Answer: cloud storage service

Context: Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.

Question: What is SkyDrive?


Answer: June 8, 2015

Question: When was Facebook support turned off?


Answer: allows users to view their profile and gamerscore

Question: What features does Xbox Live hub offer?


Answer: Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass

Question: What Xbox apps were bundled together?


Answer: can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices.

Question: What service options does Windows online now offer?


Answer: a desktop program and a touch-optimized app

Context: Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.

Question: What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?


Answer: a "Compatibility View" whitelist

Question: What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?


Answer: most sites by default

Question: Where can Adobe Flash now be used?


Answer: increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration

Question: What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?


Answer: disable all wireless connectivity

Context: Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.

Question: What does airplone mode do?


Answer: Windows Store apps

Question: Where can Carrier account management systems be found?


Answer: APNs and carrier branding

Question: What are some connection settings in Windows 8?


Answer: the operating system

Question: What registers the insertion of a SIM card?


Answer: Microsoft developer

Context: Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen. Apps can provide toast notifications on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing. Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, Skype, and People service), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.

Question: Who is Jensen Harris?


Answer: Facebook, Skype, and People service

Question: What apps can one expect the People app to match with?


Answer: Facebook and Flickr

Question: What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?


Answer: apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications.

Question: What makes Windows Store apps unique?


Answer: collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps

Question: What are contracts?


Answer: C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript

Context: Windows Store apps run within a new set of APIs known as Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript. If written in some "high-level" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows, otherwise they are not binary code compatible. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages. To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.

Question: What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?


Answer: If written in some "high-level" languages

Question: What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?


Answer: permitting consumption by all compatible languages

Question: What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?


Answer: sandboxed environment

Question: What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?


Answer: Windows Store

Context: Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store—a namesake distribution platform which offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8. A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.

Question: Where can Windows 8 install apps from?


Answer: sideload apps

Question: How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?


Answer: Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices

Question: What other devices can sideload apps?


Answer: the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8

Context: The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps", "Windows 8-style apps" and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.

Question: What does immersive app stand for?


Answer: Metro-style apps

Question: What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?


Answer: vice president of Microsoft's development software division

Question: Who is Soma Somasegar?


Answer: September 12, 2012

Question: When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?


Answer: API code instead of WinRT

Context: Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

Question: What code did Windows 8 change to?


Answer: New experience enabled

Question: What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?


Answer: able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code

Question: What different options did the desktop version have?


Answer: Chrome and Firefox

Context: The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS. Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.

Question: Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?


Answer: uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface

Question: What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?


Answer: uses a touch-optimized interface

Question: What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?


Answer: September 2013

Question: When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?


Answer: a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs

Context: Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.

Question: What is found on the Start Screen?


Answer: display constantly updated information and content

Question: What do live tiles do?


Answer: used for basic configuration and user settings

Question: What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?


Answer: Control Panel

Question: Where can advanced settings options be found?


Answer: Microsoft's Metro design language

Question: What is the new System User interface built on?


Answer: A vertical toolbar

Context: A vertical toolbar known as the charms (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button. The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a hotspot in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large tooltip displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen. Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps. Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the Aero Glass theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of Windows 7.

Question: What is charms?


Answer: provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button

Question: What is the purpose of charms?


Answer: Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down

Question: How is an active list of apps accessed?


Answer: allows one to switch between apps and Desktop

Question: What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do?


Answer: via a tile on the Start screen

Question: How is the traditional desktop evironment opened?


Answer: the cost of licensing the necessary decoders

Context: Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8, beginning with the traditional Start menu. Support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.

Question: Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?


Answer: upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro

Question: What does the Pro Pack do?


Answer: the traditional Start menu

Question: Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?


Answer: Backup and Restore

Context: Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.:74

Question: What backup element is still found on Windows 8?


Answer: through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery"

Question: How is Backup and Restore opened?


Answer: access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer

Question: What does :76 Shadow Copy do?


Answer: other software

Question: What is :74 used for?


Answer: to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products

Context: Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be "certified" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism. On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768). The amended requirement is intended to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products.

Question: Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?


Answer: a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis

Question: What is a convertible form factor?


Answer: attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism

Question: How does a convertible become a tablet?


Answer: 1024×768

Question: What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?


Answer: three

Context: Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing. A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.

Question: How many Windows 8 editions are there?


Answer: BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on

Question: What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?


Answer: features aimed towards business environments

Question: What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?


