Answer: Slave craton in northwestern Canada

Question: Where is the oldest known rock in the world located?


Answer: the study of rocks

Context: Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their deformation). In many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.

Question: What is petrology?


Answer: the study of sedimentary layers

Question: What is stratigraphy?


Answer: the study of positions of rock units and their deformation

Question: What is structural geology?


Answer: modern soils

Question: What modern formations do geologists study?


Answer: identifying rocks

Context: In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units.

Question: What do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for?


Answer: birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties

Question: What properties are analyzed with a conoscopic lens by petrologists?


Answer: geochemical evolution of rock units

Question: Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what?


Answer: the laboratory

Question: Petrologists identify rock samples in the field and where else?


Answer: petrographic microscope

Question: What type of microscope is used by petrologists?


Answer: pressure physical experiments

Context: Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution.

Question: How else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear?


Answer: physical experiments

Question: How else can petrologists understand the temperature at which different mineral phases appear?


Answer: metamorphic processes

Question: Data from physical experiments can be extrapolated to the field to understand what processes?


Answer: Structural geologists

Context: Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings.

Question: What type of geologists give information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks?


Answer: microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections

Question: How do structural geologists observe the fabric within the rocks?


Answer: plot and combine

Question: In order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds, structural geologists do what with measurements of geological structures?


Answer: analog and numerical experiments

Question: What kind of experiments of rock deformation do structural geologists perform?


Answer: orogenic wedges

Context: Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered (all angles remain the same) orogenic wedge. Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt. This helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range. These studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure, temperature, space, and time.

Question: Zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries are called what?


Answer: those involving orogenic wedges

Question: What are among the most well known experiments in structural geology?


Answer: sand

Question: Horizontal layers of what are pulled along a surface into a back stop in analog versions of orogenic wedge experiments?


Answer: all angles remain the same

Question: What does critically tapered mean?


Answer: Numerical models

Question: Which is more sophisticated, numericals model or an analog models of orogenic wedges?


Answer: stratigraphers

Context: In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface, and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions. Stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction.

Question: The analysis of stratigraphic sections such as drill cores is done by who?


Answer: geophysical surveys

Question: What type of surveys show the location of stratigraphic units in the subsurface?


Answer: well logs

Question: What can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface?


Answer: computer programs

Question: What tool do stratigraphers use to see their data in three dimensions?


Answer: water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction

Question: Stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction?


Answer: provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition

Context: In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores. Other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.

Question: Why is it important to precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section?


Answer: biostratigraphers

Question: Who analyzes rock samples from drill cores in the lab?


Answer: Magnetic stratigraphers

Question: What types of scientists looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rocks within the drill cores?


Answer: Geochronologists

Question: Who dates rocks, precisely, within the stratigraphic section?


Answer: Persia

Context: Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.

Question: Fielding H. Garrison believes that the science of geology can be traced to where?


Answer: Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni

Question: Living from 973–1048 CE he was one of the earliest Persian geologists, what was his name?


Answer: Shen Kuo

Question: In China, this person inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by silt deposition, what was his name?


Answer: Ibn Sina

Question: This person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name?


Answer: his observation of fossil animal shells

Question: What prompted Shen Kuo to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains?


Answer: James Hutton

Context: James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).

Question: Who is viewed as the first modern geologist?


Answer: Theory of the Earth

Question: In 1785 James Hutton presented what paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh?


Answer: 1795

Question: James Hutton published a 2 volume version of his theories in what year?


Answer: Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed

Question: What was the main idea of James Hutton's paper?


Answer: William Maclure

Context: The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks.

Question: Who produced the first geological map of the U.S.?


Answer: 1809

Question: In what year was the first geological map of the U.S. produced?


Answer: 1807

Question: In what year did William Maclure begin the process of creating the first geological map of the U.S.?


Answer: Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map

Question: What was the memoir entitled which was submitted to the American Philosophical Society?


Answer: the American Philosophical Society

Question: To whom did William Maclure submit the map?


Answer: Principles of Geology

Context: Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time.

Question: First published by Sir Charles Lyell in 1830 this book was called what?


Answer: uniformitarianism

Question: What doctrine did the doctrine of the Principles of Geology successfully promote?


Answer: uniformitarianism

Question: Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?


Answer: catastrophism

Question: Which theory states that Earth's features remained unchanged after forming in one single catastrophic event?


Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: Which famous evolutionist was influenced by the book Principles of Geology?


Answer: 103 miles

Context: Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/; Locally: i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/), commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea. Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and Tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[not in citation given] The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie.

Question: How many miles south of Edinburgh is Newcastle?


Answer: 8.5 mi

Question: How many miles from the north Sea is Newcastle?


Answer: Eurocities

Question: What network is Newcastle a member of?


Answer: Northumberland

Question: What county was Newcastle a part of until 1400?


Answer: Geordie

Question: What's the regional nickname for Newcastle and its surrounding area?


Answer: Robert Curthose

Context: The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among its icons are Newcastle Brown Ale; Newcastle United football club; and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.

Question: Who built a castle in Newcastle in 1080?


Answer: wool

Question: What trade was the city an important center of in the 14th century?


Answer: coal

Question: What resource was mined in the Newcastle area?


Answer: 16th century

Question: What century was Newcastle's port developed in?


Answer: the Great North Run

Question: What globally popular half marathon began in 1981?


