Answer: coffee

Context: Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.

Question: Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?


Answer: Paris

Question: Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?


Answer: coffee

Question: What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?


Answer: 1792

Context: Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.

Question: When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?


Answer: 1827

Question: The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?


Answer: British Parliament

Question: Who banned slavery in their colonies?


Answer: 800

Question: Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?


Answer: 1833 India Act

Context: Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.

Question: What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?


Answer: East India Company

Question: Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?


Answer: steam ships

Question: During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?


Answer: 1,100

Question: How many ships were going to the island in 1855?


Answer: 288

Question: By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?


Answer: British

Context: In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

Question: Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?


Answer: over 15,000

Question: Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?


Answer: Liberated Africans

Question: What were the freed slaves known as?


Answer: Napoleon III

Context: In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?


Answer: 1858

Question: What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?


Answer: Napoleon I

Question: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?


Answer: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Question: Who has authority over Longwood house?


Answer: Joshua Slocum

Context: On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.

Question: Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?


Answer: 11 April 1898

Question: When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?


Answer: 20 April 1898

Question: When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?


Answer: Sir R A Standale

Question: Who presented two lectures on their voyage?


Answer: New Zealand

Context: A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.

Question: What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?


Answer: Ascension Island

Question: What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?


Answer: Wideawake airport

Question: What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?


Answer: 1942

Question: What year was Wideawake Airport built?


Answer: flax

Context: During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965.

Question: What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?


Answer: 1951

Question: What year did flax prices peak?


Answer: synthetic fibres

Question: The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?


Answer: 1965

Question: What year did the Island's flax mills close?


Answer: 1958

Context: From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in Avonmouth, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS (Royal Mail Ship) St Helena.

Question: What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?


Answer: Curnow Shipping

Question: Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?


Answer: 1977

Question: What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?


Answer: right of abode in Britain

Context: The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena.

Question: What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?


Answer: The Development and Economic Planning Department

Question: What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?


Answer: 1988

Question: What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?


Answer: Falkland Islands and Ascension Island

Question: Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?


Answer: 1989

Context: In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff–Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout.

Question: What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?


Answer: Prince Andrew

Question: Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?


Answer: Cardiff–Cape Town route

Question: What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?


Answer: a mixed cargo/passenger layout.

Question: What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?


Answer: 1989

Context: The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Question: What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?


Answer: British Overseas Territories Act 2002

Question: In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?


Answer: British Overseas Territories

Question: What were the dependent territories renamed to?


Answer: 250 million

Context: The UK government has spent £250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated.

Question: How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?


Answer: UK government

Question: Which government built the island's airport?


Answer: early 2016

Question: When was the airport expected to be fully functional?


Answer: tourism

Question: Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?


Answer: up to 30,000

Question: How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?


Answer: Namibe

Context: Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations.

Question: What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?


Answer: the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport

Question: What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?


Answer: RMS St Helena

Question: What is the mail boat that serves the island called?


Answer: Western

Question: What hemisphere is the island located in?


Answer: West Africa

Question: What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?


Answer: 47

Context: The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.

Question: How many square miles is Saint Helena?


Answer: volcanic

Question: What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?


Answer: 2,684

Question: How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?


Answer: 1996

Question: What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?


Answer: Millennium Forest project

Question: What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?


Answer: one kilometre

Context: There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.

Question: How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?


Answer: South

Question: Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?


Answer: Southwest

Question: Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?


Answer: West

Question: Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?


Answer: Southeast

Question: Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?


Answer: the Saint Helena plover

Context: The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.

Question: What is the national bird of Saint Helena?


Answer: wirebird

Question: What is the Plover known locally as?


Answer: Benguela Current

Context: The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously. The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21–28 °C (70–82 °F) in the summer (January to April) and 17–24 °C (63–75 °F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5–6 °C (9.0–10.8 °F) lower. Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier. There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts.

Question: What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?


Answer: 5–6

Question: On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?


Answer: eight

Context: Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen.

Question: How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?


Answer: statistical subdivisions

Question: What do the districts also serve as?


Answer: 1659

Context: Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain – settlers ("planters") and soldiers – and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement – initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792.

Question: When was Saint Helena first settled?


