Answer: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena

Context: Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

Question: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?


Answer: 267

Question: What is the population of the island?


Answer: Ascension Island

Question: what other island is included in the territory?


Answer: 1506

Context: The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

Question: in what year were the islands first sighted?


Answer: Tristão da Cunha

Question: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?


Answer: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha

Question: who was the main island named after?


Answer: 1520

Question: what year was it said the first island landing was made?


Answer: Jonathan Lambert

Context: The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

Question: what was the name of the first long term settler?


Answer: December 1810

Question: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?


Answer: Islands of Refreshment

Question: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?


Answer: 1816

Context: In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

Question: in what year did the UK annex the islands?


Answer: South Africa

Question: where did the UK rule the islands from?


Answer: 1867

Context: In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.

Question: in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?


Answer: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

Question: what was the main settlement named?


Answer: Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson

Question: who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?


Answer: the opening of the Suez Canal

Context: The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.

Question: what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?


Answer: 1938

Context: On 12 January 1938 by Letters Patent the islands were declared a dependency of Saint Helena. Prior to roughly this period, passing ships stopped irregularly at the island for a period of mere hours.

Question: what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?


Answer: World War II

Context: During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.

Question: During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?


Answer: HMS Atlantic Isle

Question: What was the islands codename during World War II?


Answer: Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley

Question: Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?


Answer: 1958

Context: In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.

Question: What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?


Answer: United States

Question: What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?


Answer: 1961

Context: The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returned in 1963.

Question: What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?


Answer: 1963

Question: What year did most families return after being evacuated?


Answer: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

Question: What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?


Answer: 2001

Context: On 23 May 2001, the islands experienced an extratropical cyclone that generated winds up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A number of structures were severely damaged and a large number of cattle were killed, prompting emergency aid, provided by the British government.

Question: In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?


Answer: the British government

Question: Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?


Answer: 2007

Context: On 4 December 2007 an outbreak of an acute virus-induced flu was reported. This outbreak was compounded by Tristan's lack of suitable and sufficient medical supplies.

Question: what year was a virus induced flu reported?


Answer: 2008

Context: On 13 February 2008, fire destroyed the fishing factory and the four generators that supplied power to the island. On 14 March 2008, new generators were installed and uninterrupted power was restored. This fire was devastating to the island because fishing is a mainstay of the economy. While a new factory was being planned and built, M/V Kelso came to the island and acted as a factory ship, with island fishermen based on board for stints normally of one week. The new facility was ready in July 2009, for the start of the 2009–10 fishing season.

Question: What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?


Answer: March 2008

Question: When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?


Answer: M/V Kelso

Question: what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?


Answer: July 2009

Question: when was the new fishing factory ready for use?


Answer: March 2011

Context: On 16 March 2011, the freighter MS Oliva ran aground on Nightingale Island, spilling tons of heavy fuel oil into the ocean, leaving an oil slick threatening the island's population of rockhopper penguins. Nightingale Island has no fresh water, so the penguins were transported to Tristan da Cunha for cleaning.

Question: When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?


Answer: heavy fuel oil

Question: What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?


Answer: rockhopper penguins

Question: what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?


Answer: Tristan da Cunha

Question: where were the penguins transported for cleaning?


Answer: November 2011

Context: On November 2011, the sailing boat Puma's Mar Mostro participant in Volvo Ocean Race arrived to the island after her mast broke in the first leg from Alicante and Cape Town. This event made the island, its inhabitants and lifestyle known worldwide thanks to the media reports.

Question: When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?


Answer: Puma's Mar Mostro

Question: What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?


Answer: Volvo Ocean Race

Question: What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?


Answer: mast

Question: what was broken/damaged on the boat?


Answer: KU

Context: The University of Kansas (KU) is a public research university and the largest in the U.S. state of Kansas. KU branch campuses are located in the towns of Lawrence, Wichita, Overland Park, Salina, and Kansas City, Kansas, with the main campus located in Lawrence on Mount Oread, the highest location in Lawrence. Founded March 21, 1865, the university was opened in 1866, under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 following enabling legislation passed in 1863 under the Kansas State Constitution, adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union following a very famous bloody internal civil war known as "Bleeding Kansas" during the 1850s.

Question: What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?


Answer: Lawrence

Question: Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?


Answer: Mount Oread

Question: What is the tallest point in Lawrence?


