Answer: Napier Shaw

Question: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?


Answer: 1909

Context: The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Question: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?


Answer: Andrew Peters

Question: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?


Answer: Robert Garland

Context: After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.

Question: What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?


Answer: 1917

Question: What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?


Answer: 1918

Question: What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?


Answer: Britain

Context: The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Question: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?


Answer: Easter

Question: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?


Answer: 1919

Question: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?


Answer: golf

Question: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?


Answer: New York

Question: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?


Answer: May 1965

Context: The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

Question: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?


Answer: Idaho

Question: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?


Answer: 7-Eleven

Question: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?


Answer: 1987

Question: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?


Answer: 1966

Question: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?


Answer: 54.5%

Context: In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

Question: What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?


Answer: Daylight Saving for South East Queensland

Question: What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?


Answer: rural

Question: In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?


Answer: Peter Wellington

Question: What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?


Answer: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Context: In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

Question: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?


Answer: postal workers

Question: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?


Answer: northern regions

Question: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?


Answer: Ramadan

Context: In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

Question: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?


Answer: the evening dinner

Question: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?


Answer: Iran

Question: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?


Answer: July and August

Question: When was Ramadan in 2012?


Answer: 2011

Context: The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

Question: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?


Answer: Belarus

Question: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?


Answer: Russia

Question: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?


Answer: winter

Question: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?


Answer: 2014

Question: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?


Answer: urban workers

Context: Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Question: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?


Answer: summer

Question: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?


Answer: saves energy

Question: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?


Answer: heart attack

Context: Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

Question: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?


Answer: Farmers

Question: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?


Answer: inconclusive

Question: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?


Answer: morning

Question: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?


Answer: get up earlier

Context: Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Question: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?


Answer: television

Question: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?


Answer: winter

Question: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?


Answer: coordination with others

Question: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?


Answer: 3.5%

Context: DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Question: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?


Answer: morning

Question: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?


Answer: incandescent

Question: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?


Answer: climate

Question: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?


Answer: Franklin

Question: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?


Answer: increases

Context: Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Question: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?


Answer: 2008

Question: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?


Answer: extension of DST

Question: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?


Answer: sporting goods

Context: Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Question: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?


Answer: the National Golf Foundation

Question: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?


Answer: 1984

Question: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?


Answer: 3%

Question: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?


Answer: $30 million

Question: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?


Answer: after

Context: Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?


Answer: cows

Question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?


Answer: disrupts their systems

Question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?


Answer: earlier

Question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?


Answer: parents of young children

Question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?


Answer: 2007

Context: Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Question: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?


Answer: William F. Shughart II

Question: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?


Answer: decreased economic efficiency

Question: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?


Answer: the daylight-saving effect

Question: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?


Answer: methodology

Question: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?


Answer: 1976

Context: In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?


Answer: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?


Answer: SDST

Question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?


Answer: 11%

Question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?


Answer: 40 minutes

Question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?


Answer: violent crime rate

Context: In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Question: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?


Answer: two

Question: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?


Answer: one

Question: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?


Answer: 1970s

Question: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?


Answer: heating

Context: In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Question: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?


Answer: carbon monoxide detectors

Question: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?


Answer: the first days of spring and autumn

Question: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?


Answer: lights

Question: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?


Answer: hazardous materials

Question: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?


Answer: outdoor exercise

Context: DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Question: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?


Answer: vitamin D

Question: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?


Answer: Gordon Gund

Question: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?


Answer: skin cancer

Question: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?


Answer: rise earlier

Question: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?


Answer: circadian rhythm

Context: Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?


Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?


Answer: Dmitri Medvedev

Question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?


Answer: three

Question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?


Answer: higher

Context: An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?


Answer: before dawn

Question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?


Answer: air pollution

Question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?


Answer: twice

Context: DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?


Answer: confusion

Question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?


Answer: change their clocks

Question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?


Answer: multiple DST rules

Question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?


Answer: 1993

Context: Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Question: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?


Answer: one hour

Question: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?


Answer: software developers

Question: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?


Answer: Coordinated Universal Time

Question: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?


Answer: Unix-based

Question: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?


Answer: weekly

Context: Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Question: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?


Answer: complexity

Question: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?


Answer: Some clock-shift problems

Question: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?


Answer: disadvantages

Context: DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Question: What does DST inherit from standard time?


