Answer: eight General Education categories

Question: Post 2008 undergraduate students are required to complete how many general education classes towards degree?


Answer: reliance on teaching fellows

Context: The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an "arts and sciences focus". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World. Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.

Question: What criticism in NY times article that impacts the quality of Education at Harvard?


Answer: beginning in early September and ending in mid-May

Context: Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May. Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work. Students graduating in the top 4–5% of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude. Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually. Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of grade inflation, although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased. Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.

Question: What is the duration of Harvard Academic year?


Answer: four-course rate average

Question: How many courses must undergraduates maintain for full time status?


Answer: summa cum laude

Question: What are the top 4-5% graduating students honored with?


Answer: 60%

Question: From 2004 to 2005 Harvard reduced the number of students earning Latin honors from 90% to what?


Answer: $38,000

Context: For the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of $57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes. In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all eleven divisions;[further explanation needed] $340 million came from institutional funds, $35 million from federal support, and $39 million from other outside support. Grants total 88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4%).

Question: What is tuition for 2012 - 13 year at Harvard?


Answer: $57,000

Question: What is the total cost of attendance in 2012-13?


Answer: nothing for their children to attend, including room and board

Question: After 2007 how much do student from families earning less than $60,000 pay for school?


Answer: $414 million

Question: In 2009 what was the total of Grants awarded from Harvard?


Answer: 88%

Question: What percentage of total financial aid for undergraduates from Harvard was in the form of grants?


Answer: Widener Library

Context: The Harvard University Library System is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes. According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's libraries; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

Question: What is the center library in the Harvard library system?


Answer: Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library

Question: What are the 3 post popular libraries for undergraduates in the Harvard system?


Answer: Pusey Library

Question: Where are America's oldest collection of maps, gazettes, and atlases housed?


Answer: 18 million volumes

Question: How many total volumes are in the Harvard library system?


Answer: three museums.

Context: Harvard operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums. The Harvard Art Museums comprises three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum includes collections of ancient, Asian, Islamic and later Indian art, the Busch-Reisinger Museum, formerly the Germanic Museum, covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum of Art, covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum, Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier, housing the film archive, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, and the Semitic Museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East.

Question: How many museums comprise Harvard Art Museums?


Answer: Western art from the Middle Ages to the present

Question: What does the Fogg Museum of Art cover?


Answer: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

Question: What museum specializes in cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere?


Answer: 2003

Context: Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies.

Question: Starting in what year has Harvard topped the Academic Rankings of World Universities?


Answer: 2011

Question: Beginning in what year was Harvard on top of the World Reputation Rankings?


Answer: second most commonly

Question: According to the Princeton Review where has Harvard ranked as a "Dream College" in 2013


Answer: 42

Context: The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.

Question: How many intercollegiate sports does Harvard compete in NCAA division I


Answer: Yale University

Question: What is Harvard's most intense rival?


Answer: every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team

Question: At what time is the Harvard-Yale rivalry set aside?


Answer: 1875

Context: Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "The Game". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.

Question: What was the first year that Yale and Harvard played football?


Answer: 1903

Question: In what year did Harvard Stadium become the first ever concrete reinforced stadium in the country?


Answer: 1906

Question: In what year was a set of significant rule changes introduced including the forward pass?


Answer: former captain of the Yale football team

Question: What school was Walter Camp a captain for the football team?


Answer: Lavietes Pavilion

Context: Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five-story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC offers personal trainers and specialty classes. It is home to Harvard volleyball, fencing and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.

Question: What is the name of Harvard's basketball facility?


Answer: Malkin Athletic Center

Question: What is the name of Harvard's primary recreational sports facility?


Answer: three weight rooms

Question: How many weight rooms are in the Malkin Athletic Center


Answer: 23 years

Context: Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003.

Question: Harvard - Yale Regatta predates "The Game" by how many years?


Answer: Thames River

Question: In what body of water is the Harvard - Yale Regatta held?


Answer: strong rivalry against Cornell

Question: Who is the primary rival of the Harvard Crimson hockey team?


Answer: 2003

Question: In what year did Harvard win an Intercolleiate Sailing Association National Championship?


Answer: General Ban Ki-moon

Context: Politics: U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Al Gore, George W. Bush and Barack Obama; Chilean President Sebastián Piñera; Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos; Costa Rican President José María Figueres; Mexican Presidents Felipe Calderón, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Miguel de la Madrid; Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj; Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou; Canadian Governor General David Lloyd Johnston; Indian Member of Parliament Jayant Sinha; Albanian Prime Minister Fan S. Noli; Canadian Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and Pierre Trudeau; Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto; U. S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan; Canadian political leader Michael Ignatieff; Pakistani Members of Provincial Assembly Murtaza Bhutto and Sanam Bhutto; Bangladesh Minister of Finance Abul Maal Abdul Muhith; President of Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali; U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Anthony Luzzatto Gardner.

Question: What UN secretary went to Harvard?


Answer: Juan Manuel Santos

Question: What Columbia President went to Harvard?