Answer: the Kansas State Legislature

Question: Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?


Answer: 1861

Question: In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?


Answer: Wichita and Salina

Context: The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities.

Question: In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?


Answer: the Association of American Universities

Question: What organization does KU belong to?


Answer: 62

Question: How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?


Answer: Kansas City

Question: In what city can KU's hospital be found?


Answer: Overland Park

Question: In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?


Answer: 23,597

Context: Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012.

Question: How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?


Answer: 3,371

Question: In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?


Answer: 26,968

Question: How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?


Answer: 2,663

Question: How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?


Answer: February 20, 1863

Context: On February 20, 1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund and a site for the university, in or near the town, of not less than forty acres (16 ha) of land. If Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university.

Question: On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?


Answer: $15,000

Question: How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?


Answer: forty acres

Question: What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?


Answer: Emporia

Question: What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?


Answer: Mount Oread

Context: The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread, which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized. The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.

Question: On what geographic feature was KU built?


Answer: Charles L. Robinson

Question: Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?


Answer: Amos Adams Lawrence

Question: Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?


Answer: Board of Regents

Question: What was the governing body of KU?


Answer: 1873

Question: What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?


Answer: 131

Context: During World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

Question: How many institutions participated in the V-12 program?


Answer: a path to a Navy commission

Question: What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils?


Answer: World War II

Question: During what event did the V-12 program take place?


Answer: the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics

Context: KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University.

Question: What part of KU serves students learning about government?


Answer: KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM

Question: What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?


Answer: the Spencer Museum of Art

Question: What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?


Answer: Anschutz Library

Question: Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?


Answer: Philip Anschutz

Question: Whom is the Anschutz Library named for?


Answer: five

Context: The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses. KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health Professions; Journalism & Mass Communications; Law; Medicine; Music; Nursing; Pharmacy; and Social Welfare. The university offers more than 345 degree programs.

Question: How many campuses are run by KU?


Answer: state-sponsored

Question: What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?


Answer: the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration

Question: What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences?


Answer: 345

Question: At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU?


Answer: city management and urban policy

Context: The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings. USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities.

Question: What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers?


Answer: special education

Question: What KU department was rated second in its field?


Answer: U.S. News & World Report

Question: Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs?


Answer: the top 25

Question: In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?


Answer: The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning

Context: The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning (SADP), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering. The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning.

Question: What KU school is abbreviated as SADP?


Answer: Marvin Hall

Question: Where is the SADP housed?


Answer: the School of Architecture and Urban Design

Question: What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?


Answer: civil and environmental engineering

Question: With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did the SADP assume its current form?


Answer: DesignIntelligence

Context: According to the journal DesignIntelligence, which annually publishes "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools," the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012.

Question: What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?


Answer: America's Best Architecture and Design Schools

Question: What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?


Answer: best in the Midwest

Question: What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?


Answer: 11th

Question: In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?


Answer: public

Context: The University of Kansas School of Business is a public business school located on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The KU School of Business was founded in 1924 and currently has more than 80 faculty members and approximately 1500 students.

Question: What kind of institution is KU's School of Business?


Answer: Lawrence

Question: Where is the business school at KU located?


Answer: 1924

Question: When was the University of Kansas School of Business established?


Answer: 1500

Question: How many students attend the business school at KU?


Answer: more than 80

Question: How many educators work at the KU School of Business?


Answer: Princeton Review

Context: Named one of the best business schools in the Midwest by Princeton Review, the KU School of Business has been continually accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) for both its undergraduate and graduate programs in business and accounting.

Question: Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions?


Answer: the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business

Question: What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU's?


Answer: AACSB

Question: By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known?


Answer: business and accounting

Question: What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU's business school?


Answer: Best Graduate Schools

Context: The University of Kansas School of Law was the top law school in the state of Kansas, and 68th nationally, according to the 2014 U.S. News & World Report "Best Graduate Schools" edition. Classes are held in Green Hall at W 15th St and Burdick Dr, which is named after former dean James Green.

Question: In 2014, what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools?


Answer: 68th

Question: What was KU's national law school ranking in 2014?


Answer: Kansas

Question: The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state?


Answer: Green Hall

Question: In what building do law students attend classes at KU?


Answer: James Green

Question: For whom is Green Hall named?


