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster

Question: What other high tech industry is in Somerset


Answer: The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters

Question: What is yeovilton home to


Answer: Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines

Question: What area is home to royal marines


Answer: defence equipment and technology.

Question: What is Somerset an important supplier of


Answer: Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people

Context: Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people. Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider. The towns of Taunton and Shepton Mallet are involved with the production of cider, especially Blackthorn Cider, which is sold nationwide, and there are specialist producers such as Burrow Hill Cider Farm and Thatchers Cider. Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as "Sunny Delight" and "Ocean Spray." Development of the milk-based industries, such as Ilchester Cheese Company and Yeo Valley Organic, have resulted in the production of ranges of desserts, yoghurts and cheeses, including Cheddar cheese—some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).

Question: What area employs 15000 people in the couinty


Answer: Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider

Question: What type of orchids used to be pleantiful


Answer: Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as "Sunny Delight" and "Ocean Spray

Question: What area is important to the fruit juice industry


Answer: Cheddar cheese—some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).

Question: What area is PDO


Answer: Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels

Context: Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was also used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem. During the 1930s more than 3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about 140 hectares (350 acres) were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.

Question: Where is willow growing still practiced


Answer: The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem

Question: What is pollarding


Answer: Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s

Question: What did plastic bags result in


Answer: The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.

Question: The somerset level is the only area left to commercially grow what


Answer: Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry

Context: Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C. & J. Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia. Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose-built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bridgwater, Minehead, Westfield and Weston super Mare to provide employment outside the main summer tourist season, but those satellite sites were closed in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; that work has also been transferred to Asia.

Question: What towns grew around the weaving Industry


Answer: the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia

Question: Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area


Answer: Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group

Question: What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset


Answer: supplying freestone and building stone

Context: The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century, but it was used long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at locations in Wiltshire such as Box. Bath stone is still used on a reduced scale today, but more often as a cladding rather than a structural material. Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry. Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Until the 1960s, Puriton had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden villages. Its quarries also supplied a cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century remains, was removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s. Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.

Question: What type of stone was supplied in the county


Answer: Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century

Question: Who promoted the use of stone from the Bath area


Answer: Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement

Question: What are some uses for Blue Lias


Answer: the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates

Question: What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's


Answer: estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people

Context: Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people. Attractions include the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur, and Camelot, identified by some as Cadbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort. Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton. There are show caves open to visitors in the Cheddar Gorge, as well as its locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar.

Question: Tourism supports how many people in the County


Answer: the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton

Question: Some of the county attractions are


Answer: mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur

Question: What does Glastonbury have associations with


Answer: Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton

Question: What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for


Answer: locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar

Question: What type of cheese is the county famous for


Answer: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station

Context: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station. On 18 October 2010, the British government announced that Hinkley Point – already the site of the disused Hinkley Point A and the still operational Hinkley Point B power stations – was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. NNB Generation Company, a subsidiary of EDF, submitted an application for development consent to the Infrastructure Planning Commission on 31 October 2011. A protest group, Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site. In December 2013, the European Commission opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules. On 8 October 2014 it was announced that the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.

Question: What is Hinkley point C


Answer: Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site

Question: What was Stop Hinkley


Answer: opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules

Question: What did the European Commission review


Answer: the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.

Question: How did the Commission vote turn out


Answer: Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981

Context: Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981. The population density is 1.4 persons per hectare, which can be compared to 2.07 persons per hectare for the South West region. Within the county, population density ranges 0.5 in West Somerset to 2.2 persons per hectare in Taunton Deane. The percentage of the population who are economically active is higher than the regional and national average, and the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.

Question: What is the population growth rate of Somerset county


Answer: the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.

Question: The unemployment rate of the county


Answer: is higher than the regional and national average

Question: What percentage of the population is economically active


Answer: Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom

Context: Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil. The rest of the county is rural and sparsely populated. Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year, which significantly increases the population at peak times.

Question: What percentage of the population is native


Answer: Chinese is the largest ethnic group

Question: The largest ethnic group in somerset county is


Answer: Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil

Question: Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population


Answer: Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year

Question: How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset


Answer: The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county

Context: The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county, which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils, and two unitary authority areas (whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district). The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor. The two unitary authorities — which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon — are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.