Answer: José María Figueres

Question: Who is the Costa Rican President that went to Harvard?


Answer: Benjamin Netanyahu

Question: What Harvard Alumni was the Palestine Prime Minister?


Answer: Conan O'Brien

Context: Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

Question: What tv host and writer went to Harvard?


Answer: Leonard Bernstein

Question: What famous conductor went to Harvard?


Answer: Yo Yo Ma

Question: What is the name of world renowned cellist is a former Harvard student?


Answer: W. E. B. Du Bois

Question: What famous civil rights leader called Harvard home?


Answer: Shing-Tung Yau

Context: Harvard's faculty includes scholars such as biologist E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, physicists Lisa Randall and Roy Glauber, chemists Elias Corey, Dudley R. Herschbach and George M. Whitesides, computer scientists Michael O. Rabin and Leslie Valiant, Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt, writer Louis Menand, critic Helen Vendler, historians Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Niall Ferguson, economists Amartya Sen, N. Gregory Mankiw, Robert Barro, Stephen A. Marglin, Don M. Wilson III and Martin Feldstein, political philosophers Harvey Mansfield, Baroness Shirley Williams and Michael Sandel, Fields Medalist mathematician Shing-Tung Yau, political scientists Robert Putnam, Joseph Nye, and Stanley Hoffmann, scholar/composers Robert Levin and Bernard Rands, astrophysicist Alyssa A. Goodman, and legal scholars Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig.

Question: What Fields Medal winning Mathematician is a faculty member at Harvard?


Answer: Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig

Question: What prestigious legal scholars are faculty members at Harvard?


Answer: Stephen Greenblatt

Question: What Shakespeare Scholar is a faculty member at Harvard?


Answer: Jacksonville

Context: Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.

Question: Which Florida city has the biggest population?


Answer: 1,345,596

Question: What was the population Jacksonville city as of 2010?


Answer: 12th

Question: Based on population alone, what is Jacksonville's ranking in the United States?


Answer: Duval

Question: In which county does Jacksonville reside?


Answer: 1968

Question: What year did consolidation cause Jacksonville to become part of Duval County?


Answer: St. Johns

Context: Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast. The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people, and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline, one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States. Under British rule, settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British. A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.

Question: What river runs alongside Jacksonville?


Answer: 340 miles

Question: How far is Jacksonville from Miami?


Answer: Fort Caroline

Question: What is the name of the French colony established in 1564?


Answer: the Timucua

Question: Prior to the arrival of the French, the area now known as Jacksonville was previously inhabited by what people?


Answer: Andrew Jackson

Question: What historical figure was Jacksonville named after?


Answer: third largest

Context: Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons").

Question: What is the ranking of the military forces in Jacksonville?


Answer: golf

Question: What sport attracts most tourists to Jacksonville?


Answer: two

Question: How many naval bases are located in Jacksonville?


Answer: "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"

Question: What are those from Jacksonville sometimes called?


Answer: thousands

Context: The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.

Question: The area where Jacksonville currently sits has been inhabited for how many years?


Answer: a University of North Florida team

Question: Who discovered pottery found on Black Hammock Island?


Answer: Timucua

Question: What civilization did the pottery belong to?


Answer: the historical era

Question: What is the 16th century known as the start of?


Answer: Ossachite

Question: What is the name of the village that once existed in what is now downtown Jacksonville?


Answer: Jean Ribault

Context: French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.

Question: Who mapped the St. Johns River in 1562?


Answer: France

Question: For what nation did Ribault initially claim what is now Jacksonville?


Answer: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Question: Who led the attack of the French colony in 1565?


Answer: San Mateo

Question: What was Fort Caroline renamed to after the Spanish attack?


Answer: Fort Caroline

Question: Which fort was rebuilt in 1964?


Answer: French and Indian War

Context: Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.

Question: After what event did the Spanish concede Florida to Britain?


Answer: constructed the King's Road

Question: Soon after gaining Florida, what did the English do?


Answer: cattle were brought across the river there.

Question: Why the narrow part of St. John's River called Cowford?


Answer: Spain

Question: Who gained control of Florida after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War?


Answer: February 9, 1832

Question: When was the Jacksonville town charter approved?


Answer: Confederate

Context: During the American Civil War, Jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida to aid the Confederate cause. The city was blockaded by Union forces, who gained control of the nearby Fort Clinch. Though no battles were fought in Jacksonville proper, the city changed hands several times between Union and Confederate forces. The Skirmish of the Brick Church in 1862 just outside Jacksonville proper resulted in the first Confederate victory in Florida. In February 1864 Union forces left Jacksonville and confronted a Confederate Army at the Battle of Olustee resulting in a Confederate victory. Union forces then retreated to Jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war. In March 1864 a Confederate cavalry confronted a Union expedition resulting in the Battle of Cedar Creek. Warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war.

Question: Supplies from Jacksonville were in support of which faction in the Civil War?


Answer: The Skirmish of the Brick Church

Question: What was the name of the battle that marked the first Confederate win in Florida?