Answer: ABET

Context: The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.

Question: What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?


Answer: main campus

Question: On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?


Answer: 1891

Question: When was KU's engineering school established?


Answer: 1873

Question: When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?


Answer: public

Question: What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?


Answer: U.S. News & World Report

Context: In the U.S. News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2016 issue, KU’s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.

Question: Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?


Answer: 90th

Question: In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?


Answer: national universities

Question: Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?


Answer: Alan Mulally

Context: Notable alumni include: Alan Mulally (BS/MS), former President and CEO of Ford Motor Company, Lou Montulli, co-founder of Netscape and author of the Lynx web browser, Brian McClendon (BSEE 1986), VP of Engineering at Google, Charles E. Spahr (1934), former CEO of Standard Oil of Ohio.

Question: What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?


Answer: Lou Montulli

Question: Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU?


Answer: Brian McClendon

Question: What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas?


Answer: Charles E. Spahr

Question: What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas?


Answer: Standard Oil of Ohio

Question: For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO?


Answer: The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications

Context: The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications is recognized for its ability to prepare students to work in a variety of media when they graduate. The school offers two tracts of study: News and Information and Strategic Communication. This professional school teaches its students reporting for print, online and broadcast, strategic campaigning for PR and advertising, photojournalism and video reporting and editing. The J-School's students maintain various publications on campus, including The University Daily Kansan, Jayplay magazine, KUJH TV and KJHK radio. In 2008, the Fiske Guide to Colleges praised the KU J-School for its strength. In 2010, the School of Journalism and Mass Communications finished second at the prestigious Hearst Foundation national writing competition.

Question: What is the full name of KU's journalism school?


Answer: News and Information and Strategic Communication

Question: What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?


Answer: print, online and broadcast

Question: What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?


Answer: Jayplay magazine

Question: What is the name of a magazine published at KU?


Answer: Hearst Foundation

Question: Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?


Answer: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions

Context: The University of Kansas Medical Center features three schools: the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions. Furthermore, each of the three schools has its own programs of graduate study. As of the Fall 2013 semester, there were 3,349 students enrolled at KU Med. The Medical Center also offers four year instruction at the Wichita campus, and features a medical school campus in Salina, Kansas that is devoted to rural health care.

Question: What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU?


Answer: its own programs of graduate study

Question: What does each of the component schools of KU's Medical Center offer?


Answer: 3,349

Question: How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013?


Answer: Wichita

Question: At what other KU campus is a four year program available?


Answer: rural health care

Question: What is the focus of the Salina location's medical program?


Answer: Overland Park

Context: KU's Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas. Established in 1993, its goal is to provide adults with the opportunity to complete college degrees. About 2,100 students attend the Edwards Campus, with an average age of 32. Programs available at the Edwards Campus include developmental psychology, public administration, social work, systems analysis, information technology, engineering management and design.

Question: In what city is the Edwards Campus located?


Answer: 1993

Question: When was the Edwards Campus built?


Answer: adults

Question: Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?


Answer: 32

Question: What is the average age of students on KU's Edwards Campus?


Answer: college degrees

Question: What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas?


Answer: the College Board

Context: Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average, according to the College Board, and the University remains a best buy in the region.[citation needed]

Question: Who provides statistics on educational costs?


Answer: best buy

Question: What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?


Answer: fixed tuition rate

Context: Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, first-time freshman at KU pay a fixed tuition rate for 48 months according to the Four-Year Tuition Compact passed by the Kansas Board of Regents. For the 2014–15 academic year, tuition was $318 per credit hour for in-state freshman and $828 for out-of-state freshmen. For transfer students, who do not take part in the compact, 2014–15 per-credit-hour tuition was $295 for in-state undergraduates and $785 for out-of-state undergraduates; subject to annual increases. Students enrolled in 6 or more credit hours also paid an annual required campus fee of $888. The schools of architecture, music, arts, business, education, engineering, journalism, law, pharmacy, and social welfare charge additional fees.

Question: What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?


Answer: 48 months

Question: For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?


Answer: Four-Year Tuition Compact

Question: What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?


Answer: $828

Question: How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?


Answer: additional fees

Question: What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?


Answer: interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research

Context: KU's School of Business launched interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research during Fall Semester 1965. The program provided the foundation for decision science applications supporting NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations.

Question: What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU?


