Answer: University of Arizona

Context: Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the second largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center (Fort Huachuca, the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country.

Question: What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?


Answer: Sierra Vista

Question: Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?


Answer: Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route

Question: What railroad route passes through Tucson?


Answer: Los Angeles ports

Question: Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast?


Answer: Hughes Aircraft Co.

Context: The City of Tucson, Pima County, the State of Arizona, and the private sector have all made commitments to create a growing, healthy economy[citation needed] with advanced technology industry sectors as its foundation. Raytheon Missile Systems (formerly Hughes Aircraft Co.), Texas Instruments, IBM, Intuit Inc., Universal Avionics, Honeywell Aerospace, Sunquest Information Systems, Sanofi-Aventis, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and Bombardier Aerospace all have a significant presence in Tucson. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname "Optics Valley".

Question: What was Raytheon previously called?


Answer: Sanofi-Aventis

Question: What drug company has a major presence in Tucson?


Answer: 150

Question: How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?


Answer: design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems

Question: What do the 'Optics Valley' companies do?


Answer: Intuit Inc.

Question: What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson?


Answer: 2009

Context: Since 2009, the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees. In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entertainment, food, and exhibitors ranging from local retailers and publishers to regional and national nonprofit organizations. In 2011, the Festival began presenting a Founder's Award; recipients include Elmore Leonard and R.L. Stine.

Question: When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?


Answer: a two-day period in March

Question: When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?


Answer: 80,000

Question: How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?


Answer: Founder's Award

Question: What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine?


Answer: the first Saturday and Sunday of May

Context: For the past 25 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association, volunteers make this festival possible. KXCI 91.3-FM, Arizona's only community radio station, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals.

Question: When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?


Answer: El Presidio Park

Question: Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?


Answer: over 100

Question: How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival?


Answer: free

Question: How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in?


Answer: Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association

Question: Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival?


Answer: spring

Context: Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade". The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High (a non-public charter school), which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.

Question: What season is February in Tucson?


Answer: rodeo week

Question: What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?


Answer: February

Question: What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?


Answer: Leighton Kramer

Question: Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?


Answer: two rodeo days off

Question: How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?


Answer: sundown

Context: The Procession, held at sundown, consists of a non-motorized parade through downtown Tucson featuring many floats, sculptures, and memorials, in which the community is encouraged to participate. The parade is followed by performances on an outdoor stage, culminating in the burning of an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators. The event is organized and funded by the non-profit arts organization Many Mouths One Stomach, with the assistance of many volunteers and donations from the public and local businesses.

Question: What time of day is The Procession?


Answer: an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators

Question: What is burned at The Procession?


Answer: Many Mouths One Stomach

Question: What group runs The Procession?


Answer: non-profit arts organization

Question: What kind of group runs The Procession?


Answer: non-motorized

Question: What kind of parade is The Procession?


Answer: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace

Context: The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

Question: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?


Answer: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions

Question: What is the Chax Press?


Answer: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops

Question: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?


Answer: University of Arizona

Question: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?


Answer: Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood

Context: Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".

Question: Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?


Answer: March 20, 1880

Question: When did Tucson get a railroad?


Answer: "ancient and honorable pueblo"

Question: What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?


Answer: "A. and H. Pueblo"

Question: How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?


Answer: the President of the United States and the Pope

Question: Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?


Answer: 25

Context: The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller, has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship. Arizona's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times, most recently in 2007. The university's swim teams have gained international recognition, with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with the coach Frank Busch who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for a number of years. Both men and women's swim teams recently[when?] won the NCAA National Championships.

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?


Answer: 12

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?


Answer: 8

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?


Answer: Frank Busch

Question: Who coaches the University of Arizona's swim team?


Answer: Sean Miller

Question: Who coaches the University of Arizona men's basketball team?


Answer: Reno, Nevada

Context: The Tucson Padres played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium from 2011 to 2013. They served as the AAA affiliate of the San Diego Padres. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido. Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium, so they moved to El Paso, Texas for the 2014 season. Previously, the Tucson Sidewinders, a triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks, won the Pacific Coast League championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders played in Tucson Electric Park and were in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to Reno, Nevada after the 2008 season. They now compete as the Reno Aces.

Question: Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?


Answer: Tucson Padres

Question: What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?


Answer: awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido

Question: Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?


Answer: El Paso, Texas

Question: Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through?


Answer: Reno Aces

Question: What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?


