Answer: poetry

Context: Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

Question: What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?


Answer: verse

Question: What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?


Answer: stanzaic

Question: What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?


Answer: church hymns

Question: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?


Answer: Catherine Winkworth

Question: Who translated German chorales into English?


Answer: more restrictive

Context: Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

Question: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?


Answer: little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation

Question: Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?


Answer: assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical

Question: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?


Answer: by subdividing or combining notes

Question: How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?


Answer: audiences, singers and conductors

Context: Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Question: Who can translations of a sung text aid?


Answer: subtitles or surtitles

Question: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?


Answer: works in languages they do not know

Question: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?


Answer: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Question: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?


Answer: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

Context: One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

Question: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?


Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?


Answer: seventy translators

Question: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?


Answer: in solitary confinement

Question: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?


Answer: identical

Question: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?


Answer: European

Context: The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

Question: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?


Answer: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries

Question: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?


Answer: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

Question: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?


Answer: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day

Question: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?


Answer: Martin Luther

Question: Who translated the Bible to German?


Answer: airport

Context: An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

Question: What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?


Answer: landing area

Question: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?


Answer: aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land

Question: What is an airport?


Answer: air traffic control

Context: The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.

Question: What does ATC stand for?


Answer: traffic pattern

Question: What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?


Answer: Air safety

Question: What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?


Answer: eight

Context: Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.

Question: How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?


Answer: Spanish Ferrovial consortium

Question: What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?


Answer: Fraport

Question: What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?


Answer: GMR Group

Question: Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?


Answer: parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads

Context: Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Question: What do landside areas include?


Answer: landside and airside

Question: Airports are divided into what two areas?


Answer: all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons

Question: What do airside areas include?


Answer: terminals

Question: Where can passengers purchase tickets?


Answer: concourses

Question: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?


Answer: products and services

Context: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Question: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?


Answer: within the departure areas

Question: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?


Answer: clothing boutiques and restaurants

Question: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?


Answer: higher

Question: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?


Answer: express check-in and dedicated check-in counters

Context: Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

Question: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?


Answer: First and Business class

Question: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?


Answer: Premium services

Question: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?


Answer: near railway trunk routes

Context: Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

Question: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?


Answer: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

Question: What does MBTA stand for?


Answer: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems

Question: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?


Answer: buses

Context: The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Question: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?


Answer: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Question: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?


Answer: Mexico City International Airport

Question: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.


Answer: College Park Airport

Context: The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.

Question: What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?


Answer: 1909

Question: In what year was the College Park Airport established?


Answer: Wilbur Wright

Question: Who established the College Park Airport?


Answer: 35,000,000

Question: How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?


Answer: 1916

Question: In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?


Answer: for handling passenger traffic

Context: Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.

Question: Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?


Answer: Le Bourget Airport

Question: Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?


Answer: Hounslow Heath Aerodrome

Question: What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?


Answer: August 1919

Question: When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?


Answer: a paved "apron"

Question: What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?


Answer: latter part of the 1920s

Context: The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

Question: When was the first lighting used on an airport?


Answer: 1930s

Question: When did approach lighting come into use?


Answer: 1940s

Question: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?


Answer: approach lighting

Question: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?


Answer: slope-line approach system

Question: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?


Answer: increase in jet aircraft traffic

Context: Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

Question: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?


Answer: 9,800 ft

Question: How far were runways extended out?


Answer: The fields

Question: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?


Answer: early 1960s

Question: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?


Answer: air traffic control

Context: The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.

Question: What does ATC stand for?


Answer: two

Question: ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?


Answer: Ground Control

Context: Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

Question: What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?


Answer: Ground Control

Question: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?


Answer: Tower Control

Question: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?


Answer: After a plane has landed

Question: When is control turned back over to ground control?


Answer: Tower Control

Context: Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.

Question: Who controls aircraft on the runway?


Answer: radar

Question: Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?


Answer: Tower Control

Question: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?


Answer: in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic

Question: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?


Answer: traffic pattern

Context: At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.

Question: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?


Answer: traffic pattern

Question: What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?


Answer: so-called SLOT-times

Question: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.


Answer: 800 or 1,000 ft

Context: Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Question: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?


Answer: left-handed

Question: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?


Answer: above ground level

Question: What does AGL stand for?


Answer: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed

Question: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?


Answer: a circuit

Context: At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.

Question: At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?


Answer: Clearance Delivery

Question: What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?


