Answer: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island

Question: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?


Answer: The Norfuk language

Context: Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Question: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?


Answer: under three-quarters

Question: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?


Answer: Norfolk Island

Context: Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Question: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?


Answer: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

Question: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?


Answer: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

Question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?


Answer: Gary Hardgrave

Question: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?


Answer: three years

Question: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?


Answer: nine

Context: The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

Question: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?


Answer: a "weighted first past the post system"

Question: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?


Answer: Executive

Question: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?


Answer: Lisle Snell

Question: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?


Answer: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development

Question: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?


Answer: two

Context: Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Question: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?


Answer: a local council

Question: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?


Answer: December 2006

Question: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?


Answer: significant disruption

Question: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?


Answer: 19 March 2015

Context: It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?


Answer: a local council

Question: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?


Answer: New South Wales

Question: From what state did the proposed council come from?


Answer: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare

Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?


Answer: Australian income tax

Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?


Answer: 8 May 2015

Context: The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to "be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that "the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island".

Question: When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?


Answer: 912

Question: How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?


Answer: 68%

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?


Answer: Lisle Snell

Question: Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?


Answer: overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island

Question: According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?


Answer: colony acquired by settlement

Context: Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Question: Norfolk Island was originally a what?


Answer: Australia

Question: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?


Answer: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)

Question: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?


Answer: High Court of Australia

Question: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?


Answer: Australian citizenship

Question: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?


Answer: immigration

Context: The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

Question: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?


Answer: 2012

Question: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?


Answer: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens

Question: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?


Answer: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme

Question: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island?


Answer: 1 July 2016

Question: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?


Answer: automatic right of residence

Context: Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

Question: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?


Answer: a passport

Question: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?


Answer: either a passport or a Document of Identity

Question: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?


Answer: Australian Migration Zone

Question: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?


Answer: the visa will have ceased

Question: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?


Answer: the Migration Act

Context: Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

Question: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?


Answer: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa

Question: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?


Answer: Australia

Question: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?


Answer: count as time spent in Australia

Question: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?


Answer: Norfolk Island Hospital

Context: Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

Question: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?


Answer: travel insurance

Question: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?


Answer: mainland Australia

Question: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?


Answer: the Royal Australian Air Force

Question: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?


Answer: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers

Question: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?


Answer: health and infrastructure

Context: The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

Question: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?


Answer: fish

Question: What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?


Answer: the Box

Question: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?


Answer: oil and gas deposits

Question: What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?


Answer: 25

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?


Answer: Australian federal taxes

Context: Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.

Question: Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?


Answer: David Buffett

Question: Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?


Answer: for a financial bailout from the federal government

Question: What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?


Answer: July 1, 2016

Question: When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?


Answer: social

Question: What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?


Answer: 2532

Context: As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

Question: How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?


Answer: 2500

Question: How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?


Answer: one

Question: How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have?


Answer: Norfolk TV

Question: What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?


Answer: .nf

Question: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?


Answer: Kingston and Cascade

Context: There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Question: Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?


Answer: by whaleboats towed by launches

Question: How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island?


Answer: the prevailing weather on the day

Question: What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?


Answer: on the leeward side of the island

Question: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?


Answer: Visitors

Question: Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?


Answer: Dublin, Ireland

Context: Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary née Nagle (c. 1702 – 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a déclassé County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.

Question: Where was Burke born?


Answer: Nagle

Question: What was Burke's mother's maiden name?


Answer: 1770

Question: When did Burke's mother die?


Answer: 1761

Question: When did Burke's father die?


Answer: 1185

Question: When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?


Answer: 1744

Context: In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Question: When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?


Answer: Catholics

Question: What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?


Answer: 1747

Question: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?


Answer: TCD's Historical Club

Question: What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?


Answer: 1748

Question: When did Edmund Burke graduate?


Answer: Bishop Warburton

Context: Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

Question: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?


Answer: Lord Chesterfield

Question: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?


Answer: 1757

Question: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?


Answer: in the preface to the second edition

Question: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?


Answer: Richard Hurd

Context: Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist "should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.

Question: Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?


Answer: political reasons

Question: Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?


Answer: L. Bol.

Question: Whose principles did Burke imitate?


Answer: 25 February 1757

Context: On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a "history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was "demonstrably a translation from the French". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said "it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur".

