Answer: his sons and grandsons

Question: Among whom was Genghis Khan's empire split after his death?


Answer: somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location

Context: Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.

Question: Where was Genghis Khan buried?


Answer: Delüün Boldog

Context: Temüjin was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured.

Question: Where was Genghis Khan likely born?


Answer: Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad

Question: Who was Genghis Khan's father?


Answer: 1162

Question: What year was Temüjin, who became Genghis Khan, likely born?


Answer: a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured

Question: Who might Temüjin have been named after?


Answer: Temülen

Context: Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad. Temüjin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12.

Question: What was Temüjin' sister's name?


Answer: Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge

Question: Who were Temüjin's three full brothers?


Answer: Börte

Question: What was the name of the wife arranged for Temüjin by his father?


Answer: Khongirad

Question: Which tribe did Temüjin move in with at nine years of age?


Answer: Dai Setsen

Question: Who was the head of the household that Temüjin joined when he was nine years old?


Answer: Begter

Context: For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game killed by Temüjin and his brothers. Begter, Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.

Question: Which of Temüjin's brothers took up the role of male leader of the family?


Answer: Hoelun

Question: Who would Begter have married when he came of age?


Answer: Temüjin and his brother Khasar

Question: Who killed Begter, Temüjin's half-brother?


Answer: during one hunting excursion

Question: When was Temüjin's half-brother Begter killed?


Answer: the Tayichi'ud

Context: In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.[citation needed] It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.

Question: Who captured and held Temüjin prisoner around 1177?


Answer: with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks

Question: How was Temüjin kept imprisoned by the Tayichi'ud?


Answer: Chilaun

Question: Which of his future general's fathers helped Temüjin escape the Tayichi'ud?


Answer: Jelme and Bo'orchu

Question: Which of his future generals joined forces with Temüjin around the time of his escape from the Tayichi'ud?


Answer: a river crevice

Question: Where did Temüjin hide during his escape from the Tayichi'ud?


Answer: arranged marriages

Context: At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.

Question: What was used to from political alliances among the Mongolian tribal confederations?


Answer: Temüjin's mother Hoelun

Question: Who taught Temüjin early lessons about politics in Mongolia?


Answer: the Chinese dynasties to the south

Question: Which foreign forces often meddled in the Mongolian political scene?


Answer: the need for alliances

Question: What did Temüjin's mother emphasize in his lessons about Mongolia's volatile political climate?


Answer: the Onggirat

Context: As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

Question: What was the tribe of the woman Temüjin married when he was around 16 years old?


Answer: the Merkits

Question: Who kidnapped Temüjin's first wife soon after they were married?


Answer: Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe

Question: Who helped Temüjin rescue his wife from the Merkits?


Answer: Jochi

Question: What was the name of Temüjin's wife Börte's first son?


Answer: 1185

Question: What year did Börte's give birth to Jochi?


Answer: three

Context: Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.

Question: How many sons did Börte bear Genghis Khan after Jochi?


Answer: Chagatai

Question: What was the name of Börte's second male child?


Answer: 1241

Question: What year did two of Ghengis Khan and Börte's sons die?


Answer: Tolui

Question: Which male child of Ghengis Khan and Börte was born last?


Answer: six

Question: How many names of Ghengis Khan's daughters are known?


Answer: sworn brother or blood brother

Context: Temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to other sources, a vassal) to his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Keraites, and is better known by the Chinese title "Wang Khan", which the Jurchen Jin dynasty granted him in 1197. This relationship was first reinforced when Börte was captured by the Merkits. Temüjin turned to Toghrul for support, and in response, Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran.

Question: What is an anda?


Answer: Toghrul

Question: With whom was Temüjin's first important alliance?


Answer: the Keraites

Question: What tribe did Toghrul lead?


Answer: 20,000

Question: How many warriors did Toghrul provide Temüjin when his wife was captured?


Answer: Jamukha

Question: Which of Temüjin's childhood friends did Toghrul suggest he also enlist?


Answer: the traditional Mongolian aristocracy

Context: As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Temüjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Temüjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Temüjin. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.

Question: Who did Jamukha support that were not part of Temüjin's power base?


Answer: Kokochu

Question: Which shaman's proclamation aided Temüjin's rise?