Answer: Pons Aelius

Context: The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was constructed primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.

Question: What was the first recorded settlement in what became Newcastle?


Answer: Tyne

Question: What river was there originally a bridge across in Roman times?


Answer: 2,000

Question: What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius around the 2nd century?


Answer: Hadrian's

Question: Whose wall has fragments visible in places around Newcastle even today?


Answer: Pictish

Question: What tribes were the Romans fearful would invade from the North?


Answer: England's

Context: Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400.

Question: Newcastle served as a northern fortress for which country during the Middle Ages?


Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Who granted Newcastle a new charter in 1589?


Answer: 25-foot

Question: How high was the stone wall built around Newcastle in the 13th century?


Answer: William the Lion

Question: What was the name of the King of the Scots?


Answer: three times

Question: How many times did Newcastle fight off the Scots during the 14th century?


Answer: coal

Context: From 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538. The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit. In the 18th century American Timothy Dexter, an entrepreneur, widely regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit.

Question: What did a 1530 royal act restrict shipments of?


Answer: the Hostmen

Question: What was the cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as?


Answer: a pointless pursuit

Question: What does the phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" mean?


Answer: an eccentric

Question: What was the American Timothy Dexter widely regarded as?


Answer: ruin him

Question: What did the merchants of Newcastle plot to do to Timothy Dexter?


Answer: their families

Context: In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British City in this period.

Question: Who did the keelmen live with in a tight-knight community east of Newcastle?


Answer: boats

Question: How was coal transferred from the river banks to colliers?


Answer: 7,000

Question: How many folks died of plague in Newcastle in the 1630s?


Answer: 47%

Question: What percentage of Newcastle's population was culled by the plague?


Answer: devastating loss

Question: The epidemic in Newcastle was the most what in any British city at the time?


Answer: the King

Context: During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.

Question: Who did the North declare for during the English civil war?


Answer: the Scots

Question: Who was Cromwell's allies?


Answer: drummes

Question: What was roaring as Newcastle was stormed?


Answer: Triumphing by a brave defence

Question: What does Fortiter Defendit Triumphans mean?


Answer: Charles I

Question: Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646 through 1647?


Answer: urbanization

Context: In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city. In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city. The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile (4.0 km) Victoria Tunnelling, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes. On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb. Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting. Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour, Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.

Question: What did the Industrial Revolution cause to happen to Newcastle?


Answer: the Maling company

Question: What was the largest pottery company in the world in 1817?


Answer: electric lighting

Question: Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to have what innovation?


Answer: prosperity

Question: What were shipbuilding and engineering important to Newcastle for in the 19th century?


Answer: the steam turbine

Question: What did Charles Parsons invent?


Answer: medieval

Context: In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and "House of Tides", a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close.

Question: What type of layout does Newcastle's streets have in many parts?


Answer: Narrow alleys

Question: What are chares?


Answer: Stairs

Question: What runs from the riverside to higher parts of the city center?


Answer: modern

Question: What kind of buildings are in the towns of Close, Sandhill and Quayside?


Answer: a restaurant

Question: What is the House of Tides?


Answer: Tyneside Classical

Context: The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.

Question: What has recently undergone extensive restoration?


Answer: England's best-looking city

Question: What did John Dobson describe Newcastle as?


Answer: Grey Street

Question: What street does Nikolaus Pevsner think is one of the finest in England?


Answer: in the 1960s

Question: When was a part of Grainger Town destroyed?


Answer: Shopping Centre

Question: What is in Eldon Square?


Answer: Town Moor

Context: Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.

Question: What's the name of the green space north of the center of Newcastle?


Answer: graze

Question: What an the freeman of Newcastle do with their cows on the Town Moor?


Answer: The Hoppings funfair

Question: What is said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe?


Answer: June

Question: When is the funfair held in Newcastle?


Answer: freemen

Question: What honorary title does Bob Geldof hold?


Answer: Large-scale regeneration

Context: Large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, the venue for the Turner Prize 2011 and the Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants and public spaces. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner "NewcastleGateshead", to spearhead the regeneration of the North-East. The River Tyne had the temporary Bambuco Bridge in 2008 for ten days; it was not made for walking, road or cycling, but was just a sculpture.

Question: What has replaced the former shipping premises?


Answer: Gateshead Council

Question: Who commissioned the Gateshead Milennium Bridge?


Answer: Norman Foster

Question: Who designed the Sage Gateshead music center?


Answer: tourist promotion

Question: Why have Newcastle and Gateshead linked together under a common banner?


Answer: ten

Question: How many days did the River Tyne have the Bambuco Bridge?


Answer: the Grainger Town area

Context: The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.

Question: What is the historic heart of Newcastle?


Answer: between 1835 and 1842

Question: When was Richard Grainger actively building and developing?


Answer: four stories

Question: How high are many of the buildings with turrets?


Answer: 244

Question: How man of Grainger Town's 450 buildings are listed?


Answer: the Butcher Market

Context: The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.

Question: What earlier market did the Grainger Market replace?


Answer: 1835

Question: When did Newcastle's first indoor market open?


Answer: 2000

Question: How many guests attended the dinner celebrating the opening of the Grainger Market?


Answer: a painting

Question: How is the opening of the Grainger Market documented in the Laing Art Gallery?


Answer: English Heritage

Question: Who listed the Grainger Market architecture as grade 1 in 1954?