Question: When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?


Answer: nearly 400,000

Question: How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?


Answer: 640 pages

Question: How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?


Answer: 1812

Question: When was Burke's history of England published?


Answer: David Hume

Question: Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?


Answer: Annual Register

Context: During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.

Question: What publication did Burke found?


Answer: political

Question: The Annual Register covered international events of what type?


Answer: 1766

Question: Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?


Answer: 1789

Question: Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?


Answer: Philip Magnus

Question: Who wrote a biography of Burke?


Answer: Single-speech Hamilton

Context: At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.

Question: What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?


Answer: Burke

Question: Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?


Answer: 1765

Question: When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?


Answer: Charles, Marquess of Rockingham

Question: Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?


Answer: Whig

Question: What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?


Answer: the king

Context: Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the "discontents" as stemming from the "secret influence" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the "king's friends", whose system "comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet". Britain needed a party with "an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest". Party divisions "whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government".

Question: Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?


Answer: political parties

Question: What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?


Answer: neo-Tory

Question: What type of group were the "king's friends"?


Answer: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770

Question: What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?


Answer: Ireland

Context: In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: "If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong".

Question: What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?


Answer: Bristol

Question: What city did Burke represent in parliament?


Answer: May 1778

Question: When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?


Answer: trading

Question: What was Bristol's most important industry?


Answer: America

Context: Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. "An armament", Burke said, "is not a victory". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic – the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.

Question: Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?


Answer: four

Question: How many reasons against violence did Burke present?


Answer: thousands of miles

Question: How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?


Answer: the mountains

Question: What area could the American colonists retreat to?


Answer: 1775

Context: Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

Question: When did Lord Bathurst die?


Answer: 1704

Question: When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?


Answer: Whiggism

Question: What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?


Answer: 1684

Question: When was Lord Bathurst born?


Answer: the devil

Question: In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?


Answer: 1770

Context: The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Question: When did Lord North take office?


Answer: 1782

Question: When did Lord North leave office?


Answer: New York and Pennsylvania

Question: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?


Answer: appalled

Question: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?


Answer: 1776

Question: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?


Answer: HM Treasury

Context: The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.

Question: Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?


Answer: the Bank of England

Question: After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?


Answer: Shelburne

Question: Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?


Answer: 1782

Question: When was the Paymaster General Act passed?


Answer: democratic

Context: Burke was a leading sceptic with respect to democracy. While admitting that theoretically, in some cases it might be desirable, he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept, but also oppressive. He opposed democracy for three basic reasons. First, government required a degree of intelligence and breadth of knowledge of the sort that occurred rarely among the common people. Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and confiscation of property. Third, Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities, who needed the protection of the upper classes.

Question: What type of government did Burke think would be inept?


Answer: three

Question: For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?


Answer: demagogues

Question: What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?


Answer: authoritarian

Question: What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?


Answer: the upper classes

Question: Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?


Answer: 1786

Context: For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs—from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged "to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that "began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'"

Question: When was Warren Hastings impeached?


Answer: Bengal

Question: Where was Hastings formerly the governor?


Answer: two decades

Question: How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?


Answer: the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs

Question: What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?


Answer: empire

Question: When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?


Answer: 4 April 1786

Context: On 4 April 1786, Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings. The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the "first major public discursive event of its kind in England", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception. Burke already was known for his eloquent rhetorical skills and his involvement in the trial only enhanced its popularity and significance. Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a 'captain-general of iniquity'; who never dined without 'creating a famine'; whose heart was 'gangrened to the core', and who resembled both a 'spider of Hell' and a 'ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead'. The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings, but subsequently, the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges.

Question: When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?


Answer: Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors

Question: What was the impeachment formally called?


Answer: House of Lords

Question: Which house acquitted Hastings?


Answer: House of Commons

Question: Which house impeached Hastings?


Answer: ravenous vulture

Question: Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?


Answer: King Louis XVI

Context: Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner". The events of 5–6 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable". On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt" but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same month he described France as "a country undone". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:

Question: Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?


Answer: Richard Burke

Question: What was Burke's son's name?


Answer: Charles-Jean-François Depont

Question: Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?


Answer: 9 February 1790

Question: When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?


Answer: 4 November 1789

Context: In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal "Rights of Men". Price argued that love of our country "does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves "more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community".

Question: When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?


