Answer: 1863

Context: These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

Question: What year did the Football Association form?


Answer: Freemasons' Tavern

Question: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?


Answer: 1871

Question: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?


Answer: eleven

Question: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?


Answer: The Sheffield FA

Question: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?


Answer: FA Cup

Context: The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.

Question: What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?


Answer: 1872

Question: How long has the FA Cup been contested?


Answer: William McGregor

Question: Who founded the worlds first football league?


Answer: 12

Question: How many clubs where in the first football league?


Answer: England

Question: What country is the home of the first football league?


Answer: International Football Association Board

Context: The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.

Question: What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?


Answer: 1886

Question: What year was the IFAB formed?


Answer: Paris

Question: What city was FIFA formed?


Answer: four

Question: How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?


Answer: four

Question: How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?


Answer: Côte d'Ivoire

Context: In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.

Question: In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?


Answer: Bouaké

Question: What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?


Answer: June 1969

Question: When did the Football War happen?


Answer: Yugoslav Wars

Question: Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?


Answer: 1920s

Context: The growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football has faced many struggles. It had a "golden age" in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches; this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December 1969 with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in 1971. The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 and has been held every four years since, while women's football has been an Olympic event since 1996.

Question: What decade is considered the "golden age" of women's football?


Answer: 1996

Question: Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?


Answer: England's Football Association

Question: Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?


Answer: UEFA

Question: In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?


Answer: 1991

Question: What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?


Answer: spherical

Context: Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.

Question: What would you describe the shape of the football?


Answer: eleven

Question: How many players are on each team?


Answer: a draw

Question: What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?


Answer: the coin toss

Question: What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?


Answer: soccer ball

Question: What is another name for the football?


Answer: throw-in restart

Context: The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.

Question: When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?


Answer: offside

Question: A ball cannot be received in what type of position?


Answer: the pitch

Question: throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?


Answer: goalkeepers

Question: Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?


Answer: goalkeeper

Context: In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

Question: Who guards the goal?


Answer: referee

Question: Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?


Answer: physical contact

Question: what is allowed but restricted?


Answer: when the ball has left the field of play

Question: Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?


Answer: 17

Context: There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

Question: How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?


Answer: International Football Association Board (IFAB)

Question: Who maintains the Laws of the Game?


Answer: flexibility

Question: Broad terms in the laws allow for what?


Answer: FIFA

Question: Who publishes the Laws of the Game?


Answer: goalkeeper

Context: Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.

Question: Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?


Answer: substitutes

Question: The maximum amount of players exclude what?


Answer: seven

Question: If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?


Answer: coach

Question: Players are usually strategically placed by who?


Answer: eleven

Question: What is the maximum amount of players allowed?


Answer: kit

Context: The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.

Question: The equipment a player wears is also called a what?


Answer: An athletic supporter and protective cup

Question: What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?


Answer: goalkeeper

Question: Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?


Answer: forbidden

Question: wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?


Answer: Headgear

Question: What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries?


Answer: football pitch

Context: As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.

Question: Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?


Answer: metric

Question: What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?


Answer: English-speaking

Question: The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?


Answer: England

Question: Laws were formulated in what country?


Answer: 100–110 m

Context: The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

Question: What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?


Answer: 2008

Question: In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?


Answer: never

Question: When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented?


Answer: 90–120 m

Question: What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?


Answer: 64–75 m

Question: What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?


Answer: goal line

Context: In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

Question: What is the penalty area marked by?


Answer: penalty kick

Question: a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?


Answer: 16.5 m

Question: how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?


Answer: goalkeeper

Question: Only who can handle the ball with his hands?


Answer: two

Context: A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

Question: How many periods are in a standard football match?


Answer: 45

Question: How long are each period in a standard football match?


Answer: halves

Question: What are the periods in a football match called?


Answer: referee

Question: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?


Answer: 1891

Question: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?


Answer: knockout

Context: In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).

Question: Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?


Answer: 15

Question: Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?


Answer: kicks from the penalty mark

Question: What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?


Answer: Goals scored during extra time

Question: Which goals count to the final score of the game?


Answer: the first goal in extra time

Context: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Question: What is the golden goal?


Answer: France

Question: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?


Answer: the IFAB

Question: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?


Answer: Paraguay

Question: What team did France beat in 1998?


Answer: 1996

Question: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?


Answer: yellow card

Context: The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.

Question: Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?


Answer: A second

Question: How many yellow cards lead to a red card?


