Answer: four

Context: Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.

Question: How many major North American sports leagues are there?


Answer: 36 championships

Question: How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?


Answer: nine

Question: How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?


Answer: financial concerns

Question: Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?


Answer: July 27, 2015

Question: When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?


Answer: The Boston Red Sox

Context: The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, encompassing Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates. Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.

Question: Who plays their games at Fenway park?


Answer: near Kenmore Square

Question: Where is Fenway park?


Answer: 1903

Question: What year was the first game of the first world series played?


Answer: 1912

Question: What year was fenway Park built?


Answer: Red Stockings

Question: What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?


Answer: the FleetCenter

Context: The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.

Question: What is the TD Gardens former name?


Answer: Boston Garden

Question: What was the FleetCenter built to replace?


Answer: two

Question: How many teams is TD garden the home to?


Answer: 18,624

Question: How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden?


Answer: 17,565

Question: How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden?


Answer: the National Football League

Context: While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.

Question: What league do the new England patriots belong to?


Answer: 1960

Question: What year were the new England patriots founded in?


Answer: Boston Patriots

Question: What was the original name of the new England patriots?


Answer: after relocating

Question: When dod the Boston patriots change their name?


Answer: Gillette Stadium

Question: What stadium do the patriots play in?


Answer: four

Context: The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision.

Question: How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?


Answer: Boston College

Question: Which college participates in college football at the highest level?


Answer: the Football Bowl Subdivision

Question: What is the name of the highest level of college football?


Answer: Harvard

Question: Who participates in the second highest level of college football?


Answer: Football Championship Subdivision

Question: What is the name of the second highest level of college football?


Answer: the Boston Marathon

Context: One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.

Question: What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?


Answer: October

Question: When is the head of Charles Regatta held?


Answer: three

Question: How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?


Answer: Boston Common

Context: Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.

Question: What is the oldest public park in the US?


Answer: near the Financial District and Beacon Hill

Question: Where is Boston Common located?


Answer: Boston Public Garden

Question: What is next to Boston Common?


Answer: parks

Question: The Emerald necklace is a string of what?


Answer: Frederick Law Olmsted

Question: Who designed the Emerald necklace?


Answer: third-best

Context: Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

Question: What ranking does the Boston park system have?


Answer: ParkScore

Question: Who ranks city park systems?


Answer: a half-mile

Question: Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?


Answer: every fourth year

Context: Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history. The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.

Question: How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?


Answer: extensive executive power

Question: What kind of power does the mayor have?


Answer: Marty Walsh

Question: Who became Mayor in january, 2014?


Answer: The School Committee

Question: Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?


Answer: Boston

Context: In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.

Question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?


Answer: state politics

Question: As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?


Answer: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

Question: What is the MWRA?


Answer: Massport

Question: What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?


Answer: The city

Context: The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

Question: Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?


Answer: the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

Question: What court is located in Boston?


Answer: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston

Question: What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston?


Answer: two

Context: Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.

Question: Boston is split between how many congressional districts?


Answer: the 7th district

Question: What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?


Answer: Mike Capuano

Question: Who represents the 7th district?


Answer: 1998

Question: What year was Capuano elected?


Answer: the 8th district

Question: What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?


Answer: daily newspapers

Context: The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications. The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.

Question: The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what?


Answer: Boston

Question: Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters?


Answer: 2009

Question: When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers?


Answer: weekly

Question: How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine?


Answer: Teens in Print

Question: What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools?


Answer: Lawrence

Context: The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.

Question: Where is the main office of Siglo21?


Answer: El Planeta

Question: The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?


Answer: The Rainbow Times

Context: Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.

Question: What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year was the Rainbow Times founded?


Answer: all of New England

Question: What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?


Answer: Boston

Question: Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?


Answer: 11th largest

Context: Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).

Question: What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?


Answer: WEEI

Question: What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?


Answer: WZBC

Question: What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?


