Answer: 1882

Context: Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Question: In what year did Bell officially become an American?


Answer: British

Question: What was Bell's original nationality?


Answer: Canada

Question: Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?


Answer: hyphenated

Question: What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?


Answer: Breton Island

Context: By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.

Question: What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?


Answer: Bras d'Or

Question: In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?


Answer: The Lodge

Question: What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?


Answer: 40

Question: How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?


Answer: Beinn Bhreagh

Context: Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.

Question: Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?


Answer: December 6, 1917

Question: On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?


Answer: Beinn Bhreagh

Question: Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?


Answer: Baddeck

Question: What city adopted the Bells?


Answer: mobilized the community

Question: What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?


Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Context: Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.

Question: What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?


Answer: 18

Question: How many solo patents did Bell get?


Answer: 12

Question: How many patents did Bell co-author?


Answer: Volta

Context: Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.

Question: What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?


Answer: magnetic

Question: What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?


Answer: tape recorder

Question: The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?


Answer: ice

Context: Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.

Question: What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?


Answer: Methane gas

Question: What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?


Answer: composting

Question: What kind of toilet did Bell work on?


Answer: solar

Question: Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?


Answer: photophone

Context: Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.

Question: What did Bell call his cord-free phone?


Answer: Charles Sumner Tainter

Question: Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?


Answer: light

Question: What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?


Answer: Volta Laboratory Association

Question: What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?


Answer: normal human conversations

Question: In the photophone, light carried sound and what?


Answer: June 21, 1880

Context: On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.

Question: Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?


Answer: 700

Question: How many feet did the first photophone message travel?


Answer: Franklin School

Question: From what building was the first photophone message sent?


Answer: 19

Question: How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?


Answer: The photophone

Context: Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.

Question: What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?


Answer: telephone

Question: Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?


Answer: fiber-optic communication

Question: What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?


Answer: 1880

Question: When was fiber-optics first patented?


Answer: 1980s

Question: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?


Answer: metal detector

Context: Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.

Question: What did Bell create in 1881?


Answer: bullet

Question: What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?


Answer: metal bed frame

Question: What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?


Answer: first

Question: On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?


Answer: in tests

Question: When did Bell's metal detector work well?


Answer: Science

Context: Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

Question: Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?


Answer: Executive Mansion

Question: Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?


Answer: horse-hair

Question: What kind of mattress was the President directly on?


Answer: footnote

Question: Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?


Answer: William E. Meacham

Context: The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

Question: Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?


Answer: American

Question: What nationality was Meacham?


Answer: hydrofoil boat

Question: What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?


Answer: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin

Question: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?


Answer: Enrico Forlanini

Question: Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?


Answer: France

Context: During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.

Question: In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?


Answer: flying

Question: What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?


Answer: HD-4

Question: Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?


Answer: maroon

Context: In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Question: What color silk covered Bell's kites?


Answer: Selfridge

Question: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?


Answer: 1912

Question: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?


Answer: 3

Question: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?


Answer: Alexander Graham Bell

Question: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?


Answer: Aerial Experiment Association

Context: Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

Question: What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?


Answer: 1907

Question: When was the AEA founded?


Answer: Glenn H. Curtiss

Question: Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?


Answer: army

Question: Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?


Answer: gliders

Context: The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.

Question: What did the AEA work on after kites?


Answer: bamboo

Question: What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?


Answer: biplane

Question: What kind of plane was the Red Wing?


Answer: 150

Question: How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?


Answer: Selfridge

Question: Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?


Answer: Silver Dart

Context: Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

Question: What did the AEA name their last plane?


Answer: J.A.D. McCurdy

Question: Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?


Answer: a doctor

Question: What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?


Answer: Canadian Aerodrome Company

Question: What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?


Answer: February 23

Question: On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?


Answer: congenitally deaf parents

Context: Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.

Question: What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?


Answer: Second International Congress of Eugenics

Question: In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?


Answer: David Starr

Question: Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?


Answer: livestock breeding

Question: What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?


Answer: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

Context: A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

Question: What are Bell's personal papers known as?


Answer: Manuscript Division

Question: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?


Answer: online

Question: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?


Answer: Cape Breton University

Question: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?


Answer: Nova Scotia

Question: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?


Answer: $250,000

Context: In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Question: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?


