Answer: sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

Question: What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?


Answer: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953

Context: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual — i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5–10%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.

Question: Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?


Answer: people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.

Question: What where people asked to do in these research studies?


Answer: that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual

Question: What did KInsey find during these studies ?


Answer: (5–10%

Question: In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?


Answer: the randomness of his sample population,

Question: Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?


Answer: Innate bisexuality

Context: Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

Question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?


Answer: all humans are born bisexual

Question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?


Answer: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

Question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?


Answer: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

Question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?


Answer: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders

Question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?


Answer: pansexual or polysexual,

Context: These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

Question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?


Answer: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

Question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?


Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?


Answer: sexual attraction to masculinity

Question: What is androphilia used to describe?


Answer: the sexual attraction to femininity

Question: What is gynephilia used to describe?


Answer: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes

Context: The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.

Question: What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?


Answer: identity labels

Question: What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?


Answer: lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).

Question: What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?


Answer: a person’s choice of sexual partners

Question: What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?


Answer: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality

Context: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.

Question: What does NARTH stand for?


Answer: a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,

Question: What does NARTH consider itself to be?


Answer: the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy

Question: What does NARTH disagree with?


Answer: its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality

Question: What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?


Answer: that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish

Question: What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?


Answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

Context: Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?


Answer: the affected s

Question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?


Answer: confusion

Question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?


Answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

Question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?


Answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals

Question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?


Answer: dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.

Context: The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.

Question: What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?


Answer: because it is still not a true continuum

Question: What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?


Answer: seven

Question: How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?


Answer: to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale

Question: In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?


Answer: a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences

Question: What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?


Answer: 12

Context: The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

Question: How many questions does the SASO contain?


Answer: sexual attraction

Question: What do six of the questions asses?


Answer: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity

Question: What do the other six questions asses?


Answer: heterosexuality

Question: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?


Answer: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

Question: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?


Answer: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established

Context: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Question: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?


Answer: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it

Question: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?


Answer: the result of faulty psychological development

Question: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?


Answer: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Question: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?


Answer: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population

Context: One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

Question: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?


Answer: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed

Question: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?


Answer: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population

Question: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?


Answer: chromosome Y

Context: As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.

Question: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?


Answer: androgen hormones,

Question: What is the differentiation process driven by?


Answer: secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain

Question: What results in sexual differences in males and females?


Answer: the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life

Question: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?


Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

Context: One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

Question: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?


Answer: in the 1860s

Question: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?


Answer: meant only to describe males

Question: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?


Answer: dionings, urnings and uranodionings

Question: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?


Answer: the categories of sexual orientation used today:

Question: What did these three categories correspond with?


Answer: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.

Context: Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

Question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?


Answer: collapsing the two values into one final score

Question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?


Answer: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience

Question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?


Answer: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information

Question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?


Answer: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle

Question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?


Answer: those assessing sexual attraction

Context: Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

Question: What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?


Answer: sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation

Question: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?


Answer: extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither

Question: Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?


Answer: the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

Question: What is a huge concern for SASO?


Answer: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

Context: The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

Question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?


Answer: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

Question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?


Answer: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

Question: What did Diamond find about the women?


Answer: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

Question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?


Answer: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed

Question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?


Answer: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

Context: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?


Answer: Michel Foucault

Question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?


Answer: 1976

Question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?


Answer: 'Sexuality

Question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?


Answer: Sodomy

Question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?


Answer: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women

Context: Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

Question: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?


Answer: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match

Question: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?


Answer: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,

Question: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?


Answer: is independent of cultural and other social influences

Context: Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Question: What does research show about sexual orientation?


Answer: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.

Question: What can being openly gay be hindered by?


Answer: white, middle-class, well-educated

Question: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?


Answer: religion, language and ethnic traditions

Question: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?


Answer: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.

Question: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?


Answer: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)

Context: Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

Question: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?


Answer: femininity and/or inferiority

Question: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?


Answer: masculinity and/or superiority

Question: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?


Answer: Little

Question: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?


Answer: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

Context: Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

Question: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?


Answer: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause

Question: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?


Answer: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.

Question: What do they believe about sexual orientation?


Answer: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals

Question: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?


Answer: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself

Question: What can these results be caused from?


Answer: a concept that evolved in the industrialized West

Context: Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).

Question: What concept is sexual orientation argued as?


Answer: the universality of its application in other societies or cultures

Question: What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?


Answer: as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period

Question: What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?


Answer: confusing and degrading

Context: Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

Question: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?


Answer: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around

Question: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?