Answer: commercial with long routes

Question: Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?


Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Context: There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.

Question: What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?


Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Question: What does VASI stand for?


Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What does VOR stand for?


Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?


Answer: instrument landing system

Question: What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?


Answer: green lights

Context: On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.

Question: On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?


Answer: red lights

Question: On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?


Answer: white lights

Question: What indicates the edge of a runway?


Answer: pilot controlled lighting

Question: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?


Answer: approach lighting system

Question: What does ALS stand for?


Answer: Hazards to aircraft

Context: Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

Question: What includes debris and nesting birds?


Answer: ice and snow clearing equipment

Question: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?


Answer: airfield rubber removal

Question: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?


Answer: tow tractor

Context: Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.

Question: What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?


Answer: ground power unit

Question: What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?


Answer: airbridge

Question: The passengers disembark using what?


Answer: Mobile stairs

Question: What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?


Answer: 90 minutes

Question: How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?


Answer: airbase

Context: An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

Question: An airfield is also referred to as what?


Answer: airbase

Question: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?


Answer: the UK

Question: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?


Answer: Norway

Question: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?


Answer: India

Question: Where is Pune Airport located?


Answer: 1970

Context: Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.

Question: When was the movie Airport made?


Answer: The Terminal

Question: What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?


Answer: 2000

Question: When was the movie Final Destination released?


Answer: all public areas

Context: Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times. Filming can not be undertaken in Security, at Immigration/Customs, or in Baggage Reclaim.

Question: Landside, where can filming take place?


Answer: Departure Lounge and some outside areas

Question: What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?


Answer: Filming

Question: What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?


Answer: 882

Context: Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Question: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?


Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?


Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?


Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?


Answer: issued its first written legal code

Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve during his time in Keivan Rus?


Answer: 19th century

Context: The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?


Answer: 1913

Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?


Answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky

Question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?


Answer: Slavic tribes

Context: Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Question: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?


Answer: Novgorod

Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?


Answer: Ladoga and Karelia regions

Question: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?


Answer: Poliane

Question: Which tribe resided in the south?


Answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

Context: Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?


Answer: Scandinavians

Question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?


Answer: Slavs

Question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?


Answer: Ahmad ibn Fadlan

Context: Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

Question: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?


Answer: garments that only cover half of his body

Question: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?


Answer: Leo the Deacon

Question: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?


Answer: Varangians and the Khazars

Context: According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:

Question: Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?


Answer: 859

Question: In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?


Answer: 862

Question: In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?


Answer: Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor

Context: The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Question: What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?


Answer: Rurik

Question: Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?


Answer: Kiev

Question: What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?


Answer: 863–66

Context: The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area, though other accounts date the attack in 860. Patriarch Photius vividly describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands, and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion. The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

Question: Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?


Answer: Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage

Question: What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?


Answer: to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

Question: Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?


Answer: 879

Context: Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Question: When did Ruik past away?


Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?


Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: When Rurik past away, who took over?


Answer: 883

Question: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?


Answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

Context: The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?


Answer: three

Question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?


Answer: money-lending system

Question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?


Answer: Dnieper route

Question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?


Answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

Context: The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

Question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?


Answer: Black Sea steppe

Question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Who were allies with the Khazars?


Answer: Persians and Arabs

Question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?


Answer: turmoil

Context: The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Question: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?


Answer: Khazars

Question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs?


Answer: build a fortress at Sarkel

Question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?


Answer: expansion of the Rus

Context: The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

Question: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?


Answer: Oleg

Question: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?


Answer: 894

Question: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?


Answer: 913

Question: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?


Answer: 10th century

Context: As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Question: Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?


Answer: Pechenegs

Question: Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?


Answer: livestock

Question: What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?


Answer: 860

Context: After the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 860, the Byzantine Patriarch Photius sent missionaries north to convert the Rus' and the Slavs. Prince Rastislav of Moravia had requested the Emperor to provide teachers to interpret the holy scriptures, so in 863 the brothers Cyril and Methodius were sent as missionaries, due to their knowledge of the Slavonic language. The Slavs had no written language, so the brothers devised the Glagolitic alphabet, later developed into Cyrillic, and standardized the language of the Slavs, later known as Old Church Slavonic. They translated portions of the Bible and drafted the first Slavic civil code and other documents, and the language and texts spread throughout Slavic territories, including Kievan Rus’. The mission of Cyril and Methodius served both evangelical and diplomatic purposes, spreading Byzantine cultural influence in support of imperial foreign policy. In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'."

