Answer: Epworth University

Context: The city is home to several colleges and universities. Oklahoma City University, formerly known as Epworth University, was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1, 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts, science, mass communications, business, law, and athletic programs. OCU has its main campus in the north-central section of the city, near the city's chinatown area. OCU Law is located in the Midtown district near downtown, in the old Central High School building.

Question: What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?


Answer: September 1, 1904

Question: When was the university founded?


Answer: Oklahoma Health Center district

Context: The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]

Question: Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?


Answer: OU Medicine

Question: Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?


Answer: 12,000

Question: Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?


Answer: University of Central Oklahoma

Context: The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits.

Question: Which university is the third-largest in the state?


Answer: Oklahoma Christian University

Question: Which private university is located near the Edmond border?


Answer: Oklahoma City Community College

Context: Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City is located in the "Furniture District" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits.

Question: Which community college is the second largest in the state?


Answer: Oklahoma State University

Question: Which university is located in the Furniture district?


Answer: Bethany

Question: Where is Southern Nazarene University located?


Answer: Church of the Nazarene

Question: Who founded the Southern Nazarene University


Answer: Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center

Context: Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research.

Question: What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?


Answer: Oklahoma City Public Schools

Context: Oklahoma City is home to the state's largest school district, Oklahoma City Public Schools. The district's Classen School of Advanced Studies and Harding Charter Preparatory High School rank high among public schools nationally according to a formula that looks at the number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and/or Cambridge tests taken by the school's students divided by the number of graduating seniors. In addition, OKCPS's Belle Isle Enterprise Middle School was named the top middle school in the state according to the Academic Performance Index, and recently received the Blue Ribbon School Award, in 2004 and again in 2011. KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader, Tracy McDaniel Sr., being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership.

Question: What is Oklahoma's largest school district?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?


Answer: Oklahoma City

Context: The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also located in Oklahoma City.

Question: Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?


Answer: Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center

Context: Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center.

Question: What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?


Answer: The Dale Rogers Training Center

Context: Private career and technology education schools in Oklahoma City include Oklahoma Technology Institute, Platt College, Vatterott College, and Heritage College. The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities.

Question: What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?


Answer: The Oklahoman

Context: The Oklahoman is Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state. NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman's online presence. Oklahoma Gazette is Oklahoma City's independent newsweekly, featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, restaurant reviews and movie listings and music and entertainment. The Journal Record is the city's daily business newspaper and okcBIZ is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma.

Question: Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?


Answer: NewsOK.com

Question: What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?


Answer: Oklahoma Gazette

Question: What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?


Answer: The Journal Record

Question: What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?


Answer: Eastside

Context: There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include The Gayly Oklahoman.

Question: Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?


Answer: OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times

Question: What international newspapers is in the Asia District?


Answer: The Campus

Question: What is the name of the student newspaper?


Answer: Slice Magazine

Context: An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents.

Question: What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?


Answer: Back40

Question: What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?


Answer: WKY Radio

Context: Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).

Question: What was the third Radio Station in the US?


Answer: 1921

Question: When was WKY granted a federal license?


Answer: 1928

Question: When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?


Answer: KFOR-TV

Question: What is the current station called?


Answer: 41st

Context: The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market (ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron, covering a 34-county area serving the central, northern-central and west-central sections Oklahoma); including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5), CBS affiliate KWTV-DT (channel 9, the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications), PBS station KETA-TV (channel 13, the flagship of the state-run OETA member network), Fox affiliate KOKH-TV (channel 25), CW affiliate KOCB (channel 34), independent station KAUT-TV (channel 43), MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV (channel 52), and Ion Television owned-and-operated station KOPX-TV (channel 62). The market is also home to several religious stations including TBN owned-and-operated station KTBO-TV (channel 14) and Norman-based Daystar owned-and-operated station KOCM (channel 46).

Question: What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?


Answer: 34

Question: How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?


Answer: 1015

Context: Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who – along with the department chief – oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.

Question: How many people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?


Answer: G. Keith Bryant

Question: Who is currently the Chief of the department?