Answer: Battle of Olustee

Question: After what battle did Union forces return to and occupy Jacksonville for the rest of the war?


Answer: Warfare and the long occupation

Question: What factors negatively impacted Jacksonville following the war?


Answer: Battle of Cedar Creek

Question: In what year was the battle that resulted from a Confederate cavalry unit attacking a Union expedition?


Answer: Gilded Age

Context: During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.

Question: During which period did Jacksonville become a popular destination for the rich?


Answer: Grover Cleveland

Question: Which US President visited Jacksonville in 1888?


Answer: yellow fever outbreaks

Question: What caused Jacksonville's tourism to become less desirable at the latter half of the 19th century?


Answer: extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south

Question: What drew would-be Jacksonville tourists to other Florida destinations?


Answer: railroad

Question: Other than the steamboat, what modern form of travel brought visitors to Florida?


Answer: Spanish moss

Context: On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire. Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly. In just eight hours, it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed over 2,000 buildings, left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents. The Confederate Monument in Hemming Park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire. Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order. On May 17 municipal authority resumed in Jacksonville. It is said the glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah, Georgia, and the smoke plumes seen in Raleigh, North Carolina. Known as the "Great Fire of 1901", it was one of the worst disasters in Florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern United States. Architect Henry John Klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city. The first multi-story structure built by Klutho was the Dyal-Upchurch Building in 1902. The St. James Building, built on the previous site of the St. James Hotel that burned down, was built in 1912 as Klutho's crowning achievement.

Question: What caused the spread of the Jacksonville fire in 1901?


Answer: over 2,000

Question: How many buildings were razed by the Jacksonville fire?


Answer: declare martial law

Question: In the wake of the Jacksonville fire, what did the Florida Governor do?


Answer: Great Fire of 1901

Question: What was the Jacksonville fire later known as?


Answer: New York–based filmmakers

Context: In the 1910s, New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade, more than 30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of "Winter Film Capital of the World". However, the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry. One converted movie studio site, Norman Studios, remains in Arlington; It has been converted to the Jacksonville Silent Film Museum at Norman Studios.

Question: Who was drawn to Jacksonville in the 1910s?


Answer: silent film

Question: What type of movies were produced in Jacksonville's 30 studios?


Answer: Winter Film Capital of the World

Question: Jacksonville's popularity for films earned it what title?


Answer: Hollywood

Question: What brought the downfall of Jacksonville filmmaking?


Answer: highways

Context: Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class "white flight" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010.

Question: What drove residents to quieter suburban housing?


Answer: 55.1%

Question: What was the white population of Jacksonville as of 2010?


Answer: "white flight"

Question: What term referred to middle class citizens leaving the suburbs?


Answer: Mayor W. Haydon Burns

Question: Who was responsible for the new building projects in Jacksonville?


Answer: World War II

Question: Jacksonville began to suffer and decline after what major world event?


Answer: Much of the city's tax base dissipated

Context: Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.

Question: What was the cause for the issues with city funding?


Answer: unincorporated suburbs

Question: In what part of the city did residents suffer from a lack of city services?


Answer: annexing outlying communities

Question: What was the proposed solution to Jacksonville's tax issues?


Answer: Voters outside the city limits

Question: Who voted against Jacksonville's annexation?


Answer: old boy network

Context: In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

Question: How were most city officials elected in the 1960s?


Answer: 11

Question: How many city officials were indicted due to corruption?


Answer: Jacksonville Consolidation

Question: What political group began to gain support following the corruption scandal?


Answer: public high schools lost their accreditation

Question: What spurred increased support for government reform?


Answer: voters approved the plan

Context: When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville. Fire, police, health & welfare, recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government. In honor of the occasion, then-Mayor Hans Tanzler posed with actress Lee Meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the "Bold New City of the South" at Florida 13 and Julington Creek. The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax. This would generate most of the revenue required for the $2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities.

Question: What was the result of the 1967 referendum?


Answer: Hans Tanzler

Question: Who was Jacksonville's mayor at the time of the consolidation?


Answer: "Bold New City of the South"

Question: What was Jacksonville referred to as after the consolidation?


Answer: Better Jacksonville Plan

Question: What was the name of the approved measure that helped cover the cost of major city projects?


Answer: authorized a half-penny sales tax

Question: How did the Better Jacksonville Plan generate money?


Answer: 874.3 square miles

Context: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles (2,264 km2), making Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and ; 13.34% (116.7 sq mi or 302 km2) is water. Jacksonville surrounds the town of Baldwin. Nassau County lies to the north, Baker County lies to the west, and Clay and St. Johns County lie to the south; the Atlantic Ocean lies to the east, along with the Jacksonville Beaches. The St. Johns River divides the city. The Trout River, a major tributary of the St. Johns River, is located entirely within Jacksonville.

Question: What is the land area of Jacksonville?


Answer: The St. Johns River

Question: What river separates Jacksonville?


Answer: The Trout River

Question: What is the name of the river that is completely contained inside Jacksonville?