Question: In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?


Answer: provide teachers

Question: What had Prince Rastislav requested?


Answer: devised the Glagolitic alphabet

Question: What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?


Answer: 867

Question: In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?


Answer: after Oleg took control over Kiev

Context: Relations between the Rus' and Byzantines became more complex after Oleg took control over Kiev, reflecting commercial, cultural, and military concerns. The wealth and income of the Rus' depended heavily upon trade with Byzantium. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. On their return trip they would carry silk fabrics, spices, wine, and fruit. The importance of this trade relationship led to military action when disputes arose. The Primary Chronicle reports that the Rus' attacked Constantinople again in 907, probably to secure trade access. The Chronicle glorifies the military prowess and shrewdness of Oleg, an account imbued with legendary detail. Byzantine sources do not mention the attack, but a pair of treaties in 907 and 911 set forth a trade agreement with the Rus', the terms suggesting pressure on the Byzantines, who granted the Rus' quarters and supplies for their merchants and tax-free trading privileges in Constantinople.

Question: When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?


Answer: commercial, cultural, and military concerns

Question: What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?


Answer: 907

Question: When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?


Answer: The Chronicle

Context: The Chronicle provides a mythic tale of Oleg's death. A sorcerer prophesies that the death of the Grand Prince would be associated with a certain horse. Oleg has the horse sequestered, and it later dies. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies. The Chronicle reports that Prince Igor succeeded Oleg in 913, and after some brief conflicts with the Drevlians and the Pechenegs, a period of peace ensued for over twenty years.

Question: What known document tells of the death of Oleg?


Answer: certain horse

Question: What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?


Answer: Prince Igor

Question: WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?


Answer: has the horse sequestered

Question: What does Oleg do to his horse?


Answer: 941

Context: In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again. A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. The attack was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus’ burned towns, churches, and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus’, luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire. Liutprand of Cremona wrote that "the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus’ fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.

Question: What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?


Answer: Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs

Question: Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?


Answer: outfitted with Greek fire throwers

Question: What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?


Answer: 10,000 vessels

Question: How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?


Answer: Slavs and Pecheneg allies

Context: Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.

Question: Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?


Answer: 945

Question: IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus, Byzantine and the Bulgarians.


Answer: 944

Question: When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?


Answer: 945

Context: Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

Question: When did Prince Igor past away?


Answer: 963

Question: In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?


Answer: his wife Olga

Question: Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?


Answer: Pereyaslavets

Question: Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?


Answer: 972

Context: It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The Grand Prince ("velikiy kniaz'") of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.

Question: What year did Sviatoslav pass away?


Answer: two centuries

Question: How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?


Answer: 980–1015

Question: What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?


Answer: Novgorod

Context: Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

Question: What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?


Answer: Scandinavia

Question: In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?


Answer: 988

Question: When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?


Answer: Princess Anna

Question: Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?


Answer: Dnieper River

Context: Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

Question: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?


Answer: Cyrillic

Question: What language did the church write the liturgy in?


Answer: facilitated the conversion to Christianity

Question: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?


Answer: the Wise

Context: Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.

Question: What was Yaroslav also known as?


Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: Who was Yaroslav's father?


Answer: 1019

Question: In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?


Answer: power was transferred to the eldest member

Context: An unconventional power succession system was established (rota system) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son, i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler, fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family.[citation needed] Familicide was frequently deployed in obtaining power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi rule (sons of Yaroslav) when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev,[clarification needed] in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv, Monomakhs from Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia, and Polotsk Princes.[citation needed]

Question: What did the rota system do?


Answer: rota system

Question: What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?


Answer: Familicide

Question: What was often deployed when trying to gain power?


Answer: Poland

Context: The most prominent struggle for power was the conflict that erupted after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The rivaling Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod, while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernihiv.[citation needed] Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River. At the same time an uprising took place in Kiev, bringing to power Vseslav of Polotsk who supported the traditional Slavic paganism.[citation needed] The ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav fled to Poland asking for support and in couple of years returned to establish the order.[citation needed] The affairs became even more complicated by the end of the 11th century driving the state into chaos and constant warfare. On the initiative of Vladimir II Monomakh in 1097 the first federal council of Kievan Rus took place near Chernihiv]in the city of Liubech with the main intention to find an understanding among the fighting sides. However even though that did not really stop the fighting, it certainly cooled things off.[citation needed]

Question: What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to?