Answer: 4,250

Question: What was the population of the island in 1659


Answer: Africa

Question: Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?


Answer: India and Madagascar

Question: Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?


Answer: 1792

Question: Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?


Answer: a provisioning station

Context: In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.

Question: In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?


Answer: British West Africa Squadron

Question: What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?


Answer: Brazil

Question: What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?


Answer: 500

Question: How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?


Answer: many thousands

Question: How many slaves were freed from the island?


Answer: 1810

Context: Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

Question: When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?


Answer: 618

Question: How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?


Answer: 1818

Question: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?


Answer: British Overseas Territories citizenship

Context: The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law.

Question: What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?


Answer: 21 May 2002

Question: On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?


Answer: British Overseas Territories Act 2002

Question: What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?


Answer: emigration

Context: During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of "Saints" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since "Saints" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.

Question: What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?


Answer: late 1980s

Question: When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?


Answer: prospect of higher wages

Question: What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?


Answer: Anglican

Context: Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.

Question: What communion do most residents of the island belong to?


Answer: June 2009

Question: When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?


Answer: the Diocese of St Helena

Question: Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?


Answer: bishop

Question: The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?


Answer: 1852

Context: Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.

Question: When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?


Answer: 1884

Question: What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?


Answer: 1845

Question: When did Baptists come to the island?


Answer: 35

Question: How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?


Answer: 1949

Question: When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?


Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Context: Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

Question: Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?


Answer: the Governor

Question: Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?


Answer: the United Kingdom

Question: Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?


Answer: 15

Context: There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.

Question: How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?


Answer: the Governor

Question: Who presides over the executive council?


Answer: the Governor

Question: The head of government on the island is who?


Answer: 23 March 2013

Question: When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?


Answer: loss of full passports

Context: One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981–2002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002.

Question: What caused high unemployment on the island?


Answer: King George VI

Question: Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?


Answer: 1947

Question: What year did King George VI visit the island?


Answer: 1957

Question: When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?


Answer: 1984

Question: Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?


Answer: St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015

Context: In 2012, the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015. Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena.

Question: What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?


Answer: awareness-raising articles

Question: What kind of articles were published to help this plan?


Answer: with human rights queries

Question: How was support for members of the public given?


Answer: reports of child abuse

Context: In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old.

Question: What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?


Answer: Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Question: Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?


Answer: the United Nations

Question: Who has Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?


Answer: endemic

Context: St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena plover or wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks, in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas. On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Question: Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?


Answer: vascular

Question: What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?


Answer: BirdLife International

Question: What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?


Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Question: Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?


Answer: more than 200

Context: St Helena's biodiversity, however, also includes marine vertebrates, invertebrates (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), fungi (including lichen-forming species), non-vascular plants, seaweeds and other biological groups. To date, very little is known about these, although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded, including 9 endemics, suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made.

Question: How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?


Answer: 9

Question: How many endemic species of fungi have been found?


Answer: freshwater, terrestrial and marine

Question: What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?


Answer: monocrop

Context: The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.

Question: What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?


Answer: 1966

Question: What year did the crop economy change?


Answer: flax

Question: What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?


Answer: aid from the British government

Question: Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?


Answer: 50%

Question: How much % of production does the public sector cover?


Answer: the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment

Context: The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena. Some 3,200 short-term visitors arrived on the island in 2013.

Question: What is the tourist industry mostly based around?


Answer: sportfishing

Question: What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?


Answer: 3

Question: How many hotels are on the island?


Answer: the RMS St Helena

Question: Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?


Answer: coffee

Context: Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.

Question: What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?


Answer: Opuntia ficus-indica

Question: What is Tungi Spirit made out of?


Answer: postage stamps

Question: Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?


Answer: £12 million

Context: Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from £12 million in 1999-2000 to £11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to £6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to £0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were £0.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about £0.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.

Question: What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?


Answer: £11 million

Question: By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?


Answer: the UK and South Africa

Question: Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?


Answer: fish and coffee

Question: What are the main exports of the island?


Answer: £0.4 million

Question: Tourists spent how much in 2004-05?


Answer: £10 million

Context: Public expenditure rose from £10 million in 2001-02 to £12 million in 2005-06 to £28m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from £4.6 million in to £6.4 million to £12.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure.