Answer: oceanic

Context: The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift). Being in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, it is among the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) during August 1990 down to −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) during January 1982. In contrast to other areas influenced by the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British Isles.

Question: What's the climate like in Newcastle?


Answer: warming

Question: What kind of influence does the Gulf Stream exert on Newcastle?


Answer: rain

Question: What type of shadow does the North Pennines cast?


Answer: January 1982

Question: When was the coldest temperature in Newcastle recorded?


Answer: the British Isles

Question: What area is Newcastle's milder winters and cooler summers most similar to?


Answer: 2010

Context: In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in 1838, is often cited as the world’s first department store. Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892), a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridges, sold goods via department, a new for merchant custom for that time. The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store. Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007. The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a flagship Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.

Question: What year was Newcastle ninth in retail expenditures?


Answer: Eldon Square Shopping Centre,

Question: What is one of the largest city center shopping complexes in the UK?


Answer: Bainbridge's

Question: What department store is thought to be the first in the world?


Answer: by department

Question: How did Brainbridge's official ledgers report revenue?


Answer: 2007

Question: What year was the new bus station in Newcastle officially opened?


Answer: shopping

Context: Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.

Question: What type of destination is the area around Grey's Monument?


Answer: suburban

Question: Gosforth and Byker are the largest shopping areas of what type?


Answer: Tesco

Question: The largest brand of what store in the UK is located in Kingston Park?


Answer: the MetroCentre

Question: What is the name of the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe?


Answer: Gateshead

Question: Where is the MetroCentre located?


Answer: The Tyneside flat

Context: The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne. Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.

Question: What was the dominant housing template when industrial centres were growing the fastest?


Answer: terraces

Question: What were Tyneside flats built as?


Answer: the Ouseburn valley

Question: Where is this housing style being developed recently?


Answer: Architects

Question: What profession are Cany Ash and Robert Sakula?


Answer: high density

Question: What can be achieved without building high or getting rid of common areas?


Answer: 7.8%

Context: In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tunbridge Wells.

Question: What proportion did detached homes rise in 2010?


Answer: 5.9%

Question: Where does the proportion of shared and converted houses in 2011 put this dwelling type in the color-coded brackets?


Answer: overinflated

Question: What type of markets is the dwelling type below?


Answer: authorities

Question: Harrogate market is in the local what?


Answer: Tunbridge Wells.

Question: What market other than Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings and Brighton is overinflated?


Answer: 2001

Context: According to the UK Government's returned 2001 census information, the city of Newcastle had a population of 189,863, whereas the metropolitan borough of Newcastle had a population of around 259,000. Newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the Office for National Statistics. The metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside (population circa 201,000), South Tyneside (population circa 148,000) and Gateshead (population circa 201,000) are, along with Newcastle, all part of the Tyneside conurbation (population circa 880,000). The metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the City of Sunderland (population circa 275,000), had a population of around 1,076,000 and the Tyne and Wear City Region which also includes North Durham, South East Northumberland and the Tyne Valley has a population of 1,650,000. Newcastle is also home to a large student population with Newcastle and Northumbria Universities in the local area. Areas with predominant student populations include Jesmond and Heaton.

Question: The population of Newcastle was 189,863 according to what year's census?


Answer: metropolitan

Question: Which borough of Newcastle had a population around 259,000?


Answer: student

Question: Newcastle is home to a large population of what type of person?


Answer: Universities

Question: There are two of what type of institution in Newcastle?


Answer: student populations

Question: Jesmond and Heaton are areas filled predominantly with what?


Answer: 37.8

Context: According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European (Polish, Czech Roma) populations. There are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, forming up to 1% of the population—the largest such percentage of any UK city.

Question: What is the average age of people who live in Newcastle?


Answer: ancestors

Question: Scottish or Irish describe the type of what people in Newcastle have?


Answer: Border Reiver

Question: What type of surnames is their a strong presence of?


Answer: 500

Question: What is the smallest number of Bolivians it's estimated live in Newcastle?


Answer: 1%

Question: What percentage of Newcastle's population is it believed the Bolivians account for?


Answer: Geordie

Context: The dialect of Newcastle is known as Geordie, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").

Question: What is the dialect of Newcastle known as?


Answer: Anglo-Saxon populations

Question: Who conquered much of England after the end of Roman imperial rule?


Answer: many elements

Question: What does the Geordie dialect keep of the older language which came before it?


Answer: strong

Question: Strang is an Anglo-Saxon word which means what in modern English?


Answer: stream

Question: Would word means burn in the Anglo-Saxon language?


Answer: Scandinavia

Context: "Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").

Question: "Bairn" and "hyem" have origins from what culture?


Answer: Northern United Kingdom

Question: Where are some words from the Geordia dialect used?


Answer: Scots

Question: What folks are likely to use words like "howay" and "hadaway"?


Answer: Many words

Question: What appears to be used exclusively in Newcastle and surrounding areas?


Answer: Dutch

Question: What language does "hoy" originate from?


Answer: a report

Context: In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents. The report was criticized, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.

Question: What was published in February of 2007?


Answer: noisiest

Question: What was Newcastle named as the most type of city in the UK?


Answer: 80.4

Question: What's the average decibel level of noise in Newcastle?


Answer: negative

Question: What type of impact can the residents of Newcastle expect the city's noise to have on them?


Answer: a motorway underpass

Question: What was one location the noise readings in Newcastle were taken at?