Question: How many tiers does somerset county consist of


Answer: The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor

Question: What are the 5 districts of Somerset


Answer: North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset

Question: What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996


Answer: Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire

Context: All of the ceremonial county of Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service; it covers the area of Somerset County Council as well as the entire ceremonial county of Devon. The unitary districts of North Somerset and Bath & North East Somerset are instead covered by the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, a service which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The South Western Ambulance Service covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset; prior to February 2013 the unitary districts of Somerset came under the Great Western Ambulance Service, which merged into South Western. The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance is a charitable organisation based in the county.

Question: What police force covers the ceremonial county


Answer: The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service

Question: What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007


Answer: covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset

Question: What area does South western Ambulance Service cover


Answer: The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance

Question: What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service


Answer: takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet

Context: The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet, attracting over 170,000 music and culture lovers from around the world to see world-famous entertainers. The Big Green Gathering which grew out of the Green fields at the Glastonbury Festival is held in the Mendip Hills between Charterhouse and Compton Martin each summer. The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county; others include the Frome Festival and the Trowbridge Village Pump Festival, which, despite its name, is held at Farleigh Hungerford in Somerset. The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn, forming a major regional festival, and the largest Festival of Lights in Europe.

Question: Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place


Answer: The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county

Question: who holds a literature festival each summer


Answer: The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn

Question: The annual Carnival is held when and where


Answer: Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen

Context: In Arthurian legend, Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen. What is more certain is that Glastonbury was an important religious centre by 700 and claims to be "the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World" situated "in the mystical land of Avalon." The claim is based on dating the founding of the community of monks at AD 63, the year of the legendary visit of Joseph of Arimathea, who was supposed to have brought the Holy Grail. During the Middle Ages there were also important religious sites at Woodspring Priory and Muchelney Abbey. The present Diocese of Bath and Wells covers Somerset – with the exception of the Parish of Abbots Leigh with Leigh Woods in North Somerset – and a small area of Dorset. The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey. Before the English Reformation, it was a Roman Catholic diocese; the county now falls within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton. The Benedictine monastery Saint Gregory's Abbey, commonly known as Downside Abbey, is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford.

Question: What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury


Answer: the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World" situated "in the mystical land of Avalon

Question: What is built in Avalon


Answer: The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey

Question: The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where


Answer: is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford

Question: Where is St Greggorys abbey


Answer: American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths

Context: The county has several museums; those at Bath include the American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths. Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include: Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, King John's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge, Blake Museum Bridgwater, Radstock Museum, Museum of Somerset in Taunton, the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury, and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum.

Question: What some of the Museums in Bath


Answer: Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare

Question: What are some other attractions


Answer: in Taunton

Question: Where is the Museum of Somerset


Answer: the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury

Question: What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury


Answer: Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings

Context: Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill, the last remaining thatched windmill in England. Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot. A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers. Jenkins writes, "These structures, with their buttresses, bell-opening tracery and crowns, rank with Nottinghamshire alabaster as England's finest contribution to medieval art."

Question: How many listed buildings in Somerset


Answer: 523 scheduled monuments

Question: How many monuments on Somerset


Answer: its medieval church towers

Question: What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset


Answer: Halswell House and Marston Bigot.

Question: Name some historic private houses in the county


Answer: Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath

Context: Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath, and the Somerset County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Taunton. The county gained its first Football League club in 2003, when Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions. They had achieved numerous FA Cup victories over football League sides in the past 50 years, and since joining the elite they have won promotion again—as League Two champions in 2005. They came close to yet another promotion in 2007, when they reached the League One playoff final, but lost to Blackpool at the newly reopened Wembley Stadium. Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final. Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton.

Question: Where does the rugby team play


Answer: Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions

Question: The county's first football team is


Answer: Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final

Question: When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league


Answer: Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton

Question: Where are the horse races held


Answer: to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce

Context: The Somerset Coal Canal was built in the early 19th century to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce. The first 16 kilometres (10 mi), running from a junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, along the Cam valley, to a terminal basin at Paulton, were in use by 1805, together with several tramways. A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built, but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path. In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s.

Question: Why was the Somerset county Canal built


Answer: several tramways

Question: What was in use along the canal


Answer: A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built

Question: What was never built


Answer: in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path

Question: What was laid on the path to Midford


Answer: In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s

Question: Who purchased the tramway in 1871


Answer: usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation

Context: The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as "heritage" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.