Answer: decision science

Question: What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape?


Answer: NASA

Question: Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU's interdisciplinary management program?


Answer: NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations

Question: What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications?


Answer: 1965

Question: In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business?


Answer: academic computing

Context: KU's academic computing department was an active participant in setting up the Internet and is the developer of the early Lynx text based web browser. Lynx itself provided hypertext browsing and navigation prior to Tim Berners Lee's invention of HTTP and HTML.

Question: What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet?


Answer: text based web browser

Question: What kind of software is Lynx?


Answer: hypertext browsing and navigation

Question: What was made possible by Lynx?


Answer: crimson and royal blue

Context: The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.

Question: What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?


Answer: Kansas Jayhawks

Question: What is the name of KU athletic teams?


Answer: five

Question: How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?


Answer: one

Question: How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?


Answer: Rim Rock Farm

Question: Where does KU's cross country team run?


Answer: 1890

Context: KU football dates from 1890, and has played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1968, and 2008. They are currently coached by David Beaty, who was hired in 2014. In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies. This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 (.923). The team plays at Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent a $31 million renovation to add the Anderson Family Football Complex, adding a football practice facility adjacent to the stadium complete with indoor partial practice field, weight room, and new locker room.

Question: When did KU start fielding a football team?


Answer: three

Question: How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl?


Answer: David Beaty

Question: Who is the current head of KU's football program?


Answer: Virginia Tech Hokies

Question: Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl?


Answer: Memorial Stadium

Question: What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in?


Answer: 1898

Context: The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070–806 through the 2011–12 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.

Question: What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?


Answer: Bill Self

Question: Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?


Answer: five

Question: How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?


Answer: Wilt Chamberlain

Question: Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?


Answer: 1939

Question: In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?


Answer: Sheahon Zenger

Context: Sheahon Zenger was introduced as KU's new athletic director in January 2011. Under former athletic director Lew Perkins, the department's budget increased from $27.2 million in 2003 (10th in the conference) to currently over $50 million thanks in large part to money raised from a new priority seating policy at Allen Fieldhouse, a new $26.67 million eight-year contract with Adidas replacing an existing contract with Nike, and a new $40.2 million seven-year contract with ESPN Regional Television. The additional funds brought improvements to the university, including:

Question: Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU?


Answer: Lew Perkins

Question: Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?


Answer: ESPN Regional Television

Question: With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract?


Answer: Adidas

Question: What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas?


Answer: Nike

Question: What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas?


Answer: 70

Context: The University of Kansas has had more teams (70) compete in the National Debate Tournament than any other university. Kansas has won the tournament 5 times (1954, 1970, 1976, 1983, and 2009) and had 12 teams make it to the final four. Kansas trails only Northwestern (13), Dartmouth (6), and Harvard (6) for most tournaments won. Kansas also won the 1981–82 Copeland Award.

Question: How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament?


Answer: 5

Question: How many times has KU won the national debate championship?


Answer: 12

Question: How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships?


Answer: Northwestern

Question: What school has won the most national debate championships?


Answer: Copeland Award

Question: What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams?


Answer: commencement and convocation

Context: Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: "I’m a Jayhawk", "Fighting Jayhawk", "Kansas Song", "Sunflower Song", "Crimson and the Blue", "Red and Blue", the "Rock Chalk, Jayhawk" chant", "Home on the Range" and "Stand Up and Cheer."

Question: What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard?


Answer: "Crimson and the Blue", "Red and Blue"

Question: What are two songs that reference the school's team colors in their titles?


Answer: "Kansas Song"

Question: What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves?


Answer: "Home on the Range"

Question: What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU?


Answer: University Daily Kansan

Context: The school newspaper of the University of Kansas is University Daily Kansan, which placed first in the Intercollegiate Writing Competition of the prestigious William Randolph Hearst Writing Foundation competition, often called "The Pulitzers of College Journalism" in 2007. In Winter 2008, a group of students created KUpedia, a wiki about all things KU. They have received student funding for operations in 2008–09. The KU Department of English publishes the Coal City Review, an annual literary journal of prose, poetry, reviews and illustrations. The Review typically features the work of many writers, but periodically spotlights one author, as in the case of 2006 Nelson Poetry Book Award-winner Voyeur Poems by Matthew Porubsky.

Question: What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?