Answer: Tucson Raceway Park

Context: Tracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there. The racetrack is threatened by development. The Moltacqua racetrack, was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail, but it no longer exists.

Question: Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?


Answer: quarter horse races

Question: What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?


Answer: Moltacqua racetrack

Question: What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists?


Answer: Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail

Question: What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now?


Answer: two

Question: How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona?


Answer: The League of American Bicyclists

Context: The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.

Question: Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?


Answer: in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving

Question: When does El Tour de Tucson happen?


Answer: Perimeter Bicycling

Question: Who runs El Tour de Tucson?


Answer: as many as 10,000

Question: How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?


Answer: nine

Question: How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?


Answer: Democratic

Context: In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.

Question: Which political party does Tucson usually support?


Answer: Republican

Question: Which political party does Phoenix usually support?


Answer: three

Question: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?


Answer: Raul Grijalva

Question: Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?


Answer: Martha McSally

Question: Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?


Answer: September

Context: Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2013).

Question: When is Tucson's city council primary?


Answer: four-year

Question: How long are Tucson's city council terms?


Answer: November

Question: When is Tucson's city council general election?


Answer: 1, 2, and 4

Question: Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?


Answer: 3, 5, and 6

Question: Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?


Answer: 1985

Context: Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Question: When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?


Answer: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter

Question: What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?


Answer: 64¢ per registered voter

Question: What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?


Answer: San Francisco and New York City

Question: What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?


Answer: 200

Question: How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?


Answer: Arizona Daily Star

Context: Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.

Question: What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?


Answer: The Daily Territorial

Question: What is Tucson's daily legal paper?


Answer: 10/13 Communications

Question: Who publishes Tucson Weekly?


Answer: Boulder, Colo.

Question: Where is 10/13 based?


Answer: The Arizona Daily Wildcat

Question: What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?


Answer: KVOA 4

Context: The Tucson metro area is served by many local television stations and is the 68th largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 433,310 homes (0.39% of the total U.S.). It is limited to the three counties of southeastern Arizona (Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise) The major television networks serving Tucson are: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KMSB-TV 11 (Fox), KOLD-TV 13 (CBS), KTTU 18 (My Network TV) and KWBA 58 (The CW). KUAT-TV 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona (as is sister station KUAS 27).

Question: What is Tucson's NBC station?


Answer: KGUN 9

Question: What is Tucson's ABC station?


Answer: KMSB-TV 11

Question: What is Tucson's Fox station?


Answer: KOLD-TV 13

Question: What is Tucson's CBS station?


Answer: KUAT-TV 6

Question: What is Tucson's PBS station?


Answer: Tucson Electric Power

Context: Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.

Question: Who runs Tucson's main power plant?


Answer: Interstate-10

Question: What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?


Answer: coal and natural gas

Question: What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?


Answer: 1962

Question: When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?


Answer: over 300

Question: How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?


Answer: Agriculture (including golf courses)

Context: Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem in Tucson, with its high desert climate, is potable water supply. The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). The primary consumer of water is Agriculture (including golf courses), which consumes about 69% of all water. Municipal (which includes residential use) accounts for about 25% of use. Energy consumption and availability is another sustainability issue. However, with over 300 days of full sun a year, Tucson has demonstrated its potential to be an ideal solar energy producer.

Question: How is most of Tucson's water used?


Answer: 69%

Question: How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?


Answer: 25%

Question: How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?


Answer: over 300

Question: How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?


Answer: Arizona Department of Water Resources

Question: What agency manages Tucson's water?


Answer: running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer

Context: In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants, but it is only used for "applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses." These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.

Question: How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?


Answer: irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses

Question: What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?


Answer: more than 27 years

Question: How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?


Answer: Central Arizona Project Aqueduct

Context: To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.

Question: What is the CAP?


Answer: more than 300 mi (480 km)

Question: How long is the CAP?


Answer: Colorado River

Question: What water source feeds the CAP?


Answer: Avra Valley aquifer

Question: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?


Answer: over 80

Question: How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?


Answer: 3.9-mile

Context: Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.

Question: How long is the Sun Link?


Answer: Sun Tran

Question: What is Tucson's bus system called?


Answer: the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service

Question: What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?


Answer: 1988 and 2005

Question: When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?


Answer: streetcar

Question: What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?


Answer: its flat terrain and dry climate

Context: Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was awarded a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists in 2006.

