Answer: oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased

Question: Why did oil start getting priced in terms of gold?


Answer: risen by less than two percent per year

Context: This contributed to the "Oil Shock". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions, so their real incomes lagged. The substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold.

Question: From 1947 to 1967, how much did the price of oil increase?


Answer: After 1971

Question: When did OPEC start to readjust oil prices?


Answer: 1973–1974

Question: When did oil finally returned to its Bretton Woods levels?


Answer: Until the oil shock

Question: The price of oil is usually a stable commodity until when?


Answer: On October 6, 1973

Context: On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices. At the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview: "Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly! And how!... You've [Western nations] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement... You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid us... It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."

Question: When did Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel?


Answer: Iran

Question: Who was the world's second largest oil producer?


Answer: ten times more

Question: How many times more did the other nations have to pay for oil after the surprise attack?


Answer: Iran

Question: Which oil producer is a close ally of the United States?


Answer: renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict

Question: Why did the Shah of Iran gave an interview?


Answer: In response to American aid to Israel

Context: In response to American aid to Israel, on October 16, 1973, OPEC raised the posted price of oil by 70%, to $5.11 a barrel. The following day, oil ministers agreed to the embargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met. On October 19, Nixon requested Congress to appropriate $2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel, including $1.5 billion in outright grants. George Lenczowski notes, "Military supplies did not exhaust Nixon's eagerness to prevent Israel's collapse...This [$2.2 billion] decision triggered a collective OPEC response." Libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the United States. Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on October 20, 1973. At their Kuwait meeting, OAPEC proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the US as a "principal hostile country".

Question: Why did OPEC raise the price of oil to $5.11?


Answer: October 16, 1973,

Question: When did they raise the price of oil to $5.11?


Answer: until their economic and political objectives were met

Question: Why did the oil ministers agree to a cut in oil production?


Answer: $2.2 billion

Question: How much was the emergency aid to Israel?


Answer: American aid to Israel

Question: Why did OPEC block oil deliveries to the United States?


Answer: over 100 billion dollars

Context: Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities, amid shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

Question: How much did Saudi Arabia spend on spreading Wahhabism?


Answer: Al-Qaeda and the Taliban

Question: Which group benefited from the funds distributed by the religious charity, al-Haramain Foundation?


Answer: Middle East

Question: Some of the income went to the purchase of arms which exacerbated political tension especially in which area?


Answer: shrinking Western demand

Question: What is one of the reason that underdeveloped nations received aid from the oil income?


Answer: Wahhabism

Question: What is a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam called?


Answer: distribution and price disruptions

Context: In the United States, scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973. The possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR was of more concern to the US than oil. Further, interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger's dominance. In the US production, distribution and price disruptions "have been held responsible for recessions, periods of excessive inflation, reduced productivity, and lower economic growth."

Question: What is one of the reason that US production has been held responsible for recessions and lower economic growth?


Answer: USSR

Question: US is concerned about confrontation of the Middle East with which other country?


Answer: 1973

Question: Scholars stated that there was already an existing settlement between 2 parties prior to which date?


Answer: Kissinger

Question: Interest groups and government agencies that were concerned with energy were no match for who?


Answer: The embargo

Context: The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production.

Question: What has a negative influence over the US economy?


Answer: automobiles

Question: On an international level, which industry's competitive positions is affected?


Answer: Macroeconomic problems

Question: Which problem consists of both inflationary and deflationary impacts?


Answer: Arctic

Question: The oil crisis caused oil companies to increase oil supplies in which area?


Answer: five to ten years

Question: How long does it take for new areas to have significant oil production?


Answer: Netherlands

Context: The embargo was not uniform across Europe. Of the nine members of the European Economic Community (EEC), the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France received almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the Arabs and the Israelis), while the other six faced partial cutbacks. The UK had traditionally been an ally of Israel, and Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted Heath, reversed this policy in 1970, calling for Israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders.

Question: Which country faced a complete embargo in the EEC?


Answer: America

Question: The UK and France had non interruptions in their oil supply as they did not allow which country to use their airfield?


Answer: UK

Question: Which country is a traditional ally of Israel?


Answer: Israel

Question: Harold WInston's supported which country's during its six day war?


Answer: Ted Heath

Question: Who wanted Israel to withdraw from its border?


Answer: UK

Context: Despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat only one room in their houses over the winter. The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays. Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity.

Question: Which country is not badly hit by the embargo?


Answer: a series of strikes

Question: What caused UK to have an oil crisis in its own country?


Answer: winter of 1973–74

Question: When did the series of strikes happen?


Answer: Germany

Question: Name one country that banned boating, driving and flying on Sundays.


Answer: Sweden

Question: Which country rationed gasoline and heating gas?


Answer: Price controls

Context: Price controls exacerbated the crisis in the US. The system limited the price of "old oil" (that which had already been discovered) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment. Predictably, old oil was withdrawn from the market, creating greater scarcity. The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing (as in many countries). Motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973.

Question: What made the oil crisis worse in the US?


Answer: encourage investment

Question: Why are newly discovered oil sold at a higher price?


Answer: Price controls

Question: Why was old oil withdrawn from the market?


Answer: rationing

Question: How was scarcity managed in many countries?


Answer: William E. Simon

Context: In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The American Automobile Association reported that in the last week of February 1974, 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel.

Question: Who is the first administrator of the Federal Energy Office?


Answer: In 1973

Question: When was he elected by Nixon?


Answer: coordinate the response to the embargo

Question: Why was this short termed organization created?