Answer: Alexandre Dumas

Question: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?


Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: Who first established the Volta Prize?


Answer: wax

Question: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?


Answer: Volta Bureau

Question: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?


Answer: Science

Context: In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Question: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?


Answer: 1903

Question: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?


Answer: illustrations

Question: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?


Answer: Albert Medal

Question: What award did Bell win in 1902?


Answer: honorary degrees

Context: Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.

Question: What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?


Answer: Bell Telephone Memorial

Question: What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?


Answer: 1917

Question: When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?


Answer: Brantford

Question: In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?


Answer: Alexander Graham Bell Gardens

Question: In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?


Answer: First

Context: In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

Question: In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?


Answer: commemorative stamp

Question: What was created in Bell's image in 1940?


Answer: Famous Americans Series

Question: Bell's stamp is part of which line?


Answer: October 28

Question: On what date was the stamp officially released?


Answer: Boston

Question: In which city was the stamp officially released?


Answer: geese

Context: The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.

Question: What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?


Answer: genetics

Question: What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?


Answer: C$100 gold coin

Question: What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?


Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?


Answer: 57th

Context: Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

Question: In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?


Answer: 10

Question: In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?


Answer: Scottish Science Hall of Fame

Question: In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?


Answer: National Library of Scotland

Question: Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?


Answer: diabetes

Context: Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.

Question: What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?


Answer: August 2

Question: On what day and month did Bell die?


Answer: Mabel

Question: Who was the last person to see Bell alive?


Answer: Nova Scotia

Question: In what Province did Bell die?


Answer: Beinn Bhreagh pine

Context: Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":

Question: What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?


Answer: red

Question: What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?


Answer: black

Question: What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?


Answer: Jean MacDonald

Question: Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?


Answer: atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain

Context: Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.

Question: Where was Bell buried?


Answer: Marian

Question: Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?


Answer: 35

Question: Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?


Answer: The bel

Context: The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

Question: What unit is named after Bell?


Answer: sound intensity

Question: What does the bel and decibel measure?


Answer: Bell Labs

Question: What lab invented the term "bel."


Answer: telecommunications

Question: In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?


Answer: 1976

Question: What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?


Answer: Internet service provider

Context: An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Question: What does ISP stand for?


Answer: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet

Question: what does an isp do?


Answer: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned

Question: What forms can an isp be organized in?


Answer: ISPs

Context: Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Question: What type of organization provides internet access?


Answer: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation

Question: What are some services provided by an isp?


Answer: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

Context: The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Question: Why was the internet developed?


Answer: 1980s

Question: when was the internet developed?


Answer: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

Question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?


Answer: 1995

Question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?


Answer: 4 years

Question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?


Answer: Australia and the United States

Context: In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Question: Where were the first isps established?


Answer: Brookline, Massachusetts

Question: where was the first commercial isp in the us located?


Answer: November 1989

Question: when was the first commercial isp customer served?


Answer: 1989

Question: when were the first commercial isps established?


Answer: The World

Question: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?


Answer: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content

Context: On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit?


Answer: municipal broadband

Question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns?


Answer: a telecommunications service

Question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet?


Answer: Title II (common carrier)

Question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet?


Answer: telecommunications

Question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii?


Answer: February 2015

Context: On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?


Answer: in favor

Question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?


Answer: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934

Question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet?


Answer: the First Amendment

Question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to?


Answer: free speech

Question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?


Answer: 13 April 2015

Context: On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

Question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?


Answer: Internet access

Context: ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Question: What do ISPs provide?


Answer: a range of technologies to connect users to their network

Question: how do isps provide internet access?


Answer: television cable (CATV)

Question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet?


Answer: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)

Question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly?


Answer: telephone lines

Question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet?


Answer: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)

Context: For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses?


Answer: Fiber To The Home

Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?


Answer: users and small businesses

Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?


Answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs

Context: For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?


Answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?


Answer: customers with more demanding requirements

Question: what is high-speed dsl used for?


Answer: synchronous optical networking

Question: what is SONET?


Answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

Context: A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Question: What is a mailbox provider?


Answer: A mailbox provider

Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains?


Answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider?


Answer: A mailbox provider

Question: how does a user store electronic mail?


Answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Context: Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What is SMTP?


Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol

Question: What is IMAP?


Answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: How is access to mail provided?


Answer: access providers

Question: what are most mailbox providers as well?


Answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals

Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers?


Answer: email, web-hosting, or online storage services

Context: Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Question: What do internet hosting services provide?


Answer: Internet hosting services

Question: Who provides a virtual server service?


Answer: Internet hosting services

Question: who provides cloud services?


Answer: upstream ISPs

Context: Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?


Answer: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP

Question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?


Answer: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to

Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?


Answer: upstream ISPs

Question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?


Answer: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network

Context: In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP?


Answer: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs

Question: what do transit ISPs provide?


Answer: a tier 1 carrier

Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?


Answer: point of presence

Question: What is a PoP?


Answer: Transit ISPs

Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?


Answer: virtual ISP

Context: A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Question: What is a VISP?


Answer: mobile virtual network operators

Question: What do VISPs resemble?


Answer: a wholesale ISP

Question: What do visps purchase services from?


Answer: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge

Context: Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Question: What are free ISPs?


Answer: advertisements

Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?


Answer: commercial television

Question: What are free ISPs similar to?


Answer: on a nonprofit basis

Question: How are freenets run?


Answer: wireless Internet service provider

Context: A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Question: What is a WISP?


Answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

Question: What technology is part of a WISP?


Answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over?


Answer: wireless networking

Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?


Answer: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points

Context: ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Question: What is peering?


Answer: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted

Question: What does peering allow?


Answer: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP

Question: Why is peering used?


Answer: Internet exchange points

Question: What are IXs?


Answer: peering points or Internet exchange points

Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect?


Answer: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible

Context: Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible?


Answer: the most efficient route

Question: What sort of route does data follow?


Answer: intelligence agencies

Context: Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries?


Answer: PRISM

Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?


Answer: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic

Question: What does PRISM do?


Answer: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment

Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies?


Answer: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time

Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do?


Answer: fumetti

Context: Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

Question: Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?


Answer: speech balloons

Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?


Answer: online webcomics

Question: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?


Answer: narrative pacing

Question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?


Answer: 1830s

Context: The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

Question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?


Answer: Superman

Question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?


Answer: manga

Question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?


Answer: bandes dessinées

Context: The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Question: French comics are also known as what?


Answer: when it refers to the medium

Question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?


Answer: recurring characters

Question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?


Answer: images and text

Question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?


Answer: manga

Question: What are Japanese comics called?


Answer: Rodolphe Töpffer

Context: The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?


Answer: Richard F. Outcault

Question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?


Answer: 1890s

Question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?


Answer: satirical

Question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?


Answer: Lascaux cave paintings

Context: Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

Question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?


Answer: The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel

Question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?


Answer: hieroglyphs

Question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?


Answer: Trajan's Column

Question: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?


Answer: The Glasgow Looking Glass

Context: Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?


Answer: 1825

Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?


Answer: Punch

Question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?


Answer: Ally Sloper

Question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?


Answer: 1884

Question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?


Answer: New York World

Context: American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Question: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?


Answer: Outcault's The Yellow Kid

Question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?


Answer: Mutt and Jeff

Context: Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

Question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?


Answer: 1907

Question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?


Answer: 1930s

Question: When did comic books make an appearance?


Answer: Action Comics

Question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?


Answer: crime and horror

Context: The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

Question: Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?


Answer: Comics Code Authority

Question: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?


Answer: 1960s

Question: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?


Answer: 1980s

Question: When did the alternative comics movement begin?


Answer: 1980s

Context: From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

Question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?


Answer: as albums

Question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?


Answer: L'Association

Question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?


Answer: print market

Question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?


Answer: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books

Context: Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

Question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?


Answer: woodblock prints

Question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?


Answer: 1890s

Context: Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

Question: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?


Answer: Western expatriates

Question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?


Answer: 1900

Question: When did Jiji Manga debut?


Answer: Rakuten Kitazawa

Question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?


Answer: 1930s

Question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?


Answer: Sazae-san

Context: The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

Question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?


Answer: magazines

Question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?


Answer: after World War II

Question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?


Answer: newspapers

Context: Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

Question: Where do comics usually appear?


