Answer: Hilton Hotels and Resorts

Question: Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek, what is another?


Answer: Namibia Tourism Board

Context: Namibia's primary tourism related governing body, the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), was established by an Act of Parliament: the Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000). Its primary objectives are to regulate the tourism industry and to market Namibia as a tourist destination. There are also a number of trade associations that represent the tourism sector in Namibia, such as the Federation of Namibia Tourism Associations (the umbrella body for all tourism associations in Namibia), the Hospitality Association of Namibia, the Association of Namibian Travel Agents, Car Rental Association of Namibia and the Tour and Safari Association of Namibia.

Question: What does NTB stand for?


Answer: Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000

Question: What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?


Answer: tourism industry

Question: What does act 21 in Namibia regulate?


Answer: tourism

Question: What market does Act 21 promote?


Answer: sanitation

Context: Apart from residences for upper and middle class households, sanitation is insufficient in most residential areas. Private flush toilets are too expensive for virtually all residents in townships due to their water consumption and installation cost. As a result, access to improved sanitation has not increased much since independence: In Namibia's rural areas 13% of the population had more than basic sanitation, up from 8% in 1990. Many of Namibia's inhabitants have to resort to "flying toilets", plastic bags to defecate which after use are flung into the bush. The use of open areas close to residential land to urinate and defecate is very common and has been identified as a major health hazard.

Question: Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia?


Answer: water consumption

Question: Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?


Answer: flying toilets

Question: What do Namibian's use as a toilet?


Answer: bush

Question: Where do flying toilets end up after use?


Answer: major health hazard

Question: Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?


Answer: 4.0 and 7.0%

Context: Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).

Question: Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?


Answer: Afrikaans

Question: What is the language of Namibia?


Answer: German settlers

Question: Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?


Answer: 526,004

Question: What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?


Answer: 73,464

Question: How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?


Answer: 1991

Context: Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.

Question: When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?


Answer: every ten years

Question: How often does Namibia conduct a census?


Answer: de facto method

Question: What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census?


Answer: 4,042

Question: How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?


Answer: constituency boundaries

Question: The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?


Answer: 1990

Context: Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation." Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.

Question: German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?


Answer: English

Question: What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?


Answer: monolingual

Question: SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?


Answer: 3%

Question: How many Namibian's speak English?


Answer: school drop-outs

Question: There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?


Answer: Namibian ultra marathon

Context: Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.

Question: What is the toughest footrace around the world?


Answer: Women's inline hockey National Team

Question: Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?


Answer: Inline hockey

Question: What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?


Answer: Frankie Fredericks

Question: Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?


Answer: sprinter

Question: What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?


Answer: Windhoeker Anzeiger

Context: The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.

Question: What was the first Namibian newspaper?


Answer: German

Question: What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?


Answer: 1898

Question: When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?


Answer: 1969

Question: When was radio introduced in Namibia?


Answer: 1981

Question: When was TV introduced in Namibia?


Answer: Windhoek Observer

Context: Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as the longest running NGO magazine in Namibia, while Namibia Sport is the only national sport magazine. Furthermore, the print market is complemented with party publications, student newspapers and PR publications.

Question: What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?


Answer: Namibia Economist

Question: What is the economical magazine in Namibia?


Answer: Namib Times

Question: What is the regional magazine in Namibia?


Answer: Namibia Sport

Question: What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?


Answer: Insight Namibia

Question: What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?


Answer: media

Context: Compared to neighbouring countries, Namibia has a large degree of media freedom. Over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the Press Freedom Index of Reporters without Borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with Canada and the best-positioned African country. The African Media Barometer shows similarly positive results.[citation needed] However, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in Namibia. In 2009, Namibia dropped to position 36 on the Press Freedom Index. In 2013, it was 19th. In 2014 it ranked 22nd

Question: Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?


Answer: Canada

Question: Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?


Answer: 36

Question: Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009?


Answer: 19th

Question: Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?


Answer: 22nd

Question: Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014?


Answer: 52.2

Context: Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.2 years in 2012 – among the lowest in the world. The AIDS epidemic is a large problem in Namibia. Though its rate of infection is substantially lower than that of its eastern neighbour, Botswana, approximately 13.1% of the adult population is[update] infected with HIV. In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, the epidemic in Namibia "appears to be leveling off." As the HIV/AIDS epidemic has reduced the working-aged population, the number of orphans has increased. It falls to the government to provide education, food, shelter and clothing for these orphans.