Answer: 1186

Question: When was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols?


Answer: Battle of Dalan Balzhut

Question: Which battle did Temüjin lose to Jamukha shortly after his election as khan?


Answer: Qara Khitai

Question: Where was Temüjin's patron Toghrul exiled?


Answer: the Yassa code

Context: As an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Temüjin stronger with each victory.

Question: What was the name of Temüjin's laws?


Answer: wealth from future possible war spoils

Question: What did Temüjin promise his followers in exchange for their obedience?


Answer: orphans from the conquered tribe

Question: Who did Temüjin's mother adopt to help integrate the tribes he conquered?


Answer: his protection

Question: What did Temüjin offer the people he conquered in order earn their loyalty?


Answer: Jochi

Context: One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe.

Question: To whom did Toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage, angering Temüjin?


Answer: Jamukha

Question: Who did Toghrul join in a campaign against Temüjin?


Answer: Jamukha

Question: Who escaped when Temüjin emerged victorious in his conflict with Toghrul?


Answer: the Keraite

Question: What tribe fell apart after Temüjin defeated Toghrul?


Answer: the Naimans

Context: The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Question: Who protected Jamukha after he escaped the conflict with Temüjin?


Answer: 1201

Question: What year was Jamukha elected Gür Khan?


Answer: universal ruler

Question: What does the title Gür Khan mean?


Answer: Subutai

Question: Which well-known general abandoned Jamukha's coalition against Temüjin?


Answer: 1206

Question: What year was Jamukha surrendered to Temüjin?


Answer: his friendship

Context: According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.

Question: What did Temüjin offer Jamukha after the latter's defeat?


Answer: he did not want disloyal men in his army

Question: Why did Temüjin kill those of Jamukha's followers that had betrayed their leader?


Answer: a noble death

Question: What did Jamukha request from Temüjin instead of friendship?


Answer: breaking the back

Question: What form of death did Jamukha hope Temüjin would allow him?


Answer: the Chinese

Context: Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.

Question: From whom did Genghis Khan learn seige warfare?


Answer: Jamukha

Question: Which rival's tribes did Genghis Khan famously measure against the linchpin?


Answer: Khasar

Question: An important shaman was alleged to be trying to distance Genghis Khan from which of his brothers?


Answer: Yam route systems

Question: What aspect of the economy did Genghis Khan exploit for intelligence gathering?


Answer: Wang Khan

Question: Who was the ally of his father that Genghis Khan fell out as time passed?


Answer: 1206

Context: As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.

Question: By what year had Temüjin created a significant "Mongol" tribal alliance?


Answer: Khuruldai

Question: What is the term for a meeting of Mongol chiefs?


Answer: Khagan

Question: What title was given to Genghis Khan posthumously?


Answer: Ögedei

Question: Who gave Genghis Khan the title Khadan?


Answer: a council of Mongol chiefs

Question: Who made Temüjin khan of the Mongols?


Answer: the Jin dynasty

Context: In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232 and 1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234, after the siege of Caizhou.

Question: What dynasty did Genghis Khan plan to attack after conquering Western Xia?


Answer: Ming-Tan

Question: Who was the Jin dynasty defector who betrayed the location of the Jin army?


Answer: 1215

Question: When did Genghis Khan capture the Jin dynasty capital?


Answer: Kaifeng

Question: Where did the Jin emporer relocate his capital after Genghis Khan overran the norther part of his empire?


Answer: Ögedei Khan

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's sons completed the conquest of the Jin dynasty?


Answer: Kuchlug

Context: Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow".

Question: Who took control of Qara Khitai after fleeing Temüjin's Mongol Empire?


Answer: the Liao dynasty

Question: What older dynasty was replaced by the Western Liao, or Qara Khitai?


Answer: 20,000

Question: How many soldiers did Genghis Khan send against Kuchlug and Qara Khitai?


Answer: Jebe

Question: Which young general did Genghis Khan send to conquer Qara Khitai?


Answer: The Arrow

Question: What other moniker was Genghis Khan's general Jebe known by?


Answer: inciting internal revolt

Context: With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.

Question: What strategy did Jebe's army use against Kuchlug and his supporters?


Answer: west of Kashgar

Question: Where did Jebe's forces first defeat Kuchlug?


