Answer: Army of the Loire's

Context: Following the Army of the Loire's defeats, Gambetta turned to General Faidherbe's Army of the North. The army had achieved several small victories at towns such as Ham, La Hallue, and Amiens and was protected by the belt of fortresses in northern France, allowing Faidherbe's men to launch quick attacks against isolated Prussian units, then retreat behind the fortresses. Despite access to the armaments factories of Lille, the Army of the North suffered from severe supply difficulties, which depressed morale. In January 1871, Gambetta forced Faidherbe to march his army beyond the fortresses and engage the Prussians in open battle. The army was severely weakened by low morale, supply problems, the terrible winter weather and low troop quality, whilst general Faidherbe was unable to command due to his poor health, the result of decades of campaigning in West Africa. At the Battle of St. Quentin, the Army of the North suffered a crushing defeat and was scattered, releasing thousands of Prussian soldiers to be relocated to the East.

Question: What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?


Answer: General Faidherbe

Question: Who led the Army of the North?


Answer: belt of fortresses

Question: Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?


Answer: northern France

Question: The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?


Answer: Faidherbe's

Question: This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?


Answer: four to one

Context: Despite odds of four to one, the III Corps launched a risky attack. The French were routed and the III Corps captured Vionville, blocking any further escape attempts to the west. Once blocked from retreat, the French in the fortress of Metz had no choice but to engage in a fight that would see the last major cavalry engagement in Western Europe. The battle soon erupted, and III Corps was shattered by incessant cavalry charges, losing over half its soldiers. The German Official History recorded 15,780 casualties and French casualties of 13,761 men.

Question: What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?


Answer: Vionville

Question: What town were the III Corps able to capture?


Answer: escape attempts

Question: In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?


Answer: incessant cavalry charges

Question: With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?


Answer: 15,780

Question: The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?


Answer: Prince Frederick Charles

Context: With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.

Question: Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?


Answer: defeat of the First Army,

Question: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?


Answer: Roncourt

Question: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?


Answer: ruins of St. Privat

Question: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?


Answer: French Army of the Rhine

Question: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?


Answer: North German coasts

Context: When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.

Question: A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?


Answer: only five

Question: The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?


Answer: SMS Arminius

Question: What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?


Answer: 470

Question: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?


Answer: coal reserves

Question: In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?


Answer: Battle of Spicheren

Context: The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle. He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren, cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process.

Question: Which battle was the second of three key French losses?


Answer: 5 August

Question: On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?


Answer: the Saar River

Question: Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?


Answer: General von Steinmetz

Question: Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?


Answer: Spicheren

Question: Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?


Answer: extremely effective

Context: The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances. The Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army, was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch. The French General Staff—along with those of every other European military—was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders. This disorganization hampered the French commanders' ability to exercise control of their forces.

Question: The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?


Answer: previous Prussian operations

Question: What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?


Answer: learn to avoid mistakes

Question: What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?


Answer: significant distances

Question: The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?


Answer: The Chief of the General Staff

Question: Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?


Answer: an end to the war

Context: The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete. Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge, which included Strasbourg, Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital. In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly, Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul. To allow supplies into Paris, one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over. Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany, preferably by a peace with a friendly government, on terms acceptable to French public opinion. An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him, favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side.

Question: What did the Germans expect to negotiate?


Answer: 20 September

Question: On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?


Answer: 18 September

Question: Bismarck and Favre met on what date?


Answer: the Château de Ferrières

Question: What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?


Answer: Toul

Question: Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?


Answer: breaking up

Context: By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.

Question: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?


Answer: General Canrobert

Question: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?


Answer: lethal French gunfire

Question: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?


Answer: Rezonville

Question: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?


Answer: a brief victory parade

Context: The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

Question: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?


Answer: the terms of the armistice

Question: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?


Answer: food

Question: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?


Answer: five billion franc

Question: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?


Answer: 200,000

Question: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?


Answer: Napoleon III

Context: When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men, the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The Government of National Defence had no electoral mandate, the Emperor was a captive and the Empress in exile but there had been no abdication de jure and the army was still bound by an oath of allegiance to the defunct imperial régime.

Question: Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?


Answer: the Second Empire

Question: Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?


Answer: Provisional Government and a Third Republic

Question: The uprising forced a proclamation of what?


Answer: Government of National Defence

Question: How did the new government refer to itself?


Answer: a legitimate French authority

Question: Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?


Answer: eastern France

Context: A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.

Question: A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?