Answer: 13.34%

Question: How much of Jacksonville is made up of water?


Answer: Baldwin

Question: What town is surrounded by Jacksonville?


Answer: tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville

Context: The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.

Question: What distinction does the Bank of America Tower hold?


Answer: Barnett Center

Question: The Bank of America Tower was previously known as what?


Answer: 617 ft

Question: How tall is the Bank of America Tower?


Answer: 28

Question: How many floors are there in the building that was completed in 1967?


Answer: its distinctive flared base

Question: What makes the Wells Fargo Center stand out?


Answer: subtropical

Context: Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April. Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. Summers can be hot and wet, and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common.

Question: What type of climate does Jacksonville have?


Answer: May through September

Question: When does rain typically fall in Jacksonville?


Answer: mild

Question: How is winter weather in Jacksonville described as?


Answer: low latitude

Question: Aside from being located on the coast, what contributes to Jacksonville's lack of cold weather?


Answer: 104 °F

Context: Mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 °F (18 to 33 °C) throughout the year. High heat indices are common for the summer months in the area, with indices above 110 °F (43.3 °C) possible. The highest temperature recorded was 104 °F (40 °C) on July 11, 1879 and July 28, 1872. It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity.

Question: What is Jacksonville's hottest recorded temperature?


Answer: thunderstorms

Question: What is a common occurrence during summer days?


Answer: high humidity

Question: What else contributes to Jacksonville's summer storms other than land heating beside the water?


Answer: July

Question: What is Jacksonville's hottest month on average?


Answer: Hurricane Dora

Context: Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, or passing to the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing past the area. The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008's Tropical Storm Fay which crisscrossed the state, bringing parts of Jacksonville under darkness for four days. Similarly, four years prior to this, Jacksonville was inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area. These tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to Jacksonville. Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to Jacksonville Beach. During Floyd, the Jacksonville Beach pier was severely damaged, and later demolished. The rebuilt pier was later damaged by Fay, but not destroyed. Tropical Storm Bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004, spawning a minor tornado in the process. On May 28, 2012, Jacksonville was hit by Tropical Storm Beryl, packing winds up to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach.

Question: What storm had the most significant impact on Jacksonville?


Answer: 110 mph

Question: How fast were the winds around St. Augustine in the 1964 hurricane?


Answer: Tropical Storm Beryl

Question: What was the name of the storm that hit Jacksonville in May of 2012?


Answer: Saffir-Simpson Scale

Question: What is the scale used to measure the strength of hurricanes called?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did a tropical storm cause a four day loss of power to Jacksonville?


Answer: Arab

Context: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.

Question: What ethnic group located in Jacksonville is ranked tenth largest?


Answer: 821,784

Question: How many residents were recorded in the 2010 census of Jacksonville?


Answer: largest

Question: Compared to the rest of Florida, how does Jacksonville's Filipino population rank?


Answer: Filipino

Question: What Jacksonville community is known for having heavy ties to the Navy?


Answer: 29.7%

Context: As of 2010[update], there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

Question: What portion of households in Jacksonville have only one person?


Answer: 23.9%

Question: How many of Jacksonville's city residents are younger than 18?


Answer: females

Question: Which gender is more populous across all groups in Jacksonville?


Answer: 91.3

Question: How many men older than 18 are there for every 100 women?


Answer: 40%

Context: A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 million dollar millionaires" grew to nearly $41 trillion in 2008. A January 2014 report by Oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50% of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1% owns 46% of the world's wealth; the 85 richest people, a small part of the wealthiest 1%, own about 0.7% of the human population's wealth, which is the same as the bottom half of the population. More recently, in January 2015, Oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse also claims that the top 1% now own nearly half of the world's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession. In October 2015, Credit Suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900. A 2016 report by Oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined. Oxfam's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used: by using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts).[unreliable source?][unreliable source?] Anthony Shorrocks, the lead author of the Credit Suisse report which is one of the sources of Oxfam's data, considers the criticism about debt to be a "silly argument" and "a non-issue . . . a diversion."

Question: What percentage of global assets does the richest 1% of people have?


Answer: about 3.5 billion people

Question: According to Oxfam, the 85 richest people have wealth equal to how many average people?


Answer: $759,900

Question: In order to be considered in the top percentile, a person would need to amass how much money each year?


Answer: the methodology used

Question: What has caused Oxfam's findings to be questioned?


Answer: a diversion

Question: Why does Oxfam and Credit Suisse believe their findings are being doubted?


Answer: 40%

Question: What percent of the global assets in 2000 were owned by just 1% of adults?


Answer: financial assets

Question: What do the three richest people in the world posses more of than the lowest 48 nations together?


Answer: nearly $41 trillion

Question: How much was the combined wealth of the "10 Million dollar millionaires" in 2008?


Answer: half

Question: How much of the global wealth will the wealthiest 1 percent own by 2016?


Answer: greater tendency to take on debts

Question: Why are there more poor people in the United States and Europe than China?


Answer: 400

Context: According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege".