Answer: Lake Balkhash

Question: How far west did the Mongol Empire extend after Kuchlug's demise?


Answer: Khwarezmid Empire

Question: Which empire bordered the Mongol Empire to the west in 1218?


Answer: a Muslim state

Question: What kind of state was the Khwarezmia?


Answer: Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad

Context: In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers (10 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed Ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia.

Question: Who was the leader of the Khwarezmian dynasty in the early 1200s?


Answer: Inalchuq

Question: Who ordered the attack on the caravan of traders Genghis Khan send to Khwarezmia?


Answer: the Muslim

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's ambassadors did the Shah have beheaded?


Answer: 100,000

Question: How many soldiers did Genghis Khan take with him to Khwarezmia?


Answer: the Silk Road

Question: What trading route joined Khwarezmia and the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Tien Shan

Context: The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.

Question: What mountain range did Genghis Khan cross to enter the Khwarezmian Empire?


Answer: three

Question: How many divisions comprised Genghis Khan's army in Khwarezmia?


Answer: the southeast

Question: Where did Jebe's division of Genghis Khan's army campaign in Khwarezmia?


Answer: Tolui

Question: Who led the third division in Khwarezmia alongside Genghis Khan himself?


Answer: Samarkand

Question: Which area of Khwarezmia did the first and second divisions of the Mongol army target in a pincer attack?


Answer: fragmentation

Context: The Shah's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.

Question: What feature of the Shah's army enable the weary Mongol forces easy early victories?


Answer: Otrar

Question: Which town's massacre did Genghis Khan order in retribution for the treatment of his envoys?


Answer: silver

Question: What metal was used in Inalchuq's execution?


Answer: fled

Question: What did the Shah do when faced with defeat by Genghis Khan's forces?


Answer: Subutai and Jebe

Question: Who did Genghis Khan charge with finding and punishing the Shah?


Answer: Samarkand

Context: The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland. According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.[citation needed]

Question: What was the capital of Khwarezmia before the Mongol invasion?


Answer: Bukhara

Question: Where was the Khwarezmid capital moved after Genghis Khan's forces prevailed in Samarkand?


Answer: a river

Question: What does legend say Genghis Khan used to obliterate the Kharezmid emporer's place of birth?


Answer: captured enemies

Context: The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies as body shields. After several days only a few remaining soldiers, loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory. Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire, wrote that in Termez, on the Oxus, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".

Question: What did the Mongols shield themselves with while attacking Samarkand?


Answer: reneged

Question: How did Genghis Khan observed the surrender terms after Samarkand fell?


Answer: pyramids of severed heads

Question: What victory symbols did the Mongols build on the plains outside Samarkand?


Answer: opened the gates

Context: The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.

Question: How did the leaders of the city of Bukhara respond to the Mongol attack?


Answer: a unit of Turkish defenders

Question: Who continued to hold the citadel of Bukhara after the Mongols took the rest of the city?


Answer: artisans and craftsmen

Question: Which residents of Bukhara were spared and sent back to Mongolia?


Answer: the flail of God

Question: How did Genghis Khan describe himself to the people of Bukhara?


Answer: young men who had not fought

Question: Who among the population of Bukhara became part of the Mongolian army?


Answer: 1220

Context: After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.

Question: What year did the Khwarezmian Empire fall to Genghis Khan?


Answer: Subutai

Question: Whose plan called for the Mongolian army to split in two after the Khwarezmian conquest?


Answer: near the Black Sea

Question: Where did Jebe and Subutai spend the winter following the split of the Mongol army?


Answer: Kalka River

Question: Where was the Kievian force that confronted Subutai's army defeated in 1223?


Answer: Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev

Question: Who led the Kievian Rus' troops against Subutai's Mongol army?


Answer: Batu

Context: The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

Question: Which Mongol leader completed the conquest of Kievan Rus'?


Answer: the Golden Horde

Question: By what name was the Mongol army that finally conquered Bulgaria known?


Answer: Subutai and Jebe

Question: Which two Mongol leaders added Persia to the Mongol Empire?


Answer: 1225

Question: When did Subutai's army return to Mongolia?


Answer: on the road back to Samarkand

Question: Where did Jebe die?


