Answer: journals and conferences

Question: What publications can drug ads be commonly found?


Answer: 692

Context: The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus.

Question: In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?


Answer: 740–743 CE

Question: During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?


Answer: Marwanid

Question: What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?


Answer: 661

Context: Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus.

Question: In what year was Ali killed?


Answer: Kharijite partisan

Question: Who killed Ali?


Answer: Hasan ibn Ali

Question: Who made peace with Muawiyah I?


Answer: Damascus

Question: Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?


Answer: jizya

Context: At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups (still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate), should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the jizya taxation. The welfare state of both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Umar ibn al Khattab had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were stable in this time. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.

Question: What form of tax were Christians required to pay?


Answer: Maysum

Question: Who was the mother of Yazid?


Answer: Christian

Question: What was Maysum's religion?


Answer: four

Context: The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.

Question: How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?


Answer: Uthman ibn Affan

Question: Who was the third caliph?


Answer: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

Question: Who founded the Umayyad regime?


Answer: 5.79

Question: How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?


Answer: 661

Context: Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.

Question: When did Muawiyah become caliph?


Answer: 656

Question: When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?


Answer: Marwan ibn al-Hakam

Question: Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?


Answer: Kharijites

Context: Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husayn, word of his death and the imprisonment of his family led to a large opposition movement. In 683, Yazid dispatched an army to subdue both movements. The army suppressed the Medinese opposition at the Battle of al-Harrah. The Grand Mosque in Medina was severely damaged and widespread pillaging caused deep-seated dissent. Yazid's army continued on and laid siege to Mecca. At some point during the siege, the Kaaba was badly damaged in a fire. The destruction of the Kaaba and Grand Mosque became a major cause for censure of the Umayyads in later histories of the period.

Question: What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?


Answer: Yazid

Question: Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?


Answer: Battle of al-Harrah

Question: In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?


Answer: Mecca

Question: Where is the Kaaba located?


Answer: Banu Abd-Shams

Context: According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah.

Question: What is another term for the Umayyads?


Answer: Abd Manaf ibn Qusai

Question: Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?


Answer: Mecca

Question: From what city did the Umayyads originate?


Answer: Umayya

Question: What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?


Answer: Battle of Siffin

Context: Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin. The battle was stopped before either side had achieved victory, and the two parties agreed to arbitrate their dispute. After the battle Amr ibn al-As was appointed by Muawiyah as an arbitrator, and Ali appointed Abu Musa Ashaari. Seven months later, in February 658, the two arbitrators met at Adhruh, about 10 miles north west of Maan in Jordon. Amr ibn al-As convinced Abu Musa Ashaari that both Ali and Muawiyah should step down and a new Caliph be elected. Ali and his supporters were stunned by the decision which had lowered the Caliph to the status of the rebellious Muawiyah I. Ali was therefore outwitted by Muawiyah and Amr. Ali refused to accept the verdict and found himself technically in breach of his pledge to abide by the arbitration. This put Ali in a weak position even amongst his own supporters. The most vociferous opponents in Ali's camp were the very same people who had forced Ali into the ceasefire. They broke away from Ali's force, rallying under the slogan, "arbitration belongs to God alone." This group came to be known as the Kharijites ("those who leave"). In 659 Ali's forces and the Kharijites met in the Battle of Nahrawan. Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph.

Question: Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?


Answer: Abu Musa Ashaari

Question: Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?


Answer: Battle of Nahrawan

Question: In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?


Answer: those who leave

Question: What did the term Kharjites mean?


Answer: Umar

Context: The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.

Question: Who was the second caliph?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?


Answer: Persian Sassanid Empire

Question: Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?


Answer: three

Context: While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).

Question: How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?


Answer: Muawiyah I

Question: Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?


Answer: Hashimites

Question: Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?


Answer: Battle of Uhud

Question: What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?


Answer: Hind

Question: Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?


Answer: jizyah

Context: Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.

Question: What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?


Answer: mawali

Question: What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?


Answer: Zoroastrian

Question: Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?


Answer: 656

Context: After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.

Question: When did Uthman die?


Answer: Quraysh

Question: What tribe did Ali belong to?


Answer: civil war

Question: What does Fitna mean?


Answer: son-in-law

Question: Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?


Answer: Medina

Question: Where was the capital before Ali changed it?


Answer: Egyptians

Context: Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.

Question: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?