Question: How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?


Answer: £12 million

Question: By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?


Answer: £28m

Question: In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?


Answer: £12.1 million

Question: UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?


Answer: 38%

Question: Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?


Answer: 31

Context: Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena’s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004.

Question: How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?


Answer: public

Question: Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?


Answer: 800

Question: In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?


Answer: 45

Question: What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?


Answer: 218

Question: How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?


Answer: 8%

Context: Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than £20 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that represents 20% of the population.

Question: What % of households were spending less than £20 per week in 2004


Answer: 22

Question: What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?


Answer: 20%

Question: How much of the population is over age 60?


Answer: 70,560

Context: In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.

Question: How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?


Answer: Saul Solomon

Question: Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?


Answer: a halfpenny

Question: How much was each copper token worth?


Answer: 1836

Question: When did the Crown take over the island?


Answer: the Saint Helena pound

Context: Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Georgetown, Ascension Island and it took over the business of the St. Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank.

Question: What is the Saint Helena currency?


Answer: coinage and banknotes

Question: The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?


Answer: 2004

Question: What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?


Answer: pound sterling

Question: The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?


Answer: 1

Context: Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians.

Question: How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?


Answer: ship

Question: What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?


Answer: Ascension Island

Question: A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?


Answer: RAF flights

Question: What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?


Answer: RMS Saint Helena

Context: The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. However, its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed.

Question: What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?


Answer: 2010

Question: What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?


Answer: the airport

Question: What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?


Answer: March 2005

Context: After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005. The airport was expected to be completed by 2010. However an approved bidder, the Italian firm Impregilo, was not chosen until 2008, and then the project was put on hold in November 2008, allegedly due to new financial pressures brought on by the Financial crisis of 2007–2010. By January 2009, construction had not commenced and no final contracts had been signed. Governor Andrew Gurr departed for London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems.

Question: When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?


Answer: 2010

Question: The airport was expected to be completed by what year?


Answer: Impregilo

Question: Who was the approved bidder for the airport?


Answer: Andrew Gurr

Question: Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?


Answer: 22 July 2010

Context: On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa and the UK. In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg, starting from 2016.

Question: When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?


Answer: Basil Read

Question: Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport?


Answer: February 2016

Question: The new airport opening date is when?


Answer: South Africa and the UK

Question: Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?


Answer: Comair

Question: Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?


Answer: South African Beechcraft King Air 200

Context: The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.

Question: What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?


Answer: 15 September 2015

Question: What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?


Answer: the airport's radio navigation equipment.

Question: What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?


Answer: Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377

Context: The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.

Question: Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?


Answer: HMS Lancaster

Question: Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?


Answer: 23 October 2015

Question: When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?


Answer: A minibus

Context: A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors.

Question: What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?


Answer: Jamestown

Question: Where does the minibus travel to?


Answer: weekdays

Question: On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?


Answer: Christmas Day 1967

Context: Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation).

Question: What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?


Answer: 62

Question: What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?


Answer: 1

Question: How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?


Answer: St Helena Herald

Question: What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?


Answer: 25 December 2012

Question: What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?


Answer: January 2005

Context: Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Independent (which continues).

Question: What date was Saint FM radio launched?


Answer: 21 December 2012

Question: What date was Saint FM radio closed?


Answer: St Helena Independent

Question: Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?


Answer: Saint FM Community Radio

Context: Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream.

Question: Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?


Answer: 10 March 2013

Question: What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?


Answer: everyone

Question: What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?


Answer: a former print and BBC journalist

Context: St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist, working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent.

Question: Who runs Saint Helena online?


Answer: Saint FM and the St Helena Independent

Question: Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?


Answer: television

Context: Sure South Atlantic Ltd ("Sure") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.

Question: What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?


Answer: 17

Question: How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?


Answer: a satellite dish

Question: What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?


Answer: telecommunications

Context: SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars.

Question: SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?


Answer: digital copper-based telephone network

Question: What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?


Answer: August 2011

Question: When was the first fibre-optic network installed?


Answer: 25

Context: A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.

Question: How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?


Answer: 1989

Question: When was the satellite dish installed?


