Answer: Richard Dawkins

Context: In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).

Question: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?


Answer: drives

Question: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?


Answer: one whose pains are well balanced

Question: What would be the most fit creature?


Answer: poor

Question: What type of designer is natural selection?


Answer: risk

Question: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?


Answer: sex

Context: Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with, among other factors, ethnicity, genetics, and sex. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women. Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds. For instance, patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock, muscle cramp and heat.

Question: Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?


Answer: Europeans

Question: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?


Answer: Italian

Question: What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?


Answer: pain perception

Question: What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?


Answer: pain thresholds

Question: Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?


Answer: person's self-report

Context: A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain, with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain.

Question: What is the most reliable measure of pain?


Answer: severity

Question: What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate?


Answer: definition of pain

Question: What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?


Answer: 0 to 10

Question: What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?


Answer: which words best describe their pain

Question: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?


Answer: Multidimensional Pain Inventory

Context: The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: "(a) dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that pain interfered with much of their lives, reported a higher degree of psychological distress caused by pain, and reported low levels of activity; (b) interpersonally distressed, people with a common perception that significant others were not very supportive of their pain problems; and (c) adaptive copers, patients who reported high levels of social support, relatively low levels of pain and perceived interference, and relatively high levels of activity." Combining the MPI characterization of the person with their IASP five-category pain profile is recommended for deriving the most useful case description.

Question: What is MPI an abbreviation for?


Answer: three

Question: How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?


Answer: their pain problems

Question: What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?


Answer: high

Question: What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?


Answer: their IASP five-category pain profile

Question: What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?


Answer: observation

Context: When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited range of motion are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.

Question: What become critical when a person is non-verbal?


Answer: specific behaviors

Question: What can be monitored as pain indicators?


Answer: withdrawn

Question: What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?


Answer: signal

Question: How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?


Answer: pain

Question: Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?


Answer: because it hurts too much

Context: The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions. For instance, the way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs. Depression may also keep the older adult from reporting they are in pain. The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much. Decline in self-care activities (dressing, grooming, walking, etc.) may also be indicators that the older adult is experiencing pain. The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they might become addicted to. They may not want others to see them as weak, or may feel there is something impolite or shameful in complaining about pain, or they may feel the pain is deserved punishment for past transgressions.

Question: Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?


Answer: dimensions

Question: What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?


Answer: pain

Question: What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?


Answer: a drug

Question: An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?


Answer: illness

Question: Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?


Answer: Cultural

Context: Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain right away and get immediate relief. Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain. Sexual differences can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be emotional and show pain and men stoic, keeping pain to themselves.

Question: What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?


Answer: prevent the individual from seeking help

Question: How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?


Answer: death

Question: Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?


Answer: potentially addicting drugs

Question: What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?


Answer: do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain

Question: What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?


Answer: a human right

Context: The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

Question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?


Answer: a disease

Question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?


Answer: China and Australia

Question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?


Answer: subspecialty

Question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?


Answer: tens of millions

Question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?


Answer: Sugar

Context: Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.

Question: What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?


Answer: heart rate

Question: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?


Answer: pain-related

Question: Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?


Answer: crying

Question: A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?


Answer: controlling

Context: A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain in some conditions, though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, bringing up issues of power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."

Question: Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?


Answer: 13

Question: How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?


Answer: credible controls for placebo and/or expectation

Question: What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?


Answer: effects of hypnosis

Question: What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?


Answer: Pain

Context: Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing.

Question: What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?


Answer: little difference in the effect

Question: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?


Answer: herbal

Question: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?


Answer: benefit

Question: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?


Answer: vitamin D

Question: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?


Answer: political

Context: Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded.

Question: What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?


Answer: deliberate infliction

Question: Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?


Answer: deter

Question: How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?


Answer: extreme

Question: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?


Answer: an offence

Question: What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?


Answer: asking a question

Context: The most reliable method for assessing pain in most humans is by asking a question: a person may report pain that cannot be detected by any known physiological measure. However, like infants (Latin infans meaning "unable to speak"), animals cannot answer questions about whether they feel pain; thus the defining criterion for pain in humans cannot be applied to them. Philosophers and scientists have responded to this difficulty in a variety of ways. René Descartes for example argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do. Bernard Rollin of Colorado State University, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. In his interactions with scientists and other veterinarians, he was regularly asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" grounds for claiming that they feel pain. Carbone writes that the view that animals feel pain differently is now a minority view. Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is also unclear.

Question: What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?


Answer: whether they feel pain

Question: What can't animals answer?


Answer: consciousness

Question: What did Descartes argue animals lack?