Answer: Siege of Metz

Question: What seige did these victories lead to?


Answer: Battle of Sedan

Question: What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?


Answer: the army of the Second Empire

Question: Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?


Answer: 4 September

Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?


Answer: war

Context: Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war, particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War, and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems. Other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. On 8 May 1870, shortly before the war, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity.

Question: Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?


Answer: Prussia

Question: Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?


Answer: domestic political problems

Question: It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?


Answer: a national plebiscite

Question: Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?


Answer: Milza

Question: Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?


Answer: invasion of northern Germany

Context: To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible.

Question: What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?


Answer: Denmark

Question: What country were the French hoping to be allied with?


Answer: the Royal Danish Navy

Question: What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?


Answer: defences

Question: What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?


Answer: heavy guns

Question: What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?


Answer: conscripts

Context: The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.

Question: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?


Answer: of military age

Question: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?


Answer: 1,000,000

Question: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?


Answer: Cannae

Question: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?


Answer: encirclement battles

Question: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?


Answer: military education

Context: In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system "was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy."

Question: What Prussian system was superior to the French example?


Answer: independent thinking

Question: Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?


Answer: Moltke

Question: What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?


Answer: intellectual development

Question: What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?


Answer: Dallas Irvine

Question: Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?


Answer: longer range

Context: The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed in such secrecy, that little training with the weapon had occurred, leaving French gunners with no experience; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective. Worse still, once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties, there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse.

Question: What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?


Answer: the mitrailleuse

Question: What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun?


Answer: thirty-seven barrels

Question: How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?


Answer: 1,200 yd (1,100 m)

Question: What was the range of the mitrailleuse?


Answer: artillery

Question: Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective


Answer: French Army of Châlons

Context: The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war.

Question: The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?


Answer: at Sedan

Question: The French navy fell captive where?


Answer: Napoleon III

Question: Who also was captured at Sedan?


Answer: the North Sea

Question: The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?


Answer: September 1870

Question: On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?


Answer: Marshal MacMahon

Context: Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them. What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, commander of the 1st Division. He told General Abel Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August that "The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found "a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army, without success.

Question: Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?


Answer: four divisions

Question: How many divisions did MacMahon command?


Answer: 20 miles

Question: Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?


Answer: General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot

Question: Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?


Answer: the 1st Division

Question: What group did General Ducrot command?


Answer: Paris National Guard

Context: During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21–28 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week).

Question: What became highly politicised during the war?


Answer: working-class neighbourhoods

Question: In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?


Answer: uniforms

Question: What did the National Guard refuse to wear?


Answer: commands from the national government

Question: What did the National Guard refuse to obey?


Answer: 21–28 May

Question: On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?


Answer: General MacMahon

Context: While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.

Question: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?


Answer: German 3rd Army

Question: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?


Answer: Steinmetz

Question: Who commanded the German 1st Army?


Answer: decoy fires

Question: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?


Answer: Moltke's

Question: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?


Answer: the attacking Prussian forces

Context: The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards Jäger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village.

Question: Who were the casualties especially terrible for?


Answer: 20,163

Question: What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?


Answer: 7,855

Question: What were the number of French killed and wounded?


Answer: 4,420

Question: What was the number of French prisoners?


Answer: French Chassepot rifles

Question: What did most Prussians fall under?


Answer: war reparations

Context: While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

Question: What was the republican government amenable to?


Answer: Favre

Question: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"


Answer: Government of National Defense

Question: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?


Answer: 6 September

Question: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?


Answer: declaration of war

Question: What did this cause the Republic to renew?


Answer: Albrecht von Roon

Context: Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves. The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization. Thus, despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war, the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle.

Question: Who was the Prussian Minister of War?


Answer: 1859 to 1873

Question: What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?


Answer: reforms

Question: He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?


Answer: a reorganization of the army

Question: What was the first step in the reforms?


Answer: the conscription of every male

Question: What was the second reform?


Answer: bronze, rifled muzzle-loading

Context: The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In addition, the Prussian artillery batteries had 30% more guns than their French counterparts. The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2–3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 mi), beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle. The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity, before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks.

Question: What type of artillery were the French equipped with?


Answer: steel breech-loading guns

Question: What newer artillery were Prussians using?


Answer: ammunition

Question: What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?


Answer: 30% more

Question: The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?


Answer: 2–3 kilometres

Question: What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?


Answer: 28 January 1871

Context: On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris.

Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?


Answer: the Prussians

Question: With whom did the French government negotiate?