Question: Why is cycling popular in Tucson?


Answer: a network of seven linear parks

Question: What is The Loop?


Answer: over 100

Question: How many miles of trails are in The Loop?


Answer: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

Question: What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?


Answer: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths

Question: What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?


Answer: democratic

Context: Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century.

Question: What kind of government does Armenia have?


Answer: Christianity

Question: What religion did Armenia support?


Answer: Tigranes the Great

Question: Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?


Answer: Byzantine and Sasanian

Question: What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?


Answer: 860 BC

Question: When was Urartu created?


Answer: Ottoman and successive Iranian empires

Context: Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and successive Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence from the Russian empire, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Question: Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?


Answer: Russian Empire

Question: Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?


Answer: World War I

Question: When did the Armenian Genocide occure?


Answer: 1920

Question: When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?


Answer: 1991

Question: When did Armenia gain its independence?


Answer: Aram

Context: The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina ( ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.

Question: What name did Armenia gain it's name from?


Answer: 401 BC

Question: When did Xenophon visit Armenia?


Answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

Question: Who first referenced the Armenians?


Answer: Persians

Question: What language does Armenias resemble most?


Answer: 782 BC

Context: Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.

Question: When was the capital of Armenia established?


Answer: Yerevan

Question: What is the capital of Armenia?


Answer: Yerevan

Question: The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?


Answer: King Argishti I

Question: Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?


Answer: King Artaxias I

Context: During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.

Question: Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?


Answer: Achaemenid Empire

Question: What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?


Answer: between 95 and 66 BC

Question: When did Armenia reach it's peak?


Answer: Tigranes the Great

Question: Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?


Answer: Tiridates I

Context: In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the eponymous Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including the Assyrians (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of the Assyrian Empire reached as far as Armenia & the Caucasus Mountains), Medes, Achaemenid Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sassanid Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, Ottomans, successive Iranian Safavids, Afsharids, and Qajars, and the Russians.

Question: Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?


Answer: strategic location between two continents

Question: What made Armenia so easily invadable?


Answer: Ashurbanipal

Question: Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC?


Answer: 428–636

Context: After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.

Question: When was the Marzpanate era?


Answer: 884

Question: When did the Principality of Armenia end?


Answer: King Ashot I Bagratuni

Question: Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?


Answer: Dvin

Question: Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?


Answer: Prince of Armenia

Question: Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?


Answer: the Byzantine Empire

Context: In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.

Question: Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?


Answer: 1071

Question: When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?


Answer: 6 January 1198

Question: When was Cilicia founded?


Answer: conquered Armenia

Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?


Answer: Tarsus of Cilicia

Question: Where did Roupen find refuge?


Answer: the Zakarid

Context: The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid noble family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent Armenian principality in Northern and Eastern Armenia, known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The noble family of Orbelians shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the Armenian family of Hasan-Jalalians controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh.

Question: Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?


Answer: Zakarid Armenia

Question: What principality did the Zakarid family form?


Answer: Syunik and Vayots Dzor

Question: What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?


Answer: Artsakh and Utik

Question: What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?


Answer: early 12th century

Question: When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?


Answer: Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire

Context: In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule.

Question: Which empires seperated Armenia?


Answer: Ottoman

Question: Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?


Answer: Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires

Question: Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?


Answer: century

Question: How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?


Answer: 80,000 to 300,000

Context: While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II, in response, organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."

Question: How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896


Answer: pushing for more rights

Question: What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?


Answer: "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."

Question: What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?


Answer: Hamidian massacres

Question: What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?


Answer: Muslim

Question: What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?


Answer: Dashnaktsutyun

Context: During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.

Question: What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?


Answer: creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia

Question: What was the Dashnaks objective?


Answer: fedayi

Question: Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?


Answer: 1890s

Question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?


Answer: April 1909

Context: The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

Question: When did the Adana massacre take place?


Answer: 20,000–30,000

Question: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?


Answer: 1908

Question: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?


Answer: Young Turk Revolution

Question: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?


Answer: 1914

Question: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?


Answer: World War I

Context: When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

Question: What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?


Answer: 29 May 1915

Question: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?


Answer: Russian Army

Question: Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?


Answer: Anatolia

Question: Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?


Answer: state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide

Context: The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.

Question: What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?


Answer: two phases

Question: How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?


Answer: killing of the able-bodied male population

Question: What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?


Answer: deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm

Question: What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?


Answer: Syrian desert

Question: Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?