Answer: Colorado State University

Question: What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?


Answer: unclear

Question: Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?


Answer: presence

Context: The presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach, since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling. In particular, there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects, except for instance in fruit flies.

Question: What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?


Answer: pain

Question: An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?


Answer: vertebrates

Question: Who do specialists believe can feel pain?


Answer: plants

Question: No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?


Answer: nociceptors

Question: What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?


Answer: database management system

Context: A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'.

Question: What does DBMS stand for?


Answer: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases

Question: What is the purpose of a DBMS?


Answer: SQL language

Question: What is the most popular DBMS?


Answer: according to the database model that they support

Question: How are DBMSs classified?


Answer: by a "database management system" (DBMS)

Context: Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized.

Question: How is data accessed?


Answer: large quantities

Question: How much data can a DBMS store?


Answer: an integrated set of computer software

Question: A DBMS consists of what?


Answer: DBMSs

Context: Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed]

Question: What do most database applications contain?


Answer: RAID

Question: What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?


Answer: Hardware database accelerators

Question: How can large quantities of data be accessed?


Answer: standard operating system

Question: What is required for a modern DBMS to function?


Answer: thousands of human years

Context: A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS.

Question: How long can it take to create a DBMS?


Answer: Adabas, Oracle and DB2

Question: Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.


Answer: spread over a large number of users

Question: How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?


Answer: an email system

Question: Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.


Answer: application software

Context: Many other databases have application software that accesses the database on behalf of end-users, without exposing the DBMS interface directly. Application programmers may use a wire protocol directly, or more likely through an application programming interface. Database designers and database administrators interact with the DBMS through dedicated interfaces to build and maintain the applications' databases, and thus need some more knowledge and understanding about how DBMSs operate and the DBMSs' external interfaces and tuning parameters.

Question: How are many databases accessed?


Answer: through dedicated interfaces

Question: How do administrators work with the DBMS?


Answer: wire protocol

Question: What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?


Answer: Edgar F. Codd

Context: The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed]

Question: Who created the relational model of DBMS?


Answer: by content

Question: Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?


Answer: 1980s

Question: In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?


Answer: relational systems

Question: What type of system in still prominent to this day?


Answer: SQL

Question: What database language is the most prominent?


Answer: Interest in a standard

Context: As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market.

Question: Why was COBOL created?


Answer: mid-1960s

Question: When were DBMSs first used commercially?


Answer: 1971

Question: When was the standard protocol completed?


Answer: Database Task Group

Question: What group discovered COBOL?


Answer: CODASYL approach

Question: What was the standard protocol called?


Answer: Information Management System (IMS)

Context: IBM also had their own DBMS in 1966, known as Information Management System (IMS). IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to CODASYL, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of CODASYL's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified[by whom?] as a hierarchical database. IDMS and Cincom Systems' TOTAL database are classified as network databases. IMS remains in use as of 2014[update].

Question: What was the DBMS created by IBM called?


Answer: the Apollo program

Question: What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?


Answer: hierarchical database

Question: What is the classification of IMS?


Answer: The Programmer as Navigator

Question: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?


Answer: Codd

Context: In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user.

Question: Who proposed using a table to store data?


Answer: A linked-list system

Question: How is data accessed in a table?


Answer: relational

Question: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?


Answer: DBMS

Question: What system assists a user in seeing a table?


Answer: without constant rewriting of links and pointers

Context: The relational model also allowed the content of the database to evolve without constant rewriting of links and pointers. The relational part comes from entities referencing other entities in what is known as one-to-many relationship, like a traditional hierarchical model, and many-to-many relationship, like a navigational (network) model. Thus, a relational model can express both hierarchical and navigational models, as well as its native tabular model, allowing for pure or combined modeling in terms of these three models, as the application requires.

Question: How was the relational model able to improve over time?


Answer: one-to-many

Question: What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?


Answer: many-to-many

Question: What is the relationship called in a navigational model?


Answer: tabular

Question: What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?


Answer: in a single record

Context: For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of this data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided.

Question: How is information stored in a navigational system?


Answer: to track information about users

Question: How is a database system frequently used?


Answer: normalized into a user table

Question: How is information stored in a relational system?


Answer: not be placed in the database

Question: What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?


Answer: uniquely defining a particular record

Context: Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instance, if the login name of a user is unique, addresses and phone numbers for that user would be recorded with the login name as its key. This simple "re-linking" of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for.

Question: What is a key used for?


Answer: re-linking

Question: What technique is used to collect into one place?


Answer: a "key"

Question: How is information accessed in a relational model?


