Answer: the paradox of specific heats

Context: Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?


Answer: quantum field theory

Question: What theory did Einstein have reservations about?


Answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

Context: In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Question: What is the federation of Australia?


Answer: matters concerning the whole nation.

Question: What was the federal Government responsible for?


Answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force

Question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth of Australia?


Answer: civil unrest and foreign invasions.

Context: The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

Question: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by?


Answer: attempt to reform the government in various

Question: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest?


Answer: either imprisoned or executed outright.

Question: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty?


Answer: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization

Question: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?


Answer: 1912

Context: In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Question: When was the Republic of China established?


Answer: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

Question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?


Answer: Yuan Shikai

Question: Who had control of the Beiyang army?


Answer: Sun Yat-sen

Question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president?


Answer: Beijing, Shikai

Question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?


Answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

Context: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

Question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?


Answer: various warlords

Question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?


Answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

Question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing?


Answer: the Beiyang government

Question: What were the military dominated governments known as?


Answer: around 1927

Question: When did the warlord era end?


Answer: Four years into the 20th century

Context: Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

Question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?


Answer: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

Question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?


Answer: warm water port

Question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?


Answer: over Manchuria and Korea.

Question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians.


Answer: unexpected

Question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?


Answer: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

Context: The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

Question: What is the Edwardian era?


Answer: Second Boer War

Question: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?


Answer: 1906

Question: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?


Answer: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

Question: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?


Answer: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

Question: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?


Answer: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

Context: The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Question: What is The Triple Entente?


Answer: 1907.

Question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?


Answer: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

Question: What was the origin of the war?


Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question: Who was murdered in Austria?


Answer: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,

Question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement?


Answer: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq

Context: However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

Question: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?


Answer: tensions over territory in the Balkans.

Question: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?


Answer: Serbia and Russia

Question: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?


Answer: South-eastern Europe

Question: Where did the Balkan wars take place?


Answer: over the division of the spoils

Question: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?


Answer: 1914

Context: The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.

Question: When did the first World War begin?


Answer: British Empire, France, Russia

Question: Who led the Allied powers?


Answer: Japan and the United States

Question: Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??


Answer: Triple Entente

Question: What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?


Answer: four empires

Question: How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?


Answer: along the Western Front

Context: Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front, within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and—for the first time—from the air. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. Notably, more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities. The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war, severe overcrowding in barracks, wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings, and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic.

Question: Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?


Answer: a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland.

Question: What is the Western Front?


Answer: On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network

Question: What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?


Answer: More than 9 million

Question: How many soldiers died? in World War I?


Answer: from the air.

Question: Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?


Answer: mid-19th century's

Context: Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Question: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?


Answer: 20 years later.

Question: How many years after world war I did world war II start?


Answer: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Question: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?


Answer: Syria and Lebanon

Question: Who did The League of Nations grant France mandates over?


Answer: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.

Question: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about?


Answer: a red faction revolution

Context: The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.

Question: What event happened in October of 1917?


Answer: the Russian Provisional Government was established.

Question: What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?


Answer: armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg

Question: What happened during the red faction revolution?


Answer: the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.

Question: What is the Russian Revolution?


Answer: 1917

Context: Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk. As a condition for peace, the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. Vladimir Lenin's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, upset at:

Question: When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?


Answer: huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire

Question: What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?


Answer: the German Empire

Question: Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?


Answer: his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II

Question: What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by?


Answer: Western Allies

Question: Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?


Answer: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

Context: The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

Question: Where did Soviets under the rule of the Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?


Answer: demobilized

Question: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?


Answer: volunteer-based Red Guard

Question: What was Bolshevik's main military force?


Answer: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.

Question: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?


Answer: as "military specialists"

Question: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized?


Answer: Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army.

Context: The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces, yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War. Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war, including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards, and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 (e.g., Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, Basmachi Revolt, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East).

Question: Who was the principal fighting between?


Answer: 1918 to 1920

Question: In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?


Answer: General Pyotr Wrangel

Question: What general was defeated in 1920?


Answer: 25 October 1922

Question: When did the major military operation end?


Answer: Far East

Question: Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?


Answer: rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.

Context: The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Question: What did the May Fourth movement help do?


Answer: a rival military government in Guangzhou

Question: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.


Answer: aid

Question: What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?


Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?


Answer: by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.

Question: How did the Soviets try to befriend the Chinese Revolutionist?


Answer: social and societal upheaval

Context: In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

Question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?


Answer: The Jazz Age

Question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?


Answer: North America

Question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?


Answer: Europe

Question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" spread to after the war?


Answer: an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.

Question: what did the "Jazz Age" usher in?


Answer: 1923

Context: Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

Question: When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur?


Answer: Wall Street

Question: Who invested in European debts?