Answer: as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it

Question: How would one get Windows RT?


Answer: $39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box

Context: Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.

Question: During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?


Answer: $119.99

Question: What is the Windows 8 price?


Answer: $199.99

Question: What is the Windows 8 Pro price?


Answer: PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate

Question: Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?


Answer: free

Question: How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?


Answer: require an existing version of Windows to install

Context: Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.

Question: What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?


Answer: specialized "System Builder" SKU

Question: What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?


Answer: (OEM) SKU

Question: What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?


Answer: original equipment manufacturer

Question: What does OEM stand for?


Answer: purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers

Question: What did the Personal Use License allow?


Answer: Windows 8.1

Context: Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements. Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.

Question: What replaced Windows 8?


Answer: 8.1 is available as "full version software"

Question: What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1?


Answer: Personal Use License

Question: What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?


Answer: a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine

Question: What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?


Answer: 32-bit and 64-bit

Context: The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation. The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 architecture 3rd generation (known as IA-32) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 16-bit applications, although 16-bit support must be enabled first. (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.)

Question: What architecture types does Windows 8 support?


Answer: CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation

Question: What is 16-bit support intended for?


Answer: 1978

Question: When was x86 2nd generation created?


Answer: automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation

Question: How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?


Answer: Windows RT

Context: Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.

Question: What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?


Answer: only supports applications included with the system

Question: What apps work on Windows RT?


Answer: to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture

Question: Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?


Answer: free software supporters

Context: Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves." Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets." No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.

Question: Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?


Answer: vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot

Question: What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?


Answer: Microsoft developer

Question: Who is Tony Mangefeste?


Answer: to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves

Question: What ideology does Microsoft follow?


Answer: video game developers

Context: Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam), and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."

Question: Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?


Answer: Markus "Notch" Persson

Question: Who created Minecraft?


Answer: Gabe Newell

Question: Who developed Steam?


Answer: Activision Blizzard

Question: What company is Rob Pardo associated with?


Answer: responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."

Question: What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?


Answer: David Pierce

Context: Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a "tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

Question: Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?


Answer: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

Question: Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?


Answer: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

Question: Which improvements were most well regarded?


Answer: Apple

Question: Who else uses a closed distribution platform?


Answer: the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface

Context: The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "stumbling block", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."

Question: What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?


Answer: Adrian Kingsley-Hughes

Question: Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?


Answer: mixed

Question: What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?


Answer: market research firm

Context: However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011. As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales. The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features. This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.

Question: What is IDC?


Answer: consumers bought more mobile devices

Question: What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?


Answer: 21 percent

Question: How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced?


Answer: Apple

Question: While Windows sales went down, which company experienced an increase in sales?


Answer: 7.4

Context: Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).

Question: What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/


Answer: 43.4%

Question: What was Androids market share in 2013?


Answer: 48.2%

Question: What was teh iOS market share in 2013?


Answer: top tier apps

Question: What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?


Answer: July 2013

Question: When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?


Answer: amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum

Context: In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets. Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period. This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.

Question: What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?


Answer: to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors

Question: Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum?


Answer: 100 million

Question: How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?


Answer: Android-based tablets

Question: What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?


Answer: May 23, 2014

Context: In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks. Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows. On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches, and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.

Question: When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?


Answer: April 2, 2014

Question: When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?


Answer: February 2014

Question: When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?


Answer: cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing

Question: What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?


Answer: May 2014

Context: In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.

Question: When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?


Answer: in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP

Question: Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?


Answer: 49%

Question: What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?


Answer: Ni Guangnan

Question: Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?


Answer: China Central Television

Context: In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.

Question: What does CCTV stand for?


Answer: Sina Weibo

Question: What is the name of the Chinese social network?


Answer: Ni Guangnan

Question: Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?


Answer: Fudan University

Question: Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?


Answer: May 14, 2013

Context: An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013. Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability." However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.

Question: When was Windows 8.1 introduced?


Answer: June 26, 2013

Question: When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?


Answer: September 9, 2013

Question: When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?


Answer: Bing-based unified search system

Context: The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing, Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.

Question: What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?


Answer: ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen

Question: How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?


Answer: a visible Start button

Question: What main feature was added back to the desktop?


Answer: up to four

Question: How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?


Answer: 81 mi

Context: At no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west, Swaziland is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Despite its size, however, its climate and topography is diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati. They established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881. After the Anglo-Boer War, Swaziland was a British protectorate from 1903 until 1967. It regained its independence on 6 September 1968.