Answer: by searching for this key

Question: How is data in an optional table accessed?


Answer: require programs to loop

Context: Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.

Question: How does a program collect information using a navigational system?


Answer: a set-oriented language

Question: What is used to solve the problem of looping?


Answer: SQL

Question: What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?


Answer: tuple calculus

Question: What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?


Answer: Codd

Question: Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?


Answer: Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker

Context: Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979. INGRES was similar to System R in a number of ways, including the use of a "language" for data access, known as QUEL. Over time, INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard.

Question: Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?


Answer: INGRES

Question: What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?


Answer: 1973

Question: When was INGRES first tested?


Answer: QUEL

Question: What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?


Answer: INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard

Question: Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?


Answer: a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities

Context: Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities. In the long term, these efforts were generally unsuccessful because specialized database machines could not keep pace with the rapid development and progress of general-purpose computers. Thus most database systems nowadays are software systems running on general-purpose hardware, using general-purpose computer data storage. However this idea is still pursued for certain applications by some companies like Netezza and Oracle (Exadata).

Question: What is a CAFS accelerator?


Answer: efforts were generally unsuccessful

Question: Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?


Answer: general-purpose hardware

Question: How are today's database systems run?


Answer: Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)

Question: Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?


Answer: System R

Context: IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language – SQL[citation needed] – had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).

Question: What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?


Answer: 1974/5

Question: When was IBM's system released?


Answer: multi-table systems

Question: What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?


Answer: SQL

Question: When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added?


Answer: SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)

Question: What was the name of the database product created by IBM?


Answer: C. Wayne Ratliff

Context: The 1980s ushered in the age of desktop computing. The new computers empowered their users with spreadsheets like Lotus 1-2-3 and database software like dBASE. The dBASE product was lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box. C. Wayne Ratliff the creator of dBASE stated: "dBASE was different from programs like BASIC, C, FORTRAN, and COBOL in that a lot of the dirty work had already been done. The data manipulation is done by dBASE instead of by the user, so the user can concentrate on what he is doing, rather than having to mess with the dirty details of opening, reading, and closing files, and managing space allocation." dBASE was one of the top selling software titles in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Question: Who created dBASE?


Answer: data manipulation is done by dBASE

Question: Why was dBASE unique?


Answer: lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box

Question: Why was dBASE successful?


Answer: managing space allocation

Question: What is a benefit of using dBASE?


Answer: object-oriented

Context: The 1990s, along with a rise in object-oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relations between data to be relations to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields. The term "object-relational impedance mismatch" described the inconvenience of translating between programmed objects and database tables. Object databases and object-relational databases attempt to solve this problem by providing an object-oriented language (sometimes as extensions to SQL) that programmers can use as alternative to purely relational SQL. On the programming side, libraries known as object-relational mappings (ORMs) attempt to solve the same problem.

Question: In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?


Answer: object-relational impedance mismatch

Question: What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?


Answer: object-oriented language

Question: How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?


Answer: object-relational mappings (ORMs)

Question: What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?


Answer: structured document-oriented database

Context: XML databases are a type of structured document-oriented database that allows querying based on XML document attributes. XML databases are mostly used in enterprise database management, where XML is being used as the machine-to-machine data interoperability standard. XML database management systems include commercial software MarkLogic and Oracle Berkeley DB XML, and a free use software Clusterpoint Distributed XML/JSON Database. All are enterprise software database platforms and support industry standard ACID-compliant transaction processing with strong database consistency characteristics and high level of database security.

Question: What kind of database is XML?


Answer: enterprise database management

Question: Where are XML databases frequently used?


Answer: ACID-compliant transaction processing

Question: What type of processing is used in enterprise database software?


Answer: machine-to-machine data

Question: How is XML used in enterprise database management?


Answer: eventual consistency

Context: In recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time, but not all three. For that reason many NoSQL databases are using what is called eventual consistency to provide both availability and partition tolerance guarantees with a reduced level of data consistency.

Question: What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?


Answer: the CAP theorem

Question: What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?


Answer: two

Question: How many guarantees will most databases tolerate?


Answer: reflects the structure of the information to be held

Context: The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.

Question: What should a conceptual data model do?


Answer: accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled

Question: What makes a successful data model?


Answer: definitions of the terminology used for entities

Question: Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?


Answer: the application domain

Question: What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?


Answer: database technology

Context: Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms data model and database model are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use data model for the design of a specific database, and database model for the modelling notation used to express that design.)

Question: A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?


Answer: schema

Question: In what form is the output of a logical database design?


Answer: logical

Question: Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?