Question: How many Americans are richer than more than half of all citizens?


Answer: New York Times

Question: What publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 90%?


Answer: Inherited wealth

Question: What is considered as a potential advantage for wealth for some Americans?


Answer: grew up in substantial privilege

Question: What did the richest 400 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults?


Answer: wealth

Question: What do the top 400 richest Americans have more of than half of all Americans combined?


Answer: richest 1 percent

Question: Who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent of people in the U.S.?


Answer: Inherited wealth

Question: What may explain why some Americans who've become rich may have had a head start?


Answer: over 60 percent

Question: How many of the richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege?


Answer: Institute for Policy Studies

Question: What Institute published findings in September 2012 regarding the Forbes richest 400 Americans?


Answer: Neoclassical economics

Context: Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.

Question: What philosophy of thought addresses wealth inequality?


Answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

Question: What is income inequality attributed to?


Answer: different classifications of workers

Question: What impacts distribution of wealth when evaluating labor?


Answer: productivity gap

Question: What is the term that describes the difference between what higher paid and lower paid professionals earn?


Answer: marginal value added of each economic actor

Question: How is income determined in a market with variously skilled workers?


Answer: differences in value added by labor, capital and land

Question: What did Neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from?


Answer: value added by different classifications of workers

Question: What is distribution of income from labor due to the differences of?


Answer: wages and profits

Question: What does the marginal value added by an economic actor determine?


Answer: worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord

Question: What are examples of economic actors?


Answer: productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions

Question: In a market economy, what is inequality a reflection of?


Answer: reduce costs and maximize profits

Context: In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.

Question: What pushes businesses to increase pressures on workers?


Answer: less workers are required

Question: What impact does workers working harder have on productivity of a business?


Answer: increasing unemployment

Question: When less workers are required, what happens to the job market?


Answer: rising levels of property income

Question: What impact does higher worker productivity and leveled pay have on higher earners?


Answer: labor inputs

Question: What do capitalist firms substitute equipment for in a Marxian analysis?


Answer: reduce costs and maximize profits

Question: Why do firms substitute equipment for workers?


Answer: substitute capital equipment

Question: What trend increases the organic composition of capital over the long term?


Answer: productivity

Question: What does the substitution of equipment for labor raise for workers?


Answer: stagnant

Question: What type of wages does mechanization and automation lead to?


Answer: workers wages

Context: In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. "On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers." "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.

Question: What is controled by the market and economy?


Answer: supply and demand

Question: Under what law is value of a worker determined?


Answer: business is chronically understaffed

Question: What happens when business underpays their workers?


Answer: offering a higher wage

Question: How do competing businesses attract workers?


Answer: unfair

Question: How is income inequality generally viewed by workers?


Answer: the market

Question: What controls wages in a purely capitalist mode of production?


Answer: prices

Question: What do wages work in the same way as for any other good?


Answer: wages

Question: What can be considered as a function of market price of skill?


Answer: markets

Question: What can concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society and abuse both workers and consumers?


Answer: unfair

Question: What type of outcomes can even stable markets lead to?


Answer: Competition amongst workers

Context: A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption.

Question: What has the tendency to increase wages in a field or job position?


Answer: low demand

Question: When there are many workers competing for a few jobs its considered as what?


Answer: high wages

Question: What is the potential earnings for a job where there are few skilled workers but many available positions?


Answer: collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption

Question: What can lead to higher wages for members of labor organizations?


Answer: Professional and labor organizations

Question: Who works to get workers higher compensation?


Answer: low wage

Question: What does many workers willing to work for a lot of time competing for a job that only requires a few workers result in?


Answer: competition between workers

Question: What drives down wages in a job with many workers willing to work a lot?


Answer: expendable nature of the worker

Question: Why does competition among workers drive down wages?


Answer: high

Question: What type of wages result from jobs where there is low supply but high demand?


Answer: employers

Question: While competition between workers drives down wages for jobs with a high supply of worker, whose competition drives wages up for the inverse?


Answer: entrepreneurship rates

Context: On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth.

Question: What increases with the increase of income inequality?


Answer: Necessity-based entrepreneurship

Question: Survivial is at the heart of what concept for workers?


Answer: push

Question: What type of motivators are food and shelter considered?


Answer: pull

Question: What type of motivators are achievement and self determination considered?


Answer: opportunity-based entrepreneurship

Question: What type of entrepreneurship leads to advancements in technology?


Answer: higher economic inequality

Question: What increases entrepreneurship rates at the individual level?


Answer: necessity

Question: What is the increased rates of self-employment based on?


Answer: Necessity-based

Question: Survival needs such as income for food and shelter motivates what type of entrepreneurship?


Answer: achievement-oriented

Question: What motivation is opportunity-based entrepreneurship driven by?


Answer: positive

Question: What type of impact does opportunity-based entrepreneurship tend to have on economic growth?


Answer: progressive tax

Context: Another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.

Question: What is it called when the tax rate and base amount increase simultaneously?