Answer: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

Question: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?


Answer: sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished

Context: Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

Question: What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?


Answer: sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,

Question: What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?


Answer: sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

Question: What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?


Answer: fraternal birth order

Context: Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.

Question: What does the FBO effect stand for?


Answer: prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism

Question: What does this theory entail?


Answer: this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,

Question: What does research show about the FBO effect?


Answer: maternal immunization hypothesis

Question: What does MIH stand for?


Answer: blood/brain barrier

Question: What does BBB stand for?


Answer: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

Context: The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:

Question: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?


Answer: 1948

Question: When was the KInsey scale first published?


Answer: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual

Question: Why was the KInsey scale developed?


Answer: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior

Question: What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?


Answer: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin

Question: Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?


Answer: Klein sexual orientation grid

Context: In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).

Question: What does KSOG stand for?


Answer: Fritz Klein

Question: Who invented the KSOG?


Answer: response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation

Question: Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?


Answer: a 7-point scale

Question: What kind of scale does the KSOG use?


Answer: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).

Question: What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?


Answer: sexual orientation

Context: Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.

Question: What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?


Answer: diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure

Question: What do individuals typically experience?


Answer: the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself

Question: What is there little coherent relationships between?


Answer: Ritch Savin-Williams

Context: In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:

Question: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?


Answer: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction

Question: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?


Answer: that biological measures should be developed and used.

Question: What did he propose to measure attraction?


Answer: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether

Question: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?


Answer: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated

Question: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?


Answer: that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns

Context: These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.

Question: What do these studies suggest?


Answer: in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.

Question: How is this reflected in the studies?


Answer: attractions, behavior, identity

Question: What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?


Answer: physical component of attractions

Question: What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?


Answer: emotional attachment

Question: What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?


Answer: perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people

Context: One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.

Question: What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?


Answer: gaydar

Question: What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?


Answer: that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance

Question: What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?


Answer: using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation

Question: What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?


Answer: not an accurate indication of orientation.

Question: What did this research also show about face-shape?


Answer: due to differing definitions of bisexuality.

Context: Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%.

Question: What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?


Answer: if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,

Question: What is one way a study can view bisexuality?


Answer: they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)

Question: What is another way studies can view bisexuality?


Answer: 1%.

Question: What is the percentage of asexuals?


Answer: activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.

Context: Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.

Question: What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?


Answer: is a sign of homosexuality

Question: What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?


Answer: expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends

Question: What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?


Answer: 51

Context: Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2014 it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT&T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (NASDAQ: DELL), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.

Question: What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?


Answer: 2013

Question: When did Dell go private?


Answer: PC monitors

Question: Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?


Answer: Texas

Question: In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?


Answer: third largest

Question: What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?


Answer: consumer market

Context: Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.

Question: What market did Dell ignore at first?


Answer: 1996

Question: When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?


Answer: going up

Question: What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?


Answer: 1997

Question: When did Dell create their internal marketing group?


Answer: direct

Context: Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York.

Question: What sales model did Dell use for a long time?


Answer: Consumers

Question: Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?


Answer: consumer electronics retail stores

Question: Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?


Answer: retail

Question: What market presence did Dell lack?


Answer: Texas

Question: What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?


Answer: PC

Context: In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer.

Question: What industry was getting smaller?


Answer: 2011

Question: When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?


Answer: Hewlett Packard

Question: What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?


Answer: ThinkPad

Question: What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?


Answer: Apple Inc.

Question: What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?


Answer: manufacturing

Context: Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including "burn-in"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, "We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships." The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that "Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.

Question: Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?


Answer: in-house

Question: Where did Dell configure their notebooks?


Answer: 2006

Question: When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?


Answer: The Wall Street Journal

Question: Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?


Answer: Asian

Question: What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?


Answer: advertisements

Context: Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador.

Question: What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?


Answer: free

Question: One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?


Answer: half

Question: By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?


Answer: Internet

Question: Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?


Answer: 2008

Context: In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for "Slashing Prices". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks — owned by Coles Group — reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. As of 2009[update], Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program.

Question: What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks?


Answer: Inspiron

Question: What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry?


Answer: Australian

Question: In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology?


Answer: Dick Smith Electronics

Question: What company did Dell team with in late 2008?


Answer: 2010

Question: What year did Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?


Answer: accounting

Context: On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share. The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted. It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD. In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud. Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges.

Question: What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?


Answer: $50 million

Question: What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?


Answer: AMD

Question: Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?


Answer: $100 million

Question: How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition.

Question: What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?