Question: What is the life expectancy in Namibia?


Answer: AIDS

Question: What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?


Answer: 13.1%

Question: How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?


Answer: 210,000

Question: How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia?


Answer: 16,000.

Question: How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003?


Answer: malaria

Context: The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the AIDS epidemic. Research has shown that in Namibia the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent HIV infection. Given infection rates this large, as well as a looming malaria problem, it may be very difficult for the government to deal with both the medical and economic impacts of this epidemic. The country had only 598 physicians in 2002.

Question: What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?


Answer: 14.5% greater

Question: What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?


Answer: 50%

Question: The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection?


Answer: 598

Question: How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?


Answer: East Slavic

Context: Russian (ру́сский язы́к, russkiy yazyk, pronounced [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk] ( listen)) is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely-spoken language in Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, and to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the Soviet Union and former participants of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century onwards.

Question: What language sub-family is Russian in?


Answer: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories

Question: Where is Russian an official language?


Answer: Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia

Question: Where is Russian popular but not an official language?


Answer: three

Question: How many living East Slavic languages are there?


Answer: 10th century

Question: When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?


Answer: consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation

Context: Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Stress, which is unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically though an optional acute accent (знак ударения, znak udareniya) may be used to mark stress, such as to distinguish between homographic words, for example замо́к (zamok, meaning a lock) and за́мок (zamok, meaning a castle), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.

Question: What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?


Answer: optional acute accent

Question: What kind of accent can mark stress?


Answer: homographic words

Question: What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?


Answer: zamok

Question: What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?


Answer: the language used in Kievan Rus'

Context: Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures, e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, as well as because of later interaction in the 19th–20th centuries, although Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian".

Question: What language does Russian descend from?


Answer: Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn

Question: What are Russian's closest relatives?


Answer: eastern Ukraine

Question: Where is Surzhyk used?


Answer: Belarus

Question: Where is Trasianka used?


Answer: Ukrainian

Question: What was 'Little Russian'?


Answer: South Slavic Old Church Slavonic

Context: The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language.

Question: What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?


Answer: mainly abstract and literary words

Question: What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?


Answer: East Slavic and the Church Slavonic

Question: What word forms are used together in some cases?


Answer: the 20th century

Context: Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [ɣ] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech.

Question: When did Russian language spread to the peasants?


Answer: the upper noble classes and urban population

Question: Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?


Answer: the mid-20th century

Question: When did the Soviets establish required education?


Answer: fricative

Question: What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?


Answer: 25.5%

Context: Ethnic Russians constitute 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population can speak Russian. Command of Russian language, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians (primarily being replaced by the command of English). For example, if 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claim to speak some Russian, then among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian has fallen to 19% (which is about one-third the percentage of those who claim to have command of English in the same age group).

Question: How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?


Answer: 67.8%

Question: How much of Estonia speaks Russian?


Answer: about one-third

Question: What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English?


Answer: 58.6%

Question: How much of Estonia's native Estonians speaks Russian?


Answer: 1809

Context: As the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1918, a number of Russian speakers have remained in Finland. There are 33,400 Russian-speaking Finns, amounting to 0.6% of the population. Five thousand (0.1%) of them are late 19th century and 20th century immigrants or their descendants, and the remaining majority are recent immigrants who moved there in the 1990s and later.[citation needed] Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population of Finland according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook.

Question: When did Finland join the Russian Empire?


Answer: 1918

Question: When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?


Answer: 0.6%

Question: What percent of Finns speak Russian?


Answer: 33,400

Question: How many Finns speak Russian?


Answer: Five thousand

Question: How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?


Answer: 14,400,000

Context: In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook. 20% of school students receive their education primarily in Russian.

Question: How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?


Answer: 29 million

Question: How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?


Answer: 65%

Question: What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?


Answer: 38%

Question: What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?


Answer: minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine

Question: What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?


Answer: Warsaw Pact

Context: In the 20th century, Russian was mandatorily taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).

Question: What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?


Answer: Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba

Question: Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?


Answer: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria

Question: Which countries speak other Slavic languages?


Answer: The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria

Context: Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. According to the 2011 Census of Ireland, there were 21,639 people in the nation who use Russian as a home language. However, of this only 13% were Russian nationals. 20% held Irish citizenship, while 27% and 14% were holding the passports of Latvia and Lithuania respectively.

Question: In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?


Answer: 13%

Question: How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?