Question: How wide is Swaziland in miles??


Answer: siSwati

Question: What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland?


Answer: one of the smallest

Question: In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size?


Answer: mid-18th century

Question: When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom?


Answer: Ngwane III

Question: Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom?


Answer: $9,714

Context: Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

Question: What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?


Answer: Southern African Customs Union

Question: What is the SACU?


Answer: Swaziland's currency

Question: What is the lilangeni?


Answer: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Question: What does the acronym COMESA represent?


Answer: South African rand

Question: What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?


Answer: king

Context: Swaziland derives its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane, named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Swaziland the surname of whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally means "king". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size. The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy, often including grants of special ritual and political status. The extent of their autonomy however was drastically curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s.

Question: What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?


Answer: greatly extended the area of the country

Question: What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?


Answer: Mswati II

Question: In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?


Answer: Emakhandzambili clans

Question: What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?


Answer: Mswati II. KaNgwane

Question: Where does the name Swaziland originate?


Answer: 1903

Context: In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land.

Question: In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate?


Answer: Anglo-Boer war

Question: What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?


Answer: 1906

Question: In what year was Swaziland given self governance?


Answer: two-thirds of the total land

Question: How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?


Answer: December 1921

Question: When was Sobhuza coronated?


Answer: November 1963

Context: The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967.

Question: When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?


Answer: liqoqo

Question: What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?


Answer: 9 September 1964

Question: When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?


Answer: 1967

Question: When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?


Answer: 1973

Context: Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.

Question: In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?


Answer: King Sobhuza II

Question: Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?


Answer: 1982

Question: When did King Sobhuza II die?


Answer: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

Question: Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II


Answer: Mswati III

Question: Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?


Answer: The king

Context: The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, the business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on.

Question: Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?


Answer: the Libandla

Question: What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?


Answer: a minority

Question: What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?


Answer: to balance views in parliament

Question: Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?


Answer: 30 seats

Context: The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate (30 seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; to serve five-year terms). The elections are held every five years after dissolution of parliament by the king. The last elections were held on 20 September 2013. The balloting is done on a non-party basis in all categories. All election procedures are overseen by the elections and boundaries commission.

Question: How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland?


Answer: 65

Question: How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly?


Answer: 20 September 2013

Question: When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?


Answer: 10

Question: How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king?


Answer: the elections and boundaries commission

Question: Which group looks over elections in Swaziland?


Answer: the early seventies

Context: In 2005, the constitution was put into effect. There is still much debate in the country about the constitutional reforms. From the early seventies, there was active resistance to the royal hegemony. Despite complaints from progressive formations, support for the monarchy and the current political system remains strong among the majority of the population.[citation needed] Submissions were made by citizens around the country to commissions, including the constitutional draft committee, indicating that they would prefer to maintain the current situation.

Question: When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland?


Answer: the majority

Question: What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland?


Answer: the constitutional draft committee

Question: What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy?


Answer: a show of hand

Context: Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.

Question: How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?


Answer: at least ten

Question: What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?


Answer: Constituency Headman

Question: What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?


Answer: Constituency Executive Committee

Question: In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho?


Answer: four

Question: What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?


Answer: one

Context: As noted above, there are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland. Each inkhundla has a development committee (bucopho) elected from the various constituency chiefdoms in its area for a five-year term. Bucopho bring to the inkhundla all matters of interest and concern to their various chiefdoms, and take back to the chiefdoms the decisions of the inkhundla. The chairman of the bucopho is elected at the inkhundla and is called indvuna ye nkhundla.

Question: How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly?


Answer: a five-year term

Question: What is a single term of a Swazi development committee?


Answer: the chiefdoms

Question: To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns?


Answer: indvuna ye nkhundla

Question: What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?


Answer: at the inkhundla

Question: Where is the Bucopho chairman elected?


Answer: Mozambique

Context: A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.

Question: What nation is to the east of Swaziland?


Answer: 17,364 km2

Question: How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?


Answer: Republic of South Africa

Question: What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?


Answer: four

Question: How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?


Answer: the northwest

Question: In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?


Answer: About 75%

Context: About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.

Question: What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?


Answer: textile manufacturing

Question: Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?


Answer: Swazi Nation Land

Question: In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?


Answer: low productivity and investment

Question: What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?