Answer: starving

Question: What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?


Answer: Favre

Question: Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?


Answer: 24 January

Question: What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?


Answer: 500 people

Context: During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to "a fortified place" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.

Question: How many were killed by the Communards?


Answer: Archbishop of Paris

Question: Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?


Answer: government buildings

Question: What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?


Answer: Tuileries Palace

Question: What famous palace was also burned down?


Answer: between 6,000 and 10,000

Question: What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?


Answer: 462,000

Context: At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally "circle") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders.

Question: At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?


Answer: 270,000

Question: How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?


Answer: literally "circle"

Question: What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?"


Answer: having lost 100,000 stragglers

Question: What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?


Answer: military thinking

Context: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

Question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?


Answer: general staff system

Question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?


Answer: European armies

Question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?


Answer: advancing infantry

Question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?


Answer: Russo-Japanese War

Question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?


Answer: Congress of Vienna

Context: The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power, British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited, allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland.[citation needed] Besides, the Crown Prince's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German–British relationships.

Question: A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?


Answer: the main power

Question: At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?


Answer: Great Britain

Question: Who remained the dominant world power at this time?


Answer: very limited

Question: British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?


Answer: the daughter of Queen Victoria

Question: The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?


Answer: Buya

Context: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

Question: Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?


Answer: over 1 million years

Question: How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?


Answer: section of the Danakil Depression

Question: What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?


Answer: hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans

Question: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?


Answer: it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind

Question: What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?


Answer: Scottish traveler

Context: The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

Question: Who was James Bruce?


Answer: James Bruce

Question: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?


Answer: "Kings of the Sea"

Question: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?


Answer: geopolitical circumstances

Question: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?


Answer: 16th

Question: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?


Answer: annexation

Context: The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

Question: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?


Answer: 1947

Question: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?


Answer: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

Question: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?


Answer: Eritrean independence

Question: What was the result of the War of Independence?


Answer: modern-day Eritrea

Question: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?


Answer: the Gash Group

Context: Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

Question: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?


Answer: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization

Question: What is the Gash Group?


Answer: central Eritrea

Question: Where is Agordat located?


Answer: linguistic

Question: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?


Answer: between 2500–1500 BC

Question: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?


Answer: religious

Context: The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

Question: What purpose did stelae serve?


Answer: The Aksumites

Question: Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?


Answer: the obelisk of Aksum

Question: Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?


Answer: Aksum

Question: Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?


Answer: Aksum

Question: Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?


Answer: ACABQ

Context: Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

Question: What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?


Answer: International Criminal Police Organization

Question: What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?


Answer: Arab League

Question: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?


Answer: Zoskales

Context: The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Question: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?


Answer: by minting their own Aksumite currency

Question: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?


Answer: on the Arabian peninsula

Question: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?


Answer: Himyarite Kingdom

Question: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?


Answer: throughout the ancient world

Question: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?


Answer: 1888

Context: In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

Question: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?


Answer: 1911

Question: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?


Answer: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway

Question: What was the longest line in the world during its time?


Answer: the British

Question: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?


Answer: police and public works departments

Question: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?


Answer: United States

Context: Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

Question: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?


Answer: 390A(V)

Question: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?


Answer: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation

Question: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??


Answer: independence

Question: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?


Answer: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy

Question: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?


Answer: a number of new factories

Context: Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.

Question: What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?


Answer: around 2,198

Question: How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?


Answer: Eritrean citizens

Question: Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?


Answer: Italians

Question: Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?


Answer: from 4,600 to 75,000

Question: How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?


Answer: Lions

Context: Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

Question: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?


Answer: about 30

Question: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?


Answer: olive baboons

Question: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?


Answer: elephant

Question: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?


Answer: three

Context: Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.

Question: How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?


Answer: Emba Soira

Question: What is the highest point in Eritrea?


Answer: in the center of Eritrea

Question: Where is Emba Soira located?


Answer: 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level

Question: How high is Emba Soira?


Answer: The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression

Question: What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?


Answer: around 100

Context: It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and can be found even in the highlands.In the coastal areas marine species that are common include dolphin, dugong, whale shark, turtles, marlin/swordfish, and manta ray.

Question: How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?


Answer: deadly

Question: What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?


Answer: widespread

Question: Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?


Answer: coastal areas

Question: Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?


Answer: African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)

Question: Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?