Answer: 600,000

Context: Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.

Question: How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??


Answer: Turkish authorities

Question: Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?


Answer: between 1 and 1.5 million

Question: What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?


Answer: Arnold J. Toynbee

Question: Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?


Answer: 24th May 1916

Question: When was Toynbee's report put together?


Answer: Nikolai Yudenich

Context: Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

Question: Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?


Answer: Andranik Ozanian

Question: Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?


Answer: 1917

Question: When was the Bolshevik Revolution?


Answer: Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan

Question: Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?


Answer: May 1918

Question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?


Answer: 10 August 1920

Context: At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.

Question: When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?


Answer: Wilsonian Armenia

Question: What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?


Answer: President Woodrow Wilson

Question: Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?


Answer: 5 August 1920

Question: When did Cilicia declare independence?


Answer: Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire

Question: Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?


Answer: 2 December 1920

Context: In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.

Question: When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?


Answer: Alexandropol

Question: What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?


Answer: 4 December

Question: When did the Armenian republic breakdown?


Answer: Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze

Question: Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?


Answer: 1920

Question: What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?


Answer: 4 March 1922

Context: Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.

Question: When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?


Answer: Batumi

Question: The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?


Answer: sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır

Question: What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?


Answer: Bolshevist Russia

Question: Who annexed Armenia?


Answer: Moscow

Context: The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.

Question: Who provided the Armenians with supplies?


Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?


Answer: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR

Question: Which three parts make up the TSFSR?


Answer: 1936

Question: When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?


Answer: Nikita Khruschev

Context: Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Question: Who succeeded Stalin?


Answer: 1967

Question: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?


Answer: 1955

Question: When did Vazgen acquire his position?


Answer: 1953

Question: When did Stalin pass away?


Answer: Yerevan

Question: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?


Answer: 1988

Context: During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

Question: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?


Answer: 484,000

Question: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?


Answer: 1923

Question: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?


Answer: Stalin

Question: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?


Answer: New Armenian Army

Context: Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.

Question: What does NAA stand for?


Answer: May 1990

Question: When was the NAA formed?


Answer: the MVD

Question: Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?


Answer: five Armenians

Question: How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?


Answer: Sovetashen

Context: Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.

Question: Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?


Answer: Armenia

Question: Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?


Answer: 17 March 1991

Question: When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?


Answer: 1993

Context: Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.

Question: When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?


Answer: rail traffic

Question: How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?


Answer: Azerbaijan

Question: Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?


Answer: a railway and air blockade

Question: What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?


Answer: 85%

Question: What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?


Answer: 1994

Context: The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.

Question: When did the Karabakh War end?


Answer: Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Question: What does OSCE stand for?


Answer: Turkey and Azerbaijan

Question: Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?


Answer: 30,000

Question: How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?


Answer: Karabakh Armenian forces

Question: Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?


Answer: 7

Context: International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress).

Question: What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?


Answer: 5.21

Question: What Democracy Score does Armenia have?


Answer: Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime

Question: What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?


Answer: polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places

Question: What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?


Answer: Turkey and Azerbaijan

Context: Armenia presently maintains good relations with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. The border between the two rival countries remains closed up to this day, and a permanent solution for the conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the OSCE.

Question: With who does Armenia have bad relations?


Answer: closed

Question: Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?


Answer: 1990s

Question: When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?


Answer: 1993

Context: Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.

Question: When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?


Answer: Turkey

Question: Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?


Answer: 1991

Question: When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?


Answer: Turkish business lobby

Question: Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?


Answer: 10 October 2009

Context: On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the required by legislation approval of the Constitutional Court and was sent to the parliament for the final ratification. The President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of the political majority of Armenia he assured the ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".

Question: When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?


Answer: Turkey

Question: Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border?


Answer: national parliaments

Question: Who ratifies protocols in Armenia?


Answer: continuously added more preconditions to its ratification

Question: How did Turkey thwart the ratification of these protocols?


Answer: Gyumri

Context: Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. It maintains good relations with the United States especially through its Armenian diaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country.

Question: Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?


Answer: 427,822

Question: How many Armenians reside in the United States?


Answer: as a deterrent against Turkey

Question: Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?


Answer: Armenian government

Question: Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri?


Answer: 64%

Context: Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favor of joining the EU. Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, some[who?] predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years.[citation needed] In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement.

Question: How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU?


Answer: a NATO-led international force in Kosovo

Question: What is KFOR?


Answer: France and Greece

Question: What are some states join Armenia in the Council of Europe?