Answer: Muawiyah I

Question: Who was Marwan I related to?


Answer: Ali ibn Abi Talib

Question: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?


Answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq

Question: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?


Answer: Mecca

Context: In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.

Question: Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?


Answer: Muslim bin Agail

Question: Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?


Answer: Basrah

Question: What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?


Answer: Muslim bin Agail

Question: Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?


Answer: 712

Context: In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."

Question: When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?


Answer: Sindh

Question: Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?


Answer: Rajasthan

Question: At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?


Answer: Nagabhata

Question: Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?


Answer: Pratihara

Question: To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?


Answer: Jerusalem

Context: The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.

Question: Where was the Dome of the Rock built?


Answer: 692

Question: In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?


Answer: Abd al-Malik

Question: During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?


Answer: John of Damascus

Context: Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).

Question: Who was the son of Sarjun?


Answer: Crete

Question: Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?


Answer: Mardaites

Question: Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?


Answer: Kairouan

Question: What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?


Answer: Muawiya II

Context: Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.

Question: Who was the son of Yazid?


Answer: 683

Question: When did Muawiya II's reign begin?


Answer: 684

Question: In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?


Answer: Ibn al-Zubayr

Question: Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?


Answer: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah

Question: From whom was Marwan descended?


Answer: Marwan

Context: Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Question: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?


Answer: 685

Question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?


Answer: Kufa

Question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based?


Answer: Ali

Question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?


Answer: 692

Question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?


Answer: khalifah

Context: Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.

Question: Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?


Answer: Damascus

Question: Where was the government of the Umayyads based?


Answer: religious officials

Question: Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?


Answer: Balkh

Context: Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.

Question: What was the main city of Tokharistan?


Answer: Samarkand

Question: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?


Answer: 724

Question: In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?


Answer: al-Harith ibn Surayj

Question: Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?


Answer: Battle of the Defile

Question: What notable battle occurred in 731?


Answer: Kaysanites Shia

Context: The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.

Question: What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?


Answer: Abbasid family

Question: Who led the Hashimiyya movement?


Answer: Muhammad ibn Ali

Question: Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?


Answer: Hashim

Question: Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?


Answer: 717

Question: What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?


Answer: 711

Context: From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

Question: When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?


Answer: 759

Question: What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?


Answer: Marwan ibn Muhammad

Question: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?


Answer: Franks

Question: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?


Answer: 739

Question: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?


Answer: Abd al-Malik

Context: The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

Question: Who was the father of Hisham?


Answer: northern

Question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?


Answer: 724

Question: When did Hisham's reign start?


Answer: Resafa

Question: Where did Hisham base his court?


Answer: Battle of Akroinon

Question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?


Answer: Maysum

Context: With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.

Question: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?


Answer: Kalb

Question: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?


Answer: Syria

Question: Where was the Kalb tribe based?


Answer: Christian

Question: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?


Answer: Arab

Question: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?


Answer: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Context: Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.

Question: What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?


Answer: converts to Islam

Question: For whom did Umar end the jizya?


Answer: 720

Question: In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?


Answer: poisoned

Question: What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?


Answer: Mawali

Question: What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?


Answer: Abu Muslim

Context: Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.

Question: Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?


Answer: black flag

Question: What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?


Answer: Egypt

Question: Where did Marwan die?


Answer: Nasr ibn Sayyar

Question: Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?


Answer: 749

Question: When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?


Answer: Sunni

Context: The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.

Question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?


Answer: Al-Tabri

Question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?


Answer: Arab

Question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?


Answer: cohort

Context: The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.

Question: What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?


Answer: Marwan II

Question: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?


Answer: manjaniq

Question: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?


Answer: Greek

Question: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?


Answer: cavalry

Question: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?


Answer: Mu'awiyah

Context: Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.

Question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?


Answer: Khurasan

Question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?


Answer: 4,000,000

Question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?


Answer: donkeys

Question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?


Answer: 19

Question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?


Answer: Byzantine

Context: However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.

Question: What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?


Answer: Heraclius

Question: Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?


Answer: Jerusalem

Question: Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?


Answer: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Question: Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?


Answer: Hind bint Utbah

Question: Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?


Answer: dhimmis

Context: Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?


Answer: Jews

Question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?


Answer: Christians

Question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?


Answer: mawali

Context: The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."

Question: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?


Answer: G.R. Hawting

Question: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?


Answer: old Arab

Question: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?


