Answer: modernist

Context: The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.

Question: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?


Answer: transmitting classical music

Question: Musical notation is effective for what?


Answer: contains the technical instructions for performing the work

Question: Why is written musical notation effective?


Answer: higher

Context: In 1996–1997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores. Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha; Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. O'Connell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; etc.) and others who had significant results through the discourse of their work.

Question: Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?


Answer: moderately lower

Question: What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?


Answer: students who used classical during the course of study

Question: Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?


Answer: University of Colorado

Question: Who conducted the research study?


Answer: 1996–1997

Question: What years was the study conducted in?


Answer: Mozart

Context: During the 1990s, several research papers and popular books wrote on what came to be called the "Mozart effect": an observed temporary, small elevation of scores on certain tests as a result of listening to Mozart's works. The approach has been popularized in a book by Don Campbell, and is based on an experiment published in Nature suggesting that listening to Mozart temporarily boosted students' IQ by 8 to 9 points. This popularized version of the theory was expressed succinctly by the New York Times music columnist Alex Ross: "researchers... have determined that listening to Mozart actually makes you smarter." Promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce the effect. Florida passed a law requiring toddlers in state-run schools to listen to classical music every day, and in 1998 the governor of Georgia budgeted $105,000 per year to provide every child born in Georgia with a tape or CD of classical music. One of the co-authors of the original studies of the Mozart effect commented "I don't think it can hurt. I'm all for exposing children to wonderful cultural experiences. But I do think the money could be better spent on music education programs."

Question: Which composer had an effect named after him?


Answer: Don Campbell

Question: Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?


Answer: Nature

Question: Where was the experiment originally published?


Answer: 8 to 9 points

Question: How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?


Answer: $105,000

Question: How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?


Answer: the commercialization of classical music

Context: Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation.

Question: What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?


Answer: Shawn Vancour

Question: Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?


Answer: inadequate representation.

Question: Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour?


Answer: classical music

Context: Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.

Question: Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?


Answer: Walt Disney

Question: Who produced Fantasia?


Answer: Tom and Jerry

Question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?


Answer: Warner Bros

Question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?


Answer: Warner Bros

Question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?


Answer: refinement or opulence

Context: Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.

Question: What does classical music convey in movies and television?


Answer: Four Seasons

Question: What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?


Answer: Eine kleine Nachtmusik

Question: What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?


Answer: Rossini

Question: Who wrote William Tell Overture?


Answer: Mussorgsky

Question: Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?


Answer: instructions

Context: The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

Question: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly?


Answer: performers

Question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?


Answer: the work's idiom

Question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?


Answer: the score

Context: Some critics express the opinion that it is only from the mid-19th century, and especially in the 20th century, that the score began to hold such a high significance. Previously, improvisation (in preludes, cadenzas and ornaments), rhythmic flexibility (e.g., tempo rubato), improvisatory deviation from the score and oral tradition of playing was integral to the style. Yet in the 20th century, this oral tradition and passing on of stylistic features within classical music disappeared. Instead, musicians tend to use just the score to play music. Yet, even with the score providing the key elements of the music, there is considerable controversy about how to perform the works. Some of this controversy relates to the fact that this score-centric approach has led to performances that emphasize metrically strict block-rhythms (just as the music is notated in the score).

Question: Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?


Answer: the 20th century

Question: When did oral tradition disappear?


Answer: key elements of the music

Question: There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?


Answer: block-rhythms

Question: A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?


Answer: Improvisation

Context: Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.

Question: What once played an important role in classical music?


Answer: cadenza

Question: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?


Answer: their virtuoso skills on the instrument

Question: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?


Answer: authentic performances

Question: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?


Answer: Da tempeste il legno infranto

Question: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?


Answer: commercially

Context: Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

Question: How are staples of classical music often used?


Answer: clichéd

Question: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?


Answer: "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana

Question: What piece is often used in the horror genre?


Answer: Wagner

Question: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?


Answer: Edvard Grieg

Question: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?


Answer: classically trained

Context: Composers of classical music have often made use of folk music (music created by musicians who are commonly not classically trained, often from a purely oral tradition). Some composers, like Dvořák and Smetana, have used folk themes to impart a nationalist flavor to their work, while others like Bartók have used specific themes lifted whole from their folk-music origins.

Question: Folk musicians are not commonly what?


Answer: folk music

Question: What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?


Answer: folk

Question: Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?


Answer: Bartók

Question: Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?


Answer: in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer

Context: Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.

Question: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?


Answer: the 19th century

Question: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?


Answer: a better realization of the original intent than the composer

Question: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?


Answer: high reputations for their musicianship

Question: What do classical performers often achieve?


Answer: the Baroque and early romantic eras

Context: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

Question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?