Answer: in a few years

Question: When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it?


Answer: 1991

Context: The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov.

Question: When was the Armenian military created?


Answer: 1992

Question: When was the Ministry of Defence founded?


Answer: The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard

Question: What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?


Answer: Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov

Question: Who is in charge of the the Armenian military?


Answer: Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan

Question: Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence?


Answer: Collective Security Treaty Organisation

Context: Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATO KFOR troops under Greek command. Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008.

Question: What does CSTO stand for?


Answer: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council

Question: What does EAPC stand for?


Answer: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

Question: Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO?


Answer: October 2008

Question: When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq?


Answer: 915

Context: Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007[update], Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community. Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.

Question: How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?


Answer: twelve

Question: How many districts does Yerevan have?


Answer: rural

Question: Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?


Answer: bnakavayr

Question: What is the Armenian term for settlment?


Answer: Intel Corporation

Context: The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Recently, the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia, in addition to other technology companies, signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia.

Question: What group is opening a research center in Armenia?


Answer: technology industry

Question: As opposed to an industry-based economy, what industry is Armenia moving to?


Answer: investment and support from Armenians abroad

Question: The Arnmenian economy depends primarily on what?


Answer: chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile

Question: What did Armenias industry-based economy consist of?


Answer: After

Context: Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilized and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.

Question: Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?


Answer: food security needs

Question: Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?


Answer: 40%

Question: How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s?


Answer: 20%

Question: How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently?


Answer: more than 25,000

Context: Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.

Question: How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?


Answer: 1988

Question: When was the Spitak earthquake?


Answer: 60%

Question: How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993


Answer: the dram

Question: What is the national currency of Armenia?


Answer: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Context: Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.

Question: What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?


Answer: 1995

Question: Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?


Answer: economic reforms

Question: What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?


Answer: precious-stone processing

Question: What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?


Answer: International Monetary Fund

Context: This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.

Question: What does IMF stand for?


Answer: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Question: What dos EBRD stand for?


Answer: international financial institutions

Question: What does IFI stand for?


Answer: $1.1 billion

Question: How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?


Answer: 5 February 2003

Question: When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?


Answer: 15%

Context: A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which currently stands at around 15%, still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.

Question: What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?


Answer: refugees from the Karabakh conflict

Question: To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?


Answer: June 1994

Question: When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?


Answer: 1997

Question: When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?


Answer: 35%

Context: In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 population were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. In 1989 some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education. In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. Another seventy specialized secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities. In addition, 35% of eligible children attended preschools. In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, Yerevan State University, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law. Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students. The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933.

Question: What percent of Armenian children go to preschool?


Answer: Yerevan State University

Question: What is Armenia's biggest University?


Answer: 1933

Question: When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open?


Answer: 10,000

Question: How many students did Yerevan State University have in 1992?


Answer: 1,300

Question: How many teachers did Yerevan State University have in 1992?


Answer: 1980

Context: On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

Question: When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?


Answer: 1930

Question: When was the Medical Institute formed?


Answer: 1995

Question: When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?


Answer: Mkhitar Heratsi

Question: Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?


Answer: Mkhitar Heratsi

Question: Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?


Answer: WHO

Context: Foreign students' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Medical Institution corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff for not only Armenia and neighbor countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, but also many other leading countries all over the world. A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation study together with Armenian students. Nowadays the university is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutions and takes its honorable place in the World Directory of Medical Schools published by the WHO.

Question: Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?


Answer: 1957

Question: When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created?


Answer: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation

Question: Armenian students attend YMSU with foreign students from where?


Answer: One Laptopschool Per child

Context: Other educational institutions in Armenia include the American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan. The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law, among others. The institution owes its existence to the combined efforts of the Government of Armenia, the Armenian General Benevolent Union, U.S. Agency for International Development, and the University of California. The extension programs and the library at AUA form a new focal point for English-language intellectual life in the city. Armenia also hosts a deployment of OLPC – One Laptopschool Per child XO laptop-tablet schools.

Question: What does OLPC stand for?


Answer: American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan

Question: What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia?


Answer: Business and Law

Question: What are some of the graduate programs available at AUA?


Answer: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun

Context: Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

Question: What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?


Answer: Saint Mesrop Mashtots

Question: Who created the Armenian alphabet?


Answer: Aram Khatchaturian

Question: Who composed the Sabre Dance?


Answer: the Armenian chant

Question: What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?