Answer: 37

Question: How many firestations are there?


Answer: 70,000

Question: How many emergency calls are made yearly?


Answer: 3

Context: Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways – Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 – bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown.

Question: How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?


Answer: Lake Hefner Parkway

Context: Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Airport Road (SH-152), and Broadway Extension (US-77) which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond. Lake Hefner Parkway runs through northwest Oklahoma City, while Airport Road runs through southwest Oklahoma City and leads to Will Rogers World Airport. The Kilpatrick Turnpike loops around north and west Oklahoma City.

Question: What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?


Answer: Shields Boulevard

Context: Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs.

Question: What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?


Answer: Will Rogers World Airport

Context: Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with over 3.6 million passengers annually. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton).

Question: Which airport is the busiest?


Answer: 3.6 million

Question: How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?


Answer: Tinker Air Force Base

Question: What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?


Answer: METRO Transit

Context: METRO Transit is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is located downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. METRO Transit maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city.

Question: What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?


Answer: Fixed Guideway Study

Question: What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?


Answer: December 2009

Context: On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017.

Question: When was MAPS 3 passed?


Answer: $777 million

Question: How much will MAPS 3 cost?


Answer: 2017

Question: What year should the streetcar become operable?


Answer: St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center

Context: Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center.

Question: What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?


Answer: Oklahoma Health Center district

Context: OU Medicine, an academic medical institution located on the campus of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, is home to OU Medical Center. OU Medicine operates Oklahoma's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state's only level-one trauma center for children at Children's Hospital at OU Medicine, both of which are located in the Oklahoma Health Center district. Other medical facilities operated by OU Medicine include OU Physicians and OU Children's Physicians, the OU College of Medicine, the Oklahoma Cancer Center and OU Medical Center Edmond, the latter being located in the northern suburb of Edmond.

Question: Where is the Children's hospital located?


Answer: INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center

Context: INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals, including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma, and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. INTEGRIS Health operates hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, independent living centers and home health agencies located throughout much of Oklahoma. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center was named in U.S. News & World Report's 2012 list of Best Hospitals. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ranks high-performing in the following categories: Cardiology and Heart Surgery; Diabetes and Endocrinology; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Nephrology; Orthopedics; Pulmonology and Urology.

Question: Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?


Answer: 2012

Question: When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?


Answer: Midwest City

Context: The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city.

Question: Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?


Answer: 347

Question: How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?


Answer: last place

Context: In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.

Question: What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?


Answer: hunter-gatherer

Context: A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

Question: What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?


Answer: agricultural

Question: What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?


Answer: domesticated species

Question: What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?


Answer: Hunting and gathering

Context: Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

Question: What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?


Answer: Hunting and gathering

Question: What was the first way humans used to find food?


Answer: invention of agriculture

Question: What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?


Answer: farming or pastoralist groups

Question: What are the basic types of agricultural groups?


Answer: Only a few

Context: Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.

Question: How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?


Answer: horticulture and/or keeping animals

Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?


Answer: hunter-gatherers

Question: Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?


Answer: keeping animals

Question: Besides agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?


Answer: horticulture

Question: In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?


Answer: scavenging

Context: In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.

Question: How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?


Answer: natural causes

Question: In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?


Answer: sparsely wooded areas

Question: Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?


Answer: dense forest

Question: What type of area did early humans avoid?


Answer: persistence hunting

Context: According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use – sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.

Question: What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?


Answer: endurance running hypothesis

Question: What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?


Answer: some hunter-gatherer groups

Question: Who still practices persistence hunting?


Answer: scavenging hypothesis

Question: Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?


Answer: both subsistence strategies

Question: What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?


Answer: 1.8 million years ago

Context: Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution.

Question: When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?


Answer: Homo erectus

Question: What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?


Answer: 0.2 million years ago

Question: When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?


Answer: 10,000 years ago

Question: When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?


Answer: Neolithic Revolution

Question: What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?


Answer: Middle to Upper Paleolithic

Context: Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.