Answer: 2.8%

Context: Economic growth in Swaziland has lagged behind that of its neighbours. Real GDP growth since 2001 has averaged 2.8%, nearly 2 percentage points lower than growth in other Southern African Customs Union (SACU) member countries. Low agricultural productivity in the SNLs, repeated droughts, the devastating effect of HIV/AIDS and an overly large and inefficient government sector are likely contributing factors. Swaziland's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. A combination of declining revenues and increased spending led to significant budget deficits.

Question: What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage?


Answer: nearly 2 percentage points

Question: How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland?


Answer: the late 1990s

Question: When did the public finances in Swaziland decline?


Answer: declining revenues and increased spending

Question: What led to Swazi budget cuts?


Answer: 55%

Context: The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the African continent. The recent rapid growth in SACU revenues has, however, reversed the fiscal situation, and a sizeable surplus was recorded since 2006. SACU revenues today account for over 60% of total government revenues. On the positive side, the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years, and domestic debt is almost negligible; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20% in 2006.

Question: What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?


Answer: 60% of total government revenues

Question: What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?


Answer: declined markedly

Question: What has happened to debt external onus in Swaziland in the past two decades?


Answer: less than 20%

Question: What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?


Answer: South Africa

Context: The Swazi economy is very closely linked to the economy of South Africa, from which it receives over 90% of its imports and to which it sends about 70% of its exports. Swaziland's other key trading partners are the United States and the EU, from whom the country has received trade preferences for apparel exports (under the African Growth and Opportunity Act – AGOA – to the US) and for sugar (to the EU). Under these agreements, both apparel and sugar exports did well, with rapid growth and a strong inflow of foreign direct investment. Textile exports grew by over 200% between 2000 and 2005 and sugar exports increasing by more than 50% over the same period.

Question: Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with?


Answer: over 90%

Question: What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa?


Answer: 70%

Question: What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa?


Answer: exports grew by over 200%

Question: What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005?


Answer: more than 50%

Question: Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by?


Answer: South African Rand

Context: Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African Rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Swaziland is not poor enough to merit an IMF program; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign direct investment.

Question: What currency is Swaziland bound to?


Answer: South Africa

Question: Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?


Answer: as much as 70%

Question: Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?


Answer: Southern African Customs Union

Question: From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?


Answer: 83%

Context: 83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya, was elected Anglican Bishop of Swaziland, becoming the first woman to be a bishop in Africa. 15% of the population follows traditional religions; other non-Christian religions practised in the country include Islam (1%), the Bahá'í Faith (0.5%), and Hinduism (0.2%). There are 14 Jewish families.

Question: What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?


Answer: Christianity

Question: Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland?


Answer: 20%

Question: What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic?


Answer: Ellinah Wamukoya

Question: Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland?


Answer: 14

Question: How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland?


Answer: 38.8%

Context: In 2004, the Swaziland government acknowledged for the first time that it suffered an AIDS crisis, with 38.8% of tested pregnant women infected with HIV (see AIDS in Africa). The then Prime Minister Themba Dlamini declared a humanitarian crisis due to the combined effect of drought, land degradation, increased poverty, and HIV/AIDS. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, Swaziland is close to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, defined as 80% coverage or greater. Estimates of treatment coverage range from 70% to 80% of those infected. Life expectancy had fallen from 61 years in 2000 to 32 years in 2009. Tuberculosis is also a significant problem, with an 18% mortality rate. Many patients have a multi-drug resistant strain, and 83% are co-infected with HIV.

Question: Of pregnant women, how many are believed to be infected with HIV?


Answer: 80% coverage or greater

Question: What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment?


Answer: Themba Dlamini

Question: Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004?


Answer: 70% to 80%

Question: What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated?


Answer: 18%

Question: What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland?


Answer: 5-year or younger

Context: Education in Swaziland begins with pre-school education for infants, primary, secondary and high school education for general education and training (GET), and universities and colleges at tertiary level. Pre-school education is usually for children 5-year or younger after that the students can enroll in a primary school anywhere in the country. In Swaziland early childhood care and education (ECCE) centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points (NCPs). In the country 21.6% of preschool age children have access to early childhood education.

Question: What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?


Answer: 21.6%

Question: What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?


Answer: neighbourhood care points

Question: In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?


Answer: early childhood care and education

Question: What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?