Answer: among the worst

Context: Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. According to Human Rights Watch, the government's human rights record is considered among the worst in the world. Most Western countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of arbitrary arrest and detentions, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government has continually dismissed the accusations as politically motivated. In June 2015, a 500-page United Nations Human Rights Council report accused Eritrea's government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are also widespread.

Question: According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?


Answer: sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude

Question: According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?


Answer: a one-party state

Question: What type of state government exists in Eritrea?


Answer: for their political activism

Question: According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?


Answer: 2015

Question: In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?


Answer: In an attempt at reform

Context: In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives have participated in numerous public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions they have answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?" In 2007, the Eritrean government also banned female genital mutilation. In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice. Additionally, a new movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea aimed at bringing about dialogue between the government and opposition was formed in early 2009. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.

Question: Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?


Answer: female genital mutilation

Question: What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?


Answer: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea

Question: What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?


Answer: some people close to the government

Question: Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?


Answer: health concerns and individual freedom

Question: What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?


Answer: Reporters Without Borders

Context: In its 2014 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the very bottom of a list of 178 countries, just below totalitarian North Korea. According to the BBC, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media", and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[they] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse. ... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara." The state-owned news agency censors news about external events. Independent media have been banned since 2001. In 2015, The Guardian published an opinion piece claiming,

Question: In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?


Answer: just below

Question: How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?


Answer: Independent

Question: What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?


Answer: Eritrea

Question: According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?


Answer: Asmara

Question: According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?


Answer: Warsay Yika'alo

Context: Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.

Question: Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?


Answer: more than 500 km

Question: How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?


Answer: Steam

Question: What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?


Answer: Asmara

Question: What is the capital of Eritrea?


Answer: Eritrean

Question: Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?


Answer: The nation has no official language

Context: Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the "equality of all Eritrean languages". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language, particularly in the southern and central parts of Eritrea. Modern Standard Arabic and English serve as de facto working languages, with the latter used in university education and many technical fields. Italian, the former colonial language, is widely used in commerce and is taught as a second language in schools, with a few elderly monolinguals.

Question: What is the official language of Eritrea?


Answer: Tigrinya

Question: What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?


Answer: equality

Question: What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?


Answer: Modern Standard Arabic and English

Question: What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?


Answer: English

Question: What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?


Answer: child health

Context: Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in health, in particular child health. Life expectancy at birth has increased from 39.1 in 1960 to 59.5 years in 2008, maternal and child mortality rates have dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure has been expanded. Due to Eritrea's relative isolation, information and resources are extremely limited and according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) found in 2008 average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years. Immunisation and child nutrition has been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the underweight prevalence among children decreased by 12% in 1995–2002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%). The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health has registered tremendous improvements in reducing malarial mortality by as much as 85% and the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. The Eritrean government has banned female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems.

Question: Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?


Answer: 39.1

Question: What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?


Answer: 59.5

Question: What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?


Answer: female genital mutilation

Question: Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?


Answer: 85%

Question: How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?


Answer: its colonial history

Context: Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin.The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of "pasta" to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main food eaten in present-day Asmara. An Italian Eritrean cuisine emerged, and dishes common dishes are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means "Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice), but there are many more like "lasagna" and "cotoletta alla milanese" (milano cutlet). Alongside sowa, people in Eritrea also tend to drink coffee. Mies is another popular local alcoholic beverage, made out of honey.

Question: Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?


Answer: honey

Question: What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?


Answer: pasta

Question: What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?


Answer: "Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere" (spice)

Question: How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?


Answer: pasta

Question: What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?


Answer: Red Sea coast

Context: The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning "to be blessed". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea ("shai" ሻሂ shahee) will instead be served.

Question: What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?


Answer: three

Question: How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?


Answer: the coffee ceremony

Question: What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?


Answer: most likely tea

Question: What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?


Answer: awel

Question: What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?


Answer: Sudan

Context: Eritrea (/ˌɛrᵻˈtreɪ.ə/ or /ˌɛrᵻˈtriːə/;, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in East Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its name Eritrea is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890.

Question: What country borders Eritrea in the west?


Answer: Ethiopia

Question: What country borders Eritrea in the south?


Answer: Djibouti

Question: What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?


Answer: Red Sea

Question: What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?


Answer: 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)

Question: What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?


Answer: guaila

Context: Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the stringed krar, kebero, begena, masenqo and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). The most popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, Yemane Baria, and the late Abraham Afewerki.

Question: What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?


Answer: a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin

Question: What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?


Answer: Helen Meles

Question: Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?