Answer: 21,639

Question: How many people in Ireland speak Russian?


Answer: 20%

Question: How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?


Answer: 27%

Question: How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?


Answer: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

Context: In Armenia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook.

Question: What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?


Answer: 15,000

Question: How many Armenians speak Russian natively?


Answer: 1 million

Question: How many Armenians speak Russian actively?


Answer: 30%

Question: What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?


Answer: 2%

Question: What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?


Answer: 1.7 million

Context: In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.

Question: How many Georgians speak Russian actively?


Answer: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

Question: What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?


Answer: 130,000

Question: How many Georgians speak Russian natively?


Answer: 27%

Question: What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?


Answer: 1%

Question: What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?


Answer: according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration

Context: In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language.

Question: What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?


Answer: 63%

Question: What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?


Answer: 4,200,000

Question: How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?


Answer: 10 million

Question: How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?


Answer: 46%

Question: What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?


Answer: Alaska

Context: The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the U.S. and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver and Cleveland. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.

Question: Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?


Answer: 1700s

Question: When did Russian explorers first reach North America?


Answer: 1867

Question: When did the US buy Alaska?


Answer: about 25%

Question: What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?


Answer: Russophones

Question: What is the term for Russian-speaking people?


Answer: 1975

Context: Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, International Telecommunication Union, World Meteorological Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, International Olympic Committee, Universal Postal Union, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Community, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, International Organization for Standardization, GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, International Mathematical Olympiad. The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station - NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975.

Question: When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?


Answer: Apollo-Soyuz

Question: For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?


Answer: International Mathematical Olympiad

Question: What math competition has Russian as an official language?


Answer: cosmonauts

Question: What are Russian astronauts called?


Answer: Russian

Context: In March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. The websites of former Soviet Union nations also use high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian is the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German and Japanese.

Question: What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?


Answer: 54.7%

Question: What percent of all websites are in English?


Answer: 5.9%

Question: What percent of all websites are in Russian?


Answer: 89.8%

Question: What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?


Answer: 79.0%

Question: What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?


Answer: "Northern" and "Southern"

Context: Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Eastern Rus' or Muscovy, roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts); and secondary formation (other territory). Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language.

Question: What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?


Answer: Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern

Question: What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?


Answer: non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar

Question: What distinguishes Russian dialects?


Answer: pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly

Context: The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.

Question: What is okanye?


Answer: post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te

Question: What articles are similar to Bulgarian?


Answer: absence of vowel reduction

Question: What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?


Answer: Northern Russian

Question: What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?


Answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

Context: In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye/яканье. Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.

Question: What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?


Answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable

Question: What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?


Answer: modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)

Question: What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?


Answer: Vladimir Dal

Context: Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

Question: Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?


Answer: 19th

Question: In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?


Answer: 18th century

Question: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?


Answer: turn of the 20th century

Question: When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?


Answer: four decades

Question: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?


Answer: ⟨е⟩

Context: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/. While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ъ⟩ and ⟨ь⟩ originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/, /ĭ/.

Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become?


Answer: ⟨и⟩

Question: What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become?


Answer: ⟨ф⟩

Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become?


Answer: ⟨у⟩

Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become?


Answer: ⟨ю⟩

Question: What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become?


Answer: мороз

Context: Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs leveraging this Unicode extension are available which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards.

Question: What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?


Answer: мышь

Question: What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?


Answer: frost

Question: What does 'moroz' mean?


Answer: Unicode character encoding,

Question: What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?


Answer: mouse

Question: What does 'mysh' mean?


Answer: the Soviet government

Context: The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.

Question: Who created KOI8-R encoding?


Answer: Microsoft Windows

Question: What system used CP1251 encoding?


Answer: MS-DOS and OS/2

Question: What systems used IBM866 encoding?


Answer: ISO/IEC 8859-5

Question: What encoding did early Macs use?


Answer: 1995–2005

Question: In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?


Answer: Russian Academy of Sciences

Context: According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к/за́мок (lock/castle), сто́ящий/стоя́щий (worthwhile/standing), чудно́/чу́дно (this is odd/this is marvelous), молоде́ц/мо́лодец (attaboy/fine young man), узна́ю/узнаю́ (I shall learn it/I recognize it), отреза́ть/отре́зать (to be cutting/to have cut); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́я, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? – Was it you who ate the cookie?/Did you eat the cookie?/Was it the cookie that you ate?). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners.