Answer: last week of February 1974,

Question: According to the AAA, what is the percentage of the gas stations that ran out of gasoline?


Answer: 55 mph

Context: To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit, allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit.

Question: What is the speed limit set to reduce consumption?


Answer: Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act

Question: What is the name of the law which imposed the speed limit?


Answer: Bill Clinton

Question: Which president ended the Emergency Energy Conservation Act?


Answer: November 28, 1995

Question: When was the National Highway Designated Act signed?


Answer: 1977

Question: When was the cabinet-level Energy Department created?


Answer: energy crisis

Context: The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. There is criticism that American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.

Question: What was the catalyst that created greater interest in renewable resources?


Answer: market and technology realities

Question: There is criticism that the energy policies are expensive quick fixes that ignore which facts?


Answer: congresses and presidents

Question: Who backed policies that have solutions that sound good but have poor prospects?


Answer: U.S

Context: In 2004, declassified documents revealed that the U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize Middle Eastern oilfields in late 1973. Although no explicit plan was mentioned, a conversation between U.S. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger and British Ambassador to the United States Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger had told him that "it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force." British Prime Minister Edward Heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a British intelligence estimate of U.S. intentions, which concluded America "might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the U.S. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries," and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and possibly Abu Dhabi in military action was decided upon. Although the Soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force, intelligence warned "the American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the ‘total alienation’ of the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World."

Question: Which country was thinking about going to war to forcibly take Middle Eastern oil fields?


Answer: British Prime Minister Edward Heath

Question: Which country was worried that the US would invade the Middle East?


Answer: 10 years

Question: How long would the invasion of the Middle East have to last in order to develop renewable resources?


Answer: Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World

Question: Who would the occupation alienate?


Answer: Japan

Context: Although lacking historical connections to the Middle East, Japan was the country most dependent on Arab oil. 71% of its imported oil came from the Middle East in 1970. On November 7, 1973, the Saudi and Kuwaiti governments declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy. It received a 5% production cut in December, causing a panic. On November 22, Japan issued a statement "asserting that Israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories, advocating Palestinian self-determination, and threatening to reconsider its policy toward Israel if Israel refused to accept these preconditions". By December 25, Japan was considered an Arab-friendly state.

Question: Which country is the most dependent on Arab oil?


Answer: 71%

Question: How much imported oil came from the Middle East?


Answer: 5% production cut

Question: To force Japan to be more involved in the crisis, what did Saudi and Kuwaiti government do?


Answer: November 22

Question: When did Japan release a statement to tell Israelis to withdraw from the Palestine?


Answer: December 25

Question: When was Japan accepted as an Arab-friendly state?


Answer: USSR's invasion

Context: The USSR's invasion of Afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region, also marked by increased American weapons sales, technology, and outright military presence. Saudi Arabia and Iran became increasingly dependent on American security assurances to manage both external and internal threats, including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues. Both states were competing for preeminence in the Persian Gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries. By 1979, Saudi arms purchases from the US exceeded five times Israel's. Another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the US by Saudi Arabia was the failure of the Shah during January 1979 to maintain control of Iran, a non-Arabic but largely Shiite Muslim nation, which fell to a theocratic Islamist government under the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, is an Arab, largely Sunni Muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy. In the wake of the Iranian revolution the Saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of Islamism, a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists during November 1979 and a Shiite revolt in the oil rich Al-Hasa region of Saudi Arabia in December of the same year. In November 2010, Wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the United States and its allies which revealed that the late Saudi King Abdullah urged the United States to attack Iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program, describing Iran as "a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination."

Question: Which country's invasion show the insecurity of the Middle East?


Answer: Saudi Arabia and Iran

Question: Which countries became dependent on US's security assurance to threats?


Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: Which country's arms purchase from the US became 5 times more than Israel?


Answer: January 1979

Question: When did the Shah kingdom start to collapse?


Answer: November 1979

Question: When did the Wahhabi seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca?


Answer: large cars

Context: The crisis reduced the demand for large cars. Japanese imports, primarily the Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun 510, the Honda Civic, the Mitsubishi Galant (a captive import from Chrysler sold as the Dodge Colt), the Subaru DL, and later the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive, which became de facto standards.

Question: Which sized cars were the least demanded cars in the crisis?


Answer: Japanese imports

Question: Which country's cars became more highly sought after as they were more fuel efficient?


Answer: V8 and six cylinder engines

Question: What type of engines does the American car typically have?


Answer: Japan

Question: Which country's imports became the de facto mass market leaders?


Answer: A decade after the 1973

Context: Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.

Question: When did Honda, Toyota and Nissan open US assembly plants?


Answer: Toyota Corona Mark II

Question: Name a larger car that Toyota came up with as buyers lamented the small sized compacts?


Answer: power steering

Question: Name an extra that was added to the production of the compacts.


Answer: Lexus

Question: Name a luxury division of Toyota.


Answer: Toyota Hilux

Context: Compact trucks were introduced, such as the Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck, followed by the Mazda Truck (sold as the Ford Courier), and the Isuzu-built Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis. Mazda, Mitsubishi and Isuzu had joint partnerships with Ford, Chrysler, and GM, respectively. Later the American makers introduced their domestic replacements (Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota and the Chevrolet S10/GMC S-15), ending their captive import policy.

Question: Name a type of Toyota compact trucks?


Answer: Dodge D-50

Question: What did Mitsubishi rename its Forte to?


Answer: Ford, Chrysler, and GM

Question: Mazda, Mitsubishi and Isuzu joined partnership with which American car company?


