Answer: 8

Context: Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 NCAA championships in 8 years, and holds several scoring records. The men's basketball team is recognized by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the 1931 National Champion. In the 2010–11 school year, the Wildcats had one national championship, 12 teams in postseason play, 20 All-Americans, two CoSIDA Academic All-American selections, 8 CoSIDA Academic All0District selections, 1 conference Coach of the Year and Player of the Year, 53 All-Conference and a record 201 Academic All-Big Ten athletes. Overall, 12 of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances.

Question: How many men's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?


Answer: 11

Question: How many women's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?


Answer: five

Question: How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009?


Answer: Helms Athletic Foundation

Question: Who recognized the men's basketball team as the 1931 National Champion?


Answer: 12

Question: How many of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances?


Answer: Welsh-Ryan Arena

Context: The football team plays at Ryan Field (formerly known as Dyche Stadium); the basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play at Welsh-Ryan Arena. Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as "The Purple" and unofficially as "The Fighting Methodists." The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by Wallace Abbey, a writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago, "Football players had not come down from Evanston; wildcats would be a name better suited to [Coach Glenn] Thistletwaite's boys." The name was so popular that university board members made "wildcats" the official nickname just months later. In 1972, the student body voted to change the official nickname from "Wildcats" to "Purple Haze" but the new name never stuck.

Question: Where do Northwestern's basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play?


Answer: Wildcats

Question: What is the nickname given to Northwestern's athletic teams?


Answer: The Purple

Question: What was the official nickname of Northwestern's athletic teams prior to 1924?


Answer: The Fighting Methodists

Question: What was the unofficial nickname of the Northwestern athletic teams prior to 1924?


Answer: Purple Haze

Question: What name did the student body unsuccessfully try to rename the Wildcats in 1972?


Answer: Willie the Wildcat

Context: The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat. The first mascot, however, was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans. But after a losing season, the team, deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune, banished him from campus forever. Willie the Wildcat made his debut in 1933 first as a logo, and then in three dimensions in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed as wildcats during a Homecoming Parade. The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) performs at all home football games and leads cheers in the student section and performs the Alma Mater at the end of the game.

Question: Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics?


Answer: a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo

Question: What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics?


Answer: Furpaw

Question: What was the name of Northwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?


Answer: Furpaw

Question: Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?


Answer: banished him from campus forever

Question: What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season?


Answer: 73

Context: Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982. They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time.

Question: How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?


Answer: 34

Question: How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?


Answer: 1996 Rose Bowl

Question: What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?


Answer: 2013 Gator Bowl

Question: What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?


Answer: Pat Fitzgerald

Question: In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?


Answer: sports bribery

Context: In 1998, two former Northwestern basketball players were charged and convicted for sports bribery as a result of being paid to shave points in games against three other Big Ten schools during the 1995 season. The football team became embroiled in a different betting scandal later that year when federal prosecutors indicted four former players for perjury related to betting on their own games. In August 2001, Rashidi Wheeler, a senior safety, collapsed and died during practice from an asthma attack. An autopsy revealed that he had ephedrine, a stimulant banned by the NCAA, in his system, which prompted Northwestern to investigate the prevalence of stimulants and other banned substances across all of its athletic programs. In 2006, the Northwestern women's soccer team was suspended and coach Jenny Haigh resigned following the release of images of alleged hazing.

Question: What were 2 former Northwestern basketball players charged and convicted for in 1998?


Answer: perjury related to betting on their own games

Question: What did federal prosecutors indict four former players for in a separate betting scandal?


Answer: ephedrine

Question: What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler's system after he died during a practice?


Answer: the release of images of alleged hazing

Question: In 2006, what prompted the women's soccer team coach, Jenny Haigh, to resign?


Answer: all

Question: After the death of Rashidi Wheeler in 2001, which athletic programs were investigated for stimulants and other banned substances?


Answer: 3,401

Context: The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools, including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize–winning economist Dale T. Mortensen; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Garry Wills; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, and Jennifer Richeson. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artist Ed Paschke, writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize–winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and "don't ask, don't tell" author Charles Moskos.

Question: How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ?


Answer: Arthur Butz

Question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier?


Answer: historian Garry Wills

Question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize?


Answer: Mary Zimmerman

Question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director?


Answer: chemist John Pople

Question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize?