Answer: five

Context: The secondary and high school education system in Swaziland is a five-year programme divided into three years junior secondary and two years senior secondary. There is an external public examination (Junior Certificate) at the end of the junior secondary that learners have to pass to progress to the senior secondary level. The Examination Council of Swaziland (ECOS) administers this examination. At the end of the senior secondary level, learners sit for a public examination, the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) and International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) which is accredited by the Cambridge International Examination (CIE). A few schools offer the Advanced Studies (AS) programme in their curriculum.

Question: How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?


Answer: three

Question: For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?


Answer: Examination Council of Swaziland

Question: What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?


Answer: Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education

Question: What do students finishing senior secondary school get?


Answer: Cambridge International Examination

Question: What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?


Answer: Swaziland Christian University

Context: The University of Swaziland, Southern African Nazarene University, Swaziland Christian University are the institutions that offer university education in the country. A campus of Limkokwing University of Creative Technology can be found at Sidvwashini, a suburb of the capital Mbabane. There are some teaching and nursing assistant colleges around the country. Ngwane Teacher's College and William Pitcher College are the country's teaching colleges. The Good Shepherd Hospital in Siteki is home to the College for Nursing Assistants.

Question: The University of Swaziland, Southern Nazarene University, offer higher learning in Swaziland, what is one other University?


Answer: Sidvwashini

Question: Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?


Answer: Mbabane

Question: What is the capital of Swaziland?


Answer: Siteki

Question: Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital?


Answer: College for Nursing Assistants

Question: What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain?


Answer: Swaziland College of Technology

Context: The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.

Question: Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?


Answer: technology and business studies

Question: What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?


Answer: Matsapha

Question: What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?


Answer: Manzini Industrial and Training Centre

Question: There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?


Answer: Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration

Context: In addition to these institutions, Swaziland also has the Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA) and Institute of Development Management (IDM). SIMPA is a government owned management and development institute and IDM is a regional organisation in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland that provides training, consultancy, and research in management. The Mananga management centre was established as Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in 1972 as an International Management Development Centre catering for middle and senior managers, it is located at Ezulwini.

Question: In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent?


Answer: a government owned management and development institute

Question: In Swaziland, what is SIMPA?


Answer: Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland

Question: In which locations is the Institute of Development Management?


Answer: training, consultancy, and research in management

Question: What service does the IDM provide?


Answer: 1972

Question: In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded?


Answer: training of the Sangoma

Context: The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness.

Question: In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?


Answer: a traditional diviner

Question: What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?


Answer: the cause of sickness or even death

Question: Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?


Answer: kubhula

Question: How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?


Answer: to determine the cause of the sickness

Question: What is kushaya ematsambo used for?


Answer: Umhlanga Reed Dance.

Context: Swaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together. The royal family appoints a commoner maiden to be "induna" (captain) of the girls and she announces over the radio the dates of the ceremony. She will be an expert dancer and knowledgeable on royal protocol. One of the King's daughters will be her counterpart.

Question: What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?


Answer: eight

Question: How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?


Answer: late August or early September

Question: During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?


Answer: childless, unmarried girls

Question: What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?


Answer: to preserve girls' chastity

Question: As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?


Answer: 19 August 2005

Context: The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old "umchwasho" custom. In "umchwasho", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of "umchwasho" until 19 August 2005.

Question: Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?


Answer: If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine

Question: What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?


Answer: all young girls

Question: Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?


Answer: the old "umchwasho" custom

Question: From where did the Reed Dance originate?


Answer: dancing and feasting

Question: What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?


Answer: translatio

Context: The English word "translation" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.

Question: What Latin word does the English word translation come from?


Answer: Romance

Question: What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?


Answer: "to lead across"

Question: What does Latin's traducere mean in English?


Answer: Latin

Question: Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?


Answer: "re-language-ing"

Question: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?


Answer: hardly

Context: Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown prudent flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g., style, verse form, concordance with musical accompaniment or, in films, with speech articulatory movements) as determined from context.

Question: How much has translation changed since antiquity?


Answer: seeking equivalents

Question: What have general been prudent about?


Answer: literal

Question: For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?


Answer: theoretical

Question: What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?


Answer: early Christian period and the Middle Ages

Question: When were there some extreme metaphrasers?


Answer: context itself

Context: In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.

Question: What have translators tried to preserve?


Answer: reproducing the original order of sememes

Question: How do translators preserve context?


Answer: grammatical structure

Question: What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?


Answer: passive

Question: What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?