Answer: John of Damascus

Context: Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.

Question: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?


Answer: Roman

Question: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?


Answer: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam

Question: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?


Answer: khalifat Allah

Context: The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

Question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?


Answer: Baghdad

Question: Where was the Abbasid court based?


Answer: mulk

Question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?


Answer: khalifat rasul Allah

Question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?


Answer: deputy of God

Question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?


Answer: bitumen

Context: Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370×10^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.

Question: What is another term for asphalt?


Answer: Utah

Question: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?


Answer: most

Question: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?


Answer: 142,000 square kilometres

Question: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?


Answer: oil refineries

Question: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?


Answer: indigenous peoples

Context: The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

Question: What group initially made use of asphalt?


Answer: adhesive

Question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt?


Answer: petroleum

Question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?


Answer: watertight

Question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?


Answer: canoes

Question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?


Answer: new pavement mixtures

Context: When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

Question: What is used asphalt turned back into?


Answer: 99%

Question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?


Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?


Answer: maintenance

Question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?


Answer: worn or damaged

Question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road?


Answer: five

Context: In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

Question: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?


Answer: crude oil

Question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?


Answer: diesel fuel

Question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?


Answer: Redwater, Alberta

Question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?


Answer: half

Question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?


Answer: 150 °C

Context: Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

Question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?


Answer: liquidity

Question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?


Answer: bitumen feedstock

Question: What is the liquefied mixture called?


Answer: engine exhaust

Question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?


Answer: environmental

Question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?


Answer: Romans

Context: The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.

Question: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?


Answer: 1868

Question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?


Answer: Ottoman

Question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?


Answer: 1912

Question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?


Answer: 2001

Question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?


Answer: late Middle English

Context: The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").

Question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?


Answer: Greek

Question: From what language does asphalt initially come?


Answer: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

Question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?


Answer: asphalte

Question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?


Answer: wall

Question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?


Answer: interchangeably

Context: The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?


Answer: United States

Question: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?


Answer: Geologists

Question: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?


Answer: tar

Question: What is a naming term for asphalt?


Answer: bitumen

Question: What is asphalt called outside of the US?


Answer: petroleum

Context: The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

Question: From where does most asphalt come?


Answer: once-living things

Question: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?


Answer: above 50 °C

Question: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?


Answer: pressure

Question: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?


Answer: kerogen

Question: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum produce?


Answer: Athabasca oil sands

Context: The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

Question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?


Answer: Northern Alberta

Question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?


Answer: early Cretaceous

Question: What formative period produced bitumen?


Answer: 110 million years

Question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?


Answer: 80%

Question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?


Answer: photographic

Context: Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

Question: In what early technology was bitumen used?


Answer: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

Question: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?


Answer: hours of exposure

Question: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?


Answer: 1850s to the 1920s

Question: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?


Answer: light

Question: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?


Answer: 25 November 1837

Context: The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

Question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?


Answer: 1834

Question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?


Answer: France and Belgium

Question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?


Answer: Samuel Ryland Phipson

Question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?


Answer: mastic

Question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?


Answer: 1870

Context: Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?


Answer: City Hall

Question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?


Answer: bituminous rock

Question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?


Answer: Ritchie Mines

Question: From what Virginia mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?


Answer: waterproofing

Question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?


Answer: 1838

Context: In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?


Answer: pools and baths

Question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?


Answer: damp proofing

Question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?


Answer: 1840s and 50s

Question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used?


Answer: patents

Question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?


Answer: Sidney Ells

Context: The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

Question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?


Answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark

Question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?


Answer: 1915

Question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?


Answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

Question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?


Answer: roofs

Question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?


Answer: extremely viscous

Context: Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210×10^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.

Question: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?


Answer: modern oil refineries

Question: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?


Answer: cost is lower

Question: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?


Answer: 65%

Question: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?


Answer: emulsion

Context: A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

Question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?


Answer: cationic and anionic

Question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?


Answer: recycled

Question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?


Answer: hot-mixed

Question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?


Answer: Alberta, Canada

Context: Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

Question: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?


Answer: 140,000 square kilometres

Question: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?


Answer: second-largest

Question: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?


Answer: Athabasca oil sands

Question: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?


Answer: 310 billion barrels

Question: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?


Answer: Roofing shingles

Context: Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

Question: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?


Answer: Japan black

Question: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?