Answer: George McGovern

Context: Northwestern has roughly 225,000 alumni in all branches of business, government, law, science, education, medicine, media, and the performing arts. Among Northwestern's more notable alumni are U.S. Senator and presidential candidate George McGovern, Nobel Prize–winning economist George J. Stigler, Nobel Prize–winning novelist Saul Bellow, Pulitzer Prize–winning composer and diarist Ned Rorem, the much-decorated composer Howard Hanson, Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Ali Babacan, the historian and novelist Wilma Dykeman, and the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast Abraham Vereide. U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Joseph Goldberg, and Governor of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson are among the graduates of the Northwestern School of Law. Many Northwestern alumni play or have played important roles in Chicago and Illinois, such as former Illinois governor and convicted felon Rod Blagojevich, Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and theater director Mary Zimmerman. Northwestern alumnus David J. Skorton currently serves as president of Cornell University. Rahm Emanuel, the mayor of Chicago and former White House Chief of Staff, earned a Masters in Speech and Communication in 1985.

Question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?


Answer: Ali Babacan

Question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?


Answer: Abraham Vereide

Question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?


Answer: Adlai Stevenson

Question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?


Answer: Rod Blagojevich

Question: Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?


Answer: Northwestern alumni

Context: Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Paul Lynde, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dusty Kay, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia."

Question: Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?


Answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

Question: Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?


Answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

Question: Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?


Answer: Northwestern's School of Communication

Question: Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?


Answer: Lee Phillip Bell

Question: Which alumni was a co-creator of "The Young and the Restless", and "The Bold and the Beautiful"?


Answer: 38

Context: The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.

Question: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?


Answer: The Medill School of Journalism

Question: Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?


Answer: The Medill School of Journalism

Question: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?


Answer: 13

Question: How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?


Answer: Richard Threlkeld

Question: Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?


Answer: Mary Harris Thompson

Context: The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital, Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named, Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic, Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians, Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever, Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery, Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide, Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012, Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA, C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer, David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006, and Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies, and a university trustee.

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?


Answer: Daniel Hale Williams

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?


Answer: Charles Horace Mayo

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?


Answer: Allen B. Kanavel

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?


Answer: Joseph P. Kerwin

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?


Answer: southern Fujian.

Context: Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.

Question: Where did Hokkien originate?


Answer: Teochew

Question: What dialect is Hokkien closely related to?


Answer: a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese.

Question: What is Hokkien?


Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: Where is Hokkien spoken?


Answer: southern Fujian

Question: Where did Hokkien originate?


Answer: Teochew

Question: What language is Hokkien closely related to?


Answer: Hainanese

Question: What language is Hokkien distantly related to?


Answer: Fujian province

Question: Min and Hakka dialects are found where?


Answer: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.

Context: The term Hokkien (福建; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: 閩南語, 閩南話; simplified Chinese: 闽南语, 闽南话; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ, Mǐnnánhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí,Bân-lâm-oē) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: 福佬話; simplified Chinese: 福佬话; pinyin: Fúlǎohuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló-oē). The term Hokkien (Chinese: 福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok-kiàn oē;Tâi-lô:Hok-kiàn-uē), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.

Question: What at the main Hokkioen urban centers?


Answer: Min-nan dialects.

Question: What dialects does Hokkien refer to?


Answer: South East Asia

Question: Where is the term Hokkien mainly used?


Answer: Fujian province

Question: What does Hokkien mean?


Answer: Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan

Question: What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?


Answer: Hokkien

Question: In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?


Answer: Hokkien

Question: Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?


Answer: 98.5%

Context: There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]

Question: What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers?


Answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language").

Question: What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines?


Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore?


Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia?


Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia?


Answer: Han Chinese emigrants

Question: Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?


Answer: Burma

Question: What is the current name for Myanmar?


Answer: Dutch East Indies

Question: What is the former name for Indonesia?


Answer: 98.5%

Question: What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?


Answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē

Question: What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?


Answer: China

Context: During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.

Question: The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?


Answer: the Central Plain of China

Question: Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?


Answer: the Disaster of Yongjia

Question: What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?


Answer: old Chinese

Question: What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?


Answer: north to the south

Question: What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?


Answer: Emperor Gaozong

Context: In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.

Question: Who was the ruler of China in 677?


Answer: Chen Zheng

Question: Who led the military expedition in Fujian?


Answer: Chen Yuanguang

Question: What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?


