Answer: cosmological baryonic density of the Universe

Question: The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?


Answer: third most abundant

Context: Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.

Question: How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?


Answer: bacteria and algae

Question: what produces hydrogen gas?


Answer: protonated molecular hydrogen

Context: A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+ 3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+ 3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+ 2) is a rare molecule in the universe.

Question: What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?


Answer: ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays

Question: What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?


Answer: Jupiter

Question: On what planet can you find protonated molecular hydrogen?


Answer: excited form

Question: In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?


Answer: expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions

Context: H 2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions.

Question: How does nature produce H2?


Answer: by-product of other reactions

Question: How do labs produce H2?


Answer: electrolysis of water

Context: The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however, the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is in the range 80–94%.

Question: What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?


Answer: anode

Question: Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?


Answer: cathode

Question: Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?


Answer: hydrogen

Context: An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.

Question: When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?


Answer: alumina

Question: What else can it produce?


Answer: the expensive gallium

Question: What can be reused after the formation?


Answer: hydrocarbons

Context: Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H 2.

Question: The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?


Answer: 1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F

Question: What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?


Answer: high pressures

Context: This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H 2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

Question: At what pressure does PSA work best in?


Answer: production of methanol

Question: What is synthesis gas used for?


Answer: Hydrocarbons

Question: Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?


Answer: use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction

Context: Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H 2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:

Question: How can it be recovered through steam?


Answer: ammonia

Context: Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.

Question: When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?


Answer: Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine

Question: How is hydrogen produced as a co product?


Answer: produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity

Context: There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.

Question: What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?


Answer: solar energy and water

Question: What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?


Answer: France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA

Question: What countries are testing this?


Answer: anaerobic

Context: Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H 2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:

Question: What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?


Answer: formation of ferrous hydroxide

Question: What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?


Answer: green rust

Question: What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?


Answer: anaerobic

Context: In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH) 2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:

Question: Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?


Answer: magnetite and molecular hydrogen

Question: What does this process form?


Answer: Schikorr reaction

Question: What reaction describes this process?


Answer: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation

Context: In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O 2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H 2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe 3O 4), quartz (SiO 2) and hydrogen (H 2) is the following:

Question: How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?


Answer: crystal lattice of the fayalite

Question: Where do you find silicate?


Answer: hydrogen

Context: From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle.

Question: What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?


Answer: petroleum and chemical industries

Context: Large quantities of H 2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H 2 is for the processing ("upgrading") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H 2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. H 2 has several other important uses. H 2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. H 2 is also used as a reducing agent of metallic ores.

Question: Where are large quantities of H2 needed?


Answer: hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking

Question: What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?


Answer: rare earth and transition metals

Context: Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

Question: Where is hydrogen highly soluble?


Answer: nanocrystalline and amorphous metals

Question: Where can you find soluble hydrogen?


Answer: local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice

Question: What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?


Answer: when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks

Question: When are these useful?


Answer: gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks

Question: When is it damaging?


Answer: in physics and engineering

Context: Apart from its use as a reactant, H 2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H 2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1⁄14 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.

Question: Where else is H2 applied?


Answer: as the rotor coolant

Question: How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?


Answer: it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas

Question: Why is it used as the rotor coolant?


Answer: cryogenic

Question: What research uses liquid H2?


Answer: as a tracer gas for minute leak detection

Context: In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties.

Question: Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?


Answer: automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications

Question: What industries can you find these applications?


Answer: allows food package leak testing

Question: How is hydrogen used as a food additive?


Answer: Deuterium

Context: Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.

Question: What isotope is used in nuclear fission?


Answer: nuclear reactors

Question: Where is tritium produced?


Answer: production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints

Question: What is tritium used for?


Answer: as a coolant in generators

Context: Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.

Question: How is hydrogen used at power stations?


Answer: favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules

Question: Why is it used as a coolant?


Answer: low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases

Question: What are these properties?


Answer: not

Context: Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

Question: Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?


Answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen

Question: Where does the sun get its energy from?


Answer: energy carrier

Question: How does hydrogen function when it s burned?