Answer: captive import policy

Question: When American car companies rolled out with their domestic replacement cars, which policy ended?


Answer: An increase in imported cars

Context: An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales. The Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler, the Ford Fiesta and the Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s. By 1985, the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13.5 in 1970. The improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $12 from 1974 to 1979. Sales of large sedans for most makes (except Chrysler products) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis. The Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s. The only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500. Slightly smaller, mid-size models such as the Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Ford Thunderbird and various other models sold well.

Question: Why did GM, Ford and Chrysler introduced fuel-efficient and small cars to the US market?


Answer: at least four passengers

Question: How many passengers can the Ford Fiesta accommodate?


Answer: 1985

Question: By which year did the American cars mpg start to improve?


Answer: Lincoln Continental,

Question: Name a luxury model that became popular in the mid-1970s.


Answer: Chevrolet Bel Air

Question: Which full-sized model cars were not popular?


Answer: 1979

Context: Federal safety standards, such as NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215 (pertaining to safety bumpers), and compacts like the 1974 Mustang I were a prelude to the DOT "downsize" revision of vehicle categories. By 1977, GM's full-sized cars reflected the crisis. By 1979, virtually all "full-size" American cars had shrunk, featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions. Chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year, moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 (except for the M-body Dodge Diplomat/Plymouth Gran Fury and Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue sedans).

Question: By which year did full sized American cars shrink to be smaller?


Answer: 1981

Question: By which year did Chrysler ended its full sized luxury model?


Answer: Mustang I

Question: Which car shows the DOT's revision of categories?


Answer: 1981

Context: OPEC soon lost its preeminent position, and in 1981, its production was surpassed by that of other countries. Additionally, its own member nations were divided. Saudi Arabia, trying to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers. The world price, which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation, oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels. This "sale" price was a windfall for oil-importing nations, both developing and developed.

Question: When was OPEC production of oil being surpassed?


Answer: 1980s

Question: Which year did the price of oil drop to $10 per barrel?


Answer: recover market share

Question: Why did Saudi Arabia try to increase production, and reduce profits for high cost producers?


Answer: nearly $40 per barrel

Question: In 1979, during the oil crisis, what was the highest price of oil?


Answer: Project Mercury

Context: The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961, address to Congress. Project Mercury was followed by the two-man Project Gemini (1962–66). The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968.

Question: What project put the first Americans into space?


Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Question: What program was created to carry out these projects and missions?


Answer: 1968

Question: What year did the first manned Apollo flight occur?


Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question: What President is credited with the original notion of putting Americans in space?


Answer: two

Question: How many people were on the project that followed Project Mercury?


Answer: 1961 to 1972

Context: Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.

Question: How long did Project Apollo run?


Answer: Gemini program

Question: What program helped develop space travel techniques that Project Apollo used?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Who did the U.S. collaborate with on an Earth orbit mission in 1975?


Answer: Skylab

Question: What space station supported three manned missions in 1973-1974?


Answer: 1967

Context: The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a "lifeboat" for these functions.

Question: In what year did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur?


Answer: prelaunch test

Question: What type of launch was happening during the Apollo 1 incident?


Answer: Budget cuts

Question: What forced the cancellations of three future landings?


Answer: Five

Question: How many of the remaining launches were successful?


Answer: oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon

Question: What happened to Apollo 13?


Answer: Apollo 8

Context: Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.

Question: What was the first spacecraft to orbit another celestial body?


Answer: Apollo 17

Question: What Apollo mission was the sixth moon landing?


Answer: 382 kg

Question: How many kgs of moon rocks did the program bring back?


Answer: avionics, telecommunications, and computers

Question: What other areas did the Apollo missions help spur advancements in?


Answer: one

Context: The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that "I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby." Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt "Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program."

Question: How many people could the Mercury capsule hold?


Answer: three

Question: How many people could Apollo be projected to hold?


Answer: Abe Silverstein

Question: Who named the Apollo missions?


Answer: manned lunar landings

Question: What was the eventual final goal of the Apollo projects?


Answer: early 1960

Question: When was the Apollo project conceived?


Answer: 1960

Context: In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.

Question: In what year was the Apollo program announced?


Answer: Maxime Faget

Question: Who led the in house design studies for NASA?


Answer: three

Question: How many study contracts were awarded on October 25th?


Answer: Hugh L. Dryden

Question: Who was the deputy administrator of NASA in 1960?


Answer: John F. Kennedy

Context: In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the "missile gap" that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige, pledging to make the US not "first but, first and, first if, but first period." Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue.

Question: Who was elected President in November 1960?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Against what country was Kennedy promising superiority over?


Answer: massive financial commitment

Question: What was President Kennedy put off by regarding the space program?


Answer: James E. Webb

Question: Who was NASA's administrator?


Answer: missile gap

Question: What was the term Kennedy used to show that America was falling behind the Soviet Union due to inactivity in space programs?


Answer: Yuri Gagarin

Context: On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.

Question: Who was the first person in space?


Answer: Soviet Union

Question: From what country did the first person in space come from?


Answer: one day

Question: How many days after Gagarin's flight did the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics meet?


Answer: refusing to make a commitment

Question: What did President Kennedy do in response to the Soviet flight in regards of America's program?


Answer: April 20

Context: On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership." His memo concluded that a manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first.

Question: What month and day did Kennedy message his vice president about the status of the program?


Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: Who was Kennedy's vice president?


Answer: approximately one week

Question: How long did it take Johnson to respond to Kennedy?


Answer: neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary

Question: What was the general consensus Johnson came to regarding America's progress on going to space and reaching a position of leadership?