Answer: performance, scalability, recovery, security

Context: The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.

Question: What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?


Answer: data independence

Question: What is an important goal in in this final stage?


Answer: Physical design

Question: What factor is reflected in performance requirements?


Answer: one

Context: While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Question: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?


Answer: any number

Question: How many different external views of data are there?


Answer: see database information in a more business-related way

Question: What is the benefit of external views of data?


Answer: a level of indirection between internal and external

Context: The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.

Question: What does the conceptual view offer?


Answer: abstracts away details

Question: How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?


Answer: common

Question: What type of view does the conceptual view offer?


Answer: database engine

Context: Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often utilizing the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).

Question: What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?


Answer: storage properties and configuration setting

Question: What do database administrators closely monitor?


Answer: physical materialization of a database

Question: What is database storage?


Answer: several types of storage

Question: While working, does DBMS store information in one place?


Answer: bits

Question: What are huge quantities of information stored as?


Answer: who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information

Context: Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or utilizing specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces.

Question: What does database access limit?


Answer: record types, specific records, data structures

Question: What are examples of database objects?


Answer: special authorized (by the database owner) personnel

Question: Who sets database access?


Answer: unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database

Context: This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.

Question: What does data security avoid?


Answer: subschemas

Question: What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?


Answer: managing personal databases

Question: What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?


Answer: transaction

Context: Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).

Question: What is a unit of work called in a database?


Answer: Each transaction has well defined boundaries

Question: Are transactions limited?


Answer: fault tolerance

Question: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?


Answer: primarily economical

Context: A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Question: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?


Answer: database related application

Question: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?


Answer: conceptual and external architectural levels

Question: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?


Answer: vendor provides tools

Question: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?


Answer: ano

Question: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?


Answer: database is found corrupted

Context: Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.

Question: Name a reason to take a database backward in time?


Answer: dedicated backup files

Question: Is each database backup kept in the same file?


Answer: database administrator

Question: Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?


Answer: desired point in time

Question: What parameter is requiret to restore a database?


Answer: software verification

Context: Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

Question: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?


Answer: sound approximation techniques

Question: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?


Answer: watermarking

Question: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?


Answer: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data

Question: Can query languages be adjusted?


Answer: Phoenix

Context: Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?


Answer: 60

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?


Answer: Optics Valley

Question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?


Answer: 520,116

Question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census?


Answer: 996,544

Question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013?


Answer: Pima County

Question: Which county is Tucson in?


Answer: University of Arizona

Question: Which university is in Tucson?


Answer: 108 miles (174 km)

Question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?


Answer: 60 mi (97 km)

Question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?


Answer: Optics Valley

Question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?


Answer: southern Arizona

Context: Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?


Answer: Hohokam

Question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?


Answer: Santa Cruz River

Question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found?


Answer: Paleo-Indians

Question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?


Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?


Answer: about 12,000 years ago

Question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?


Answer: 2100 BC

Question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?


Answer: 1200 BC to AD 150

Question: When was the Early Agricultural period?


Answer: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage

Question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?


Answer: from AD 600 to 1450

Question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?


Answer: 1821

Context: Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

Question: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?


Answer: Hugo O'Conor

Question: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?


Answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino

Question: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?


Answer: 7

Question: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?


Answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino

Question: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?


Answer: Jesuit

Question: What religion was Kino?


Answer: Mission San Xavier del Bac

Question: What mission did Kino found?


Answer: 1700

Question: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?


Answer: Hugo O'Conor

Question: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?


Answer: June 8, 1854

Context: Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

Question: What was the date when Arizona was bought?


Answer: 1861

Question: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?


Answer: Gila River

Question: Arizona is south of which river?


Answer: Gadsden Purchase

Question: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?


Answer: 1857

Question: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?


Answer: June 8, 1854

Question: When was the Gadsden Purchase?


Answer: Mexico

Question: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?


Answer: March 1856

Question: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?


Answer: August 1861

Question: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?


Answer: devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches

Question: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?


Answer: August 19, 1878

Context: From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Question: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die?


Answer: Charles A. Shibell

Question: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?


Answer: Deputy U.S. Marshal

Question: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?


Answer: Frank Stilwell

Question: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?


Answer: Wyatt Earp

Question: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?


Answer: stagecoach robberies

Question: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?


Answer: William Whitney Brazelton

Question: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?


Answer: August 19, 1878

Question: When was Brazelton killed?


Answer: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse

Question: Who killed Brazelton?


Answer: Pima County Sheriff

Question: What was Shibell's job?


Answer: Pima County

Context: By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

Question: What county is Tuscon located in?