Answer: elemental

Context: The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO 2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H 2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.

Question: What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?


Answer: to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties

Context: Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.

Question: Why is hydrogen employed?


Answer: a potential electron donor

Question: How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?


Answer: ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3

Question: What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?


Answer: hydrogenases

Context: H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle.

Question: What enzymes are used to produce H2?


Answer: in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water

Question: When does hydrogen gas occur?


Answer: hydrogen cycle

Question: What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?


Answer: Water splitting

Context: Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

Question: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?


Answer: in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms

Question: Where does water splitting occur?


Answer: alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria

Question: What organisms can form H2 gas?


Answer: by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast

Question: How are these gases formed?


Answer: potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form

Context: Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

Question: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?


Answer: cracks and explosions

Question: What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?


Answer: the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio

Context: Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

Question: What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?


Answer: days or weeks

Question: How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?


Answer: container geometry

Question: What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?


Answer: browser

Context: A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Question: What do people typically call a web browser?


Answer: World Wide Web

Question: What platform is a browser used on?


Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier

Question: What does URL mean?


Answer: Hyperlinks

Question: What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?


Answer: the World Wide Web

Context: Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Question: The primary function of a browser is to use what?


Answer: private networks

Question: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?


Answer: file systems

Question: A browser can also access files where?


Answer: 1990

Context: The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.

Question: When was the first browser created?


Answer: Sir Tim Berners-Lee

Question: Who invented the first browser?


Answer: the World Wide Web Consortium

Question: What was Berners-Lee a director of?


Answer: World Wide Web Foundation

Question: What organization did Berners-Lee create?


Answer: Marc Andreessen

Context: In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

Question: Who released Mosaic?


Answer: 1993

Question: When was Mosaic released?


Answer: Netscape

Question: When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?


Answer: Netscape Navigator

Question: What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?


Answer: Microsoft

Context: Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

Question: Who released the Internet Explorer browser?


Answer: 1995

Question: When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?


Answer: browser war

Question: The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?


Answer: Windows

Question: What was bundled with Internet Explorer?


Answer: 1996

Context: Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Question: Opera was introduced in what year?


Answer: Opera-mini version

Question: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?


Answer: mobile phone web browser

Question: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?


Answer: Nintendo's Wii

Question: Opera is also available on which video game console?


Answer: Mozilla Foundation

Context: In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.

Question: What did Netscape launch in 1998?


Answer: open source software model

Question: Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?


Answer: Firefox

Question: What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?


Answer: late 2004

Question: When was Firefox released?


Answer: January 2003

Context: Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.

Question: When was the first beta release for Safari?


Answer: Apple

Question: Who created Safari?


Answer: Chrome

Context: The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.

Question: Which browser is the newest to enter the field?


Answer: September 2008

Question: When was Chrome released?


Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?


Answer: May 2012

Question: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?


Answer: Internet Explorer

Context: Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through "lock-in" to Microsoft's browser.

Question: What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?


Answer: sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users

Question: Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?


Answer: Mac

Question: What other OS could use Internet Explorer?


Answer: the European Commission

Context: In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." Microsoft Corp v Commission

Question: Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?


Answer: January 2009

Question: When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?


Answer: competition between web browsers

Question: The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?


Answer: product innovation

Question: The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?


Answer: Safari

Context: Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.

Question: What browser was automatically included with OS X?


Answer: Google

Context: Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.

Question: Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?


Answer: Chrome

Question: What other browser has Google as the default search engine?


Answer: Google Chrome

Question: The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?


Answer: to bring information resources to the user

Context: The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

Question: What is the main use of a browser?


Answer: Uniform Resource Locator

Context: This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Question: What does URL stand for?


Answer: The prefix of the URL

Question: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?


Answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Question: What does http stand for?


Answer: File Transfer Protocol

Question: What does ftp stand for?


Answer: default newsgroup reader

Question: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?


Answer: rendering

Context: In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Question: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?


Answer: Flash applications and Java applets

Question: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?


Answer: hyperlinks

Context: Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Question: What can resources have to connect to other resources?