Answer: Robert R. Gilruth

Context: It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961. It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.

Question: Who originally led the Space Task Group?


Answer: NASA's Langley Research Center

Question: Where was the Space Task Group located?


Answer: Houston, Texas

Question: Where was the Manned Spacecraft Center located?


Answer: Rice University

Question: What university donated the land for the Manned Spacecraft Center?


Answer: Florida

Question: In what state were the original launching facilities for missions?


Answer: Merritt Island

Context: It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission, so land acquisition was started in July 1961 for a Launch Operations Center (LOC) immediately north of Canaveral at Merritt Island. The design, development and construction of the center was conducted by Kurt H. Debus, a member of Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus was named the LOC's first Director. Construction began in November 1962. Upon Kennedy's death, President Johnson issued an executive order on November 29, 1963, to rename the LOC and Cape Canaveral in honor of Kennedy.

Question: Where would the Launch Operations Center be located, as more land was needed for a bigger rocket?


Answer: Kurt H. Debus

Question: Who conducted the construction of the new center?


Answer: Director

Question: Kurt H. Debus was appointed what position for the Launch Operations Center?


Answer: Kennedy

Question: President Johnson issued an executive order to rename the Launch Operations Center after whom?


Answer: three

Context: The LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a Mobile Launcher Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and B, were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building (OCB) to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum.

Question: How many launch pads were originally planned?


Answer: Apollo spacecraft

Question: What spacecraft was tested in two vacuum chambers to simulate atmospheric pressure?


Answer: 250,000 feet

Question: How high in altitude in feet could the vacuum chambers simulate?


Answer: 130 million cubic foot

Question: How big was the Vertical Assembly Building?


Answer: Dr. George E. Mueller

Context: Administrator Webb realized that in order to keep Apollo costs under control, he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization, so he recruited Dr. George E. Mueller for a high management job. Mueller accepted, on the condition that he have a say in NASA reorganization necessary to effectively administer Apollo. Webb then worked with Associate Administrator (later Deputy Administrator) Robert Seamans to reorganize the Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF). On July 23, 1963, Webb announced Mueller's appointment as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, to replace then Associate Administrator D. Brainerd Holmes on his retirement effective September 1. Under Webb's reorganization, the directors of the Manned Spacecraft Center (Gilruth) Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller.

Question: Who did Webb recruit for better project management?


Answer: July 23, 1963

Question: When was Mueller announced and appointed as Deputy Associate Administrator?


Answer: D. Brainerd Holmes

Question: Who was Mueller replaced as Associate Administrator?


Answer: Mueller

Question: The administrators and directors Gilruth, von Braun and Debus reported to who?


Answer: Air Force missile projects

Context: Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.

Question: What did Mueller have experience with prior to joining the space program?


Answer: United States Air Force

Question: From what military branch did Mueller recruit managers from?


Answer: General Samuel C. Phillips

Question: Who did Mueller recruit to be a manager for NASA projects on a loaned situation?


Answer: January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969

Question: How long did Phillips manage the Apollo missions?


Answer: Apollo Program Director

Question: What was Phillips official title for NASA?


Answer: a rendezvous —let alone a docking

Context: In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.

Question: What did the engineers fear would be difficult in space due to it never being attempted in Earth orbit?


Answer: 1961

Question: In what year was direct ascent the primary mission focus at NASA?


Answer: Robert Seamans

Question: Who was the Associate Administrator that Houbolt spoke with?


Answer: Nicholas E. Golovin

Context: Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision. This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR —as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.

Question: Who led the committee established by Seaman?


Answer: July 1961

Question: When was this committee by Seaman established?


Answer: Manned Spacecraft Center

Question: Which NASA faction came around first to support the LOR?


Answer: Joseph Shea

Question: Who was hired to be the deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight?


Answer: Marshall Space Flight Center

Question: Which NASA location came around last to the idea of the LOR?


Answer: Jerome Wiesner

Context: But even after NASA reached internal agreement, it was far from smooth sailing. Kennedy's science advisor Jerome Wiesner, who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office, and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon, hired Golovin, who had left NASA, to chair his own "Space Vehicle Panel", ostensibly to monitor, but actually to second-guess NASA's decisions on the Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to defend themselves, delaying its formal announcement to the press on July 11, 1962, and forcing Webb to still hedge the decision as "tentative".

Question: Who was Kennedy's science adviser that opposed manned spacecraft flights?


Answer: Golovin

Question: Who did Wiesner hire to monitor and second guess NASA's decisions?


Answer: NASA

Question: Where did Golovin work prior to joining the "Space Vehicle Panel"?


Answer: July 11, 1962

Question: When was the announcement for the LOR made after being delayed?


Answer: Wiesner

Context: Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.

Question: Who was keeping pressure and showing disagreements for the LOR, even in front of the President?


Answer: "No, that's no good"

Question: What did Wiesner shout out in front of the press during a presentation by von Braun?


Answer: Lunar Excursion Module

Question: What does the acronym LEM stand for?


Answer: Grumman

Question: Who was announced as the LEM contractor in November 1962?


Answer: spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"

Context: The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat" in the event of a failure of the command ship. Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen. A 1964 MSC study concluded, "The LM [as lifeboat] ... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable CSM failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the SPS." Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely.

Question: What was the advantage that the LOR method produced in the event of a spacecraft failure?


Answer: Apollo 13

Question: What Apollo mission was this LOR method used and needed?


Answer: propulsion, electrical power and life support

Question: What did the Lunar Module provide to help get the Apollo 13 home safely?