Answer: Collingwood Street

Context: There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the Central Station area and Osborne Road in the Jesmond area of the city. In recent years "The Gate" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema. Newcastle's gay scene - 'The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs.

Question: What is referred to as the Diamond Strip?


Answer: indoor complex

Question: What is "The Gate"?


Answer: 12

Question: How many screens does the Empire muliplex cinema have?


Answer: 'The Pink Triangle'

Question: What's the name of Newcastle's gay club scene?


Answer: bars, cafés and clubs

Question: What does the Pink Triangle have a range of?


Answer: theatre

Context: The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the famous Kemble family successfully managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street. It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built.

Question: What does Newcastle have a proud history of?


Answer: Stephen Kemble

Question: Who managed the original Theatre Royal in Newcastle?


Answer: many celebrated seasons

Question: What did Stephen Kemble guide the Theatre Royal through?


Answer: 1788

Question: When did the theater in Newcastle originally open?


Answer: Grey Street

Question: On what street was the Theatre Royal's replacement built?


Answer: theatres

Context: The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green. It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals. The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company. Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.

Question: What does Newcastle still contain many of?


Answer: the Theatre Royal

Question: What first opened in 1837?


Answer: Royal Shakespeare

Question: What company has been hosted at the Theatre Royal for over 25 years?


Answer: local talent

Question: What do other smaller venues of Newcastle tend to feature?


Answer: arts capital of the UK

Question: What was NewcastleGateshead voted in 2006?


Answer: The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle

Context: The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.

Question: What is the largest independent library outside of London?


Answer: 8000

Question: How many CDs does Newcastle's library have?


Answer: Green

Question: What was the last name of the designers of Newcastle's library?


Answer: lecture theatre

Question: What was the first public building to be lit by electric light in Newcastle?


Answer: Joseph Swan

Question: Who lectured at the Newcastle library on the 20th of October in 1880?


Answer: The Newcastle Beer Festival

Context: The Newcastle Beer Festival, organized by CAMRA, takes place in April. In May, Newcastle and Gateshead host the Evolution Festival, a music festival held on the Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides over the Spring bank holiday, with performances by acts from the world of Rock, Indie and Dance music. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May. EAT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.

Question: What festival takes place in April in Newcastle?


Answer: May

Question: When is the Evolution Festival hosted?


Answer: biennial

Question: How often is the AV Festival held?


Answer: EAT!

Question: What is the festival of food and drink known as?


Answer: 2

Question: How many weeks each year does the food and drink festival run?


Answer: The Hoppings

Context: The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.

Question: What is the largest traveling fair in Europe?


Answer: every June

Question: When does the largest traveling fair in Europe take place?


Answer: Temperance

Question: What movement did the fair held in June have its origins in?


Answer: a cycling festival

Question: What type of festival is The Northern Rock Cyclone?


Answer: The Northern Pride Festival

Question: Which festival is held in Newcastle's Gay Community in mid-July?


Answer: Newcastle Mela

Context: Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

Question: What is an annual two-day multicultural event held in Newcastle in late August?


Answer: Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre

Question: Where will the 2009 International Arts Fair be held?


Answer: Design Event festival

Question: What festival is held in October in Newcastle?


Answer: East Asian

Question: What cultural festival is the SAMA festival?


Answer: NewcastleGateshead

Question: Who holds an annual International Arts Fair in Newcastle?


Answer: folk-rock

Context: Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of AC/DC.

Question: What genre of music is Lindisfarne classified as?


Answer: 1971

Question: What year was the song Fog on the Tyne released?


Answer: Venom

Question: What band is considered by many to be the first black metal group?


Answer: Skyclad

Question: What band is often regarded as the first folk metal group?


Answer: Duran Duran

Question: What group is Newcastle native Andy Taylor the former lead guitarist of?


Answer: November 2006 and May 2008

Context: The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building. The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, a roof extension containing the Tyneside Bar, and dedicated education and teaching suites.

Question: Between what dates was the building on Pilgrim Street refurbished?


Answer: Old Town Hall

Question: Where was a cinema relocated while repairs were underway?


Answer: three

Question: How many cinemas are currently housed at one site?


Answer: Classic

Question: What's the name of the United Kingdom's sole remaining news cinema?


Answer: roof

Question: Where is the Tyneside Bar located?


Answer: Centre for Life

Context: There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life with its Science Village; the Discovery Museum a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum; in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum); Seven Stories a museum dedicated to children's books, the Side Gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England and the Newburn Hall Motor Museum.

Question: Where is the Science Village located?


Answer: life on Tyneside

Question: What does the Discovery Museum draw attention to?


Answer: shipbuilding

Question: What type of heritage does Tyneside have?


Answer: 2009

Question: What year saw the merger of two museums in Newcastle?


Answer: Seven Stories

Question: What museum in Newcastle is dedicated to children's books?


Answer: On the Night of the Fire

Context: The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s. The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the 1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.

Question: What is the earliest known movie featuring scenes filmed outdoors in Newcastle?


Answer: Get Carter

Question: What 1971 film was shot on location in Newcastle?


Answer: gangster

Question: What genre of film was the 1988 film Stormy Monday?


Answer: Mike Figgis

Question: Who directed Stormy Monday?


Answer: Sting

Question: What famous musician starred in Stormy Monday?


Answer: Gosforth Park

Context: Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields. Another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.

Question: Where is Newcastle's horse racing course located?