Answer: booked

Question: A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?


Answer: Non-players

Question: Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?


Answer: dismissal

Question: What does a red card mean?


Answer: mandatory suspensions

Context: Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.

Question: Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?


Answer: appeals

Question: Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?


Answer: good

Question: Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?


Answer: 1932

Context: There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Question: Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?


Answer: 1996

Question: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?


Answer: 1984

Question: What year were professional players allowed to play in the Summer Olympics?


Answer: Under-23

Question: What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament?


Answer: 1900

Question: What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics?


Answer: European Championship

Context: After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.

Question: What does UEFA Stand for?


Answer: FIFA World Cup

Question: The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?


Answer: contest the FIFA Club World Cup

Question: What do winners of the continental competition get to do?


Answer: African Cup of Nations

Question: What does CAF stand for?


Answer: points

Context: The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division.

Question: What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?


Answer: round-robin

Question: What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?


Answer: promoted to a higher division

Question: What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?


Answer: governing bodies

Question: Who operate league systems?


Answer: relegated to a lower division

Question: What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?


Answer: substitutes

Context: A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.

Question: What is one who replaces a player during a game called?


Answer: three

Question: What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?


Answer: individual football associations

Question: Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?


Answer: George I, George II, George III, and George IV

Context: Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term "Georgian" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.

Question: Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?


Answer: Colonial Revival

Question: What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?


Answer: between 1714 and 1830

Question: Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?


Answer: Neo-Georgian

Question: What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.


Answer: House of Hanover

Question: What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?


Answer: Greece and Rome

Context: The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

Question: What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?


Answer: English vernacular architecture

Question: What type of architecture did Georgian replace?


Answer: the exterior

Question: Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?


Answer: property developers

Context: In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.

Question: During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?


Answer: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol

Question: Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?


Answer: a square of garden

Question: What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?


Answer: all over the English-speaking world

Question: What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?


Answer: generally high

Question: What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?


Answer: architect

Context: The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

Question: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?


Answer: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

Question: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?


Answer: the apprenticeship system

Question: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?


Answer: William Halfpenny

Question: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?


Answer: 1723–1755

Question: What years were William Halfpenny active?


Answer: English Baroque

Context: Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

Question: What style did Georgian succeed?


Answer: James Gibbs

Question: Which architect was a transitional figure?


Answer: The European Grand Tour

Question: What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?


Answer: Vitruvius Britannicus

Question: Which book did Colen Campbell write?


Answer: Giacomo Leoni

Question: What Venetian spent most of his career in England?


Answer: Gothic and Chinoiserie

Context: The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

Question: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?


Answer: European Rococo

Question: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?


Answer: The Regency style

Question: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?


Answer: around 1750

Question: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?


Answer: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke

Question: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?


Answer: its proportion and balance

Context: Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Question: Georgian architecture is characterized by?


Answer: Regularity of housefronts

Question: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?


Answer: lack of symmetry

Question: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?


Answer: ancient Rome or Greece

Question: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?


Answer: Palladian

Context: Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

Question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?


Answer: made wide and relatively shallow

Question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?


Answer: the centre

Question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?


Answer: basement area

Question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?


Answer: mezzanine floor

Question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?


Answer: window tax

Context: Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

Question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?


Answer: the 1670s

Question: When was the sash window developed?


Answer: Corridor plans

Question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?


Answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms

Question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?


Answer: Their height

Question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?


Answer: trees

Context: Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

Question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?


Answer: domes

Question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?


Answer: pediment

Question: What often topped pilasters of columns?


Answer: geometrical or plant-based

Question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?


Answer: Internal courtyards

Question: What aspect of buildings became very rare?


Answer: Inside ornament

Context: Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.

Question: Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?


Answer: chimneypiece

Question: What was the typical main focus of rooms?


Answer: Plasterwork ceilings

Question: What type of ceilings became commonplace?


Answer: Wood-panelling

Question: What fell out of favor during this time?


Answer: China

Question: Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?


Answer: terraced houses

Context: In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

Question: Most town people lived in what type of houses?


Answer: iron railings

Question: What was used to protect the "area"?


Answer: main reception rooms

Question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?


Answer: tall and narrow

Context: Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.

Question: What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?


Answer: 1802

Question: What year did The Albany convert?


Answer: wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building

Question: Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?


Answer: Edinburgh

Question: What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?


Answer: A curving crescent

Question: What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?


Answer: Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood

Context: The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".

Question: What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?


Answer: 1794

Question: A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?


