Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Context: The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains "classical" photoreceptors ("rods" and "cones"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock.

Question: Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?


Answer: hypothalamus

Question: Where are these cell groups found in humans?


Answer: complete absence

Question: What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?


Answer: eyes

Question: What provides information to the SCN?


Answer: ganglion

Question: What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?


Answer: 25 hours

Context: Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

Question: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?


Answer: artificial light

Question: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?


Answer: delayed

Question: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?


Answer: solar day

Question: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?


Answer: 1999

Question: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day?


Answer: organs and cells

Context: More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]

Question: Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?


Answer: peripheral oscillators

Question: What is the term for the independent clocks?


Answer: master clock

Question: What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?


Answer: adrenal gland

Question: In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?


Answer: light

Question: To what do oscillators in the skin respond?


Answer: Elizabeth

Context: Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.

Question: Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?


Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?


Answer: great-great-grandmother

Question: How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?


Answer: 2015

Question: In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?


Answer: world history

Question: In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?


Answer: Elizabeth

Context: During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Question: Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?


Answer: Britain was at war

Question: Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?


Answer: Welsh Gorsedd of Bards

Question: What did Elizabeth join in 1946?


Answer: heir apparent

Question: Who was the always the Prince of Wales?


Answer: Herbert Morrison

Question: Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?


Answer: 20 November 1947

Context: Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.

Question: When were Elizabeth and Philip married?


Answer: Westminster Abbey

Question: At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?


Answer: 2500

Question: How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?


Answer: Norman Hartnell

Question: Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?


Answer: Duke of Windsor

Question: What former King was not invited to the wedding?


Answer: Peter Townsend

Context: Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

Question: Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?


Answer: wait for a year

Question: What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?


Answer: remarriage after divorce

Question: What act would the Church of England not permit?


Answer: Antony Armstrong-Jones

Question: Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?


Answer: Earl of Snowdon

Question: What title was Armstrong-Jones given?


Answer: Suez crisis

Context: The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.

Question: Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?


Answer: out of touch

Question: What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?


Answer: 1963

Question: When did Macmillan resign?


Answer: Earl of Home

Question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?


Answer: 1965

Question: When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?


Answer: Gough Whitlam

Context: A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.

Question: During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?


Answer: Governor-General Sir John Kerr

Question: Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?


Answer: Speaker Gordon Scholes

Question: Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?


Answer: a majority

Question: What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?


Answer: interfere

Question: What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?


Answer: 1987

Context: In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as monarch of Fiji, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—which were contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed and the Queen was the target of satire.

Question: When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?


Answer: Pierre Trudeau

Question: What politician criticized the proposed changes?


Answer: Fijian government

Question: In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?


Answer: republic

Question: What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?


Answer: private wealth

Question: In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?


Answer: Golden Jubilee

Context: In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.

Question: What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?


Answer: March

Question: When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?


Answer: Her sister

Question: What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?


Answer: million

Question: How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event?


Answer: journalists

Question: What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?


Answer: 1976

Context: The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.

Question: When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?


Answer: 2012

Question: When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?


Answer: London Olympics

Question: For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?


Answer: Daniel Craig

Question: What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?


Answer: patronage

Question: For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?


Answer: personal fortune

Context: Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". She inherited an estimated £70 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.

Question: What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?


Answer: £2 million

Question: What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?


Answer: "grossly overstated"

Question: What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?


Answer: £340 million

Question: What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?


Answer: 302nd

Question: Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?


Answer: 1953

Context: Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.

Question: When was Elizabeth's coronation?


Answer: 2012

Question: When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?


Answer: 56

Question: How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?


Answer: assassination

Question: How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?


Answer: 1997

Question: In what year did Elizabeth's son's ex-wife die?


Answer: 2 June 1953

Context: Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.

Question: When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?


Answer: televised

Question: How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?


Answer: floral emblems

Question: What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?


Answer: Tudor rose

Question: What is the emblem of England?


Answer: Scots

Question: What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?


Answer: 1957

Context: In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

Question: When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?


Answer: 23rd Canadian Parliament

Question: What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour?


Answer: her safety

Question: On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?


Answer: Elizabeth's assassination

Question: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?


Answer: Silver

Context: In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband. In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands". The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

Question: What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?


Answer: 1977

Question: When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?


Answer: 1978

Question: In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?


Answer: Anthony Blunt

Question: Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?


Answer: Provisional Irish Republican Army

Question: What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?


Answer: "fairytale Queen"

Context: In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

Question: As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?


Answer: "priggish schoolgirl"

Question: Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?


Answer: Prince of Wales

Question: What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?


Answer: solid-colour overcoats

Question: In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?


Answer: "new Elizabethan age"

Question: What was the time after WWII heralded as?


Answer: Crown Jewels

Context: The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.

Question: What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?


Answer: official residences

Question: What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?