Answer: the Glorious Revolution of 1688

Question: What was the Revolution Society commemorating?


Answer: Englishmen

Question: Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?


Answer: universal "Rights of Men"

Question: What philosophy did Price support?


Answer: Reflections on the Revolution in France

Context: Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

Question: Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?


Answer: 1790

Question: When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?


Answer: 17,500

Question: How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?


Answer: Pierre-Gaëton Dupont

Question: Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?


Answer: June 1791

Question: When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?


Answer: kings

Context: Burke put forward that "We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected". Burke defended this prejudice on the grounds that it is "the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages" and superior to individual reason, which is small in comparison. "Prejudice", Burke claimed, "is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue, and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision, skeptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit". Burke criticised social contract theory by claiming that society is indeed, a contract, but "a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born".

Question: Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?


Answer: parliaments

Question: Who did Burke say we look to with affection?


Answer: priests

Question: Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?


Answer: with respect

Question: How did Burke say we look towards nobility?


Answer: duty

Question: How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?


Answer: Marie-Antoinette

Context: The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5–6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was "pure foppery". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: "I adore his chivalry". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been "led in triumph" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror—that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette—was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman.

Question: Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?


Answer: Philip Francis

Question: Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?


Answer: Edward Gibbon

Question: Who adored Burke's chivalry?


Answer: she burst into tears

Question: How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?


Answer: Louis XVI

Context: Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.

Question: Who re-translated the Reflections into French?


Answer: Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox

Question: Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?


Answer: Whig

Question: What political party was Charles James Fox?


Answer: Whigs

Question: What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?


Answer: Whig

Question: What political party was Richard Sheridan?


Answer: Thomas Paine

Context: Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution". Mackintosh later agreed with Burke's views, remarking in December 1796 after meeting him, that Burke was "minutely and accurately informed, to a wonderful exactness, with respect to every fact relating to the French Revolution". Mackintosh later said: "Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever".

Question: Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?


Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft

Question: Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?


Answer: James Mackintosh

Question: Who said the Reflections were "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution"?


Answer: Lord Bacon and Cicero

Question: Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?


Answer: political and moral

Question: What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?


Answer: François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville

Context: In November 1790, François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more "very refreshing mental food" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed "a considerable insight into human nature" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766–7 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau "entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding—but vanity"—which he "was possessed to a degree little short of madness". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of "obscure and vulgar vices" that was not "chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: "a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred".

Question: Who asked Burke for more "very refreshing mental food"?


Answer: April 1791

Question: When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?


Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Which French philosopher did Burke attack?


Answer: 1766–7

Question: When did Rousseau visit Britain?


Answer: David Hume

Question: Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?


Answer: Russia

Context: These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was "overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and "the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech—both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.

Question: Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?


Answer: hereditary

Question: What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?


Answer: French

Question: Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?


Answer: fourteen and fifteen years

Question: Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?


Answer: 5 June 1791

Context: At this point, Fox whispered that there was "no loss of friendship". "I regret to say there is", Burke replied, "I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered "unusually bitter sarcasms". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.

Question: When did Burke leave the Whig party?


Answer: Fitzwilliam

Question: Who did Burke turn down money from?


Answer: French constitution

Question: What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?


Answer: Fox

Question: Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?


Answer: Burke

Question: Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?


Answer: the French Revolution

Context: Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party "as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings" so that he could "stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.

Question: What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?


Answer: Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

Question: What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?


Answer: the Whig party

Question: Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?


Answer: the French Revolution

Question: Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?


Answer: Portland and Fitzwilliam

Context: Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: "...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it "with great Satisfaction". Burke wrote of its reception: "Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice". Charles Burney viewed it as "a most admirable book—the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.

Question: Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?


Answer: Francis Basset

Question: Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?


Answer: Whig

Question: What was Francis Basset's political party?


Answer: galled

Question: How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?


Answer: Charles Burney

Question: Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?


Answer: William Windham

Context: Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and émigres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as "the sole affair I have much heart in". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.

Question: Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?


Answer: royalist

Question: Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?


Answer: Henry Dundas

Question: Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?


Answer: revolutionary France

Question: What did Burke support Britain fighting against?


Answer: 23 October

Context: Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: "I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: "I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vendée is a proof of this".

Question: When did Prince Charles write to Burke?


Answer: twenty

Question: How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?