Answer: 1964

Question: In what year was the Lunar Module (LM) dropped because it wasn't seen as useful?


Answer: cone-shaped

Context: Maxime Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module, supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power, sized appropriately for the space station, cislunar, and lunar landing missions. Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module (CSM) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM, later shortened to Lunar Module, LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM.

Question: What was the shape that Faget designed for the Apollo command module?


Answer: Command/Service Module

Question: What does the acronym CSM stand for?


Answer: two

Question: How many men would the LM take to the lunar surface and return to the CSM?


Answer: three

Context: The Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was 11.42 feet (3.48 m) tall, 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds (5,560 kg).

Question: How many people was the CM designed to carry in the end?


Answer: ocean

Question: Where was the CM intended to land upon re entering the Earth's atmosphere?


Answer: ablative heat shield

Question: The outside of the CM was covered in what kind of material?


Answer: Parachutes

Question: What was incorporated to help slow the CM's decent back to Earth?


Answer: 5,560 kg

Question: How much did the CM weigh in kgs?


Answer: Service Module (SM)

Context: A cylindrical Service Module (SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The Service Module was discarded just before re-entry. The module was 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long and 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).

Question: What helped support the Command Module with a propulsion engine and propellants?


Answer: high-gain S-band antenna

Question: What type of antenna was used for communication on the lunar flights?


Answer: discarded

Question: What happened to the SM upon reentry to the atmosphere?


Answer: 51,300 pounds

Question: How much did the initial version of the SM weigh in pounds?


Answer: orbital scientific instrument package

Question: What was carried on extended lunar missions?


Answer: North American Aviation

Context: North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.

Question: Who was rewarded with building the CSM?


Answer: twice the thrust

Question: How much thrust was estimated for the translunar flight?


Answer: 1964

Question: In what year was a program study done on the modules labeled as Block I and Block II?


Answer: Saturn V

Question: What was the name of the launch vehicle for NASA, which North American Aviation designed the second stage of?


Answer: two

Context: The Lunar Module (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth, its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction. It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages, each with its own engine. The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant, surface stay consumables, and surface exploration equipment. The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, ascent propellant, and a reaction control system. The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds (16,400 kg), and allowed surface stays of over 3 days.

Question: How many astronauts was the LM intended to take from orbit of the moon to the surface of the moon?


Answer: Not

Question: Was the LM intended to return to Earth at all?


Answer: 15,100 kg

Question: The initial LM weighed how much in kgs?


Answer: 3 days

Question: For about how long would the extended LM allow a surface stay on the moon?


Answer: Wernher von Braun

Context: Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module directly to the lunar surface, on top of a large descent rocket stage, would require a Nova-class launcher, with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg). The June 11, 1962, decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova, and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo.

Question: Who had worked on the Saturn series even before the Apollo program began officially?


Answer: Army

Question: From where was von Braun transferred to go to NASA?


Answer: June 11, 1962

Question: When was the decision made to replace the Nova rockets with the Saturn V?


Answer: dummy upper stages filled with water

Context: The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.

Question: What did the initial first stages of the Saturn I tests carry?


Answer: 1964 and 1965

Question: When did the launches of boilerplate CSMs occur in orbit?


Answer: Pegasus satellites

Question: What did the last few of the boilerplate CSM launches carry with them?


Answer: frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts

Question: What did Pegasus satellites measure to propose the safety of the environment in space and on the moon?


Answer: Saturn IB

Context: The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S-IB first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM. Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.

Question: What was the name of the upgraded Saturn I called?


Answer: 200,000 lbf

Question: How much did the second stage increase thrust by with the integration of the S-IVB-200?


Answer: third stage

Question: The S-IVB-200 was used in what stage of the Saturn V?


Answer: 40,000 pounds

Question: How much weight could the Saturn IB send into space with this amount of thrust?


Answer: three-stage Saturn V

Context: The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit.

Question: What was intended to take a CSM and LM, fully fueled, to the moon?


Answer: 33 feet

Question: What was the diameter of the Saturn V in feet?


Answer: three

Question: How many stages did the Saturn V end up having?


Answer: burned liquid hydrogen

Question: What did the second stage in the Saturn V end up doing?


Answer: Mercury and Gemini

Context: The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, included at least two (sometimes three) Gemini veterans. Dr. Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly in space, and landed on the Moon on the last mission, Apollo 17. Schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews.

Question: From what project groups were the Apollo astronauts selected?


Answer: All missions

Question: How many Apollo missions were manned by the previous Mercury and Gemini veterans?


Answer: Dr. Harrison Schmitt

Question: Who was the first NASA scientist in space?


Answer: Apollo 17

Question: Which mission did Schmitt finally land on the moon?


Answer: last mission

Question: Apollo 17 was significant for what reason?


Answer: 32

Context: NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for "distinguished service, ability, or courage", and personal "contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward. The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7, Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal, because of discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008, decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals, by this time posthumously to Schirra and Eisele.

Question: How many astronauts visited space on missions and were rewarded for their efforts?


Answer: Distinguished Service Medal

Question: What type of medal did NASA give the astronauts who visited space and the moon?


Answer: 1969

Question: In what year were the Distinguished Service Medals awarded to Grissom, White, and Chaffee?


Answer: discipline problems

Question: What happened during the Apollo 7 test mission to elicit them a lesser version of the DSM?


Answer: Apollo 8

Question: From what mission and onward were the DSMs awarded?


Answer: 1966

Context: Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.

Question: In what year were two Block I CSMs launched?


Answer: 265.7 nautical miles

Question: How high in miles did the first block, AS-201, reach when launched?