Question: What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?


Answer: stress

Question: What can optional acute accents indicate?


Answer: castle

Question: What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?


Answer: this is marvelous

Question: What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?


Answer: standing

Question: What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?


Answer: St. Petersburg Phonological School

Context: The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. (The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish). The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)

Question: Who says Russian has 6 vowels?


Answer: depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized

Question: When are Russian vowels written differently?


Answer: Moscow dialect

Question: What dialect is standard Russian based on?


Answer: Irish

Question: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?


Answer: reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa

Question: What is done to unstressed vowels?


Answer: a phoneme

Context: Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which argues for /kʲ/ to be a separate phoneme is "это ткёт" ([ˈɛtə tkʲɵt], 'it weaves')/"этот кот" ([ˈɛtət kot], 'this cat')). Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. In the case of /tʲ/ and /dʲ/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds). These sounds: /t, d, ts, s, z, n and rʲ/ are dental, that is pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge.

Question: What might /kʲ/ be considered?


Answer: the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant

Question: What is palatalization?


Answer: with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge

Question: How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?


Answer: approximately 1000 AD

Context: Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

Question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?


Answer: about 880

Question: When was Kievan Rus' formed?


Answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus

Question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?


Answer: Old East Slavic

Question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?


Answer: 988

Question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?


Answer: the languages of Western Europe

Context: The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Question: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?


Answer: French

Question: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?


Answer: German

Question: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?


Answer: Leo Tolstoy

Question: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?


Answer: French

Question: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?


Answer: Alexander Pushkin

Context: The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.

Question: Who revolutionized modern Russian?


Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?


Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What was 'high style'?


Answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech

Question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?


Answer: 1991

Context: During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

Question: When did the USSR dissolve?


Answer: 1990

Question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?


Answer: the unifying role and superior status

Question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?


Answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

Context: According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

Question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?


Answer: A. L. Arefyev

Question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?


Answer: 2012

Question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?


Answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.

Question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?


Answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces

Context: The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

Question: What is the USAF?


Answer: seven

Question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?


Answer: 18 September 1947

Question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?


Answer: National Security Act of 1947

Question: What act formed the USAF?


Answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations

Question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?


Answer: three

Context: The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them.

Question: How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?


Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to?


Answer: Senate

Question: What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force?


Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force

Question: Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?


Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force?


Answer: twelve

Context: Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.

Question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently?


Answer: contribute to national security

Question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express?


Answer: core functions

Question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force?


Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter

Context: Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations?


Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD

Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies?


Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission

Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies?


Answer: US national security

Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents?


Answer: the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets

Context: Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.

Question: What is the definition of a nuclear strike?


Answer: deployment of nuclear strike capabilities

Question: What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security?


Answer: President

Question: Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?


Answer: US NDO objectives

Question: What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions?


Answer: Continental United States

Question: What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions?


Answer: Nuclear surety

Context: Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.

Question: What ensures the safety of nuclear operations?


Answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations

Question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security?


Answer: unauthorized or accidental use

Question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security?


Answer: effective nuclear weapons security

Question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support?


Answer: Departments of Defense or Energy

Question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security?


Answer: Offensive Counterair

Context: Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.

Question: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for?


Answer: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms

Question: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?


Answer: air and missile threats

Question: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks?


Answer: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense

Question: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks?


Answer: Defensive Counterair

Context: Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

Question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for?


Answer: friendly

Question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?


Answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks

Question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA?


Answer: ballistic

Question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?


Answer: counter-measures

Question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks?


Answer: Space superiority

Context: Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.

Question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another?


Answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

Question: What does Space Superiority encompass?


Answer: friendly forces

Question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for?


Answer: land, sea, air, space

Question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in?


Answer: operations to ensure freedom of action in space

Context: Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02).

Question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies?


Answer: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack

Question: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect?


Answer: space situational awareness

Question: What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on?


Answer: Air Force

Context: This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

Question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?


Answer: computer network defense

Question: What is the definition of CND?


Answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

Question: What does Cyberspace defense include?


Answer: fused all-source intelligence

Question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on?


Answer: Air Force

Question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense?


Answer: Cyberspace Support

Context: Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, protect, and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions. This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks. The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques. It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.

Question: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability?


Answer: sustain assigned networks and missions

Question: What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?


Answer: C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks

Question: What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?


Answer: CNE and CND

Question: What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use?