Answer: American mass-produced goods

Question: Europe has a large market for what?


Answer: the onset of the Great Depression

Context: Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

Question: What changed worldwide property drasrically?


Answer: 1929

Question: In what year did The wall Street crash occur?


Answer: 1930s or early 1940s

Question: When did the great Depression end?


Answer: a worldwide economic downturn

Question: What is the Great Depression?


Answer: 20th century

Question: The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?


Answer: virtually every country

Context: The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

Question: Where did the depression cause negative effects?


Answer: by half to two-thirds,

Question: How much did international trade fall?


Answer: virtually halted in many countries

Question: What happened to construction during the Depression?


Answer: 60 percent

Question: How far did crop prices fall?


Answer: 1941

Context: The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

Question: When did Americas Great Depression end?


Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to?


Answer: nationalist demagogues

Question: In some world states who did the people turn to?


Answer: the rise of Nazism

Question: What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?


Answer: after the First World War

Context: The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Question: When was The League of Nations created?


Answer: radical change in the international order

Question: What was the Interwar period marked by?


Answer: the League of Nations

Question: What institution was meant to bring stability?


Answer: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Question: What effect did the undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?


Answer: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States

Question: Who undermined The League Of Nations?


Answer: Japan

Context: A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

Question: Who was first to invade Manchuria?


Answer: Italy invaded Abyssinia

Question: What is the Abyssinian crisis?


Answer: one of the only free African nations at that time

Question: What is Abyssinia?


Answer: 1935/36

Question: When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?


Answer: Italy

Question: Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?


Answer: September 1931

Context: Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

Question: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?


Answer: ex-Qing emperor Puyi

Question: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?


Answer: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,

Question: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?


Answer: 1940

Question: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify?


Answer: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

Question: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist?


Answer: embargoes

Context: The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan. With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940–41, and with the continuing war in China, the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil, which were vitally needed for the war effort. The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource-rich, European-controlled colonies of South East Asia—specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question: What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?


Answer: The Second Sino-Japanese War

Question: What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?


Answer: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question: Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with?


Answer: strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil

Question: What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?


Answer: Pearl Harbor

Context: On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

Question: Where did Japan attack the United States?


Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

Question: What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?


Answer: December 7, 1941

Question: When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?


Answer: "Four Policemen"

Question: What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"


Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

Question: Who were the victors of World War II?


Answer: 62 million

Context: It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

Question: What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?


Answer: About 60%

Question: What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?


Answer: The former Soviet Union and China

Question: What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?


Answer: 16%,

Question: What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?


Answer: 23 million

Question: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?


Answer: was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted"

Context: The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans.

Question: What is the Holocaust?


Answer: during World War II

Question: During what word event did the Holocaust happen?


Answer: Nazi regime in Germany.

Question: Who is responsible for the Holocaust?


Answer: propaganda

Question: How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?


Answer: before the war even started

Question: When did the suffering of the Jews begin?


Answer: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

Context: After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

Question: What was Europe split into after World War II?


Answer: United States and the Soviet Union.

Question: Who battled in the cold war?


Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Question: What does the term NATO represent?


Answer: led to its democratization.

Question: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?


Answer: the People's Republic of China.

Question: What did China name themselves after the war?


Answer: a factor of five

Context: Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

Question: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?


Answer: two decades

Question: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?


Answer: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider

Question: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?


Answer: brutal dictatorships

Context: Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

Question: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?


Answer: wars

Question: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?


Answer: democratization

Question: What did increased communications lead contribute to?


Answer: the Information Age

Question: What time period did technological advances lead to?


Answer: Soviet Socialist Republics

Context: The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.

Question: what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?


Answer: the Warsaw Pact

Question: What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?


Answer: "containment"

Question: The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?


Answer: rebuilding of western Europe

Question: What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?


Answer: the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,

Question: What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?


Answer: 1948–1949

Context: The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

Question: Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade last?


Answer: heightened tension and relative calm.

Question: What types of periods did the cold war see?


Answer: 1950–1953)

Question: Through what time period did the Korean War last?


Answer: 1959–1975

Question: Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?


Answer: 1962

Question: When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?


Answer: 1980s and the early 1990s

Context: The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.

Question: During what time was the cold war close to happening?


Answer: diplomatic, military, and economic pressure

Question: What did the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?


Answer: severe economic stagnation

Question: What was the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?


Answer: introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.

Question: What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?


Answer: 1991

Question: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?


Answer: in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence

Context: In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. In the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies.

Question: What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?


Answer: to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.

Question: Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?


Answer: leftist dissidents

Question: The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?


Answer: their democracies.

Question: What did all countries restore in the 1990's


Answer: South American countries

Question: Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970"s?


Answer: a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

Context: The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.

Question: What is the space age?


Answer: the Soviet Union.