Answer: WHRB

Question: What is the name of Harvards radio station?


Answer: NPR

Question: WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?


Answer: 8th largest in the United States

Context: The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States. The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV and its sister station WSBK-TV (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV (ABC), WHDH (NBC), WFXT (Fox), and WLVI (The CW). The city is also home to PBS station WGBH-TV, a major producer of PBS programs, which also operates WGBX. Spanish-language television networks, including MundoFox (WFXZ-CD), Univision (WUNI), Telemundo (WNEU), and Telefutura (WUTF-DT), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned-and-operated stations. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor. Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.

Question: What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold?


Answer: WSBK-TV

Question: What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?


Answer: WGBH-TV

Question: What is the citys PBS station?


Answer: Spanish-language television networks

Question: MundoFox is an example of what?


Answer: Needham and Newton

Question: Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?


Answer: the Fenway district

Context: The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents. Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.

Question: What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?


Answer: the Beacon Hill area

Question: Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?


Answer: Brighton Center

Question: Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?


Answer: The Boston Public Health Commission

Question: What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?


Answer: universities

Context: Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.

Question: A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?


Answer: Harvard Medical School

Question: The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?


Answer: Tufts Medical Center

Question: Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?


Answer: Chinatown

Question: What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?


Answer: Boston City Hospital

Question: What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?


Answer: Logan Airport

Context: Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.

Question: What Airport is located in East Boston?


Answer: Massport

Question: Who operates Logan Airport?


Answer: Logan Airport

Question: What is the name of Bostons main airport?


Answer: Beverly Municipal Airport

Question: What airport is North of Logan Airport?


Answer: Norwood Memorial Airport

Question: What airport is south of Logan Airport?


Answer: organically

Context: Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.

Question: How did the streets of downtown Boston grow?


Answer: I-90

Question: Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?


Answer: planned grid

Question: The streets of Back bay grew into a what?


Answer: nearly a third

Context: With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country. Boston's subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA—known as the "T") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country, with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.

Question: How many people in Boston use public transportation?


Answer: fifth-highest

Question: Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?


Answer: MBTA

Question: What is the name of Bostons subway system?


Answer: T

Question: The MBTA is also known as the what?


Answer: 65.5 miles

Question: How long is bostons subway system?


Answer: South Station

Context: Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station, despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs, other than the "T" subway lines.

Question: Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?


Answer: Back Bay

Question: Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?


Answer: Route 128 Station

Question: Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?


Answer: southwestern

Question: What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?


Answer: North Station

Question: Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?


Answer: The Walking City

Context: Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities. In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States. As of 2015[update], Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.

Question: What is Bostons nickname?


Answer: pedestrian

Question: What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city?


Answer: 13 percent

Question: What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?


Answer: 2015

Question: What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?


Answer: 80

Question: What was the walk score given to Boston?


Answer: cycling

Context: Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling; regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting. In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking, and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009. The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011, logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season. The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in summer 2012.

Question: Bicycling magazine named Boston one of the worst cities in the US for what?


Answer: Bicycling magazine

Question: What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list?


Answer: Hubway

Question: What is the name of the bike share program in Boston?


Answer: 2011

Question: What year did Hubway launch?


Answer: more than 140,000

Question: How many rides did Hubway log in its first year?


Answer: a Chinese satellite navigation system

Context: The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations – a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction.

Question: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?


Answer: two separate satellite constellations

Question: How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?


Answer: a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system

Question: What are the two satellite constellations?


Answer: since 2000

Question: How long has the limited test system been operating?


Answer: 北斗衛星導航系統

Question: How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?


Answer: the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System

Context: The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System (simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航试验系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航試驗系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng shìyàn xìtǒng) and also known as BeiDou-1, consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000.

Question: What was the first BeiDou system called?


Answer: mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions

Question: Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?


Answer: BeiDou-1

Question: What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?


Answer: three

Question: How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?