Answer: syntactic requirements

Question: What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?


Answer: contact and exchange

Context: Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel ("present", "current"), the Polish aktualny ("present", "current," "topical," "timely," "feasible"), the Swedish aktuell ("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian актуальный ("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch actueel.

Question: A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?


Answer: guide to current meaning

Question: What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?


Answer: present

Question: What does the French "actuel" mean in English?


Answer: aktuell

Question: How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish?


Answer: aktualny

Question: To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?


Answer: at least since Terence

Context: The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. The translator's role is, however, by no means a passive, mechanical one, and so has also been compared to that of an artist. The main ground seems to be the concept of parallel creation found in critics such as Cicero. Dryden observed that "Translation is a type of drawing after life..." Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson’s remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon.

Question: How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?


Answer: comedies

Question: What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?


Answer: artist

Question: A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?


Answer: Cicero

Question: Where was the concept of parallel creation found?


Answer: Samuel Johnson

Question: Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?


Answer: earlier approaches

Context: Though earlier approaches to translation are less commonly used today, they retain importance when dealing with their products, as when historians view ancient or medieval records to piece together events which took place in non-Western or pre-Western environments. Also, though heavily influenced by Western traditions and practiced by translators taught in Western-style educational systems, Chinese and related translation traditions retain some theories and philosophies unique to the Chinese tradition.

Question: When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?


Answer: when historians view ancient or medieval records

Question: When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?


Answer: events

Question: What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?


Answer: theories and philosophies

Question: What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?


Answer: 5th century

Context: Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

Question: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?


Answer: creation of Arabic script

Question: What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?


Answer: politics

Question: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?


Answer: Greek and Persian

Question: What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?


Answer: Arabic

Question: What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?


Answer: centuries of close contacts and exchanges

Context: Arabic translation efforts and techniques are important to Western translation traditions due to centuries of close contacts and exchanges. Especially after the Renaissance, Europeans began more intensive study of Arabic and Persian translations of classical works as well as scientific and philosophical works of Arab and oriental origins. Arabic and, to a lesser degree, Persian became important sources of material and perhaps of techniques for revitalized Western traditions, which in time would overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions.

Question: Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?


Answer: after the Renaissance

Question: When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?


Answer: important sources of material

Question: What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?


Answer: techniques

Question: What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?


Answer: overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions

Question: What would Western traditions eventually do?


Answer: movement to translate English and European texts

Context: The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, "with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today.... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world." One of the neologisms that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was "darwiniya", or "Darwinism".

Question: What transformed Arabic languages?


Answer: new words, simplified syntax, and directness

Question: What came to be valued over previous convolutions?


Answer: Educated Arabs and Turks

Question: Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?


Answer: texts in the religious schools

Question: What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?


Answer: Darwinism

Question: What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?


Answer: Britain and France

Context: After World War I, when Britain and France divided up the Middle East's countries, apart from Turkey, between them, pursuant to the Sykes-Picot agreement—in violation of solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy—there came an immediate reaction: the Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Egypt, the House of Saud took over the Hijaz, and regimes led by army officers came to power in Iran and Turkey. "[B]oth illiberal currents of the modern Middle East," writes de Bellaigne, "Islamism and militarism, received a major impetus from Western empire-builders." As often happens in countries undergoing social crisis, the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators and modernizers, such as Muhammad Abduh, largely had to yield to retrograde currents.

Question: What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?


Answer: solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy

Question: What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?


Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?


Answer: empire-builders

Question: de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?


Answer: retrograde currents

Question: What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?


Answer: German Romanticism

Context: Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward [the reader]", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward [the author]", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature.

Question: Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?


Answer: German

Question: What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?


Answer: 1813

Question: When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?


Answer: transparency

Question: Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?


Answer: extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text

Question: What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?


Answer: Comparison of a back-translation with the original text

Context: Comparison of a back-translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes checked by reversing the operation. But the results of such reverse-translation operations, while useful as approximate checks, are not always precisely reliable. Back-translation must in general be less accurate than back-calculation because linguistic symbols (words) are often ambiguous, whereas mathematical symbols are intentionally unequivocal.

Question: What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?


Answer: by reversing the operation

Question: How are mathematical operations checked?


Answer: reverse-translation operations

Question: What operations are results from not always completely reliable?


Answer: linguistic

Question: What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?


Answer: mathematical

Question: What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?


Answer: Mark Twain

Context: Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

Question: Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation?