Answer: top tax rate

Question: What tax rate has a direct relationship with income inequality?


Answer: social spending

Question: What can work to even the distribution of wealth?


Answer: tax system

Question: What system has an impact on income inequality?


Answer: the tax rate

Question: In a progressive tax, what increases as the taxable base amount increases?


Answer: level of the top tax rate

Question: What will have a direct impact of inequality in a system that uses a progressive tax?


Answer: steeper tax

Question: What can result in more equal distribution of income?


Answer: the Gini index

Question: What index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending?


Answer: access to education

Context: An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.

Question: What is key to getting the skills needed for high demand jobs?


Answer: optional education

Question: What do people with lower income have less access to?


Answer: lower wages

Question: What does less education lead to when working?


Answer: poor

Question: Who has limited productive potential when faced with less access to education?


Answer: savings and investment

Question: What are those with lower incomes less likely to have in order to prepare for the future?


Answer: access to education

Question: What is an important factor contributing to inequality for individuals?


Answer: high wages

Question: What does education in an area where there is high demand for workers tend to create?


Answer: lower

Question: What type of wages do people unable to afford an education receive?


Answer: lower incomes

Question: What does lack of education lead directly to?


Answer: education

Question: What helps to unleash the productivity ability of the poor?


Answer: increasing access to education

Context: In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.

Question: What did Standard & Poor recommend to speed economy recovery?


Answer: $105 billion

Question: How much potential economic growth could the United States amass if everyone went through more schooling?


Answer: boom-and-bust cycles

Question: What is the United States at risk for because of the recession of 2008?


Answer: Standard & Poor

Question: Who concluded that the rising income inequality gap was not getting better?


Answer: 2014

Question: When did economists reach a conclusion with the S&P's rating agency?


Answer: 2008-2009

Question: When the recovery between the widening gap between the richest citizens and rest of the nation slow?


Answer: increasing access to education

Question: What did S&P recommend to somewhat remedy the wealth gap?


Answer: $105 billion

Question: If the average U.S. worker were to complete an additional year of school, what amount of growth would be generated over 5 years?


Answer: boom-and-bust cycles

Question: What does wealth disparity make the economy more prone to?


Answer: 1910–1940

Context: During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy. Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap. It is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries.

Question: When did the high school education movement occur?


Answer: increase

Question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the presence of skilled workers?


Answer: decrease

Question: What impact did the high school education movement have on the wages of skilled workers?


Answer: gender inequality in education

Question: What impacts gender inequality in wages?


Answer: period of compression

Question: What contributed to the decreased inequality between trained and untrained workers?


Answer: from 1910–1940

Question: When was the mass high school education movement?


Answer: a decrease in the price of skilled labor

Question: What did the increase in skilled workers lead to?


Answer: designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work

Question: How did the education during the high school education movement differ from the subsequent high school education?


Answer: Education

Question: What is very important for the growth of the economy?


Answer: gender inequality in education

Question: What can result in creating a poverty trap?


Answer: unions

Context: John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."

Question: What types of organizations are on a decline in the US which adversely effects economic mobility?


Answer: continental European countries

Question: Which set of countries have higher economic mobility than the United States?


Answer: little

Question: How much support is there for the US approach to economic development?


Answer: continental European liberalism

Question: Under which policy are labor unions encouraged?


Answer: economic inequality

Question: What is economic liberalism one of the causes of?


Answer: social exclusion

Question: What does the U.S. economic and social model have substantial levels of?


Answer: CEPR

Question: What organization is John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer members of?


Answer: little

Question: How much support does evidence provide for the view that labor-market flexibility improves labor-market outcomes?


Answer: lower

Question: What level of economic mobility does the U.S. economy have compared to European countries?


Answer: Scandinavia

Context: Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."

Question: What country has low income inequality and high presence of unions?


Answer: high inequality

Question: What do weak labor movement correlate with?


Answer: decline of organized labor

Question: What has had a negative impact on the labor markets in the US?


Answer: technological changes and globalization

Question: What has presented problems to the US economy more than other nations?


Answer: Sociologist

Question: What is the profession of Jake Rosenfield?


Answer: University of Washington

Question: What college is Jake Rosenfield associated with?


Answer: decline of organized labor

Question: What does Rosenfield feel plays the most significant role in expanding the income gap?


Answer: high

Question: What rate of unionization do Scandinavian nations have?


Answer: weak labor movements

Question: What does high inequality go hand-in-hand with?


Answer: reduced wages

Context: Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economist Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production, resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable. However, he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in America is minor when compared to other causes, such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts. Empirical economists Max Roser and Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality. They empirically confirm the predictions of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15% of rising income inequality. Robert Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations, and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries.

Question: What effect does trade with poorer countries have on the workers in richer countries?


Answer: increased wages

Question: What effect does trade with richer countries have on the workers in poorer countries?


Answer: technological innovation

Question: What has a bigger impact on the United States' economy more than trade?


Answer: machine labor

Question: What has replaced lower skilled workers in the United States?