Answer: since 2000

Question: How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?


Answer: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

Context: The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. It is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020.

Question: What is the name of the second generation of BDS?


Answer: COMPASS or BeiDou-2

Question: What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?


Answer: 35

Question: How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?


Answer: January 2015

Question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?


Answer: December 2011

Question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?


Answer: mid 2015

Context: In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched.

Question: When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?


Answer: BDS-3

Question: What is the third BeiDou system called?


Answer: 30 September 2015

Question: When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?


Answer: 4

Question: How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?


Answer: Fifteen years

Context: According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.

Question: How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?


Answer: $31.5 billion

Question: How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?


Answer: China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.

Question: What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?


Answer: the Big Dipper constellation

Context: The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.

Question: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?


Answer: Běidǒu

Question: What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?


Answer: Northern Dipper

Question: What does Běidǒu translate as?


Answer: ancient Chinese astronomers

Question: Who named the constellation Běidǒu?


Answer: to locate the North Star Polaris

Question: What was the Běidǒu constellation used for?


Answer: Chen Fangyun and his colleagues

Context: The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:

Question: Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?


Answer: in the 1980s

Question: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?


Answer: three

Question: The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?


Answer: BeiDou-1A

Context: The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.

Question: What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?


Answer: 20 December 2000

Question: When was BeiDou-1A launched?


Answer: BeiDou-1C

Question: What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?


Answer: a backup satellite

Question: What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?


Answer: 25 May 2003

Question: When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?


Answer: 2 November 2006

Context: On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second.[citation needed]

Question: When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?


Answer: 10 meters

Question: What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?


Answer: timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second

Question: What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?


Answer: February 2007

Context: In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.

Question: When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?


Answer: BeiDou-1D

Question: What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?


Answer: BeiDou-2A

Question: What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?


Answer: serving as a backup satellite

Question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?


Answer: a control system malfunction

Question: What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?


Answer: April 2007

Context: In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).

Question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?


Answer: Compass-M1

Question: What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?


Answer: to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation

Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?


Answer: 15 April 2009

Question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?


Answer: 17 January 2010

Question: When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?


Answer: €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)

Context: In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest €230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China’s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.

Question: How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?


Answer: only be used by its armed forces

Question: In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?


Answer: October 2004

Question: When did China join the Galileo project?


Answer: December 2004

Question: When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?


Answer: the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post

Question: Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?


Answer: an experimental regional navigation system

Context: BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.

Question: What is the BeiDou-1?


Answer: four

Question: The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?


Answer: one

Question: How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?


Answer: the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite

Question: What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?


Answer: 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each

Question: How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?


Answer: medium Earth orbit satellites

Context: Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.

Question: What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?


Answer: satellites in geostationary orbit

Question: What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?


Answer: the system does not require a large constellation of satellites

Question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?


Answer: from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N

Question: What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?


Answer: 2491.75 MHz

Question: What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?


Answer: October 31, 2000

Context: The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.

Question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?


Answer: BeiDou-1A

Question: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?


Answer: December 21, 2000

Question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?


Answer: BeiDou-1B

Question: What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?


Answer: May 25, 2003

Question: When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?


Answer: as high as 0.5 metres

Context: In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).

Question: In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?


Answer: 20m

Question: What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?


Answer: 100m

Question: What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?


Answer: the official Xinhua News Agency

Question: Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?


Answer: around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)

Context: In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB was presented.

Question: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?


Answer: almost 10 times the price

Question: How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?


Answer: due to the cost of imported microchips

Question: Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?


Answer: Shenzhen

Question: Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?


Answer: a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB

Question: What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?


Answer: Sun Jiadong

Context: According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

Question: Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?


Answer: "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

Question: What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?


Answer: the chief designer of the navigation system

Question: Who is Sun Jiadong?


Answer: COMPASS

Context: BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.

Question: What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?


Answer: 35

Question: How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?