Answer: 535,000

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?


Answer: respiratory therapy

Question: what were veterans in need of after World War I?


Answer: Veterans Hospital

Question: What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?


Answer: 36,818

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?


Answer: 7,531

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1900?


Answer: 13,913

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1910?


Answer: 20,292

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1920?


Answer: 36,818

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1940?


Answer: 535,000

Question: What was Tucson's population in 2006?


Answer: Mount Wrightson

Context: The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

Question: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?


Answer: Sonoran

Question: Which desert is Tuscon in?


Answer: five

Question: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?


Answer: 4,687 ft

Question: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?


Answer: north

Question: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?


Answer: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level

Question: How high is Tucson's airport?


Answer: Sonoran

Question: What desert is Tucson in?


Answer: Rincon Mountains

Question: What mountain range is east of Tucson?


Answer: Tortolita Mountains

Question: What mountain range is north of Tucson?


Answer: Tucson Mountains

Question: What mountain range is west of Tucson?


Answer: 118

Context: Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?


Answer: 60

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?


Answer: Tucson

Question: What is the second largest city in Arizona?


Answer: 32nd

Question: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009?


Answer: Greater Tucson Metro

Question: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?


Answer: 520,116

Question: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?


Answer: 980,263

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?


Answer: 32nd largest

Question: How does Tucson rank among US cities?


Answer: 52nd largest

Question: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?


Answer: 1 million

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?


Answer: I-19

Context: Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.

Question: Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?


Answer: miles

Question: Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?


Answer: U.S.-Mexico border

Question: What border does I-19 come close to?


Answer: Interstate 10

Question: Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?


Answer: southeast to northwest

Question: Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?


Answer: Phoenix

Question: What is the next major town to the west on I-10?


Answer: Las Cruces, New Mexico

Question: What is the next major town to the east on I-10?


Answer: south

Question: Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?


Answer: the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts"

Question: What is unusual about I-19?


Answer: Southern Pacific

Context: At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot and "Locomotive #1673", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks.

Question: What was the Union Pacific once known as?


Answer: 1900

Question: What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?


Answer: Rio Nuevo

Question: What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?


Answer: At the end of the first decade of the 21st century

Question: When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?


Answer: a large retail and community center

Question: What is Rio Nuevo?


Answer: 17th Street

Question: What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?


Answer: I-10

Question: What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?


Answer: 6th Street

Question: What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?


Answer: Josias Joesler

Context: As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown, also have many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown.

Question: Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?


Answer: Central

Question: Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?


Answer: El Con Mall

Question: What mall is located in midtown?


Answer: Josias Joesler

Question: Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?


Answer: at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road

Question: Where is Broadway Village shopping center?


Answer: just East of downtown

Question: Where is the Lost Barrio?


Answer: in the eastern part of midtown

Question: Where is the El Con Mall?


Answer: between downtown and the University

Question: Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?


Answer: Reid Park

Context: Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s. According to David Leighton, historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack, known as "The Harlem River Speedway," more commonly called "The Speedway," in New York City. The street was called "The Speedway," from 1904 to about 1906 before the word "The" was taken out.

Question: What is Tuscon's largest Park?


Answer: Speedway Boulevard

Question: What was once named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine?


Answer: James Corbett

Question: What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard "the ugliest street in America?


Answer: Arizona Daily Star

Question: Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?


Answer: New York City

Question: What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?


Answer: Reid Park

Question: What is Tucson's biggest park?


Answer: Hi Corbett Field

Question: What sports field is in Reid Park?


Answer: Reid Park Zoo

Question: What zoo is in Reid Park?


Answer: Speedway Boulevard

Question: What was the "ugliest street in America" in the 1970s?


Answer: "Street of the Year"

Question: What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?


Answer: Fourth Avenue Shopping District

Context: Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.

Question: Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?


Answer: Sam Hughes neighborhood

Question: What neighborhood has historic homes?


Answer: bicycle

Question: What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?


Answer: half

Question: Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?


Answer: Third Street

Question: Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?


Answer: half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park

Question: How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?


Answer: Rillito River Park

Question: Which park has a multi-use path?


Answer: Barraza-Aviation Parkway

Question: Which bike path does Highland lead to?


Answer: Fourth Avenue Shopping District

Question: Which shopping area is on East University?


Answer: 10%

Context: South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy.

Question: What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?


Answer: Mexican

Question: What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?


Answer: outdoor murals

Question: What are painted do to city policy?


Answer: 83%

Question: What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American?


Answer: 1940

Question: What year was South Tuscon reincorperated?


Answer: 1936

Question: When was South Tucson first incorporated?