Answer: magazines

Context: Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

Question: Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?


Answer: monthly or weekly

Question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?


Answer: weekly

Question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?


Answer: hundreds of pages

Question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?


Answer: graphic novels

Context: Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

Question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?


Answer: tankōbon

Question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?


Answer: fiction

Question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?


Answer: graphic novels

Question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?


Answer: Europe

Context: Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

Question: Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?


Answer: 1843

Question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?


Answer: Punch

Question: In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?


Answer: lowbrow reputation

Context: Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.

Question: What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?


Answer: cultural elites

Question: Who thought pop culture was a risk?


Answer: Comics

Question: What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?


Answer: graphic novel

Context: The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

Question: What is a comic that is as long as a book called?


Answer: Will Eisner

Question: Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?


Answer: 1980s

Question: What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?


Answer: webcomics

Question: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?


Answer: Maus

Question: The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?


Answer: Rodolphe Töpffer

Context: The francophone Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.

Question: Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?


Answer: 19th

Question: What century had comics in wide production?


Answer: Zig et Puce

Question: What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?


Answer: Franco-Belgian

Question: What comics began to dominate in Europe?


Answer: 1929

Question: When was "The Adventures of Tintin" serialized?


Answer: literacy

Context: Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d]

Question: In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?


Answer: comics

Question: What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?


Answer: literature

Question: Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?


Answer: drawn strips

Context: In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.

Question: What does bandes dessinées mean?


Answer: Ninth Art

Question: Comics for adults began to be called what?


Answer: 1959

Question: What year did Pilote begin?


Answer: Adventures of Asterix

Question: What became a best-seller comic in the French language?


Answer: editorial interference

Context: Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'Écho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of Mœbius and others in Métal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics.

Question: Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?


Answer: 1972

Question: When was L'Écho des savanes begun?


Answer: science fiction

Question: Métal hurlant was of what genre?


Answer: prestige

Question: What format did adult comics begin to be published in?


Answer: Nihon Manga-Shi

Context: Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

Question: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?


Answer: 1924

Question: When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?


Answer: Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics

Question: What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?


Answer: Frederik L. Schodt

Question: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?


Answer: Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics

Question: What publication is Schodt responsible for?


Answer: Coulton Waugh

Context: Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.

Question: Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?


Answer: The Comics

Question: What was the name of Waugh's work?


Answer: David Carrier

Question: Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?


Answer: Comics and Sequential Art

Question: What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?


Answer: bandes dessinées

Context: Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

Question: What word is used in France for comics?


Answer: manga

Question: What word is used in Japan for comics?


Answer: drawn strip

Question: What does bandes dessinées mean?


Answer: drawn images

Question: What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?


Answer: Webcomics

Context: Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.

Question: What comics are on the Internet?


Answer: readers

Question: Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?


Answer: archived installments

Question: With webcomics, readers have access to what?


Answer: infinite canvas

Question: Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?


Answer: Wordless novels

Context: Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.

Question: Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?


Answer: Film studios

Question: Storyboards are used a lot by what?


Answer: an end product

Question: Storyboards are not considered what?


Answer: the public

Question: Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?


Answer: Wordless novels

Question: A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?


Answer: consensus

Context: Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.

Question: What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?


Answer: Theorists

Question: R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?


Answer: pantomime comics

Question: What are there prominent examples of in comic history?


Answer: images

Question: Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?


Answer: 20th

Question: What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?


Answer: his own

Context: European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

Question: In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?


Answer: Henri Vanlier

Question: Who introduced the term "multiframe"?


Answer: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle

Question: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?


Answer: Neil Cohn

Question: Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?


Answer: komiks

Context: Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

Question: What Russian word is used for comics?


Answer: comics

Question: What German word is used for comics?


Answer: manhua

Question: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?


Answer: manhwa

Question: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?


Answer: newspaper comic strips

Context: The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

Question: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?


Answer: non-humorous

Question: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?


Answer: periodicals

Question: Comic books are what type of books?


Answer: manga

Question: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?


Answer: bandes dessinées

Question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?


Answer: specialists

Context: While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

Question: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?


Answer: penciller

Question: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?


Answer: finishes the artwork in ink

Question: What does an inker do?


Answer: Panels

Context: Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

Question: What are the individual images with action called in comics?