Answer: Sir John Summerson

Question: Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?


Answer: the French Wars

Question: What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?


Answer: Church Building Act of 1818

Context: Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

Question: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?


Answer: maximum audibility, and visibility

Question: What were Anglican churches internally designed for?


Answer: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic

Question: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?


Answer: Galleries

Question: What were common in new churches?


Answer: monuments to the prosperous

Question: Churches filled up with monuments to what?


Answer: Sir William Chambers

Context: Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".

Question: Somerset House was designed by whom?


Answer: 1776

Question: In what year was Somerset House designed?


Answer: "architectural in intention"

Question: Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way?


Answer: surveyors

Question: What was considered a lesser class of designers?


Answer: wood with clapboards

Context: Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.

Question: American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?


Answer: brick or stone

Question: What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?


Answer: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary

Question: Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?


Answer: Baroque

Context: Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

Question: What style did was little represented in British colonies?


Answer: palaces and churches

Question: Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?


Answer: Hammond-Harwood House

Question: What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?


Answer: 1774

Question: What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?


Answer: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy

Question: What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?


Answer: 1840

Context: After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.

Question: What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?


Answer: the Battle of the Styles

Question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?


Answer: early Victorian period

Question: When was the Battle of the Styles contested?


Answer: Federalist Style

Question: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?


Answer: Colonial Revival

Context: In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.

Question: What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?


Answer: United Empire Loyalists

Question: Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?


Answer: John Ostell

Question: What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?


Answer: The Grange

Question: What Toronto building was built in 1817?


Answer: Neo-Georgian

Context: The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.

Question: The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?


Answer: Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters

Question: Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?


Answer: Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons

Question: Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?


Answer: 1950s

Question: Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?


Answer: as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)

Context: The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement. The Black American settlers carried their culture with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States. In January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy free-born Black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.

Question: How did the republic of liberia begin?


Answer: July 26, 1847

Question: When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?


Answer: February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182

Question: When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?


Answer: more than 15,000

Question: How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?


Answer: the United States

Question: What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?


Answer: 27 year

Context: Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.

Question: How long did william tubman rule?


Answer: 1980

Question: In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?


Answer: five years

Question: How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?


Answer: five years

Question: How long was the rule of the national democratic party?


Answer: the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.

Question: What did the liberian civil war result in?


Answer: Western Sudanic Mali Empire

Context: This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

Question: What empire was o the decline on 1375?


Answer: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast

Question: What happened when regions underwent desertification?


Answer: The ethnic Kru

Question: Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?


Answer: the Grand Cape Mount region.

Question: Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?


Answer: a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa.

Context: In the United States, there was a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa. The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders. But its membership grew to include mostly people who supported abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society. Most African Americans, who were native-born by this time, wanted to improve conditions in the United States rather than emigrate. Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment.

Question: What is "the american colonization society"?


Answer: 1816

Question: When was the "american colonization society founded"?


Answer: people who supported abolition of slavery

Question: The "american colonization society" consisted mostly of whom"


Answer: to get free people of color out of the South

Question: What did slave holders want to do?


Answer: improve conditions in the United States

Question: rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what?


Answer: establish a colony for freed African Americans.

Context: In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.

Question: African Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?


Answer: 13,000

Question: By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?


Answer: Americo-Liberians

Question: What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as?


Answer: indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered

Question: Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with?


Answer: cultural tradition

Question: What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?


Answer: indigenous peoples they encountered,

Context: The Americo-Liberian settlers did not identify with the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated "bush." They knew nothing of their cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans. Because of the cultural gap between the groups and assumption of superiority of western culture, the Americo-Liberians envisioned creating a western-style state to which the tribesmen should assimilate. They encouraged religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples.

Question: The americo-liberians did not identify with who?


Answer: violent confrontations.

Question: What were americo-liberians encounters like with tribal Africans"


Answer: the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms.

Question: Who raided the colonial settlements?


Answer: citizenship in their own lands

Question: What did Americo-liberians exclude tribes from?


Answer: to educate the indigenous peoples.

Question: Americo-Liberians set up missions and schools to do what?


Answer: a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group

Context: On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members. The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country. A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression.

Question: Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert?


Answer: April 12, 1980

Question: On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?


Answer: majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.

Question: Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert's death?


Answer: the People's Redemption Council

Question: The coup leaders later became known as?


Answer: corruption and political repression

Question: What was the PRC criticized for ?


Answer: split into various factions fighting one another.