Answer: weather resistance

Question: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?


Answer: permanence

Question: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?


Answer: alkaline batteries

Question: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?


Answer: Sanskrit

Context: The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Question: What language originated the word bitumen?


Answer: pitch creating

Question: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?


Answer: pitch

Question: To what English word does the Latin translate?


Answer: French

Question: Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?


Answer: mastix

Question: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?


Answer: coal tar

Context: Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

Question: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?


Answer: binder

Question: For what was coal tar used in road paving?


Answer: tarmac

Question: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?


Answer: natural gas

Question: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?


Answer: bitumen

Question: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?


Answer: Pierre Belon

Context: One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?


Answer: 1553

Question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?


Answer: 1838

Question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?


Answer: revolution of 1830

Question: After what event in France did asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?


Answer: Place de la Concorde

Question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement?


Answer: 1838

Context: In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

Question: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?


Answer: Pyrimont Seysell

Question: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?


Answer: British asphalt industry

Question: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire?


Answer: Whitehall

Question: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?


Answer: two

Question: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?


Answer: canoes

Context: Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

Question: For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?


Answer: Henry Kelsey

Question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?


Answer: Hudson’s Bay Company

Question: For what trading company did Kelsey work?


Answer: Alexander MacKenzie

Question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?


Answer: Canada

Question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?


Answer: 5%

Context: Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

Question: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?


Answer: waterproofing

Question: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?


Answer: 7–10%

Question: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?


Answer: 210 °C

Question: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?


Answer: 20 millimeters

Question: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?


Answer: diluted

Context: Because of the difficulty of moving crude bitumen through pipelines, non-upgraded bitumen is usually diluted with natural-gas condensate in a form called dilbit or with synthetic crude oil, called synbit. However, to meet international competition, much non-upgraded bitumen is now sold as a blend of multiple grades of bitumen, conventional crude oil, synthetic crude oil, and condensate in a standardized benchmark product such as Western Canadian Select. This sour, heavy crude oil blend is designed to have uniform refining characteristics to compete with internationally marketed heavy oils such as Mexican Mayan or Arabian Dubai Crude.

Question: What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?


Answer: dilbit

Question: What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?


Answer: synbit

Question: What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?


Answer: Western Canadian Select

Question: What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?


Answer: refining

Question: In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?


Answer: meteorites

Context: Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

Question: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?


Answer: living material

Question: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?


Answer: plants and animals

Question: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?


Answer: ocean

Question: What feature originally covered Alberta?


Answer: 50 to 150 °C

Question: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?


Answer: Selenizza

Context: Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.

Question: What component is added to bitumen to improve it?


Answer: mastic asphalts

Question: To what other paving material is Selenizza added?


Answer: fluid additives

Question: What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?


Answer: granular

Question: In what form is Selenizza offered?


Answer: bags

Question: How is Selenizza shipped?


Answer: mixture

Context: In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

Question: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?


Answer: tarmac

Question: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?


Answer: asphaltum

Question: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?


Answer: 'asphalt

Question: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?


Answer: Bitumen

Question: What is the geological term for asphalt?


Answer: Bitumen

Context: Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Question: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?


Answer: solidifies

Question: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?


Answer: deterioration

Question: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?


Answer: Théodore Géricault's

Question: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?


Answer: unstable

Question: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?


Answer: Clarmac

Context: In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

Question: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?


Answer: 1915

Question: When did Claridge's company liquidate?


Answer: First World War

Question: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?


Answer: Clarmac Roads Ltd

Question: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?


Answer: substantial amount

Question: What kind of money did Claridge invest in attempting to save his companies?


Answer: road surfaces

Context: The largest use of asphalt/bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces and accounts for approximately 85% of the asphalt consumed in the United States. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt/bitumen cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt/bitumen cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. The temperature required varies depending upon characteristics of the asphalt/bitumen and the aggregates, but warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the U.S., and a similar number in Europe.

Question: What is the biggest use of asphalt?


Answer: 85%

Question: How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?


Answer: 5%

Question: How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?


Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?


Answer: 4,000

Question: How many concrete plants are in the US?


Answer: syncrude

Context: Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

Question: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?


Answer: upgrading facility

Question: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?


Answer: Dr. Karl Clark

Question: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?


Answer: 1920s

Question: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?


Answer: 1 million barrels

Question: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?