Answer: conflict

Question: What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?


Answer: Rostislav Vladimirovich

Question: Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?


Answer: city of Liubech

Question: Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?


Answer: decline of Constantinople

Context: The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]

Question: What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?


Answer: Kiev

Question: Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?


Answer: Byzantine

Question: What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?


Answer: Mstislav the Great

Context: The last ruler to maintain united state was Mstislav the Great. After his death in 1132 the Kievan Rus' fell into recession and a rapid decline, and Mstislav's successor Yaropolk II of Kiev instead of focussing on the external threat of the Cumans was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic. In 1169, as the Kievan Rus' state was full of internal conflict, Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked the city of Kiev. The sack of the city fundamentally changed the perception of Kiev and was evidence of the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'. By the end of the 12th century, the Kievan state became even further fragmented and had been divided into roughly twelve different principalities.

Question: Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?


Answer: 1169

Question: When did Mstislav die?


Answer: 12th century,

Question: When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?


Answer: The Crusades

Context: The Crusades brought a shift in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus'. In 1204 the forces of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople, making the Dnieper trade route marginal. At the same time the Teutonic Knights (of the Northern Crusades) were conquering the Baltic region and threatening the Lands of Novgorod. Concurrently with it the Ruthenian Federation of Kievan Rus' started to disintegrate into smaller principalities as the Rurik dynasty grew. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople was on the brink of extinction. Some of the main regional centres that developed later were Novgorod, Chernigov, Galich, Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir-upon-Klyazma, Vladimir of Volyn and Polotsk.

Question: What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?


Answer: 1204

Question: In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?


Answer: Teutonic Knights

Question: What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?


Answer: became more independent

Context: In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.

Question: What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?


Answer: it controlled trade routes

Question: Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?


Answer: 1169

Question: In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?


Answer: Grand Duchy of Moscow

Context: In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

Question: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?


Answer: Rostov

Question: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?


Answer: In 1299

Question: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?


Answer: Prince Roman Mstislavich

Context: To the southwest, the principality of Halych had developed trade relations with its Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian neighbours and emerged as the local successor to Kievan Rus'. In 1199, Prince Roman Mstislavich united the two previously separate principalities. In 1202 he conquered Kiev, and assumed the title of Grand Duke of Kievan Rus', which was held by the rulers of Vladimir-Suzdal since 1169. His son, Prince Daniil (r. 1238–1264) looked for support from the West. He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae" ("King of Russia") from the Roman papacy, apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. In 1370, the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople granted the King of Poland a metropolitan for his Russian subjects. Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the Russian countries was reunited for some time. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev, Galich and all Rus'" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule.

Question: Who united the two previously separated principalities?


Answer: Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian

Question: Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?


Answer: 1202

Question: In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?


Answer: Cyprian

Question: Who became metropolitan in 1370?


Answer: Due to the expansion of trade

Context: Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

Question: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?


Answer: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

Question: From what did this new princedom emerge from?


Answer: first notable form of self-government

Question: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?


Answer: mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites

Context: In the 11th century and the 12th century, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'. Leading soldiers and officials received income and land from the princes in return for their political and military services. Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism. Nevertheless, urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included all the adult males in the population. In some cases, the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.

Question: Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?


Answer: class institutions and autonomous towns

Question: What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?


Answer: tribute-paying peasants

Question: What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?


Answer: change in political structure

Context: The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.

Question: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?


Answer: 1031

Question: When did wages on the manors develop?


Answer: given equality

Question: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?


Answer: the largest contemporary European state

Context: Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools. Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time. The Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to fines and generally did not use capital punishment. Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and inheritance rights.

Question: Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?


Answer: sewage system and wood paving

Question: What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?


Answer: property and inheritance rights

Question: What were some of the rights women had during this time period?


Answer: Macedonian dynasty

Context: Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European politics. Yaroslav the Wise, whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty, the greatest one to rule Byzantium, married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway, his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor (not to mention a niece of the Pope), while his granddaughters were a German Empress and (according to one theory) the queen of Scotland. A grandson married the only daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Thus the Rurikids were a well-connected royal family of the time.

Question: To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?


Answer: Hungary, France and Norway

Question: Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?


Answer: daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor

Question: Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?


Answer: 9th century

Context: From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]

Question: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?


Answer: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus

Question: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?


Answer: 968

Question: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?


Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?


Answer: Michael I

Context: The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

Question: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?