Answer: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

Question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?


Answer: the cadenzas to their piano concertos

Question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?


Answer: come scritto

Question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?


Answer: soprano Maria Callas

Question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?


Answer: Classical music

Context: Classical music has often incorporated elements or material from popular music of the composer's time. Examples include occasional music such as Brahms' use of student drinking songs in his Academic Festival Overture, genres exemplified by Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera, and the influence of jazz on early- and mid-20th-century composers including Maurice Ravel, exemplified by the movement entitled "Blues" in his sonata for violin and piano. Certain postmodern, minimalist and postminimalist classical composers acknowledge a debt to popular music.

Question: Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?


Answer: student drinking songs

Question: What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?


Answer: jazz

Question: What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?


Answer: Kurt Weill

Question: Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?


Answer: popular

Question: What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?


Answer: the 1970s

Context: Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.

Question: Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?


Answer: the musical crossover phenomenon

Question: What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?


Answer: heavy metal

Question: Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?


Answer: electric guitar

Question: Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?


Answer: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.

Context: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

Question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?


Answer: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

Question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?


Answer: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.

Question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?


Answer: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities

Question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?


Answer: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.

Question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?


Answer: Poles, Czechs and Slovaks

Context: Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.

Question: West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?


Answer: Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

Question: East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?


Answer: Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins

Question: South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?


Answer: North Slavs

Question: West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?


Answer: Proto-Slavic

Context: The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.

Question: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?


Answer: Old Church Slavonic

Question: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?


Answer: Procopius

Question: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?


Answer: Latin

Question: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?


Answer: slovo

Context: The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").

Question: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"


Answer: němci

Question: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"


Answer: Roman Jakobson

Question: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?


Answer: *ḱlew

Context: The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?


Answer: Pericles

Question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?


Answer: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")

Question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?


Answer: sclave

Context: The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

Question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?


Answer: Sklavinoi

Question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?


Answer: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym

Question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?


Answer: medieval Arab historiographers

Question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?


Answer: Lozinski

Context: Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.

Question: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?


Answer: S.B. Bernstein

Question: Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?


Answer: a man from a certain place

Question: The suffix -enin indicates what?


Answer: Henrich Bartek

Question: Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?


Answer: River Danube

Context: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?


Answer: Slavic raids

Question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?


Answer: c. 600 AD

Question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?


Answer: the Balkans

Question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?


Answer: in the early 6th century

Context: The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Question: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?


Answer: the Antes and the Sclaveni

Question: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?


Answer: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea

Question: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?


Answer: the Danubian provinces

Question: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?


Answer: under Justinian I

Question: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?


Answer: Procopius

Context: Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?


Answer: 545

Question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?


Answer: Spori

Question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?


Answer: their social structure and beliefs

Question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?


Answer: the Sclaveni and the Antae

Question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?


Answer: Jordanes

Context: Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?


Answer: the Sclaveni

Question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?


Answer: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes

Question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?


Answer: Menander Protector

Context: Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?


Answer: Daurentius

Question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?


Answer: the Avars

Question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?


Answer: Daurentius

Question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?


Answer: Khagan Bayan I

Question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?


Answer: the Veneti

Context: The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

Question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?


Answer: east of the River Vistula

Question: The Veneti tribe was located where?


Answer: Veneti

Question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?


Answer: in the Roman period

Question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?


Answer: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia

Context: According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?


Answer: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires

Question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?


Answer: Germans

Question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?


Answer: Iberia and north Africa

Question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?


Answer: the Huns and their allies

Question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?


Answer: Around the 6th century

Context: Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Question: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?


Answer: Byzantine borders

Question: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?


Answer: Peloponnese and Asia Minor

Question: Where else reported Slavic settlements?


Answer: the Eastern Alps

Question: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?


Answer: By the end of the 6th century

Question: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?


Answer: the first rudiments of state organizations

Context: When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

Question: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?


Answer: When their migratory movements ended

Question: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?


Answer: a prince with a treasury and a defense force

Question: Early state organizations where headed by what?


Answer: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors

Question: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?


Answer: the 7th century

Context: In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Question: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?


Answer: Samo

Question: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?


Answer: Carantania

Question: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?


Answer: 681

Question: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?


Answer: Slavic literacy and Christianity

Question: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?


Answer: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro

Context: As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

Question: What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?


Answer: 1878

Question: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?


Answer: Bulgaria

Question: Whose official independence was declared in 1908?


Answer: In 1918

Question: When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?


Answer: Hitler's

Context: During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.

Question: Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?


Answer: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost

Question: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?


Answer: 19.3 million civilians

Question: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?


Answer: Lebensraum

Question: What is the German word for living space?


Answer: succession of wars, famines and other disasters

Context: The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Question: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?