Answer: 1940

Question: When was South Tucson reincorporated?


Answer: 1 sq mi (2.6 km2)

Question: How large is South Tucson?


Answer: 83%

Question: How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?


Answer: 10%

Question: How much of South Tucson is Native American?


Answer: I-10

Context: A combination of urban and suburban development, the West Side is generally defined as the area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains, and includes the International Wildlife Museum, Sentinel Peak, and the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa, located in the wealthy enclave known as Starr Pass. Moving past the Tucson Mountains, travelers find themselves in the area commonly referred to as "west of" Tucson or "Old West Tucson". A large undulating plain extending south into the Altar Valley, rural residential development predominates, but here you will also find major attractions including Saguaro National Park West, the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, and the Old Tucson Studios movie set/theme park.

Question: What interstate is the West side west of?


Answer: Old Tucson Studios

Question: What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon?


Answer: Saguaro National Park West

Question: What is the name of the national park in Old West Tuscon?


Answer: Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum

Question: What is the museum in Old West Tuscon?


Answer: Starr Pass

Question: The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa is located where?


Answer: the area west of I-10

Question: What part of Tucson is considered the West Side?


Answer: International Wildlife Museum

Question: What museum is in Western Tucson?


Answer: Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa

Question: What resort is in Western Tucson?


Answer: Starr Pass

Question: What neighborhood is the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa in?


Answer: Old Tucson Studios

Question: What theme park is in Old West Tucson?


Answer: 'A' Mountain

Context: On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown, there is a giant "A" in honor of the University of Arizona. Starting in about 1916, a yearly tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash the "A", which was visible for miles. However, at the beginning of the Iraq War, anti-war activists painted it black. This was followed by a paint scuffle where the "A" was painted various colors until the city council intervened. It is now red, white and blue except when it is white or another color decided by a biennial election. Because of the three-color paint scheme often used, the shape of the A can be vague and indistinguishable from the rest of the peak. The top of Sentinel Peak, which is accessible by road, offers an outstanding scenic view of the city looking eastward. A parking lot located near the summit of Sentinel Peak was formerly a popular place to watch sunsets or view the city lights at night.

Question: What else is Sentinel Peak also known as?


Answer: University of Arizona

Question: What is the giant letter downtown in honor of?


Answer: 1916

Question: What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the "A" begin?


Answer: black

Question: during the Iraq war, what color did anti-war activists paint the "A"?


Answer: city council

Question: Who intervened when the "A" was painted various colors?


Answer: in honor of the University of Arizona

Question: Why is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?


Answer: On Sentinel Peak (also known as "'A' Mountain"), just west of downtown

Question: Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?


Answer: white

Question: What color did college freshmen paint the A?


Answer: black

Question: What color did Iraq War protesters paint the A?


Answer: red, white and blue

Question: How did City Council decide to paint the A?


Answer: Sabino Creek

Context: Also on the north side is the suburban community of Catalina Foothills, located in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of the city limits. This community includes among the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road, and west of Sabino Creek. Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are located in the Catalina Foothills, including the Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort. La Encantada, an upscale outdoor shopping mall, is also in the Foothills.

Question: What is the Foothills west of?


Answer: Catalina Foothills

Question: Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon?


Answer: upscale outdoor shopping mall

Question: What is La Encantada?


Answer: Oracle Road

Question: What is the Foothills east of?


Answer: Catalina Foothills

Question: What community is north of Tucson's city limits?


Answer: Catalina Foothills

Question: Where are the most expensive homes in the Tucson metro area?


Answer: River Road

Question: What is the southern edge of the Catalina Foothills area?


Answer: La Encantada

Question: What outdoor mall is in Catalina Foothills?


Answer: Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort

Question: Which big resorts are in Catalina Foothills?


Answer: thousands

Context: The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

Question: How many residents live in the master-planned communities?


Answer: Oro Valley

Question: Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?


Answer: Santa Catalina Mountains

Question: What mountains is Oro Valley next to?


Answer: Marana

Question: Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?


Answer: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains

Question: Where is Oro Valley?


Answer: Marana

Question: Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?


Answer: Marana

Question: Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?


Answer: Oro Valley

Question: Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?


Answer: northwest

Question: Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?


Answer: Casas Adobes

Context: The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.

Question: What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?


Answer: 1948

Question: When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?


Answer: Gabrielle Giffords

Question: What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?


Answer: Tohono Chul Park

Question: What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?


Answer: Foothills Mall

Question: What mall is located in Casas Adobes?


Answer: 1948

Question: When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?