Question: During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?


Answer: 80,000 to 70,000 years ago

Question: How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?


Answer: a smaller selection

Question: What was the change in gathering?


Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?


Answer: jungle-clad river banks

Context: Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.

Question: In what kind of area did forest gardening start?


Answer: foothills of monsoon regions

Question: In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?


Answer: tree and vine species

Question: What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?


Answer: identified, protected and improved

Question: What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?


Answer: eliminated

Question: What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?


Answer: in the developing world

Context: Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene—according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]

Question: Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?


Answer: arid regions or tropical forests

Question: In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?


Answer: settlements of agriculturalists

Question: What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?


Answer: availability of wild foods

Question: What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?


Answer: large mammal species

Question: What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?


Answer: agricultural societies

Context: As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.

Question: Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?


Answer: first forms of government

Question: What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?


Answer: agricultural centers

Question: What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?


Answer: agriculture-driven

Question: What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?


Answer: agricultural societies increased

Question: Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?


Answer: unsuitable for agricultural use

Context: As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

Question: What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?


Answer: few

Question: How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?


Answer: agriculture

Question: What do people basically rely on now?


Answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?


Answer: reliance upon agriculture

Question: What kind of food production is worldwide now?


Answer: nomadic or semi-nomadic

Context: Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

Question: What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?


Answer: temporary

Question: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?


Answer: impermanent

Question: What kind of building materials do they use?


Answer: rock shelters

Question: What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?


Answer: Mobile communities

Question: What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?


Answer: rich environments

Context: Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.

Question: What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?


Answer: hunter-gatherer

Question: What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?


Answer: sedentary or semi-sedentary

Question: What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?


Answer: rich environments

Question: What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?


Answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?


Answer: egalitarian

Context: Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.

Question: What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?


Answer: Northwest Coast of North America

Question: Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?


Answer: African

Question: what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?


Answer: in an evolutionary context

Context: The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.

Question: How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?


Answer: anything but egalitarian

Question: What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?


Answer: into hierarchies

Question: How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?


Answer: alpha male

Question: What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?


Answer: permanent leaders

Context: Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.

Question: What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?


Answer: task being performed

Question: Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?


Answer: matrilocal

Question: What group arrangement is usual in family authority?


Answer: matrilineal

Question: What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?


Answer: Western values

Context: It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

Question: What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?


Answer: women

Question: Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?


Answer: men

Question: What group members are the big game hunters?


Answer: arrangement oppresses women

Question: What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?


Answer: childcare is collective

Question: How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?


Answer: sexual division

Context: To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, "About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta." Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.

Question: How is labor often divided in these groups?


Answer: 85%

Question: What percentage of Aeta women hunt?


Answer: 31%

Question: What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?


Answer: 17%

Question: What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?


Answer: Man the Hunter

Context: At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.

Question: At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?


Answer: 1966

Question: When was the Man the Hunter conference?


Answer: mobility

Question: Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?


Answer: egalitarianism

Question: What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?


Answer: territorial boundaries

Question: What other characteristic is variable for these groups?


Answer: Marshall Sahlins

Context: At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, "Notes on the Original Affluent Society", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short," as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.5 hours a day, where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day.

Question: Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?


Answer: 1996

Question: When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?


Answer: 8.8 hours a day

Question: How long a day do people in other societies work?


Answer: sharing

Context: Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "gift economy."

Question: What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?


Answer: gift economy

Question: What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?


Answer: temperature

Context: Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.

Question: What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?


Answer: variability

Question: What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?


Answer: significant

Question: What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?


Answer: increased variability of tools

Question: What does temperature impact on tool kits?


Answer: risk of failure

Question: What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?


Answer: egalitarian

Context: One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).

Question: What does the immediate return system mean?


Answer: nonegalitarian

Question: To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?


Answer: immediate return

Question: Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?


Answer: contact with modern civilization

Context: Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.

Question: How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?


Answer: pristine

Question: What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?


Answer: in uncontacted peoples

Question: Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?


Answer: Paleolithic societies

Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?