Answer: Stephen J. Lee

Question: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?


Answer: 1945

Question: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?


Answer: Russia and the Soviet Union

Question: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?


Answer: In the 19th century

Context: Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

Question: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?


Answer: Russian Empire

Question: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?


Answer: Pan-Slavism

Question: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?


Answer: Yugoslavia

Question: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?


Answer: 1990s

Question: When did Yugoslavia break apart?


Answer: 1939–1945

Context: The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?


Answer: 1943–1992

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?


Answer: 1992–2003

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?


Answer: 2003–2006

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?


Answer: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR

Context: Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

Question: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?


Answer: Russians

Question: What is the largest Slavic minority?


Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?


Answer: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles

Question: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?


Answer: Pan-Slavism

Context: Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?


Answer: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

Question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?


Answer: The Russian Empire

Question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?


Answer: between 1945 and 1948

Question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?


Answer: until the period 1989–1991

Question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?


Answer: Slavic studies

Context: Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Question: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?


Answer: As early as 1833

Question: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?


Answer: Slavic languages

Question: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?


Answer: Indo-European

Question: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?


Answer: The alphabet

Context: Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Question: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?


Answer: The Orthodox

Question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?


Answer: the Roman Catholics

Question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?


Answer: the Bosniaks

Question: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?


Answer: the Lacinka alphabet

Question: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?


Answer: Proto-Slavic

Context: Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Question: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?


Answer: Baltic languages

Question: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?


Answer: Balto-Slavic

Question: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?


Answer: Indo-Europeans

Question: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?


Answer: Proto-Indo-European

Question: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?


Answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

Context: Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?


Answer: Proto-Slavic

Question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?


Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?


Answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts

Question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?


Answer: between the 6th and 10th centuries

Context: The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

Question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?


Answer: Orthodox Christianity

Question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?


Answer: Roman Catholicism

Question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?


Answer: 11th century

Question: When did the East-West Schism begin?


Answer: Orthodox

Question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?


Answer: Slavs

Context: Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Question: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?


Answer: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs

Question: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?


Answer: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age

Question: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?


Answer: the Lemkos

Context: ^1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language). ^5 Also considered Poles. ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?


Answer: Transcarpathia and abroad

Question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?


Answer: Czechs

Question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?


Answer: Silesians

Question: What group is considered part of the Poles?


Answer: Bosniak

Context: ^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.

Question: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?


Answer: Bosniak and Muslim

Question: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?


Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Question: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?


Answer: Yugoslav republics

Context: ^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.

Question: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?


Answer: USA and Canada

Question: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?


Answer: Bačka

Context: ^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)

Question: Where are Bunjevci located?


Answer: Slavonia and Vojvodina

Question: Where are Šokci located?


Answer: Kosovo

Question: Where are Janjevci located?


Answer: Austria

Question: Where are Burgenland Croats located?


Answer: Romania

Question: Where are Krashovans located?


Answer: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes

Context: ^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.

Question: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?


Answer: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians

Question: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?


Answer: the Grenzers

Context: Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.

Question: Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?


Answer: northern Croatia

Question: Where are Zagorci located?


Answer: westernmost Croatia

Question: Where are Istrijani located?


Answer: Adriatic islands

Question: Where are Boduli located?


Answer: hinterland of Dalmatia

Question: Where are Vlaji located?


Answer: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a

Context: The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Question: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?


Answer: 63.39%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?


Answer: 56.4%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?


Answer: 54%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?


Answer: 52%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?


Answer: 2007

Context: Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:

Question: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?


Answer: Rębała

Question: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?


Answer: the Proto-Slavic homeland

Question: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?


Answer: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues

Context: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

Question: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?


Answer: 2010

Question: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?


Answer: Peter Underhill

Question: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?


Answer: Pomors

Context: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Question: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?


Answer: Y Haplogroup N

Question: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?


Answer: Uralic peoples

Question: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?


Answer: central-eastern Europe

Question: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?


Answer: Northern Russians

Question: Pomors are also known as what?


Answer: South Slavic populations

Context: On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

Question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?


Answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

Question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?


Answer: north-eastern Italians

Question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?


Answer: west Balkans

Question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?


Answer: Ken Nordtvedt

Question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?


Answer: 2008

Context: In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".

Question: When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?


Answer: Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk

Question: Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?


Answer: Slavic populations

Question: Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?


Answer: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations

Question: Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?


Answer: steppe populations

Question: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?


Answer: 1228

Context: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Question: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?


Answer: West Eurasian

Question: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?


Answer: 95%

Question: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?


Answer: 0.7%

Question: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?


Answer: European

Question: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?


Answer: Ukraine

Context: Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?


Answer: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths

Question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?


Answer: non-Slavic peoples

Question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?