Answer: Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments

Context: The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated.

Question: What is kef?


Answer: preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia

Question: What did kef help do?


Answer: Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries

Question: Where did the Armenians emigrate from?


Answer: Richard Hagopian

Context: Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.

Question: Who is the most well know kef artist?


Answer: American Big Band Jazz

Question: What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?


Answer: the 1960s and 1970s

Question: When did Armenian pop music become popular?


Answer: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian

Question: Who were some Armenian pop artists?


Answer: pianist

Context: Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Question: What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?


Answer: heavy metal

Question: What type of band was System of a Down?


Answer: Armenian revolutionary songs

Question: What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?


Answer: Armenian history and national heroes

Question: What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?


Answer: jewellery and ornamental objects

Context: Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus specialty. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage.

Question: What is Obsidian used for?


Answer: nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes

Question: What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?


Answer: woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims

Question: What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?


Answer: arts and crafts market

Question: What is Vernissage?


Answer: more than 16,000

Context: The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales.

Question: How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?


Answer: The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum

Question: Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan?


Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?


Answer: Lake Sevan

Context: A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practiced on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games.

Question: Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?


Answer: chess, weightlifting and wrestling

Question: What international sports has Armenia done well at?


Answer: Ice Hockey Federation

Question: What does IIHF stand for?


Answer: Pan-Armenian Games

Question: Which Games does Armenia hold?


Answer: gymnastics

Context: Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:

Question: What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?


Answer: two golds and two silvers

Question: What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?


Answer: Helsinki

Question: Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?


Answer: 1992

Question: What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?


Answer: FC Ararat Yerevan team

Context: Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League.

Question: What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?


Answer: FC Bayern Munich

Question: Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?


Answer: 44th

Question: What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?


Answer: eight teams

Question: How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?


Answer: the Armenian government

Context: Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling center was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.

Question: Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?


Answer: 2005

Question: What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?


Answer: $700,000

Question: What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?


Answer: $9.3 million

Question: How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?


Answer: $1.9 million

Question: How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?


Answer: eastern and Mediterranean cuisine

Context: Armenian cuisine is as ancient as the history of Armenia, a combination of different tastes and aromas. The food often has quite a distinct aroma. Closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine, various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves.

Question: What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?


Answer: quality of the ingredients

Question: What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?


Answer: various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits

Question: What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?


Answer: main ingredient as well as to sour food

Question: What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?


Answer: Bacteria

Context: Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

Question: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?


Answer: spheres to rods and spirals

Question: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?


Answer: few micrometres

Question: When is the typical lenght for bacteria?


Answer: present in most of its habitats

Question: What environments can bacteria live?


Answer: symbiotic and parasitic relationships

Question: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?


Answer: 40 million bacterial cells

Context: There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

Question: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?


Answer: million bacterial cells

Question: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?


Answer: by converting dissolved compounds

Question: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?


Answer: Mariana Trench

Question: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?


Answer: thrive inside rocks

Question: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?


Answer: ten times as many bacterial cells

Context: There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

Question: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?


Answer: the immune system

Question: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?


Answer: pathogenic

Question: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?


Answer: respiratory infections

Question: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?


Answer: farming

Question: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?


Answer: prokaryotes

Context: Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

Question: What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?


Answer: nucleus

Question: What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?


Answer: 1990s

Question: When did the scientific classification change?


Answer: Bacteria and Archaea

Question: What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?


Answer: 4 billion years ago

Context: The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.

Question: When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?


Answer: most organisms were microscopic

Question: Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?


Answer: bacterial fossils

Question: What are Stromatolites?


Answer: archaeal/eukaryotic lineage

Question: What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?


Answer: mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms

Question: How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?


Answer: one-tenth the size

Context: Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

Question: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?


Answer: morphologies

Question: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?


Answer: 0.7 mm

Question: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?


Answer: genus Mycoplasma

Question: What are one of the smallest bacteria?


Answer: not well-studied

Question: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?


Answer: spherical

Context: Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

Question: What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?


Answer: bacilli

Question: What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?


Answer: tightly coiled

Question: What shape Spirochaetes are?


Answer: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section

Question: What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?


Answer: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients

Question: Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?


Answer: diploids (pairs)

Context: Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

Question: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?


Answer: Filamentous bacteria

Question: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?


Answer: Streptococcus

Question: What well known bacteria structure chains?


Answer: clusters

Question: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?


Answer: branched filaments

Question: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?