Answer: 5

Question: How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?


Answer: 30

Question: How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?


Answer: for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1

Question: What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?


Answer: the CDMA principle

Context: The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.

Question: What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?


Answer: open and restricted (military)

Question: What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?


Answer: globally to general users

Question: Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?


Answer: Sun Jiadong

Question: Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?


Answer: 75+ satellites

Question: How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?


Answer: a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military

Context: There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

Question: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?


Answer: 10-meter location-tracking accuracy

Question: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?


Answer: 10 centimetres

Question: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?


Answer: the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan

Question: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?


Answer: communication

Question: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?


Answer: four bands

Context: Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Question: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?


Answer: E1, E2, E5B, and E6

Question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?


Answer: E1 and E2

Question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?


Answer: E1 and E2

Question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?


Answer: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency

Question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?


Answer: little was officially announced

Context: Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

Question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?


Answer: to study general characteristics of the signals

Question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?


Answer: to build a COMPASS receiver

Question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?


Answer: 14 April 2007

Context: Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.

Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?


Answer: for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing

Question: What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?


Answer: the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system

Question: The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?


Answer: 21,150 km

Question: What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?


Answer: 55.5 degrees

Question: What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?


Answer: E2, E5B, and E6

Context: Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The "Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.

Question: What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?


Answer: 90 degrees (in quadrature)

Question: What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by Compass-M1?


Answer: "I" and "Q"

Question: What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?


Answer: likely to be intended for the open service

Question: What is the intended purpose of the "I" component?


Answer: probably intended for the restricted service

Question: What is the intended purpose of the "Q" component?


Answer: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007

Context: The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

Question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?


Answer: the spectrum and structure of the signals

Question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?


Answer: researchers from Stanford University

Question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?


Answer: a group of engineers at Septentrio

Question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?


Answer: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B

Question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?


Answer: Compass signals have somewhat greater power

Context: Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Question: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?


Answer: December 2011

Context: In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.

Question: When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?


Answer: 27 December

Question: When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?


Answer: as more satellites are launched

Question: What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?


Answer: accurate to the nearest 10 m

Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?


Answer: within 0.2 m per second

Question: Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?


Answer: December 2012

Context: The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N.

Question: When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?


Answer: the Asia-Pacific region

Question: Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?


Answer: between longitude 55°E to 180°E and from latitude 55°S to 55°N

Question: At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?


Answer: December 2011

Context: In December 2011, Xinhua stated that "[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities." The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.

Question: When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?


Answer: by 2020

Question: When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?


Answer: 16

Question: As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?


Answer: 14

Question: Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?


Answer: 2007

Context: The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

Question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?


Answer: nine

Question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?


Answer: functional regional coverage

Question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?


Answer: 16

Question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?


Answer: 2015

Context: In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.

Question: When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?


Answer: with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites

Question: How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?


Answer: July 25, 2015

Context: On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?


Answer: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center

Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?


Answer: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket

Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?


Answer: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits

Question: What is the Expedition-1?


Answer: navigation services

Context: The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?


Answer: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?


Answer: three

Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?


Answer: Canon law

Context: Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?


Answer: Christian

Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?


Answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?


Answer: church council

Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?


Answer: canons

Question: What does canon law consist of?


Answer: kanon

Context: Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Question: What is the Greek term for canon?


Answer: kaneh

Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?


Answer: Qanun

Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?


Answer: reed

Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?


Answer: cane

Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?


Answer: eighty-five

Context: The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?


Answer: fifty

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?


Answer: Ecclesiastical Canons

Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?


Answer: 325

Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?


Answer: a rule

Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?


Answer: the Church's hierarchical authorities

Context: In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?


Answer: canon law

Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?


Answer: external organization and government

Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?


Answer: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church

Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?


Answer: rites

Context: The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?


Answer: five

Question: How many major rites exist?


Answer: the Supreme Pontiff

Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?


Answer: full union

Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?


Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?