Context: The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another. The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis. From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars ensued, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries. A peace deal between warring parties was reached in 1995, leading to Taylor's election as president in 1997.

Question: What eventually happened to the rebels?


Answer: The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States

Question: Who intervened in the rebel crisis?


Answer: organized a military task force

Question: What did the economic community monitoring group do to intervene in the crisis?


Answer: 1989 to 1996

Question: During what period did the African civil war last?


Answer: 200,000

Question: How many liberians died in the civil war?


Answer: a second rebel group,

Context: In March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast. Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity that same month. By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia. Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement, Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.

Question: What is "Movement For democracy in Liberia"?


Answer: Taylor

Question: Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who?


Answer: Accra in June of that year

Question: where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor?


Answer: for crimes against humanity

Question: Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?


Answer: Monrovia.

Question: Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July, 2003?


Answer: the most free and fair in Liberian history

Context: The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague. In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war.

Question: The 2005 elections were known as what?


Answer: a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance

Question: Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?


Answer: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

Question: Who was elected the first female president of Africa?


Answer: Taylor from Nigeria

Question: Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom"


Answer: Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Question: What was created to address the causes of civil war?


Answer: fifteen

Context: Liberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km2 (737 sq mi). Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.

Question: How many counties is liberia divided into?


Answer: 90

Question: How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into?


Answer: Grand Bassa

Question: What is the oldest county in liberia?


Answer: 1839

Question: When was Grand Bassa founded?


Answer: Gbarpolu

Question: What is Liberia's newest county?


Answer: the Senate and the House of Representatives

Context: The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

Question: What is the legislature composed of?


Answer: 73

Question: How many members are in a house?


Answer: a speaker

Question: Who is the house led by?


Answer: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census

Question: What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among?


Answer: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.

Question: What is the senate made up of?


Answer: Supreme Court

Context: Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace. The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law. An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed.

Question: What is Liberia's highest judicial authority?


Answer: five

Question: How many members are in the Supreme court?


Answer: the Chief Justice of Liberia

Question: Who is the head of the supreme court?


Answer: Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate

Question: How are members chosen for the court?


Answer: until the age of 70

Question: How long do members of the supreme court serve?


Answer: 3.3

Context: Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries. When seeking attention of a selection of service[clarification needed] providers, 89% of Liberians had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.

Question: What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?


Answer: 87th

Question: What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?


Answer: a significant improvement since 2007

Question: What did Liberia's score and ranking on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent?


Answer: scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries

Question: What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?


Answer: 89%

Question: In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?


Answer: printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar

Context: The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar, which is the primary form of currency in Liberia. Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of 15%. GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time). In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world. Historically, the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid, foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore, rubber and timber.

Question: What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for?


Answer: one of the world's poorest countries

Question: What is Liberia considered around the world economically?


Answer: 15%

Question: What is Liberia's employment rate?


Answer: US$496

Question: The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount?


Answer: foreign aid

Question: What does Liberia's economy heavily depends on?


Answer: 1979

Context: Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007. The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.

Question: When did the Liberian economy hit it's peak growth?


Answer: 90%

Question: By what percentage did Liberia's GDP reduced by during the civil war?


Answer: economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.

Question: Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?


Answer: The global financial crisis

Question: Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled in 2007?


Answer: one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.

Question: In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?


Answer: Liberian timber exports

Context: In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.

Question: What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?


Answer: were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.

Question: Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?


Answer: in 2006

Question: When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia?


Answer: 2010

Question: When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization>


Answer: 60%

Question: Liberia's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008?


Answer: of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world

Context: Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby. Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926.

Question: Liberia has the highest ratio of what?


Answer: 16 billion

Question: How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006?


Answer: several multibillion-dollar concession agreements

Question: What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006?


Answer: since 1926

Question: How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia?


Answer: The Kpelle

Context: The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia. Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%. These latter two groups established political control in the 19th century which they kept well into the 20th century.

Question: What is the largest ethnic group in liberia?


Answer: 20%

Question: What percentage of the population are the Kpelle?


Answer: mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia.

Question: Where do the Kpelle reside?


Answer: 1825

Question: When did the decedents of the Congo and Afro-Caribbean arrive in liberia?


Answer: 2.5%

Question: Congo descendants and Afro-Caribbean make of what percentage of liberia's population?


Answer: Liberians and the Lebanese

Context: Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians of European descent reside in the country.[better source needed] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of Black African descent.

Question: There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups?