Answer: 1226

Context: In 1226, immediately after returning from the west, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts. His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn he took Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but was defeated. In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. According to legend, it was here that Genghis Khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory.

Question: In which year did Genghis Khan strike against the Tanguts?


Answer: autumn

Question: What season was it when Genghis Khan took Xiliang-fu from the Tanguts?


Answer: the Mongols

Question: Who won the battle near the Helan mountains?


Answer: the Yellow River

Question: What river did Genghis Khan cross before defeating the main Tangut army?


Answer: a line of five stars arranged in the sky

Question: What omen was Genghis Khan reported to have seen assuring his coming victory against the Tanguts?


Answer: Ning Hia

Context: In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the spring. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.

Question: What was the name of the Tangut capital?


Answer: Ma Jianlong

Question: Who was the Tangut general who fought Genghis Khan at Deshun?


Answer: arrows

Question: What weapon caused the wounds that killed Tangut general Ma Jianlong?


Answer: Liupanshan

Question: Where did Genghis Khan spend the summer after taking Deshun?


Answer: executed

Question: What did Genghis Khan do to the Tangut imperial family after their surrender?


Answer: Jochi

Context: The succession of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension, and possibly for other reasons, Ögedei was appointed as successor.

Question: The paternity of which of Genghis Khan's sons was disputed?


Answer: Chagatai

Question: Which Mongol leader was most opposed to Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor?


Answer: invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire

Question: Before which military campaign did Chagatai publicly dispute Jochi's paternity?


Answer: Ögedei

Question: Who was appointed Genghis Khan's successor?


Answer: Chagatai and Jochi

Context: Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age. If Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore, Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ögedei. Ögedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers.

Question: Which pair of Genghis Khan's sons were most rivalrous?


Answer: Chagatai

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's sons was disqualified from being successor because of his unstable behavior?


Answer: Tolui

Question: Which's of Genghis Khan's successors could not be successor because of his age?


Answer: Ögedei

Question: Which son did Genghis Khan view as his most dependable one?


Answer: 1226

Context: Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Question: Jochi's death occurred in what year?


Answer: Khorasan

Question: Where did Jochi remain after Genghis Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223?


Answer: Urgench

Question: Which territory did Jochi try to protect that may have led to a dispute with his brothers?


Answer: Sultan Muhammad

Question: Who did Jochi reportedly enlist to help him stop his father's massacres?


Answer: Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223

Question: Why is Jochi's reported alliance with the Muslims historically suspect?


Answer: Yinchuan

Context: In August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia, Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads.

Question: Genghis Khan was in the process of taking what capital city when he died?


Answer: hunting

Question: What does the Secret History say Genghis Khan was doing when he sustained his mortal injuries?


Answer: arrow

Question: What weapon did Marco Pole report as the cause of Genghis Khan's death?


Answer: Western Xia

Question: Later chronicles of Genghis Khan's death implicate a princess from what empire in his death?


Answer: Oirads

Question: Which rival of the Mongols is suspected of inventing the story that Genghis Khan was murdered by a captured princess?


Answer: without markings

Context: Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.

Question: What was Genghis Khan's tribes burial custom?


Answer: Khentii Aimag

Question: Where is Genghis Khan's presumed to have been delivered?


Answer: Onon River

Question: What river is near Genghis Khan's likely place of burial?


Answer: The Genghis Khan Mausoleum

Question: What memorial was built years after Genghis Khan's death and burial?


Answer: Edsen Khoroo

Context: In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.

Question: What is the Mongolian name for the original place of the Genghis Khan mausoleum?


Answer: Dongshan Dafo Dian

Question: Which Buddhist monastery hosted the Genghis Khan mausoleum during the Japanese occupation?


Answer: Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining

Question: Where did the Chinese Nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing Chinese Communist forces?


Answer: 1954

Question: When was the mausoleum returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia?


Answer: Red Guards

Question: Who destroyed the most valuable relics in the mausoleum during the Cultural Revolution?


Answer: October 6, 2004

Context: On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site. Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, and that trees were then planted over the site, and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site.

Question: On which date was Genghis Khan's palace rediscovered by archeaologists?


Answer: a river

Question: What kind of water body is rumored to be obscuring Genghis Khan's burial site?