Answer: global

Question: What scale does trade liberalization shift economic inequality from?


Answer: workers in the poor countries

Question: When rich countries trade with poor countries, whose wages increase?


Answer: trade liberalisation

Question: What does Paul Krugmen think has had an observable effect on inequality in the U.S.?


Answer: minor

Question: Compared to other causes, the effect of trade on inequality in America is what?


Answer: machine labor

Question: What has technological innovation and automation replaced low-skilled jobs with?


Answer: 53%

Context: In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate. Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bahrain.

Question: What is the income inequality gap between genders in Botswana?


Answer: -40%

Question: What is the gender income inequality in Bahrain?


Answer: less willing to travel or relocate

Question: What is attributed to the income inequality in the United States?


Answer: males

Question: Who does the wage gap between genders provide an advantage?


Answer: Gender

Question: In many countries, what kind of pay gap is there?


Answer: males in the labor market

Question: Who does a gender pay gap tend to favor?


Answer: women

Question: What gender is less willing to travel or relocate for work?


Answer: Thomas Sowell

Question: Who is the author of the book, "Knowledge and Decisions"?


Answer: a difference

Question: What does a U.S. census report state that even after other factors there still exists this between earnings of men and women?


Answer: social welfare

Context: Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.

Question: What types of programs help to redistribute wealth?


Answer: relatively equal

Question: What is the level of inequality in underdeveloped countries?


Answer: more capital

Question: What introduces inequality to a country?


Answer: redistribution mechanisms

Question: What leads to lower income inequality?


Answer: Economist

Question: What profession does Simon Kuznets have?


Answer: levels of economic inequality

Question: What did Kuznets argue resulted from stages of development?


Answer: more capital

Question: What does a country acquire as it develops?


Answer: more wealth

Question: What do the owners of more capital end up having?


Answer: lower levels of inequality

Question: What do redistribution mechanisms lead to?


Answer: 1910 to 1940

Context: Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.

Question: During what time period did income inequality decrease in the United States?


Answer: 1970s

Question: When did income inequality begin to increase in the US?


Answer: service

Question: In what sector are jobs beginning to increase?


Answer: manufacturing

Question: In what sector are jobs beginning to decrease?


Answer: Kuznets

Question: Who plotted the relationships between levels of income and inequality?


Answer: Kuznets curve

Question: What is a a developing economy's level of inequality bulging out called?


Answer: very weak

Question: What has recent testing of Kuznets theory with superior data show it to be?


Answer: eventually decrease

Question: What does Kuznets' curve predict about income inequality given time?


Answer: effect

Question: What may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in at any given time?


Answer: Wealth concentration

Context: Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [pp. 384 Table 12.2, U.S. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return]

Question: What process attributes new wealth to those that already have it?


Answer: means to invest

Question: According to the wealth concentration theory, what advantage do the wealthy have in accumulating new wealth?


Answer: greater return of capital

Question: What has the highest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality?


Answer: larger fortunes

Question: What tends to lead to more money?


Answer: the possession of already-wealthy individuals

Question: Where does newly created wealth concentrate?


Answer: those who already hold wealth

Question: Who is best able to leverage the accumulation of wealth?


Answer: wealth condensation

Question: What can significantly contribute to the continuing inequality in a society over time?


Answer: Thomas Piketty

Question: Who wrote the book "Capital in the Twenty-First Century"?


Answer: higher returns

Question: What do larger fortunes generate?


Answer: market

Context: Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort"

Question: What forces should serve as a brake on wealth concentration?


Answer: Economist

Question: What career does Joseph Stiglitz have?


Answer: rare and desired

Question: What type of skills does the market bid up compensation for?


Answer: political power generated by wealth

Question: What is used by certain wealthy groups to obtain policies financially beneficial for them?


Answer: rent-seeking

Question: Income not from the creation of wealth but by grabbing a larger share of it is know to economists by what term?


Answer: inequality

Context: Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).

Question: Higher rates of health and social problems are just two of examples of effects from what?


Answer: human capital is neglected

Question: Why does a lower level of economic growth occur due to high-end consumption?


Answer: life expectancy

Question: What is lower in countries with more inequality for the top 21 industrialized countries?


Answer: inequality

Question: What is a lower rate of social goods an effect of?


Answer: life expectancy is lower

Question: In U.S. states, what happens to the life expectancy in less economically equal ones?


Answer: 2013

Context: 2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.

Question: What year did Robert J. Shiller win an Economics Nobel prize?


Answer: rising inequality

Question: What is the most important problem in the United States and elsewhere?


Answer: negative

Question: Persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth?


Answer: Unemployment

Question: What's one factor in eroding self-esteem?


Answer: economic

Question: Policies which reduce the inequality associated effects of unemployment support what type of growth?


Answer: British

Context: British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher inequality. Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, they found social/health problems lower in countries like Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.

Question: What nationality are researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett?


Answer: higher

Question: What rates of health and social problems are in countries with high inequality?


Answer: lower

Question: How are the rates of social goods in countries with higher inequality?