Answer: encapsulation

Question: Narrative is placed into panels using what?


Answer: The reader

Question: Who puts the panels together using closure?


Answer: arrangement

Question: Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?


Answer: asynchronous

Question: When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?


Answer: Speech balloons

Context: Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.

Question: What association with comics is strong?


Answer: comics

Question: The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?


Answer: onomatopoeia

Question: What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?


Answer: India ink

Context: Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

Question: What type of ink is often used in making comics?


Answer: Cartooning

Question: What method is mostly used in making comics?


Answer: digital technology

Question: Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?


Answer: abstract symbols

Question: Motion lines and what are often used in comics?


Answer: Saint Helena of Constantinople

Context: Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.

Question: What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?


Answer: South Atlantic Ocean

Question: What ocean is Saint Helena located in?


Answer: 4,255

Question: What is the population of Saint Helena?


Answer: 16 by 8 kilometres

Question: How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?


Answer: 1502

Context: The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

Question: When was the island discovered?


Answer: more than 5,000

Question: How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?


Answer: leading a Zulu army against British rule

Question: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?


Answer: environmentalism

Context: Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.

Question: The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?


Answer: rainfall

Question: What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?


Answer: environmental change

Question: The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?


Answer: 21 May 1502

Context: Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.

Question: What date was the island discovered on?


Answer: João da Nova

Question: What navigator discovered the island?


Answer: Portugal

Question: What country was João da Nova doing service for?


Answer: Helena of Constantinople

Question: What person is Saint Helena Island named after?


Answer: trees and fresh water.

Context: The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.

Question: What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?


Answer: livestock, fruit trees and vegetables

Question: What was imported by the settlers of the island?


Answer: a chapel and one or two houses.

Question: What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?


Answer: mariners

Question: Who was left on the island to recover when sick?


Answer: food

Question: What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?


Answer: Englishman Sir Francis Drake

Context: Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

Question: Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?


Answer: Portuguese India carracks

Question: What did English ships of war attack on the island?


Answer: the Dutch

Question: Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?


Answer: The Portuguese and Spanish

Question: Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?


Answer: The Dutch Republic

Context: The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

Question: Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?


Answer: 1651

Question: What year did the Dutch abandon the island?


Answer: Cape of Good Hope.

Question: Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?


Answer: the English East India Company

Context: In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.

Question: Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?


Answer: Oliver Cromwell

Question: Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?


Answer: Captain John Dutton

Question: Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?


Answer: 1659

Question: What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?


Answer: East India Company

Question: Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?


Answer: new immigrants

Context: Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.

Question: What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?


Answer: Ecological problems

Question: What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?


Answer: Isaac Pyke

Question: What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?


Answer: Mauritius

Question: What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?


Answer: 610

Question: How many slaves were on the island in 1723?


Answer: 1770

Context: 18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791–92 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor.

Question: When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?


Answer: James Cook

Question: What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?


Answer: St. James' Church

Question: What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?


Answer: Plantation House

Question: What is the official residence of the governor?


Answer: Edmond Halley

Context: On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.

Question: Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?


Answer: University of Oxford

Question: What university did Edmond Halley attend?


Answer: 24

Question: How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?


Answer: Longwood district

Question: What district is the telescope set up in?


Answer: Southern

Question: What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?


Answer: East India Company

Context: Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.

Question: Saint Helena was an important port of which company?


Answer: water and provisions

Question: What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?


Answer: HMS Endeavour

Question: What vessel was owned by Captain James?


Answer: HMS Endeavour

Question: What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?


Answer: Royal

Question: Vessels of what navy protected convoys?


Answer: importation of slaves

Context: The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

Question: What was made illegal in 1792?


Answer: 1810

Question: What year did Coolie labourers arrive?


Answer: 600

Question: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?


Answer: 3,507

Question: What was the population of the island in 1814?


Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

Context: In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.

Question: The British government detained who in Saint Helena?


Answer: 1815

Question: What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?


Answer: Briars pavilion

Question: Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?


Answer: Longwood House

Question: What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?


Answer: 1821

Question: What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?


Answer: East India Company

Context: After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island.

Question: Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?


Answer: the packet schooner St Helena

Question: The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?


Answer: wine and provisions

Question: The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?