Answer: The Briars

Question: Where was the satellite dish installed?


Answer: sun outages

Question: Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?


Answer: +290

Context: Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit "2", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these still shown as 4 digits).

Question: What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?


Answer: Tristan da Cunha

Question: Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?


Answer: 5

Question: How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?


Answer: 1 October 2013

Question: When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?


Answer: 2

Question: What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?


Answer: 10/3.6 Mbit/s

Context: Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.

Question: What speed is Saint Helena internet access?


Answer: Intelsat 707

Question: What is the internet service provided through?


Answer: SURE

Question: Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?


Answer: more than 4,000

Question: What kind of population does SURE service?


Answer: 1

Question: How many satellites provide the link to the internet?


Answer: ADSL

Context: ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite £16 per month to gold+ at £190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless).

Question: What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?


Answer: 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream

Question: What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?


Answer: £16 per month

Question: What is the lite price of the broadband service?


Answer: £190 per month

Question: What is the gold price of the broadband service?


Answer: Jamestown

Question: What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?


Answer: 6,214

Context: The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the £10m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.

Question: How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?


Answer: eFive

Question: Who runs the South Atlantic Express?


Answer: 6 October 2012

Question: On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?


Answer: A Human Right

Question: Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?


Answer: two

Context: The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.

Question: How many local newspapers does the island have?


Answer: the Internet

Question: Where are both newspapers available?


Answer: November 2005

Question: Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?


Answer: 2012

Question: When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?


Answer: 3

Context: Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.

Question: How many primary schools does the island have?


Answer: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s

Question: What are the 3 primary schools called?


Answer: Prince Andrew School

Question: What is the name of the secondary school for the island?


Answer: 230

Question: How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?


Answer: weekly

Context: The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.

Question: When does the mobile library service operate?


Answer: The Education and Employment Directorate

Question: Who provides programs to students with special needs?


Answer: The UK national curriculum

Context: The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:

Question: What curriculum does the island adapt?


Answer: GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications

Question: What are the qualifications offered?


Answer: International Island Games Association

Context: Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Question: Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?


Answer: Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League

Question: Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?


Answer: 2011

Question: When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?


Answer: between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,

Context: The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

Question: Where does the Governor's cup take place?


Answer: December/January

Question: What months does the Governor's cup take place?


Answer: December 2010

Question: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?


Answer: scouting and guiding

Context: There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

Question: What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?


Answer: 1912

Question: When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?


Answer: Lord and Lady Baden-Powell

Question: Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?


Answer: African Adventures

Question: What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?


Answer: phonetics

Context: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?


Answer: allophones

Question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?


Answer: Indian and East Asian

Question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?


Answer: pin

Context: To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?


Answer: aspirated

Question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?


Answer: International Phonetic Alphabet

Context: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Question: What does IPA stand for?


Answer: voiceless consonants

Question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?


Answer: p

Question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?


Answer: aspirated bilabial stop

Question: pʰ represents what?


Answer: Voiced consonants

Context: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Question: What is not often aspirated?


Answer: breathy

Question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?


Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?


Answer: degrees of aspiration

Context: There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

Question: There are no IPA symbols for what?


Answer: aspiration modifier

Question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?


Answer: Korean

Question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?


Answer: numerically

Question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?


Answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

Context: Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?


Answer: ⟨ʰp⟩

Question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?


Answer: with the modifier letter

Context: Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?


Answer: ⟨t˭⟩

Question: What is the superscript equal sign?


Answer: left unmarked

Question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?


Answer: ⟨t⟩

Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?


Answer: Voiceless consonants

Context: Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?


Answer: voiced consonants

Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?


Answer: Voiceless aspiration

Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?


Answer: Navajo

Context: Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?


Answer: an extended length of the frication

Question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?


Answer: consonant clusters

Context: Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?


Answer: Wahgi

Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?


Answer: unaspirated stops

Context: Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?


Answer: place of articulation

Context: Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Question: Aspiration alters with what?


Answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

Context: When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?


Answer: An aspirated affricate

Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?


Answer: Icelandic and Faroese

Context: Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?


Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?


Answer: double stops and single stops

Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?


Answer: Preaspirated stops

Context: Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Question: The Sami tongue also has what?