Question: How long were canals used


Answer: 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset

Question: What was built int the 19th century


Answer: The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies

Question: How many railways served the county


Answer: None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified.

Question: Were any of the railways electrified


Answer: The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe

Question: What railways lines are still in use today


Answer: the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell

Context: Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.

Question: What did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's


Answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods

Question: What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for


Answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK

Question: What is the shortest pier in the UK


Answer: In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol

Question: What was constructed in the 1970's


Answer: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council

Context: State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.

Question: What are the state schools in somerset


Answer: a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset

Question: What are the 3 tiers of school


Answer: Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools

Question: How many state and independent secondary schools in Somerset


Answer: Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton

Context: Some of the county's secondary schools have specialist school status. Some schools have sixth forms and others transfer their sixth formers to colleges. Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton. Others have changed their names over the years such as Beechen Cliff School which was started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School and changed to its present name in 1972 when the grammar school was amalgamated with a local secondary modern school, to form a comprehensive school. Many others were established and built since the Second World War. In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).

Question: What schools can trace their origins back


Answer: started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School

Question: What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School


Answer: In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).

Question: In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole


Answer: King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later

Context: There is also a range of independent or public schools. Many of these are for pupils between 11 and 18 years, such as King's College, Taunton and Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI. Millfield is the largest co-educational boarding school. There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School. Chilton Cantelo School offers places both to day pupils and boarders aged 7 to 16. Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18, such as King Edward's School, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. Some of these schools have religious affiliations, such as Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends, Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey, and Kingswood School, which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol, originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers (clergy) of the Methodist Church.

Question: What school in Bruton was given royal foundation status


Answer: such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School

Question: What are some prepatory schools for younger students


Answer: Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain

Question: What is one of the Musical schools


Answer: Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse

Question: What is a roman catholic school


Answer: Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907

Context: The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county. The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School (founded 1856) and Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907). It has a purpose-built campus at Claverton on the outskirts of Bath, and has 15,000 students. Bath Spa University, which is based at Newton St Loe, achieved university status in 2005, and has origins including the Bath Academy of Art (founded 1898), Bath Teacher Training College, and the Bath College of Higher Education. It has several campuses and 5,500 students.

Question: Bath school of pharmacy founded in


Answer: achieved university status in 2005

Question: When did Bath Spa Gain University status


Answer: The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School

Question: When did the university of Bath gain royal charter


Answer: The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county

Question: What University are in Bath


Answer: 1701

Context: Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.

Question: When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?


Answer: 1718

Question: When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?


Answer: recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale

Question: Why was the school named Yale College?


Answer: by 1777

Question: When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?


Answer: 1861

Question: When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?


Answer: fourteen

Context: Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.

Question: How many schools is Yale composed of?


Answer: $25.6 billion

Question: How much is Yale's endowment worth?


Answer: 15 million

Question: How many books are in the Yale University Library?


Answer: Yale Corporation

Question: Who runs Yale College?


Answer: downtown New Haven

Question: Where is the main Yale campus?


Answer: October 9, 1701

Context: Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".[citation needed]

Question: When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" approved?


Answer: General Court of the Colony of Connecticut

Question: Who voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"?


Answer: The Founders

Question: What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?


Answer: to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut

Question: Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" proposed?


Answer: Harvard

Question: Where did "The Founders" go to school?


Answer: Wales

Context: In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.

Question: Where did Elihu Yale grow up?


Answer: Boston

Question: Where was Elihu Yale born?


Answer: David

Question: What was Elihu Yale's father's name?


Answer: Cotton Mather

Question: Who suggested the new name of Yale?


Answer: 500

Question: How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?


Answer: 1778 to 1795

Context: Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree LL.D., at 1803, for his efforts.

Question: When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?


Answer: Hebrew

Question: What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?


Answer: July 1779

Question: When did the British threaten to take over the college?


Answer: Edmund Fanning

Question: Who saved Yale from the British raid?


Answer: an honorary degree LL.D

Question: What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?


Answer: 1872 to 1909

Context: The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.

Question: When did William Graham Sumner teach?


Answer: economics and sociology

Question: What did William Graham Sumner teach?


Answer: the classics would not be abandoned

Question: Why was The Yale Report established?