Answer: Intercollegiate Writing Competition

Question: What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?


Answer: 2007

Question: In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?


Answer: KUpedia

Question: What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?


Answer: Matthew Porubsky

Question: What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?


Answer: print and online

Context: The University Daily Kansan operates outside of the university's William Allen White School of Journalism and reaches an audience of at least 30,000 daily readers through its print and online publications

Question: In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available?


Answer: William Allen White School of Journalism

Question: What institution houses the Daily Kansan?


Answer: at least 30,000

Question: How big is the Daily Kansan's audience?


Answer: KANU

Context: The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations in the nation. KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students.

Question: What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?


Answer: KJHK

Question: What is the name of the station operated by KU students?


Answer: 1952

Question: When did KJHK first broadcast?


Answer: KUJH-LP

Question: What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?


Answer: public affairs

Question: What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?


Answer: 1926

Context: The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (with seven locations). The KU Bookstore is the official bookstore of KU. The Corporation also includes KU Dining Services, with more than 20 campus locations, including The Market (inside the Kansas Union) and The Underground (located in Wescoe Hall). The KU Bookstore and KU Dining Services are not-for-profit, with proceeds going back to support student programs, such as Student Union Activities.

Question: When was KU's first student union constructed?


Answer: campus community center

Question: What was the role the union was intended serve?


Answer: Jayhawk Central

Question: What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?


Answer: KU Memorial Unions Corporation

Question: What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?


Answer: Student Union Activities

Question: What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?


Answer: KU Endowment

Context: KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America’s first foundation for a public university. Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas.

Question: What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?


Answer: 1891

Question: When was the KU Endowment founded?


Answer: donors

Question: To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?


Answer: philanthropic support

Question: What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?


Answer: The Community Tool Box

Context: The Community Tool Box is a public service of the University maintained by the Work Group for Community Health and Development. It is a free, online resource that contains more than 7,000 pages of practical information for promoting community health and development, and is a global resource for both professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development.

Question: What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?


Answer: the Work Group for Community Health and Development

Question: What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?


Answer: professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development

Question: What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?


Answer: more than 7,000 pages

Question: How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?


Answer: online

Question: Where can the Community Tool Box be found?


Answer: political corruption

Context: Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

Question: What do you call government officials using power for illicit private gain?


Answer: government officials

Question: Who benefits from political corruption?


Answer: their official duties

Question: It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?


Answer: influence

Question: Trading in what is considered political corruption?


Answer: Political corruption

Question: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?


Answer: corruption

Context: Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.

Question: Bribery and embezzelment are forms of what?


Answer: criminal enterprise

Question: Drug trafficking and money laundering are considered what?


Answer: corruption

Question: Repression of political opponants and police brutality are forms of political what?


Answer: nepotism

Question: One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?


Answer: gombeenism

Question: Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?


Answer: human trafficking

Question: Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?


Answer: political opponents

Question: The repression of what is also considered political corruption?


Answer: country or jurisdiction

Context: The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Question: What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?


Answer: broad or ill-defined

Question: Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?


Answer: 1 trillion US dollars

Question: How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?


Answer: kleptocracy

Question: unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?


Answer: rule by thieves

Question: What does kleptocracy mean?


Answer: kleptocracy

Question: A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?


Answer: bribery

Question: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?


Answer: rule by thieves

Question: What does kleptocracy mean?


Answer: institutional corruption

Context: Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.

Question: Another for of corruption is what?


Answer: institutional corruption

Question: A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?


Answer: personal gain

Question: Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?


Answer: institutional corruption

Question: What are some forms of corruption now called?


Answer: bribery

Question: Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?


Answer: the primary purpose of the institution

Question: This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?


Answer: democracy

Context: In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Question: What does corruption undermine in politics?


Answer: formal processes

Question: What does corruption disregard in politics?


Answer: accountability

Question: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?


Answer: judiciary

Question: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?


Answer: public administration

Question: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?


Answer: trust and tolerance

Context: More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.

Question: What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?


Answer: bought and sold

Question: Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?


Answer: accountability

Question: The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?


Answer: private

Context: In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Question: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?


Answer: bureaucracy

Question: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?


Answer: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

Question: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?


Answer: competition

Question: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?


Answer: public investment

Context: Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

Question: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?


Answer: bribes and kickbacks

Question: What is more plentiful in capital projects?