Answer: the Newcastle Eagles

Question: What is the name of Newcastle's basketball team?


Answer: Newcastle Diamonds

Question: What's the name of Newcastle's speedway team?


Answer: Brough Park

Question: Where can you see greyhound racing in Newcastle?


Answer: Blaydon Race

Question: What famous 5.9-mile athletic event takes place annually in Newcastle in June?


Answer: 6 miles

Context: Newcastle International Airport is located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North East. It is connected to the city via the Metro Light Rail system and a journey into Newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes. The airport handles over five million passengers per year, and is the tenth largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK, expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030. As of 2007[update], over 90 destinations are available worldwide.

Question: How far is Newcastle's airport from the center of town?


Answer: Metro Light Rail system

Question: How is Newport's airport connected to the city?


Answer: 20 minutes

Question: How long does it take to get to the middle of Newcastle from its outskirts when riding the rails?


Answer: over five million

Question: How many passengers per year does Newcastle's airport handle?


Answer: over 90

Question: How many destinations are available worldwide from Newcastle's airport?


Answer: Victorian architecture

Context: In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico. The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK. Opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson. The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station’s arched roof. The first services were operated by the North Eastern Railway company. The city's other mainline station, Manors, is to the east of the city centre.

Question: What was enhanced in 2014?


Answer: six

Question: How many Grade One listed railway stations are in the UK?


Answer: Victoria

Question: What Queen opened the first covered railway station in the world?


Answer: Robert Stephenson.

Question: Who constructed Newcastle's station?


Answer: Manors

Question: What mainline station is to the east of the city center?


Answer: half-hourly

Context: Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three hours, these services call at Durham, Darlington, York, Doncaster, Newark North Gate and Peterborough and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to Glasgow, Aberdeen and Inverness. CrossCountry trains serve destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West. First TransPennine Express operates services to Manchester and Liverpool. Northern Rail provides local and regional services.

Question: How often do trains journey to King's Cross?


Answer: about three

Question: How many hours can one expect to ride the train from Newcastle to King's Cross?


Answer: Edinburgh

Question: Where do all trains going to Scotland stop at?


Answer: CrossCountry

Question: Whose trains serve destinations in Yorkshire?


Answer: Northern Rail

Question: Which train company provides local and regional services?


Answer: Tyne and Wear Metro

Context: The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Newcastle city centre. A bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. The network is operated by DB Regio on behalf of Nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year, extending as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth, South Shields and South Hylton in Sunderland. In 2004, the company Marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system. The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.

Question: What underground railways cover much of Tyne and Wear?


Answer: five

Question: How many phases was the Metro opened in between 1980 and 1984?


Answer: deep-level

Question: What type of tunnels are constructed through Newcastle's city center?


Answer: A bridge

Question: What did Queen Elizabeth II open in Newcastle in 1981?


Answer: over 37 million

Question: How many passengers a year does the rail network in Newcastle carry?


Answer: Metro: All Change.'

Context: The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled. Longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the Cobalt business park in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains.

Question: What is the name of the current refurbishment the system is undergoing?


Answer: smart ticketing

Question: What does the replacement of the ticket machines and introduction of ticket gates herald the transition to?


Answer: tracks, signalling and overhead wires

Question: What is being overhauled as part of the improvement works?


Answer: an entirely new fleet of trains

Question: What will be obtained as part of longer term plans for improvements to Newcastle's train system?


Answer: trams

Question: What type of train would some of the proposed new routes require?


Answer: the A1

Context: Major roads in the area include the A1 (Gateshead Newcastle Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport and up through central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", which runs from Jesmond to the east coast between Tynemouth and Cullercoats. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel were renumbered, with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.

Question: What major Newcastle road stretches from Edinburgh to London?


Answer: the A696

Question: What Newcastle road heads west to Carlisle?


Answer: the old "Great North Road"

Question: What's the nickname for Newcastle's A167?


Answer: the roads

Question: What was renumbered in Newcastle upon completion of the Western Bypass?


Answer: the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel

Question: What was increased in November 2011?


Answer: 3

Context: There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket Bus Station providing the majority of services to the north of Newcastle, Northumberland and North Tyneside. Go-Ahead operates from Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper, with cross-city services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.

Question: How many bus companies provide service to the city of Newcastle?


Answer: two

Question: How many major bus stations are in the city of Newcastle?


Answer: Stagecoach

Question: Who is Newcastle's primary bus operator in the city proper?


Answer: the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.

Question: What is Nexus?


Answer: Go-Ahead

Question: What bus company in Newcastle provides the majority of services south of the river?


Answer: 1998

Context: Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.

Question: What year did Newcastle first develop its cycling strategy?


Answer: highlighting the usage of cycling

Question: What does the local council hope will help cut down traffic congestion in Newcastle?


Answer: healthy

Question: What type of living does cycling promote?


Answer: one way

Question: What streets are contraflows to be implemented on in Newcastle?


Answer: national networks

Question: What would the local council of Newcastle like to link their local bike networks to?


Answer: Danish DFDS Seaways

Context: From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008. Since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.

Question: Who runs a service out of Newcastle's International Ferry Terminal?


Answer: end of October 2006

Question: When did the DFDS ferry service to Sweden case operation?


Answer: high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services

Question: What did DFDS cite as the reasons it terminated operations?


Answer: late 2008

Question: When did DFDS terminate its services to Norway?