Answer: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

Question: What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?


Answer: Victorian culture

Question: What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?


Answer: Revolutionary War soldier

Context: The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.

Question: What was Nathan Hale famous for?


Answer: artist

Question: What profession did Frederic Remington hold?


Answer: Frank Stover

Question: What was the name of the protagonist of "Stover at Yale"?


Answer: winning the big game

Question: What turned into the goal of the student body?


Answer: heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West

Question: What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?


Answer: 1909

Context: Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.

Question: In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?


Answer: 1892

Question: When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?


Answer: front pages of college newspapers

Question: How were debates shown to the college students?


Answer: the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets

Question: What did members of the debate team get for their service?


Answer: scoring is subjective

Question: Why do debates not have a distinct winner?


Answer: the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

Context: In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.

Question: Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?


Answer: Intercollegiate Athletic Association

Question: What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?


Answer: Arthur Hadley

Question: Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?


Answer: A. Lawrence Lowell

Question: Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?


Answer: Woodrow Wilson

Question: Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?


Answer: 1810

Context: Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

Question: When was the Yale School of Medicine established?


Answer: 1822

Question: When was Yale Divinity School established?


Answer: 1843

Question: When was Yale Law School created?


Answer: (1847

Question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?


Answer: 1847

Question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?


Answer: 1871 to 1886

Context: Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

Question: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?


Answer: new research university

Question: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?


Answer: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition

Question: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?


Answer: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education

Question: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?


Answer: Expansion

Question: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?


Answer: about $7 million

Context: Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

Question: How much did philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?


Answer: behavioral science research

Question: What was the $7 million used for?


Answer: chimpanzee

Question: What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?


Answer: President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes

Question: Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?


Answer: improve mankind

Question: What was the goal of the behavioral research?


Answer: Harrison's group

Context: Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

Question: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?


Answer: Pickford's and Hutchinson's

Question: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?


Answer: departmental or institutional position or power

Question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?


Answer: new models for research groups are needed

Question: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?


Answer: diverse areas of ecology

Question: What did Hutchinson's group research?


Answer: Milton Winternitz

Context: Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

Question: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?


Answer: social medicine

Question: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?


Answer: Yale System

Question: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?


Answer: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system

Question: What is the Yale System?


Answer: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department

Question: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?


Answer: Norman Holmes Pearson

Context: The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

Question: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?


Answer: Office of Strategic Studies in London

Question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?


Answer: fundamentals of American civilization

Question: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?


Answer: William Robertson Coe

Question: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?


Answer: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

Question: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?


Answer: Vassar College

Context: In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]

Question: What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?


Answer: Amy Solomon

Question: Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?


Answer: St. Anthony Hall

Question: What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?


Answer: 1973

Question: What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?


Answer: Vanderbilt Hall

Question: Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?


Answer: Alexander v. Yale

Context: A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

Question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?


Answer: March 2011

Question: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?


Answer: Broad Recognition

Question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?


Answer: the university had a hostile sexual climate

Question: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?


Answer: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct

Question: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?


Answer: exemption from local property taxes

Context: Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

Question: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?


Answer: President Levin

Question: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?


Answer: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success

Question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?


Answer: decline in the local economy

Question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?


Answer: "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."

Context: The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale." Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

Question: What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?


Answer: Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush

Question: Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?


Answer: Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).

Question: What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?


Answer: John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)

Question: What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?


Answer: every

Question: How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004


Answer: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

Context: Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

Question: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?


Answer: very strong tradition of volunteerism

Question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?


Answer: an ethos of organized activity

Question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?


Answer: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

Question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?


Answer: the culture of community and cooperation

Question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?


Answer: Harvard Yard's boutique

Context: During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation".

Question: In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?


Answer: so diffuse, there isn't a symbol

Question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?


Answer: liberalism and elitism

Question: How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?


Answer: first class to have women in it

Question: Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?


Answer: Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara

Context: In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians." Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools’ affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".

Question: Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?


Answer: former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo

Question: As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?


Answer: Howard Dean

Question: What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?


Answer: Understanding Politics and Politicians

Question: What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?


Answer: University College London

Question: What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?


Answer: Hanna Holborn Gray

Context: The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

Question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?


Answer: University of Chicago

Question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?


Answer: 1994

Question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?


Answer: Alison Richard

Question: Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?