Answer: magnify

Question: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?


Answer: two

Question: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?


Answer: sun-exposure guidelines

Question: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?


Answer: time zone

Question: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?


Answer: Richard Meade

Context: As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?


Answer: daylight savings time

Question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?


Answer: daylight saving time

Question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?


Answer: American Heritage

Question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?


Answer: daylight time

Question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?


Answer: daylight saving

Context: In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?


Answer: summer time

Question: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?


Answer: zomertijd

Question: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?


Answer: ora legale

Question: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?


Answer: solar time

Question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?


Answer: The name of local time

Context: The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Question: What usually changes when a place observes DST?


Answer: standard

Question: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?


Answer: Pacific Daylight Time

Question: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?


Answer: British Summer Time

Question: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?


Answer: summer

Question: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?


Answer: spring forward, fall back

Context: The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?


Answer: mnemonic

Question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?


Answer: which direction to shift clocks

Question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?


Answer: Changes to DST rules

Context: Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Question: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year did DST rules change in North America?


Answer: upgrades

Question: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?


Answer: email

Question: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?


Answer: corporate information technologists

Question: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?


Answer: UTC

Context: Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?


Answer: time zone differences

Question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?


Answer: operating systems

Question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?


Answer: internally

Question: Where do computers usually use UTC?


Answer: local time

Question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?


Answer: the IANA time zone database

Context: However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?


Answer: date/time

Question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?


Answer: zoneinfo

Question: What's another name for the IANA database?


Answer: historical and predicted clock shifts

Context: The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Question: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?


Answer: system maintenance

Question: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?


Answer: TZ

Question: What environment variable defines a location's name?


Answer: timezone-independent epoch time

Question: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?


Answer: tztab

Question: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?


Answer: one

Context: Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Question: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?


Answer: whenever DST rules change

Question: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?


Answer: time for the eastern United States starting in 2007

Question: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?


Answer: all years

Question: What years will a new TZ value apply to?


Answer: older timestamps

Question: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?


Answer: specifying the name of a location

Context: As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Question: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?


Answer: when DST rules change

Question: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?


Answer: two

Question: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?


Answer: 1987

Question: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?


Answer: 2006

Question: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?


Answer: 1995

Context: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?


Answer: marked Israel as not having DST

Question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?


Answer: twice a year

Question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?


Answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

Question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?


Answer: the Gregorian calendar

Question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?


Answer: local time

Context: Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

Question: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?


Answer: a rescue boot disk

Question: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?


Answer: a single system-wide setting

Question: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?


Answer: two

Question: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?


Answer: NTFS

Context: The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

Question: What file system do recent Windows versions use?


Answer: UTC

Question: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?


Answer: FAT

Question: What file system do most removable devices use?


Answer: current local time

Question: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?


Answer: permanent daylight saving time

Context: A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?


Answer: time shifts

Question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?


Answer: late

Question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?


Answer: 2011 to 2014

Question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?


Answer: winter

Question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?


Answer: westward

Context: Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?


Answer: 67

Question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?


Answer: Central Standard Time

Question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?


Answer: negative DST

Question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?


Answer: 1971

Question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?


Answer: an extra hour

Context: Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?


Answer: three

Question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?


Answer: Double Summer Time

Question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?


Answer: Central European Midsummer Time

Question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?


Answer: Royal Institute of British Architects

Context: The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Question: What does RIBA stand for?


Answer: the advancement of architecture

Question: What is the goal of RIBA?


Answer: 1837

Question: When was RIBA founded?


Answer: 1971

Question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?


Answer: Institute of British Architects in London

Context: Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?


Answer: 1834

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?


Answer: London

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?


Answer: Architects

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?


Answer: the grant of the royal charter

Context: After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?


Answer: the reference to London

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?


Answer: 1892

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?


Answer: Portland Place

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?


Answer: King George V and Queen Mary

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?


Answer: 1837

Context: It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?


Answer: King William IV

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?


Answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?


Answer: 1971

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?


Answer: minor amendments

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?


Answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

Context: The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?


Answer: The original Charter of 1837

Question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?


Answer: promoting and facilitating

Question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?


Answer: the Byelaws

Context: The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?


Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?


Answer: the Privy Council's approval

Question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?


Answer: Usui civium decori urbium

Context: The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?


Answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson

Question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?


Answer: honorary secretary

Question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?