Answer: her powerful voice and wide singing range

Question: What is Helen Meles noted for?


Answer: ethnic groups

Question: Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and accompanying dance?


Answer: Medri Bahri

Context: During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]

Question: What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?


Answer: sea-land

Question: What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?


Answer: 1953

Question: When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?


Answer: 1960

Question: When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?


Answer: following the 1993 referendum

Question: When did Eritrea gain independence?


Answer: genetic

Context: In 2010, a genetic study was conducted on the mummified remains of baboons that were brought back as gifts from Punt by the ancient Egyptians. Led by a research team from the Egyptian Museum and the University of California, the scientists used oxygen isotope analysis to examine hairs from two baboon mummies that had been preserved in the British Museum. One of the baboons had distorted isotopic data, so the other's oxygen isotope values were compared to those of present-day baboon specimens from regions of interest. The researchers found that the mummies most closely matched modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia, which they suggested implied that Punt was likely a narrow region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.

Question: In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?


Answer: modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia

Question: Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?


Answer: oxygen isotope analysis

Question: What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?


Answer: Punt

Question: Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?


Answer: region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea

Question: Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?


Answer: Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus

Context: After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai.

Question: What domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?


Answer: Medri Bahri

Question: What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?


Answer: Debarwa

Question: What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?


Answer: Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai

Question: What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?


Answer: Sea land

Question: What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?


Answer: Benito Mussolini's

Context: In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.

Question: Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?


Answer: After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire

Question: When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?


Answer: May 1936

Question: When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?


Answer: industrial center of Italian East Africa

Question: What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?


Answer: Italian East Africa

Question: What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?


Answer: Emperor Haile Selassie

Context: When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence. The ensuing Eritrean War for Independence went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a successor of the ELF, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of Ethiopian rebel forces take control of the Ethiopian Capital Addis Ababa.

Question: Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?


Answer: ELF

Question: Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?


Answer: Eritrean Liberation Front

Question: What does the acroynm ELF stand for?


Answer: 30 years

Question: How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?


Answer: EPLF

Question: What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?


Answer: stalemate

Context: Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

Question: What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?


Answer: take action on Ethiopia

Question: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?


Answer: Ethiopia

Question: Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?


Answer: a UN report

Question: What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?


Answer: denied the claims

Question: What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?


Answer: 0.5

Context: However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Despite number of physicians increasing from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 population, this is still very low. Malaria and tuberculosis are common in Eritrea. HIV prevalence among the 15–49 group exceeds 2%. The fertility rate is at about 5 births per woman. Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, although the figure is still high. Similarly, between 1995 and 2002, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel has doubled but still is only 28.3%. A major cause of death in neonates is by severe infection. Per capita expenditure on health is low in Eritrea.

Question: In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?


Answer: exceeds 2%

Question: How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?


Answer: 5 births per woman

Question: What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?


Answer: 28.3%

Question: As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?


Answer: severe infection

Question: What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?


Answer: Western casual

Context: Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. Traditional clothing for Christian Tigrinya-speaking highlanders consists of bright white gowns called zurias for the women, and long white shirts accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Only Rashaida women maintain a tradition of covering half of their faces, though they do not cover their hair.

Question: How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?


Answer: suits

Question: How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?


Answer: bright white gowns

Question: What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?


Answer: in brightly colored clothes

Question: How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?


Answer: Rashaida women

Question: Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?


Answer: Football and cycling

Context: Football and cycling are the most popular sports in Eritrea. In recent years, Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena. Zersenay Tadese, an Eritrean athlete, currently holds the world record in half marathon distance running. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage international cycling event, is held annually throughout the country. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced a lot of success, winning the continental cycling championship several years in a row. Six Eritrean riders have been signed to international cycling teams, including Natnael Berhane and Daniel Teklehaimanot. Berhane was named African Sportsman of the Year in 2013, ahead of footballers Yaya Touré and Didier Drogba, while Teklehaimanot became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a España in 2012. In 2015 Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Critérium du Dauphine. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN–Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race, where, on 9 July, Teklehaimanot became the first African rider to wear the polkadot jersey.

Question: What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?


Answer: half marathon distance running

Question: What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?


Answer: Tour of Eritrea

Question: What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?


Answer: Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus

Question: Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?


Answer: Daniel Teklehaimanot

Question: Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?


Answer: early anatomically modern humans

Context: During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

Question: Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?


Answer: over 125,000 years old

Question: How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?


Answer: near the Bay of Zula

Question: Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?


Answer: Eritrean Research Project Team

Question: What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?