Answer: servers

Question: IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?


Answer: PowerEdge

Question: What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?


Answer: 1998

Question: What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?


Answer: Compaq

Question: Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?


Answer: PC

Context: The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.

Question: What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?


Answer: price

Question: What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?


Answer: manufacturing

Question: What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?


Answer: big box stores

Question: Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?


Answer: CNET

Question: What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?


Answer: 2000s

Context: By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland.

Question: What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?


Answer: Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center

Question: What plant did Dell close in Texas?


Answer: North Carolina

Question: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?


Answer: Herbalife

Question: What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?


Answer: Florida

Question: The plant in what US state still remains in operation?


Answer: Elliott Management

Context: The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013.

Question: What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?


Answer: doubled

Question: How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?


Answer: The Wall Street Journal

Question: What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year did Dell go private?


Answer: Malaysia

Context: Dell opened plants in Penang, Malaysia in 1995, and in Xiamen, China in 1999. These facilities serve the Asian market and assemble 95% of Dell notebooks. Dell Inc. has invested[when?] an estimated $60 million in a new manufacturing unit in Chennai, India, to support the sales of its products in the Indian subcontinent. Indian-made products bear the "Made in India" mark. In 2007 the Chennai facility had the target of producing 400,000 desktop PCs, and plans envisaged it starting to produce notebook PCs and other products in the second half of 2007.[citation needed]

Question: In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995?


Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants?


Answer: $60 million

Question: How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India?


Answer: 400,000

Question: How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2007?


Answer: Michael Dell

Context: The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[citation needed]

Question: Who is the founder of Dell?


Answer: nine

Question: How many board members does Dell have?


Answer: five

Question: How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?


Answer: Audit Committee

Question: Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?


Answer: Antitrust Compliance Committee

Question: Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year.

Question: What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?


Answer: 1994

Question: what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?


Answer: Sears

Question: What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?


Answer: Best Buy

Question: Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US?


Answer: product-recycling goal

Context: Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its "Recycling Works" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier.

Question: What was Dell the first IT company to establish?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program?


Answer: 275 million pounds

Question: How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?


Answer: 12.4%

Question: What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors. This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts. While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs).

Question: What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?


Answer: Dell-compatible parts

Question: With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?


Answer: 2003

Question: What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?


Answer: pin-outs

Question: What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of?


Answer: 1984

Context: Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family. In 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. PC's Limited advertised its systems in national computer magazines for sale directly to consumers and custom assembled each ordered unit according to a selection of options. The company grossed more than $73 million in its first year of operation.

Question: When did Michael Dell found his company?


Answer: $1,000

Question: How much did Dell receive as capital from his family?


Answer: University of Texas at Austin

Question: What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?


Answer: 1985

Question: What year did Dell design its own computer?


Answer: $73 million

Question: How much did Dell profit in its first year?


Answer: steady growth

Context: From 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s.

Question: What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004?


Answer: Compaq

Question: What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer?


Answer: $35 billion

Question: How much were Dell profiting in 2002?


Answer: Hewlett Packard

Question: What company did Compaq merge with in 2002?


Answer: Dell

Question: What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s?


Answer: supply chain efficiencies

Context: Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator. By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector. Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Apple Inc.)—which worked well in the commoditized PC market—prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices. Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized. Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle.

Question: What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation?


Answer: R&D

Question: What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors?


Answer: horizontal

Question: What was Dell's organizational structure considered?


Answer: IT solutions

Question: Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?


Answer: Dell 2.0

Context: Dell announced a change campaign called "Dell 2.0," reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products. While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO. With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company. Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the "Dell 2.0" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of "bureaucracy". Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices.

Question: What was the name of Dell's change campaign?


Answer: Michael Dell

Question: Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?


Answer: 2006

Question: Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?


Answer: Donald Carty

Question: Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?


Answer: half

Context: Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services. It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard. Dell also managed some success in taking advantage of its high-touch direct sales heritage to establish close relationships and design solutions for clients. Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price. Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a "moat" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously.

Question: How much of Dell's revenue was its PC division?


Answer: Hewlett Packard

Question: Who was Dell's main business rival?


Answer: $13 billion

Question: How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?


Answer: declines

Question: What happened to Dell's revenue and share price in the post-PC market?


Answer: Nashua

Context: Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Plano, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida. Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolandia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; Łódź, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; and Casablanca, Morocco.

Question: What city is Dell's New Hampshire facility in?


Answer: Nashville

Question: What city is Dell's Tennessee facility in?


Answer: Eden Prairie

Question: What city is Dell's Minnesota facility in?