Answer: Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun

Question: What two other rulers had their graves hidden under a river?


Answer: horses

Question: What animals may have been stampeded over Genghis Khan's grave site?


Answer: Genghis Khan

Context: The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Mongols, Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.

Question: Who created the code that governed military and civilian conduct in the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Yassa

Question: What was the name of the Mongol Empire's legal code?


Answer: meritocracy

Question: What was the guiding principle of the Mongol Empire code of conduct?


Answer: Genghis Khan and his family

Question: Who was exempt from the meritocratic principles of the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Muhammad Khan

Question: Who is an example of the diversity of leadership in the Mongol Empire?


Answer: tax exemptions

Context: There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.

Question: What perk did religious leaders, teachers, and doctors get in the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Ong Khan

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's mentors practiced Christianity?


Answer: a personal concept

Question: How was religion handled in the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian

Question: What are examples of the various religions of Mongol tribes?


Answer: Töregene Khatun

Context: Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).

Question: Which woman took a leadership role in the Mongol Empire while succession was being determined?


Answer: the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)

Question: What is the modern term for the Mongolian policies supporting trade and communication?


Answer: the Chinese

Question: Who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the Mongol Empire?


Answer: legal equality of all individuals, including women

Question: What do some modern historians claim Genghis Khan sought to add his legal code at the end of his reign?


Answer: Chu'Tsai

Context: Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.

Question: Which Khitan prince became an important administrator in the Mongol Empire?


Answer: they were nomads

Question: Why would Mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered?


Answer: Jin

Question: Khitan had been overthrown by which dynasty that Genghis Khan later defeated?


Answer: Khitan rulers

Question: Who were Chu'Tsai's forefathers?


Answer: his generals

Context: Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Muqali, a trusted lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus', an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them.

Question: Who among Genghis Khan's subjects shared similar privileges to his close family members'?


Answer: Karakorum

Question: What was the capital of the Mongol Empire?


Answer: Muqali

Question: Who was delegated command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty?


Answer: Subutai and Jebe

Question: Which two generals raided the Caucasas and Kievan Rus' for Genghis Khan?


Answer: unwavering loyalty

Question: What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them?


Answer: rivers

Context: The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.

Question: What would Mongol armies divert in order to cut off the resources of cities they were attacking?


Answer: Muslim and Chinese

Question: What were the cultural origins of the engineers and technology adopted by the Mongol military?


Answer: feigned retreat

Question: How did Mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions?


Answer: driving them in front of the army

Question: How were enemy prisoners used tactically by Mongol armies?


Answer: Sea of Japan

Context: Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.

Question: What sea bordered Genghis Khan's empire to the east when he died?


Answer: Caspian Sea

Question: What body of water sat to the west of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died?


Answer: Ögedei Khan

Question: Who led the most rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire?


Answer: 1279

Question: What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?


Answer: the Silk Road

Context: Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers. In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.

Question: To which trading route did Genghis Khan bring a stable political climate?


Answer: Turkey

Question: In which Middle Eastern country is Genghis Khan's title a popular name for male children?


Answer: tolerant

Question: What was the Genghis Khan's characteristic approach to religious diversity?


Answer: increased

Question: What effect did Genghis Khan's career have on communication and trade across Asia?


Answer: 1990s

Context: In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period. Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to their country as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia", to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children", and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.

Question: What recent decade saw brightening of the perception of Genghis Khan in Mongolia?


Answer: uniting warring tribes

Question: What is the key accomplishment of Genghis Khan that modern Mongolians celebrate?


Answer: Genghis Khan's children

Question: How do Mongolians sometime describe their relationship to Genghis Khan?


Answer: his brutality

Question: What do some Mongolians feel non-Mongolian historians exaggerate about Genghis Khan?


Answer: unfairly biased

Question: What is the general perception of non-Mongolian histories of Genghis Khan by Mongolians themselves?


Answer: tögrög

Context: In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.

Question: What is the name of contemporary Mongolian currency?


Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Whose likeness is on the larger denominations of Mongolian currency?


Answer: Chinggis Khaan International Airport

Question: What is the name of Mongolia's largest airport?


Answer: to avoid trivialization

Question: Why have Mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name?


Answer: Ulaanbaatar

Question: What city is near a major statue of Genghis Khan?