Answer: Casas Adobes

Question: What was Tucson's first suburb?


Answer: near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road

Question: Where is Tohono Chul Park?


Answer: Representative Gabrielle Giffords

Question: Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?


Answer: chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona

Question: What was John Roll's job title?


Answer: Desert Palms Park

Context: East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s,[citation needed] with developments such as Desert Palms Park. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The area includes urban and suburban development near the Rincon Mountains. East Tucson includes Saguaro National Park East. Tucson's "Restaurant Row" is also located on the east side, along with a significant corporate and financial presence. Restaurant Row is sandwiched by three of Tucson's storied Neighborhoods: Harold Bell Wright Estates, named after the famous author's ranch which occupied some of that area prior to the depression; the Tucson Country Club (the third to bear the name Tucson Country Club), and the Dorado Country Club. Tucson's largest office building is 5151 East Broadway in east Tucson, completed in 1975. The first phases of Williams Centre, a mixed-use, master-planned development on Broadway near Craycroft Road, were opened in 1987. Park Place, a recently renovated shopping center, is also located along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road).

Question: What park was developed between the 1950's and 1970's?


Answer: Saguaro National Park East

Question: What park is in East Tuscon?


Answer: Harold Bell Wright Estates

Question: Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?


Answer: 1975

Question: What year was Tuscon's largest office building built?


Answer: Park Place

Question: What shopping center is located along Broadway?


Answer: East

Question: What part of Tucson is Saguaro National Park East in?


Answer: between the 1950s and the 1970s

Question: When was East Tucson developed?


Answer: Swan Road

Question: What is the boundary of East Tucson?


Answer: 5151 East Broadway

Question: What is the biggest office building in Tucson?


Answer: along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road)

Question: Where is Park Place?


Answer: Harvey Adkins

Context: Near the intersection of Craycroft and Ft. Lowell Roads are the remnants of the Historic Fort Lowell. This area has become one of Tucson's iconic neighborhoods. In 1891, the Fort was abandoned and much of the interior was stripped of their useful components and it quickly fell into ruin. In 1900, three of the officer buildings were purchased for use as a sanitarium. The sanitarium was then sold to Harvey Adkins in 1928. The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius purchased and renovated surviving adobe buildings of the Fort – transforming them into spectacular artistic southwestern architectural examples. Their woodwork, plaster treatment and sense of proportion drew on their Dutch heritage and New Mexican experience. Other artists and academics throughout the middle of the 20th century, including: Win Ellis, Jack Maul, Madame Cheruy, Giorgio Belloli, Charels Bode, Veronica Hughart, Edward and Rosamond Spicer, Hazel Larson Archer and Ruth Brown, renovated adobes, built homes and lived in the area. The artist colony attracted writers and poets including beat generation Alan Harrington and Jack Kerouac whose visit is documented in his iconic book On the Road. This rural pocket in the middle of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Each year in February the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark it owns and restored the San Pedro Chapel.

Question: Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?


Answer: 1900

Question: What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?


Answer: On the Road

Question: Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?


Answer: beat generation

Question: Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?


Answer: February

Question: Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?


Answer: 1891

Question: When was Fort Lowell shut down?


Answer: a sanitarium

Question: What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?


Answer: Harvey Adkins

Question: Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?


Answer: The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius

Question: Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?


Answer: On the Road

Question: In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?


Answer: The Atterbury Wash

Context: Southeast Tucson continues to experience rapid residential development. The area includes Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The area is considered to be south of Golf Links Road. It is the home of Santa Rita High School, Chuck Ford Park (Lakeside Park), Lakeside Lake, Lincoln Park (upper and lower), The Lakecrest Neighborhoods, and Pima Community College East Campus. The Atterbury Wash with its access to excellent bird watching is also located in the Southeast Tucson area. The suburban community of Rita Ranch houses many of the military families from Davis-Monthan, and is near the southeastern-most expansion of the current city limits. Close by Rita Ranch and also within the city limits lies Civano, a planned development meant to showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles.

Question: Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?


Answer: Rita Ranch

Question: Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at?


Answer: Civano

Question: Rita Ranch also has a planned development called what?


Answer: Lakeside Lake

Question: What is the name of the lake in Southeast Tuscon?


Answer: Santa Rita High School

Question: What is the name of the High School in the area of Southeast Tuscon?


Answer: Davis-Monthan Air Force Base

Question: What Air Force base is in Tucson?


Answer: Lakeside Park

Question: What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park?


Answer: Pima Community College East Campus

Question: What community college is in southeast Tucson?


Answer: Rita Ranch

Question: Where do many Air Force families live?