Answer: compliance

Question: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?


Answer: Swiss

Context: Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Question: African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?


Answer: rent extraction

Question: What form has corruption taken in Africa?


Answer: overseas

Question: In Africa, the finances are often moved where?


Answer: University of Massachusetts Amherst

Context: University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Question: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?


Answer: external debts

Question: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?


Answer: political instability

Question: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?


Answer: countries with the smallest per capita incomes

Context: Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Question: Where is corruption most noticeable?


Answer: health services

Question: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?


Answer: Local

Question: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?


Answer: the 2006 World Bank Report

Question: Which report described this corruption?


Answer: about half

Question: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?


Answer: ghost employees

Context: Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

Question: What kind of employees received payments?


Answer: the black market

Question: Where were drugs siphoned off to?


Answer: counterfeit drugs

Question: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?


Answer: money

Question: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?


Answer: environmental destruction

Context: Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Question: Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?


Answer: bribed

Question: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?


Answer: social rights worker protection

Question: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?


Answer: illegitimate economic advantage

Question: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?


Answer: Amartya Sen

Context: The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Question: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?


Answer: drought

Question: What can trigger famine conditions?


Answer: government action or inaction

Question: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?


Answer: kleptocracy

Context: Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Question: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?


Answer: construction

Context: The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Question: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?


Answer: physically diverted

Question: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?


Answer: assessments

Question: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?


Answer: workmanship

Context: In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Question: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?


Answer: kickbacks

Question: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?


Answer: exclusion

Question: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?


Answer: forced to give sexual favors

Question: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?


Answer: statistics

Question: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?


Answer: the public health

Context: Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

Question: These types of corruption can harm what?


Answer: social relationships

Question: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?


Answer: sports

Context: Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Question: Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?


Answer: anti-doping controls

Question: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?


Answer: artificial

Context: Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

Question: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?


Answer: national anti-corruption initiatives

Question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?


Answer: a bribe

Context: In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Question: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?


Answer: two

Question: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?


Answer: culture of corruption

Question: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?


Answer: harm

Question: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?


Answer: active and passive bribery

Context: In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

Question: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?


Answer: mutual understanding

Context: This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?


Answer: accepting

Question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?


Answer: indirect

Question: Bribes can be direct or what?


Answer: influence peddling

Context: Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.

Question: Selling or trading government position influence is called what?


Answer: tri-lateral

Question: Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?


Answer: an accessory

Question: In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?


Answer: distinctive criteria

Question: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?


Answer: article 12

Question: What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?


Answer: Patronage

Context: Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Question: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?


Answer: Romania

Question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?


Answer: nepotism

Context: Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

Question: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?


Answer: cronyism

Question: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?


Answer: old boy network

Question: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?


Answer: enemies

Context: Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

Question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?


Answer: politically sensitive issues

Question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?


Answer: Gombeenism

Context: Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

Question: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?


Answer: parochialism

Question: Parish pump politics is also called what?


Answer: Irish Banking crisis

Question: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?


Answer: senior management or committee position

Question: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?


Answer: Electoral fraud

Context: Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Question: Illegal interference with an election is called what?


Answer: voter fraud

Question: Another term for electoral fraud is what?


Answer: intimidation

Question: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?


Answer: Embezzlement

Context: Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

Question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?


Answer: public

Question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?


Answer: personal

Question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?


Answer: kickback

Context: A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

Question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?


Answer: bidder

Question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?


Answer: Kickbacks

Context: Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.

Question: What is not limited to just government officials?


Answer: unholy alliance

Context: An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

Question: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?


Answer: patronage

Question: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?


Answer: 1920s and 1930s

Context: An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]

Question: When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?


Answer: Du Yuesheng

Question: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?


Answer: a gang boss

Question: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?


Answer: narcokleptocracy

Context: The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

Question: What was Noriega's government accused of being?


Answer: Panama

Question: What country did Noriega rule?


Answer: United States

Question: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?


Answer: government profiting on illegal drug trade

Question: What is a narcokleptocracy?


Answer: Manuel

Question: What is Noriega's first name?


Answer: safe

Context: Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe."

Question: According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?


Answer: Brunetti and Weder

Context: Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

Question: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?


Answer: Adserà, Boix, and Payne

Question: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?


Answer: different states in the US.

Question: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?


Answer: Snyder and Strömberg

Context: Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

Question: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?