Answer: Eric Gill

Question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?


Answer: 1960

Question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?


Answer: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

Context: In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?


Answer: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?


Answer: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?


Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?


Answer: twenty

Question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?


Answer: 1934

Context: Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?


Answer: Harry Barnes

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?


Answer: 80 per cent

Question: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?


Answer: architectural associations

Question: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?


Answer: ARCUK

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?


Answer: 1904

Context: The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?


Answer: syllabus

Question: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?


Answer: an approved external examiner

Question: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?


Answer: Visiting Board

Question: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?


Answer: European Union

Context: The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

Question: What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?


Answer: 1996

Question: When did the name of ARCUK change?


Answer: the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act

Question: What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?


Answer: the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education

Question: What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?


Answer: Architects Registration Board

Question: What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?


Answer: to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture

Context: RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture. Under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK.

Question: What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?


Answer: 2011

Question: When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?


Answer: Architects Registration Board

Question: What does ARB stand for?


Answer: RIBA also validates courses outside the UK

Question: What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?


Answer: 44,000

Context: The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Question: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?


Answer: RIBA

Question: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?


Answer: Student Members

Question: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?


Answer: fellowships

Question: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?


Answer: FRIBA

Question: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?


Answer: 66 Portland Place

Context: RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

Question: What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?


Answer: George Grey Wornum

Question: Who designed RIBA's headquarters?


Answer: the Library

Question: What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?


Answer: events

Question: For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?


Answer: a dozen

Context: The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Question: How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?


Answer: 1966

Question: When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?


Answer: Cambridge

Question: In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?


Answer: the East of England

Question: What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?


Answer: RIBA Enterprises

Context: RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.

Question: What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?


Answer: 15 Bonhill Street in London

Question: Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?


Answer: over 250

Question: How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?


Answer: 180

Question: How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?


Answer: RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing

Context: Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

Question: What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?


Answer: RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal

Question: What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?


Answer: National Building Specification

Question: What does NBS stand for?


Answer: 130

Question: How many people work for the NBS?


Answer: Newcastle

Question: Where is the NBS located?


Answer: The British Architectural Library

Context: The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members. Now, with over four million items, it is one of the three largest architectural libraries in the world and the largest in Europe. Some items from the collections are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in the V&A + RIBA Architecture Gallery and included in temporary exhibitions at the RIBA and across Europe and North America. Its collections include:

Question: What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?


Answer: 1834

Question: When was the RIBA library founded?


Answer: over four million

Question: How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?


Answer: Europe

Question: The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?


Answer: Victoria and Albert Museum

Question: In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?


Answer: 9 Conduit Street

Context: The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Question: What was the RIBA Library's first address?


Answer: 66 Portland Place

Question: Where did RIBA move its library?


Answer: 1934

Question: In what year did RIBA move its library?


Answer: Adolf Loos

Question: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?


Answer: 66 Portland Place

Context: The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

Question: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?


Answer: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

Question: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?


Answer: Art Deco

Question: What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?


Answer: 2004

Question: In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?


Answer: students, education groups and families

Question: Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?


Answer: 2004

Context: Since 2004, through the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership, the RIBA and V&A have worked together to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture.

Question: When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?


Answer: the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership

Question: What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?


Answer: to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture

Question: What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?


Answer: Room 128

Context: In 2004, the two institutions created the Architecture Gallery (Room 128) at the V&A showing artefacts from the collections of both institutions, this was the first permanent gallery devoted to architecture in the UK. The adjacent Architecture Exhibition Space (Room 128a) is used for temporary displays related to architecture. Both spaces were designed by Gareth Hoskins Architects. At the same time the RIBA Library Drawing and Archives Collections moved from 21 Portman Place to new facilities in the Henry Cole Wing at the V&A. Under the Partnership new study rooms were opened where members of the public could view items from the RIBA and V&A architectural collections under the supervision of curatorial staff. These and the nearby education room were designed by Wright & Wright Architects.

Question: In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?


Answer: Architecture Exhibition Space

Question: What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?


Answer: Gareth Hoskins Architects

Question: Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?


Answer: 21 Portman Place

Question: Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?


Answer: the Henry Cole Wing

Question: What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?