Answer: adaptive strategy

Context: The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Question: What is hunting and gathering argued to be?


Answer: environmental change

Question: What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?


Answer: transition

Question: What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?


Answer: cultural diffusion

Question: Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?


Answer: last 10,000 years

Question: How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?


Answer: agriculturalists

Context: In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, and/or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]

Question: If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?


Answer: pushed into marginal areas

Question: What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??


Answer: migrations

Question: What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?


Answer: violent conflict

Question: Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?


Answer: nothing meaningful

Context: Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)

Question: What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?


Answer: theorists

Question: Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?


Answer: pure hunter-gatherer

Question: What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?


Answer: Lee and Guenther

Context: Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

Question: Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?


Answer: prehistoric hunter-gatherers

Question: Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?


Answer: egalitarianism

Question: What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?


Answer: Wilmsen

Question: Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?


Answer: the landscape

Context: Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild.

Question: What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?


Answer: cutting or burning undesirable plants

Question: How do they manage the landscape?


Answer: slash-and-burn

Question: What technique do they use to make animal habitats?


Answer: agriculture

Question: What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?


Answer: domesticated food

Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?


Answer: hunt and gather

Context: Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

Question: What do some agriculturalists often do?


Answer: go hunting

Question: What do they sometimes do for entertainment?


Answer: to escape colonial control

Question: Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?


Answer: agriculture became difficult

Question: Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?


Answer: Pila Nguru

Context: There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the Spinifex people?


Answer: Western Australia

Question: Where do the Pila Nguru people live?


Answer: Sentinelese

Question: Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?


Answer: Indian Ocean

Question: Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?


Answer: ice-free corridors

Context: Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.

Question: These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?


Answer: Laurentide and Cordilleran

Question: Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?


Answer: primitive boats

Question: What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?


Answer: Great Plains

Context: Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.

Question: Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?


Answer: stone tool production

Question: What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?


Answer: common style

Question: What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?


Answer: across the Americas

Question: Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?


Answer: 25 to 50 members

Question: How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?


Answer: warmer more arid

Context: The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.

Question: What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?


Answer: megafauna

Question: What disappeared during the Archaic period?


Answer: regional adaptations

Question: What became the norm for the mobile bands?


Answer: hunting and gathering

Question: What did they rely less and less on?


Answer: increasing regional generalization

Question: What was there a pattern of in this period?


Answer: United Nations Population Fund

Context: The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled." Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.

Question: What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?


Answer: reproductive health

Question: UNFPA's work concerns what general area?


Answer: wanted

Question: One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?


Answer: safe

Question: Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?


Answer: female genital mutilation

Question: What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?


Answer: four

Context: The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.

Question: In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?


Answer: three quarters

Question: About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?


Answer: United Nations Development Group

Question: UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?


Answer: Europe

Question: UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?


Answer: 1969

Context: UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.

Question: When did UNFPA begin its work?


Answer: United Nations Fund for Population Activities

Question: What was UNFPA's original name?


Answer: 1987

Question: When did the organization change its name?


Answer: United Nations Development Fund

Question: UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?


Answer: 1971

Question: When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?


Answer: 2015

Context: In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.

Question: When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?


Answer: 193

Question: How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?


Answer: 17

Question: How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?


Answer: 15 years

Question: The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?


Answer: ambitious

Context: The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest.

Question: Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?


Answer: health

Question: The third of the goals concerns what?


Answer: education

Question: What does the fourth goal focus on improving?


Answer: gender equality

Question: What is the topic of the fifth goal?


Answer: Rafael M. Salas

Context: Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?


Answer: Nigeria

Question: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?


Answer: Thoraya Ahmed Obaid

Question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?


Answer: Dr Nafis Sadik

Question: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?


Answer: population and reproductive health programs

Context: UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:

Question: UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?


Answer: 150

Question: In how many countries does UNFPA operate?


Answer: non-governmental organizations

Question: In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?


Answer: the international community

Question: What supports UNFPA's work?


Answer: young people

Question: The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?


Answer: reproductive health

Context: According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of "reproductive health", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.