Answer: Balmoral Castle

Question: What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?


Answer: £9.4 billion

Question: How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?


Answer: in trust

Question: How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?


Answer: Princess Margaret

Context: Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant." Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".

Question: Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P


Answer: 1930

Question: When was Princess Margaret born?


Answer: governess

Question: Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?


Answer: The Little Princesses

Question: What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?


Answer: at home

Question: Where were the royal princesses educated?


Answer: 16

Context: In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

Question: At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?


Answer: Grenadier Guards

Question: Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?


Answer: Counsellors of State

Question: In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act?


Answer: February 1945

Question: When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?


Answer: driver and mechanic

Question: In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?


Answer: Royal Navy

Context: The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Question: Where did Philip serve during WWII?


Answer: good enough

Question: What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?


Answer: German noblemen

Question: To whom did Philip's sisters marry?


Answer: "The Hun"

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?


Answer: "an English gentleman"

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?


Answer: health declined

Context: During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.

Question: What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?


Answer: 6 February 1952

Question: On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?


Answer: Kenya

Question: In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?


Answer: 1956

Context: In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Question: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?


Answer: Treaty of Rome

Question: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?


Answer: European Union

Question: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?


Answer: November 1956

Question: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?


Answer: European Economic Community

Question: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?


Answer: 1960s and 1970s

Context: The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.

Question: When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?


Answer: Over 20 countries

Question: How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?


Answer: 1973

Question: When did Britain join the European Community?


Answer: independence from Britain

Question: What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?


Answer: over a decade

Question: In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?


Answer: Trooping the Colour

Context: During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

Question: During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?


Answer: Marcus Sarjeant

Question: Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth?


Answer: Prince Andrew

Question: Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?


Answer: Michael Fagan

Question: Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?


Answer: Grenada

Question: What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?


Answer: republicanism

Context: In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

Question: What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?


Answer: Charles and Diana's marriage

Question: What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?


Answer: high

Question: In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?


Answer: monarchy

Question: What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?


Answer: December 1995

Question: When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?


Answer: 2010

Context: The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

Question: When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?


Answer: Ban Ki-moon

Question: Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?


Answer: "an anchor for our age"

Question: As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?


Answer: British victims

Question: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?


Answer: October 2011

Question: When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?


Answer: Tudor rose

Context: From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.

Question: Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?


Answer: Upon her accession

Question: When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?


Answer: royal standards

Question: Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?


Answer: personal

Question: What type of flags are used in foreign countries?


Answer: 21 April 1944

Question: When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?


Answer: London

Context: Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

Question: In what city was Elizabeth born?


Answer: Duke and Duchess of York

Question: At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?


Answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

Question: What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?


Answer: two daughters

Question: How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?


Answer: abdication of his brother

Question: What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?


Answer: third

Context: During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.

Question: When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?


Answer: Edward, Prince of Wales

Question: Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?


Answer: 1936

Question: When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?


Answer: proposed marriage

Question: What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?


Answer: constitutional crisis

Question: What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?


Answer: Mountbatten,

Context: With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

Question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?


Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?


Answer: House of Windsor

Question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?


Answer: Mountbatten-Windsor

Question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?


Answer: 1960

Question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the surname?


Answer: Lord Salisbury

Context: The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Question: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new Prime Minister?


Answer: Lord President of the Council

Question: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?


Answer: Harold Macmillan

Question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?


Answer: Lord Chancellor

Question: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?


Answer: British Cabinet

Question: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?


Answer: February 1974

Context: In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.

Question: When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?


Answer: Austronesian Pacific Rim

Question: Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?


Answer: fly back to Britain

Question: What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?


Answer: resigned

Question: What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?


Answer: Harold Wilson

Question: Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?


Answer: sensational stories

Context: Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

Question: What did high public interest in the private lives of the royal family cause in the press?


Answer: Kelvin MacKenzie

Question: Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?


Answer: royal soap opera

Question: What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?


Answer: Thatcher's political opponents

Question: Who, it was rumored, did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?


Answer: Brian Mulroney

Question: Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?


Answer: car crash

Context: In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William and Harry—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.

Question: What incident killed Diana in Paris?


Answer: 1997

Question: When did Diana die?


Answer: five days

Question: How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?


Answer: fly a flag at half-mast

Question: What failure did the public find dismaying?


Answer: live television broadcast

Question: What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?


Answer: 60 years

Context: Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

Question: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?


Answer: Diamond Jubilee

Question: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?


Answer: 2012

Question: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?


Answer: United Kingdom

Question: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?


Answer: 1781

Question: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting?


Answer: constitutional monarch

Context: Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she is personally a member of that church and the national Church of Scotland. She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and has met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Christmas message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus:

Question: What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?


Answer: rarely

Question: How often does Elizabeth give interviews?


Answer: inter-faith relations

Question: What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?