Answer: Emperor Xizong of Tang

Question: Who was the ruler of China in 885?


Answer: two waves of migrations from the north

Question: What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?


Answer: Amoy

Context: Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

Question: What is another name for Xiamen dialect?


Answer: Xiamen dialect

Question: What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?


Answer: late Ming dynasty

Question: During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?


Answer: Xiamen

Question: What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?


Answer: in search of job opportunities

Question: Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?


Answer: Hokkien

Context: Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.

Question: What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?


Answer: similar

Question: How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?


Answer: many pronunciations

Question: What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?


Answer: phoneme inventories

Question: Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?


Answer: 5 to 7

Context: In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

Question: How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?


Answer: tone classes

Question: What is another name for phonemic tones?


Answer: minor

Question: What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?


Answer: Amoy or Quanzhou

Question: What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?


Answer: the area of Taiwan

Question: What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?


Answer: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou

Context: The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese.

Question: The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?


Answer: Taiwanese

Question: Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?


Answer: Quanzhou

Question: What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?


Answer: Zhangzhou speech

Question: What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?


Answer: Malay

Question: In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?


Answer: meaning

Context: Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.

Question: In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?


Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?


Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?


Answer: time, gender and plural

Question: Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?


Answer: Different particles

Question: What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?


Answer: tha̍k-im

Context: The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.

Question: What are literary and colloquial readings called?


Answer: vernacular)

Question: What is another name for colloquial?


Answer: formal phrases and written language

Question: Literary readings are usually used where?


Answer: spoken language and vulgar phrases

Question: colloquial reading are usually used where?


Answer: Min

Context: The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

Question: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?


Answer: Han dynasty

Question: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?


Answer: 206 BCE - 220 CE

Question: When was the Han Dynasty?


Answer: 420 - 589 CE

Question: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?


Answer: 618–907 CE

Question: When was the Tang Dynasty?


Answer: in the state of Wu

Context: Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

Question: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?


Answer: the state of Chu

Question: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?


Answer: Mandarin Chinese

Question: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?


Answer: Quanzhou

Context: Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect.

Question: Where did Hokkein originate?


Answer: 1842

Question: What year was the Opium war?


Answer: Amoy

Question: What is another name for Xiamen?


Answer: Xiamen

Question: What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?


Answer: Amoy Hokkien

Question: What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?


Answer: In the 1990s

Context: In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Hokkien degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien on a regular basis.

Question: When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?


Answer: 1993

Question: What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?


Answer: 2001

Question: What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?


Answer: Tai-lo

Question: What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?


Answer: Chinese

Context: Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character.

Question: Hokkien is usually written using what characters?


Answer: classical Chinese

Question: Written Hokkein is based on what?


Answer: Mandarin

Question: What is another name for standard written chinese?


Answer: 20 to 25%

Question: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?


Answer: standard designated

Context: While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食.

Question: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?


Answer: a particular morpheme

Question: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?


Answer: etymological or phono-semantic

Question: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?


Answer: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters

Question: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?


Answer: Latin

Context: Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe̍h-ōe-jī (traditional Chinese: 白話字; simplified Chinese: 白话字; pinyin: Báihuàzì). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist.

Question: Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?


Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Question: What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?


Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Question: What is another name for POJ?


Answer: Presbyterian missionaries in China

Question: Who developed POJ?


Answer: 19th

Question: POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?


Answer: the 16th century

Context: Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.

Question: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?


Answer: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china

Question: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?


Answer: after 1587

Question: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?


Answer: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines

Question: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?


Answer: Romance of the Lychee Mirror

Question: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?


Answer: the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set

Context: All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.

Question: What is another name for unicode?


Answer: diacritics

Question: Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?


Answer: Unicode

Question: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?


Answer: This proposal encountered strong opposition

Context: In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass.

Question: How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?


Answer: the proposal did not pass

Question: What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?


Answer: 2002

Question: What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?


Answer: ethnic

Question: Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?


Answer: Taiwan Solidarity Union

Question: What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?


Answer: a Beta World City

Context: It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.

Question: What is Montevideo classified as?


Answer: 8th

Question: What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?


Answer: Uruguay

Question: Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?


Answer: Uruguay

Question: Montevideo is the chief port of what area?


Answer: around 2 million

Question: What is the population of Montevideo?


Answer: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala

Context: A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Question: Who organized the Spanish expedition?


Answer: 22 January 1724

Question: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?