Answer: showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles

Question: What is the goal of Civano?


Answer: 25

Context: Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.

Question: How many miles is Catalina Highway?


Answer: Summerhaven

Question: What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?


Answer: Ski Valley

Question: What area has a ski lift?


Answer: snowboarding and skiing

Question: What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?


Answer: 25 miles (40 km)

Question: How long is Catalina Highway?


Answer: cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing

Question: What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?


Answer: Near the top of Mt. Lemmon

Question: Where is Summerhaven?


Answer: a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant

Question: What is in Ski Valley?


Answer: log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails

Question: What is in Summerhaven?


Answer: desert

Context: Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

Question: What kind of climate is Tuscon?


Answer: Alice Springs

Question: What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?


Answer: 11.8

Question: What is the average amount of yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?


Answer: precipitation

Question: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?


Answer: water

Question: What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?


Answer: desert

Question: What is Tucson's climate type?


Answer: 11.8 inches (299.7 mm)

Question: How much rain does Tucson get each year?


Answer: net loss of water

Question: What is evapotranspiration?


Answer: Alice Springs

Question: Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?


Answer: 11 inches (279.4 mm)

Question: What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?


Answer: 1995

Context: The monsoon can begin any time from mid-June to late July, with an average start date around July 3. It typically continues through August and sometimes into September. During the monsoon, the humidity is much higher than the rest of the year. It begins with clouds building up from the south in the early afternoon followed by intense thunderstorms and rainfall, which can cause flash floods. The evening sky at this time of year is often pierced with dramatic lightning strikes. Large areas of the city do not have storm sewers, so monsoon rains flood the main thoroughfares, usually for no longer than a few hours. A few underpasses in Tucson have "feet of water" scales painted on their supports to discourage fording by automobiles during a rainstorm. Arizona traffic code Title 28-910, the so-called "Stupid Motorist Law", was instituted in 1995 to discourage people from entering flooded roadways. If the road is flooded and a barricade is in place, motorists who drive around the barricade can be charged up to $2000 for costs involved in rescuing them. Despite all warnings and precautions, however, three Tucson drivers have drowned between 2004 and 2010.

Question: What year did the "Stupid Motorist Law" come in effect?


Answer: September

Question: A monsoon can last into what month?


Answer: 2000

Question: How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions?


Answer: July 3

Question: What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?


Answer: humidity

Question: What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?


Answer: 1995

Question: When was the "Stupid Motorist Law" passed?


Answer: Arizona traffic code Title 28-910

Question: What is the legal name of the "Stupid Motorist Law"?


Answer: up to $2000

Question: How much can the "Stupid Motorist Law" charge people for being rescued?


Answer: around July 3

Question: When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?


Answer: through August and sometimes into September

Question: How long does Tucson's monsoon last?


Answer: between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C)

Context: Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day. The most recent snowfall was on February 20, 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city, the largest snowfall since 1987.

Question: What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?


Answer: between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C)

Question: What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?


Answer: the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C)

Question: What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?


Answer: 2.0 inches

Question: How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?


Answer: 1987

Question: When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?


Answer: June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995

Context: At the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm). There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.0 in (15 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922.

Question: On what two occasions was Tucson's record high?


Answer: 115 °F (46 °C)

Question: What was Tucson's record high?


Answer: 6 °F (−14 °C)

Question: What was Tucson's record low?


Answer: January 7, 1913

Question: When was Tucson's record low?


Answer: 1905

Question: What was Tucson's wettest year?


Answer: August 1955

Context: At the airport, where records have been kept since 1930, the record maximum temperature was 117 °F (47 °C) on June 26, 1990, and the record minimum temperature was 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 4, 1949. There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 53 days. The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 in (555 mm) of precipitation, and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 in (136 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 7.93 in (201 mm) in August 1955. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.93 in (100 mm) on July 29, 1958. Snow at the airport averages only 1.1 in (2.8 cm) annually. The most snow received in one year was 8.3 in (21 cm) and the most snow in one month was 6.8 in (17 cm) in December 1971.

Question: In what month did Tucson get the most rain?


Answer: July 29, 1958

Question: When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours?


Answer: December 1971

Question: In what month did Tucson get the most snow?


Answer: 1983

Question: In what year did Tucson get the most rain?


Answer: 1953

Question: In what year did Tucson get the least rain?


Answer: 229,762

Context: As of the census of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010, down from 72.8% in 1970.

Question: How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?


Answer: 112,455

Question: How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?


Answer: 520,116

Question: How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?


Answer: 2,500.1

Question: How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?


Answer: 72.8%

Question: How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?