Answer: 25,700 km

Question: How far did the second block, AS-202, travel downrange in km?


Answer: heat shield

Question: What did these flights test on the CM?


Answer: unmanned

Context: After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.

Question: How many people were on the test flight of the AS-206?


Answer: new Apollo spacesuit

Question: What were the astronauts wearing during the dual mission AS-278?


Answer: traditional visor helmet

Question: What was originally on the spacesuits prior to the clear "fishbowl" helmet?


Answer: a water-cooled undergarment

Question: What type of undergarment, if any, was included into the Apollo spacesuit?


Answer: Lunar Module Pilot

Question: What did the LMP acronym stand for regarding the Block II launch positions?


Answer: Deke Slayton

Context: Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.

Question: Who selected the first Apollo crew?


Answer: Mercury

Question: For which project did Deke Slayton work with before becoming Director of Flight Crew Operations?


Answer: 1966

Question: What year did Slayton select the first Apollo crew?


Answer: Donn F. Eisele

Question: Who was the original pilot for the first Apollo mission?


Answer: AS-205

Question: What crew did Eisele eventually get relocated to after having surgery and not making the first mission?


Answer: canceled

Context: In December 1966, the AS-205 mission was canceled, since the validation of the CSM would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight, and AS-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258, planned for August 1967. McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart were promoted to the prime AS-258 crew, and Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham were reassigned as the Apollo 1 backup crew.

Question: What happened to the AS-205 mission originally?


Answer: August 1967

Question: In what month and year was the AS-258 scheduled to launch?


Answer: AS-205/208

Question: What was the dual mission AS-258 a combination of?


Answer: Apollo 1 backup crew

Question: Where were Schirra, Eisele and Cunningham relocated to after different astronauts were selected for the AS-258 mission?


Answer: Samuel Phillips

Context: The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.

Question: Who was appointed to head a team to find the problems North America had regarding manned space flight?


Answer: "tiger team"

Question: What was the nickname given to the team Samuel Phillips was appointed to?


Answer: 1967

Question: What year was the first manned flight with the Lunar Module scheduled?


Answer: George Mueller

Question: Who appointed Samuel Phillips to man the tiger team to find answers?


Answer: altitude chamber

Context: Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A "plugs-out" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled.

Question: Where did Apollo 1's crew conduct tests at Kennedy Space Center?


Answer: Grissom, White, and Chaffee

Question: Who was the main crew of Apollo 1, of which they named themselves?


Answer: launch countdown

Question: What was a plugs-out test done to simulate on the LC-34?


Answer: North American

Question: What other location did Apollo 1 test at besides Kennedy Space Center?


Answer: strange odor in their spacesuits

Context: The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967, and immediately was plagued with problems. First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere. Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area, frustrating attempts to rescue the crew. The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened.

Question: What was the first problem astronauts encountered during the plugs-out test?


Answer: January 27, 1967

Question: When did the very first plugs-out test occur?


Answer: electrical fire

Question: What happened during the plugs-out test during the delay for the spacesuit odor?


Answer: asphyxiated

Question: What happened to the crew onboard during the plugs-out test?


Answer: 100% oxygen

Question: What type of atmosphere helped fuel the fire throughout the cabin?


Answer: both houses of Congress

Context: NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.

Question: Who kept tabs on the accident review board that NASA created?


Answer: deficiencies

Question: What was found to be at fault for the fire in the cabin on Apollo 1 regarding the CM design?


Answer: George Low

Question: Who ended up replacing Joseph Francis Shea as ASPO Manager?


Answer: immediately

Question: How soon after the cabin fire incident did NASA create its accident review board?


Answer: nitrogen/oxygen mixture

Context: To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.

Question: What type of mixture was created to replace the pure oxygen atmosphere inside the cabin?


Answer: flammable cabin and space suit materials

Question: What type of materials inside the cabin were removed to help prevent more fire hazards in the future?


Answer: quick-release, outward opening door

Question: The door on the Block II design was eventually replaced with what kind of model?


Answer: discontinued

Question: What eventually happened to the Block I program after the incident?


Answer: fire-resistant Block II

Question: Crew members were required to wear what type of space suit during testing after the incident?


Answer: sequence

Context: In September 1967, Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing. Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead of numbers. The A missions were unmanned Saturn V validation; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB; D was the first manned CSM/LM flight (this replaced AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; F would be the first lunar mission, testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing (a "dress rehearsal"); and G would be the first manned landing. The list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include H lunar landings, I for lunar orbital survey missions, and J for extended-stay lunar landings.

Question: What type of missions were approved by Mueller after the incident?


Answer: successful

Question: What had to happen to each mission before they would continue on to the next mission?


Answer: letters

Question: Since NASA didn't know how many attempts each test would end up requiring, what did they use instead of numbers for the trials?


Answer: AS-501

Context: The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.

Question: What was the technical name of the first unmanned Saturn V flight, Apollo 4?


Answer: heat shield

Question: What was one thing that was specifically tested on the Apollo 4 test launch regarding the CM?


Answer: April 4, 1968

Question: When was Apollo 6, or AS-502, tested?


Answer: third unmanned test

Question: What was cancelled by NASA after the Apollo 6 testing, after deeming the Saturn V ready to hold men?


Answer: Apollo 5

Context: Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a "fire-in-the-hole" test, where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage. Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test, George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned.

Question: Which Apollo was the first testing of the LM, unmanned, in Earth's orbit?


Answer: pad 37

Question: From what pad was Apollo 5 launched from?