Answer: North Sami

Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?


Answer: up to four

Context: Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

Question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?


Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

Context: True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?


Answer: rare

Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?


Answer: Kx'a languages

Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?


Answer: Aspiration

Context: Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Question: What has a different significance in various languages?


Answer: allophonic or phonemic

Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?


Answer: allophonic

Context: In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?


Answer: voicing

Question: How are stops distinguished?


Answer: aspirated

Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?


Answer: unaspirated

Question: Voiced stops are most often what?


Answer: unaspirated

Context: They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?


Answer: compound words

Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?


Answer: aspirated

Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?


Answer: unaspirated

Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?


Answer: phonemic

Context: In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?


Answer: phonemes

Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?


Answer: their lack of aspiration

Context: In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?


Answer: ⟨p t k⟩

Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?


Answer: aspiration

Context: Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?


Answer: pinyin

Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?


Answer: aspirated stops

Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?


Answer: Wu Chinese

Context: Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?


Answer: /p pʰ b/

Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?


Answer: Muddy consonants

Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?


Answer: slack or breathy

Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?


Answer: four

Context: Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?


Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?


Answer: breathy-voiced consonants

Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?


Answer: Dravidian

Context: Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

Question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?


Answer: native Dravidian words

Question: What has no distinction between the categories of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?


Answer: Western Armenian

Context: Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?


Answer: /d/

Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?


Answer: /t/

Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?


Answer: aspirated stops.

Context: Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.

Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?


Answer: Classical Attic

Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?


Answer: Greek grammarians

Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?


Answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

Context: There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?


Answer: Mycenaean Greek

Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?


Answer: dialect and phonetic environment

Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?


Answer: three

Context: The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?


Answer: Ionic and Aeolic

Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?


Answer: fricative

Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?


Answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives

Context: Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?


Answer: Medieval and Modern Greek

Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?


Answer: debuccalization

Context: The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?


Answer: glottal stop or fricative

Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?


Answer: lenited

Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?


Answer: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Context: So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Question: What is breathy voice?


Answer: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic

Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?


Answer: murmured sonorants

Context: Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?


Answer: vowels and nasals

Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?


Answer: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?


Answer: H

Context: Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.

Question: What is hydrogens chemical symbol?


Answer: 1

Question: What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?


Answer: 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u

Question: What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?


Answer: Hydrogen

Question: What element is considered the lightest?


Answer: molecular

Context: The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

Question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?


Answer: H2

Question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?


Answer: colorless, odorless, tasteless

Question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?


Answer: negative

Question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?


Answer: quantum mechanics

Question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?


Answer: early 16th century

Context: Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water-former".

Question: When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?


Answer: Henry Cavendish

Question: Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?


Answer: water

Question: When it is burned what does hydrogen make?


Answer: water-former

Question: What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?


Answer: the fertilizer market

Context: Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

Question: What market primarily uses ammonia production?


Answer: hydrocracking

Question: Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.


Answer: 286 kJ/mol

Context: Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is −286 kJ/mol:

Question: For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?


Answer: dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen

Question: What are two forms of hydrogen gas?


Answer: Hydrogen

Question: Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/mol?


Answer: ultraviolet light

Context: Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4–74% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5–95% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.

Question: What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?


Answer: hydrogen combustion

Question: What caused the Hindenburg to explode?


Answer: hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride

Context: H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids.

Question: What are two other dangerous acids?


Answer: room temperature

Question: What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?


Answer: Bohr model

Context: The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as "orbiting" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.

Question: What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?


Answer: gravity

Question: What attracts planets and celestial items?


Answer: electrons and protons

Question: What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?


Answer: angular

Context: A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schrödinger equation, Dirac equation or even the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all—an illustration of how the "planetary orbit" conception of electron motion differs from reality.

Question: What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?


Answer: 2

Context: There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1⁄2+1⁄2); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1⁄2–1⁄2). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the "normal form". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.

Question: How many different spin isomers exist?


Answer: triplet state

Question: What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?


Answer: normal

Question: When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>


Answer: 25%

Question: What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?


Answer: 75%

Question: What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?


Answer: ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds

Context: The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.

Question: What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling


Answer: positive charge

Context: While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with other similar molecules between their hydrogens called hydrogen bonding, which is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as the metals and metalloids, in which it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as hydrides.