Answer: immutable divine and natural law

Context: In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?


Answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?


Answer: formal authority and promulgation

Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?


Answer: Supreme Pontiff

Question: What is the pope's official title?


Answer: legislative, executive, and judicial

Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?


Answer: The Catholic Church

Context: The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?


Answer: Roman law

Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?


Answer: canons

Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?


Answer: first century

Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?


Answer: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic

Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?


Answer: the jus novum

Context: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?


Answer: the Code of Canon Law

Question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?


Answer: the jus vetus

Question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?


Answer: different disciplines and practices

Context: The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?


Answer: process of codification

Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?


Answer: 1990

Question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?


Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?


Answer: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?


Answer: lawyers, judges

Context: It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?


Answer: civilly-binding force

Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?


Answer: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus

Question: What does J.C.B. stand for?


Answer: Bachelor of Canon Law

Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?


Answer: Juris Canonici Licentiatus

Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?


Answer: Roman Law Code of Justinian

Context: Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?


Answer: adversarial

Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?


Answer: inquisitorial

Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?


Answer: to enquire

Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?


Answer: Europe

Context: The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?


Answer: modern civil law and common law

Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?


Answer: Edson Luiz Sampel

Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?


Answer: Europe and Latin American

Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?


Answer: contemporary society

Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?


Answer: Aristotelian-Thomistic

Context: Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?


Answer: Aquinas

Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?


Answer: law

Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?


Answer: the common good

Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?


Answer: a rule of conduct

Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?


Answer: the Latin or Western Church

Context: The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?


Answer: more diversity in legislation

Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?


Answer: custom

Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?


Answer: 1929

Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?


Answer: 1949 through 1958

Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?


Answer: 1917

Context: The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?


Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?


Answer: 1962 - 1965

Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?


Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?


Answer: 1990

Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?


Answer: Greek

Context: The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?


Answer: canons and commentaries upon them

Question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?


Answer: Rudder

Question: What does Pēdálion mean in English?


Answer: bishops

Question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?


Answer: the Ecumenical Councils

Question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?


Answer: the Church of England

Context: In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?


Answer: 12th

Question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?


Answer: common law

Question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?


Answer: Oxford and Cambridge

Question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?


Answer: Henry VIII

Question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?


Answer: the Anglican Communion

Context: Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Question: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?


Answer: the Episcopal Church

Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?


Answer: the Anglican Church of Canada

Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?


Answer: their own private systems of canon law

Question: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?


Answer: principles of canon law

Context: Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?


Answer: factually

Question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?


Answer: its own legal system

Question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law?


Answer: living

Question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?


Answer: unity

Question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?


Answer: "practice and procedure" or "church order"

Context: In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?


Answer: Presbyterian and Reformed churches

Question: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?


Answer: government

Question: What aspect of management is covered by church order?


Answer: discipline

Question: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?


Answer: worship

Question: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?


Answer: the Presbyterians

Context: Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?


Answer: 1572

Question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?


Answer: Parliament

Question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?


Answer: 1500 years

Question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?


Answer: bishops

Question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?


Answer: The Book of Concord

Context: The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."

Question: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?


Answer: 16th

Question: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?


Answer: confessional

Question: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?


Answer: canons

Question: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?


Answer: orthodox

Question: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?


Answer: two

Context: Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.

Question: How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?


Answer: private

Question: Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?


Answer: Print media

Question: As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?


Answer: National Communications Act

Question: In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?


Answer: private

Question: Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?


Answer: private

Question: Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?


Answer: two

Question: How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?


Answer: Print media

Question: What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?


Answer: radio stations and online portals

Question: What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?


Answer: Somali entrepreneurs

Context: After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

Question: Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?


Answer: expertise

Question: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.


Answer: affordable mobile phone and internet services

Question: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?


Answer: mobile phones

Question: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?


Answer: infrastructure

Question: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?


Answer: multinational corporations

Context: After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.

Question: Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?


Answer: Somali telecommunication companies

Question: Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?