Answer: Grumman

Question: Who initially wanted more unmanned testing done regarding the LM?


Answer: success

Question: Was the testing of the LM during Apollo 5 a failure or a success?


Answer: "fire-in-the-hole"

Question: What was the nickname for the test where, during abort mode, the ascent engine was started and fired?


Answer: two Saturn IBs

Context: Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth.

Question: What type of Saturn was originally going to be used for Apollo 8?


Answer: Zond 5

Question: What spacecraft did the Soviets use to send animals to space and around the moon's orbit?


Answer: Christmas Eve

Question: On what day were images of the moon's surface transmitted to Earth via television images?


Answer: orbit the Moon

Question: What did Low suggest using Apollo 8 for instead of simply orbiting the Earth's surface?


Answer: human cosmonauts

Question: What did the Soviets intend to use in spacecraft after the success of Zond 5?


Answer: Gemini

Context: The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface, and spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24.

Question: From what project did the Apollo 11 crew consist entirely of?


Answer: July 1969

Question: In what month and year did the Apollo 11 mission occur?


Answer: black-and-white television

Question: What did the astronauts on the moon send back to Earth live via signals?


Answer: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin

Question: Who were the astronauts aboard the Apollo 11 mission?


Answer: July 24

Question: What day did the Apollo 11 crew return to Earth?


Answer: Apollo 12

Context: In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes. On one, they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth.

Question: Charles Conrad and Alan Bean were on what spacecraft to the moon?


Answer: Surveyor 3

Question: Which lunar probe was near the Apollo 12 crew's landing site?


Answer: returned to Earth

Question: What did the crew of Apollo 12 do with parts of the Surveyor they landed near after photographing them?


Answer: the Sun

Question: What damaged the color TV camera that Apollo 12 had taken into space?


Answer: Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)

Context: The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites, with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days. These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV.

Question: What would the latter Apollo missions carry to the moon to increase exploration?


Answer: Block II spacesuit

Question: What was redesigned to allow better maneuverability in the LRV?


Answer: eight

Question: How many more landing sites for the Apollo missions did NASA have planned?


Answer: over three days

Question: How long would the astronauts be project to be able to stay on the moon for in the latter missions?


Answer: mass

Question: What would have to be increased regarding the LM and CSM for the last five missions?


Answer: liquid oxygen tank exploded

Context: The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation. But two days out, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a "life boat" to return to Earth. Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause, which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications. Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.

Question: What happened to the Apollo 13 crew to force them to use the LM as a "life boat" as it had been designed?


Answer: rookies

Question: Along with one veteran, what other two types of crew could be included in lieu of veterans after the successful landings of Apollo 11 and 12?


Answer: grounded

Question: What happened to the Apollo program in for the rest of 1970 after the incident regarding Apollo 13?


Answer: oxygen tank

Question: What was redesigned during the Apollo program being grounded during 1970?


Answer: April 1970

Question: What month and year was Apollo 13 launched?


Answer: Apollo 20

Context: About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19. The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

Question: What Apollo mission was first cancelled due to not being needed to build the Skylab in space, as it was pre-built on the ground?


Answer: began to shrink

Question: What happened to NASA's budget after the first successful moon landing?


Answer: museum exhibits

Question: After Apollo missions 18 and 19 were cancelled, what happened to the Saturn Vs that were never used?


Answer: 1971

Question: What year was the decision made to cancel Apollo missions 18 and 19?


Answer: extremely old

Context: The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust. As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission. This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust. A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered, which has no known terrestrial counterpart. KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see lunar magma ocean).

Question: How did the rocks on the moon compare to those on Earth?


Answer: 4.6 billion years

Question: How old were some of the oldest rock samples found on the moon?


Answer: KREEP

Question: What new component was found in certain rocks from the moon?


Answer: Genesis Rock

Question: What was the name of the rock found during the Apollo 15 mission that KREEP was discovered in?


Answer: micrometeoroid impact craters

Context: Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events. Some of the returned samples are of impact melt (materials melted near an impact crater.) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events.

Question: As the moon has no atmosphere, what is prevalant in many moon rock samples brought back from Apollo missions?


Answer: impact process effects

Question: What do a great majority of rocks sampled from the moon show?


Answer: materials melted near an impact crater.

Question: What is impact melt that some samples of moon rocks show?


Answer: $170 billion

Context: In 2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion. This included all research and development costs; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets, 16 Command/Service Modules, 12 Lunar Modules, plus program support and management costs; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading, and costs for flight operations. This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report, A Budgetary Analysis of NASA's New Vision for Space, September 2004. The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars.

Question: How much was NASA's procured spending on the Apollo project estimated to be at in 2005 after inflation?


Answer: 15

Question: How many Saturn V rockets were produced by NASA during the Apollo project?


Answer: $20.4 billion

Question: How much was the Apollo project estimated to have cost from 1959 to 1973, the length of the program?


Answer: Apollo X

Context: Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by Apollo Telescope Missions, which would replace the LM's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory. The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.

Question: What did NASA name the series seeking up to 30 more flights to Earth's orbit?


Answer: Apollo Applications Program

Question: What did the acronym AAP stand for?


Answer: Venus

Question: What planet was named for a fly-by mission by an empty S-IVB?


Answer: 1973

Context: The S-IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab, it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo-Saturn component.

Question: When was the Skylab launched?


Answer: on the ground

Question: Was the Skylab assembled on Earth's surface or in space?


Answer: February 8, 1974

Question: When was Skylab's last crew on the station before it re-entered Earth's atmosphere?