Answer: Jorge Burgues

Question: Who was one significant early italian resident?


Answer: Montevideo

Context: A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

Question: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?


Answer: maritime commerce

Question: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?


Answer: Buenos Aires

Question: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?


Answer: 3 February 1807

Context: On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.

Question: When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?


Answer: 2 September

Question: When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?


Answer: John Whitelocke

Question: Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental?


Answer: Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros

Question: Who replaced Liniers?


Answer: Rio de la Plata

Context: During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Question: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces?


Answer: Montevideo

Question: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?


Answer: José Gervasio Artigas

Question: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?


Answer: 1814

Context: The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

Question: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?


Answer: 1816

Question: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?


Answer: Treinta y Tres Orientales

Question: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled?


Answer: 1828

Question: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?


Answer: Empire of Brazil

Context: Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

Question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?


Answer: Lavalleja

Question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?


Answer: National Party

Question: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?


Answer: Colorado Party

Question: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?


Answer: a siege

Context: The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally, in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting, however, resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until past the middle of the 20th century.

Question: What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?


Answer: by sea

Question: How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??


Answer: 1851

Question: What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?


Answer: 1853

Context: After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cordón were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.

Question: What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?


Answer: 1854 to 1861

Question: Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?


Answer: 1856

Question: What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated?


Answer: 1866

Question: What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?


Answer: 1868

Context: In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

Question: What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?


Answer: 1868

Question: What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated?


Answer: 1869

Question: What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated?


Answer: 1878

Question: What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed?


Answer: 1882

Context: The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

Question: When were the first telephone lines installed?


Answer: 1886

Question: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?


Answer: 1888

Question: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?


Answer: 1897

Question: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated?


Answer: early 20th century

Context: In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighbourhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, the Prado and Villa Colón. The Rodó Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development.

Question: What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?


Answer: 30%

Question: In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?


Answer: urban development

Question: The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?


Answer: Admiral Graf Spee

Context: During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water.

Question: Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?


Answer: Punta del Este

Question: Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?


Answer: 13 December 1939

Question: When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?


Answer: the Río de la Plata

Context: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.

Question: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?


Answer: Santa Lucía River

Question: What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?


Answer: a natural harbour

Question: What does the Bay of Montevideo form?


Answer: 43 metres

Context: The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department).

Question: The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?


Answer: 90 kilometres

Question: How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?


Answer: 46 kilometres

Question: How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?


Answer: 18 December 1908

Context: The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909–1911) was Daniel Muñoz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time.

Question: The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?


Answer: Daniel Muñoz

Question: Who was the municipality's first mayor?


Answer: Uruguayan Constitution of 1918

Question: Municipalities were abolished by what?


Answer: 8

Context: As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance." The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.

Question: How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?


Answer: an alcalde

Question: What is the head of each Municipio called?


Answer: the citizens registered in the constituency

Question: Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities?


Answer: geographically separate settlements

Context: Of much greater importance is the division of the city into 62 barrios: neighbourhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios—such as Sayago, Ituzaingó and Pocitos—were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo París. Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence.

Question: What had many of the city's barrios previously been?


Answer: Ciudad Vieja

Question: What is a neighborhood of great significance?


Answer: a protective wall

Question: What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?


Answer: 57,913

Context: In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

Question: How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?


Answer: the great European immigration

Question: The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?


Answer: had quadrupled

Question: What happened to the population by the year 1880?


Answer: 309,331 inhabitants

Question: What had the population grown to in 1908?


Answer: 1,325,968 persons

Context: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons, compared to Uruguay's total population of 3,241,003. The female population was 707,697 (53.4%) while the male population accounted for 618,271 (46.6%). The population had declined since the previous census carried out in 1996, with an average annual growth rate of −1.5 per thousand. Continual decline has been documented since the census period of 1975–1985, which showed a rate of −5.6 per thousand. The decrease is due in large part to lowered fertility, partly offset by mortality, and to a smaller degree in migration. The birth rate declined by 19% from 1996 (17 per thousand) to 2004 (13.8 per thousand). Similarly, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 2.24 in 1996 to 1.79 in 2004. However, mortality continued to fall with life expectancy at birth for both sexes increasing by 1.73 years.

Question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?


Answer: 3,241,003

Question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?


Answer: 707,697

Question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?


Answer: 618,271

Question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?