Answer: rich user interfaces

Context: Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

Question: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?


Answer: Internet suites

Question: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?


Answer: Internet Relay Chat

Question: What does IRC stand for?


Answer: pop-up blockers

Context: All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Question: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?


Answer: browser extension

Context: A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

Question: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?


Answer: bookmarked

Context: Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.

Question: A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?


Answer: Favorites

Question: What are "bookmarks" called in Internet Explorer?


Answer: feed aggregator

Question: The top browsers have a built-in what?


Answer: live bookmarks

Question: Firefox does web feeds as what?


Answer: traditional

Question: The Opera feed reader is more what?


Answer: Most browsers

Context: Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

Question: HTTP Secure is supported by what?


Answer: form and search history

Question: Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?


Answer: current security vulnerabilities

Question: A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?


Answer: proprietary web browsers

Context: Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Question: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?


Answer: problems with interoperability

Question: Non-standard dialects led to what?


Answer: HTML and XHTML

Question: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?


Answer: rendered in the same way

Question: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?


Answer: Web browsers

Context: Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.

Question: A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?


Answer: functionalities

Question: The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?


Answer: Boston

Context: Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?


Answer: 655,884

Question: What is the approximate population for 2014?


Answer: 48 square miles

Question: How many square miles does Boston cover?


Answer: 655,884

Question: What was the population of Boston in 2014


Answer: 48 square miles

Question: How many square miles is Boston?


Answer: 24th

Question: What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?


Answer: Massachusetts

Question: Which of the United States is Boston located in?


Answer: 48

Question: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?


Answer: Greater Boston

Question: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?


Answer: 4.7 million people

Question: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?


Answer: Boston

Question: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?


Answer: 1630

Context: One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).

Question: When was Boston founded?


Answer: Shawmut Peninsula

Question: Where was Boston Founded?


Answer: Boston Massacre

Question: List one major event that took place in Boston.


Answer: 20 million

Question: How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?


Answer: 1630

Question: What year was Boston founded?


Answer: the Shawmut Peninsula

Question: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?


Answer: tourists

Question: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?


Answer: 20 million

Question: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?


Answer: businesses and institutions

Context: The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.

Question: What ranks in the top of the country for investment?


Answer: philanthropy

Question: Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?


Answer: environmental sustainability and investment

Question: Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?


Answer: The city has one of the highest costs of living

Question: Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?


Answer: high

Question: How does Boston rank on world livability?


Answer: colleges and universities

Question: Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?


Answer: Trimountaine

Context: Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Question: What was the name before the city was called Boston?


Answer: Trimountaine

Question: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?


Answer: three mountains

Question: What does Trimountaine mean?


Answer: 1630

Question: What year was the city renamed Boston?


Answer: Puritan colonists from England

Question: Who named the city Boston?


Answer: fresh water

Question: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?


Answer: 1629

Context: In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.

Question: What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?


Answer: 1635

Question: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?


Answer: John Winthrop

Question: Who was Massachusetts first governor?


Answer: four

Question: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?


Answer: John Winthrop

Question: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?


Answer: the American Revolution

Context: Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.

Question: Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?


Answer: seafaring tradition

Question: What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?


Answer: the American Revolution

Question: Boston was the location of many important events of what war?


Answer: The Embargo Act of 1807

Context: The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.

Question: What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?


Answer: The Embargo Act of 1807

Question: What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?


Answer: manufacturing

Question: What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?


Answer: 19th century

Question: In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?


Answer: the early 20th century

Question: When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?


Answer: Boston Brahmins

Context: During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.

Question: What was the name given to old Boston families?


Answer: Boston Brahmins

Question: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?


Answer: literary life

Question: Boston was admired for what kind of life?


Answer: artistic patronage

Question: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?


Answer: slave trade

Context: Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

Question: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade?


Answer: the abolitionist movement

Question: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?


Answer: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Question: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?


Answer: Franklin Pierce

Question: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?


Answer: the Town of Boston

Context: In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).

Question: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?


Answer: 1822

Question: What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?


Answer: a city

Question: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?