Question: What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?


Answer: negative

Question: What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?


Answer: hydrides

Question: When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?


Answer: not

Question: Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?


Answer: hydrocarbons

Context: Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry. By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry. Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways, which seldom involve elementary hydrogen.

Question: What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?


Answer: organic compounds

Question: What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?


Answer: organic chemistry

Question: What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?


Answer: biochemistry

Question: What is the study of living organisms known as?


Answer: carbon

Question: Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?


Answer: Gilbert N. Lewis

Context: Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H−, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH 2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH− 4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).

Question: Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?


Answer: group II

Question: What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?


Answer: over 100

Context: Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.

Question: How many binary borane hydrides are known?


Answer: 1

Question: How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?


Answer: inorganic chemistry

Context: In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.

Question: What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?


Answer: link two metal centers

Question: What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?


Answer: group 13

Question: What group is briging ligands most common in?


Answer: electrons

Context: Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.

Question: When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?


Answer: H+

Question: When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?


Answer: Bronsted-Lowry

Question: What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?


Answer: H+

Context: A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted "H+" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species.

Question: What is another term for a bare proton?


Answer: in acidic solution with other solvents

Context: To avoid the implication of the naked "solvated proton" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the "hydronium ion" (H 3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H 9O+ 4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.

Question: Where can oxonium ions be found?


Answer: hydronium ion

Question: What other term is a solvated protons referred as?


Answer: protonated

Context: Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+ 3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.

Question: What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?


Answer: trihydrogen cation

Question: What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?


Answer: 3H

Context: Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.

Question: How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>


Answer: denoted 1H, 2H and 3H

Question: What are the names of these isotopes?


Answer: 4H to 7H

Question: Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?


Answer: Hydrogen

Context: Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol for protium, P, is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, 2H, and 3H to be used, although 2H and 3H are preferred.

Question: Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?


Answer: deuterium and tritium

Question: What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?


Answer: D and T

Question: What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?


Answer: phosphorus

Question: What does the symbol P represent?


Answer: 2H and 3H

Question: What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?


Answer: 1671

Context: In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction "flammable air". He speculated that "flammable air" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called "phlogiston" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek ὑδρο- hydro meaning "water" and -γενής genes meaning "creator") when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.

Question: What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?


Answer: Robert Boyle

Question: Who discovered Hydrogen gas?


Answer: Henry Cavendish

Question: Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?


Answer: 1766

Question: In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?


Answer: water

Question: What does gas produce when burned?


Answer: reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire

Context: Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

Question: How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?


Answer: James Dewar

Context: Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. François Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The Döbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.

Question: Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?


Answer: 1898

Question: In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?


Answer: 1931

Question: What year was Deuterium discovered?


Answer: Harold Urey

Question: Who was the first to discover deuterium?


Answer: 1934

Question: What year was tritium discovered?


Answer: Jacques Charles

Context: The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.

Question: Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?


Answer: 1783

Question: What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?


Answer: Zeppelins

Question: what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?


Answer: 1900

Question: In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?


Answer: the British

Context: The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.

Question: Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?


Answer: 1919

Question: What year was this done?


Answer: 1937

Question: What year did the airship get destroyed?


Answer: New Jersey

Question: What city was the ship over when it caught fire?


Answer: 1937

Context: In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today.

Question: In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?


Answer: Ohio

Question: What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?


Answer: 1977

Context: The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life.

Question: What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?


Answer: a proton and an electron

Context: Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation H+ 2 allowed fuller understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s.

Question: What is the hydrogen atom made up of?


Answer: atomic structure

Question: What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?


Answer: 1920s

Question: When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?


Answer: Maxwell

Context: One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.

Question: Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?


Answer: spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels

Question: What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?


Answer: quantum theory

Question: What theory supports this?


Answer: 75%

Context: Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion.

Question: What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?


Answer: 90%

Question: What percent of atoms is hydrogen?


Answer: dark matter and dark energy

Question: What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?


Answer: stars

Question: Clouds of H2 form what?


Answer: atomic and plasma

Context: Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z=4.

Question: In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?


Answer: plasma

Question: Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?


Answer: neutral atomic state

Question: in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?