Answer: exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces

Context: Command and control is "the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission" (JP 1-02). This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air, space, cyberspace, nuclear, and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives.

Question: What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations?


Answer: commander in planning

Question: Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations?


Answer: agile combat support operations

Question: What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses?


Answer: achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives

Question: What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative?


Answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations

Context: Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

Question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements?


Answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture

Question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations?


Answer: national and military decision makers

Question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information?


Answer: operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments

Context: Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets" (JP 1-02).

Question: What are Special Operations?


Answer: achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives

Question: What are the goals of Special Operations?


Answer: indigenous or surrogate

Question: What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ?


Answer: dependence on detailed operational intelligence

Question: What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?


Answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

Context: Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

Question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations?


Answer: strategic, operational, or tactical

Question: What objectives does Airlift support?


Answer: resolve and compassion

Question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis?


Answer: delivering forces to crisis locations

Question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift?


Answer: Health Service Support

Context: Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission." Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.

Question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation?


Answer: Aeromedical Evacuation

Question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?


Answer: to and between medical treatment facilities

Question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties?


Answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces

Question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions?


Answer: Personnel Recovery

Context: Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.

Question: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?


Answer: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel

Question: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission?


Answer: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda

Question: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis?


Answer: crisis response and regional stability

Question: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission?


Answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations

Context: Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters?


Answer: limited

Question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?


Answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life

Question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail?


Answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies

Question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help?


Answer: airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors

Context: Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. Through both words and deeds, the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit. It includes both foreign partners as well as domestic partners and emphasizes collaboration with foreign governments, militaries and populations as well as US government departments, agencies, industry, and NGOs. To better facilitate partnering efforts, Airmen should be competent in the relevant language, region, and culture.

Question: What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force?


Answer: develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security

Question: What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?


Answer: cross-cultural

Question: What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage?


Answer: building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit

Question: What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?


Answer: relevant language, region, and culture

Question: What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?


Answer: U.S. War Department

Context: The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.

Question: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?


Answer: 40 years later

Question: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department?


Answer: 68,000

Question: How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII?


Answer: U.S. Army Air Forces

Question: What does the USAAF stand for?


Answer: President Harry S Truman

Question: Who signed the National Security Act of 1947?


Answer: Department of Defense

Context: The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

Question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?


Answer: three

Question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?


Answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft

Question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?


Answer: Marine Corps

Question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations?


Answer: Captain Chuck Yeager

Question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?


Answer: early 2000s

Context: During the early 2000s, the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects, such as the missteps on the KC-X program. Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents "failures of intellect and – much more importantly – ethics." As a result, the USAF fleet is setting new records for average aircraft age and needs to replace its fleets of fighters, bombers, airborne tankers, and airborne warning aircraft, in an age of restrictive defense budgets. Finally in the midst of scandal and failure in maintaining its nuclear arsenal, the civilian and military leaders of the air force were replaced in 2008.

Question: When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects?


Answer: Winslow Wheeler

Question: Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?


Answer: 2008

Question: When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal?


Answer: Basic Military Training

Context: Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they may experience once they deploy. While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST, the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations, forming a structure of leadership, directing search and recovery, and basic self aid buddy care. During this event, the Military Training Instructors (MTI) act as mentors and enemy forces in a deployment exercise.

Question: What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?


Answer: BEAST

Question: What is the deployment phase of BMT called?


Answer: directing search and recovery

Question: What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT?


Answer: Military Training Instructors

Question: Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?


Answer: 2007

Context: In 2007, the USAF undertook a Reduction-in-Force (RIF). Because of budget constraints, the USAF planned to reduce the service's size from 360,000 active duty personnel to 316,000. The size of the active duty force in 2007 was roughly 64% of that of what the USAF was at the end of the first Gulf War in 1991. However, the reduction was ended at approximately 330,000 personnel in 2008 in order to meet the demand signal of combatant commanders and associated mission requirements. These same constraints have seen a sharp reduction in flight hours for crew training since 2005 and the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower and Personnel directing Airmen's Time Assessments.

Question: What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?


Answer: budget constraints

Question: Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?


Answer: 330,000

Question: How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?


Answer: flight hours for crew training

Question: What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?


Answer: Secretary of Defense

Context: On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

Question: Who was Robert Gates?


Answer: Michael Wynne

Question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?