Question: UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?


Answer: the reproductive system

Question: These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?


Answer: social health

Question: What is the third element?


Answer: developing countries

Context: The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.

Question: Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?


Answer: population concerns

Question: To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?


Answer: policies and strategies

Question: What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?


Answer: Dr. Osotimehin

Question: Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?


Answer: Goodwill Ambassadors

Question: The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?


Answer: women and young people

Context: UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.

Question: UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?


Answer: governments

Question: With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?


Answer: United Nations agencies

Question: With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?


Answer: raise awareness

Question: In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?


Answer: communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector

Question: Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?


Answer: forced-abortions

Context: UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.

Question: UNFPA has been accused of supporting what type of abortion?


Answer: sterilizations

Question: UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?


Answer: anti-family planning groups

Question: What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?


Answer: three

Question: Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?


Answer: governments and the private sector

Context: Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

Question: Who contributes to UNFPA?


Answer: $1 billion

Question: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?


Answer: $529 million

Question: How much of its funding was earmarked?


Answer: $477 million

Question: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?


Answer: the mid-to-late '90s

Context: UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices.

Question: During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?


Answer: sterilizations

Question: Peru was found to have been coercing what?


Answer: reforms and protocols

Question: UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?


Answer: women seeking assistance

Question: UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?


Answer: laws and practices

Question: After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?


Answer: the Bush Administration

Context: From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA’s support for China’s population program “facilitates (its) government’s coercive abortion program”, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.

Question: Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?


Answer: From 2002 through 2008

Question: During what period did the administration deny funding?


Answer: the US Congress

Question: Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?


Answer: forced abortions and coercive sterilizations

Question: What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?


Answer: the Kemp-Kasten Amendment

Question: What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?


Answer: China

Context: UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found "no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China," as has been charged by critics.

Question: Which country was administering forced abortions?


Answer: three

Question: How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?


Answer: the State Department

Question: Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?


Answer: population control policies

Context: However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

Question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?


Answer: Secretary of State

Question: What was this official's position at the time?


Answer: Colin Powell

Question: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?


Answer: vehicles and computers

Question: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?


Answer: the Washington Post and the Washington Times

Question: What papers reported on this incident?


Answer: Christopher H. Smith

Context: Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.

Question: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?


Answer: Potemkin Villages

Question: The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?


Answer: Dr. Nafis Sadik

Question: Which former director defended UNFPA?


Answer: Amnesty International

Question: Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?


Answer: coercive techniques

Question: What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?


Answer: Amnesty International

Context: But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. "We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does," said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA’s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the “Group of 77” developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, ”UNFPA’s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

Question: What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?


Answer: Population Research Institute

Question: In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?


Answer: United Nations Members

Question: In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?


Answer: 130

Question: How many members does the “Group of 77” have?


Answer: the United Kingdom

Question: Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?


Answer: President

Context: President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.

Question: Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?


Answer: Bush

Question: What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?


Answer: $244 million

Question: How much funding was blocked?


Answer: the Executive Branch

Question: Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?


Answer: Congressionally

Question: How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?


Answer: the Netherlands

Context: In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.

Question: Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?


Answer: Luxembourg

Question: Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?


Answer: Japan

Question: Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?


Answer: 180

Question: In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?


Answer: America

Context: In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

Question: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?


Answer: nonprofit

Question: What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?


Answer: Americans for UNFPA

Question: What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?


Answer: federal funding

Question: What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace?


Answer: private donations

Question: Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?


Answer: Barack Obama

Context: In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would "look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries."

Question: Which president began funding UNFPA again?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?


Answer: January

Question: In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?


Answer: 180

Question: The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?


Answer: 154

Question: The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?


Answer: the Pacific Ocean

Context: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika listen (help·info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.

Question: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?


Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?


Answer: 91

Question: When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?


Answer: sixteen

Question: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?


Answer: forty

Question: The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?


Answer: five

Question: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?


Answer: six

Question: How many krais were present in the RSFSR?


Answer: the Bolsheviks

Context: Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".