Answer: 25

Question: aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?


Answer: tele-density

Question: what is another word for availability of telephone lines?


Answer: $40 million

Question: How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?


Answer: 2008

Context: In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.

Question: What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?


Answer: Hargeisa

Question: Where is Somtal network located?


Answer: mobile banking

Question: Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?


Answer: Somali Telecommunication Company

Question: STC stands for what?


Answer: three

Question: The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?


Answer: telecom industry

Context: Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.

Question: Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?


Answer: telecom

Question: What sector provides key communication services?


Answer: 2012

Context: On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.

Question: What year was the national Communications act enacted?


Answer: the National Communications Act

Question: What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?


Answer: academic and civil society

Question: What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?


Answer: investment

Question: The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?


Answer: service delivery

Question: Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?


Answer: Somali Post

Context: The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.

Question: What is the name of the Somali postal service?


Answer: Somali Post

Question: What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?


Answer: during the civil war

Context: The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.

Question: When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?


Answer: Dubai International

Question: What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?


Answer: three

Context: Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?


Answer: ten years

Question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?


Answer: 16

Question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?


Answer: 17

Question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?


Answer: 2013

Context: On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

Question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?


Answer: Universal Postal Union

Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?


Answer: technical

Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?


Answer: basic mail processing equipment

Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?


Answer: during the colonial period

Context: There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

Question: When was Radio Mogadishu established?


Answer: Somali and Italian

Question: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?


Answer: Russian assistance

Question: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?


Answer: home service

Question: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?


Answer: Mogadishu

Context: Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Question: Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?


Answer: 2010

Question: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?


Answer: one

Question: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?


Answer: six

Context: The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

Question: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?


Answer: Radio Free Somalia

Question: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?


Answer: Galkayo

Question: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?


Answer: Mudug province

Question: What province is Galkayo located in?


Answer: one

Question: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?


Answer: Somali National Television

Context: The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

Question: What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?


Answer: Mogadishu

Question: Where is Somali National Television located?


Answer: 2011

Question: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?


Answer: April 4, 2011

Question: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?


Answer: 24

Question: Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?


Answer: private television networks

Context: Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.

Question: Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?


Answer: private television networks

Question: What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?


Answer: Bosaso

Question: Where does SBC TV broadcast from?


Answer: Bosaso

Question: What is the commercial capital of Puntland?


Answer: one

Question: Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?


Answer: Mogadishu

Context: In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.

Question: Where was The Mogadishu Times published?


Answer: 2003

Question: What year did free media outlets begin to expand?


Answer: radio and online commercials

Question: Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?


Answer: Issa Farah

Question: Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?


Answer: Information Support Team

Context: According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

Question: What is the IST?


Answer: internet blocking or filtering

Question: As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?


Answer: content standards online

Question: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?


Answer: 1999

Context: Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

Question: What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?


Answer: Africa

Question: Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?


Answer: 53%

Question: In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?


Answer: internet commerce and telephony

Question: The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?


Answer: 200

Context: According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015.

Question: What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?


Answer: 106,000

Question: What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?


Answer: rise

Question: Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?


Answer: 512,682

Question: What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?


Answer: 6.1 million

Question: What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?


Answer: Somali Telecommunication Association

Context: The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.

Question: What is the STA?


Answer: ICT sector

Question: What sector does the STC oversee?


Answer: STA

Question: In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?


Answer: 22

Question: How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?


Answer: 234

Question: How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?


Answer: 2009

Context: As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.

Question: As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?


Answer: 12.5%

Question: What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?


Answer: $10 per month

Question: What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?


Answer: Global Internet Company

Question: What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?


Answer: Global Internet Company

Question: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?


Answer: major cities

Context: Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.

Question: Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?


Answer: Mogadishu

Question: What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?


Answer: Mogadishu

Question: Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?


Answer: Wanaag HK

Question: What is another name for Dalcom?


Answer: 10% to 15% per year

Context: As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.

Question: What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?