Answer: Cincinnati Post

Question: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?


Answer: incumbents

Question: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?


Answer: voter turnout

Question: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?


Answer: growth of the Internet

Context: An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

Question: What did the analysis show mixed results for?


Answer: traditional sources of funding

Question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?


Answer: a tiny fraction

Question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?


Answer: three

Context: Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

Question: How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?


Answer: Bribe Payers Index

Question: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?


Answer: CPI

Question: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?


Answer: 1995

Question: When was the CPI first released?


Answer: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index

Question: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?


Answer: over 100,000

Context: The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a serious problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Question: How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?


Answer: six

Question: How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?


Answer: Control of Corruption

Question: One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?


Answer: Millennium Challenge Corporation

Question: Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?


Answer: International Budget Partnership

Context: A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

Question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?


Answer: 2004

Question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?


Answer: public surveys

Question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?


Answer: in-country experts

Question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?


Answer: local

Context: Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.

Question: The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?


Answer: worldwide

Question: Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?


Answer: Drivers of Change

Context: Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.

Question: What is the British aid agency's research called?


Answer: numbers

Question: What does Drivers of Change skip?


Answer: understanding corruption

Question: What does Drivers of Change promote?


Answer: cronyism

Context: Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

Question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?


Answer: Complicated

Question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?


Answer: privatization and deregulation

Question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?


Answer: Nordic

Question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?


Answer: rule of law

Question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?


Answer: cronyism

Context: Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.

Question: Selling government property is highly at risk for what?


Answer: Those with political connections

Question: What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?


Answer: non-privatized sectors

Question: Where is corruption even more prevalent?


Answer: privatized less

Question: Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?


Answer: principle of subsidiarity

Context: In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Question: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?


Answer: embezzlement

Question: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?


Answer: centralized

Question: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?


Answer: kleptocracy

Context: If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

Question: What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?


Answer: diamonds and oil

Question: What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?


Answer: foreign aid

Question: Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?


Answer: armaments

Question: Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?


Answer: economic and social problems

Context: A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

Question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?


Answer: Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko

Context: The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Question: Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?


Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo

Question: What did Zaire used to be known as?


Answer: kleptocracy

Question: What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?


Answer: General Sani Abacha

Question: Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?


Answer: Forbes

Context: More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.

Question: What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?


Answer: a portion

Question: The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?


Answer: General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba

Question: What is Fidel Castro's official title?


Answer: Organization of American States

Context: Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Question: What is OAS?


Answer: the African Union

Question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?


Answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption

Question: What organization joined at the universal level?


Answer: 2003

Question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?


Answer: imprecise definitions of corruption

Context: Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Question: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?


Answer: 1995

Question: When did indices on corruption first appear?


Answer: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI

Question: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?


Answer: two

Context: There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

Question: How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?


Answer: executive

Question: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?


Answer: separation of powers

Question: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?


Answer: judiciary

Question: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?


Answer: Mobile telecommunications

Context: Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Question: Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?


Answer: Africa

Question: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?


Answer: the anti-corruption bureau

Question: Who works against corruption in India?


Answer: Jan Lokpal Bill

Question: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

Question: What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?


Answer: Ministers of the Council of Europe

Question: Who started the Programme of Action?


Answer: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments

Question: What did the Programme of Action issue?


Answer: Group of States Against Corruption

Context: The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

Question: What does GRECO stand for?


Answer: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption

Question: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?


Answer: transnational

Question: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?


Answer: Latin

Context: The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

Question: What language is the word dialectus from?


Answer: Greek

Question: From what language does the word diálektos come?


Answer: discourse

Question: What does diálektos mean in English?


Answer: two

Question: How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?


Answer: two

Question: How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?


Answer: a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers

Context: One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect. According to this definition, any variety of a language constitutes "a dialect", including any standard varieties.

Question: What is the common definition of dialect?


Answer: regional speech patterns

Question: What is the term dialect most often applied to?


Answer: social class

Question: Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?


Answer: sociolect

Question: What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?


Answer: ethnolect

Question: What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?


Answer: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language

Context: The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

Question: What is the other definition of the term dialect?


Answer: subordinate to the standard language

Question: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?


Answer: Italy

Question: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?


Answer: regional Italian

Question: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?


Answer: Latin

Question: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?


Answer: vocabulary

Context: A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots.

Question: Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?