Question: Which group originally created the Soviet state?


Answer: Vladimir Lenin

Question: Who led the group which created the Soviet state?


Answer: the Russian Provisional Government

Question: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?


Answer: five months

Question: How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?


Answer: Sovdepia

Question: What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?


Answer: Vladimir Lenin

Question: Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?


Answer: Russian Provisional Government

Question: What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?


Answer: five months

Question: For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?


Answer: Sovdepia

Question: What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?


Answer: December 30, 1922

Context: On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.

Question: When was the Soviet Union created?


Answer: six

Question: How many republics were in the USSR?


Answer: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Question: What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?


Answer: 1936

Question: When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?


Answer: the Great Northern War

Question: In which war was Russia involved in 1700?


Answer: December 30, 1922

Question: On what date was the Soviet Union created?


Answer: six

Question: How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?


Answer: 1936

Question: In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?


Answer: Soviet Constitution of 1936

Question: What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?


Answer: 1700

Question: In what year was the Great Northern War fought?


Answer: December 25, 1991

Context: On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.

Question: When did the Soviet Union break up?


Answer: the Russian Federation

Question: Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?


Answer: the Russian Federation

Question: What is the current official name of Russia?


Answer: April 21, 1992

Question: When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?


Answer: December 25, 1991

Question: When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?


Answer: the collapse of the Soviet Union

Question: What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?


Answer: April 21, 1992

Question: When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?


Answer: 1993 Constitution of Russia

Question: What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?


Answer: Poland

Context: The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.

Question: Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?


Answer: Norway and Finland

Question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?


Answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China

Question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?


Answer: Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs

Question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?


Answer: the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs

Question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?


Answer: Poland

Question: What country borders Russia on the west?


Answer: Finland

Question: Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?


Answer: Georgian

Question: In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?


Answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Question: Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?


Answer: November 7, 1917

Context: The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

Question: When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?


Answer: the Russian Provisional Government

Question: Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?


Answer: the October Revolution

Question: Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?


Answer: five months

Question: How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?


Answer: the Russian Republic

Question: What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?


Answer: November 7, 1917

Question: When did the Soviet government assume power?


Answer: the October Revolution

Question: What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?


Answer: the Russian Provisional Government

Question: What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?


Answer: five

Question: In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?


Answer: the Soviet Russian Republic

Context: On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Question: Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?


Answer: Germany

Question: To which country did Russia give land during World War I?


Answer: the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question: Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?


Answer: the Russian Civil War

Question: What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?


Answer: third

Question: What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?


Answer: the Soviet Russian Republic

Question: On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?


Answer: peace in World War I

Question: What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?


Answer: July 10, 1918

Question: On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?


Answer: the Russian Civil War

Question: During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?


Answer: Karachay Autonomous Oblast

Context: In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.

Question: Which oblast was broken up in 1943?


Answer: Central Asia

Question: Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?


Answer: the Georgian SSR

Question: Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?


Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?


Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?


Answer: 1943

Question: When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?


Answer: Central Asia

Question: To where were the Karachays exiled?


Answer: alleged collaboration with the Germans

Question: Why were the Karachays exiled?


Answer: Georgian SSR

Question: What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?


Answer: November 7, 1917

Context: The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.

Question: On what date was the RSFSR established?


Answer: October Revolution

Question: What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?


Answer: 1918

Question: In what year was the Constitution adopted?


Answer: 1922

Question: The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?


Answer: two-thirds

Context: The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.

Question: How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?


Answer: the United States and Saudi Arabia

Question: What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?


Answer: 23,941,000

Question: How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?


Answer: 475

Question: How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?


Answer: 47

Question: In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?


Answer: June 12, 1990

Context: On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR.

Question: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?


Answer: Boris Yeltsin

Question: Who became president on June 12, 1991?


Answer: December 8, 1991

Question: On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?


Answer: December 12

Question: When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?


Answer: 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR

Question: What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?


Answer: Russian Federation

Context: On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.

Question: What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?


Answer: December 26, 1991

Question: On what date was the USSR dissolved?