Answer: 40,000,000

Context: About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

Question: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?


Answer: 500 °C

Question: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?


Answer: Vacuum distillation

Question: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?


Answer: blowing

Question: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?


Answer: de-asphalting

Question: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?


Answer: Selenice, in Albania

Context: Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

Question: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?


Answer: still in use

Question: What is it about the mine that is unusual?


Answer: rock asphalt

Question: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands?


Answer: 83% to 92%

Question: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?


Answer: veins

Question: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?


Answer: fumes or skin

Context: People can be exposed to asphalt in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Asphalt is basically an inert material that must be heated or diluted to a point where it becomes workable for the production of materials for paving, roofing, and other applications. In examining the potential health hazards associated with asphalt, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) determined that it is the application parameters, predominantly temperature, that effect occupational exposure and the potential bioavailable carcinogenic hazard/risk of the asphalt emissions. In particular, temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F), were shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures, such as those typically used in asphalt pavement mix production and placement.

Question: By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?


Answer: 5 mg/m3

Question: What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?


Answer: heated or diluted

Question: How must asphalt be treated to be workable?


Answer: greater than 199 °C

Question: At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?


Answer: temperature

Question: What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?


Answer: Prince Albert

Context: Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

Question: Who did Victoria marry?


Answer: the grandmother of Europe

Question: What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?


Answer: her popularity recovered

Question: In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?


Answer: 1861

Question: What year did Prince Albert die?


Answer: nine

Question: How many children did she have?


Answer: nine

Question: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?


Answer: 1861

Question: What was the year of Alberts death?


Answer: celebration

Question: Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?


Answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Question: What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?


Answer: first cousin

Question: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?


Answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Question: What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?


Answer: 1840

Question: Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?


Answer: nine

Question: How many children did Victoria and Albert have?


Answer: 1861

Question: What year did Prince Albert die?


Answer: republicanism

Question: Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?


Answer: 1840

Question: When did Queen Victoria get married?


Answer: Prince Albert

Question: What was the name of Victoria's husband?


Answer: the grandmother of Europe

Question: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?


Answer: After Albert's death in 1861

Question: When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?


Answer: nine

Question: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?


Answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Question: Who did Victoria marry?


Answer: 1840

Question: When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?


Answer: nine

Question: How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?


Answer: the grandmother of Europe

Question: What was Victoria's unofficial title?


Answer: 1861

Question: When did Prince Albert die?


Answer: mother

Context: Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.

Question: Who was extremely protective over Victoria?


Answer: Kensington System

Question: What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?


Answer: Dash

Question: What was Victoria's dog's name?


Answer: dolls

Question: During her free time, what did she play with?


Answer: her mother

Question: Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?


Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What languages did Victoria take lessons in?


Answer: English

Question: What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was Victoria's mothers lover?


Answer: Kensington System

Question: What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?


Answer: Kensington System

Question: What system did Victorias mother raise her under?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?


Answer: Dash

Question: What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?


Answer: an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess

Question: What was the Kensington System?


Answer: rather melancholy

Question: How did Victoria describe her childhood?


Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What languages did Victoria study?


Answer: Dash

Question: What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?


Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?


Answer: Kensington System

Question: What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?


Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?


Answer: most of her father's family

Question: Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?


Answer: Leopold

Context: In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?


Answer: chloroform

Question: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?


Answer: post-natal depression

Question: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?


Answer: thought it dangerous

Question: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?


Answer: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"

Question: What did Albert complain about Victoria?


Answer: Leopold

Question: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?


Answer: post-natal depression

Question: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?


Answer: chloroform

Question: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?


Answer: 1857

Question: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?


Answer: Beatrice

Question: What was the name of Victoria's final child?


Answer: 1853

Question: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?


Answer: Leopold

Question: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?


Answer: chloroform.

Question: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?


Answer: 1857

Question: What year was victorias final child born?


Answer: Beatrice

Question: What was the name of Victorias final child?


Answer: Leopold

Question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?


Answer: 1857

Question: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born?


Answer: chloroform

Question: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths?


Answer: considered it against biblical teaching

Question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform?


Answer: loss of self-control

Question: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children?


Answer: Leopold

Question: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?


Answer: chloroform

Question: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?


Answer: Beatrice

Question: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?


Answer: considered it against biblical teaching

Question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?


Answer: post-natal depression

Question: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?