Answer: about 46,226

Question: What was the population of Boston in 1822?


Answer: 4.7 square miles

Question: How many square miles was the city in 1822?


Answer: Boston's population grew rapidly

Context: In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

Question: How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?


Answer: the city's ethnic composition

Question: The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?


Answer: about 35,000

Question: What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?


Answer: Roman Catholicism

Question: What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?


Answer: Catholics

Question: What is Bostons largest religious group today?


Answer: the crown of Beacon Hill

Context: Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.

Question: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?


Answer: State House

Question: What sits on Beacon Hill today?


Answer: The Great Boston Fire of 1872

Question: What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?


Answer: as landfill along the downtown waterfront

Question: What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?


Answer: 20th century

Context: By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.

Question: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?


Answer: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)

Question: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?


Answer: with vociferous public opposition.

Question: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?


Answer: 1965

Context: The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

Question: What year did the first community health center in the US open?


Answer: the Dorchester neighborhood

Question: Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?


Answer: Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center

Question: In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?


Answer: The Boston Globe

Context: Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.

Question: The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?


Answer: Bank of America

Question: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?


Answer: 2004

Question: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?


Answer: Macy's

Question: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?


Answer: Jordan Marsh and Filene's

Question: What department stores merged to form Macy's?


Answer: April 15, 2013

Context: On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.

Question: On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?


Answer: near the finish line

Question: At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?


Answer: three

Question: How many fatalities were there at the marathon?


Answer: 264

Question: About how many people were injured in the explosion?


Answer: 89.6 square miles

Context: Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.

Question: What is the total area of Boston?


Answer: 48.4 square miles

Question: How many square miles of land is Boston?


Answer: 41.2 square miles

Question: How many square miles of water is Boston?


Answer: 19 ft

Question: How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?


Answer: oceanic coastline

Question: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?


Answer: Greater Boston

Context: Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.

Question: What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?


Answer: The Charles River

Question: What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?


Answer: To the east

Question: What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?


Answer: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area

Question: Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?


Answer: city of neighborhoods

Context: Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.

Question: What s Boston sometimes called?


Answer: 23 neighborhoods

Question: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?


Answer: Office of Neighborhood Services

Question: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?


Answer: More than two-thirds

Context: More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay. Downtown and its immediate surroundings consists largely of low-rise (often Federal style and Greek Revival) masonry buildings, interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings—the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the "Big Dig"), which allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.

Question: How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?


Answer: tidal areas

Question: The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?


Answer: Trimountain

Question: Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?


Answer: the Back Bay

Question: A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?


Answer: the Back Bay

Question: The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?


Answer: 6b

Context: Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.

Question: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?


Answer: Prevailing wind patterns

Question: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?


Answer: July

Question: What is the hottest month in Boston?


Answer: January

Question: What is the coldest month in Boston?


Answer: the North Atlantic

Context: Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]

Question: On what coast is Boston located?


Answer: Nor'easter

Question: What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?


Answer: 43.8 inches

Question: What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?


Answer: 43.8 inches

Question: What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?


Answer: December through March

Question: When does most snowfall occur?


Answer: spring and early summer

Context: Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum.

Question: During what seasons is fog common in Boston?


Answer: late summer and early autumn

Question: When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?


Answer: late spring

Question: Sea breezes occur during what season?


Answer: May to September

Question: What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?


Answer: 2,600

Question: What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?


Answer: 617,594

Context: In 2010, Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,481 housing units— a 5% population increase over 2000. The city is the third most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.

Question: About what was the population of Boston in 2010?


Answer: 272,481

Question: How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?


Answer: 1.2 million

Question: How many people are in Boston during work hours?


Answer: 2 million

Question: What can the population of Boston rech during special events?


Answer: 12,200 persons/sq mile

Question: What is the density of Boston's population?


Answer: 21.9%

Context: In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.

Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?


Answer: 14.3%

Question: What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?


Answer: 33.2%

Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?


Answer: 20.4%

Question: What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?


Answer: 10.1%

Question: What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?


Answer: $51,739

Context: The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Question: What is the average household income in Boston?