Answer: Ikh Zasag

Context: Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.

Question: What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?


Answer: corruption and bribery

Question: What did Mongolian President Tsakhiagian Elbegdorj note was significantly punished by Genghis Khan's laws?


Answer: Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj

Question: Which Mongolian president lauded Genghis Khan on the 850th anniversary of the conqueror's birth?


Answer: traditional Mongolian script

Question: What innovation in Mongolian language is credited to Genghis Khan?


Answer: Inner Mongolia region

Context: There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.[citation needed]

Question: Where in China is Genghis Khan most favorably viewed today?


Answer: 5 million

Question: What is the population of the Inner Mongolia region of China?


Answer: Kublai Khan

Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan is remembered as having reunified China?


Answer: Yuan

Question: What Chinese dynasty did the Mongols found?


Answer: grandson

Question: What was Kublai Khan's relation to Genghis Khan?


Answer: Iran

Context: In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."

Question: Which Middle Eastern nation in particular views Genghis Khan as a contemptible perpetrator of genocide?


Answer: three-fourths

Question: What proportion of the general population in the area than became Iran did Genghis Khan kill?


Answer: 10 to 15 million

Question: How many people do historians estimate Genghis Khan killed in the Iranian Plateau?


Answer: Hulagu Khan

Context: The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.

Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?


Answer: the Mamluks of Egypt

Question: Who halted the advance of Hulagu Khan across the Middle East?


Answer: Ghazan Khan

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?


Answer: 1237

Question: In which year did Genghis Khan's grandson invade Kievan Rus'?


Answer: Novgorod and Pskov

Question: Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?


Answer: Mughal emperors

Context: Although the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims. However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.

Question: Which descendants of Genghis Khan tried to dissociate themselves from the Mongol massacres in the Middle East?


Answer: Timur

Question: Which Mongol conqueror was most celebrated by the Mughal emperors?


Answer: Nishapur

Question: From where was the Muslim historical figure Attar, whose murder by the Mongols was long remembered?


Answer: tenggis

Context: One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

Question: Which Mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation Genghis?


Answer: Lake Baikal

Question: Which massive lake did the Mongolians call tenggis?


Answer: "right", "just", or "true"

Question: What does zhèng mean?


Answer: Zhèng

Question: Jenggis is the adjectival form of what word?


Answer: Chinggis

Question: What spelling of Genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation?


Answer: Chinggis Khaan

Context: Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn, Russian: Чингисхан (Čingiskhan) or Чингиз-хан (Čingiz-khan), etc. Temüjin is written in Chinese as simplified Chinese: 铁木真; traditional Chinese: 鐵木眞; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn.

Question: What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan?


Answer: Cengiz Han

Question: How is Genghis Khan spelled in Turkic?


Answer: Tiěmùzhēn

Question: How is Temüjin written in pinyin?


Answer: Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz

Question: What are alternate English spelling of Genghis?


Answer: Chéngjísī Hán

Question: How is Genghis Khan written in pinyin?


Answer: its root word pharma

Context: The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. The pharma (as it was referred to) often operated through a retail shop which, in addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines. Often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term, though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy, in English the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent. The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed. The Greek word Pharmakeia (Greek: φαρμακεία) derives from pharmakon (φάρμακον), meaning "drug", "medicine" (or "poison").[n 1]

Question: What word is the word pharmacy taken from?


Answer: ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines

Question: What goods were sold in a pharma?


Answer: sorcery or even poison

Question: What did the Greek root pharmakos imply?


Answer: outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent

Question: How would the word apothecary be viewed by contemporary English speakers?


Answer: many other herbs not listed

Question: What else was used by pharmas?


Answer: healthcare professionals

Context: Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.

Question: What type of professionals are pharmacists?


Answer: optimal health outcomes

Question: What types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients?


Answer: optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual

Question: What type of treatment are pharmacists important for?


Answer: small-business proprietors

Question: What other role do many pharmacists play?


Answer: specialised education and training

Question: What types of preparation do pharmacists have?


Answer: other senior pharmacy technicians

Context: A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.

Question: Who oversees a Pharmacy Technician in the UK?


Answer: the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register

Question: With what body must a pharmacy technician register?


Answer: regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians

Question: What is a main duty of the GPhC?