Answer: Thomson

Question: What cruise line has included Newcastle as a departure port since 2007?


Answer: eleven

Context: There are eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in Newcastle. There are a number of successful state schools, including Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart and Benfield School. The largest co-ed independent school is the Royal Grammar School. The largest girls' independent school is Newcastle High School for Girls. Both schools are located on the same street in Jesmond. Newcastle School for Boys is the only independent boys' only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Newcastle College is the largest general further education college in the North East and is a beacon status college; there are two smaller colleges in the Newcastle area. St Cuthbert's High School and Sacred Heart are the two primary state-Catholic run high schools, and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in Newcastle.

Question: How many LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools are there in Newcastle?


Answer: seven

Question: How many of the schools in Newcastle are independent?


Answer: the Royal Grammar School

Question: What is the largest co-ed independent school in Newcastle?


Answer: Newcastle College

Question: What is the largest general further education college in the North East?


Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion is St Cuthbert's High School dominated by?


Answer: two

Context: The city has two universities — Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000. Northumbria University has its origins in the Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by The Times Good University Guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the "Most IT enabled organisation" (in the UK), by the IT industry magazine Computing.

Question: How many universities does Newcastle have?


Answer: Newcastle University

Question: Which university has its origins in a school dealing with medicine and surgery?


Answer: Sunday Times University of the Year award

Question: What did Newcastle University win in 2000?


Answer: polytechnics became new universities

Question: What happened in 1992 in a UK-wide process?


Answer: Northumbria University

Question: What university won the award for Most IT enabled organisation?


Answer: three

Context: Newcastle has three cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas, with its elegant lantern tower of 1474, the Roman Catholic St. Mary's designed by Augustus Welby Pugin and the Coptic Cathedral located in Fenham. All three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches. St Mary's became a cathedral in 1850 and St Nicholas' in 1882. Another prominent church in the city centre is the Church of St Thomas the Martyr which is the only parish church in the Church of England without a parish and which is not a peculiar.

Question: How many cathedrals does Newcastle have?


Answer: 1474

Question: What year was St. Nicholas' lantern tower made?


Answer: Coptic

Question: Which cathedral is located in Fenham?


Answer: Thomas

Question: Which church's saint is nicknamed The Martyr?


Answer: parish churches

Question: What did all three cathedrals in Newcastle begin their existence as?


Answer: The Parish Church of St Andrew

Context: The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.

Question: Which parish church in Newcastle is typically agreed to be the oldest one in town?


Answer: 1726

Question: What year was the latest addition to the Church of St. Andrew?


Answer: the main porch

Question: What was added to the the church of St. Andrew in 1726?


Answer: ancient churchyards

Question: What surrounds the church of St. Andrew?


Answer: The church tower

Question: What received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle?


Answer: City Road

Context: ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.

Question: Where was ITV Tyne Tees based for over 40 years?


Answer: a new facility

Question: Where did ITV Tyne Tees move in 2005?


Answer: The entrance to studio 5

Question: What gave its name to the 1980s music television program "The Tube"?


Answer: result of its colouring

Question: Why is the building on Spital Tongues known as the Pink Palace?


Answer: BBC Radio Newcastle

Question: What local radio station is broadcast by the Corporation from the Pink Palace?


Answer: NE1fm

Context: NE1fm launched on 8 June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary.

Question: What is the name of Newcastle's first full-time community radio station?


Answer: Newcastle Student Radio

Question: What radio station do the students of Newcastle's two universities run?


Answer: since 1951

Question: How long has Radio Tyneside been the voluntary hospital radio service?


Answer: Radio Lollipop

Question: What Newcastle radio station is based at the Great North Children's Hospital?


Answer: Newcastle University's student's union building

Question: Where does the Newcastle Student Radio station broadcast from during terms?


Answer: 1770

Context: Charles Avison, the leading British composer of concertos in the 18th century, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770. Basil Hume, Archbishop of Westminster, was born in the city in 1923. Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, was born in the city. Ironmaster, metallurgist, and member of parliament Isaac Lowthian Bell was born in the city in 1816. Other notable people born in or associated with Newcastle include: engineer and industrialist Lord Armstrong, engineer and father of the modern steam railways George Stephenson, his son, also an engineer, Robert Stephenson, engineer and inventor of the steam turbine Sir Charles Parsons, inventor of the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan, modernist poet Basil Bunting, and Lord Chief Justice Peter Taylor. Portuguese writer Eça de Queiroz was a diplomat in Newcastle from late 1874 until April 1879—his most productive literary period. Former Prime Minister of Thailand Abhisit Vejjajiva, was born in the city.

Question: What year did Charles Avison die in Newcastle?


Answer: Archbishop of Westminster

Question: What title did Newcastle native Basil Hume achieve?


Answer: George Stephenson

Question: Who is known as the father of the modern steam railways?


Answer: the incandescent light bulb

Question: What did Sir Charles Parsons invent?


Answer: Thailand

Question: What country was Abhisit Vejjajiva prime minister of, despite having been born in Newcastle?


Answer: Rutherford Grammar School

Context: Musicians Eric Burdon, Sting, Mark Knopfler, Alan Hull, Cheryl Cole and Neil Tennant lived in Newcastle. Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch were both former pupils of Rutherford Grammar School, actors Charlie Hunnam and James Scott, entertainers Ant and Dec and international footballers Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer were born in Newcastle. Multiple circumnavigator David Scott Cowper, Nobel Prize winning physicist Peter Higgs, and former WWE NXT champion Neville were born in the city. John Dunn, inventor of keyed Northumbrian smallpipes, the most characteristic musical instrument in the region, lived and worked in the city.