Answer: a significant mixed-race population

Question: The interracial couples in Liberia result in what?


Answer: in the country

Question: Where do Liberians of European decent live?


Answer: Black African descent.

Question: The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom?


Answer: inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.

Context: In 2010, the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for males and 56.8% for females). In some areas primary and secondary education is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 16, though enforcement of attendance is lax. In other areas children are required to pay a tuition fee to attend school. On average, children attain 10 years of education (11 for boys and 8 for girls). The country's education sector is hampered by inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.

Question: What is Liberia's education system hampered by?


Answer: 10 years

Question: On average children attain how many years of education?


Answer: lax.

Question: How intense is the enforcement of school attendance?


Answer: 60.8%

Question: What was the literacy rate in Liberia in 2010?


Answer: John F. Kennedy Medical Center

Context: Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and several others. Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012. With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010. A number of highly communicable diseases are widespread, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases and malaria. In 2007, the HIV infection rates stood at 2% of the population aged 15–49 whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008. Approximately 58.2% – 66% of women are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation.

Question: What is the name of the hospital in Monrova?


Answer: 57.4 years

Question: What is the life expectancy in Liberia?


Answer: 5.9 births per woman

Question: What was the fertility rate of women in 2012?


Answer: 990 per 100,000 births

Question: What was the maternal mortality rate in 2010?


Answer: 2%

Question: What were the HIV infection rates in 2007?


Answer: textile arts and quilting

Context: Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.

Question: What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?


Answer: 1857 and 1858

Question: In what years did Liberia host national fairs?


Answer: the most well-known Liberian quilters

Question: Who is Martha Ann Ricks?


Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?


Answer: Liberian-made quilt

Question: What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?


Answer: Android and iOS

Context: Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.

Question: Who are Windows main operating system competitors?


Answer: built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot

Question: What new security features does Windows 8 have?


Answer: 3.0

Question: What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?


Answer: an online store for downloading and purchasing new software

Question: What services does the Windows Store provide?


Answer: displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles

Question: What can be found on the Start screen?


Answer: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices

Context: Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.

Question: What about Windows 8 was well received?


Answer: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn

Question: What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?


Answer: 60 million

Question: How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?


Answer: Steven Sinofsky

Context: Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise." Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.

Question: Who is Windows division president?


Answer: before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009

Question: When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?


Answer: new application framework for Windows 8

Question: What is jupiter?


Answer: Consumer Electronics Show

Question: Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?


Answer: Steve Ballmer

Question: Who is Microsofts CEO?


Answer: Blue Screen of Death

Context: Three milestone releases of Windows 8 leaked to the general public. Milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12, 2011. It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left. It was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh... let's not leak our hard work. However, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22, 2010. The leaked copy edition was Enterprise edition. The OS still reads as "Windows 7". Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25, 2011. The traditional Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) was replaced by a new Black screen, although this was later scrapped. This build introduced a new ribbon in Windows Explorer. Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1, 2011. The "Windows 7" logo was temporarily replaced with text displaying "Microsoft Confidential". On June 17, 2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked. It introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final (although the final version comes with smaller circling dots throbber). It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped.

Question: What does BSoD stand for?


Answer: April 12, 2011

Question: When was Milestone 1 divulged?


Answer: It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered

Question: What was special about Milestone 1?


Answer: April 25, 2011

Question: When was Milestone 2 divulged?


Answer: May 1, 2011

Question: When was Build 7959 divulged?


Answer: standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools

Context: The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build. According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release. Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013.

Question: What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?


Answer: Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend

Question: What developer tools did the build have?


Answer: 535,000

Question: How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours?


Answer: January 15, 2013

Question: When did the developer preview expire?


Answer: March 11, 2012

Question: When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire?


Answer: February 29, 2012

Context: On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an "app" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system. Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public. The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times. Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013.

Question: When was the beta version of Windows 8 made available to the public?


Answer: Chaitanya Sareen

Question: Who is the Windows Manager?


Answer: 100,000

Question: How many things were altered after developer version release?


Answer: over one million times

Question: How many times was the Consumer Preview downloaded in the first 24 hours?


Answer: January 15, 2013

Question: When was the Consumer Preview set to expire?


Answer: May 31, 2012

Context: Many other builds were released until the Japan's Developers Day conference, when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June. On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites. On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft. Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer. Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.

Question: When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers?


Answer: January 15, 2013

Question: When was the release preview set to expire?