Question: Who launched Sputnik 1?


Answer: 98.1 minutes

Question: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?


Answer: The Space Age

Question: What did Sputnik 1 usher in?


Answer: 500 million

Question: How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?


Answer: excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Context: The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

Question: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?


Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

Question: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?


Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

Question: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?


Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

Question: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?


Answer: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Question: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?


Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

Question: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?


Answer: the relationship among the states

Context: Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".

Question: What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?


Answer: the power to admit new states to the union

Question: Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?


Answer: legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: What does the states' requirement to give "full faith and credit" help recognize?


Answer: military and civil defense

Question: What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?


Answer: guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government

Question: What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?


Answer: Article IV, Section Three

Question: What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?


Answer: the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: What does the concept of "full faith and credit" protect?


Answer: admit new states to the union

Question: Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?


Answer: military and civil defense

Question: What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?


Answer: Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States

Context: Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.

Question: What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?


Answer: 54%

Question: What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?


Answer: 61%

Question: What percentage of voters supported statehood?


Answer: December 11, 2012

Question: When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?


Answer: end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state

Question: What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?


Answer: Puerto Rico

Question: What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?


Answer: 54%

Question: What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?


Answer: December 11, 2012

Question: When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?


Answer: Since 1898

Context: Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

Question: How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?


Answer: a Resident Commissioner

Question: Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?


Answer: The 110th Congress

Question: Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?


Answer: on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation

Question: What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?


Answer: U.S. federal taxes

Context: Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

Question: What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?


Answer: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes

Question: What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?


Answer: Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.

Question: How else can they serve the U.S.?


Answer: 52

Question: How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?


Answer: Spanish–American War

Context: Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.

Question: In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?


Answer: Spain

Question: What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?


Answer: since 1917

Question: How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?


Answer: republican

Question: What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?


Answer: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

Context: This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

Question: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?


Answer: 1951

Question: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?


Answer: 1952

Question: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?


Answer: Privileges and Immunities Clause

Question: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?


Answer: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Context: Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

Question: How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?


Answer: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

Question: What title does the country have?


Answer: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

Question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?


Answer: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution

Question: What is the island under jurisdiction of?


Answer: 54 percent

Context: In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

Question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?


Answer: 61 percent

Question: What percentage of voters preferred statehood?


Answer: one in four voters

Question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?


Answer: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included

Question: What argument do those opposing statehood use?


Answer: The Hill

Context: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

Question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?


Answer: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

Question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?


Answer: November 8, 2012

Question: When was that article published?


Answer: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez

Question: What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?


Answer: Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño

Context: Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

Question: What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?


Answer: Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla

Question: What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?


Answer: wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama

Question: How did these politicians voice their concerns?


Answer: the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved

Question: What was the White House stance?


Answer: On May 15, 2013

Context: On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union," asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the US Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.

Question: When was H.R. 2000 introduced?


Answer: a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.

Question: What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?


Answer: the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state

Question: What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?


Answer: set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union

Question: What would H.R. 2000 do?


Answer: James Madison

Context: Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

Question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?


Answer: Federalist No. 43

Question: Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?


Answer: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

Question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?


Answer: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac

Question: What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?


Answer: "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"

Context: Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

Question: What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?


Answer: their lack of Congressional representation

Question: What does the phrase protest?


Answer: the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates

Question: In what way has the phrase been spread wide?


Answer: at the beginning of his second term

Question: When did Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?


Answer: D.C. Statehood Party

Context: This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

Question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?


Answer: the local Green Party affiliate

Question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?


Answer: 1978

Question: When did the movement get closest to success?


Answer: New Columbia

Question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?


Answer: 1985

Question: When did the drive for statehood falter?


Answer: Guam

Context: Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed "Commonwealth of Prusvi", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as "Puerto Virgo"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the "Greater Hawaii" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.

Question: What is another likely country for statehood?


Answer: United States Virgin Islands

Question: What is another likely country for statehood?


Answer: Radio Australia

Question: What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?


Answer: The Philippines

Context: The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

Question: What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?


Answer: Federalista Party

Question: What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?


Answer: 2004

Question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?


Answer: if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States

Context: In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

Question: What is another connotation for the 51st state label?


Answer: 1988

Question: When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?


Answer: 1992

Question: When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?


Answer: 1999

Question: When did the Clarity Act go into effect?


Answer: Liberals

Context: The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Question: Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?


Answer: In the 1988 federal election

Question: When was this campaign ran?


Answer: Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists

Question: Who erased the border in the ad?


Answer: "Here's where we draw the line."

Question: What was the slogan of this ad?


Answer: 1763

Context: The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

Question: When did Quebec land in British hands?


Answer: 1763

Question: When did Ontario land in British hands?


Answer: the War of 1812

Question: During which the US invade Canada?