Answer: La Vendée

Question: What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?


Answer: France

Question: What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?


Answer: Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

Question: In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?


Answer: 20 June 1794

Context: On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

Question: When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?


Answer: August 1794

Question: When did Burke's son die?


Answer: Beaconsfield

Question: What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?


Answer: £2,500

Question: How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?


Answer: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale

Question: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?


Answer: Letters on a Regicide Peace

Context: Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms".

Question: What was Burke's final publication?


Answer: October 1796

Question: When was Burke's final publication?


Answer: Individuality

Question: What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?


Answer: dominion and conquest

Question: What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?


Answer: negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government

Question: What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?


Answer: an "armed doctrine"

Context: This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

Question: What did Burke think the war with France was against?


Answer: France

Question: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?


Answer: universal

Question: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?


Answer: the revolutionaries governing her

Question: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?


Answer: Pitt

Context: In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

Question: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?


Answer: Samuel Whitbread

Question: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?


Answer: Arthur Young

Question: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?


Answer: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

Question: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?


Answer: 1800

Question: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?


Answer: Protestant

Context: Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Question: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?


Answer: Indianism

Question: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?


Answer: Europe

Question: Which continent did Jacobinism affect?


Answer: March 1796

Question: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?


Answer: Jacobinism

Question: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?


Answer: property

Context: Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

Question: What did Burke think was crucial for human life?


Answer: property

Question: What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?


Answer: all subjects

Question: Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?


Answer: Christopher Hitchens

Question: Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"?


Answer: the ancestral and the immemorial

Question: What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?


Answer: Philip Francis

Context: In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke "was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke "like the ghost of Burke" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it "a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke "the most sagacious Politician of his age" whose predictions "time has verified". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke ("Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809–10) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring "habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: "... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections "has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's "last works and words [as] the manual of my politics". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli "was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings".

Question: Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?


Answer: passion

Question: What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?


Answer: William Windham

Question: Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?


Answer: 1801

Question: When did Windham speak against peace with France?


Answer: 1793

Question: When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?


Answer: Liberal

Context: The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

Question: What political party was Gladstone in?


Answer: Ireland and America

Question: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?


Answer: Corn Law

Question: What was Cobden an activist against?


Answer: Milton

Question: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?


Answer: Francis Hirst

Question: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?


Answer: Piers Brendon

Context: The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?


Answer: a plan of freedom

Question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?


Answer: opium trade

Question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?


Answer: opium trade

Question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?


Answer: Anglican

Context: Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Question: Which church did Burke most defend?


Answer: religion

Question: What did Burke think was the foundation of society?


Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion was Burke's mother?


Answer: Protestant

Question: What religion was Burke's father?


Answer: political arrangements

Question: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?


Answer: Western Samoa

Context: The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

Question: What was Samoa's old name?


Answer: eleven

Question: How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?


Answer: four

Question: How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?


Answer: Apia

Question: What's the name of Samoa's capital?


Answer: 3,500 years

Question: About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?


Answer: 2003

Context: The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Question: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?


Answer: anthropology

Question: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?


Answer: Austronesian

Question: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?


Answer: 1,500 BCE

Question: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?


Answer: John Williams

Context: Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Question: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?


Answer: London Missionary Society

Question: What English organization did John Williams belong to?


Answer: headhunting

Question: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?


Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson

Question: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?


Answer: 1894

Question: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?


Answer: Britain

Context: Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.

Question: What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?


Answer: eight

Question: For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?


Answer: three

Question: How many contenders were vying for power in the war?


Answer: March 1889

Question: When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?


Answer: A massive storm

Question: What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?


Answer: the Department of External Affairs

Context: From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

Question: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?


Answer: one fifth

Question: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?


Answer: New Zealand

Question: What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?


Answer: 1918–1919

Question: During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?


Answer: Department of Island Territories

Question: What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?


Answer: 1920s

Context: However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.

Question: What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?


Answer: Olaf Frederick Nelson

Question: What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?


Answer: non-violent philosophy

Question: What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?


Answer: High Chief

Question: What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?


Answer: 28 December 1929

Question: On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?


Answer: Lewis machine gun

Context: The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.

Question: What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?


Answer: killed

Question: Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?


Answer: "Peace, Samoa"

Question: What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?