Question: What school did both Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch attend?


Answer: international footballers

Question: What is Michael Carrick and Alan Shearer's profession?


Answer: Nobel Prize

Question: What prize did Peter Higgs win?


Answer: keyed Northumbrian smallpipes

Question: What did John Dunn invent?


Answer: Newcastle

Question: What city was former WWE NXT champion Neville born in?


Answer: The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

Context: The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as "Albertopolis" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001.

Question: where is the Victoria and Albert Museum located?


Answer: a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.

Question: how many permanent objects are located there?


Answer: It was founded in 1852

Question: when was the Victoria and Albert museum founded?


Answer: named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

Question: Who is the museum named for?


Answer: Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

Question: In which London borough is the Victoria and Albert Museum located?


Answer: 1852

Question: In what year was the Victoria and Albert Museum founded?


Answer: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

Question: Which monarchs was the Victoria and Albert Museum named after?


Answer: Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Question: Which department sponsors the Victoria and Albert Museum?


Answer: 2001

Question: In which year did the museum started charging free admission fees?


Answer: 12.5

Context: The V&A covers 12.5 acres (51,000 m2) and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world. The museum owns the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world.

Question: How many acres does the V&A cover?


Answer: 145

Question: How many galleries does the V&A have?


Answer: 5,000

Question: How many years does the V&A's collections span?


Answer: Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa

Question: Which cultures are represented in the V&A's collections?


Answer: post-classical sculpture

Question: The V&A owns the largest collection of which period in sculptural art history?


Answer: Great Exhibition of 1851

Context: The V&A has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures, first opening in May 1852 at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House. At this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection. By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility.

Question: The V&A has its origins in which world exposition?


Answer: Henry Cole

Question: Who was the V&A's first director?


Answer: Museum of Manufactures

Question: What was the museum originally called?


Answer: Somerset House

Question: Where was the V&A transferred to from its original location at Marlborough House?


Answer: Gottfried Semper

Question: Which German architect was asked to produce a design for the museum?


Answer: Queen Victoria

Context: The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words of Cole "to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes"—this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry. In these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of "High Art" at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis (1811–1891), the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections. This led to the transfer to the museum of the School of Design that had been founded in 1837 at Somerset House; after the transfer it was referred to as the Art School or Art Training School, later to become the Royal College of Art which finally achieved full independence in 1949. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the "Science Museum" had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed.

Question: Who officially opened the V&A?


Answer: 22 June 1857

Question: What is the exact date of the V&A's official opening?


Answer: George Wallis

Question: Who is known as the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection at the V&A?


Answer: late night openings

Question: The use of gas lighting made what possible the year after the museum officially opened?


Answer: 1949

Question: In which year did the Royal College of Art gained full independence from the V&A?


Answer: between September and November 1946

Context: Before the return of the collections after the war, the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established by the British government in 1944 "to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry". The success of this exhibition led to the planning of the Festival of Britain (1951). By 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum.

Question: When was the Britain Can Make It exhibition held?


Answer: nearly a million and a half

Question: How many visitors did the Britain Can Make It exhibition attract?


Answer: Festival of Britain (1951)

Question: Who organized the Britain Can Make It exhibition?


Answer: Festival of Britain

Question: The success of the Britain Can Make It exhibition led to the planning of what exhibition in 1951?


Answer: 1948

Question: Most of the museum's collection had been returned by which year?


Answer: a rock concert

Context: In July 1973, as part of its outreach programme to young people, the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by British progressive folk-rock band Gryphon, who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later. This innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of Roy Strong and was subsequently emulated by some other British museums.

Question: What did the V&A present in July 1973 as part of its youth outreach programme?


Answer: Gryphon

Question: Which musical group did the V&A present in July 1973 as part of its youth outreach programme?


Answer: Roy Strong

Question: The V&A's youth outreach programme was a hallmark of whose directorship?


Answer: mediaeval music

Question: Which musical genre did the progressive folk-rock band Gryphon presented at a concert/lecture at the V&A?


Answer: Dundee

Context: The V&A is in discussion with the University of Dundee, University of Abertay, Dundee City Council and the Scottish Government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in Dundee that would use the V&A brand although it would be funded through and operated independently. As of 2015, with costs estimated at £76 million, it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in Scotland. The V&A Dundee will be on the city's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography. It is planned that it could open within five years. Dundee City Council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs. The V&A is not contributing financially, but will be providing expertise, loans and exhibitions.

Question: The V&A is looking to open a branded gallery in which city in Scotland?


Answer: £76 million

Question: What is the estimated cost of the V&A branded gallery?


Answer: on the city's waterfront

Question: Where in Dundee will the gallery be located?


Answer: fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography

Question: What will V&A Dundee focus on?


Answer: within five years

Question: When could V&A Dundee?


Answer: Brompton Park House

Context: The Victorian parts of the building have a complex history, with piecemeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 1852, it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site. This area of London was known as Brompton but had been renamed South Kensington. The land was occupied by Brompton Park House, which was extended, most notably by the "Brompton Boilers", which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the V&A Museum of Childhood. The first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the Sheepshanks Gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden. Its architect was civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, who was appointed by Cole. The next major expansions were designed by the same architect, the Turner and Vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the Tate Gallery) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively. The North and South Courts, were then built, both of which opened by June 1862. They now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the Sheepshanks Gallery. On the very northern edge of the site is situated the Secretariat Wing, also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc. and is not open to the public.