Answer: annexing Canada

Question: What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?


Answer: In the late 1940s

Context: In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

Question: When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?


Answer: an independent "responsible government"

Question: What did the Economic Union Party support?


Answer: The movement ultimately failed

Question: What was the result of the 1948 referendum?


Answer: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

Context: In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

Question: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?


Answer: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

Question: What is a negative connotation of the term?


Answer: just 3,846 votes

Question: How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?


Answer: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

Question: What did the other parties receive that year?


Answer: from 1903 to 1979

Context: Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

Question: When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?


Answer: 2001

Question: When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?


Answer: since 1981

Question: When did the British Honduras become Belize?


Answer: Spain

Context: Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist–Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.

Question: What country was Cuba a territory of?


Answer: Maine

Question: What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?


Answer: 1959

Question: When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?


Answer: Marxist–Leninist government

Question: What government did Castro install?


Answer: the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States

Context: Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Question: Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?


Answer: Two Stars for Peace

Question: What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?


Answer: 2003

Question: When was Two Stars for Peace published?


Answer: Alfred de Grazia

Question: Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?


Answer: April 1952

Context: In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa—home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese—and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.

Question: When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?


Answer: over 1 million

Question: How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?


Answer: May 15, 1972

Question: When was Okinawa finally returned?


Answer: as a defense for Japan.

Question: Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?


Answer: 2010

Context: In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo – a US flag with 51 stars – was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Question: When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?


Answer: Paulus Telfer

Question: Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?


Answer: The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America

Question: What does the 51st State Party advocate?


Answer: the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Question: Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?


Answer: Edi Rama,

Context: Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome." At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999.

Question: Who is the mayor of Tirana?


Answer: Edi Rama

Question: Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?


Answer: 1992

Question: When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?


Answer: Camp Bondsteel

Question: What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?


Answer: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

Context: During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Question: When did the US control Greenland?


Answer: $100 million

Question: How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?


Answer: University of Akureyri

Question: What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?


Answer: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Question: What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?


Answer: staunchly pro-American

Context: Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Question: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?


Answer: favorable American intervention in World War I

Question: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?


Answer: a large force

Question: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?


Answer: 40,000 members

Context: The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily, which claimed 40,000 members in 1944, campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state. This party was one of several Sicilian separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July–August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment.

Question: How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?


Answer: for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state

Question: What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?


Answer: 1861

Question: When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?


Answer: July–August 1943

Question: When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?


Answer: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

Context: There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: What are the four categories of terra nullius?


Answer: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

Question: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?


Answer: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: What do the treaties defend against?


Answer: between Egypt and Sudan

Question: Where is Bir Tawil located?


Answer: An antenna

Context: An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Question: What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?


Answer: radio transmitter or radio receiver

Question: What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?


Answer: transmission

Question: What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?


Answer: electromagnetic waves

Question: What else can radio waves be called?


Answer: reception

Question: When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?


Answer: transmission line

Context: Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Question: What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?


Answer: radiate away

Question: During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?


Answer: electrons

Question: What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?


Answer: reception

Question: During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?


Answer: aerial

Context: The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both "antennas" and "antennae" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term "aerial" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.

Question: What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?


Answer: wire antenna

Question: What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?


Answer: antennae

Question: What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?


Answer: antenna

Question: What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?


Answer: Guglielmo Marconi

Context: The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

Question: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?


Answer: 1895

Question: When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?


Answer: raising the "aerial" wire

Question: What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?


Answer: 1.5 mi

Question: How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?


Answer: Antennas

Context: Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio) radio, television, mobile telephones, Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi).

Question: What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?


Answer: speed of light

Question: How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?


Answer: mobile telephones

Question: What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?


Answer: GPS

Question: What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?


Answer: antennas

Question: What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?


Answer: metal rod

Context: One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

Question: What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?


Answer: dipole

Question: What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?


Answer: horizontally

Question: In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?


Answer: null

Question: What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?


Answer: relatively inexpensive

Context: Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an actual contact with the earth.

Question: Are basic antennas expensive?


Answer: dipole antenna

Question: What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?


Answer: monopole antenna

Question: What category do vertical antennas fall under?


Answer: large conductive surface

Question: What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?


Answer: gain of the antenna

Context: Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)

Question: What are different designs aimed at increasing?


Answer: balanced line

Question: What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?


Answer: concentration

Question: Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?


Answer: the transmitter

Question: Where is the power that is distributed originating from?


Answer: two or more

Context: For instance, a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network. This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a "broadside array" (directional normal to a line connecting the elements) or as an "end-fire array" (directional along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical.

Question: How many antenna would make up a phased array?


Answer: relative phase

Question: What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?


Answer: omnidirectional or weakly directional

Question: What are the two standard antenna types?


Answer: parallel

Question: How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?