Answer: Soviet of Nationalities

Question: What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?


Answer: Soviet of the Union

Question: What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?


Answer: UN membership

Question: What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?


Answer: January 25, 1918

Context: On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Question: On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?


Answer: All-Russian Congress of Soviets

Question: What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?


Answer: March 3, 1918

Question: When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?


Answer: Germany

Question: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?


Answer: Russian Constitution of 1918

Question: What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?


Answer: Treaty of Tartu

Context: Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.

Question: What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?


Answer: Irish Republic

Question: Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?


Answer: Russia

Context: For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as "Russia," even though technically "Russia" was only one republic within the larger union—albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed.

Question: What was the common name of the Soviet Union?


Answer: republic

Question: Technically, what type of state was Russia?


Answer: Russia

Question: What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?


Answer: 70%

Context: Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

Question: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?


Answer: the east

Question: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?


Answer: natural gas

Question: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?


Answer: December 30, 1922

Context: On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on January 31, 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.

Question: On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?


Answer: First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR

Question: What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?


Answer: Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic

Question: Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?


Answer: January 31, 1924

Question: On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?


Answer: the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR

Question: What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?


Answer: 1932–1933

Context: Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR.

Question: During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?


Answer: the 1936 Soviet Constitution

Question: What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?


Answer: the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics

Question: What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?


Answer: the Uzbek SSR

Question: What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?


Answer: reduced

Question: What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?


Answer: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Context: The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Question: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?


Answer: the Russian Constitution of 1937

Question: What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?


Answer: the Chechen-Ingush ASSR

Context: On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.

Question: What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?


Answer: Stalin

Question: Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?


Answer: accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism

Question: Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?


Answer: Georgian SSR

Question: Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?


Answer: Tuvan Autonomous Oblast

Context: On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Question: What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?


Answer: October 11, 1944

Question: On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?


Answer: an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Question: What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?


Answer: Latvia

Context: After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945.

Question: Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?


Answer: Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts

Question: What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?


Answer: Ivangorod

Question: Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?


Answer: Kuril Islands

Context: At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan.

Question: Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?


Answer: the RSFSR

Question: What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?


Answer: the southernmost Kurils

Question: The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?


Answer: April 17, 1946

Context: On April 17, 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast — the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia—was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.

Question: On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?


Answer: East Prussia

Question: What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?


Answer: the Russian SFSR

Question: What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?


Answer: Malenkov

Context: On February 8, 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.

Question: Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?


Answer: deputy Prime Minister

Question: To what position was Malenkov demoted?


Answer: First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

Question: What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?


Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Question: Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?


Answer: January 9, 1957

Context: On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.

Question: When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?


Answer: Karachay Autonomous Oblast

Question: What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?


Answer: Khrushchev

Question: Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?


Answer: the Russian SFSR

Question: To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?


Answer: the Georgian SSR

Question: What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?


Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Context: In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn’t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.

Question: Who lost power in 1964?


Answer: Leonid Brezhnev

Question: Who assumed a position of power in 1964?


Answer: 1982

Question: When did Leonid Brezhnev die?


Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev

Question: Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?


Answer: introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society

Question: How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?


Answer: June 12, 1990

Context: On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.

Question: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?


Answer: the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic

Question: What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?


Answer: the "War of Laws"

Question: What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?


Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?


Answer: March 17, 1991

Context: On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19–21, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question: On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?


Answer: Boris Yeltsin

Question: Who was the first President of the RSFSR?


Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev

Question: Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?


Answer: June 12

Question: On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?


Answer: August 19–21, 1991

Question: During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?


Answer: August 23

Context: On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR.

Question: On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?


Answer: Yeltsin

Question: Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?


Answer: November 6

Question: On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?


Answer: Gorbachev

Question: Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?


Answer: Belarus

Context: On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.

Question: In what country is Viskuli located?


Answer: December 8, 1991

Question: On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?


Answer: Belavezha Accords

Question: What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?


Answer: the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

Question: What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?


Answer: fourteen

Question: The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?