Answer: Montevideo

Context: As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is the economic and political centre of the country. Most of the largest and wealthiest businesses in Uruguay have their headquarters in the city. Since the 1990s the city has undergone rapid economic development and modernization, including two of Uruguay's most important buildings—the World Trade Center Montevideo (1998), and Telecommunications Tower (2000), the headquarters of Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company ANTEL, increasing the city's integration into the global marketplace.

Question: What is the economic and political centre of the country?


Answer: 1998

Question: What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?


Answer: (2000

Question: What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?


Answer: Energy

Context: The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are: AFE (railways), ANCAP (Energy), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (telecommunications), BHU (savings and loan), BROU (bank), BSE (insurance), OSE (water & sewage), UTE (electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called Ente Autonomo ("autonomous entity"). The government also owns part of other companies operating under private law, such as those owned wholly or partially by the CND (National Development Corporation).

Question: What kind of company does ANCAP run?


Answer: telecommunications

Question: What kind of company does ANTEL run?


Answer: Banking

Context: Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.

Question: What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?


Answer: the Switzerland of America

Question: Uruguay was once dubbed as what?


Answer: Banco Republica

Question: What is the largest bank in Uruguay?


Answer: Montevideo

Question: Where is Banco Republica based in?


Answer: Tourism

Context: Tourism accounts for much of Uruguay's economy. Tourism in Montevideo is centered in the Ciudad Vieja area, which includes the city's oldest buildings, several museums, art galleries, and nightclubs, with Sarandí Street and the Mercado del Puerto being the most frequented venues of the old city. On the edge of Ciudad Vieja, Plaza Independencia is surrounded by many sights, including the Solís Theatre and the Palacio Salvo; the plaza also constitutes one end of 18 de Julio Avenue, the city's most important tourist destination outside of Ciudad Vieja. Apart from being a shopping street, the avenue is noted for its Art Deco buildings, three important public squares, the Gaucho Museum, the Palacio Municipal and many other sights. The avenue leads to the Obelisk of Montevideo; beyond that is Parque Batlle, which along with the Parque Prado is another important tourist destination. Along the coast, the Fortaleza del Cerro, the Rambla (the coastal avenue), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) of sandy beaches, and Punta Gorda attract many tourists, as do the Barrio Sur and Palermo barrios.

Question: What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?


Answer: Ciudad Vieja area

Question: Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?


Answer: 18 de Julio Avenue

Question: Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?


Answer: 207

Context: Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia.

Question: How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?


Answer: 10

Question: How many suites does the Sheraton have?


Answer: 232

Question: How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?


Answer: Montevideo

Context: Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay. The city has become the principal centre of business and real estate, including many expensive buildings and modern towers for residences and offices, surrounded by extensive green spaces. In 1985, the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping was built. In 1994, with building of three more shopping complexes such as the Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, and Punta Carretas Shopping, the business map of the city changed dramatically. The creation of shopping complexes brought a major change in the habits of the people of Montevideo. Global firms such as McDonald's and Burger King etc. are firmly established in Montevideo.

Question: What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?


Answer: Montevideo

Question: What city has become the centre of business and real estate?


Answer: 1985

Question: What year was Montevideo Shopping built?


Answer: Neoclassical

Context: The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building façades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rodó and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks.

Question: What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral?


Answer: Postmodern

Question: What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo?


Answer: ANTEL Telecommunication Tower

Question: What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?


Answer: Pocitos

Context: The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the "Edificio Panamericano" designed by Raul Sichero, and the "Positano" and "El Pilar" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents.[citation needed]

Question: What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?


Answer: 1920 and 1940

Question: Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district?


Answer: Raul Sichero

Question: Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?


Answer: modern apartment buildings

Question: What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?


Answer: 1998

Context: World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, although work is still ongoing as of 2010[update]. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and a large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first building to be inaugurated, in 1998.[citation needed] It has 22 floors and 17,100 square metres of space. That same year the avenue and the auditorium were raised. World Trade Center 2 was inaugurated in 2002, a twin tower of World Trade Center 1. Finally, in 2009, World Trade Center 3 and the World Trade Center Plaza and the Towers Square were inaugurated. It is located between the avenues Luis Alberto de Herrera and 26 de Marzo and has 19 floors and 27,000 square metres (290,000 sq ft) of space. The 6,300-square-metre (68,000 sq ft)[citation needed] World Trade Center Plaza is designed to be a centre of gastronomy opposite Towers Square and Bonavita St. Among the establishments on the plaza are Burger King, Walrus, Bamboo, Asia de Cuba, Gardenia Mvd, and La Claraboya Cafe.