Answer: addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player

Question: What were the main components of the Release preview?


Answer: 8400

Question: What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview?


Answer: May 28, 2012

Question: When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?


Answer: August 1, 2012

Context: On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200) was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 . Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012 and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day. However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a version for European markets lacking bundled media players to comply with a court ruling) leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later. On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for MSDN and TechNet subscribers. Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012. Windows 8 was made available for students with a DreamSpark Premium subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.

Question: When did Windows 8 manufacturing begin?


Answer: October 25, 2012

Question: When was Microsoft supposed to officially launch Windows 8?


Answer: 9200

Question: What was the final build Microsoft decided to manufacture?


Answer: August 16, 2012

Question: When were Software Assurance consumers allowed access to Windows 8?


Answer: a version for European markets lacking bundled media players

Question: What version of Windows 8 is Enterprise N?


Answer: Relatively few

Context: Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop. Prior to its general availability on October 26, 2012, updates were released for some of Windows 8's bundled apps, and a "General Availability Cumulative Update" (which included fixes to improve performance, compatibility, and battery life) was released on Tuesday, October 9, 2012. Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to OEMs and service packs only.

Question: How many things did Microsoft alter after Release Preview?


Answer: October 9, 2012

Question: When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided?


Answer: through Windows Update

Question: How are system improvements released through Windows 8?


Answer: File Explorer

Question: What name did Windows Explorer change to?


Answer: $1.5–1.8 billion

Context: Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its Surface tablet in October 2012, starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14, 2012. Microsoft's advertising budget of US$1.5–1.8 billion was significantly larger than the US$200 million campaign used to promote Windows 95. As part of its campaign, Microsoft set up 34 pop-up stores inside malls (primarily focusing on Surface), provided training for retail employees in partnership with Intel, and collaborated with the electronics store chain Best Buy to design expanded spaces to showcase devices. In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more "personal", Microsoft also developed a character known in English-speaking markets as "Allison Brown", whose fictional profile (including personal photos, contacts, and emails) is also featured on demonstration units of Windows 8 devices.

Question: How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 8?


Answer: $200 million

Question: How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 95?


Answer: Allison Brown

Question: What is the name of the character Microsoft used to make Windows 8 seem more personable?


Answer: October 2012

Question: When did Microsoft begin promoting Windows 8?


Answer: 34

Question: How many pop up stores did Microsoft set up to help promote Windows 8?


Answer: June 12, 2013

Context: In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad, which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisements. On June 12, 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its "Windows Everywhere" campaign, which promoted Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform.

Question: When was the first game of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals?


Answer: the iPad

Question: Who did Windows 8 mock in their television campaign?


Answer: Windows Everywhere

Question: What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign?


Answer: Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services

Question: What three things did the Windows Everywhere campaign emphasize on?


Answer: hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot

Context: New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new "Hybrid Boot" mode (which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot), a new lock screen with a clock and notifications, and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows (known as Windows To Go). Windows 8 also adds native support for USB 3.0 devices, which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices, and hard disk 4KB Advanced Format support, as well as support for near field communication to facilitate sharing and communication between devices.

Question: What happens during Hybrid Boot mode?


Answer: faster data transfers and improved power management

Question: What are the benefits of USB 3.0?


Answer: to facilitate sharing and communication between devices

Question: What is the point of near field communications?


Answer: live USB versions of Windows

Question: What is Windows to Go?


Answer: clock and notifications

Question: What features were added to the lock screen?


Answer: a ribbon

Context: Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.

Question: What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?


Answer: File Explorer

Question: What is the new name of Windows Explorer?


Answer: allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device

Question: What does file history make possible?


Answer: provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files

Question: What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?


Answer: indicating the level of resource usage

Context: Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes. Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.

Question: What is the point of using different colors on a heat map?


Answer: a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed

Question: What changes were made to the BSoD?


Answer: applications, background processes and Windows processes

Question: What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented?


Answer: search the web

Question: How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes?


Answer: PINs and picture passwords

Context: New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords), the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials). SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows, Family Safety offers Parental controls, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed "critical" by the company.

Question: What new security features did Windows 8 provide?


Answer: touchscreens

Question: What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?


Answer: allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls

Question: What options do Parental controls provide?


Answer: "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive

Question: What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?


Answer: November 13, 2012

Question: When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?


Answer: uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system

Context: Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.

Question: How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?


Answer: must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature

Question: What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?


Answer: secure boot

Question: What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?