Answer: $61,035

Question: What is the average family income in Boston?


Answer: $52,544

Question: What is the average income for a full time male worker?


Answer: $46,540

Question: What is the average income for a full time female worker?


Answer: 16.0%

Question: What percent of families fall below the poverty line?


Answer: 94.7%

Context: In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).

Question: What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?


Answer: 49.5%

Question: In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?


Answer: 2000

Question: What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?


Answer: formerly non-white areas

Question: In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?


Answer: People of Irish descent

Context: People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country.

Question: What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?


Answer: 15.8%

Question: What percentage of the city's population is Irish?


Answer: Italians

Question: What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?


Answer: 8.3%

Question: What percentage of the citys population is italian?


Answer: Over 27,000

Question: How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?


Answer: 25,000

Context: The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22. The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish.

Question: How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?


Answer: 227,000

Question: How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?


Answer: 22

Question: What is the total number of congregations in Boston?


Answer: Brookline and Newton

Question: What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?


Answer: one-third

Question: What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?


Answer: the East Boston neighborhood

Context: The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. Hispanics in Boston are mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. When including all Hispanic national origins, they number 107,917. In Greater Boston, these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.

Question: What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?


Answer: 107,917

Question: How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?


Answer: 175,000+

Question: How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?


Answer: 25,000+

Question: How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?


Answer: 22,000+

Question: How many Colombians live in greater Boston?


Answer: 57%

Context: According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.

Question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?


Answer: 25%

Question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?


Answer: 29%

Question: In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?


Answer: 33%

Question: In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?


Answer: 10%

Question: In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?


Answer: two million

Context: As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches. The UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious traditions. Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States. It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630). Notable past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams gave the signals from the Old South Meeting House that started the Boston Tea Party.

Question: How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?


Answer: 339

Question: How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?


Answer: 160

Question: How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?


Answer: Old South Church

Question: What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?


Answer: 1669

Question: What year was Old South Church organized?


Answer: among the top 30

Context: A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.

Question: What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?


Answer: $363 billion

Question: What is the economy of Boston?


Answer: sixth-largest

Question: What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?


Answer: 12th-largest

Question: What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?


Answer: more than 350,000

Context: Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.

Question: How many college students does Boston attract?


Answer: $4.8 billion

Question: Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?


Answer: biotechnology

Question: Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?


Answer: life sciences cluster

Question: The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?


Answer: the National Institutes of Health

Question: Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?


Answer: venture capital

Context: The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector.

Question: The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?


Answer: high-tech companies

Question: There is a high presence of what type of company in the city?


Answer: venture capital investment

Question: Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?


Answer: high technology

Question: What remains an important sector?


Answer: Tourism

Context: Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list. Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy. The city is a major seaport along the United States' East Coast and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.

Question: A large part of Boston's economy is made up of what?


Answer: 21.2 million

Question: How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?


Answer: $8.3 billion

Question: How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?


Answer: 2014

Question: What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?


Answer: financial services

Context: Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center — Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.

Question: Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry?


Answer: Fidelity Investments

Question: What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?


Answer: Fidelity Investments

Question: What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?


Answer: venture capital

Question: Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?


Answer: the Seaport District in Boston

Question: In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?


Answer: 57,000

Context: The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school. The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.

Question: How many students are in Boston Public schools?


Answer: 145 schools

Question: How many schools are in Boston?


Answer: The Boston Latin School

Question: What is the oldest public high school in the US?


Answer: 35%

Question: What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?


Answer: four

Context: Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce.

Question: How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?


Answer: 250,000

Question: How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?


Answer: Boston University

Question: Who is the citys fourth largest employer?


Answer: Smaller private schools

Context: Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school), and Emerson College.

Question: Babson College is what type of institution?


Answer: New England School of Law

Question: What small private law school is located in Boston?


Answer: New England School of Law

Question: What was the name of Americas first all female law school?


Answer: Metropolitan Boston

Context: Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States). Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.

Question: Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?


Answer: Suffolk University

Question: What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design


Answer: the New England Conservatory

Question: What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US?