Answer: Supreme Governor

Question: What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?


Answer: Church of Scotland

Question: Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?


Answer: King George V

Context: Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

Question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?


Answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York

Question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?


Answer: King George VI

Question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?


Answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang

Question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth?


Answer: Lilibet

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?


Answer: September 1939

Context: In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War, which lasted until 1945. During the war, many of London's children were evacuated to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave." Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk. From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years. At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."

Question: When did Britain enter WWII?


Answer: Lord Hailsham

Question: Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?


Answer: Elizabeth's mother

Question: Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?


Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?


Answer: 1940

Question: When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?


Answer: Windlesham Moor

Context: Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.

Question: Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?


Answer: Clarence House

Question: After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?


Answer: Royal Navy

Question: In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?


Answer: British Crown Colony of Malta

Question: Where was Philip stationed during WWII?


Answer: Lord Mountbatten

Question: In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?


Answer: Commonwealth of Nations

Context: From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations. By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations. During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her. Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.

Question: What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?


Answer: 1952

Question: In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?


Answer: round-the-world tour

Question: What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?


Answer: 13 countries

Question: How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?


Answer: 40,000 miles

Question: How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?


Answer: Pierre Trudeau

Context: According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried that the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Prime Minister. Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing". Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office. In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state. Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs that the Queen favoured his attempt to reform the constitution and that he was impressed by "the grace she displayed in public" and "the wisdom she showed in private".

Question: About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?


Answer: Canadian constitution

Question: What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?


Answer: British parliament

Question: What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?


Answer: monarchy

Question: What was retained in the constitution?


Answer: reform

Question: What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?


Answer: her accession

Context: In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

Question: What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?


Answer: annus horribilis

Question: What did Elizabeth call her past year?


Answer: March

Question: When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?


Answer: Captain Mark Phillips

Question: Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?


Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: What great house caught fire in November?


Answer: Prime Minister, Tony Blair

Context: In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph, citing unnamed sources, reported that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair. She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland. On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales. At the invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.

Question: Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?


Answer: peace in Northern Ireland

Question: What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?


Answer: 20 March 2008

Question: When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?


Answer: Maundy

Question: What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?


Answer: May 2011.

Question: When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?


Answer: Queen Victoria

Context: The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

Question: Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?


Answer: great-great-grandmother

Question: What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?


Answer: 9 September 2015

Question: When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?


Answer: world's oldest

Question: In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?


Answer: King Bhumibol Adulyadej

Question: What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?


Answer: 1977

Context: At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

Question: When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?


Answer: public criticism

Question: What increased in the 1980s?


Answer: royal family

Question: What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?


Answer: popularity

Question: What attribute of Elizabeth fell to low in the 1990s?


Answer: income tax

Question: What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?


Answer: similar formula

Context: Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.

Question: What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?


Answer: Crown dependencies

Question: What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?


Answer: Duke of Normandy

Question: What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?


Answer: Lord of Mann

Question: What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?


Answer: Ma'am

Question: Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?


Answer: genetic, hormonal, and environmental

Context: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Question: What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?


Answer: biologically-based

Question: What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?


Answer: no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role

Question: IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?


Answer: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Question: What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?


Answer: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

Question: Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?


Answer: genetic, hormonal, and environmental

Question: What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?


Answer: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation

Question: Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?


Answer: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Question: What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?


Answer: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

Question: Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?


Answer: biologically-based theories

Question: What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?


Answer: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation

Question: Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?


Answer: they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.

Question: What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?


Answer: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.

Question: What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?


Answer: has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Question: What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?


Answer: They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors

Question: Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?


Answer: individual's conception of themselves

Context: Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).

Question: What is sexual identity defined as?


Answer: actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: What is sexual behavior defined as?


Answer: People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity

Question: What does the term closeted mean?


Answer: concordance or discordance

Question: What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?


Answer: fantasies, attachments and longings

Question: What is sexual orientation defined as?


Answer: sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour?


Answer: Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.

Question: Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?


Answer: closeted

Question: What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly?


Answer: discordance

Question: What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?


Answer: concordance

Question: Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?


Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family

Context: Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?


Answer: concerns of discrimination

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?


Answer: religious ostracism

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?


Answer: develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?


Answer: hide their respective orientations from their spouses

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?


Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism

Question: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?


Answer: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex?


Answer: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children

Question: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?


Answer: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses

Question: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?


Answer: have adopted policy statements

Context: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?


Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation

Question: What do these policy statements suggest?


Answer: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?


Answer: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?


Answer: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation

Question: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?


Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.

Question: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?


Answer: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,

Question: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?


Answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

Context: From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

Question: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?


Answer: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire

Question: What did the published scheme attempt to do?


Answer: on two independent 10-point scales

Question: How did the scheme measure desire?


Answer: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)

Question: What were the two scales defined as?