Answer: Leontiy

Question: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?


Answer: 1991

Context: The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (officially abbreviated the Super NES[b] or SNES[c], and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo[d]) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (Japanese: スーパーファミコン, Hepburn: Sūpā Famikon?, officially adopting the abbreviated name of its predecessor, the Family Computer), or SFC for short. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy (슈퍼 컴보이 Syupeo Keomboi) and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another. It was released in Brazil on September 2, 1992, by Playtronic.

Question: When was the SNES released in the US?


Answer: Japan and South Korea

Question: Where was the SNES first released?


Answer: Super Famicom

Question: What was the SNES called in Japan?


Answer: Super Comboy

Question: What was the SNES called in South Korea?


Answer: 1992

Question: When was the SNES released in Australia?


Answer: PC Engine

Context: To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.

Question: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?


Answer: Mega Drive

Question: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?


Answer: TurboGrafx-16

Question: What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?


Answer: Genesis

Question: What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?


Answer: built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound

Question: What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?


Answer: Masayuki Uemura

Context: Designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990 for ¥25,000 (US$210). It was an instant success; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends. The system's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery.

Question: Who designed both the NES and SNES?


Answer: ¥25,000

Question: How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?


Answer: US$210

Question: How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?


Answer: 300,000

Question: How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?


Answer: the Yakuza

Question: What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?


Answer: US$199

Context: On August 23, 1991,[a] Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199. The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for GB£150, with a German release following a few weeks later. Most of the PAL region versions of the console use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling and the length of the joypad leads. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL, uses the North American design. Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente.

Question: How much did the SNES cost in the US?


Answer: GB£150

Question: How much did the SNES cost in the UK?


Answer: April 1992

Question: When was the SNES released in the UK?


Answer: 1993

Question: When was the SNES released in Brazil?


Answer: Playtronic

Question: Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?


Answer: older gamers

Context: The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.

Question: What market did the Genesis target?


Answer: over a year

Question: How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?


Answer: 60%

Question: How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?


Answer: Donkey Kong Country

Question: What game was key to the SNES's success?


Answer: more than 20 million

Question: How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?


Answer: five

Context: During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.

Question: What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?


Answer: Ultra Games

Question: What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?


Answer: two

Question: For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?


Answer: Sega

Question: Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?


Answer: Acclaim

Question: Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?


Answer: using a 40-point scale

Context: The company continued to carefully review submitted titles, giving them scores using a 40-point scale and allocating Nintendo's marketing resources accordingly. Each region performed separate evaluations. Nintendo of America also maintained a policy that, among other things, limited the amount of violence in the games on its systems. One game, Mortal Kombat, would challenge this policy. A surprise hit in arcades in 1992, Mortal Kombat features splashes of blood and finishing moves that often depict one character dismembering the other. Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not, it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one.

Question: How did Nintendo rank submitted games?


Answer: Mortal Kombat

Question: What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?


Answer: 1992

Question: When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?


Answer: Genesis

Question: Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?


Answer: three or four-to-one

Question: How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?


Answer: Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman

Context: Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.

Question: Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?


Answer: the marketing of violent video games to children

Question: What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?


Answer: the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board

Question: What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?


Answer: the inclusion of ratings on all video games

Question: What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?


Answer: Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed

Question: How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?


Answer: Rare

Context: While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.

Question: Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?


Answer: 6.1 million

Question: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?


Answer: SGI workstations

Question: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?


Answer: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music

Question: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?


Answer: November 1994

Question: When was Donkey Kong Country released?


Answer: US$99

Context: In October 1997, Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES (the SNS-101 model) in North America for US$99, which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. Like the earlier redesign of the NES (the NES-101 model), the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor, but it lacked S-Video and RGB output, and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region. A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time.

Question: How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?


Answer: Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island

Question: What game was bundled with the SNS-101?


Answer: S-Video and RGB output

Question: What features were removed in the SNS-101?


Answer: Super Famicom Jr.

Question: What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?


Answer: October 1997

Question: When was the SNS-101 released in the US?


Answer: by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot

Context: Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot. Alternatively, disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console; hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed.

Question: How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?


Answer: disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip

Question: How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?


Answer: hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed

Question: What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?


Answer: 60 Hz

Context: PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

Question: What video frequency does NTSC use?


Answer: 50 Hz

Question: What video frequency does PAL use?


Answer: 16.7% slower

Question: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?


Answer: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions

Question: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?