Answer: 1903

Question: When was Twain's back-translation published?


Answer: French

Question: For what language did Twain create a back-translation?


Answer: "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story"

Question: What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?


Answer: "The Athenian and the Frog"

Question: What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?


Answer: the original text

Context: When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

Question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?


Answer: Polish aristocrat

Question: Who was Jan Potocki?


Answer: French

Question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?


Answer: 1847

Question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?


Answer: French-language

Question: What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?


Answer: Translation

Context: Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

Question: What has served as a school of writing for many authors?


Answer: monks

Question: Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?


Answer: languages

Question: What did translators shape in the course of their work?


Answer: bridges

Question: What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?


Answer: source languages

Question: Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?


Answer: crucial

Context: Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.

Question: What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?


Answer: Xicalango

Question: Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?


Answer: Mexican Gulf Coast

Question: What region did La Malinche hail from?


Answer: Spanish conquest of Mexico

Question: What was La Malinche essential to?


Answer: lover

Question: In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hernán Cortés?


Answer: Web-based human translation

Context: Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.

Question: What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?


Answer: frequent inaccuracy

Question: What reputation does machine translations have?


Answer: human

Question: What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?


Answer: on-demand human-translation services

Question: Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?


Answer: businesses, individuals, and enterprises

Question: Who purchases the services of translation agencies?


Answer: context-embedded

Context: Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.

Question: Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?


Answer: comprehend the context of the original text

Question: What does it take a person to be able to do?


Answer: error

Question: What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?


Answer: reviewed and edited

Question: How must machine translations be transformed by a human?


Answer: Asia

Context: In Asia, the spread of Buddhism led to large-scale ongoing translation efforts spanning well over a thousand years. The Tangut Empire was especially efficient in such efforts; exploiting the then newly invented block printing, and with the full support of the government (contemporary sources describe the Emperor and his mother personally contributing to the translation effort, alongside sages of various nationalities), the Tanguts took mere decades to translate volumes that had taken the Chinese centuries to render.[citation needed]

Question: Where did Buddhism spread?


Answer: translation

Question: Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?


Answer: well over a thousand years

Question: How long did the translation effort take?


Answer: The Tangut Empire

Question: What Empire was especially good at translation?


Answer: translate volumes

Question: What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?


Answer: Arabs

Context: The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture.

Question: Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?


Answer: philosophical and scientific works

Question: What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?


Answer: Middle Ages

Question: When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?


Answer: School of Translation

Question: What is Schola Traductorum in English?


Answer: European

Question: Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?


Answer: Wycliffe Bible

Context: The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

Question: What was the first great English translation?


Answer: 1382

Question: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?


Answer: end of the 15th century

Question: When did the age of great English prose translation begin?


Answer: Le Morte Darthur

Question: What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?


Answer: Tudor

Question: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?


Answer: Cosimo de' Medici

Context: Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Question: Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?


Answer: Byzantine scholar

Question: What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?


Answer: 1453

Question: When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?


Answer: Marsilio Ficino

Question: Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?


Answer: the exact words

Question: What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?


Answer: ease of reading

Context: Throughout the 18th century, the watchword of translators was ease of reading. Whatever they did not understand in a text, or thought might bore readers, they omitted. They cheerfully assumed that their own style of expression was the best, and that texts should be made to conform to it in translation. For scholarship they cared no more than had their predecessors, and they did not shrink from making translations from translations in third languages, or from languages that they hardly knew, or—as in the case of James Macpherson's "translations" of Ossian—from texts that were actually of the "translator's" own composition.

Question: What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?


Answer: omitted

Question: If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?


Answer: their own style of expression

Question: What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?


Answer: no more than had their predecessors

Question: How much did the translators care about scholarship?


Answer: own composition

Question: What did James Macpherson "translate" from?


Answer: accuracy and style

Context: The 19th century brought new standards of accuracy and style. In regard to accuracy, observes J.M. Cohen, the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text", except for any bawdy passages and the addition of copious explanatory footnotes. In regard to style, the Victorians' aim, achieved through far-reaching metaphrase (literality) or pseudo-metaphrase, was to constantly remind readers that they were reading a foreign classic. An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original.

Question: What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?


Answer: J.M. Cohen

Question: Who observed that the policy became "the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text"?


Answer: bawdy

Question: What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed "whole" text?


Answer: that they were reading a foreign classic

Question: What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?


Answer: by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes

Question: How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?