Answer: health care professional

Question: What type of professional is a Pharmacy Technician considered to be?


Answer: manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice

Question: What types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have?


Answer: writing a five volume book in his native Greek

Context: In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica.

Question: What is Pedanius Dioscorides known for?


Answer: De Materia Medica

Question: What is the name of the Latin translation of Dioscorides' book?


Answer: materia medica

Question: What term resulted from Dioscorides' book?


Answer: Diocles of Carystus

Question: Who was a man studying medicinal applicants of plants in Ancient Greece?


Answer: many middle eastern scientists

Question: Who added to Dioscorides' book in the Islamic Golden Age?


Answer: highly respected

Context: In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.

Question: How were the men who did tasks like those of today's pharmacists viewed in Japan in the Asuka and Nara periods?


Answer: the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)

Question: In which two codes were the roles of pharmacists codified?


Answer: the pre-Heian Imperial court

Question: What put a hierarchical structure in place?


Answer: status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists

Question: What stature did pharmacists have in the pre-Heian Imperial court?


Answer: ranked above

Question: Where did the pharmacist stand in relation to the Emperor's personal physicians?


Answer: botany and chemistry

Context: The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-Biruni (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Avicenna, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008–1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by 'Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.[verification needed]

Question: Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam?


Answer: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi

Question: Who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines?


Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

Question: Who authored the Liber servitoris?


Answer: Al-Muwaffaq

Question: Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?


Answer: sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate

Question: Which two compounds did Al-Muwaffaq differentiate between?


Answer: 1317

Context: In Europe there are old pharmacies still operating in Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà, also now a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.

Question: How far does one pharmacy in Croatia date back to?


Answer: Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy

Question: Where is the oldest pharmacy stated to be located?


Answer: museum

Question: What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy used as at present?


Answer: albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs

Question: What sorts of items are displayed in the Esteve Pharmacy museum?


Answer: 1221

Question: In what year is the oldest pharmacy said to have been established?


Answer: pharmacy legislation

Context: In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.

Question: What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?


Answer: within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications

Question: What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?


Answer: automation

Question: What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?


Answer: patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues

Question: What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?


Answer: storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.

Question: What does pharmacy legislation mandate?


Answer: a pharmacy practice residency

Context: Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more.

Question: Where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school?


Answer: various disciplines of pharmacy

Question: What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?


Answer: effectiveness of treatment regimens

Question: What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job?


Answer: pharmacists practicing in hospitals

Question: Which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school?


Answer: within the premises of the hospital

Context: Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible.

Question: Where are many hospital pharmacies located?


Answer: unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine

Question: In what form are most hospital medications?


Answer: high risk preparations and some other compounding functions

Question: What types of pharmacy functions have begun to be outsourced?


Answer: The high cost of medications and drug-related technology

Question: What is one factor that increases the importance of the pharmacy performing at a high level?


Answer: Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications

Question: What are some advantages of hospital pharmacies?


Answer: optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention

Context: Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.

Question: What do the services given by pharmacists provide?


Answer: inside hospitals and clinics

Question: What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?


Answer: physicians and other healthcare professionals

Question: Who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time?


Answer: patient care rounds drug product selection

Question: What do clinical pharmacists often participate in?


Answer: all health care settings

Question: Where do clinical pharmacists work with patients?


Answer: creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems

Context: The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan.

Question: What is one example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail?


Answer: an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy

Question: What is involved in a review of prescribed medications?


Answer: drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy

Question: What are the components of drug therapy?


Answer: potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions

Question: What are some other factors a pharmacist must monitor?


Answer: full independent prescribing authority

Context: In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.

Question: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?


Answer: North Carolina and New Mexico

Question: In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?


Answer: 2011

Question: When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification?


Answer: Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist

Question: What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?


Answer: the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH

Question: What entities are included in the federal health care system?


Answer: medication regimen review

Context: Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.

Question: What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with?


Answer: nursing homes

Question: Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?


Answer: Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica

Question: What are some large pharmacy management companies?


Answer: because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings

Question: What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?


Answer: employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services

Question: What do some community pharmacies do?


Answer: about the year 2000

Context: Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as online pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound.

Question: When did internet pharmacies begin to come into being?