Question: What was the building that formerly occupied the V&A's present site called?


Answer: Sheepshanks Gallery

Question: What was the first building erected that still forms part of the museum?


Answer: Captain Francis Fowke

Question: Who designed the Turner and Vernon galleries that were built in 1858-9?


Answer: Secretariat Wing

Question: In which year were the North and South Courts opened?


Answer: offices and board room

Question: What does the Secretariat Wing house?


Answer: Oriental Courts

Context: An ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas: a series of mosaic figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period. These have now been removed to other areas of the museum. Also started were a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878–1880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was started but never finished. To the east of this were additional galleries, the decoration of which was the work of another designer Owen Jones, these were the Oriental Courts (covering India, China and Japan) completed in 1863, none of this decoration survives, part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century, opened in December 2006. The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden, this includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above, (at the time the ceramics gallery), the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public. The ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by F. W. Moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery. All the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was Italian Renaissance, much use was made of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt (mechanics); Bramante (architecture); Michelangelo (sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum, this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by Percival Ball. This building replaced Brompton Park House, which could then be demolished to make way for the south range.

Question: Who was the designer of the Oriental Courts?


Answer: Italian Renaissance

Question: What art historical style was used in the decoration for the northern part of the museum?


Answer: James Gamble & Reuben Townroe

Question: Who designed the bronze doors used as the main entrance to the museum?


Answer: Isaac Newton

Question: What famous English physicist and mathematician was depicted in the main bronze door entrance of the museum?


Answer: Titian

Question: What Italian painter was depicted in the main bronze door entrance of the museum?


Answer: Philip Webb and William Morris

Context: The interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866–68 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences. The lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure, with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by Edward Burne-Jones. The Centre Refreshment Room 1865–77 was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile, the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was removed from Dorchester House prior to that building's demolition in 1929. The Grill Room 1876–81 was designed by Sir Edward Poynter, the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling, above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the Art School then based in the museum, the windows are also stained glass, there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place.

Question: Who were responsible for the interior decorations of the Green Dining Room?


Answer: Edward Burne-Jones

Question: Who designed the ceiling and stained-glass windows of the Green Dining Room?


Answer: James Gamble

Question: Who was responsible for the decorations of the Centre Refreshment Room?


Answer: Alfred Stevens

Question: Who designed and sculpted the marble fireplace in the Centre Refreshment Room?


Answer: Sir Edward Poynter

Question: Who was responsible for the decorations of the Grill Room?


Answer: Henry Young Darracott Scott

Context: With the death of Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott, also of the Royal Engineers. He designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools), now the Henry Cole Wing in 1867–72. Scott's assistant J.W. Wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building, made from Cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet (2.1 m) in length, the balustrades and columns are Portland stone. It is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the V&A (prints, drawings, paintings and photographs) and Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections); and the Sackler Centre for arts education, which opened in 2008.

Question: Who was brought it to work on the museum after the death of Captain Francis Fowke?


Answer: School for Naval Architects

Question: What was the Henry Cole Wing previously called?


Answer: Cadeby stone

Question: What stone was used for the staircase designed by J.W. Wild?


Answer: prints and architectural drawings

Question: What part of the V&A collection does the Henry Cole Wing houses?


Answer: 2008

Question: In which year did the Sackler Center open?


Answer: sgraffito

Context: Continuing the style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration, the terracotta embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes, although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody, a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by Starkie Gardner, these lead to a passage through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast Courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden (the site of the "Brompton Boilers"), these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet (21 m) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings, including Trajan's Column (in two separate pieces). The final part of the museum designed by Scott was the Art Library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden, built 1877–83, the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by Reuben Townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library, Sir John Taylor designed the book shelves and cases, also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting. This completed the northern half of the site, creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre, but left the museum without a proper façade. In 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum, with architect Alfred Waterhouse as one of the judges; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance.

Question: What technique was used to decorate the east side of the building?


Answer: Starkie Gardner

Question: Who designed the wrought iron gates that was used to embellish the east side of the building?


Answer: southeast of the garden

Question: Where on the side are the two Cast Courts located?


Answer: Art Library

Question: Where is the sculpture gallery now located?


Answer: Reuben Townroe

Question: Who designed the plaster work in the Art Library?


Answer: Aston Webb

Context: The main façade, built from red brick and Portland stone, stretches 720 feet (220 m) along Cromwell Gardens and was designed by Aston Webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909. Stylistically it is a strange hybrid, although much of the detail belongs to the Renaissance there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is Romanesque in form but Classical in detail. Likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame, a feature of late Gothic architecture and a feature common in Scotland, but the detail is Classical. The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature, the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.

Question: Who designed the main façade that stretches along Cromwell Gardens?


Answer: red brick and Portland stone

Question: What building materials were used to build the main façade?


Answer: 720 feet

Question: How long does the main façade stretch along Cromwell Gardens?


Answer: a statue of fame

Question: What late Gothic architectural sculptural feature is found on the tower above the main entrance?


Answer: top row of windows

Question: Statues of British artists adorn which part of the tower above the main entrance?