Question: When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?


Answer: World Trade Center 1

Question: What was the first building to be inaugurated?


Answer: 2002

Question: When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?


Answer: 2009

Question: When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?


Answer: The Towers Square

Context: The Towers Square, is an area of remarkable aesthetic design, intended to be a platform for the development of business activities, art exhibitions, dance and music performances and social place. This square connects the different buildings and towers which comprise the WTC Complex and it is the main access to the complex. The square contains various works of art, notably a sculpture by renowned Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry. World Trade Center 4, with 40 floors and 53,500 square metres (576,000 sq ft) of space is under construction as of 2010[update].[citation needed]

Question: What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?


Answer: Pablo Atchugarry

Question: The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor?


Answer: 53,500 square metres

Question: How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?


Answer: The Solís Theatre

Context: The Solís Theatre is Uruguay's oldest theatre. It was built in 1856 and is currently owned by the government of Montevideo. In 1998, the government of Montevideo started a major reconstruction of the theatre, which included two US$110,000 columns designed by Philippe Starck. The reconstruction was completed in 2004, and the theatre reopened in August of that year. The plaza is also the site of the offices of the President of Uruguay (both the Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower). The Artigas Mausoleum is located at the centre of the plaza. Statues include that of José Gervasio Artigas, hero of Uruguay's independence movement; an honour guard keeps vigil at the Mausoleum.

Question: What is Uruguay's oldest theater?


Answer: 1856

Question: When was The Solis Theater built?


Answer: the government of Montevideo

Question: Who owns The Solis Theater?


Answer: 1998

Question: What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis Theater?


Answer: 2004

Question: What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?


Answer: Mario Palanti

Context: Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

Question: Who designed the Palacio Salvo?


Answer: 1925

Question: What year was the Palacio Salvo completed?


Answer: 100 metres (330 ft) high

Question: How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?


Answer: Plaza de la Constitución

Context: Also of major note in Ciudad Vieja is the Plaza de la Constitución (or Plaza Matriz). During the first decades of Uruguayan independence this square was the main hub of city life. On the square are the Cabildo—the seat of colonial government—and the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera, Juan Antonio Lavalleja and Venancio Flores. Another notable square is Plaza Zabala with the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On its south side, Palacio Taranco, once residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers, is now the Museum of Decorative Arts. A few blocks northwest of Plaza Zabala is the Mercado del Puerto, another major tourist destination.

Question: What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?


Answer: the seat of colonial government

Question: What is the Cabildo?


Answer: Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral

Question: What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?


Answer: Plaza Zabala

Question: Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located?


Answer: Parque Batlle

Context: Parque Batlle (formerly: Parque de los Aliados, translation: "Park of the Allies") is a major public central park, located south of Avenida Italia and north of Avenue Rivera. Along with Parque Prado and Parque Rodó it is one of three large parks that dominate Montevideo. The park and surrounding area constitute one of the 62 neighbourhoods (barrios) of the city. The barrio of Parque Batlle is one of seven coastal barrios, the others being Buceo, Carrasco, Malvin, Pocitos, Punta Carretas, and Punta Gorda. The current barrio of Parque Battle includes four former districts: Belgrano, Italiano, Villa Dolores and Batlle Park itself and borders the neighbourhoods of La Blanqueada, Tres Cruces, Pocitos and Buceo. It has a high population density and most of its households are of medium-high- or high-income. Villa Dolores, a subdistrict of Parque Batlle, took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell y Rius and of Doña Dolores Pereira de Rossel. On their grounds, they started a private collection of animals that became a zoological garden and was passed to the city in 1919; in 1955 the Planetarium of Montevideo was built within its premises.

Question: What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia?


Answer: four

Question: How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include?


Answer: Villa Dolores

Question: What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?


Answer: José Batlle y Ordóñez

Context: Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los Aliados, following the victory of the Allies of World War I. On 5 May 1930, after significant expansion, it was again renamed as Parque Batlle y Ordóñez, in memory of the prominent politician and president, who had died in 1929. The park was designated a National Historic Monument Park in 1975. As of 2010[update], the park covers an area of 60 hectares (150 acres) and is considered the "lung" of the Montevideo city due to the large variety of trees planted here.

Question: Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?