Answer: to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters

Question: What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?


Answer: end of the 16th century

Context: At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.

Question: When was the Aussa Sultanate established?


Answer: Denkel lowlands of Eritrea

Question: Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?


Answer: Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan

Question: Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?


Answer: Mudaito Dynasty

Question: What did Kedafu establish in 1734?


Answer: Mudaito Dynasty

Question: What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?


Answer: 1889

Context: In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

Question: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?


Answer: the Kingdom of Italy

Question: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?


Answer: the new colony of Italian Eritrea

Question: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?


Answer: 1889

Question: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?


Answer: 1889–1913

Question: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?


Answer: Eritrea and Italian Somaliland

Context: In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during World War II. The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the UN General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty.

Question: What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?


Answer: as a reward for their support during World War II

Question: Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?


Answer: Emperor Haile Selassie

Question: Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?


Answer: The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties

Question: Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?


Answer: The British and Americans

Question: Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?


Answer: according to the road classification

Context: The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

Question: How is the Eritrean highway system named?


Answer: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved

Question: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?


Answer: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)

Question: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?


Answer: single-layered asphalt road

Question: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?


Answer: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)

Question: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?


Answer: 50%

Context: According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

Question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?


Answer: 48%

Question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?


Answer: a registration process

Question: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?


Answer: May 2002

Question: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?


Answer: personal information

Question: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?


Answer: between seven and 13 years of age

Context: Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.

Question: What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?


Answer: 61%

Question: What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?


Answer: 45 to 1

Question: What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?


Answer: 54 to 1

Question: What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?


Answer: beef, kid, lamb or fish

Context: A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, kid, lamb or fish. Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles those of neighboring Ethiopia, Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location. Eritrean dishes are also frequently "lighter" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less seasoned butter and spices and more tomatoes, as in the tsebhi dorho delicacy.

Question: What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?


Answer: Ethiopia

Question: Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?


Answer: their coastal location

Question: Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?


Answer: lighter

Question: How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?


Answer: seasoned butter and spices

Question: What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?


Answer: Depleted

Context: Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material. Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses. Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost. The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).

Question: What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?


Answer: radium

Question: What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?


Answer: ballast

Question: How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?


Answer: high density

Question: What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?


Answer: weak

Question: What type of alpha emitter is uranium?


Answer: pitchblende

Context: The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.

Question: What is another term for uranium ore?


Answer: Marie Curie

Question: Who isolated radium in uranium ore?


Answer: glow-in-the-dark

Question: In what types of paints was radium first used?


Answer: clock and aircraft dials

Question: What devices were painted with radium paint?


Answer: mauve

Question: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?


Answer: Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile

Context: The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951. Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory). The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956, and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.

Question: What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?


Answer: Tennessee

Question: In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?


Answer: the Clinton Pile

Question: Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?


Answer: Idaho

Question: In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?


Answer: 20 December 1951

Question: On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?


Answer: 51st

Context: Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

Question: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?


Answer: in supernovae

Question: Where is uranium naturally formed?


Answer: thorium

Question: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?


Answer: liquid

Question: In what state is the Earth's outer core?


Answer: 235

Context: Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

Question: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?


Answer: an explosion

Question: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?


Answer: two

Question: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?


Answer: neutron poison

Question: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?


Answer: free neutrons

Question: What does a neutron poison absorb?


Answer: carbonate

Context: In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

Question: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?


Answer: carbonate

Question: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?


Answer: Sphingomonas sp.

Question: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?


Answer: 5.5

Context: It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$59 per lb of uranium, while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction). Prices went from about $10/lb in May 2003 to $138/lb in July 2007. This has caused a big increase in spending on exploration, with US$200 million being spent worldwide in 2005, a 54% increase on the previous year. This trend continued through 2006, when expenditure on exploration rocketed to over $774 million, an increase of over 250% compared to 2004. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency said exploration figures for 2007 would likely match those for 2006.

Question: How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?


Answer: 35

Question: How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?


Answer: $10

Question: What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?


Answer: US$200 million

Question: In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?


Answer: $774 million

Question: How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?


Answer: 1934

Context: A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

Question: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?


Answer: Enrico Fermi

Question: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?


Answer: hesperium

Question: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?


Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Rome

Question: What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?


Answer: Lise Meitner

Question: Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?


Answer: carbonate containing solution

Context: The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.

Question: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?


Answer: uranium

Question: What notable carbonates are often water soluble?


Answer: anionic complexes

Question: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?