Answer: the best new building of the year

Context: RIBA runs many awards including the Stirling Prize for the best new building of the year, the Royal Gold Medal (first awarded in 1848), which honours a distinguished body of work, and the Stephen Lawrence Prize for projects with a construction budget of less than £500,000. The RIBA also awards the President's Medals for student work, which are regarded as the most prestigious awards in architectural education, and the RIBA President's Awards for Research. The RIBA European Award was inaugurated in 2005 for work in the European Union, outside the UK. The RIBA National Award and the RIBA International Award were established in 2007. Since 1966, the RIBA also judges regional awards which are presented locally in the UK regions (East, East Midlands, London, North East, North West, Northern Ireland, Scotland, South/South East, South West/Wessex, Wales, West Midlands and Yorkshire).

Question: What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?


Answer: 1848

Question: What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?


Answer: a distinguished body of work

Question: What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?


Answer: £500,000

Question: What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?


Answer: the President's Medals

Question: What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?


Answer: Architectural design competitions

Context: Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

Question: What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?


Answer: Brief

Question: What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?


Answer: design professionals and client representatives

Question: What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?


Answer: independence of the jury

Question: What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?


Answer: public realm artworks

Question: What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?


Answer: RIBA

Context: In addition to the Architects Registration Board, the RIBA provides accreditation to architecture schools in the UK under a course validation procedure. It also provides validation to international courses without input from the ARB.

Question: Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?


Answer: course validation

Question: What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?


Answer: international courses

Question: What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?


Answer: three-year first degree

Context: The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

Question: What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?


Answer: a two-year post graduate diploma or masters

Question: What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?


Answer: professional exams

Question: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?


Answer: seven years

Question: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?


Answer: A further year out

Question: What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?


Answer: minimum space standards

Context: In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe—even densely populated Holland has better proportioned houses than are being built in the country. So let's see minimum space standards for all new homes," said RIBA president Jack Pringle.

Question: What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?


Answer: 2007

Question: When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?


Answer: Jack Pringle

Question: Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?


Answer: the 1920s

Question: To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?


Answer: Holland

Question: What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?


Answer: National Archives

Context: The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.

Question: NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?


Answer: National Archives and Records Administration

Question: What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?


Answer: The Archivist

Context: The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.

Question: What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?


Answer: The Archivist

Question: What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?


Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Context: The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.

Question: What office publishes the Federal Register?


Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: What office administers the Electoral College?


Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?


Answer: The Office of the Federal Register

Question: Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?


Answer: The National Historical Publications and Records Commission

Context: The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.

Question: Which arm of NARA handles grants?


Answer: 1964

Question: What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?


Answer: 4,500

Question: About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?


Answer: FOIA

Context: The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.

Question: OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?


Answer: FOIA disputes

Question: What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?


Answer: FOIA policies

Question: NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?


Answer: changes to FOIA

Question: What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?


Answer: 1934

Context: Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in records loss and destruction. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).

Question: What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?


Answer: 1985

Question: In what year did NARA become an independent agency?


Answer: 1949

Question: In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?


Answer: R.D.W. Connor

Context: The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

Question: Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?


Answer: 1934

Question: When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?


Answer: Congress

Question: What branch of the US government established the National Archives?


Answer: Hoover Commission

Question: What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?


Answer: subordinate official

Question: The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?


Answer: 2007

Context: In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program). An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information. The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.

Question: When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?


Answer: public hearing

Question: How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?


Answer: 2010

Context: In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.

Question: What year was Executive Order 13526 created?


Answer: Executive Order 13526

Question: What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?


Answer: coordinate declassification practices

Question: What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?


Answer: record groups

Context: NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.

Question: What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?


Answer: governmental department or agency

Question: Each record group is classified based on what?


Answer: documents

Question: Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?


Answer: microfilm

Question: Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?


Answer: Archival Research Catalog (ARC)

Context: Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.

Question: Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?


Answer: 10 billion

Question: As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?


Answer: 922,000

Question: How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?


Answer: artifacts

Question: Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?


Answer: 527,000

Question: The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?


Answer: public domain

Context: Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements. Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage, but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.

Question: Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?


Answer: copyright

Question: Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?


Answer: copyright

Question: Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?


Answer: Executive Order 13526

Question: What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?


Answer: Information Security Oversight Office

Question: What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?


Answer: naturalization records

Context: Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.

Question: Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?


Answer: 1790 to 1930

Question: For what time period does NARA have census records available for?