Answer: Ten

Question: Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?


Answer: Black Saturday

Question: What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?


Answer: New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961

Context: After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.

Question: What act gave Samoa independence?


Answer: 1 January 1962

Question: What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?


Answer: Trusteeship Agreement

Question: What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?


Answer: first

Question: Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?


Answer: 1 June

Question: On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?


Answer: Prime Minister

Context: Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

Question: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?


Answer: life

Question: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?


Answer: 1963

Question: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?


Answer: Malietoa Tanumafili II

Question: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?


Answer: constitutional monarchy

Question: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?


Answer: the Fono

Context: The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

Question: What do Samoans call their legislative body?


Answer: 49

Question: How many Fono members are there?


Answer: Forty-seven

Question: How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?


Answer: 5%

Question: What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?


Answer: prime minister

Question: What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?


Answer: A'ana

Context: The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.

Question: What district is Leulumoega the capital of?


Answer: Faleiva

Question: What is the Samoan word for the "House of Nine" in Leulumoega?


Answer: the TuiA'ana

Question: What is A'ana's paramount title?


Answer: Malietoa

Question: What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?


Answer: Afega

Question: In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?


Answer: vulcanism

Context: The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

Question: What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?


Answer: Savai'i

Question: Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?


Answer: Mt Silisili,

Question: What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?


Answer: 1858

Question: How many meters is 6,096 feet?


Answer: Mt Matavanu

Question: What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?


Answer: Central Bank of Samoa

Context: The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.

Question: What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?


Answer: fishing

Question: In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?


Answer: noni

Question: What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?


Answer: two-thirds

Question: What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?


Answer: coconut

Question: What kind of oil does Samoa export?


Answer: financial

Context: The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).

Question: In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?


Answer: the labour market

Question: The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?


Answer: hotel infrastructure

Question: What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?


Answer: Virgin Samoa

Question: What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?


Answer: helped

Question: Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?


Answer: copra

Context: In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

Question: What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?


Answer: natural rubber

Question: What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?


Answer: bananas

Question: What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?


Answer: New Zealand

Question: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?


Answer: China

Question: Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?


Answer: dried coconut meat

Context: The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]

Question: What is copra?


Answer: 13,000 to 15,000

Question: How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?


Answer: rhinoceros beetle

Question: What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?


Answer: high quality

Question: Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?


Answer: WSTEC

Question: What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?


Answer: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa

Context: Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bahá'í convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.

Question: What's the most popular church in Samoa?


Answer: 7.6%

Question: What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?


Answer: Tiapapata

Question: Where is the Bahá'í place of worship located in Samoa?


Answer: His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II

Question: What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá'í House of Worship?


Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?


Answer: Christianity

Context: Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.

Question: What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?


Answer: vāfealoa'i

Question: What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?


Answer: fa'aaloalo

Question: What word is used in Samoa to mean "respect"?


Answer: 98%

Question: What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?


Answer: dance

Context: The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.

Question: What does "siva" mean in Samoan?


Answer: sasa

Question: What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?


Answer: fa'ataupati

Question: What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?


Answer: wooden drums

Question: What are pates?


Answer: insects

Question: The "slap dance" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?


Answer: Albert Wendt

Context: Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged". Momoe Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist. Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer. Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.

Question: What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?


Answer: New Zealand

Question: In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?


Answer: Sons for the Return Home

Question: Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?


Answer: Sia Figiel

Question: Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book "Where We Once Belonged"?


Answer: poetry

Question: What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?


Answer: The Five Stars

Context: In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

Question: What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?


Answer: Sweet Inspiration

Question: What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?


Answer: New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award

Question: What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?


Answer: Tha Feelstyle

Question: Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?


Answer: 1999

Question: What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?


Answer: MAU

Context: Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth." Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel." Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.

Question: What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?


Answer: Hip hop

Question: What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?


Answer: Neil Ieremia

Question: What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?


Answer: Katerina Martina Teaiwa

Question: What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?


Answer: youths

Question: Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?


Answer: Sima Urale

Context: Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.

Question: Who made the film O Tamaiti?


Answer: Apron Strings

Question: What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?


Answer: The Orator

Question: What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?


Answer: Tusi Tamasese

Question: Who wrote and directed The Orator?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?


Answer: Manu Samoa

Context: Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.

Question: What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?


Answer: 1991

Question: The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?