Answer: Miami

Question: What city is Dell's Florida facility in?


Answer: Austin

Context: Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.

Question: What city is Dell's Texas facility in?


Answer: 1999

Question: What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?


Answer: North Carolina

Question: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?


Answer: Asia

Question: What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?


Answer: Alienware

Question: What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?


Answer: greenhouse gas

Context: Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010).

Question: What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?


Answer: 40%

Question: By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?


Answer: 2011

Question: What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?


Answer: Greenpeace

Question: What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are?


Answer: 2009

Context: In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honour a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website. In the first instance, Dell offered a 19" LCD panel for $15. In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900). Concerning the E4300, rather than honour the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation. The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements. Many consumers sued the firm for the unfair compensation. A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price. The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks.

Question: What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan?


Answer: 19" LCD

Question: What did dell sell for $19 in Taiwan?


Answer: NT$1 million

Question: How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?


Answer: supply chain

Context: Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its "build-to-order" or "configure to order" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems, Dell entered the market for IT services. The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems, with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions for enterprise customers.

Question: Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?


Answer: direct-sales

Question: What sales model did Dell follow?


Answer: hardware

Question: For the majority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?


Answer: Perot Systems

Question: What company did Dell acquire in 2009?


Answer: IT services

Question: What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009?


Answer: 1993

Context: In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue. Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run. Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994. Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President and CEO.

Question: What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?


Answer: Wal-Mart

Question: What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs?


Answer: Kevin Rollins

Question: Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs?


Answer: CEO

Question: What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain?


Answer: 1986

Context: In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988. Walker retired in 1990 due to health, and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson, former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise.

Question: What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?


Answer: board of directors

Question: What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?


Answer: 1990

Question: What year did Walker retire?


Answer: CEO

Question: What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?


Answer: U.S

Context: Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results. U.S. shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems. The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008. Heavily depending on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers.

Question: What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?


Answer: 32 percent

Question: What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?


Answer: 2006

Question: What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?


Answer: Microsoft's Windows Vista

Question: What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?


Answer: mobility

Context: The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8.

Question: Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?


Answer: iPad

Question: The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?


Answer: Streak

Question: What Dell product was a commercial failure?


Answer: XPS

Question: What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?


Answer: customer service

Context: Dell's reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same lineup sold for hundreds. Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service. Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting "got in the way," aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm.com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional "bloatware" on PCs. These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the "Dell Hell" prominent on Internet search engines.

Question: What did Dell have a poor reputation for?


Answer: offshore

Question: Where did Dell move its call centers?


Answer: Dick Hunter

Question: Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service?


Answer: $100 million

Question: How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service?


Answer: 2013

Context: In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell. In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business. Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co. and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the "wide-open bidding war" never materialized. Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an “exit strategy” to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned “But even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out.”

Question: What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell?


Answer: KKR & Co

Question: What was the first private equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?


Answer: Silver Lake

Question: What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell?


Answer: $25bn

Question: How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell?


Answer: 2008

Context: On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer. The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it. Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building. These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs. The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta office, losing 900 jobs. In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007–2008 — 10% of its workforce.

Question: What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center?


Answer: 1100

Question: How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center?


Answer: 3,000

Question: How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center?


Answer: 10%

Question: What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008?


Answer: private cloud computing

Context: The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not." The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported.

Question: What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?


Answer: FBR Capital Markets

Question: What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?


Answer: 10%

Question: How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?


Answer: $67bn

Question: What was the original valuation of the merger?


Answer: $24.4 billion

Context: After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013 that it had struck a $24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private. Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13.65 apiece. The $24.4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis. It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17.5 billion.

Question: What was the value of Dell's buyout deal?


Answer: 2013

Question: What year did Dell announce its buyout deal?


Answer: $2 billion

Question: What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft?


Answer: $17.5 billion

Question: What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?


Answer: 80,000 square feet

Context: In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138,000 square feet (12,800 m2) of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312,000 square feet (29,000 m2), for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of that space was absorbed by new subtenants.

Question: How much space did Dell lease in Texas?


Answer: 100

Question: How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?


Answer: 2002

Question: What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?


Answer: Round Rock

Question: Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?


Answer: 312,000 square feet

Question: What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?


Answer: Austin

Context: Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127,000 square feet (11,800 m2) in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design." Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994.

Question: What Texas city was Dell's headquarters previously in?


Answer: 1,200

Question: How many employees worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?


Answer: 1994

Question: What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas?


Answer: top floor

Question: Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?


Answer: 1,100

Question: How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994?