Answer: Archives I

Context: The National Archives Building, known informally as Archives I, located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., opened as its original headquarters in 1935. It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. It also hosts a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives, which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom. The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the Emancipation Proclamation, and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts.

Question: What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?


Answer: Constitution Avenue

Question: On what street is the The National Archives Building located?


Answer: The National Archives Building

Question: Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?


Answer: main chamber

Question: Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?


Answer: The National Archives Building

Question: Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?


Answer: February 25, 2010

Context: Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules increasingly difficult to enforce. As a result, all filming, photographing, and videotaping by the public in the exhibition areas has been prohibited since February 25, 2010.

Question: Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?


Answer: over 30 years

Question: For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?


Answer: no lines

Question: What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?


Answer: advent of cameras with automatic flashes

Question: What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?


Answer: Archives II

Context: Because of space constraints, NARA opened a second facility, known informally as Archives II, in 1994 near the University of Maryland, College Park campus (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001). Largely because of this proximity, NARA and the University of Maryland engage in cooperative initiatives. The College Park campus includes an archaeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Question: What is the second facility of NARA named?


Answer: 1994

Question: When was Archives II opened?


Answer: University of Maryland

Question: What college is Archives II closest to?


Answer: University of Maryland

Question: What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?


Answer: College Park campus

Question: What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?


Answer: Suitland, Maryland

Context: The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.

Question: Where is The Washington National Records Center located?


Answer: federal records

Question: What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?


Answer: the National Archives

Question: After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?


Answer: destroyed

Question: What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?


Answer: research

Question: Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?


Answer: downtown Washington

Context: The National Archives Building in downtown Washington holds record collections such as all existing federal census records, ships' passenger lists, military unit records from the American Revolution to the Philippine–American War, records of the Confederate government, the Freedmen's Bureau records, and pension and land records.

Question: Where is the National Archives Building located?


Answer: all

Question: What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?


Answer: Philippine–American War

Question: What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?


Answer: American Revolution

Question: What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for


Answer: documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region

Context: There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.

Question: What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?


Answer: facilities across the country

Question: Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?


Answer: Federal Records Centers

Context: In addition, Federal Records Centers exist in each region that house materials owned by Federal agencies. Federal Records Centers are not open for public research. For example, the FRC in Lenexa, Kansas holds items from the treatment of John F. Kennedy after his fatal shooting in 1963.

Question: Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?


Answer: public

Question: Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?


Answer: FRC in Lenexa, Kansas

Question: Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination?


Answer: 1963

Question: When was JFK shot?


Answer: NARA

Context: NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include:

Question: What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?


Answer: Presidential Library system

Question: What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?


Answer: Herbert Hoover

Question: Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?


Answer: nationwide

Question: In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?


Answer: state governments

Context: Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

Question: Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?


Answer: Illinois

Question: What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?


Answer: Abraham Lincoln

Question: What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?


Answer: state

Question: Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?


Answer: 2006

Context: In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is

Question: In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?


Answer: Google

Question: What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?


Answer: Allen Weinstein

Question: What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?


Answer: digitize and offer NARA video online

Question: What is Google helping NARA with?


Answer: to make its holdings more widely available

Question: What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?


Answer: Fold3.com

Context: On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote) launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."

Question: In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?


Answer: to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings

Question: What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?


Answer: Allen Weinstein

Question: What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?


Answer: much greater access

Question: Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?


Answer: enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records

Question: What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?


Answer: 2007

Context: In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.

Question: In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?


Answer: CreateSpace

Question: What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?


Answer: 1929

Question: Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?


Answer: digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection

Context: In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.

Question: What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?


Answer: Ancestry.com

Question: Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?


Answer: turned over to the National Archives

Question: What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?


Answer: YouTube

Context: On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people." Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public. A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.

Question: Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?


Answer: showcase popular archived films

Question: What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?


Answer: Flickr

Question: What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?


Answer: 2010

Question: The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?


Answer: Wikiproject

Context: In 2011 the National Archives initiated a Wikiproject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.

Question: In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?


Answer: expand collaboration

Question: What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?


Answer: National Archives

Question: Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?


Answer: holdings widely available

Question: What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?


Answer: English

Question: Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?


Answer: volcanic

Context: Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

Question: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha


Answer: south Atlantic Ocean

Question: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?


Answer: 98

Question: how many square kilometres is the island?


Answer: archipelago

Question: what type of island group are the islands?