Answer: 10-point

Question: How many points were on each scale?


Answer: From at least the late nineteenth century

Question: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?


Answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

Question: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?


Answer: 1896

Question: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire.


Answer: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0

Question: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?


Answer: an asexual would be A0, B0

Question: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?


Answer: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality

Context: A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

Question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?


Answer: as independent concepts on a separate scale

Question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?


Answer: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa

Question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?


Answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual

Question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?


Answer: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

Question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?


Answer: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum

Question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?


Answer: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.

Question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?


Answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,

Question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?


Answer: scales of assessment

Context: Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

Question: How does research identify sexual population groups?


Answer: to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation

Question: What is the understanding of the scales used?


Answer: due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

Question: Why might the scales fail?


Answer: three components

Question: How many components are used in assessment?


Answer: scales of assessment

Question: What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?


Answer: assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.

Question: What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?


Answer: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

Question: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?


Answer: there are three components of sexual orientation

Question: How many components are used in an assessment?


Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population

Context: Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?


Answer: averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

Question: What were the calculations of this myth?


Answer: we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere

Question: What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?


Answer: influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?


Answer: how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: What does knowing the sexual population influence?


Answer: Bruce Voeller

Question: Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?


Answer: used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?


Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?


Answer: men and women have different patterns of arousal

Context: Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Question: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?


Answer: independent of their sexual orientations

Question: Are the patterns related to orientation?


Answer: both human and nonhuman stimuli

Question: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?


Answer: to non-human visual stimuli

Question: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?


Answer: their specific sexual interest

Question: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?


Answer: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations

Question: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?


Answer: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual

Question: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?


Answer: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,

Question: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?


Answer: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Question: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?


Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Context: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

Question: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?


Answer: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization

Question: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?


Answer: a sex assignment or gender identity

Question: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?


Answer: pansexual and polysexual

Question: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?


Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual

Question: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?


Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia

Question: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?


Answer: homosexual and heterosexual

Question: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?


Answer: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject

Question: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?


Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

Question: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?


Answer: Translation

Context: Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Question: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?


Answer: Language

Question: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?


Answer: mass media

Question: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?


Answer: New words

Question: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?


Answer: Translation

Question: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?


Answer: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.

Question: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?


Answer: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation

Question: What problems can arise due to translation issues?


Answer: Language

Question: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?


Answer: the subject's own sex

Context: The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?


Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

Question: What theorists agreed with this concept?


Answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?


Answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

Question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?


Answer: gender-nonconformity

Question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?


Answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?


Answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

Question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?


Answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

Question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?


Answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

Question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?


Answer: during their childhood years.

Question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?


Answer: non-Caucasian LGBT

Context: In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?


Answer: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

Question: What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?


Answer: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?


Answer: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: What is an example of a culturally specific support network?


Answer: in a double minority,

Question: Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?


Answer: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?


Answer: racism

Question: What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?


Answer: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

Question: Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?


Answer: Ô-Môi

Question: What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?


Answer: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span

Context: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Question: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?


Answer: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.

Question: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?


Answer: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']

Question: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?


Answer: choice

Question: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?


Answer: 2012,

Context: In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?


Answer: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,

Question: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?


Answer: pathological condition

Question: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?


Answer: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?


Answer: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,

Question: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?


Answer: sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.

Context: The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:

Question: What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?


Answer: such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories

Question: How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?


Answer: relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history

Question: What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?


Answer: the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response

Question: What positions does the KInsey scale not use?


Answer: Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation

Context: The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.

Question: What does SASO stand for?


Answer: to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

Question: Why was SASO created?


Answer: measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately

Question: What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?


Answer: providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation

Question: What is one of SASO's main goals?


Answer: measurements of sexual orientation.

Question: What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?


Answer: all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation

Context: As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

Question: How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?


Answer: (2006)

Question: When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?


Answer: basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population

Question: What issues to Savin address during this talk?


Answer: Because of the limited populations that each component captures

Question: Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?


Answer: should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

Question: How should consumers of the research approach these findings?


Answer: measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal

Context: More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.

Question: What have scientists started spending the most time on?


Answer: by using brain-scanning techniques

Question: How do scientiest measure brain activity?


Answer: positively

Question: How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?


Answer: The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,

Question: What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?


Answer: known to be involved in regulating fear.

Question: What does the amygdala region of the brain do?


Answer: Perceived sexual orientation

Context: Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".

Question: What can affect how a person is treated?


Answer: 15.6%

Question: What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?


Answer: 2003,

Question: When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?


Answer: workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation

Question: Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?


Answer: psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component

Context: Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

Question: What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?


Answer: focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.

Question: What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?


Answer: an individual's self-definition

Question: What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?


Answer: typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence

Question: When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?