Answer: Berklee College of Music

Question: What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz?


Answer: Harvard University

Context: Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods. Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University, whose main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, locates its medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.

Question: What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?


Answer: Harvard University

Question: What is the nations oldest college?


Answer: Allston

Question: Where does Harvard plan to expand to?


Answer: Boston Tech

Question: What was MIT originally known as?


Answer: Cambridge

Question: In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?


Answer: violent crime

Context: Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).

Question: Since the early 1990's, Boston has had less of what type of crime?


Answer: joining gangs

Question: Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what?


Answer: Murders

Question: The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999?


Answer: 26.5 per 100,000

Question: What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990?


Answer: 62

Context: In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides. Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015, the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides, respectively.

Question: How many reported murders were there in 2008?


Answer: 52

Question: How many murders were there in 2014?


Answer: 39

Question: How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?


Answer: greater New England

Context: Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.

Question: Boston is culturally similar to what area?


Answer: Boston English

Question: What is the Boston accent known as?


Answer: Irish Americans

Question: Who influences Boston's politics and religion?


Answer: Boston slang

Question: What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?


Answer: regional cuisine

Question: Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?


Answer: Athens of America

Context: Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be "cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.

Question: Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?


Answer: the nineteenth century

Question: What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?


Answer: Old Corner Bookstore

Question: What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?


Answer: the Old Corner Bookstore

Question: Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?


Answer: 1852

Question: What year was the Boston Public Library founded?


Answer: Big Five

Context: Music is cherished in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five," a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the "world's best" orchestras. Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, (and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation) and the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world," adding that "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design." Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States). The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva. Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.

Question: The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?


Answer: Gramophone

Question: What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?


Answer: Symphony Hall

Question: What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?


Answer: west of Back Bay

Question: Where is Symphony Hall located?


Answer: south of Boston Common

Question: Where is the theater District located?


Answer: First Night

Context: There are several major annual events such as First Night, which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints. The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.

Question: What event occurs on New Year's Eve?


Answer: Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park

Question: Where is the annual Boston Arts festival?


Answer: the North End

Question: Where are Italian Summer feasts held?


Answer: Catholic saints

Question: Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts?


Answer: week-long

Question: How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?


Answer: several historic sites

Context: Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several art museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District. The University of Massachusetts Boston campus on Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers), Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.

Question: What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park?


Answer: the Freedom Trail

Question: What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground?


Answer: in the Seaport District

Question: Where is the institute of contemporary Art located?


Answer: The Boston Athenaeum

Question: What is one of the oldest libraries in the US?


Answer: within the city

Question: Where is the New England Aquarium located?


Answer: from its earliest days

Context: Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).

Question: How long has Boston been a religious center?


Answer: nearly 300

Question: How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?


Answer: the South End

Question: Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?


Answer: Back Bay

Question: Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?


Answer: King's Chapel

Question: What was the city's first Anglican church?


Answer: generally very good

Context: Air quality in Boston is generally very good: during the ten-year period 2004–2013, there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.

Question: How is the air quality in Boston?


Answer: 4 days

Question: How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?


Answer: the EPA

Question: Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?


Answer: cleaner energy facilities

Context: Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities. Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon footprint of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.

Question: Allston Green District is an example of what?


Answer: three

Question: How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain?


Answer: every three years

Question: How often is Boston's climate plan updated?


Answer: in 2013

Question: When was the last time the climate plan was modified?


Answer: Thomas Menino

Context: Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.

Question: Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?


Answer: Mayor Thomas Menino

Question: Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?


Answer: cost of living

Question: The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?


Answer: 500

Question: The goal is to get how many residents to sign up?


Answer: free

Question: How much does the program cost?


Answer: wooden piles

Context: Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping, to varying degrees, in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. A city agency, the Boston Groundwater Trust, coordinates monitoring of groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. However, Boston's drinking water supply, from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs to the west, is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy federal water quality standards without filtration.

Question: Lots of older buildings are supported by what?


Answer: air

Question: The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?


Answer: dropping

Question: What has been happening to groundwater levels?


Answer: directly into sewers

Question: Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?