Answer: Apollo Telescope Mount

Question: The Skylab had what type of equipment onboard that was supposed to be used in a different mission?


Answer: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

Context: In 2008, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's SELENE probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the Apollo 15 Lunar Module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface. In 2009, NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, while orbiting 50 kilometers (31 mi) above the Moon, began photographing the remnants of the Apollo program left on the lunar surface, and photographed each site where manned Apollo flights landed. All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11 mission, which was blown over during that mission's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission Command Module in lunar orbit; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown.

Question: Which NASA orbiter photographed evidence of each site on the moon that a manned Apollo mission landing occurred?


Answer: Apollo 11

Question: The flags on the moon left by the U.S. manned Apollo missions are all still standing save for which mission's flag?


Answer: unknown

Question: Do the U.S. flags on the moon still have their original coloring or were they faded due to the Sun?


Answer: Apollo 8

Context: The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

Question: What crew sent the first ever live images of the Earth and Moon to earth?


Answer: Book of Genesis

Question: From what Bible book did the crew of Apollo 8 read from during this stream of images?


Answer: one-quarter

Question: How much of the population of Earth ended up seeing the images of the Earth and the Moon?


Answer: inspiring end

Question: After an eventful and tiring year for the world during 1968, what type of ending to the year did the images from space provide?


Answer: special Apollo TV camera

Context: The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV. This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes. During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes.

Question: What type of camera was used to record the Moon landing?


Answer: incompatible

Question: Was this footage compatible or incompatible with live broadcast TV formats?


Answer: magnetic tape shortage

Question: What happened to prompt NASA to record over archived magnetic tapes?


Answer: newer satellite data

Question: What did NASA record over the older archived tapes?


Answer: Stan Lebar

Question: Who worked later on to find these missing magnetic tapes that had data stored on them?


Answer: Nafzger

Context: With a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration. The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy. The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video, remaining in black and white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.

Question: Who compiled the original surviving Apollo 11 landing data?


Answer: without destroying historical legitimacy

Question: Were the tapes able to be restored and processed without destroying historical legitimacy or did some aspects of the tapes lose legitimacy?


Answer: kinescope recordings

Question: What types of recordings at Johnson Space Center were used to help restore the original tapes?


Answer: Lowry Digital

Question: Which company was tasked with trying to restore the original tapes?


Answer: black and white

Question: Were the restored tapes able to have color added to them to enhance the picture or did they remain black and white?


Answer: primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.

Context: European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of European Union member states. The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the Treaties. The legislature of the European Union is principally composed of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which under the Treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the Treaties.

Question: What are the three sources of European Union law?


Answer: a body of treaties and legislation

Question: What is European Union Law?


Answer: Treaties establishing the European Union

Question: What are the main sources of primary law?


Answer: regulations and directives

Question: What are the secondary sources of primary law?


Answer: European Parliament and the Council of the European Union

Question: What are the two bodies that make up the European Union's legislature?


Answer: a body of treaties and legislation

Question: What is European Union law?


Answer: direct effect or indirect effect

Question: What effect does European Union law have on laws of member states?


Answer: primary law, secondary law and supplementary law

Question: What are the three sources of European Union law?


Answer: European Parliament and the Council of the European Union

Question: What are the main legislative bodies of the European Union?


Answer: primary law, secondary law and supplementary law

Question: What are the three main sources of European Union law?


Answer: the Treaties establishing the European Union

Question: What are the main sources of primary law?


Answer: the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union

Question: What is the legislature of the European Union comprised of?


Answer: three

Question: How many sources of European Union law are there?


Answer: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

Context: European Union law is applied by the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states, such as Directives, the European Commission can take proceedings against the member state under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law. Supplementary sources of European Union law include case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law.

Question: Who applies European Union law?


Answer: courts of member states

Question: Who can enforce the European Union law when member states provide lesser rights?


Answer: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Question: Under what treaty can the European Commission take action against member states?


Answer: The European Court of Justice

Question: What is the highest court in the European Union?


Answer: international law

Question: What is one of the supplementary sources of European Union law?


Answer: courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

Question: Which two courts apply European Union law?


Answer: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Question: Under what treaty can the European Commission take action against member states?


Answer: The European Court of Justice

Question: Which court is the highest court in the European Union?


Answer: international law

Question: What is one supplementary source of European Union law?


Answer: the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union

Question: By whom is European Law applied by?


Answer: the courts of member states

Question: Who can enforce European Union law?


Answer: The European Court of Justice

Question: What is the highest court in European Union law?


Answer: case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law

Question: What are some supplementary sources of European Union law?


Answer: Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

Context: Although the European Union does not have a codified constitution, like every political body it has laws which "constitute" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states. The Treaties establish the EU's institutions, list their powers and responsibilities, and explain the areas in which the EU can legislate with Directives or Regulations. The European Commission has the initiative to propose legislation. During the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council (which are ministers from member state governments) and the European Parliament (elected by citizens) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass. The Commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce EU law. The "European Council" (rather than the Council, made up of different government Ministers) is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive Presidents of the member states. It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law, and develops it through precedent. The Court can review the legality of the EU institutions' actions, in compliance with the Treaties. It can also decide upon claims for breach of EU laws from member states and citizens.

Question: What are the two primary constitutional sources of the European Union?


Answer: The European Commission

Question: Who has the power to initiate legislation within the European Union?


Answer: citizens

Question: Who elects the members of the European Parliament?


Answer: The European Court of Justice

Question: What court is able to interpret European Union law?


Answer: The "European Council"

Question: What governing body appoints commissioners and the board of European Central Bank?