Answer: brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door

Question: Who often operates internet pharmacies?


Answer: online pharmacies

Question: What are internet pharmacies also called?


Answer: another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take

Question: What is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy?


Answer: the method by which the medications are requested and received

Question: What is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies?


Answer: to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe

Context: While most Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products.

Question: Why might customers order from internet pharmacies?


Answer: those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.

Question: Who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that don't require prescriptions?


Answer: dispensing substandard products

Question: What is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription?


Answer: sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription

Question: What practice do some internet pharmacies engage in?


Answer: sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription

Question: What do most online pharmacies do?


Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Context: Of particular concern with Internet pharmacies is the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances (e.g., Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone) via the Internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship. There are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription, brokered by an Internet server, for a controlled substance to a "patient" s/he has never met.[citation needed] In the United States, in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid, it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship. The filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid. Often, individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship.

Question: What is one problem with internet pharmacies?


Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Question: What conditions must be met for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid?


Answer: the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances

Question: What is one problem with internet pharmacies?


Answer: it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship

Question: What conditions must be met to prescribe a controlled substance?


Answer: to ensure that the prescription is valid

Question: What is the obligation of a pharmacy filling a prescription?


Answer: individual state laws

Question: Who defines what constitutes a patient-doctor relationship?


Answer: Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone

Question: What is an example of a controlled substance?


Answer: to reduce consumer costs

Context: In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.

Question: What is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries?


Answer: Canada

Question: What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines?


Answer: international drug suppliers, rather than consumers

Question: Who are FDA laws against importing medications aimed at?


Answer: There is no known case

Question: Has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from Canada for personal medicinal use?


Answer: to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries

Question: What is there a push for in the U.S. to reduce consumer drug costs?


Answer: pharmacy practice science and applied information science

Context: Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization.

Question: What two things does pharmacy informatics bring together?


Answer: information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies

Question: What fields may pharmacy informatics also work in?


Answer: major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals

Question: Whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet?


Answer: medication management system development, deployment and optimization

Question: What areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in?


Answer: quickly

Question: How fast is pharmacy informatics growing?


Answer: specialty pharmacies

Context: Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs. It is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs.

Question: What is the fastest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry?


Answer: 19

Question: How many drugs approved by the FDA in 2013 were specialty drugs?


Answer: cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis

Question: What types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against?


Answer: novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed

Question: What types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock?


Answer: lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs

Question: Besides drugs, what else do specialty pharmacies provide?


Answer: separately from physicians

Context: In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.

Question: How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions?


Answer: only pharmacists

Question: Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public?


Answer: the American Medical Association (AMA)

Question: What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions?


Answer: 7 to 10 percent

Question: What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own?


Answer: form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments

Question: What are pharmacists forbidden to do?


Answer: Austria

Context: In some rural areas in the United Kingdom, there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices. The law requires that the GP practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified, minimum distance (currently 1.6 kilometres) between a patient's home and the nearest retail pharmacy. This law also exists in Austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away, or where none is registered in the city.

Question: What is another country that permits physicians to give out drugs from within their practice?


Answer: In some rural areas in the United Kingdom

Question: Where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices?


Answer: 1.6 kilometres

Question: What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician to give out medication?


Answer: more than 4 kilometers

Question: What is the minimum distance between a patient's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician in Austria to give out medicine?


Answer: the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers

Context: The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects. This system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.[citation needed]

Question: Why is majority rule used?


Answer: because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient

Question: Why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions?


Answer: the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.

Question: What do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble?


Answer: exaggerating their seriousness

Question: How else might a physician take advantage of self-interest?


Answer: in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects

Question: Where might the doctor's self-interest be at odds with the patient's self-interest?


Answer: expected to become more integral within the health care system

Context: In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills. In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual. The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system.

Question: What will be the importance of the pharmacist in coming decades?


Answer: increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills

Question: What responsibilities are pharmacists believed to be taking on more in the future?


Answer: clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients

Question: What is included in Medication Therapy Management?


Answer: thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual

Question: What are examples of clinical services that pharmacists can provide?


Answer: a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system

Question: What are outcomes expected with Medication Therapy Management?