Answer: 23

Question: How many developed countries did British researchers use to gather statistics from?


Answer: equality

Question: Health problems were lower in places with higher levels of what?


Answer: better health and longer lives

Context: For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

Question: What did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history?


Answer: poorer countries

Question: Where does the pattern of higher income-longer lives still hold true?


Answer: life expectancy

Question: What increases rapidly as per capita income increases?


Answer: Americans

Question: Who lives no longer on average than Greeks and New Zealanders?


Answer: more equally

Question: How are incomes distributed in Sweden?


Answer: income inequality

Context: In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalities", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of "child well-being in rich countries", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income.

Question: What characteristic in recent years has been strongly tied with health in developed countries?


Answer: authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett

Question: Who created an index of health and social problems?


Answer: nine

Question: How many factors of health and social problems did Wilkinson and PIckett identify?


Answer: among states in the US with larger income inequalities

Question: Where are health and social problems most common?


Answer: greater equality

Question: What does child well-being in rich countries correlate most to?


Answer: inequality

Context: Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger. Research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries, as well as studying areas within countries. Daly et al. 2001 found that among U.S States and Canadian Provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state. Fajnzylber et al. (2002) found a similar relationship worldwide. Among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are:

Question: What has crime rate been show to be correlated with in a society?


Answer: homicides

Question: What is almost identical across all nations and jurisdictions?


Answer: fifty

Question: Over how many studies have shown that violence is more common in societies with income differences?


Answer: differences in the amount of inequality

Question: What is it estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by?


Answer: tenfold

Question: How much of a difference in homicide rates are related to inequality?


Answer: the greatest good

Context: Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person. Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person ("the additional dollar") decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility. Some studies have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher.

Question: What does the utilitarian principle seek for the greatest number of people?


Answer: distributive efficiency

Question: An adobe that provides less utility to one person than another is an example of reduced what?


Answer: a great deal of utility

Question: A dollar spent by a poor person is likely to provide what for them?


Answer: decreases

Question: What the marginal utility of wealth per income per person do as that person becomes richer?


Answer: higher aggregate utility

Question: What will a society with more equality have?


Answer: consumption

Context: Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not "adequately" capturing "consumption by high-income households" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income.

Question: What do conservative researchers fell should be a measure of inequality?


Answer: libertarian

Question: What political leaning does the Cato Institute have?


Answer: 2001

Question: When was consumption inequality lower than it had been in 1986?


Answer: Thomas B. Edsall

Question: Who wrote "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"?


Answer: journalist

Question: What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession?


Answer: economist

Context: Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.

Question: What is Raghuram Rajan's career?


Answer: systematic economic inequalities

Question: What does Rajan feel has created deep financial fault lines?


Answer: the Financial crisis of 2007–08

Question: What is the most recent example of financial fault lines?


Answer: easier credit

Question: What does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power?


Answer: easier credit

Question: What has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble"?


Answer: inequality in wealth and income

Context: According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According to IMF staff economists, "if the income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth. The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic, social, and political channels."

Question: What is negatively correlated to the duration of economic growth?


Answer: quality of a country's institutions

Question: What do high levels of inequality prevent beyond economic prosperity?


Answer: declines

Question: What happens to the GDP growth of a country if the income share of the top 20 percent increases, according to IMF staff economists?


Answer: higher GDP growth

Question: What does an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in?


Answer: The poor and the middle class

Question: Who matters the most for economic growth?


Answer: economists

Context: According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.

Question: What do David Castlles-Quintana and Vicente Royuela do for a living?


Answer: economic growth

Question: What does increasing inequality harm?


Answer: subsequent long-run economic growth

Question: What was persistent unemployment have a negative effect on?


Answer: because it is a waste of resources

Question: Why does unemployment harm growth?


Answer: inequality-associated effects

Question: Policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they reduce what?


Answer: evidence

Context: Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, "The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings and investments were key. Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth."

Question: What did Stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality?


Answer: by limiting aggregate demand

Question: How does inequality prevent growth?


Answer: Economist

Question: What are both Branko Milanovic and Joseph Stiglitz?


Answer: increasing importance of human capital in development

Question: What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth?


Answer: widespread education

Question: What has become the secret to economic growth?


Answer: 1993

Context: In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth."

Question: When did Galor and Zeria show new information about inequality?


Answer: detrimental

Question: Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation?


Answer: channels through which inequality may affect economic growth

Question: What did a 1996 study by Perotti examine?


Answer: redistributive taxation

Question: What is inequality associated with higher levels of?


Answer: politically and socially unstable

Question: What do extremely unequal societies tend to be?


Answer: reduce

Context: Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.

Question: What does high levels of inequality do to growth in poor countries?


Answer: encourage

Question: What does high levels of inequality do for economic growth in richer countries?


Answer: growth and investment

Question: Barro found there is little relation between income inequality and rates of what?


Answer: Harvard

Question: What institution does Robert Barro hail from?


Answer: between 1960 and 2000

Question: When was a study conducted of Swedish counties?